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-3106116072444249584 | Jesse Stone (character) | Jesse Stone ( character ) - wikipedia Jesse Stone ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search Jesse Stone Tom Selleck as Jesse Stone ( DVD cover ) Created by Robert B. Parker Portrayed by Tom Selleck Information Gender Male Occupation Law enforcement officer Title Paradise , Massachusetts Police Chief Spouse ( s ) Jenn Nationality American Jesse Stone is the lead character in a series of detective novels written by Robert B. Parker . They were among his last works , and the first series in which the novelist used the third - person narrative . The series consists of nine books , starting with Night Passage ( 1997 ) and ending with Split Image ( 2010 ) , which Parker completed before his death in January 2010 but did not live to see published . The series was initially continued by Michael Brandman . In April 2014 , Reed Farrel Coleman assumed the writing of the series . The novels have been adapted as nine TV films . The first eight films were commissioned by CBS , and aired from 2005 to 2012 . A ninth film was picked up by the Hallmark Channel , and aired on October 18 , 2015 . The character begins the series at about 35 years old . He is a former minor league baseball shortstop whose career was cut short by a shoulder injury . He was raised in Arizona and California . He was asked to resign from his job as a homicide detective for the LAPD Robbery - Homicide Division because of a drinking problem that began after his divorce from his beautiful wife , Jennifer . Showing up drunk to an interview for a job as police chief for the small town of Paradise , Massachusetts ( loosely based on the real town of Marblehead , Massachusetts ) , Stone is hired because the corrupt president of the town board of selectmen thinks he will be easy to control . Stone quickly notices that the town has big league crimes , struggling with the mob , white supremacists , wildly errant wives and a triple homicide , and that his job will be more difficult than he expected . But , he proves up to the task , beginning with making a corruption case against the town council president and arresting him . The series chronicles Stone 's cases as chief of the Paradise Police Department , as well as his struggles with alcohol and his complicated relationship with his ex-wife Jenn . He is respected and well liked by the police officers in the town police department . He develops a good working relationship and friendship with the State Police Homicide Commander , Captain Healy . The character of Jesse Stone , a deeply troubled man , was a departure for the author . Parker , comparing Stone to Spenser , the protagonist of his first series and the one for which he was best known , said , `` Jesse is a much more damaged individual who is coming to terms with himself as he goes along . '' There is some overlap of characters with the Spenser books , notably with Healy and Sunny Randall , and ( in Night and Day ) indirectly with Susan Silverman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novels 2 Television adaptations 2.1 Filmography 3 Characters 3.1 Hiatus and relaunch 4 References 5 External links Novels ( edit ) By Robert B. Parker : Night Passage ( September 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14304 - 5 Trouble in Paradise ( September 1998 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14433 - 2 Death in Paradise ( October 2001 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14779 - 1 Stone Cold ( October 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15087 - 6 Sea Change ( February 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15267 - 2 High Profile ( February 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15404 - 1 Stranger In Paradise ( February 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15460 - 7 Night and Day ( February 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15541 - 3 Split Image ( February 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15623 - 6 By Michael Brandman : Robert B. Parker 's Killing the Blues ( September 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15784 - 4 Robert B. Parker 's Fool Me Twice ( September 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15949 - 7 Robert B. Parker 's Damned If You Do ( September 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15950 - 3 By Reed Farrel Coleman Robert B. Parker 's Blind Spot , G.P. Putnam ( September 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 16945 - 8 Robert B. Parker 's The Devil Wins , G.P. Putnam ( 2015 ) Robert B. Parker 's Debt to Pay , G.P. Putnam ( September 13 , 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 17143 - 7 Robert B. Parker 's The Hangman 's Sonnet , G.P. Putnam ( September 12 , 2017 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 17144 - 4 Television adaptations ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Jesse Stone '' character -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) CBS ( and later the Hallmark Channel ) adapted the novels as a series of movie specials starring Tom Selleck in the title role ; the first was aired in 2005 and the most recent in 2015 . Robert Harmon has directed all but one of the films ( Dick Lowry directed Jesse Stone : Innocents Lost ) , and Jeff Beal has provided original music . Selections from the scores of all the movies to date were released on a limited edition CD by Varèse Sarabande in 2009 . The movies begin out of sequence but stay relatively true to storylines and character , with exceptions made mostly for television network viewing . With the fifth film , Selleck and Michael Brandman took over the screen writing , and took the films in new directions . The town council forced Jesse Stone out of his job as the Paradise Chief of Police . The council dubbed it `` early retirement '' and granted Stone a partial pension . ( As a retired sworn officer , Stone was also granted the right to carry concealed firearms , without having a `` concealed carry '' permit , which he usually did ) . The head of the town council wanted to install his son - in - law as the new police chief . Captain Healey hires Stone as an occasional `` temporary consultant '' to assist on certain state police investigations . Stone insists that he will get back his old job as chief . In the eighth film of the series , Stone is restored as the Chief of Police after the incumbent is murdered . The chairman of the town council asks Stone to return as Chief and catch the killer . Stone 's buddy , his Golden Retriever Reggie ( played by Joe the dog ) , watches over Stone and plays an important supporting role in the series . Tom Selleck plays the character as straight from the novels as possible ; he is older ( late fifties / early sixties vs. late thirties in the books ) than Stone . The author , Robert B. Parker , said that he found the Jesse Stone movies the most accurate television adaptations of his novels . On his blog , he wrote that `` Tom nails the character '' . As Police Chief Stone , Tom Selleck carries a Smith & Wesson Model SW1911SC . 45 pistol . Selleck is a veteran soldier ( Army National Guard from 1967 to 1973 ) and a skilled shooter ; he collects firearms . Most of the characters that Selleck has portrayed in television who carry a sidearm have carried a type of Model 1911A1 . 45 pistol . In the early novels , Stone usually carries a . 38 Special Smith & Wesson Model 36 snub - nosed revolver ; the same firearm which he had used as a homicide detective with the LAPD . ( Parker 's private detective character Spenser also carried a snub - nosed Smith & Wesson Model 36 . 38 Special revolver in the first thirteen `` Spenser '' novels . ) In Parker 's Killing the Blues , Stone has started carrying a 1911A1 Colt Commander . 45 pistol . The cast of the films has included the following regular characters : Kohl Sudduth as Officer Luther `` Suitcase '' Simpson . Kathy Baker as Officer Rose Gammon . Viola Davis as Officer Molly Crane . The character was replaced by Rose Gammon in Sea Change . Vito Rezza as Officer Anthony D'Angelo , a Paradise Police deputy . The character was written out of the series in Benefit of the Doubt . Stephen McHattie as Captain Healy , head of the Massachusetts State Police Homicide Division . William Devane as Dr. Dix , a former cop turned therapist , whom Stone sees for help with his drinking and other personal issues . Saul Rubinek as Hastings `` Hasty '' Hathaway , an auto salesman and formerly corrupt town council president who befriends Stone . William Sadler as Gino Fish , an organized crime boss who likes Stone , despite them being on opposite sides of the law . Gino sometimes assists Stone on cases with information . Filmography ( edit ) Stone Cold ( February 20 , 2005 ) Jesse Stone : Night Passage ( January 15 , 2006 ) a prequel to Stone Cold Jesse Stone : Death in Paradise ( April 30 , 2006 ) Jesse Stone : Sea Change ( May 22 , 2007 ) Jesse Stone : Thin Ice ( March 1 , 2009 ) Jesse Stone : No Remorse ( May 9 , 2010 ) Jesse Stone : Innocents Lost ( May 22 , 2011 ) Jesse Stone : Benefit of the Doubt ( May 20 , 2012 ) Jesse Stone : Lost in Paradise ( October 18 , 2015 ) TBA ( 2017 ) Characters ( edit ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . Character Film Stone Cold Night Passage Death In Paradise Sea Change Thin Ice No Remorse Innocents Lost Benefit of the Doubt Lost in Paradise Jesse Stone Tom Selleck `` Suitcase '' Simpson Kohl Sudduth Captain Healy Stephen McHattie Molly Crane Viola Davis Anthony D'Angelo Vito Rezza Vito Rezza Dr. Perkins John Beale John Beale Carter Hansen Jeremy Ackerman Jeremy Ackerman Comden Tom Gallant Tom Gallant Jenn Sylvia Villagran Gil Anderson Gil Anderson Reggie Joe the Dog Joe the Dog Abby Taylor Polly Shannon H. Henry Uppman David Christoffel David Christoffel David Christoffel Hasty Hathaway Saul Rubinek Saul Rubinek Saul Rubinek Cissy Hathaway Stephanie March Krista Allen Carol Genest Liisa Repo - Martel Dr. Dix William Devane Sister Mary John Kerri Smith Kerri Smith Kerri Smith Emily Bishop Mae Whitman Mae Whitman Rose Gammon Kathy Baker Gino Fish William Sadler Alan Garner Todd Hofley Laura Laura Kohoot Laura Kohoot Laura Kohoot William Butler Gary Levert Jeff Geddis Sydney Greenstreet Leslie Hope Leslie Hope Steven Christopher Killam Thelma Gleffey Gloria Reuben Amanda Christine Tizzard Steve Ned the Dog Hiatus and relaunch ( edit ) Although Jesse Stone : Benefit of the Doubt attracted nearly 13 million viewers when CBS aired it on May 20 , 2012 , producer Michael Brandman told Variety a few days later that he and Tom Selleck had been notified that CBS would not be ordering any more episodes . They said the film attracted older viewers , and CBS is moving away from movies and specials in favor of shorter duration TV series . Selleck noted that the movies were expensive to produce , and he had his own money invested in the last few . Selleck said he was not finished with the Stone character . When interviewed by NBC 's `` Popcornbiz '' in August 2012 , he said , Well , right now CBS has n't ordered another one . That 's nothing new . They always seem to order them one at a time even though we kind of hit home runs , which is frustrating . So I 'm not sure whether this is the last ' Jesse ' or not . I do n't think it will be , because there are so many other markets , cable and everything , that I think would want the series . On March 4 , 2015 , Hallmark Mysteries & Movies announced it had picked up a ninth film . Selleck himself indicated he was grateful to Hallmark , however he had to produce the movie with $1 million less budget than what CBS provided for the last film done for the network . Only Selleck , Sohl Kudduth , William Devane , and William Sadler returned for the ninth film , with the balance of the cast being new characters . It aired on October 18 , 2015 . Hallmark has the right to air a tenth film that is scheduled to be aired in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ; Meredith Goldstein ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Parker 's series live on '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Coleman to Handle Jesse Stone for Putnam '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Jesse Stone : Lost in Paradise ' Debuts Oct. 18 on Hallmark Channel '' . August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Parker interview -- Penguin Group ( Canada ) Jump up ^ Parker , Robert ( 2006 ) . Blue Screen . New York , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15351 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Reed Farrel Coleman '' . Beaks and Geeks Podcast @ 9 : 20 . June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert B. Parker : Selleck and other matters - Typepad . July 2007 Jump up ^ Variety , May 25 , 2012 : ' Jesse Stone ' over at CBS Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Zap2it , May 20 , 2012 : ' Jesse Stone : Benefit of the Doubt ' may be Tom Selleck 's last Stone turn at CBS Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ 5 NBC Chicago Popcornbiz , Aug 10 , 2012 : `` Tom Selleck Back to his Sleuthing Ways '' , Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ `` New ' Jesse Stone ' Movie Ordered By Hallmark ; Tom Selleck Returns As Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Jesse Stone ' and news anchor jewelry '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Jesse Stone at Robert Parker 's website Megan Walsh - Boyle interview with Tom Selleck - TV Guide - May 2007 Jesse Stone novels at the Internet Movie Database Stone Cold Jesse Stone : Night Passage Jesse Stone : Death in Paradise Jesse Stone : Sea Change Jesse Stone : Thin Ice Jesse Stone : No Remorse ( hide ) Robert B. Parker 's Jesse Stone Novels Night Passage ( 1997 ) Trouble in Paradise ( 1998 ) Death in Paradise ( 2001 ) Stone Cold ( 2003 ) Sea Change ( 2006 ) High Profile ( 2007 ) Stranger in Paradise ( 2008 ) Night and Day ( 2009 ) Split Image ( 2010 ) Films Stone Cold ( 2005 ) Night Passage ( 2006 ) Death in Paradise ( 2006 ) Sea Change ( 2007 ) Thin Ice ( 2009 ) No Remorse ( 2010 ) Innocents Lost ( 2011 ) Benefit of the Doubt ( 2012 ) Lost in Paradise ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Stone_(character)&oldid=801450592 '' Categories : American mystery novels by series Novel series by main character Fictional baseball players Fictional police detectives Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2013 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 11 . About Wikipedia | who plays jen in the jesse stone movies | [] | [] |
5360890695138908285 | Manchester United F.C. | Manchester United F.C. - Wikipedia Manchester United F.C. `` MUFC '' and `` Manchester United '' redirect here . For other uses , see MUFC ( disambiguation ) . For the women 's football club , see Manchester United W.F.C. For the basketball team , see Manchester Eagles . Not to be confused with F.C. United of Manchester . Manchester United Full name Manchester United Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Red Devils Short name MUFC Founded 1878 ; 140 years ago ( 1878 ) , as Newton Heath LYR F.C. 1902 ; 116 years ago ( 1902 ) , as Manchester United F.C. Ground Old Trafford Capacity 74,994 Owner Manchester United plc ( NYSE : MANU ) Co-chairmen Joel and Avram Glazer Manager José Mourinho League Premier League 2017 -- 18 Premier League , 2nd of 20 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Manchester United Football Club , commonly known as Man . United or simply United , is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016 -- 17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions , and the only English club to have won every ongoing top - flight honour available to them . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 . Manchester United was the highest - earning football club in the world for 2016 -- 17 , with an annual revenue of € 676.3 million , and the world 's most valuable football club in 2018 , valued at £ 3.1 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and has rivalries with Liverpool , Manchester City , Arsenal , and Leeds United . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) 1.2 Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) 1.3 1969 -- 1986 1.4 Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) 1.5 2013 -- present 2 Crest and colours 2.1 Kit evolution 3 Grounds 3.1 1878 -- 1893 : North Road 3.2 1893 -- 1910 : Bank Street Ground 3.3 1910 -- present : Old Trafford 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Global brand 5.1 Sponsorship 6 Ownership and finances 7 Players 7.1 First - team squad 7.1. 1 Out on loan 7.2 Reserves and academy 7.3 Former players 7.4 Club captains 7.5 Player records 7.6 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 8 Personnel 8.1 Coaching staff 8.2 Scouting staff 8.3 Academy coaching staff 8.4 Medical and sports science staff 8.5 Managerial history 9 Management 9.1 Manchester United Limited 9.2 Manchester United Football Club 9.3 Senior club staff 10 Honours 10.1 Domestic 10.1. 1 League 10.1. 2 Cups 10.2 European 10.3 Worldwide 10.4 Doubles and Trebles 11 Manchester United Women 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1878 -- 1945 ) A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892 -- 93 to the present Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company -- green and gold -- they were defeated 6 -- 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 -- 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the `` LYR '' from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division . The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season , in which they were runners - up in the Second Division In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2,670 -- equivalent to £ 270,000 in 2018 -- the club was served with a winding - up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners - up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 -- the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City . In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo - yo club , achieving its all - time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2,000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 -- 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division . Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1945 -- 1969 ) The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955 In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second - place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back - to - back title winning side of 1956 were labelled `` the Busby Babes '' by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi-final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 -- 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record . A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster , including players ' names The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter - final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players -- Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan -- and injured several more . Manchester United ( 1963 ) Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players -- including George Best -- to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 -- 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness . 1969 -- 1986 Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years , longer than any other player . Following an eighth - place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 -- 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife . Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 -- 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years -- in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 -- 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed . Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013 . Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th - place finish in the league . Despite a second - place finish in 1987 -- 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 -- 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title -- alongside the FA Cup -- to complete the first `` Double '' in the club 's history . Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history . In the 1998 -- 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League -- `` The Treble '' -- in the same season . Losing 1 -- 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 -- 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football . Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 -- 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 -- 03 . They won the 2003 -- 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 -- 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time . In the 2005 -- 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second - place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 -- 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 -- 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £ 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 -- 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition . After finishing as runner - up to Chelsea in the 2009 -- 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 -- 11 , securing the championship with a 1 -- 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 -- 13 , securing the championship with a 3 -- 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 . 2013 -- Present On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six - year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player - manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 -- 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United had n't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three - year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 . Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth - place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time , this being their first major trophy won since the departure of Sir Alex Ferguson . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three - year contract . That season , United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time , as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time . Despite not finishing in the top four , United qualified for the Champions League through their Europa League win . Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United , surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United 's all - time top scorer , before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton . Crest and colours Manchester United badge in the 1960s The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname `` The Red Devils '' ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 . Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red - and - white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 -- 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts . After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red `` V '' around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 with white used on occasion , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks were sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . For 2018 -- 19 , black shorts and red socks became the primary choice for the home kit . Since 1997 -- 98 , white socks have been the preferred choice for European games , which are typically played on weeknights , to aid with player visibility . The current home kit is a red shirt with black stripes gradually getting thicker towards the base and the trademark Adidas three stripes in black on the shoulders , black shorts , and red socks with black tops and gradual stripes in between . The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all - black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 -- 2000 season , and the 2011 -- 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all - grey away kit worn during the 1995 -- 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half - time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as `` Manchester United '' , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible . The club 's third kit is often all - blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 -- 15 season . Exceptions include a green - and - gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue - and - white striped shirt worn during the 1994 -- 95 and 1995 -- 96 seasons and once in 1996 -- 97 , an all - black kit worn during the Treble - winning 1998 -- 99 season , and a white shirt with black - and - red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 -- 04 and 2005 -- 06 . From 2006 -- 07 to 2013 -- 14 , the third kit was the previous season 's away kit , albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006 -- 07 and 2010 -- 11 , apart from 2008 -- 09 when an all - blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup success . Kit evolution 1879 -- 1880 , 1896 -- 1902 1880 -- 1887 1887 -- 1893 1893 -- 1894 1894 -- 1896 1902 -- 1920 , 1921 -- 1922 , 1927 -- 1934 , 1934 -- 1960 , 1971 -- 2018 1920 -- 1921 , 1963 -- 1971 1922 -- 1927 1934 1960 -- 1963 ( 1997 -- present ) 2018 -- present Notes ^ Between 1997 and 2018 this combination was primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies . ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions . Grounds United 's current grounds , Old Trafford , after its expansion in 2006 1878 -- 1893 : North Road Main article : North Road ( football ground ) Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12,000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1,000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 . 1893 -- 1910 : Bank Street ground Main article : Bank Street ( football ground ) In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A.H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the `` Bradford end '' . At the opposite end , the `` Clayton end '' , the ground had been `` built up , thousands thus being provided for '' . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat - trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 -- 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2,000 - capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the `` reserved side '' ( as distinct from the `` popular side '' ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 . When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid £ 500 for the erection of a new 1,000 - seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand . 1910 -- Present : Old Trafford Main article : Old Trafford Following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around £ 60,000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £ 30,000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators . Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £ 22,278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its `` home '' games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged £ 5,000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 -- 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £ 40,000 , four 180 - foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today . The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all - seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55,000 . At the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67,000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north - west and north - east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund . Support Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League . Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford -- the `` Stretford End '' -- is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support . Rivalries Main articles : Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Manchester derby , Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , and Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby . The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . The `` Roses Rivalry '' with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire . The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history . Global brand Aeroflot is an official carrier of the club . Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 412 million -- an increase of £ 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at £ 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion -- $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team . They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years , but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017 , with a valuation of $3.689 billion . The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The `` iconic '' team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive - minded `` catenaccio '' approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) `` captured the imagination of the English footballing public '' . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the `` Fifth Beatle '' for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off - the - field media profile . As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off - the - field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on - the - field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities -- the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world . Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 -- 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated £ 51 million , compared to £ 42.5 million at Chelsea , £ 39.3 million at Liverpool , £ 34 million at Arsenal and £ 27.9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike , who managed the club 's merchandising operation as part of a £ 303 million 13 - year partnership between 2002 and 2015 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United - branded media services -- such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV -- have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium . Sponsorship Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1945 -- 1975 Umbro -- 1975 -- 1980 Admiral 1980 -- 1982 Adidas 1982 -- 1992 Sharp Electronics 1992 -- 2000 Umbro 2000 -- 2002 Vodafone 2002 -- 2006 Nike 2006 -- 2010 AIG 2010 -- 2014 Aon 2014 -- 2015 Chevrolet 2015 -- Adidas In an initial five - year deal worth £ 500,000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 -- 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 -- 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four - year , £ 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay £ 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League . To commence at the start of the 2006 -- 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four - year £ 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 -- 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four - year deal reputed to be worth approximately £ 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four - year deal with DHL reported to be worth £ 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £ 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre . The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five - year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record - breaking £ 302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower - level `` platinum '' sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser . On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven - year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 -- 15 season . The new $80 m-a - year shirt deal is worth $559 m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . Plumbing products manufacturer Kohler became the club 's first sleeve sponsor ahead of the 2018 -- 19 season . Ownership and finances See also : Glazer ownership of Manchester United Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £ 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £ 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of £ 2,000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman . Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately £ 40,000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £ 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead . Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising £ 6.7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch -- now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust -- who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority . In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £ 800 million ( then approx . $1.5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a £ 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £ 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of £ 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £ 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds -- which mature on 1 February 2017 -- is approximately £ 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the `` Red Knights '' , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest . In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion ( approx. £ 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £ 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each , but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world . Players First - team squad As of 10 August 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK David de Gea DF Victor Lindelöf DF Eric Bailly DF Phil Jones 6 MF Paul Pogba 7 FW Alexis Sánchez 8 MF Juan Mata 9 FW Romelu Lukaku 10 FW Marcus Rashford 11 FW Anthony Martial 12 DF Chris Smalling 13 GK Lee Grant 14 MF Jesse Lingard No . Position Player 15 MF Andreas Pereira 16 DF Marcos Rojo 17 MF Fred 18 DF Ashley Young 20 DF Diogo Dalot 21 MF Ander Herrera 22 GK Sergio Romero 23 DF Luke Shaw 25 DF Antonio Valencia ( captain ) 27 MF Marouane Fellaini 31 MF Nemanja Matić 36 DF Matteo Darmian 39 MF Scott McTominay Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 24 DF Timothy Fosu - Mensah ( on loan at Fulham until 30 June 2019 ) 38 DF Axel Tuanzebe ( on loan at Aston Villa until 30 June 2019 ) 40 GK Joel Castro Pereira ( on loan at Vitória de Setúbal until 30 June 2019 ) Reserves and academy Further information : Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy Former players Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category : Manchester United F.C. players Club captains Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players § Club captains Player records Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Further information : Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Personnel Coaching Staff See also : List of Manchester United F.C. managers José Mourinho is the current head coach of Manchester United . Position Staff Manager José Mourinho Assistant coaches Michael Carrick Ricardo Formosinho Silvino Louro Kieran McKenna Goalkeeping coach Emilio Alvarez Head of Fitness coaching Stefano Rapetti Fitness coaches Carlos Lalin Paulo Gaudino Head of First Team Analysis Paul Brand Tactical analyst Giovanni Cerra Head of first - team development John Murtough Scouting staff Position Staff Chief scout Jim Lawlor Head of global scouting Marcel Bout Head of Youth Recruitment David Harrison Scouts Armand Benneker Thomas Bormann Roy Beukenkamp João Ferreira Gerado Guzmán Andreas Herrmann Tommy Møller Nielsen Sandro Orlandelli Vasco Noronha Academy coaching staff Position Staff Director of youth academy Nicky Butt Academy operations manager Nick Cox Under - 23s manager Ricky Sbragia Under - 23s assistant manager Tommy Martin Under - 18s manager Neil Ryan Under - 18s assistant manager Colin Little Head of Academy Coaching Tony Whelan Academy goalkeeping coach Alan Fettis Medical and sports science staff Position Staff Head of football medicine and science Steve McNally Assistant club doctor Tony Gill Head Physiotherapist Richard Merron Assistant head physiotherapist Jon Picot Head of academy physiotherapy Neil Hough U23s Physiotherapist Tom Hughes Academy physiotherapist John Davin Masseurs Gary Armer Rod Thornley Andy Caveney Club dietician Trevor Lea Head of performance Tony Strudwick Head of strength and conditioning Gary Walker Head of human performance Richard Hawkins Head of recovery & regeneration Robin Thorpe Senior Sports Scientist David M. Kelly Managerial history Main article : List of Manchester United F.C. managers Dates Name Notes 1878 -- 1892 Unknown 1892 -- 1900 A.H. Albut 1900 -- 1903 James West 1903 -- 1912 Ernest Mangnall 1912 -- 1914 John Bentley 1914 -- 1921 Jack Robson 1921 -- 1926 John Chapman 1926 -- 1927 Lal Hilditch Player - manager 1927 -- 1931 Herbert Bamlett 1931 -- 1932 Walter Crickmer 1932 -- 1937 Scott Duncan 1937 -- 1945 Walter Crickmer 1945 -- 1969 Matt Busby 1969 -- 1970 Wilf McGuinness 1970 -- 1971 Matt Busby 1971 -- 1972 Frank O'Farrell 1972 -- 1977 Tommy Docherty 1977 -- 1981 Dave Sexton 1981 -- 1986 Ron Atkinson 1986 -- 2013 Alex Ferguson 2013 -- 2014 David Moyes 2014 Ryan Giggs Interim player - manager 2014 -- 2016 Louis van Gaal 2016 -- José Mourinho Management Owner : Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited Honorary president : Martin Edwards Manchester United Limited Position Name Co-chairmen Avram Glazer Joel Glazer Executive vice chairman Ed Woodward Group managing director Richard Arnold Chief financial officer Cliff Baty Chief Operating Officer Collette Roche Non-executive directors Bryan Glazer Kevin Glazer Edward Glazer Darcie Glazer Kassewitz Robert Leitão John Hooks Manu Sawhney Manchester United Football Club Office Name Directors David Gill Michael Edelson Sir Bobby Charlton Sir Alex Ferguson Club secretary Rebecca Britain Club ambassadors Sir Bobby Charlton Sir Alex Ferguson Andy Cole Gary Neville Bryan Robson Peter Schmeichel Park Ji - sung Dwight Yorke Nemanja Vidić Senior club staff Office Name Director of Group Operations Alan Dawson MBE Director of Communications Vacant General Counsel Patrick Stewart Director of Finance and IT Steve Deaville Director of Venue David French Director of Partnerships Sean Jefferson CEO of Media Phil Lynch Ticket office manager Sam Kelleher Disability Access Officer Rishi Jain Head of Stadium Safety and Security Phil Rainford Stadium manager Ian Collins Grounds manager Anthony Sinclair Honours Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe in terms of trophies won . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup . The club holds the record for most top - division titles ( 20 ) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields ( 21 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 , and , as of 2017 , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2017 , with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League . In winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , United became the fifth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Domestic League First Division / Premier League Winners ( 20 ) : 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 ( record ) Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1935 -- 36 , 1974 -- 75 Cups FA Cup Winners ( 12 ) : 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 Football League Cup / EFL Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Charity / Community Shield Winners ( 21 ) : 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ( * shared ) ( record ) European European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 3 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 European Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1990 -- 91 UEFA Europa League Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 -- 17 European Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1991 Worldwide Intercontinental Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1999 FIFA Club World Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Doubles and trebles Doubles League and FA Cup : 2 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 European Double ( League and UEFA Champions League ) : 1 2007 -- 08 League and League Cup : 1 2008 -- 09 League Cup and Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 Trebles Continental Treble ( League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League ) : 1 1998 -- 99 European Treble ( European Cup / UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and UEFA Cup / Europa League ) 1967 -- 68 European Cup , 1990 -- 91 European Cup Winners ' Cup , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . Manchester United Women Main article : Manchester United W.F.C. Manchester United formed a women 's football team in 2018 . See also Book : Manchester United F.C. Association football portal English football portal Greater Manchester portal Footnotes Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change . Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April , the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its edition of 25 April , suggesting it was indeed on 24 April . ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the Football League First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . From 2004 , the First Division became the Championship and the Second Division became League One . Jump up ^ Unlike a conventional treble , the European Treble consists of winning UEFA 's three main seasonal competitions and so can not be completed in a single season . References Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United -- Stadium '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Adam ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` Leeds United England 's 12th biggest club , according to Sky Sports study '' . Sky Sports . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 21 September 2012 ) . `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . BBC Sports . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969 : Matt Busby retires from Man United '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lyall ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` Jose Mourinho wants Manchester United to ' close the circle ' of trophies and win Europa League '' . Sky Sports . Jump up ^ `` The 49 trophies of Sir Alex Ferguson - the most successful managerial career Britain has ever known '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Rob ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson successful because he was given time , says Steve Bruce '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Northcroft , Jonathan ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` 20 glorious years , 20 key decisions '' . The Sunday Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United remain football 's top revenue - generator '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man United Forbes ' most valuable soccer team again '' . Euronews. 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United is ' most valuable football brand ' '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Peter J. ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Again The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Team '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 15 December 2014 ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Tyrrell & Meek ( 1996 ) , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 71 . 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British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United buy back training kit sponsorship rights from DHL '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Manchester United to sign £ 180m Aon deal to change name of Carrington training base '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral : Heritage '' . Admiral Sportswear . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd in £ 300m Nike deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2000 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wachman , Richard ( 24 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans call on corporate sponsors to back fight against Glazers '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . 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Abertay University . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Marcel Bout ' chief scout ' bij Manchester United Archived 6 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine . - Gelderlander ( in Dutch ) Jump up ^ Luckhurst , Samuel ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Manchester United scout Armand Banneker reacts to appointment '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ AS , Diario ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Mourinho signs Atlético Madrid 's chief scout Gerardo Guzmán '' . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United kick off massive overhaul of scouting department by bringing in former Rangers coach Tommy Moller Nielsen '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United boss Jose Mourinho hires Brazilian scout Sandro Orlandelli '' . ibtimes.co.uk . IB Times . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Butt appointed head of academy '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 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Manchester United . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The appointment of Collette Roche at Manchester United is a step forward for football -- a game blighted by sexism '' . inews.com . iNews. 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Fergie lands £ 100k - a-day deal as United ambassador ... with help from son who champions once vowed never to work with '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Rebecca Britain as club secretary '' . Manchester Evening News . 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Alex Ferguson earned more than £ 2m in eight months for £ 100,000 - a-day Manchester United ambassador role and David Moyes was handed pay - off of almost £ 5m '' . Daily Mail . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Cole enjoying club role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nev 's new role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Bryan Robson as global ambassador '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers. 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New role for Schmeichel '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Park Ji - sung appointed Manchester United club ambassador as retired South Korean returns to Old Trafford for Everton clash '' . Daily Mail . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke denied entry to the United States '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nemanja Vidic returns to Manchester United in an ambassadorial role '' . The Independent . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United win the UEFA Europa League '' . manutd.com. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europa League final : Manchester United on the brink of unique achievement no other English club could ever match '' . talkSPORT. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United get Women 's Championship licence ; West Ham join top flight '' . BBC Sport. 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United granted place in Women 's Championship by FA '' . The Independent . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Women to play in FA Women 's Championship next season '' . ESPN . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United granted FA Women 's Championship place with West Ham in Super League '' . Sky Sports . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham the big winners , Sunderland key losers in women 's football revamp '' . The Guardian . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Further reading Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33333 - 7 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 121 - 0 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 31440 - 4 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 0 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98032 - 0 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 218426 - 7 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 0 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 2008 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899468 - 16 - 4 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 59074 - 3 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikinews has news related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United FC . 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409463530735329400 | Kinship | Kinship - wikipedia Kinship For other uses , see Kinship ( disambiguation ) . `` Family ties '' redirects here . For other uses , see Family ties ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Anthropology of kinship Basic concepts ( show ) Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Ghost marriage Joking relationship Family Lineage Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Matrilateral House society Avunculate Linealities Ambilineality Unilineality Matrilineality Patrilineality Household forms and residence Extended Matrifocal Matrilocal Nuclear Patrilocal Terminology ( show ) Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Eskimo Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian Case studies ( show ) Australian Aboriginal Burmese Chinese Philippine Polyandry in Tibet / in India Feminist Chambri Mosuo Sexuality Coming of Age in Samoa Major theorists ( show ) Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi - Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern Related articles ( show ) Alliance theory Matrilineal / matrilocal societies Feminist anthropology Sex and Repression in Savage Society Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship Social anthropology Cultural anthropology Anthropology Outline History Types ( show ) Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological ( show ) Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological ( show ) Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Paleoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural ( hide ) Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic ( show ) Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework ( show ) Anthropometry Ethnography cyber Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts ( show ) Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution sociocultural Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories ( show ) Actor -- network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists ( show ) Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal Relationships ( Outline ) Types ( hide ) Genetic Kinship Family Sibling Cousin By marriage Husband Wife Open marriage Polyandry Polygamy Polygyny Mixed - orientation Partner Partners Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same - sex Life partner Friendship ( romantic ) Sexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutual monogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities ( show ) Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding Endings ( show ) Breakup Separation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotions and feelings ( show ) Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices ( show ) Bride price dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression Abuse ( show ) Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissistic parent Power and control In anthropology , kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies , although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated . Anthropologist Robin Fox states that `` the study of kinship is the study of what man does with these basic facts of life -- mating , gestation , parenthood , socialization , siblingship etc . '' Human society is unique , he argues , in that we are `` working with the same raw material as exists in the animal world , but ( we ) can conceptualize and categorize it to serve social ends . '' These social ends include the socialization of children and the formation of basic economic , political and religious groups . Kinship can refer both to the patterns of social relationships themselves , or it can refer to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures ( i.e. kinship studies ) . Over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms in the study of kinship , such as descent , descent group , lineage , affinity / affine , consanguinity / cognate and fictive kinship . Further , even within these two broad usages of the term , there are different theoretical approaches . Broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related by both descent -- i.e. social relations during development -- and by marriage . Human kinship relations through marriage are commonly called `` affinity '' in contrast to the relationships that arise in one 's group of origin , which may be called one 's descent group . In some cultures , kinship relationships may be considered to extend out to people an individual has economic or political relationships with , or other forms of social connections . Within a culture , some descent groups may be considered to lead back to gods or animal ancestors ( totems ) . This may be conceived of on a more or less literal basis . Kinship can also refer to a principle by which individuals or groups of individuals are organized into social groups , roles , categories and genealogy by means of kinship terminologies . Family relations can be represented concretely ( mother , brother , grandfather ) or abstractly by degrees of relationship ( kinship distance ) . A relationship may be relative ( e.g. a father in relation to a child ) or reflect an absolute ( e.g. the difference between a mother and a childless woman ) . Degrees of relationship are not identical to heirship or legal succession . Many codes of ethics consider the bond of kinship as creating obligations between the related persons stronger than those between strangers , as in Confucian filial piety . In a more general sense , kinship may refer to a similarity or affinity between entities on the basis of some or all of their characteristics that are under focus . This may be due to a shared ontological origin , a shared historical or cultural connection , or some other perceived shared features that connect the two entities . For example , a person studying the ontological roots of human languages ( etymology ) might ask whether there is kinship between the English word seven and the German word sieben . It can be used in a more diffuse sense as in , for example , the news headline `` Madonna feels kinship with vilified Wallis Simpson '' , to imply a felt similarity or empathy between two or more entities . In biology , `` kinship '' typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationship between individual members of a species ( e.g. as in kin selection theory ) . It may also be used in this specific sense when applied to human relationships , in which case its meaning is closer to consanguinity or genealogy . Contents 1 Basic concepts 1.1 Family types 1.2 Kinship terminologies 1.3 Descent 1.3. 1 Descent rules 1.3. 2 Descent groups 1.3. 3 Lineages , clans , phratries , moieties , and matrimonial sides 1.3. 3.1 House societies 1.4 Marriage ( affinity ) 1.5 Alliance ( marital exchange systems ) 2 History of kinship studies 2.1 Morgan 's early influence 2.2 Kinship networks and social process 2.3 `` Kinship system '' as systemic pattern 2.4 Conflicting theories of the mid 20th century 2.5 Recognition of fluidity in kinship meanings and relations 2.6 Schneider 's critique of genealogical concepts 2.7 Post-Schneider 3 Biology , psychology and kinship 3.1 Nonreductive biology and nurture kinship 3.2 Evolutionary psychology 4 Extensions of the kinship metaphor 4.1 Fictive kinship 4.2 Fosterage and adoption 4.3 Detailed terms for parentage 4.4 Composition of relations 5 Appendix 5.1 Degrees 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Basic concepts ( edit ) Family types ( edit ) Main article : Family Family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity ( by recognized birth ) , affinity ( by marriage ) , or co-residence / shared consumption ( see Nurture kinship ) . In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children . As the basic unit for raising children , Anthropologists most generally classify family organization as matrifocal ( a mother and her children ) ; conjugal ( a husband , his wife , and children ; also called nuclear family ) ; avuncular ( a brother , his sister , and her children ) ; or extended family in which parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent 's family . However , producing children is not the only function of the family ; in societies with a sexual division of labor , marriage , and the resulting relationship between two people , it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household . Kinship terminologies ( edit ) Main article : Kinship terminology A mention of `` cȳnne '' ( kinsmen ) in the Beowulf Different societies classify kinship relations differently and therefore use different systems of kinship terminology -- for example some languages distinguish between affinal and consanguine uncles , whereas others have only one word to refer to both a father and his brothers . Kinship terminologies include the terms of address used in different languages or communities for different relatives and the terms of reference used to identify the relationship of these relatives to ego or to each other . Kin terminologies can be either descriptive or classificatory . When a descriptive terminology is used , a term refers to only one specific type of relationship , while a classificatory terminology groups many different types of relationships under one term . For example , the word brother in English - speaking societies indicates a son of one 's same parent ; thus , English - speaking societies use the word brother as a descriptive term referring to this relationship only . In many other classificatory kinship terminologies , in contrast , a person 's male first cousin ( whether mother 's brother 's son , mother 's sister 's son , father 's brother 's son , father 's sister 's son ) may also be referred to as brothers . The major patterns of kinship systems that are known which Lewis Henry Morgan identified through kinship terminology in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family are : Iroquois kinship ( also known as `` bifurcate merging '' ) Crow kinship ( an expansion of bifurcate merging ) Omaha kinship ( also an expansion of bifurcate merging ) Eskimo kinship ( also referred to as `` lineal kinship '' ) Hawaiian kinship ( also referred to as the `` generational system '' ) Sudanese kinship ( also referred to as the `` descriptive system '' ) There is a seventh type of system only identified as distinct later : Dravidian kinship ( the classical type of classificatory kinship , with bifurcate merging but totally distinct from Iroquois ) . Most Australian Aboriginal kinship is also classificatory . The six types ( Crow , Eskimo , Hawaiian , Iroquois , Omaha , Sudanese ) that are not fully classificatory ( Dravidian , Australian ) are those identified by Murdock ( 1949 ) prior to Lounsbury 's ( 1964 ) rediscovery of the linguistic principles of classificatory kin terms . Descent ( edit ) Descent rules ( edit ) In many societies where kinship connections are important , there are rules , though they may be expressed or be taken for granted . There are four main headings that anthropologists use to categorize rules of descent . They are bilateral , unilineal , ambilineal and double descent . Bilateral descent or two - sided descent affiliates an individual more or less equally with relatives on his father 's and mother 's sides . A good example is the Yakurr of the Crossriver state of Nigeria . Unilineal rules affiliates an individual through the descent of one sex only , that is , either through males or through females . They are subdivided into two : patrilineal ( male ) and matrilineal ( female ) . Most societies are patrilineal . Examples of a matrilineal system of descent are the Nyakyusa of Tanzania and the Nair of Kerala , India . Many societies that practise a matrilineal system often have a patrilocal residence and men still exercise significant authority . Ambilineal ( or Cognatic ) rule affiliates an individual with kinsmen through the father 's or mother 's line . Some people in societies that practise this system affiliate with a group of relatives through their fathers and others through their mothers . The individual can choose which side he wants to affiliate to . The Samoans of the South Pacific are an excellent example of an ambilineal society . The core members of the Samoan descent group can live together in the same compound . Double descent refers to societies in which both the patrilineal and matrilineal descent group are recognized . In these societies an individual affiliates for some purposes with a group of patrilineal kinsmen and for other purposes with a group of matrilineal kinsmen . The most widely known case of double descent is the Afikpo of Imo state in Nigeria . Although patrilineage is considered an important method of organization , the Afikpo considers matrilineal ties to be more important . Descent groups ( edit ) A descent group is a social group whose members talk about common ancestry . A unilineal society is one in which the descent of an individual is reckoned either from the mother 's or the father 's line of descent . With matrilineal descent individuals belong to their mother 's descent group . Matrilineal descent includes the mother 's brother , who in some societies may pass along inheritance to the sister 's children or succession to a sister 's son . With patrilineal descent , individuals belong to their father 's descent group . Societies with the Iroquois kinship system , are typically uniliineal , while the Iroquois proper are specifically matrilineal . In a society which reckons descent bilaterally ( bilineal ) , descent is reckoned through both father and mother , without unilineal descent groups . Societies with the Eskimo kinship system , like the Inuit , Yupik , and most Western societies , are typically bilateral . The egocentric kindred group is also typical of bilateral societies . Some societies reckon descent patrilineally for some purposes , and matrilineally for others . This arrangement is sometimes called double descent . For instance , certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line , and others through the female line . Societies can also consider descent to be ambilineal ( such as Hawaiian kinship ) where offspring determine their lineage through the matrilineal line or the patrilineal line . Lineages , clans , phratries , moieties , and matrimonial sides ( edit ) A lineage is a unilineal descent group that can demonstrate their common descent from a known apical ancestor . Unilineal lineages can be matrilineal or patrilineal , depending on whether they are traced through mothers or fathers , respectively . Whether matrilineal or patrilineal descent is considered most significant differs from culture to culture . A clan is generally a descent group claiming common descent from an apical ancestor . Often , the details of parentage are not important elements of the clan tradition . Non-human apical ancestors are called totems . Examples of clans are found in Chechen , Chinese , Irish , Japanese , Polish , Scottish , Tlingit , and Somali societies . A phratry is a descent group composed of two or more clans each of whose apical ancestors are descended from a further common ancestor . If a society is divided into exactly two descent groups , each is called a moiety , after the French word for half . If the two halves are each obliged to marry out , and into the other , these are called matrimonial moieties . Houseman and White ( 1998b , bibliography ) have discovered numerous societies where kinship network analysis shows that two halves marry one another , similar to matrimonial moieties , except that the two halves -- which they call matrimonial sides -- are neither named nor descent groups , although the egocentric kinship terms may be consistent with the pattern of sidedness , whereas the sidedness is culturally evident but imperfect . The word deme refers to an endogamous local population that does not have unilineal descent . Thus , a deme is a local endogamous community without internal segmentation into clans . House societies ( edit ) Main article : House society In some societies kinship and political relations are organized around membership in corporately organized dwellings rather than around descent groups or lineages , as in the `` House of Windsor '' . The concept of a house society was originally proposed by Claude Lévi - Strauss who called them `` sociétés a maison '' . The concept has been applied to understand the organization of societies from Mesoamerica and the Moluccas to North Africa and medieval Europe . Lévi - Strauss introduced the concept as an alternative to ' corporate kinship group ' among the cognatic kinship groups of the Pacific region . The socially significant groupings within these societies have variable membership because kinship is reckoned bilaterally ( through both father 's and mother 's kin ) and come together for only short periods . Property , genealogy and residence are not the basis for the group 's existence . Marriage ( affinity ) ( edit ) Main article : Marriage Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them , between them and their children , and between them and their in - laws . The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures , but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships , usually intimate and sexual , are acknowledged . When defined broadly , marriage is considered a cultural universal . A broad definition of marriage includes those that are monogamous , polygamous , same - sex and temporary . The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved , and any offspring they may produce . Marriage may result , for example , in `` a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners . '' Edmund Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures , but offered a list of ten rights frequently associated with marriage , including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children ( with specific rights differing across cultures ) . There is wide cross-cultural variation in the social rules governing the selection of a partner for marriage . In many societies the choice of partner is limited to suitable persons from specific social groups . In some societies the rule is that a partner is selected from an individual 's own social group -- endogamy , this is the case in many class and caste based societies . But in other societies a partner must be chosen from a different group than one 's own -- exogamy , this is the case in many societies practicing totemic religion where society is divided into several exogamous totemic clans , such as most Aboriginal Australian societies . Marriages between parents and children , or between full siblings , with few exceptions , have been considered incest and forbidden . However , marriages between more distant relatives have been much more common , with one estimate being that 80 % of all marriages in history have been between second cousins or closer . Alliance ( marital exchange systems ) ( edit ) Main article : Alliance theory Systemic forms of preferential marriage may have wider social implications in terms of economic and political organization . In a wide array of lineage - based societies with a classificatory kinship system , potential spouses are sought from a specific class of relative as determined by a prescriptive marriage rule . Insofar as regular marriages following prescriptive rules occur , lineages are linked together in fixed relationships ; these ties between lineages may form political alliances in kinship dominated societies . French structural anthropologist Claude Lévi - Strauss developed alliance theory to account for the `` elementary '' kinship structures created by the limited number of prescriptive marriage rules possible . Claude Lévi - Strauss argued in The Elementary Structures of Kinship ( 1949 ) , that the incest taboo necessitated the exchange of women between kinship groups . Levi - Strauss thus shifted the emphasis from descent groups to the stable structures or relations between groups that preferential and prescriptive marriage rules created . History of kinship studies ( edit ) One of the foundational works in the anthropological study of kinship was Morgan 's Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family ( 1871 ) . As is the case with other social sciences , Anthropology and kinship studies emerged at a time when the understanding of the Human species ' comparative place in the world was somewhat different from today 's . Evidence that life in stable social groups is not just a feature of humans , but also of many other primates , was yet to emerge and society was considered to be a uniquely human affair . As a result , early kinship theorists saw an apparent need to explain not only the details of how human social groups are constructed , their patterns , meanings and obligations , but also why they are constructed at all . The why explanations thus typically presented the fact of life in social groups ( which appeared to be unique to humans ) as being largely a result of human ideas and values . Morgan 's early influence ( edit ) A broad comparison of ( left , top - to - bottom ) Hawaiian , Sudanese , Eskimo , ( right , top - to - bottom ) Iroquois , Crow and Omaha kinship systems . Main article : Kinship terminology Morgan 's explanation for why humans live in groups was largely based on the notion that all humans have an inherent natural valuation of genealogical ties ( an unexamined assumption that would remain at the heart of kinship studies for another century , see below ) , and therefore also an inherent desire to construct social groups around these ties . Even so , Morgan found that members of a society who are not close genealogical relatives may nevertheless use what he called kinship terms ( which he considered to be originally based on genealogical ties ) . This fact was already evident in his use of the term affinity within his concept of the system of kinship . The most lasting of Morgan 's contributions was his discovery of the difference between descriptive and classificatory kinship terms , which situated broad kinship classes on the basis of imputing abstract social patterns of relationships having little or no overall relation to genetic closeness but instead cognition about kinship , social distinctions as they affect linguistic usages in kinship terminology , and strongly relate , if only by approximation , to patterns of marriage . Kinship Networks and social process ( edit ) A more flexible view of kinship was formulated in British social anthropology . Among the attempts to break out of universalizing assumptions and theories about kinship , Radcliffe - Brown ( 1922 , The Andaman Islands ; 1930 , The social organization of Australian tribes ) was the first to assert that kinship relations are best thought of as concrete networks of relationships among individuals . He then described these relationships , however , as typified by interlocking interpersonal roles . Malinowski ( 1922 , Argonauts of the Western Pacific ) described patterns of events with concrete individuals as participants stressing the relative stability of institutions and communities , but without insisting on abstract systems or models of kinship . Gluckman ( 1955 , The judicial process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia ) balanced the emphasis on stability of institutions against processes of change and conflict , inferred through detailed analysis of instances of social interaction to infer rules and assumptions . John Barnes , Victor Turner , and others , affiliated with Gluckman 's Manchester school of anthropology , described patterns of actual network relations in communities and fluid situations in urban or migratory context , as with the work of J. Clyde Mitchell ( 1965 , Social Networks in Urban Situations ) . Yet , all these approaches clung to a view of stable functionalism , with kinship as one of the central stable institutions . `` Kinship system '' as systemic pattern ( edit ) The concept of `` system of kinship '' tended to dominate anthropological studies of kinship in the early 20th century . Kinship systems as defined in anthropological texts and ethnographies were seen as constituted by patterns of behavior and attitudes in relation to the differences in terminology , listed above , for referring to relationships as well as for addressing others . Many anthropologists went so far as to see , in these patterns of kinship , strong relations between kinship categories and patterns of marriage , including forms of marriage , restrictions on marriage , and cultural concepts of the boundaries of incest . A great deal of inference was necessarily involved in such constructions as to `` systems '' of kinship , and attempts to construct systemic patterns and reconstruct kinship evolutionary histories on these bases were largely invalidated in later work . However , anthropologist Dwight Read later argued that the way in which kinship categories are defined by individual researchers are substantially inconsistent . This occurs when working within a systemic cultural model that can be elicited in fieldwork , but also allowing considerable individual variability in details , such as when they are recorded through relative products . Conflicting theories of the mid 20th century ( edit ) In trying to resolve the problems of dubious inferences about kinship `` systems '' , George P. Murdock ( 1949 , Social Structure ) compiled kinship data to test a theory about universals in human kinship in the way that terminologies were influenced by the behavioral similarities or social differences among pairs of kin , proceeding on the view that the psychological ordering of kinship systems radiates out from ego and the nuclear family to different forms of extended family . Lévi - Strauss ( 1949 , Les Structures Elementaires ) , on the other hand , also looked for global patterns to kinship , but viewed the `` elementary '' forms of kinship as lying in the ways that families were connected by marriage in different fundamental forms resembling those of modes of exchange : symmetric and direct , reciprocal delay , or generalized exchange . Recognition of fluidity in kinship meanings and relations ( edit ) Building on Lévi - Strauss 's ( 1949 ) notions of kinship as caught up with the fluid languages of exchange , Edmund Leach ( 1961 , Pul Eliya ) argued that kinship was a flexible idiom that had something of the grammar of a language , both in the uses of terms for kin but also in the fluidities of language , meaning , and networks . His field studies criticized the ideas of structural - functional stability of kinship groups as corporations with charters that lasted long beyond the lifetimes of individuals , which had been the orthodoxy of British Social Anthropology . This sparked debates over whether kinship could be resolved into specific organized sets of rules and components of meaning , or whether kinship meanings were more fluid , symbolic , and independent of grounding in supposedly determinate relations among individuals or groups , such as those of descent or prescriptions for marriage . From the 1950s onwards , reports on kinship patterns in the New Guinea Highlands added some momentum to what had until then been only occasional fleeting suggestions that living together ( co-residence ) might underlie social bonding , and eventually contributed to the general shift away from a genealogical approach ( see below section ) . For example , on the basis of his observations , Barnes suggested : ( C ) learly , genealogical connexion of some sort is one criterion for membership of many social groups . But it may not be the only criterion ; birth , or residence , or a parent 's former residence , or utilization of garden land , or participation in exchange and feasting activities or in house - building or raiding , may be other relevant criteria for group membership . '' ( Barnes 1962 , 6 ) Similarly , Langness ' ethnography of the Bena Bena also emphasized the primacy of residence patterns in ' creating ' kinship ties : The sheer fact of residence in a Bena Bena group can and does determine kinship . People do not necessarily reside where they do because they are kinsmen : rather they become kinsmen because they reside there . '' ( Langness 1964 , 172 emphasis in original ) In 1972 David M. Schneider raised deep problems with the notion that human social bonds and ' kinship ' was a natural category built upon genealogical ties and made a fuller argument in his 1984 book A critique of the study of Kinship which had a major influence on the subsequent study of kinship . Schneider 's critique of genealogical concepts ( edit ) Before the questions raised within anthropology about the study of ' kinship ' by David M. Schneider and others from the 1960s onwards , anthropology itself had paid very little attention to the notion that kinship bonds were anything other than connected to consanguineal ( or genealogical ) relatedness ( or its local cultural conceptions ) . Schneider 's 1968 study of the symbolic meanings surrounding ideas of kinship in American Culture found that Americans ascribe a special significance to ' blood ties ' as well as related symbols like the naturalness of marriage and raising children within this culture . In later work ( 1972 and 1984 ) Schneider argued that unexamined genealogical notions of kinship had been embedded in anthropology since Morgan 's early work because American anthropologists ( and anthropologists in western Europe ) had made the mistake of assuming these particular cultural values of ' blood is thicker than water ' , common in their own societies , were ' natural ' and universal for all human cultures ( i.e. a form of ethnocentrism ) . He concluded that , due to these unexamined assumptions , the whole enterprise of ' kinship ' in anthropology may have been built on faulty foundations . His 1984 book A Critique of The Study of Kinship gave his fullest account of this critique . Certainly for Morgan ( 1870 : 10 ) the actual bonds of blood relationship had a force and vitality of their own quite apart from any social overlay which they may also have acquired , and it is this biological relationship itself which accounts for what Radcliffe - Brown called `` the source of social cohesion '' . ( Schneider 1984 , 49 ) Schneider himself emphasised a distinction between the notion of a social relationship as intrinsically given and inalienable ( from birth ) , and a social relationship as created , constituted and maintained by a process of interaction , or doing ( Schneider 1984 , 165 ) . Schneider used the example of the citamangen / fak relationship in Yap society , that his own early research had previously glossed over as a father / son relationship , to illustrate the problem ; The crucial point is this : in the relationship between citamangen and fak the stress in the definition of the relationship is more on doing than on being . That is , it is more what the citamangen does for fak and what fak does for citamangen that makes or constitutes the relationship . This is demonstrated , first , in the ability to terminate absolutely the relationship where there is a failure in the doing , when the fak fails to do what he is supposed to do ; and second , in the reversal of terms so that the old , dependent man becomes fak , to the young man , tam . The European and the anthropological notion of consanguinity , of blood relationship and descent , rest on precisely the opposite kind of value . It rests more on the state of being ... on the biogenetic relationship which is represented by one or another variant of the symbol of ' blood ' ( consanguinity ) , or on ' birth ' , on qualities rather than on performance . We have tried to impose this definition of a kind of relation on all peoples , insisting that kinship consists in relations of consanguinity and that kinship as consanguinity is a universal condition. ( Schneider 1984 , 72 ) Schneider preferred to focus on these often ignored processes of `` performance , forms of doing , various codes for conduct , different roles '' ( p. 72 ) as the most important constituents of kinship . His critique quickly prompted a new generation of anthropologists to reconsider how they conceptualized , observed and described social relationships ( ' kinship ' ) in the cultures they studied . Post-Schneider ( edit ) See also : nurture kinship Schneider 's critique is widely acknowledged to have marked a turning point in anthropology 's study of social relationships and interactions . Some anthropologists moved forward with kinship studies by teasing apart biological and social aspects , prompted by Schneider 's question ; The question of whether kinship is a privileged system and if so , why , remains without a satisfactory answer . If it is privileged because of its relationship to the functional prerequisites imposed by the nature of physical kinship , this remains to be spelled out in even the most elementary detail . ( Schneider 1984 , 163 ) Schneider also dismissed the sociobiological account of biological influences , maintaining that these did not fit the ethnographic evidence ( see more below ) . Janet Carsten employed her studies with the Malays to reassess kinship . She uses the idea of relatedness to move away from a pre-constructed analytic opposition between the biological and the social . Carsten argued that relatedness should be described in terms of indigenous statements and practices , some of which fall outside what anthropologists have conventionally understood as kinship ; Ideas about relatedness in Langkawi show how culturally specific is the separation of the ' social ' from the ' biological ' and the latter to sexual reproduction . In Langkawi relatedness is derived both from acts of procreation and from living and eating together . It makes little sense in indigenous terms to label some of these activities as social and others as biological . ( Carsten 1995 , 236 ) Philip Thomas ' work with the Temanambondro of Madagascar highlights that nurturing processes are considered to be the ' basis ' for kinship ties in this culture , notwithstanding genealogical connections ; Yet just as fathers are not simply made by birth , neither are mothers , and although mothers are not made by `` custom '' they , like fathers , can make themselves through another type of performatively constituted relation , the giving of `` nurture '' . Relations of ancestry are particularly important in contexts of ritual , inheritance and the defining of marriageability and incest ; they are in effect the `` structuring structures '' ( Bourdieu 1977 ) of social reproduction and intergenerational continuity . Father , mother and children are , however , also performatively related through the giving and receiving of `` nurture '' ( fitezana ) . Like ancestry , relations of `` nurture '' do not always coincide with relations by birth ; but unlike ancestry , `` nurture '' is a largely ungendered relation , constituted in contexts of everyday practical existence , in the intimate , familial and familiar world of the household , and in ongoing relations of work and consumption , of feeding and farming . ( Thomas 1999 , 37 ) Similar ethnographic accounts have emerged from a variety of cultures since Schneider 's intervention . The concept of nurture kinship highlights the extent to which kinship relationships may be brought into being through the performance of various acts of nurture between individuals . Additionally the concept highlights ethnographic findings that , in a wide swath of human societies , people understand , conceptualize and symbolize their relationships predominantly in terms of giving , receiving and sharing nurture . These approaches were somewhat forerun by Malinowski , in his ethnographic study of sexual behaviour on the Trobriand Islands which noted that the Trobrianders did not believe pregnancy to be the result of sexual intercourse between the man and the woman , and they denied that there was any physiological relationship between father and child . Nevertheless , while paternity was unknown in the `` full biological sense '' , for a woman to have a child without having a husband was considered socially undesirable . Fatherhood was therefore recognised as a social and nurturing role ; the woman 's husband is the `` man whose role and duty it is to take the child in his arms and to help her in nursing and bringing it up '' ; `` Thus , though the natives are ignorant of any physiological need for a male in the constitution of the family , they regard him as indispensable socially '' . Biology , psychology and kinship ( edit ) See also : Human inclusive fitness and Attachment theory Like Schneider , other anthropologists of kinship have largely rejected sociobiological accounts of human social patterns as being both reductionistic and also empirically incompatible with ethnographic data on human kinship . Notably , Marshall Sahlins strongly critiqued the sociobiological approach through reviews of ethnographies in his 1976 The Use and Abuse of Biology noting that for humans `` the categories of ' near ' and ' distant ' ( kin ) vary independently of consanguinal distance and that these categories organize actual social practice '' ( p. 112 ) . Independently from anthropology , biologists studying organisms ' social behaviours and relationships have been interested to understand under what conditions significant social behaviors can evolve to become a typical feature of a species ( see inclusive fitness theory ) . Because complex social relationships and cohesive social groups are common not only to humans , but also to most primates , biologists maintain that these biological theories of sociality should in principle be generally applicable . The more challenging question arises as to how such ideas can be applied to the human species whilst fully taking account of the extensive ethnographic evidence that has emerged from anthropological research on kinship patterns . Early developments of biological inclusive fitness theory and the derivative field of Sociobiology , encouraged some sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists to approach human kinship with the assumption that inclusive fitness theory predicts that kinship relations in humans are indeed expected to depend on genetic relatedness , which they readily connected with the genealogy approach of early anthropologists such as Morgan ( see above sections ) . However , this is the position that Schneider , Sahlins and other anthropologists explicitly reject . Nonreductive biology and nurture kinship ( edit ) See also : Social bonding and nurture kinship In agreement with Schneider , Holland argued that an accurate account of biological theory and evidence supports the view that social bonds ( and kinship ) are indeed mediated by a shared social environment and processes of frequent interaction , care and nurture , rather than by genealogical relationships per se ( even if genealogical relationships frequently correlate with such processes ) . In his 2012 book Social bonding and nurture kinship Holland argues that sociobiologists and later evolutionary psychologists misrepresent biological theory , mistakenly believing that inclusive fitness theory predicts that genetic relatedness per se is the condition that mediates social bonding and social cooperation in organisms . Holland points out that the biological theory ( see inclusive fitness ) only specifies that a statistical relationship between social behaviors and genealogical relatedness is a criterion for the evolution of social behaviors . The theory 's originator , W.D. Hamilton considered that organisms ' social behaviours were likely to be mediated by general conditions that typically correlate with genetic relatedness , but are not likely to be mediated by genetic relatedness per se ( see Human inclusive fitness and Kin recognition ) . Holland reviews fieldwork from social mammals and primates to show that social bonding and cooperation in these species is indeed mediated through processes of shared living context , familiarity and attachments , not by genetic relatedness per se . Holland thus argues that both the biological theory and the biological evidence is nondeterministic and nonreductive , and that biology as a theoretical and empirical endeavor ( as opposed to ' biology ' as a cultural - symbolic nexus as outlined in Schneider 's 1968 book ) actually supports the nurture kinship perspective of cultural anthropologists working post-Schneider ( see above sections ) . Holland argues that , whilst there is nonreductive compatibility around human kinship between anthropology , biology and psychology , for a full account of kinship in any particular human culture , ethnographic methods , including accounts of the people themselves , the analysis of historical contingencies , symbolic systems , economic and other cultural influences , remain centrally important . Holland 's position is widely supported by both cultural anthropologists and biologists as an approach which , according to Robin Fox , `` gets to the heart of the matter concerning the contentious relationship between kinship categories , genetic relatedness and the prediction of behavior '' . Evolutionary psychology ( edit ) See also : Evolutionary psychology The other approach , that of Evolutionary psychology , continues to take the view that genetic relatedness ( or genealogy ) is key to understanding human kinship patterns . In contrast to Sahlin 's position ( above ) , Daly and Wilson argue that `` the categories of ' near ' and ' distant ' do not ' vary independently of consanguinal distance ' , not in any society on earth . '' ( Daly et al. 1997 , p282 ) . A current view is that humans have an inborn but culturally affected system for detecting certain forms of genetic relatedness . One important factor for sibling detection , especially relevant for older siblings , is that if an infant and one 's mother are seen to care for the infant , then the infant and oneself are assumed to be related . Another factor , especially important for younger siblings who can not use the first method , is that persons who grew up together see one another as related . Yet another may be genetic detection based on the major histocompatibility complex ( See Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection ) . This kinship detection system in turn affects other genetic predispositions such as the incest taboo and a tendency for altruism towards relatives . One issue within this approach is why many societies organize according to descent ( see below ) and not exclusively according to kinship . An explanation is that kinship does not form clear boundaries and is centered differently for each individual . In contrast , descent groups usually do form clear boundaries and provide an easy way to create cooperative groups of various sizes . According to an evolutionary psychology hypothesis that assumes that descent systems are optimized to assure high genetic probability of relatedness between lineage members , males should prefer a patrilineal system if paternal certainty is high ; males should prefer a matrilineal system if paternal certainty is low . Some research supports this association with one study finding no patrilineal society with low paternity confidence and no matrilineal society with high paternal certainty . Another association is that pastoral societies are relatively more often patrilineal compared to horticultural societies . This may be because wealth in pastoral societies in the form of mobile cattle can easily be used to pay bride price which favor concentrating resources on sons so they can marry . The evolutionary psychology account of biology continues to be rejected by most cultural anthropologists . Extensions of the kinship metaphor ( edit ) Fictive kinship ( edit ) Main articles : Fictive kinship , Nurture kinship , and Milk kinship Fosterage and adoption ( edit ) Detailed terms for parentage ( edit ) As social and biological concepts of parenthood are not necessarily coterminous , the terms `` pater '' and `` genitor '' have been used in anthropology to distinguish between the man who is socially recognised as father ( pater ) and the man who is believed to be the physiological parent ( genitor ) ; similarly the terms `` mater '' and `` genitrix '' have been used to distinguish between the woman socially recognised as mother ( mater ) and the woman believed to be the physiological parent ( genitrix ) . Such a distinction is useful when the individual who is considered the legal parent of the child is not the individual who is believed to be the child 's biological parent . For example , in his ethnography of the Nuer , Evans - Pritchard notes that if a widow , following the death of her husband , chooses to live with a lover outside of her deceased husband 's kin group , that lover is only considered genitor of any subsequent children the widow has , and her deceased husband continues to be considered the pater . As a result , the lover has no legal control over the children , who may be taken away from him by the kin of the pater when they choose . The terms `` pater '' and `` genitor '' have also been used to help describe the relationship between children and their parents in the context of divorce in Britain . Following the divorce and remarriage of their parents , children find themselves using the term `` mother '' or `` father '' in relation to more than one individual , and the pater or mater who is legally responsible for the child 's care , and whose family name the child uses , may not be the genitor or genitrix of the child , with whom a separate parent - child relationship may be maintained through arrangements such as visitation rights or joint custody . It is important to note that the terms `` genitor '' or `` genetrix '' do not necessarily imply actual biological relationships based on consanguinity , but rather refer to the socially held belief that the individual is physically related to the child , derived from culturally held ideas about how biology works . So , for example , the Ifugao may believe that an illegitimate child might have more than one physical father , and so nominate more than one genitor . J.A. Barnes therefore argued that it was necessary to make a further distinction between genitor and genitrix ( the supposed biological mother and father of the child ) , and the actual genetic father and mother of the child . Composition of relations ( edit ) Main article : Composition of relations The study of kinship may be abstracted to binary relations between people . For example , if x is the parent of y , the relation may be symbolized as xPy . The converse relation , that y is the child of x , is written yP x . Suppose that z is another child of x : zP y . Then x is a sibling of z as they share the parent y : z P T y P x ⟹ z ( P T P ) x . ( \ displaystyle zP ^ ( T ) yPx \ implies z ( P ^ ( T ) P ) x . ) Here the relation of siblings is expressed as the composition P P of the parent relation with its inverse . The relation of grandparent is the composition of parent ( P ) with itself . The relation of uncle is the composition of parent with brother , while the relation of aunt composes parent with sister . Suppose x is the grandparent of y : xGy . Then y and z are cousins if y G T x G z . ( \ displaystyle yG ^ ( T ) xGz . ) The symbols applied here to express kinship are used more generally in algebraic logic to develop a calculus of relations with sets other than human beings . Appendix ( edit ) Degrees ( edit ) Kinship Degree of relationship Genetic overlap Inbred Strain not applicable 99 % Identical twins first - degree 100 % Full sibling first - degree 50 % ( 2 + 2 ) Parent - offspring first - degree 50 % ( 2 ) Offspring / progeny first - degree 50 % ( 2 ) Half - sibling second - degree 25 % ( 2 ) 3 / 4 siblings or sibling - cousin second - degree 37.5 % ( 2 + 2 ⋅ 2 ) Grandmother / grandfather second - degree 25 % ( 2 ) Niece / nephew second - degree 25 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Aunt / uncle second - degree 25 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Half - aunt , half - uncle third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Half - niece / half - nephew third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Great grandparent third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 ) First cousin third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Double first cousin second - degree 25 % ( 2 + 2 ) Half - first cousin fourth - degree 6.25 % ( 2 ) First cousin once removed fourth - degree 6.25 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Second cousin sixth - degree 3.125 % ( 2 + 2 ) Double second cousin fourth - degree 6.25 % ( 4 ⋅ 2 ) Triple second cousin sixth - degree 9.375 % ( 6 ⋅ 2 ) Quadruple second cousin sixth - degree 12.5 % ( 8 ⋅ 2 ) Third cousin eighth - degree 0.781 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) Fourth cousin tenth - degree 0.20 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) See also ( edit ) Ancestry Kin selection Kinism Kinship analysis Kinship terminology Australian Aboriginal kinship Bride price Bride service Chinese kinship Cinderella effect Clan Consanguinity Darwinian anthropology Dynasty Ethnicity Family Family history Fictive kinship Genealogy Genetic genealogy Godparent Heredity Inheritance Interpersonal relationships Irish Kinship Lineage ( anthropology ) Nurture kinship Serbo - Croatian kinship Tribe House society References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox , Robin ( 1967 ) . 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( Bibliography ) Jump up ^ Barnes , J.A. ( 1962 ) . `` African models in the New Guinea Highlands '' . Man . 62 : 5 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 2795819 . Jump up ^ Langness , L.L. ( 1964 ) . `` Some problems in the conceptualization of Highlands social structures '' . American Anthropologist. 66 ( 4 pt 2 ) : 162 -- 182 . JSTOR 668436 . Jump up ^ Schneider , D. 1972 . What is Kinship all About . In Kinship Studies in the Morgan Centennial Year , edited by P. Reining . Washington : Anthropological Society of Washington . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , D. 1984 . A critique of the study of kinship . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ Schneider , D. 1968 . American kinship : a cultural account , Anthropology of modern societies series . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Morgan , Lewis Henry . 1870 . Systems of consanguity and affinity of the human family . Vol. 17 , Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ Collier , Jane Fishburne ; Yanagisako , Sylvia Junko ( 1987 ) . Gender and kinship : Essays toward a unified analysis . Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Carsten , Janet ( 2000 ) . Cultures of relatedness : New approaches to the study of kinship . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Strathern , Marilyn . After nature : English kinship in the late twentieth century . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Carsten , Janet ( 1995 ) . `` The substance of kinship and the heart of the hearth '' . American Ethnologist. 22 : 223 -- 241 . doi : 10.1525 / ae. 1995.22. 2.02 a00010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Philip . ( 1999 ) No substance , no kinship ? Procreation , Performativity and Temanambondro parent / child relations . In Conceiving persons : ethnographies of procreation , fertility , and growth edited by P. Loizos and P. Heady . New Brunswick , NJ : Athlone Press . Jump up ^ Malinowski 1929 , pp. 179 -- 186 Jump up ^ Malinowski 1929 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Malinowski 1929 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Sahlins , Marshal ( 1976 ) . The Use and Abuse of Biology . Jump up ^ Holland , Maximilian. ( 2012 ) Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship : Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches . North Charleston : Createspace Press . Jump up ^ Hamilton , W.D. 1987 . Discriminating nepotism : expectable , common and overlooked . In Kin recognition in animals , edited by D.J.C. Fletcher and C.D. Michener . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Robin Fox comment ( book cover ) url = https://www.amazon.com/Social-Bonding-Nurture-Kinship-Compatibility/dp/1480182001 Jump up ^ Daly , Martin ; Salmon , Catherine ; Wilson , Margo ( 1997 ) . Kinship : the conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships . Erlbaum . Jump up ^ Lieberman , D. ; Tooby , J. ; Cosmides , L. ( 2007 ) . `` The architecture of human kin detection '' . Nature . 445 ( 7129 ) : 727 -- 731 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05510 . PMC 3581061 . PMID 17301784 . ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology , Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret , Oxford University Press , 2007 , Chapter 31 Kinship and descent by Lee Conk and Drew Gerkey Jump up ^ Fox 1977 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Evans - Pritchard 1951 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Simpson 1994 , pp. 831 -- 851 Jump up ^ Barnes 1961 , pp. 296 -- 299 Jump up ^ By replacement in the definition of the notion of `` generation '' by meiosis `` . Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis , there are no `` generations '' between them , hence n = 0 and r = 1 . See genetic-genealogy.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kin Selection '' . Benjamin / Cummings . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population ( tribe , country , ethnic group ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Barnes , J.A. ( 1961 ) . `` Physical and Social Kinship '' . Philosophy of Science . 28 ( 3 ) : 296 -- 299 . doi : 10.1086 / 287811 . Boon , James A. ; Schneider , David M. ( October 1974 ) . `` Kinship vis - a-vis Myth Contrasts in Levi - Strauss ' Approaches to Cross-Cultural Comparison '' . American Anthropologist. 76 ( 4 ) : 799 -- 817 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1974.76. 4.02 a00050 . Bowlby , John ( 1982 ) . Attachment. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Hogarth . Evans - Pritchard , E.E. ( 1951 ) . Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Fox , Robin ( 1977 ) . Kinship and Marriage : An Anthropological Perspective . Harmondsworth : Penguin . Holland , Maximilian ( 2012 ) . Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship : Compatibility Between Cultural and Biological Approaches . Createspace Press . Houseman , Michael ; White , Douglas R. ( 1998 ) . `` Network mediation of exchange structures : Ambilateral sidedness and property flows in Pul Eliya '' ( PDF ) . In Schweizer , Thomas ; White , Douglas R. Kinship , Networks and Exchange . Cambridge University Press . pp. 59 -- 89 . Houseman , Michael ; White , Douglas R. ( 1998 ) . `` Taking Sides : Marriage Networks and Dravidian Kinship in Lowland South America '' ( PDF ) . In Godelier , Maurice ; Trautmann , Thomas ; F. Tjon Sie Fat . Transformations of Kinship . Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 214 -- 243 . Malinowski , Bronislaw ( 1929 ) . The Sexual Life of Savages in North Western Melanesia . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . Read , Dwight W. ( 2001 ) . `` Formal analysis of kinship terminologies and its relationship to what constitutes kinship '' . Anthropological Theory . 1 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 267 . doi : 10.1177 / 14634990122228719 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 11 . Simpson , Bob ( 1994 ) . `` Bringing the ' Unclear ' Family Into Focus : Divorce and Re-Marriage in Contemporary Britain '' . Man . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 29 ( 4 ) : 831 -- 851 . doi : 10.2307 / 3033971 . JSTOR 3033971 . Trautmann , Thomas R. ( 2008 ) . Lewis Henry Morgan and the Invention of Kinship , New Edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06457 - 7 . Wallace , Anthony F. ; Atkins , John ( 1960 ) . `` The Meaning of Kinship Terms '' . American Anthropologist. 62 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 80 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1960.62. 1.02 a00040 . White , Douglas R. ; Johansen , Ulla C. ( 2005 ) . Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems : Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan . New York : Rowman and Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1892 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up kinship in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kinship . Introduction into the study of kinship AusAnthrop : research , resources and documentation The Nature of Kinship : An Introduction to Descent Systems and Family Organization Dennis O'Neil , Palomar College , San Marcos , CA . Kinship and Social Organization : An Interactive Tutorial Brian Schwimmer , University of Manitoba . Degrees of Kinship According to Anglo - Saxon Civil Law -- Useful Chart ( Kurt R. Nilson , Esq . : heirbase.com ) Catholic Encyclopedia `` Duties of Relatives '' Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Niece and nephew Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grandnephew and grandniece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse wife husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Son - in - law Daughter - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Father - Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents ' Day Children 's Day Family Day Canada American Family Day National Family Week UK Related Wedding anniversary Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southwest Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia BNF : cb11957207j ( data ) GND : 4133957 - 5 LCCN : sh2002011463 NDL : 00571200 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinship&oldid=855068604 '' Categories : Kinship and descent Anthropology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 粵語 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 18 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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4092653924492962148 | Grown Ups (film) | Grown Ups ( film ) - wikipedia Grown Ups ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Grownup . Grown Ups Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Jack Giarraputo Adam Sandler Written by Adam Sandler Fred Wolf Starring Adam Sandler Kevin James Chris Rock David Spade Rob Schneider Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Relativity Media Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 25 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $271.4 million Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler , Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade and Rob Schneider . It depicts five friends of a high school basketball team reuniting for a holiday weekend after learning of the passing of their coach . Grown Ups was produced by Sandler 's production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures . Sandler , Rock , Schneider , and Spade all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990 -- 1991 season ; supporting cast including Colin Quinn , Maya Rudolph , Tim Meadows , and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members . It grossed $271 million and led to a sequel , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 The Feder family 2.3 The Lamonsoff family 2.4 The McKenzie family 2.5 The Hilliard family 2.6 Other characters 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards 4.4 Home media 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1978 , five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship . Afterwards , they celebrate at a rented lake house . The friends ' coach , whom they nickname `` Buzzer '' ( Blake Clark ) , encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game . Thirty years later , Lenny ( Adam Sandler ) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife , fashion designer Roxanne ( Salma Hayek ) , and his three children -- daughter Becky ( Alexys Nicole Sanchez ) and two sons Greg ( Jake Goldberg ) and Keith ( Cameron Boyce ) . The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity , much to his annoyance . Eric ( Kevin James ) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company , but is disappointed in his wife Sally ( Maria Bello ) for continuing to breastfeed Bean ( Morgan Gingerich ) , one of his two children , the other being Donna ( Ada - Nicole Sanger ) . Kurt ( Chris Rock ) is a stay - at - home father with two children , Andre and Charlotte ( Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain ) . His wife Deanne ( Maya Rudolph ) , the primary breadwinner of the family , is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother ( Ebony Jo - Ann ) . Rob ( Rob Schneider ) , nicknamed Carrot , has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine , Amber , and Bridget ( Madison Riley , Jamie Chung , and Ashley Loren ) . His current wife , Gloria ( Joyce Van Patten ) , is 30 years older than him . Marcus ( David Spade ) is a slacker and lothario . All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film : Lenny for being rich , Eric for being overweight , Kurt for being skinny and useless , Rob for his continuous use of the joke `` Maize ! '' and for having a much older wife , and Marcus for being sexually juvenile . The friends each find out that Buzzer has died , and reunite at their hometown with their families , a first in the three decades . Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral , Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at . However , Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan , forcing Lenny to retreat . While at the lake house , he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors , and pushes them to play outside along with his friend 's children . At a local restaurant , Lenny talks to his old nemesis , Dickie ( Colin Quinn ) , who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match , where his shot should n't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line . With this , Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch , but he declines when commenting on Dickie 's health . The next day , Buzzer 's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed , lamenting his failed marriages , and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages . After having to deal with Jasmine , he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing . After joking on Rob , the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette . Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time , but the arrow pierces his foot when it flies back down . Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize - covered poultice . That night , Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup - phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the `` Tooth Fairy '' when Becky listens in . Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had , Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup - phone network in the house . Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show . The friends decide to visit a water park , where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber , having bought them skimpy bikinis . Rob kicks a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters . Eric ignores Donna 's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue , and chaos results when the urine is revealed . The spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman , but he is laughed off when revealed to have a high - pitched voice . Later , Lenny and the group go to the zip line and meet Dickie again , this time with his own group of friends and former teammates , including Wiley ( Steve Buscemi ) , who overshoots the swimming pool sliding down the zip line by his feet , and slams into a shopping kiosk . He is hospitalized as a result . Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball , and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses . The next day , Roxanne picks up Lenny 's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying . Eventually , everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives . On their final day at the lake house , Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all , and plays against their former opponents . At the game - deciding shot , Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie 's team to get a proper win . Before the end of the film , Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette , but with a larger crowd of people this time . Everyone fearfully takes off , and Wiley ( who is still paralyzed ) gets his foot impaled by the arrow . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff Andrew Bayard as Young Eric Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie Jameel McGill as Young Kurt David Spade as Marcus `` Higgy '' Higgins Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus Rob Schneider as Rob `` Carrot '' Hilliard Joshua Matz as Young Rob The Feder family ( edit ) Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder The Lamonsoff family ( edit ) Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff Ada - Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff The McKenzie family ( edit ) Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie The Hilliard family ( edit ) Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard Other characters ( edit ) Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan Blake Clark as Coach Robert `` Buzzer '' Ferdinando Victoria Cyr , Niece of Coach Buzzer Di Quon as Rita Steve Buscemi as Wiley Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey Hunter Silva as Young Dickie Lisa M. ( Seitz ) Francis as Bailey 's wife Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo Ebony Jo - Ann as Mama Ronzoni Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy Tim Herlihy as Pastor Norm Macdonald as Geezer Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee Production ( edit ) Filming commenced in Essex County , Massachusetts , in August , 2009 . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million . Happy with the gross , Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand - new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 10 % based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grown Ups ' cast of comedy vets is amiable , but they 're let down by flat direction and the scattershot , lowbrow humor of a stunted script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as `` the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity . '' Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism , saying the cast `` lob ( bed ) gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off - camera dash all the way to the bank . '' Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was `` a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema '' , and that he hated it . Tom Long of the Detroit News called it `` trite comedy '' and `` total garbage . '' On the other end of the spectrum , Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it `` crude and decent - hearted '' and `` easy , breezy , predictable . '' Awards ( edit ) Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film , but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the `` Best Line from a Movie '' category , which it won for the line `` I want to get chocolate wasted ! '' , delivered by Becky , played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez . Home Media ( edit ) Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on November 9 , 2010 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Grown Ups 2 A sequel , titled Grown Ups 2 , was released on July 12 , 2013 . Dennis Dugan , the director of the first film , returned as director . The main cast , including Adam Sandler , Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade , Salma Hayek , Maya Rudolph , Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles , except Rob Schneider . New cast includes Andy Samberg , Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger . The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up . Like its predecessor , Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews but was still a box office hit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( 2009 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Columbia pic gets Sandler and friends '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gate , Bobby ( June 21 , 2009 ) . `` Beverly actress scores plum role '' . Wicked Local ( GateHouse Media ) . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Adam Sandler et al. get to work on `` Grown Ups '' `` . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` David Spade has yet to drive luxury car Adam Sandler gave him as gift '' . Mail Online . 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Zach ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` Adam Sandler gives the gift of Maserati to Grown Ups co-stars '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Connie Ogle , Grown Ups ( PG - 13 ) : Five goofballs and a funeral , Miami Herald ( June 24 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Rick Groen , Grown Ups : How low can they go ? Just watch , Globe & Mail ( June 25 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Tom Long , Review : Adam Sandler 's ' Grown Ups ' is a lazy , trite comedy , Detroit News ( June 25 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Lisa Kennedy , Movie review : `` Grown Ups '' -- or are they ? , Denver Post ( June 23 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups Sequel Planned '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Grown Ups ( 2010 film ) Official website Grown Ups on IMDb Grown Ups at Box Office Mojo Grown Ups at Rotten Tomatoes Grown Ups at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grown_Ups_(film)&oldid=806582846 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films American films American buddy films American comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films about vacationing Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Films shot in Massachusetts Happy Madison films Midlife crisis films Relativity Media films Screenplays by Adam Sandler Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played adam sandler's son in grown ups | [
"\nSalma Hayek as Roxanne Feder\nJake Goldberg as Greg Feder\nCameron Boyce as Keith Feder\nAlexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder\n"
] | [
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] |
-5784063688704290865 | Long Island | Long Island - wikipedia Long Island For other uses , see Long Island ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° 48 ′ N 73 ° 18 ′ W / 40.8 ° N 73.3 ° W / 40.8 ; - 73.3 Long Island Native name : Paumanok Location of Long Island in New York State Geography Location Atlantic Ocean Coordinates 40 ° 48 ′ N 73 ° 18 ′ W / 40.8 ° N 73.3 ° W / 40.8 ; - 73.3 Area 1,401 sq mi ( 3,630 km ) Administration United States State New York Demographics Demonym Long Islander Population 7,869,820 ( 2017 ) Pop . density 5,617.3 / sq mi ( 2,168.85 / km ) Ethnic groups 54.7 % White , 20.5 % Hispanic or Latino of any race , 20.4 % Black , 12.3 % Asian , 8.8 % other races , 3.2 % from two or more races , 0.49 % Native American , and 0.05 % Pacific Islander Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York ( hide ) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley ( Lower and Middle ) Upstate New York ( hide ) Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places Places ( including hamlets ) Timelines of town creation ( show ) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York Part of a series of articles on Topics Geography History Economy Transportation Politics People Popular culture Recreation Law enforcement Viticulture Regions Brooklyn Queens Nassau County Suffolk County Municipalities North Shore South Shore North Fork South Fork Long Island Sound Barrier islands Long Island is a densely populated island off the East Coast of the United States , beginning at New York Harbor just 0.35 miles ( 0.56 km ) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean . The island comprises four counties in the U.S. state of New York . Kings and Queens counties ( the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , respectively ) and Nassau County share the western third of the island , while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two - thirds . More than half of New York City 's residents now live in Queens and Brooklyn , that is , on Long Island . However , many people in the New York metropolitan area ( including those in Brooklyn and Queens ) colloquially use the term `` Long Island '' to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk counties , which are mainly suburban in character , while employing the term `` the city '' to mean Manhattan alone . Broadly speaking , `` Long Island '' may refer both to the main island and the surrounding outer barrier islands . North of the island is Long Island Sound , across which lie Westchester County , New York , and the state of Connecticut . Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island . To the west , Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River . To the extreme southwest , it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay , the Narrows , and Lower New York Bay . To the east lie Block Island -- which belongs to the State of Rhode Island -- and numerous smaller islands . Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States , Long Island extends 118 miles ( 190 km ) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point , with a maximum north - to - south distance of 23 miles ( 37 km ) between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast . With a land area of 1,401 square miles ( 3,630 km ) , Long Island is the 11th - largest island in the United States and the 149th - largest island in the world -- larger than the 1,214 square miles ( 3,140 km ) of the smallest U.S. state , Rhode Island . With a Census - estimated population of 7,869,820 in 2017 , constituting nearly 40 % of New York State 's population , Long Island is the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory , and the 18th-most populous island in the world ( ahead of Ireland , Jamaica , and Hokkaidō ) . Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,160.3 / km ) . If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area , it would rank fourth most populous in the United States ; while if it were a U.S. state , Long Island would rank 13th in population and first in population density . Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse , featuring some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere near the shorelines as well as working - class areas in all four counties . As a hub of commercial aviation , Long Island contains two of the New York City metropolitan area 's three busiest airports , JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport , in addition to Islip MacArthur Airport ; as well as two major air traffic control radar facilities , the New York TRACON and the New York ARTCC . Nine bridges and 13 tunnels ( including railroad tunnels ) connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City . Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut . The Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24 / 7 . Biotechnology companies and scientific research play a significant role in Long Island 's economy , including research facilities at Brookhaven National Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Plum Island Animal Disease Center , State University of New York at Stony Brook , the New York University Tandon School of Engineering , the City University of New York , and Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 18th and 19th centuries 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.2 Countyscapes 2.3 Climate 2.4 Additional islands 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Government and politics 5.1 Law enforcement 5.2 Secession proposals 6 Transportation 6.1 Public transportation 6.1. 1 Rail 6.1. 2 Bus 6.2 Roads 6.2. 1 Ground transportation 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities 8 Culture 8.1 Music 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Sports 8.3. 1 Major league sports 8.3. 2 Minor league and college sports 8.3. 3 Other sports 8.3. 4 Notable sportspeople and teams 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Long Island Early history ( edit ) Long Island Native American settlements Prior to European contact , the Lenape people ( named the Delaware by Europeans ) inhabited the western end of Long Island , and spoke the Munsee dialect of Lenape , one of the Algonquian language family . Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes , after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524 . The eastern portion of the island was inhabited by speakers of the Mohegan - Montauk - Narragansett language group of Algonquian languages ; they were part of the Pequot and Narragansett peoples inhabiting the area that now includes Connecticut and Rhode Island . In 1609 , the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor and purportedly landed at Coney Island . Adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands . Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka ( Sewanhacky and Sewanhacking were other spellings in the transliteration of Lenape ) . Sewan was one of the terms for wampum ( commemorative stringed shell beads , for a while also used as currency by colonists in trades with the Lenape ) , and is also translated as `` loose '' or `` scattered '' , which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island . The name `` ' t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs '' ( later shortened to `` Lange Eylandt '' ) appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s . Later , the English referred to the land as `` Nassau Island '' , after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau , Prince of Orange ( who later also ruled as King William III of England ) . It is unclear when the name `` Nassau Island '' was discontinued . The c. 1806 Old Hook Mill in East Hampton is one of eleven extant windmills in Suffolk County . The very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present - day New England . Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island . The first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21 , 1640 , when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven , Connecticut . Peter Hallock , one of the settlers , drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first . He is considered the first New World settler on Long Island . Southampton was settled in the same year . Hempstead followed in 1644 , East Hampton in 1648 , Huntington in 1653 , Brookhaven in 1655 , and Smithtown in 1665 . The Old House in Cutchogue , built 1649 , is the oldest English - style house in the state . While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English , the western portion of Long Island was settled by the Dutch . Until 1664 , the jurisdiction of Long Island was split , roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County . The Dutch founded six towns in present - day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 . These included : Brooklyn , Gravesend , Flatlands , Flatbush , New Utrecht , and Bushwick . The Dutch had granted an English settlement in Hempstead , New York ( now in Nassau County ) in 1644 but , after a boundary dispute , drove out English settlers from the Oyster Bay area . However , in 1664 , the English returned to take over the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , including Long Island . The 1664 land patent granted to the Duke of York included all islands in Long Island Sound . The Duke of York held a grudge against Connecticut , as New Haven had hidden three of the judges who sentenced the Duke 's father , King Charles I , to death in 1649 . Settlers throughout Suffolk County pressed to stay part of Connecticut , but Governor Sir Edmund Andros threatened to eliminate the settlers ' rights to land if they did not yield , which they did by 1676 . All of Long Island ( as well as the islands between it and Connecticut ) became part of the Province of New York within the Shire of York . Present - day Suffolk County was designated as the East Riding ( of Yorkshire ) , present - day Brooklyn was part of the West Riding , and present - day Queens and Nassau were part of the larger North Riding . In 1683 , Yorkshire was dissolved and the three original counties on Long Island were established : Kings , Queens , and Suffolk . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Battle of Long Island Early in the American Revolutionary War , the island was captured by the British from General George Washington in the Battle of Long Island , a decisive battle after which Washington narrowly evacuated his troops from Brooklyn Heights under a dense fog . After the British victory on Long Island , many Patriots fled , leaving mostly Loyalists behind . The island remained a British stronghold until the end of the war in 1783 . General Washington based his espionage activities on Long Island , due to the western part of the island 's proximity to the British military headquarters in New York City . The Culper Spy Ring included agents operating between Setauket and Manhattan . This ring alerted Washington to valuable British secrets , including the treason of Benedict Arnold and a plan to use counterfeiting to induce economic sabotage . Long Island 's colonists served both Loyalist and Patriot causes , with many prominent families divided among both sides . During the occupation British troops used a number of civilian structures for defense and demanded to be quartered in the homes of civilians . A number of structures from this era remain . Among these are Raynham Hall , the Oyster Bay home of patriot spy Robert Townsend , and the Caroline Church in Setauket , which contains bullet holes from a skirmish known as the Battle of Setauket . Also in existence is a reconstruction of Brooklyn 's Old Stone House , on the site of the Maryland 400 's celebrated last stand during the Battle of Long Island . The Brooklyn Bridge , the first of multiple crossings constructed across the East River , connects Long Island with Manhattan Island ( background ) . Oheka Castle , a Gold Coast estate , is the second - largest private residence in the country . In the 19th century , Long Island was still mainly rural and devoted to agriculture . The predecessor to the Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) began service in 1836 from the South Ferry in Brooklyn , through the remainder of Brooklyn , to Jamaica in Queens . The line was completed to the east end of Long Island in 1844 ( as part of a plan for transportation to Boston ) . Competing railroads ( soon absorbed by the LIRR ) were built along the south shore to accommodate travellers from those more populated areas . For the century from 1830 until 1930 , total population roughly doubled every twenty years , with more dense development in areas near Manhattan . Several cities were incorporated , such as the City of Brooklyn in Kings County , and Long Island City in Queens . Until the 1883 completion of the Brooklyn Bridge , the only means of travel between Long Island and the rest of the United States was by boat or ship . As other bridges and tunnels were constructed , areas of the island began to be developed as residential suburbs , first around the railroads that offered commuting into the city . On January 1 , 1898 , Kings County and portions of Queens were consolidated into The City of Greater New York , abolishing all cities and towns within them . The easternmost 280 square miles ( 730 km ) of Queens County , which were not part of the consolidation plan , separated from Queens in 1899 to form Nassau County . At the close of the 19th century , wealthy industrialists who made vast fortunes during the Gilded Age began to construct large `` baronial '' country estates in Nassau County communities along the North Shore of Long Island , favoring the many properties with water views . Proximity to Manhattan attracted such men as J.P. Morgan , William K. Vanderbilt , and Charles Pratt , whose estates led to this area being nicknamed the Gold Coast . This period and the area was immortalized in fiction , such as F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby , which has also been adapted in films . 20th century ( edit ) Charles Lindbergh lifted off from Roosevelt Field with his Spirit of Saint Louis for his historic 1927 solo flight to Europe , one of the events that helped to establish Long Island as an early center of aviation during the 20th Century . Other famous aviators such as Wiley Post originated notable flights from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn , which became the first major airport serving New York City before it was superseded by the opening of La Guardia Airport in 1939 . Long Island was also the site of Mitchel Air Force Base and was a major center of military aircraft production by companies such as Grumman and Fairchild Aircraft during World War II and for some decades afterward . Aircraft production on Long Island extended all the way into the Space Age -- Grumman was one of the major contractors that helped to build the early lunar flight and space shuttle vehicles . Although the aircraft companies eventually ended their Long Island operations and the early airports were all later closed -- Roosevelt Field , for instance , became the site of a major shopping mall -- the Cradle of Aviation Museum on the site of the former Mitchel Field documents the Island 's key role in the history of aviation . From the 1920s to the 1940s , Long Island began the transformation from backwoods and farms as developers created numerous suburbs . Numerous branches of the LIRR already enabled commuting from the suburbs to Manhattan . Robert Moses engineered various automobile parkway projects to span the island , and developed beaches and state parks for the enjoyment of residents and visitors from the city . Gradually , development also followed these parkways , with various communities springing up along the more traveled routes . Grounds of the 1964 New York World 's Fair in Flushing , Queens A post-war upper - middle class house After World War II , suburban development increased with incentives under the G.I. Bill , and Long Island 's population skyrocketed , mostly in Nassau County and western Suffolk County . Second and third - generation children of immigrants moved out to eastern Long Island to settle in new housing developments built during the post-war boom . Levittown became noted as a suburb , where housing construction was simplified to be produced on a large scale . These provided opportunities for World War II military veterans returning home to buy houses and start a family . 21st century ( edit ) By the start of the 21st century , a number of Long Island communities had successfully converted their assets from industrial uses to post-industrial roles . Brooklyn reversed decades of population decline and factory closings to resurface as a globally renowned cultural and intellectual hotbed . Gentrification has affected much of Brooklyn and a portion of Queens , relocating a sizeable swath of New York City 's population . On eastern Long Island , such villages as Port Jefferson , Patchogue , and Riverhead have been changed from inactive shipbuilding and mill towns into tourist - centric commercial centers with cultural attractions . The descendants of late 19th and early 20th - century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe , and black migrants from the South , have been followed by more recent immigrants from Asia and Latin America . Long Island has many ethnic Irish , Jews , and Italians , as well as an increasing numbers of Asians and Hispanics , reflecting later migrations . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Long Island Montauk Point is at Long Island 's rural eastern tip . The four counties of Long Island include two independent counties ( Nassau and Suffolk ) and two New York City boroughs ( Brooklyn and Queens ) . The westernmost end of Long Island contains the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn ( Kings County ) and Queens ( Queens County ) . The central and eastern portions contain the suburban Nassau and Suffolk counties . However , colloquial usage of the term `` Long Island '' usually refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties . For example , the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has a district named `` Long Island ( Nassau - Suffolk Metro Division ) . '' At least as late as 1911 , locations in Queens were still commonly referred to as being on Long Island . Some institutions in the New York City section of the island use the island 's names , like Long Island University and Long Island Jewish Medical Center . In 1985 , the United States Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Maine that Long Island , while geographically an island , was not an island for legal purposes , given that New York State 's boundaries contained its offshore soil and seabeds . Nassau County is more densely developed than Suffolk County . While affluent overall , Nassau County has pockets of more pronounced wealth with estates covering greater acreage within the Gold Coast of the North Shore and the Five Towns area on the South Shore . South Shore communities are built along protected wetlands of the island and contain white sandy beaches of Outer Barrier Islands fronting on the Atlantic Ocean . Dutch and English settlers from the time before the American Revolutionary War , as well as communities of Native Americans , populated the island . The 19th century saw the infusion of the wealthiest Americans in the so - called Gold Coast of the North Shore , where wealthy Americans and Europeans in the Gilded Age built lavish country homes . In its easternmost sections , Suffolk County remains semi-rural , as in Greenport on the North Fork and some of the periphery of the area prominently known as The Hamptons , although summer tourism swells the population in those areas . The North Fork peninsula of Suffolk County 's East End has developed a burgeoning Wine Country region . In addition , the South Fork peninsula is known for beach communities , including the Hamptons , and for the Montauk Point Lighthouse at the eastern tip of the island . The Pine Barrens is a preserved pine forest encompassing much of eastern Suffolk County . The intersection of Long Island , Manhattan , and the continental mainland The bluffs of the North Shore Geology ( edit ) A detailed geomorphological study of Long Island provides evidence of glacial history of the kame and terminal moraines of the island which were formed by the advance and retreat of two ice sheets . Long Island , as part of the Outer Lands region , is formed largely of two spines of glacial moraine , with a large , sandy outwash plain beyond . These moraines consist of gravel and loose rock left behind during the two most recent pulses of Wisconsin glaciation during the Ice Ages some 21,000 years ago ( 19,000 BC ) . The northern moraine , which directly abuts the North Shore of Long Island at points , is known as the Harbor Hill moraine . The more southerly moraine , known as the Ronkonkoma moraine , forms the `` backbone '' of Long Island ; it runs primarily through the very center of Long Island , roughly coinciding with the length of the Long Island Expressway . The land to the south of this moraine to the South Shore is the outwash plain of the last glacier . One part of the outwash plain was known as the Hempstead Plains , and this land contained one of the few natural prairies to exist east of the Appalachian Mountains . The glaciers melted and receded to the north , resulting in the difference between the North Shore beaches and the South Shore beaches . The North Shore beaches are rocky from the remaining glacial debris , while the South Shore 's are crisp , clear , outwash sand . Jayne 's Hill , at 401 feet ( 122 m ) , within Suffolk County near its border with Nassau County , is the highest hill along either moraine ; another well - known summit is Bald Hill in Brookhaven Town , not far from its geographical center at Middle Island . The glaciers also formed Lake Ronkonkoma in Suffolk County and Lake Success in Nassau County , each a deep kettle lake . Countyscapes ( edit ) The Downtown Brooklyn skyline at the western end of Long Island . The Manhattan Bridge ( far left ) and the Brooklyn Bridge ( near left ) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013 . The growing skyline of Long Island City , Queens , facing the East River at blue hour in 2015 . At left is the Queensboro Bridge , connecting Queens to Manhattan . The Village of Freeport on Baldwin Bay in Nassau County . A beach in The Hamptons of Suffolk County . Climate ( edit ) Under the Köppen climate classification , Long Island lies in a transition zone between a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) and a humid continental climate ( Dfa ) . The climate features long hot summers , with occasional thundershowers , mild spring and fall weather , and cool to cold winters with a mix of snow and rain and stormier conditions . Springs can be cool and sometimes gloomy due to the relatively cooler temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean . The ocean also brings afternoon sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmer months and limit the frequency and severity of thunderstorms . Long Island has a moderately sunny climate , averaging 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine annually . Cumulus congestus clouds over Long Island on a summer afternoon Clear skies in autumn over the Great Peconic Bay , with the Atlantic Ocean as its primary inflow , separating the North Fork and South Fork at the East End of Long Island Due to its coastal location , Long Island winter temperatures are significantly milder than most of the state . The coldest month is January , when average temperatures range from 30 to 35 ° F ( − 1 to 2 ° C ) , and the warmest month is July , when average temperatures range from 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) . Temperatures seldom fall below 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) or rise above 95 ° F ( 35 ° C ) . Long Island temperatures vary from west to east , with the western part ( Nassau County , Queens , and Brooklyn ) generally warmer than the east ( Suffolk County ) . This is due to several factors : the western part is closer to the mainland and more densely developed , causing the `` urban heat island '' effect , and Long Island 's land mass veers northward as one travels east . Also , daytime high temperatures on the eastern part of Long Island are cooler on most occasions due to moderation of the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound . On dry nights with no clouds or wind , the Pine Barrens forest of eastern Suffolk County can be almost 20 degrees Fahrenheit ( 11 degrees Celsius ) cooler than the rest of the island due to radiational cooling . Average dew points , a measure of atmospheric moisture , typically lie in the 60 -- 70 ° F ( 16 -- 21 ° C ) range during July and August . Stripped boardwalk in Rockaway Beach after Hurricane Sandy in 2012 Precipitation is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the year , with approximately 3 -- 4 inches ( 76 -- 102 mm ) on average during each month . Average yearly snowfall totals range from approximately 20 to 35 inches ( 51 to 89 cm ) , with the north shore and western parts averaging more than the south shore and the east end . In any given winter , however , some parts of the island can see up to 75 inches ( 190 cm ) of snow or more . There are also some very quiet winters , in which most parts of the island could see less than 10 inches ( 25 cm ) of snow . On August 13 , 2014 , flash flooding occurred in western - central Suffolk County after a record - setting rainfall deposited more than three months ' worth of precipitation on the area within a few hours . Long Island is somewhat vulnerable to tropical cyclones . While it lies north of where most tropical cyclones turn eastward and out to sea ( most landfalls on the East Coast of the USA occur from North Carolina southward ) , several tropical cyclones have struck Long Island , including a devastating Category 3 , the 1938 New England Hurricane ( also known as the `` Long Island Express '' ) , and another Category 3 , Hurricane Carol in 1954 . Other 20th - century storms that made landfall on Long Island at hurricane intensity include the Great Atlantic Hurricane of 1944 , Hurricane Donna in 1960 , Hurricane Belle in 1976 , and Hurricane Gloria in 1985 . Also , the eyewall of Hurricane Bob in 1991 brushed the eastern tip . In August 2011 , portions of Long Island were evacuated in preparation for Hurricane Irene , a Category 1 hurricane which weakened to a tropical storm before it reached Long Island . On October 29 , 2012 , Hurricane Sandy caused extensive damage to low - lying coastal areas of Brooklyn , Queens , Nassau and Suffolk counties , destroying or severely damaging thousands of area homes and other structures by ocean and bay storm surges . Hundreds of thousands of residents were left without electric power for periods of time ranging up to several weeks while the damage was being repaired . The slow - moving `` Superstorm Sandy '' ( so - nicknamed because its winds weakened below hurricane intensity as it made landfall ) caused 90 % of Long Island households to lose power and an estimated $18 billion in damages in Nassau & Suffolk counties alone . The storm also had a devastating impact on coastal communities in the Brooklyn and Queens portions of the island , including Coney Island in Brooklyn and the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens , although estimates of monetary damages there are usually calculated as part of the overall losses suffered in New York City as a whole . The extent of Sandy 's damages is second only to those caused by the 1938 Long Island Express , when adjusted for inflation . Although a lower central pressure was recorded in Sandy , the National Hurricane Center estimates that the 1938 hurricane had a lower pressure at landfall . Hurricane Sandy and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of Long Island and New York City to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . hide Climate data for Islip , New York ( Long Island MacArthur Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1963 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 69 ( 21 ) 68 ( 20 ) 82 ( 28 ) 94 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 104 ( 40 ) 100 ( 38 ) 94 ( 34 ) 88 ( 31 ) 78 ( 26 ) 77 ( 25 ) 104 ( 40 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 84.7 ( 29.3 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 93.3 ( 34.1 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 85.4 ( 29.7 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 95.1 ( 35.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 47.3 ( 8.5 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 80.4 ( 26.9 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 23.3 ( − 4.8 ) 25.2 ( − 3.8 ) 31.3 ( − 0.4 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 60.2 ( 15.7 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 65.3 ( 18.5 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 37.1 ( 2.8 ) 28.2 ( − 2.1 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 6.3 ( − 14.3 ) 10.4 ( − 12 ) 16.2 ( − 8.8 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 37.1 ( 2.8 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 54.6 ( 12.6 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) 32.4 ( 0.2 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 13.1 ( − 10.5 ) 4.3 ( − 15.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 32 ( 0 ) 42 ( 6 ) 49 ( 9 ) 45 ( 7 ) 38 ( 3 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 1 ( − 18 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.64 ( 92.5 ) 3.26 ( 82.8 ) 4.44 ( 112.8 ) 4.34 ( 110.2 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 4.27 ( 108.5 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 3.98 ( 101.1 ) 3.58 ( 90.9 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 4.06 ( 103.1 ) 46.24 ( 1,174.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 6.7 ( 17 ) 7.1 ( 18 ) 4.5 ( 11.4 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 5.4 ( 13.7 ) 24.8 ( 62.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11.0 9.1 10.5 11.3 11.1 10.1 9.1 8.5 8.6 8.5 10.3 10.8 118.9 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.7 3.4 2.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.4 12.3 Source : NOAA show Climate data for LaGuardia Airport , New York ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1940 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 79 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 94 ( 34 ) 97 ( 36 ) 101 ( 38 ) 107 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 93 ( 34 ) 83 ( 28 ) 75 ( 24 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 58.6 ( 14.8 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 93.4 ( 34.1 ) 96.6 ( 35.9 ) 94.4 ( 34.7 ) 88.8 ( 31.6 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 98.1 ( 36.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 39.3 ( 4.1 ) 42.2 ( 5.7 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 80.5 ( 26.9 ) 85.3 ( 29.6 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.6 ( − 3 ) 28.5 ( − 1.9 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 32.1 ( 0.1 ) 48.2 ( 9 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 10.0 ( − 12.2 ) 13.5 ( − 10.3 ) 19.7 ( − 6.8 ) 33.8 ( 1 ) 45.2 ( 7.3 ) 54.1 ( 12.3 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 29.3 ( − 1.5 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 7.5 ( − 13.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 3 ( − 19 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) 7 ( − 14 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 37 ( 3 ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 51 ( 11 ) 41 ( 5 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 2.76 ( 70.1 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 4.00 ( 101.6 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.94 ( 100.1 ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 4.12 ( 104.6 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 44.73 ( 1,136.1 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 7.4 ( 18.8 ) 9.1 ( 23.1 ) 4.4 ( 11.2 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 5.2 ( 13.2 ) 26.9 ( 68.4 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 10.3 9.6 10.7 10.9 11.1 10.5 9.9 8.7 8.1 8.5 9.2 10.5 118.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 inch ) 4.6 3.4 2.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.6 13.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 61.0 60.2 59.5 59.3 63.8 64.6 64.7 67.0 67.2 65.2 64.2 63.5 63.4 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1961 -- 1990 ) show Climate data for JFK Airport , New York ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1948 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 71 ( 22 ) 71 ( 22 ) 85 ( 29 ) 90 ( 32 ) 99 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 90 ( 32 ) 77 ( 25 ) 75 ( 24 ) 104 ( 40 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 56.8 ( 13.8 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 94.5 ( 34.7 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 87.4 ( 30.8 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 96.6 ( 35.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 39.1 ( 3.9 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.3 ( − 3.2 ) 28.1 ( − 2.2 ) 34.2 ( 1.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 31.5 ( − 0.3 ) 47.3 ( 8.5 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 9.8 ( − 12.3 ) 13.4 ( − 10.3 ) 19.1 ( − 7.2 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 42.6 ( 5.9 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 58.6 ( 14.8 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 27.4 ( − 2.6 ) 16.3 ( − 8.7 ) 7.5 ( − 13.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) ( − 16 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 34 ( 1 ) 45 ( 7 ) 55 ( 13 ) 46 ( 8 ) 40 ( 4 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 19 ( − 7 ) ( − 17 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.16 ( 80.3 ) 2.59 ( 65.8 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.87 ( 98.3 ) 3.94 ( 100.1 ) 3.86 ( 98 ) 4.08 ( 103.6 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 3.50 ( 88.9 ) 3.62 ( 91.9 ) 3.30 ( 83.8 ) 3.39 ( 86.1 ) 42.77 ( 1,086.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 6.3 ( 16 ) 8.3 ( 21.1 ) 3.5 ( 8.9 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 4.7 ( 11.9 ) 23.8 ( 60.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 10.5 9.6 11.0 11.4 11.5 10.7 9.4 8.7 8.1 8.5 9.4 10.6 119.4 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 inch ) 4.6 3.4 2.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.8 13.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 64.9 64.4 63.4 64.1 69.5 71.5 71.4 71.7 71.9 69.1 67.9 66.3 68.0 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1961 -- 1990 ) Additional islands ( edit ) Main article : Outer barrier Several smaller islands , though geographically distinct , are in proximity to Long Island and are often grouped with it . These islands include Fire Island , the largest of the outer barrier islands that parallels the southern shore of Long Island for approximately 31 miles ( 50 km ) ; Plum Island , which was home to the Plum Island Animal Disease Center , a biological weapons research facility ; as well as Robins Island , Gardiners Island , Fishers Island , Long Beach Barrier Island , Jones Beach Island , Great Gull Island , Little Gull Island , and Shelter Island . Demographics ( edit ) One of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn ( 布魯克 林 華 埠 ) ( above ) and Chinatowns in Queens ( 在 皇后 區 唐人街 ) ( below ) . Chinese Americans constitute the fastest - growing nationality on Long Island ( enumerating half million ) , and in New York State , with large - scale Chinese immigration continuing into Long Island and the New York City region , home to the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside of Asia . The Long Island Koreatown ( 롱 아일랜드 코리아 타운 ) sprawls eastward of the Flushing Chinatown ( 法拉 盛 華 埠 ) in Queens and into Nassau County . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 37,108 -- 1800 42,907 15.6 % 1810 48,752 13.6 % 1820 56,978 16.9 % 1830 69,775 22.5 % 1840 110,406 58.2 % 1850 212,637 92.6 % 1860 379,788 78.6 % 1870 540,648 42.4 % 1880 743,957 37.6 % 1890 1,029,097 38.3 % 1900 1,452,611 41.2 % 1910 2,098,460 44.5 % 1920 2,723,764 29.8 % 1930 4,103,638 50.7 % 1940 4,600,022 12.1 % 1950 5,237,918 13.9 % 1960 6,403,852 22.3 % 1970 7,141,515 11.5 % 1980 6,728,074 − 5.8 % 6,861,474 2.0 % 2000 7,448,618 8.6 % 7,568,304 1.6 % Est. 2017 7,869,820 4.0 % A mansion on Long Island 's wealthy Gold Coast , which along with The Hamptons and Brooklyn 's western waterfront ( facing Manhattan ) provides Long Island with some of the most expensive residential real estate in the Western Hemisphere . Long Island is one of the most densely populated regions in the United States . As of the United States 2010 Census , the total population of all four counties of Long Island was 7,568,304 , which was 39 % of the population of the State of New York . As of 2017 , the proportion of New York City residents living on Long Island had risen to 58 % , given the 5,007,353 residents living in Brooklyn or Queens . Furthermore , the proportion of New York State 's population residing on Long Island has also been increasing , with Long Island 's Census - estimated population increasing 4.0 % since 2010 , to 7,869,820 in 2017 , representing 39.6 % of New York State 's Census - estimated 2017 population of 19,849,399 and with a population density of 5,617.3 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,168.9 / km ) on Long Island . Long Island 's population is greater than 37 of the 50 U.S. states . As of the 2010 census , the combined population of Nassau and Suffolk counties was 2,832,882 people ; Suffolk County 's share being 1,493,350 and Nassau County 's 1,339,532 . Nassau County had a larger population for decades , but Suffolk County surpassed it in the 1990 census as growth and development continued to spread eastward . As Suffolk County has more than three times the land area of Nassau County , the latter still has a much higher population density . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2008 American Community Survey , Nassau and Suffolk counties had the 10th and 26th highest median household incomes in the nation , respectively . Population figures from the U.S. Census Bureau Census 2010 show that whites are the largest racial group in all four counties , and are in the majority in Nassau and Suffolk counties . In 2002 , The New York Times cited a study by the non-profit group ERASE Racism , which determined that Nassau and Suffolk counties constitute the most racially segregated suburbs in the United States . In contrast , Queens is the most ethnically diverse county in the United States and the most diverse urban area in the world . According to a 2000 report on religion , which asked congregations to respond , Catholics are the largest religious group on Long Island , with non-affiliated in second place . Catholics make up 52 % of the population of Nassau and Suffolk , versus 22 % for the country as a whole , with Jews at 16 % and 7 % , respectively , versus 1.7 % nationwide . Only a small percentage of Protestants responded , 7 % and 8 % respectively , for Nassau and Suffolk counties . This is in contrast with 23 % for the entire country on the same survey , and 50 % on self - identification surveys . A growing population of nearly half million Chinese Americans now live on Long Island . Rapidly expanding Chinatowns have developed in Brooklyn ( 布魯克 林 ) and Queens ( 皇后 ) , with Chinese immigrants also moving into Nassau County , as did earlier European immigrants , such as the Irish and Italians . More recently , a Little India ( लघु भारत ) community has emerged in Hicksville , Nassau County , spreading eastward from the more established Little India enclaves in Queens . Likewise , the Long Island Koreatown ( 롱 아일랜드 코리아 타운 ) originated in Flushing , Queens . It is expanding eastward along Northern Boulevard and into Nassau County . Long Island is home to two Native American reservations , Poospatuck Reservation , and Shinnecock Reservation . Both reservations are in Suffolk County . Numerous island place names are Native American in origin . A 2010 article in The New York Times stated that the expansion of the immigrant workforce on Long Island has not displaced any jobs from other Long Island residents . Half of the immigrants on Long Island hold white - collar positions . The counties of Nassau and Suffolk have been long renowned for their affluence . Long Island is home to some of the wealthiest communities in the United States , including The Hamptons , on the East End of the South Shore of Suffolk County ; the Gold Coast , in the vicinity of the island 's North Shore , along Long Island Sound ; and increasingly , the western shoreline of Brooklyn , facing Manhattan . In 2016 , according to Business Insider , the 11962 zip code encompassing Sagaponack , within Southampton , was listed as the most expensive in the U.S. , with a median home sale price of $8.5 million . Racial groups , ethnicity , and religious groups on Long Island compared to state and nation County Population census % white % black or African American % Asian % Other % mixed race % Hispanic / Latino of any race % Catholic % not affiliated % Jewish % Protestant Estimate of % not reporting Race Ethnicity Religious groups Kings 2,504,700 42.8 34.3 10.5 9.3 3.0 17.6 37 15 8 33 Queens 2,230,722 39.7 19.1 22.9 13.7 4.5 27.5 29 37 11 5 15 Nassau 1,339,532 73.0 11.1 7.6 5.9 2.4 14.6 52 9 16 7 15 Suffolk 1,493,350 80.8 7.4 3.4 5.9 2.4 16.5 52 21 7 8 11 Long Island Total 7,568,304 54.7 20.4 12.3 9.3 3.2 20.5 40 18 12 7 20 NY State 19,378,102 65.7 15.9 7.3 8.0 3.0 17.6 42 20 9 10 16 USA 308,745,538 72.4 12.6 4.8 7.3 2.9 16.3 22 37 23 12 Source for Race and Ethnicity : 2010 Census American Indian , Native Alaskan , Native Hawaiian , and Pacific Islander make up just 0.5 % of the population of Long Island , and have been included with `` Other '' . Source for religious groups : ARDA2000 Cathedral Basilica of St. James , part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn , one of the largest in North America . Ultra-Orthodox Jewish ( יהודי ) residents in Brooklyn . Brooklyn has the largest Jewish community in the United States and growing from approximately 600,000 individuals , about 23 % overall , as of 2010 . Buddhist temple ( 佛教 寺廟 ) in Flushing , Queens . Long Island is home to a large and growing Buddhist population . Sri Maha Vallabha Ganapati Devasthanam ( Tamil : ஸ்ரீ மகா வல்லப கணபதி தேவஸ்தானம் ) , in Queens , the oldest Hindu temple in the United States . Mosque ( Arabic : مسجد بالمنيا ) in Queens serves Long Island 's Muslim population . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Long Island Further information : Biotech and pharmaceutical companies on Long Island and Tech companies on Long Island Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on the North Shore of Nassau County is an internationally renowned biomedical research facility and home to eight scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brookhaven National Laboratory is a major US Department of Energy research institution . Long Island has played a prominent role in scientific research and in engineering . It is the home of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in nuclear physics and Department of Energy research . Long Island is also home to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , which was directed for 35 years by James D. Watson ( who , along with Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin , discovered the double helix structure of DNA ) . Companies such as Sperry Rand , Computer Associates ( headquartered in Islandia ) , Zebra Technologies ( now occupying the former headquarters of Symbol Technologies , and a former Grumman plant in Holtsville ) , have made Long Island a center for the computer industry . Stony Brook University of the State University of New York and New York Institute of Technology conduct advanced medical and technological research . Viticulture has become a major industry on the North Fork of Long Island , home to more than 30 vineyards . Long Island is home to the East Coast 's largest industrial park , the Hauppauge Industrial Park , hosting over 1,300 companies which employ more than 71,000 individuals . Companies in the park and abroad are represented by the Hauppauge Industrial Association . As many as 20 % of Long Islanders commute to jobs in Manhattan . The eastern end of the island is still partly agricultural . Development of vineyards on the North Fork has spawned a major viticultural industry , replacing potato fields . Pumpkin farms have been added to traditional truck farming . Farms allow fresh fruit picking by Long Islanders for much of the year . Fishing continues to be an important industry , especially at Huntington , Northport , Montauk , and other coastal communities of the East End and South Shore . From about 1930 to about 1990 , Long Island was considered one of the aerospace manufacturing centers of the United States , with companies such as Grumman Aircraft , Republic , Fairchild , and Curtiss having had their headquarters and factories on Long Island . These operations have largely been phased out or significantly diminished . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Long Island A commemorative half - dollar coin issued in 1936 for Long Island 's tercentenary Nassau County and Suffolk County each have their own governments , with a County Executive leading each . Each has a county legislature and countywide - elected officials , including district attorney , county clerk , and county comptroller . The towns in both counties have their own governments as well , with town supervisors and a town council . Nassau County is divided into three towns and two small incorporated cities ( Glen Cove and Long Beach ) . Suffolk County is divided into ten towns . Brooklyn and Queens , on the other hand , do not have county governments . As boroughs of New York City , both have borough presidents , which have been largely ceremonial offices since the shutdown of the New York City Board of Estimate . The respective Borough Presidents are responsible for appointing individuals to the Brooklyn Community Boards and Queens Community Boards , each of which serves an advisory function on local issues . Brooklyn 's sixteen members and Queens ' fourteen members represent the first and second largest borough contingents of the New York City Council . Law enforcement ( edit ) See also : List of Long Island law enforcement agencies Queens and Brooklyn are patrolled by the New York City Police Department . Nassau and Suffolk counties are served by the Nassau County Police Department and Suffolk County Police Department , respectively , although several dozen villages and the two cities in Nassau County have their own police departments . The Nassau County Sheriff 's Department and Suffolk County Sheriff 's Office handle civil procedure , evictions , warrant service and enforcement , prisoner transport and detention , and operation of the county jail . New York State Police patrol state parks and parkways . Secession proposals ( edit ) Main articles : Long Island ( proposed state ) and Partition and secession in New York The secession of Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island from New York was proposed as early as 1896 , but talk was revived towards the latter part of the twentieth century . On March 28 , 2008 , Suffolk County Comptroller Joseph Sawicki proposed a plan that would make Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island the 51st state of the United States of America . Sawicki claimed that all of the Nassau and Suffolk taxpayers ' money would remain locally , rather than the funds being dispersed all over the entire state of New York , with these counties sending to Albany over three billion dollars more than they receive back . The state of Long Island would have included nearly 3 million people ( a larger population than that of fifteen other states ) . Nassau County executive Ed Mangano came out in support of such a proposal in April 2010 and commissioned a study on it . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation on Long Island John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens is the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States . Every major form of transportation serves Long Island , including aviation from John F. Kennedy International Airport , LaGuardia Airport , and Long Island MacArthur Airport , and multiple smaller airports ; rail transportation on the Long Island Rail Road and the New York City Subway ; bus routes from MTA Regional Bus Operations , Nassau Inter-County Express , and Suffolk County Transit ; ferry service from NYC Ferry and multiple smaller ferry companies ; and several major highways . There are historic and modern bridges , and recreational and commuter trails , serving various parts of Long Island . There are currently ten road crossings out of Long Island , all within New York City limits at the extreme western end of the island . Plans for a Long Island Crossing at various locations in Nassau and Suffolk Counties ( a proposed bridge or tunnel that would link Long Island to the south with New York or Connecticut to the north across Long Island Sound ) have been discussed for decades , but there are currently no firm plans to construct such a crossing . Public transportation ( edit ) A 7 train in Queens The MTA implements mass transportation for the New York metropolitan area including all five boroughs of New York City , the suburban counties of Dutchess , Nassau , Orange , Putnam , Rockland , Suffolk and Westchester , all of which together are the `` Metropolitan Commuter Transportation District ( MCTD ) '' . The MTA is the largest public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere . Its agencies serve 14.6 million people spread over 5,000 square miles ( 13,000 km2 ) from New York City through the southeastern section of the state ( including Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley ) , and Connecticut . Combined the MTA agencies now move more than 2.6 billion rail and bus customers a year while employing some 70,000 workers . Rail ( edit ) Schematic map of LIRR system Main article : Long Island Rail Road The Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) is the busiest commuter railroad system in North America , carrying an average of 282,400 passengers each weekday on 728 daily trains . Chartered on April 24 , 1834 , and operating continuously since , it is also the oldest railroad in the U.S. that is still operating under its original charter and name . The Metropolitan Transportation Authority has operated the LIRR as one of its two commuter railroads since 1966 , and the LIRR is one of the few railroads worldwide that provides service all the time , year round . In July 2017 , a $2 billion plan to add a third railroad track to the LIRR Main Line between the Floral Park and Hicksville stations in Nassau County was approved . Other LIRR projects , such as the Ronkonkoma Branch Double Track Project , are also underway . Five `` readiness projects '' across the LIRR system , which will cost a combined $495 million , are also under construction in preparation for expanded peak - hour LIRR service after the completion of East Side Access , which will bring LIRR trains to ( ( Grand central to Grand Central Terminal . Bus ( edit ) A Nassau Inter-County Express bus Nassau Inter-County Express ( NICE ) provides bus service in Nassau County , while Suffolk County Transit , an agency of the Suffolk County government , provides bus service in Suffolk County . In 2012 , NICE replaced the former Long Island Bus in transporting Long Islanders across Nassau County while still allowing them to use MTA MetroCards as payment . Roads ( edit ) Long Island Expressway in Nassau County The Long Island Expressway , Northern State Parkway , and Southern State Parkway , all products of the automobile - centered planning of Robert Moses , are the island 's primary east - west high - speed controlled - access highways . Major roads of Long Island Direction Route shield Name West - East Nassau Expressway northern section Montauk Highway Sunrise Highway * Belt Parkway / Southern State Parkway Hempstead Turnpike Babylon -- Farmingdale Turnpike Grand Central Parkway / Northern State Parkway Long Island Expressway Jericho Turnpike / Middle Country Road Northern Boulevard South - North Brooklyn - Queens Expressway Van Wyck Expressway Nassau Expressway southern section Clearview Expressway Cross Island Parkway Meadowbrook State Parkway Wantagh State Parkway Newbridge Road Cedar Swamp Road / Broadway / Hicksville Road Seaford - Oyster Bay Expressway Broad Hollow Road Deer Park Avenue Robert Moses Causeway Sagtikos State Parkway Sunken Meadow State Parkway Islip Avenue Nicolls Road William Floyd Parkway Roads in boldface are limited access roads . Sunrise Highway is only limited - access from western Suffolk county eastwards . Ground transportation ( edit ) Being such a large , populous island with several airports connecting the island to the rest of the world , there are several hundred transportation companies that service the Long Island / New York City area . Winston airport shuttle , the oldest of these companies in business since 1973 , was the first to introduce door - to - door shared - ride service to and from the major airports , which almost all transportation companies now utilize . Education ( edit ) The academic mall across Stony Brook University 's main campus Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) Many public and private high schools on Long Island are ranked among the best in the United States . Nassau and Suffolk counties are the home of 125 public school districts containing a total of 656 public schools . It also hosts a number of private schools such as Friends Academy , Chaminade High School , Kellenberg Memorial High School , St. Anthony 's High School , and North Shore Hebrew Academy , as well as parochial schools , many of which are operated by the Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre . In contrast , all of Brooklyn and Queens are served by the New York City Department of Education , the largest school district in the United States . Three of the nine specialized high schools in New York City are located in the two Long Island boroughs , those being Brooklyn Latin School , Brooklyn Technical High School ( one of the original three specialized schools ) , and Queens High School for the Sciences . Like Nassau and Suffolk Counties , they , too , are home to numerous private schools , such as Poly Prep Country Day School , Packer Collegiate Institute , and Saint Ann 's School , and Berkeley Carroll School , and parochial schools operated by the Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn . Colleges and universities ( edit ) See also : List of colleges and universities on Long Island and List of colleges and universities in New York City Long Island is home to a range of higher - education institutions , both public and private . Brooklyn and Queens contain five of eleven senior colleges within CUNY , the public university system of New York City and one of the largest in the country . Among these are the notable institutions of Brooklyn College and Queens College . Brooklyn also contains private colleges such as Pratt Institute and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering , an engineering college that merged with New York University in 2014 . Several colleges and universities within the State University of New York system are located on Long Island , such as Stony Brook ( which noted its health sciences research and medical center ) , as well as Nassau Community College and Suffolk County Community College that serve their respective counties . Private institutions include the New York Institute of Technology , Hofstra University and Adelphi University ( both located in the Town of Hempstead ) , as well as Long Island University ( with its C.W. Post campus , located on a former Gold Coast estate in Brookville , and a satellite campus in downtown Brooklyn ) . Long Island also contains the Webb Institute , a small naval architecture college in Glen Cove . In addition , the island is home to the United States Merchant Marine Academy , a Federal Service Academy located in Kings Point , on the North Shore . Culture ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Long Island See also : Long Island Music Hall of Fame , List of Long Islanders , and List of people from New York City Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater Music on Long Island ( Nassau and Suffolk ) is strongly influenced by the proximity to New York City and by the youth culture of the suburbs . Psychedelic rock was widely popular in the 1960s as flocks of disaffected youth travelled to NYC to participate in protest and the culture of the time . R & B also has a history on Long Island , especially in areas close to New York City . In the late 1970s through the 1980s , the influence of radio station WLIR made Long Island one of the first places in the U.S. to hear and embrace European New Wave bands such as Depeche Mode , the Pet Shop Boys , and Culture Club . In the 1990s , hip - hop became very popular with rap pioneers Rakim , EPMD , and Public Enemy growing up on Long Island . More recently , newer bands have been making a name for themselves originating from Long Island , including Brand New , Austin Schoeffel , Jon Bellion , and Envy on the Coast . Famous rock bands that originated on Long Island include The Rascals , The Ramones ( from Queens ) , Dream Theater , Blue Öyster Cult , Twisted Sister and guitar virtuosos Donald ( Buck Dharma ) Roeser , John Petrucci , Steve Vai and Joe Satriani , as well as drummer Mike Portnoy . Rock and pop singer Billy Joel grew up in Hicksville , Long Island and his youthful life there is reflected in some of his music . The Nassau Coliseum and Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater are venues used by national touring acts as performance spaces for concerts . Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater is an outdoor amphitheatre , located at Jones Beach State Park . It is a popular place to view summer concerts , with new as well as classic artists performing there during the summer months . It hosts a large Fourth of July fireworks show every year which fills the stands . People also park cars along the highway leading to the show , and others watch from the nearby beaches . Long Island is also known for its school music programs . Many schools in Suffolk County have distinguished music programs , with high numbers of students who are accepted into the statewide All - State music groups , or even the National All - Eastern Coast music groups . Both the Suffolk County and Nassau County Music Educator 's Associations are recognized by The National Association for Music Education ( NAfME ) , and host numerous events , competitions , and other music - related activities . Cuisine ( edit ) The Big Duck , Flanders , New York Long Island has historically been a center for fishing and seafood . This legacy continues in the Blue Point oyster , a now ubiquitous variety that was originally harvested on the Great South Bay and was the favorite oyster of Queen Victoria . Clams are also a popular food and clam digging a popular recreational pursuit , with Manhattan clam chowder reputed to have Long Island origins . A winery and tasting room in a 1690 farmhouse near Stony Brook , New York Of land - based produce , Long Island duck has a history of national recognition since the 19th century , with four duck farms continuing to produce 2 million ducks a year as of 2013 . Two symbols of Long Island 's duck farming heritage are the Long Island Ducks minor - league baseball team and the Big Duck , a 1931 duck - shaped building that is a historic landmark and tourist attraction . In addition to Long Island 's duck industry , Riverhead contains one of the largest buffalo farms on the East coast . Long Island is well known for its production of alcoholic beverages . Eastern Long Island is a significant producer of wines . Vineyards are most heavily concentrated on Long Island 's North Fork , which contains 38 wineries . Most of these contain tasting rooms , which serve as popular tourist attractions for visitors from across the New York metropolitan area . Long Island has also become a producer of diverse craft beers , with 15 microbreweries existing across Nassau and Suffolk counties as of 2013 . The largest of these is Blue Point Brewing Company , best known for its toasted lager . Long Island is also globally known for its signature cocktail , the Long Island Iced Tea , which purportedly was invented at the popular Babylon , Oak Beach Inn nightclub in the 1970s . The eateries on Long Island are largely a product of the region 's local ethnic populations . Asian cuisines , Italian cuisine , Jewish cuisine , and Latin American cuisines were the most popular categories of ethnic cuisine on Long Island as of the second decade of the 2000s . Asian cuisines are predominantly represented by East Asian , South Asian , and Middle Eastern cuisines . Italian cuisine is found in ubiquitous pizzerias spread throughout the island , with the region hosting an annual competition , the Long Island Pizza Festival & Bake - Off . Jewish cuisine is likewise represented by delicatessens and bagel stores . Latin American cuisines span their geographical origins , ranging from Brazilian rodizios to Mexican taquerias . Sports ( edit ) See also : Sports in New York Major League sports ( edit ) Citi Field , home of the New York Mets in Queens The New York Mets baseball team plays at Citi Field in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , Queens . Their former stadium , Shea Stadium was also home for the New York Jets football team from 1964 until 1983 . The new stadium is designed with an exterior façade and main entry rotunda inspired by Brooklyn 's famous Ebbets Field ( see below ) . The New York Mets had planned to move their Double - A farm team to Long Island , as part of the ambitious but now - defunct plan for Nassau County called The Lighthouse Project . The Brooklyn Cyclones are a minor league baseball team , affiliated with the New York Mets . The Cyclones play at MCU Park just off the boardwalk on Coney Island in Brooklyn . An artificial turf baseball complex named Baseball Heaven is located in Yaphank . Barclays Center , home of the Brooklyn Nets and New York Islanders in Brooklyn The Barclays Center , a sports arena , business , and residential complex built partly on a platform over the Atlantic Yards at Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn , is the current home of the Brooklyn Nets basketball team and the New York Islanders hockey team . The move from New Jersey in the summer of 2012 marked the return to Long Island for the Nets franchise , which played at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale from 1972 to 1977 . The Islanders played at Nassau Coliseum from their 1972 inception through 2015 . Ebbets Field , which stood in Brooklyn from 1913 until its demolition in 1960 , was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team , who moved to California after the 1957 Major League Baseball season to become the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Dodgers won several National League pennants in the 1940s and 1950s , losing several times in the World Series -- often called Subway Series -- to their Bronx rivals , the New York Yankees . The Dodgers won their lone championship in Brooklyn in the 1955 World Series versus the Yankees . Despite this success during the latter part of the team 's stay in Brooklyn , they were a second - division team with an unspectacular winning record for much of their history there -- but nonetheless became legendary for the almost - fanatical devotion of the Brooklynites who packed the relatively small ballpark to vigorously root for the team they affectionately called , `` Dem Bums '' . Loss of the Dodgers to California was locally considered a civic tragedy that negatively affected the community far more than did the similar moves of other established teams to new cities in the 1950s , including the Dodgers ' long - time arch - rival New York Giants , who also left for California after 1957 . Minor League and College sports ( edit ) The Stony Brook Seawolves during their 2012 homecoming game Bethpage Ballpark , home of the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team Long Island is also home to the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team of the Atlantic League . Their stadium , Bethpage Ballpark , is located in Central Islip . The Brooklyn Cyclones minor league baseball team , affiliated with the New York Mets , plays in the Short - Season A classification New York -- Penn League . The Cyclones play at MCU Park just off the Coney Island boardwalk in the New York City borough of Brooklyn . The New York Dragons of the Arena Football League played their home games at Nassau Coliseum. The two main rugby union teams are the Long Island RFC in East Meadow and the Suffolk Bull Moose in Stony Brook . The New York Sharks are a women 's American football team that are currently a member of the Women 's Football Alliance. The New York Sharks home field is at Aviator Sports Complex in Brooklyn . Long Island has a professional soccer club , the New York Cosmos , who play in the Division 2 North American Soccer League at James M. Shuart Stadium in Hempstead . Long Island has historically been a hotbed of lacrosse at the youth and college level , which made way for a Major League Lacrosse team in 2001 , the Long Island Lizards . The Lizards play at Mitchel Athletic Complex in Uniondale . Other sports ( edit ) Long Island has a wide variety of golf courses found all over the island . Two of the most famous are the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club and the public Bethpage Black Course that both has hosted multiple U.S. Open tournaments as well as several other top level international championships . Queens also hosts one of the four tennis grand slams , the US Open . Every August ( September , in Olympic years ) the best tennis players in the world travel to Long Island to play the championships , which is held in the USTA National Tennis Center , located adjacent to Citi Field in Flushing Meadows Park . The complex also contains the biggest tennis stadium in the world , the Arthur Ashe Stadium . Preparing for a horse race at Belmont Park , home of the Belmont Stakes , the final leg of the Triple Crown Long Island also has two horse racing tracks , Aqueduct Racetrack in Ozone Park , Queens and Belmont Park on the Queens / Nassau border in Elmont , home of the Belmont Stakes . The longest dirt thoroughbred racecourse in the world is also located at Belmont Park . Another category of sporting events popular in this region involves firematic racing events , involving many local volunteer fire departments . Notable sportspeople and teams ( edit ) Long Island is home to numerous famous athletes , including Hall of Famers Jim Brown , Julius Erving , John Mackey , Whitey Ford , Nick Drahos , and Carl Yastrzemski . Others include Gold Medalists Sue Bird , Sarah Hughes and Derrick Adkins , D'Brickashaw Ferguson , Billy Donovan , Larry Brown , Rick Pitino , John McEnroe , Jumbo Elliott , Mick Foley , Zack Ryder , Matt Serra , Boomer Esiason , Vinny Testaverde , Craig Biggio , Frank Catalanotto , Greg Sacks , Rob Burnett , Steve Park , Frank Viola , Chris Weidman , Marques Colston and Speedy Claxton . Several current NHL players were born and / or raised on Long Island , such as Vancouver Canucks Christopher Higgins and Matt Gilroy , Nashville Predators Eric Nystrom , Toronto Maple Leaf Mike Komisarek , Pittsburgh Penguin Rob Scuderi , and New Jersey Devil Keith Kinkaid . Both Komisarek and Higgins played on the same Suffolk County Hockey League team at an early age , and later played on the Montreal Canadiens together . Nick Drahos was an All Scholastic and All Long Island honoree at Lawrence High School , Nassau Co. in 1936 and 1937 , and a two - time Unanimous National College All - American in the years of 1939 and 1940 at Cornell University . Club City Sport Founded League Venue ( s ) Championships Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn Basketball 1967 National Basketball Association Barclays Center 2 ( 1974 , 1976 ) New York Islanders Brooklyn Ice hockey 1972 National Hockey League Barclays Center 4 ( 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 ) New York Mets Queens Baseball 1962 Major League Baseball Citi Field 2 ( 1969 , 1986 ) Brooklyn Cyclones Brooklyn Baseball 1986 New York -- Penn League MCU Park 2 ( 1986 , 2001 ) Long Island Nets Uniondale Basketball 2015 NBA G League Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum 0 Long Island Ducks Central Islip Baseball 2000 Atlantic League Bethpage Ballpark 3 ( 2004 , 2012 , 2013 ) New York Cosmos Hempstead Soccer North American Soccer League James M. Shuart Stadium 0 New York Lizards Hempstead Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse Shuart Stadium and Icahn Stadium 3 ( 2001 , 2003 , 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Geography of New York City List of films shot on Long Island List of Long Island recreational facilities List of Long Islanders , famous residents of Nassau and Suffolk List of people from New York City , including famous residents of Brooklyn and Queens List of references to Long Island places in popular culture Long Island ( proposed state ) New Netherland Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richmond Hill Historic Society Tributary tribes ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Accessed July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Long Island '' . LongIsland.com . Jump up ^ John Burbidge ( November 21 , 2004 ) . `` Long Island at its Best ; Who 's the Longest of Them All ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . But the court was n't saying Long Island is n't an island in a geographical sense `` , he continued . `` In fact , all parties involved in the case agreed Long Island is a geographical island . It was only for the purposes of the case that the island was declared an extension of New York 's coastline . Jump up ^ `` Long Island '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Britannica Concise ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2011 . 9370515 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State of Rhode Island '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . This total excludes U.S. territorial waters , which were included in previous years . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 - 2015 Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kings County , New York QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queens County , New York QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nassau County , New York QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suffolk County , New York QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter and End - of - Year 2014 '' ( PDF ) . American Public Transportation Association ( APTA ) . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Accessed November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker , William Wallace ( 1911 ) . The Indian Place - Names On Long Island and Islands Adjacent With Their Probable Significations . pp. 35 , 212 , 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ `` The Dutch Period , with maps and explanatory text '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Close - up of 1650s map '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Last will and testament of Thomas Powell Sen late of Bethpage now of Westbury in the limits of Hempstead in Queens County on Nassau Island in the Colony of New York '' . 1719 -- 1720 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bayles , Richard Mather ( 1874 ) . Sketches of Suffolk County , Historical and Descriptive , with a Historical Outline of Long Island . Jump up ^ `` Of Interest to Politicians '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1894 . p. 9 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . The question of the Greater New - York , which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election , involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities , counties , and towns : New - York City , Long Island City , in Queens County ; the County of Kings , ( Brooklyn ;) the County of Richmond , ( S.I. ;) the towns of Flushing , Newtown , Jamaica , in Queens County ; the town of Westchester , in Westchester County , and all that portion of the towns of East Chester and Pelham which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New - York meets the centre line of the Bronx River , to the middle of the channel between Hunter 's and Glen Islands , in Long Island Sound , and that part of the town of Hempstead , in Queens County , which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south - easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean . ( before vote ) Jump up ^ `` Vote for Greater New York '' . The New York Times . October 16 , 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . ( before election ) Jump up ^ `` New - York 's Place in Danger ; Consolidation Defeated , She Must Yield , to Chicago '' . The New York Times . November 4 , 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . ( before election ) Jump up ^ `` Greater New - York in Doubt : The City Vote is for it and Brooklyn is uncertain '' . NY Times . November 8 , 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . The increase in area and population that New - York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table ... Flushing ... * Part of the town of Hempstead ... Jamaica ... Long Island City ... Newtown ... The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New - York have not been heard from yet ... ( before results of Queens vote known ) Jump up ^ `` Report Favors Consolidation ; An Argument Against the Claims of the Resubmissionists '' . The New York Times . February 22 , 1896 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The East City Line Fixed '' . The New York Times . February 12 , 1899 . p. 15 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island ( Nassau - Suffolk Metro Division ) '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Estate Field -- On Long Island '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 11 , 1911 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ LONG ISLAND AT ITS BEST ; Who 's the Longest of Them All ? Jump up ^ LONG ISLAND OPINION ; LONG PENINSULA : THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME Jump up ^ Long Island Peninsula : Could Have Had Far - Reaching Effects Archived April 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Wine Country -- The Official Website Of The Long Island Wine Council '' . The Long Island Wine Council . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennington , J Bret ( 2003 ) . `` New observations on the glacial geomorphology of long island from a digital elevation model ( DEM ) '' ( PDF ) . Hofstra University . Jump up ^ DeWan , George . `` Long Island History : The Prairie That Was '' . Newsday.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. and Finlayson , B.L. and McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 ( 5 ) : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) Jump up ^ `` united states annual sunshine map '' . HowStuffWorks , Inc . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Events Database '' . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vulnerable Cities : Long Island '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irene Makes NYC Landfall as Tropical Storm With Rain , Flooding '' . Bloomberg Business Week . August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstorm Sandy Sparks Floods , Blackouts on Long Island '' . Long Island Press . October 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Comptroller : Sandy cost estimate may hit $18 billion '' . Newsday . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstorm Sandy Breaks Records '' . CNN.com . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/All_U.S._Hurricanes.html Jump up ^ Jeff Stone & Maria Gallucci ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014 : Fortifying New York -- How Well Armored Are We For The Next Superstorm ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Eshelman ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ADAPTATION : Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form '' . E&E Publishing , LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NY ISLIP LI MACARTHUR AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NY NEW YORK LAGUARDIA AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NEW YORK / LAGUARDIA ARPT NY Climate Normals 1961 − 1990 '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NY NEW YORK JFK INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NEW YORK / JFK , NY Climate Normals 1961 − 1990 '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference BrooklynChinatowns2 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2012 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Supplemental Table 1 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2012 Supplemental Table 1 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vivian Yee ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese - Americans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing '' . QueensBuzz.com . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QuickFacts New York '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Francesca ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` americas - richest - counties : Personal Finance News from Yahoo ! Finance '' . Finance.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Census Data . `` U.S. Census Bureau ' ' Census 2010 ' ' '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce ( June 5 , 2002 ) . `` Study Calls L.I. Most Segregated Suburb '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christine Kim ; Demand Media . `` Queens , New York , Sightseeing '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Weber ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Queens '' . NewYork.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , Year 2000 Report '' . Churches were asked for their membership numbers . ARDA estimates that most of the churches not reporting were black Protestant congregations . Jump up ^ Heng Shao ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Join The Great Gatsby : Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out To Long Island 's North Shore '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn , Department of Geography SUNY - New Paltz ( 2002 ) . `` BEYOND CHINATOWN : DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY , 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers . Middle States Geographer. 35 : 110 -- 119 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carol Hymowitz ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` One Percenters Drop Six Figures at Long Island Mall '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Krawitz . `` Hicksville : LI 's LITTLE INDIA '' . Newsday . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Asian Americans : Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition , Edited by Pyong Gap Min . Pine Forge Press -- An Imprint of Sage Publications , Inc. 2006 . ISBN 9781412905565 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kirk Semple ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` City 's Newest Immigrant Enclaves , From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : John Roleke . `` Flushing : Queens Neighborhood Profile '' . About.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koreatown Manhattan , or Koreatown Flushing ? '' . CBS Interactive Inc . June 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joyce Cohen ( March 23 , 2003 ) . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Murray Hill , Queens ; The Name 's the Same , the Pace is Slower '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Long Island Study Rebuts Views on Immigrant Workers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raisa Bruner ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` The 25 most expensive ZIP codes in America '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census brief '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , Year 2000 Report '' . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews , new study finds '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All New York City Council Members '' . New York City Council . The City of New York . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Trinklein ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` Beyond 50 : American States That Might Have Been '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secession Dreaming '' . Staten Island Advance Editorial . May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://suffolkcountyny.gov/Portals/Comptroller/documents/State%20of%20Long%20Island%20Joint%20Release%202%201%2010.pdf Jump up ^ Casesse , Sid and William Murphy ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Nassau Executive Magnano Supports Long Island as 51st State . Newsday . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The MTA Network '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LIRR History '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sophia Hall ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` New York Senate Republicans OK $1.9 B In Funding For 3rd LIRR Track '' . CBS New York . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIRR 's double - track project nears completion '' . Progressive Railroading. April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LIRR schedules change as track work nears completion '' . Metro US . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anuta , Joe ; Newman , Philip ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Queens Tomorrow : LIRR headed to Grand Central '' . TimesLedger . TimesLedger Newspapers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Capital Program Oversight Meeting '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . January 2013 . p. 8 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Long Island Rail Road Committee Meeting '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . November 2017 . p. 35 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bolger , Timothy . ( December 30 , 2011 ) NICE Bus Replacing Long Island Bus This Weekend Long Island Press . Archive.longislandpress.com . Retrieved on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About GO Winston '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Education : New York High Schools '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` Best Private High Schools in America '' . Niche . Jump up ^ `` Jones Beach Amphitheater '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the SCMEA '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NYSSMA Zone Map '' . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Edible Long Island '' . October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island 's Ducks are Still Table Favorites '' . New York Times . December 21 , 2003 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Riverhead , Where the Buffalo Roam '' . New York Times . July 18 , 1999 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can Long Island Make World - Class Wines ? '' . November 2007 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Number of LI craft brewers have tripled in recent years '' . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Long Island Iced Tea 's High - Proof Origin Story '' . February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peter M. Gianotti , Melissa McCart , and Erica Marcus ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` The best Asian restaurants on Long Island : Eat here now '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Latin American restaurants on Long Island : Our critics ' favorites '' . Newsday . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Long Island at Wikimedia Commons Long Island travel guide from Wikivoyage Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles A. , eds. ( 1879 ) . `` Long Island '' . The American Cyclopædia . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the population of long island new york | [
"With a Census-estimated population of 7,869,820 in 2017, constituting nearly 40% of New York State's population,[7][8][9][10][11] Long Island is the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory, and the 18th-most populous island in the world (ahead of Ireland, Jamaica, and Hokkaidō). Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,160.3/km2). If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area, it would rank fourth most populous in the United States; while if it were a U.S. state, Long Island would rank 13th in population and first in population density. Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse, featuring some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere near the shorelines as well as working-class areas in all four counties.\n"
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"7,869,820"
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-8230342069341636973 | Solar eclipse | Solar eclipse - wikipedia Solar eclipse Jump to : navigation , search `` Eclipse of the Sun '' redirects here . For the film , see Eclipse of the Sun ( film ) . For the novel , see Eclipse of the Sun ( novel ) . A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon completely covers the Sun 's disk , as seen in this 1999 solar eclipse . Solar prominences can be seen along the limb ( in red ) as well as extensive coronal filaments . An annular solar eclipse ( left ) occurs when the Moon is too far away to completely cover the Sun 's disk ( May 20 , 2012 ) . During a partial solar eclipse ( right ) , the Moon blocks only part of the Sun 's disk ( October 23 , 2014 ) . A solar eclipse ( as seen from the planet Earth ) is a type of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth , and when the Moon fully or partially blocks ( `` occults '' ) the Sun . This can happen only at new moon when the Sun and the Moon are in conjunction as seen from Earth in an alignment referred to as syzygy . In a total eclipse , the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon . In partial and annular eclipses , only part of the Sun is obscured . If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit , a little closer to the Earth , and in the same orbital plane , there would be total solar eclipses every new moon . However , since the Moon 's orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth 's orbit around the Sun , its shadow usually misses Earth . The Moon 's orbit must cross Earth 's ecliptic plane in order for an eclipse ( both solar as well as lunar ) to occur . In addition , the Moon 's actual orbit is elliptical , often taking it far enough away from Earth that its apparent size is not large enough to block the Sun entirely . The orbital planes cross each other at a line of nodes resulting in at least two , and up to five , solar eclipses occurring each year ; no more than two of which can be total eclipses . However , total solar eclipses are rare at any particular location because totality exists only along a narrow path on the Earth 's surface traced by the Moon 's shadow or umbra . An eclipse is a natural phenomenon . However , in some ancient and modern cultures , solar eclipses were attributed to supernatural causes or regarded as bad omens . A total solar eclipse can be frightening to people who are unaware of its astronomical explanation , as the Sun seems to disappear during the day and the sky darkens in a matter of minutes . Since looking directly at the Sun can lead to permanent eye damage or blindness , special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse . It is technically safe to view only the total phase of a total solar eclipse with the unaided eye and without protection ; however , this is a dangerous practice , as most people are not trained to recognize the phases of an eclipse , which can span over two hours while the total phase can only last a maximum of 7.5 minutes for any one location . People referred to as eclipse chasers or umbraphiles will travel to remote locations to observe or witness predicted central solar eclipses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Terminology for central eclipse 2 Predictions 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Path 2.3 Duration 3 Occurrence and cycles 3.1 Frequency per year 3.2 Final totality 4 Historical eclipses 5 Viewing 5.1 Partial and annular eclipses 5.2 Totality 5.3 Photography 5.4 Eclipse chasing 6 Other observations 6.1 1919 observations 6.2 Gravity anomalies 6.3 Eclipses and transits 6.4 Earthshine 6.5 Artificial satellites 6.6 Impact 7 Recent and forthcoming solar eclipses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Types Partial and annular phases of solar eclipse on May 20 , 2012 Comparison of minimum and maximum apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon ( and planets ) . An annular eclipse can occur when the Sun has a larger apparent size than the Moon , whereas a total eclipse can occur when the Moon has a larger apparent size . Partial solar eclipse during annular solar eclipse of May 20 , 2012 There are four types of solar eclipses : A total eclipse occurs when the dark silhouette of the Moon completely obscures the intensely bright light of the Sun , allowing the much fainter solar corona to be visible . During any one eclipse , totality occurs at best only in a narrow track on the surface of Earth . This narrow track is called the path of totality . An annular eclipse occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line with the Earth , but the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun . Hence the Sun appears as a very bright ring , or annulus , surrounding the dark disk of the Moon . A hybrid eclipse ( also called annular / total eclipse ) shifts between a total and annular eclipse . At certain points on the surface of Earth , it appears as a total eclipse , whereas at other points it appears as annular . Hybrid eclipses are comparatively rare . A partial eclipse occurs when the Sun and Moon are not exactly in line with the Earth and the Moon only partially obscures the Sun . This phenomenon can usually be seen from a large part of the Earth outside of the track of an annular or total eclipse . However , some eclipses can only be seen as a partial eclipse , because the umbra passes above the Earth 's polar regions and never intersects the Earth 's surface . Partial eclipses are virtually unnoticeable in terms of the sun 's brightness , as it takes well over 90 % coverage to notice any darkening at all . Even at 99 % , it would be no darker than civil twilight . Of course , partial eclipses ( and partial stages of other eclipses ) can be observed if one is viewing the sun through a darkening filter ( which should always be used for safety ) . The Sun 's distance from Earth is about 400 times the Moon 's distance , and the Sun 's diameter is about 400 times the Moon 's diameter . Because these ratios are approximately the same , the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size : about 0.5 degree of arc in angular measure . A separate category of solar eclipses is that of the Sun being occluded by a body other than the Earth 's moon , as can be observed at points in space away from the Earth 's surface . Two examples are when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the Earth eclipse the Sun in 1969 and when the Cassini probe observed Saturn eclipsing the Sun in 2006 . The Moon 's orbit around the Earth is slightly elliptical , as is the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . The apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon therefore vary . The magnitude of an eclipse is the ratio of the apparent size of the Moon to the apparent size of the Sun during an eclipse . An eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its closest distance to Earth ( i.e. , near its perigee ) can be a total eclipse because the Moon will appear to be large enough to completely cover the Sun 's bright disk or photosphere ; a total eclipse has a magnitude greater than or equal to 1.000 . Conversely , an eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its farthest distance from Earth ( i.e. , near its apogee ) can only be an annular eclipse because the Moon will appear to be slightly smaller than the Sun ; the magnitude of an annular eclipse is less than 1 . Slightly more solar eclipses are annular than total because , on average , the Moon lies too far from Earth to cover the Sun completely . A hybrid eclipse occurs when the magnitude of an eclipse changes during the event from less to greater than one , so the eclipse appears to be total at locations nearer the midpoint , and annular at other locations nearer the beginning and end , since the sides of the Earth are slightly further away from the Moon . These eclipses are extremely narrow in their path width and extremely short in their duration at any point , at most just a few seconds at any location within just a few kilometres of the centerline of the path . Like a focal point , the width and duration of totality and annularity are near zero at the points where the changes between the two occur . Because the Earth 's orbit around the Sun is also elliptical , the Earth 's distance from the Sun similarly varies throughout the year . This affects the apparent size of the Sun in the same way , but not as much as does the Moon 's varying distance from Earth . When Earth approaches its farthest distance from the Sun in early July , a total eclipse is somewhat more likely , whereas conditions favour an annular eclipse when Earth approaches its closest distance to the Sun in early January . Terminology for central eclipse Each icon shows the view from the centre of its black spot , representing the moon ( not to scale ) Central eclipse is often used as a generic term for a total , annular , or hybrid eclipse . This is , however , not completely correct : the definition of a central eclipse is an eclipse during which the central line of the umbra touches the Earth 's surface . It is possible , though extremely rare , that part of the umbra intersects with the Earth ( thus creating an annular or total eclipse ) , but not its central line . This is then called a non-central total or annular eclipse . The last ( umbral yet ) non-central solar eclipse was on April 29 , 2014 . This was an annular eclipse . The next non-central total solar eclipse will be on April 9 , 2043 . Diamond Ring effect at third contact , marking the end of totality . Some prominences can also be seen . The phases observed during a total eclipse are called : First contact -- when the Moon 's limb ( edge ) is exactly tangential to the Sun 's limb . Second contact -- starting with Baily 's Beads ( caused by light shining through valleys on the Moon 's surface ) and the diamond ring effect . Almost the entire disk is covered . Totality -- the Moon obscures the entire disk of the Sun and only the solar corona is visible . Third contact -- when the first bright light becomes visible and the Moon 's shadow is moving away from the observer . Again a diamond ring may be observed . Fourth contact -- when the trailing edge of the Moon ceases to overlap with the solar disk and the eclipse ends . Predictions Geometry Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) The diagrams to the right show the alignment of the Sun , Moon , and Earth during a solar eclipse . The dark gray region between the Moon and Earth is the umbra , where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon . The small area where the umbra touches Earth 's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen . The larger light gray area is the penumbra , in which a partial eclipse can be seen . An observer in the antumbra , the area of shadow beyond the umbra , will see an annular eclipse . The Moon 's orbit around the Earth is inclined at an angle of just over 5 degrees to the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun ( the ecliptic ) . Because of this , at the time of a new moon , the Moon will usually pass to the north or south of the Sun . A solar eclipse can occur only when new moon occurs close to one of the points ( known as nodes ) where the Moon 's orbit crosses the ecliptic . As noted above , the Moon 's orbit is also elliptical . The Moon 's distance from the Earth can vary by about 6 % from its average value . Therefore , the Moon 's apparent size varies with its distance from the Earth , and it is this effect that leads to the difference between total and annular eclipses . The distance of the Earth from the Sun also varies during the year , but this is a smaller effect . On average , the Moon appears to be slightly smaller than the Sun as seen from the Earth , so the majority ( about 60 % ) of central eclipses are annular . It is only when the Moon is closer to the Earth than average ( near its perigee ) that a total eclipse occurs . Moon Sun At perigee ( nearest ) At apogee ( farthest ) At perihelion ( nearest ) At aphelion ( farthest ) Mean radius 1,737.10 km ( 1,079.38 mi ) 696,000 km ( 432,000 mi ) Distance 363,104 km ( 225,622 mi ) 405,696 km ( 252,088 mi ) 147,098,070 km ( 91,402,500 mi ) 152,097,700 km ( 94,509,100 mi ) Angular diameter 33 ' 30 '' ( 0.5583 ° ) 29 ' 26 '' ( 0.4905 ° ) 32 ' 42 '' ( 0.5450 ° ) 31 ' 36 '' ( 0.5267 ° ) Apparent size to scale Order by decreasing apparent size 1st 4th 2nd 3rd The Moon orbits the Earth in approximately 27.3 days , relative to a fixed frame of reference . This is known as the sidereal month . However , during one sidereal month , Earth has revolved part way around the Sun , making the average time between one new moon and the next longer than the sidereal month : it is approximately 29.5 days . This is known as the synodic month and corresponds to what is commonly called the lunar month . The Moon crosses from south to north of the ecliptic at its ascending node , and vice versa at its descending node . However , the nodes of the Moon 's orbit are gradually moving in a retrograde motion , due to the action of the Sun 's gravity on the Moon 's motion , and they make a complete circuit every 18.6 years . This regression means that the time between each passage of the Moon through the ascending node is slightly shorter than the sidereal month . This period is called the nodical or draconic month . Finally , the Moon 's perigee is moving forwards or precessing in its orbit and makes a complete circuit in 8.85 years . The time between one perigee and the next is slightly longer than the sidereal month and known as the anomalistic month . The Moon 's orbit intersects with the ecliptic at the two nodes that are 180 degrees apart . Therefore , the new moon occurs close to the nodes at two periods of the year approximately six months ( 173.3 days ) apart , known as eclipse seasons , and there will always be at least one solar eclipse during these periods . Sometimes the new moon occurs close enough to a node during two consecutive months to eclipse the Sun on both occasions in two partial eclipses . This means that , in any given year , there will always be at least two solar eclipses , and there can be as many as five . Eclipses can occur only when the Sun is within about 15 to 18 degrees of a node , ( 10 to 12 degrees for central eclipses ) . This is referred to as an eclipse limit . In the time it takes for the Moon to return to a node ( draconic month ) , the apparent position of the Sun has moved about 29 degrees , relative to the nodes . Since the eclipse limit creates a window of opportunity of up to 36 degrees ( 24 degrees for central eclipses ) , it is possible for partial eclipses ( or rarely a partial and a central eclipse ) to occur in consecutive months . Fraction of the Sun 's disc covered , f , when the same - sized discs are offset a fraction t of their diameter . Path During a central eclipse , the Moon 's umbra ( or antumbra , in the case of an annular eclipse ) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth . The Earth is also rotating from west to east , at about 28 km / min at the Equator , but as the Moon is moving in the same direction as the Earth 's spin at about 61 km / min , the umbra almost always appears to move in a roughly west - east direction across a map of the Earth at the speed of the Moon 's orbital velocity minus the Earth 's rotational velocity . The width of the track of a central eclipse varies according to the relative apparent diameters of the Sun and Moon . In the most favourable circumstances , when a total eclipse occurs very close to perigee , the track can be up to 267 km ( 166 mi ) wide and the duration of totality may be over 7 minutes . Outside of the central track , a partial eclipse is seen over a much larger area of the Earth . Typically , the umbra is 100 -- 160 km wide , while the penumbral diameter is in excess of 6400 km . Duration The following factors determine the duration of a total solar eclipse ( in order of decreasing importance ) : The moon being almost exactly at perigee ( making its angular diameter as large as possible ) . The earth being very near aphelion ( furthest away from the sun in its elliptical orbit , making its angular diameter nearly as small as possible ) . The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to the earth 's equator , where the rotational velocity is greatest . The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the eclipse aligning with the vector of the earth 's rotation ( i.e. not diagonal but due east ) . The midpoint of the eclipse being near the subsolar point ( the part of the earth closest to the sun ) . The longest eclipse that has been calculated thus far is the eclipse of July 16 , 2186 ( with a maximum duration of 7 minutes 4 seconds over northern Guyana ) . Occurrence and cycles Main article : Eclipse cycle Total solar eclipse paths : 1001 -- 2000 , showing that total solar eclipses occur almost everywhere on Earth . This image was merged from 50 separate images from NASA . Total solar eclipses are rare events . Although they occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average , it is estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years , on average . The total eclipse lasts for only a maximum of a few minutes at any location , because the Moon 's umbra moves eastward at over 1700 km / h . Totality currently can never last more than 7 min 32 s . This value changes over the millennia and is currently decreasing . By the 8th millennium , the longest theoretically possible total eclipse will be less than 7 min 2 s . The last time an eclipse longer than 7 minutes occurred was June 30 , 1973 ( 7 min 3 sec ) . Observers aboard a Concorde supersonic aircraft were able to stretch totality for this eclipse to about 74 minutes by flying along the path of the Moon 's umbra . The next total eclipse exceeding seven minutes in duration will not occur until June 25 , 2150 . The longest total solar eclipse during the 11,000 year period from 3000 BC to at least 8000 AD will occur on July 16 , 2186 , when totality will last 7 min 29 s . For comparison , the longest total eclipse of the 20th century at 7 min 8 s occurred on June 20 , 1955 , and there are no total solar eclipses over 7 min in duration in the 21st century . If the date and time of any solar eclipse are known , it is possible to predict other eclipses using eclipse cycles . The saros is probably the best known and one of the most accurate . A saros lasts 6,585.3 days ( a little over 18 years ) , which means that , after this period , a practically identical eclipse will occur . The most notable difference will be a westward shift of about 120 ° in longitude ( due to the 0.3 days ) and a little in latitude ( north - south for odd - numbered cycles , the reverse for even - numbered ones ) . A saros series always starts with a partial eclipse near one of Earth 's polar regions , then shifts over the globe through a series of annular or total eclipses , and ends with a partial eclipse at the opposite polar region . A saros series lasts 1226 to 1550 years and 69 to 87 eclipses , with about 40 to 60 of them being central . Frequency per year Between two and five solar eclipses occur every year , with at least one per eclipse season . Since the Gregorian calendar was instituted in 1582 , years that have had five solar eclipses were 1693 , 1758 , 1805 , 1823 , 1870 , and 1935 . The next occurrence will be 2206 . On average , there are about 240 solar eclipses each century . The 5 solar eclipses of 1935 January 5 February 3 June 30 July 30 December 25 Partial ( south ) Partial ( north ) Partial ( north ) Partial ( south ) Annular ( south ) Saros 111 Saros 149 Saros 116 Saros 154 Saros 121 Final totality Total solar eclipses are seen on Earth because of a fortuitous combination of circumstances . Even on Earth , the diversity of eclipses familiar to people today is a temporary ( on a geological time scale ) phenomenon . Hundreds of millions of years in the past , the Moon was closer to the Earth and therefore apparently larger , so every solar eclipse was total and there were no annular eclipses . Due to tidal acceleration , the orbit of the Moon around the Earth becomes approximately 3.8 cm more distant each year . Millions of years in the future , the Moon will be too far away to fully occlude the Sun , and no total eclipses will occur . In the same timeframe , the Sun may become brighter , making it appear larger in size . Estimates of the when the moon will be unable to occlude the entire sun when viewed from the Earth range between 1.4 billion and 650 million years in the future . Historical eclipses Astronomers Studying an Eclipse painted by Antoine Caron in 1571 Historical eclipses are a very valuable resource for historians , in that they allow a few historical events to be dated precisely , from which other dates and ancient calendars may be deduced . A solar eclipse of June 15 , 763 BC mentioned in an Assyrian text is important for the chronology of the ancient Near East . There have been other claims to date earlier eclipses . The King Zhong Kang supposedly beheaded two astronomers , Hsi and Ho , who failed to predict an eclipse 4,000 years ago . Perhaps the earliest still - unproven claim is that of archaeologist Bruce Masse , who putatively links an eclipse that occurred on May 10 , 2807 BC with a possible meteor impact in the Indian Ocean on the basis of several ancient flood myths that mention a total solar eclipse . Eclipses have been interpreted as omens , or portents . The ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote that Thales of Miletus predicted an eclipse that occurred during a battle between the Medes and the Lydians . Both sides put down their weapons and declared peace as a result of the eclipse . The exact eclipse involved remains uncertain , although the issue has been studied by hundreds of ancient and modern authorities . One likely candidate took place on May 28 , 585 BC , probably near the Halys river in Asia Minor . An eclipse recorded by Herodotus before Xerxes departed for his expedition against Greece , which is traditionally dated to 480 BC , was matched by John Russell Hind to an annular eclipse of the Sun at Sardis on February 17 , 478 BC . Alternatively , a partial eclipse was visible from Persia on October 2 , 480 BC . Herodotus also reports a solar eclipse at Sparta during the Second Persian invasion of Greece . The date of the eclipse ( August 1 , 477 BC ) does not match exactly the conventional dates for the invasion accepted by historians . Chinese records of eclipses begin at around 720 BC . The 4th century BC astronomer Shi Shen described the prediction of eclipses by using the relative positions of the Moon and Sun . The `` radiating influence '' theory ( i.e. , the Moon 's light was reflection from the Sun ) was existent in Chinese thought from about the sixth century BC ( in the Zhi Ran of Zhi Ni Zi ) , though it was opposed by the 1st century AD philosopher Wang Chong , who made clear in his writing that this theory was nothing new . Ancient Greeks , such as Parmenides and Aristotle , also supported the theory of the Moon shining because of reflected light . Attempts have been made to establish the exact date of Good Friday by assuming that the darkness described at Jesus 's crucifixion was a solar eclipse . This research has not yielded conclusive results , and Good Friday is recorded as being at Passover , which is held at the time of a full moon . Further , the darkness lasted from the sixth hour to the ninth , or three hours , which is much , much longer than the eight - minute upper limit for any solar eclipse 's totality . In the Western hemisphere , there are few reliable records of eclipses before 800 AD , until the advent of Arab and monastic observations in the early medieval period . The first recorded observation of the corona was made in Constantinople in 968 AD . The first known telescopic observation of a total solar eclipse was made in France in 1706 . Nine years later , English astronomer Edmund Halley accurately predicted and observed the solar eclipse of May 3 , 1715 . By the mid-19th century , scientific understanding of the Sun was improving through observations of the Sun 's corona during solar eclipses . The corona was identified as part of the Sun 's atmosphere in 1842 , and the first photograph ( or daguerreotype ) of a total eclipse was taken of the solar eclipse of July 28 , 1851 . Spectroscope observations were made of the solar eclipse of August 18 , 1868 , which helped to determine the chemical composition of the Sun . Illustration from De magna eclipsi solari , quae continget anno 1764 published in Acta Eruditorum , 1762 John Fiske summed up myths about the solar eclipse like this in his 1872 book Myth and Myth - Makers , the myth of Hercules and Cacus , the fundamental idea is the victory of the solar god over the robber who steals the light . Now whether the robber carries off the light in the evening when Indra has gone to sleep , or boldly rears his black form against the sky during the daytime , causing darkness to spread over the earth , would make little difference to the framers of the myth . To a chicken a solar eclipse is the same thing as nightfall , and he goes to roost accordingly . Why , then , should the primitive thinker have made a distinction between the darkening of the sky caused by black clouds and that caused by the rotation of the earth ? He had no more conception of the scientific explanation of these phenomena than the chicken has of the scientific explanation of an eclipse . For him it was enough to know that the solar radiance was stolen , in the one case as in the other , and to suspect that the same demon was to blame for both robberies . Viewing Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun ( the bright disk of the Sun itself ) , even for just a few seconds , can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye , because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits . This damage can result in impairment of vision , up to and including blindness . The retina has no sensitivity to pain , and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours , so there is no warning that injury is occurring . Under normal conditions , the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly . However , during an eclipse , with so much of the Sun covered , it is easier and more tempting to stare at it . Looking at the Sun during an eclipse is as dangerous as looking at it outside an eclipse , except during the brief period of totality , when the Sun 's disk is completely covered ( totality occurs only during a total eclipse and only very briefly ; it does not occur during a partial or annular eclipse ) . Viewing the Sun 's disk through any kind of optical aid ( binoculars , a telescope , or even an optical camera viewfinder ) is extremely hazardous and can cause irreversible eye damage within a fraction of a second . Partial and annular eclipses Eclipse glasses Pinhole projection method of observing partial solar eclipse . Insert ( upper left ) : partially eclipsed Sun photographed with a white solar filter . Main image : projections of the partially eclipsed Sun ( bottom right ) Viewing the Sun during partial and annular eclipses ( and during total eclipses outside the brief period of totality ) requires special eye protection , or indirect viewing methods if eye damage is to be avoided . The Sun 's disk can be viewed using appropriate filtration to block the harmful part of the Sun 's radiation . Sunglasses do not make viewing the Sun safe . Only properly designed and certified solar filters should be used for direct viewing of the Sun 's disk . Especially , self - made filters using common objects such as a floppy disk removed from its case , a Compact Disc , a black colour slide film , smoked glass , etc. must be avoided . The safest way to view the Sun 's disk is by indirect projection . This can be done by projecting an image of the disk onto a white piece of paper or card using a pair of binoculars ( with one of the lenses covered ) , a telescope , or another piece of cardboard with a small hole in it ( about 1 mm diameter ) , often called a pinhole camera . The projected image of the Sun can then be safely viewed ; this technique can be used to observe sunspots , as well as eclipses . Care must be taken , however , to ensure that no one looks through the projector ( telescope , pinhole , etc . ) directly . Viewing the Sun 's disk on a video display screen ( provided by a video camera or digital camera ) is safe , although the camera itself may be damaged by direct exposure to the Sun . The optical viewfinders provided with some video and digital cameras are not safe . Securely mounting # 14 welder 's glass in front of the lens and viewfinder protects the equipment and makes viewing possible . Professional workmanship is essential because of the dire consequences any gaps or detaching mountings will have . In the partial eclipse path , one will not be able to see the corona or nearly complete darkening of the sky , however , depending on how much of the Sun 's disk is obscured , some darkening may be noticeable . If three - quarters or more of the sun is obscured , then an effect can be observed by which the daylight appears to be dim , as if the sky were overcast , yet objects still cast sharp shadows . Totality Baily 's beads When the shrinking visible part of the photosphere becomes very small , Baily 's beads will occur . These are caused by the sunlight still being able to reach the Earth through lunar valleys . Totality then begins with the diamond ring effect , the last bright flash of sunlight . It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun 's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon , and not before or after totality . During this period , the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters . The Sun 's faint corona will be visible , and the chromosphere , solar prominences , and possibly even a solar flare may be seen . At the end of totality , the same effects will occur in reverse order , and on the opposite side of the Moon . Photography The progression of a solar eclipse on August 1 , 2008 in Novosibirsk , Russia . All times UTC ( local time was UTC + 7 ) . The time span between shots is three minutes . Photographing an eclipse is possible with fairly common camera equipment . In order for the disk of the Sun / Moon to be easily visible , a fairly high magnification long focus lens is needed ( at least 200 mm for a 35 mm camera ) , and for the disk to fill most of the frame , a longer lens is needed ( over 500 mm ) . As with viewing the Sun directly , looking at it through the optical viewfinder of a camera can produce damage to the retina , so care is recommended . Solar filters are required for digital photography even if an optical viewfinder is not used . Using a camera 's live view feature or an electronic viewfinder is safe for the human eye , but the Sun 's rays could potentially irreparably damage digital image sensors unless the lens is covered by a properly designed solar filter . Eclipse Chasing Main article : Eclipse chasing A decidated group of eclipse chasers have pursued the observation of solar eclipses when they occur around the Earth . A person who chases eclipses is known as an umbraphile , meaning shadow lover . Umbraphiles travel for eclipses and use various tools to help view the sun including solar viewing glasses , also known as eclipse glasses , as well as telescopes . Other observations A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the corona ( the outer layer of the Sun 's atmosphere ) . Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona . According to the point reached in the solar cycle , the corona may appear small and symmetric , or large and fuzzy . It is very hard to predict this in advance . As the light filters through leaves of trees during a partial eclipse , the overlapping leaves create natural pinholes , displaying mini eclipses on the ground . Phenomena associated with eclipses include shadow bands ( also known as flying shadows ) , which are similar to shadows on the bottom of a swimming pool . They only occur just prior to and after totality , when a narrow solar crescent acts as an anisotropic light source . 1919 observations See also : Tests of general relativity § Deflection of light by the Sun Eddington 's original photograph of the 1919 eclipse , which provided evidence for Einstein 's theory of general relativity . The observation of a total solar eclipse of May 29 , 1919 , helped to confirm Einstein 's theory of general relativity . By comparing the apparent distance between stars in the constellation Taurus , with and without the Sun between them , Arthur Eddington stated that the theoretical predictions about gravitational lenses were confirmed . The observation with the Sun between the stars was only possible during totality since the stars are then visible . Though Eddington 's observations were near the experimental limits of accuracy at the time , work in the later half of the 20th century confirmed his results . Gravity anomalies There is a long history of observations of gravity - related phenomena during solar eclipses , especially during the period of totality . In 1954 , and again in 1959 , Maurice Allais reported observations of strange and unexplained movement during solar eclipses . The reality of this phenomenon , named the Allais effect , has remained controversial . Similarly , in 1970 , Saxl and Allen observed the sudden change in motion of a torsion pendulum ; this phenomenon is called the Saxl effect . A recent published observation during the 1997 solar eclipse by Wang et al. suggested a possible gravitational shielding effect , which generated debate . Later in 2002 , Yang and Wang published detailed data analysis , which suggested that the phenomenon still remains unexplained . Eclipses and transits In principle , the simultaneous occurrence of a Solar eclipse and a transit of a planet is possible . But these events are extremely rare because of their short durations . The next anticipated simultaneous occurrence of a Solar eclipse and a transit of Mercury will be on July 5 , 6757 , and a Solar eclipse and a transit of Venus is expected on April 5 , 15232 . More common , but still infrequent , is a conjunction of a planet ( especially , but not only , Mercury or Venus ) at the time of a total solar eclipse , in which event the planet will be visible very near the eclipsed Sun , when without the eclipse it would have been lost in the Sun 's glare . At one time , some scientists hypothesized that there may be a planet ( often given the name Vulcan ) even closer to the Sun than Mercury ; the only way to confirm its existence would have been to observe it in transit or during a total solar eclipse . No such planet was ever found , and general relativity has since explained the observations that led astronomers to suggest that Vulcan might exist . Earthshine During a total solar eclipse , the Moon 's shadow covers only a small fraction of the Earth . The Earth continues to receive at least 92 percent of the amount of sunlight it receives without an eclipse -- more if the penumbra of the Moon 's shadow partly misses the Earth . Seen from the Moon , the Earth during a total solar eclipse is mostly brilliantly illuminated , with only a small dark patch showing the Moon 's shadow . The brilliantly - lit Earth reflects a lot of light to the Moon . If the corona of the eclipsed Sun were not present , the Moon , illuminated by earthlight , would be easily visible from Earth . This would be essentially the same as the earthshine which can frequently be seen when the Moon 's phase is a narrow crescent . In reality , the corona , though much less brilliant than the Sun 's photosphere , is much brighter than the Moon illuminated by earthlight . Therefore , by contrast , the Moon during a total solar eclipse appears to be black , with the corona surrounding it . Artificial satellites From space , the Moon 's shadow during a solar eclipse appears as a dark spot moving across the Earth . The Moon 's shadow over Turkey and Cyprus , seen from the ISS during a 2006 total solar eclipse . Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth , but none is large enough to cause an eclipse . At the altitude of the International Space Station , for example , an object would need to be about 3.35 km ( 2.08 mi ) across to blot the Sun out entirely . These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small . The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second , typically . As with a transit of a planet , it will not get dark . Observations of eclipses from spacecraft or artificial satellites orbiting above the Earth 's atmosphere are not subject to weather conditions . The crew of Gemini 12 observed a total solar eclipse from space in 1966 . The partial phase of the 1999 total eclipse was visible from Mir . During the Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project conducted in July 1975 , the Apollo spacecraft was positioned to create an artificial solar eclipse giving the Soyuz crew an opportunity to photograph the solar corona . Impact The solar eclipse of March 20 , 2015 , was the first occurrence of an eclipse estimated to potentially have a significant impact on the power system , with the electricity sector taking measures to mitigate any impact . The continental Europe and Great Britain synchronous areas were estimated to have about 90 gigawatts of solar power and it was estimated that production would temporarily decrease by up to 34 GW compared to a clear sky day . The temperature may decrease by 3 ° C , and wind power potentially decreases as winds are reduced by 0.7 m / s . In addition to the drop in light level and air temperature , animals change their behavior during totality . For example , birds and squirrels return to their nests and crickets chirp . Recent and forthcoming solar eclipses Main article : List of solar eclipses in the 21st century Further information : Lists of solar eclipses Eclipse path for total and hybrid eclipses from 2001 to 2020 . Eclipses only occur in the eclipse season , when the Sun is close to either the ascending or descending node of the Moon . Each eclipse is separated by one , five or six lunations ( synodic months ) , and the midpoint of each season is separated by 173.3 days , which is the mean time for the Sun to travel from one node to the next . The period is a little less than half a calendar year because the lunar nodes slowly regress . Because 223 synodic months is roughly equal to 239 anomalistic months and 242 draconic months , eclipses with similar geometry recur 223 synodic months ( about 6,585.3 days ) apart . This period ( 18 years 11.3 days ) is a saros . Because 223 synodic months is not identical to 239 anomalistic months or 242 draconic months , saros cycles do not endlessly repeat . Each cycle begins with the Moon 's shadow crossing the earth near the north or south pole , and subsequent events progress toward the other pole until the Moon 's shadow misses the earth and the series ends . Saros cycles are numbered ; currently , cycles 117 to 156 are active . The next solar eclipse will occur on February 15 , 2018 . It will be a partial solar eclipse visible from Antarctica and south South America . Solar eclipses 1997 -- 2000 2000 -- 2003 2004 -- 2007 2008 -- 2011 2011 -- 2014 2015 -- 2018 2018 -- 2021 2022 -- 2025 2026 -- 2029 See also Book : Solar Eclipses Solar System portal Moon portal Besselian elements Black Sun ( mythology ) Eclipse chasing Solar eclipses in fiction Solar eclipses on other planets Solar eclipses on the Moon Transit of Deimos from Mars Transit of Phobos from Mars Notes ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ; Espenak , Fred ; Willcox , Ken ( 2008 ) . Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . Oxford University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953209 - 5 . Jump up ^ Five solar eclipses occurred in 1935 . NASA ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA Eclipse Web Site . Fred Espenak , Project and Website Manager . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koukkos , Christina ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Eclipse Chasing , in Pursuit of Total Awe '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Jay M. ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Why I Never Miss a Solar Eclipse '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Who ? What ? Where ? When ? and How ? Total Solar Eclipse 2017 '' . eclipse2017.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , pp. 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ `` Transit of Venus , Sun -- Earth Day 2012 '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipses '' . University of Tennessee . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Solar Eclipses for Beginners '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steel , p. 351 ^ Jump up to : Espenak , Fred ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Central Solar Eclipses : 1991 -- 2050 '' . Greenbelt , MD : NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Verbelen , Felix ( November 2003 ) . `` Solar Eclipses on Earth , 1001 BC to AD 2500 '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 13 -- 14 ; Steel , pp. 266 -- 79 Jump up ^ Mobberley , pp. 30 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Hipschman , Ron . `` Why Eclipses Happen '' . Exploratorium . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Bryan ( January 14 , 1998 ) . `` What Causes an Eclipse ? '' . Earth View . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Eclipse 99 -- Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2010 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . -- There is a mistake in the How long will we continue to be able to see total eclipses of the Sun ? answer , `` ... the Sun 's angular diameter varies from 32.7 minutes of arc when the Earth is at its farthest point in its orbit ( aphelion ) , and 31.6 arc minutes when it is at its closest ( perihelion ) . '' It should appear smaller when farther , so the values should be swapped . Jump up ^ Steel , pp. 319 -- 21 Jump up ^ Steel , pp. 317 -- 19 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 5 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Espenak , Fred ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Periodicity of Solar Eclipses '' . Greenbelt , MD : NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ; Meeus , Jean ( January 26 , 2007 ) . `` Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses : - 1999 to + 3000 '' . Greenbelt , MD : NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ European Space Agency , `` Spacecraft flight dynamics : proceedings of an international symposium , 18 - 22 May 1981 - Darmstadt , Germany '' , p. 347 Jump up ^ Mobberley , pp. 33 -- 37 Jump up ^ `` How do eclipses such as the one on Wednesday 14 November 2012 occur ? '' . Sydney Observatory . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Steel , pp. 52 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : Meeus , J. ( December 2003 ) . `` The maximum possible duration of a total solar eclipse '' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 113 ( 6 ) : 343 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2003JBAA ... 113 ... 343M . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Littman , et al . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( March 24 , 2008 ) . `` World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steel , p. 4 Jump up ^ For 360 years , see Harrington , p. 9 ; for 410 years , see Steel , p. 31 Jump up ^ Mobberley , pp. 33 -- 36 ; Steel , p. 258 Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Flight of Concorde 001 '' . Nature . 246 : 72 -- 74 . Bibcode : 1973Natur. 246 ... 72B . doi : 10.1038 / 246072a0 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , F. Richard ( 1997 ) . Historical Eclipses and Earth 's Rotation . Cambridge University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46194 - 4 . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511525186 . Jump up ^ Mobberley , p. 10 Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Eclipses and the Saros '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pogo , Alexander ( 1935 ) . `` Calendar years with five solar eclipses '' . Popular Astronomy . Vol. 43 . p. 412 . Bibcode : 1935PA ... 43 ... 412P . Jump up ^ `` What are solar eclipses and how often do they occur ? '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , John ( July 10 , 2004 ) . `` Moon near Perigee , Earth near Aphelion '' . Fourmilab . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Lou . `` WHAT 'S UP ? The Very Last Solar Eclipse ! '' . NASA . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ van Gent , Robert Harry . `` Astronomical Chronology '' . University of Utrecht . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 2 Jump up ^ Blakeslee , Sandra ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Ancient Crash , Epic Wave '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Steel , p. 1 Jump up ^ Steel , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Le Conte , David ( December 6 , 1998 ) . `` Eclipse Quotations '' . MrEclipse.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Book VII . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Chambers , G.F. ( 1889 ) . A Handbook of Descriptive and Practical Astronomy . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 323 . ^ Jump up to : Espenak , Fred . `` Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Book IX . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Bradley E. ( May 1994 ) . `` Solar Eclipses That Changed the World '' . Sky & Telescope . Vol. 87 no . 5 . pp. 36 -- 39 . Bibcode : 1994S&T ... 87 ... 36S . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , F. Richard ( 1982 ) . `` Historical Eclipses '' . Scientific American . Vol. 247 no . 4 . pp. 154 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1982SciAm. 247 ... 154S . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 3 . Taipei : Caves Books . pp. 411 -- 13 . OCLC 48999277 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , C.J. ; Waddington , W.G. ( 1983 ) . `` Dating the Crucifixion '' . Nature . 306 ( 5945 ) : 743 -- 46 . Bibcode : 1983Natur. 306 ... 743H . doi : 10.1038 / 306743a0 . Jump up ^ Kidger , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Star of Bethlehem : An Astronomer 's View . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 68 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05823 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Fiske , Myth and Myth - Makers Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Roger ( August 21 , 1999 ) . `` UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse '' . British Medical Journal . 319 : 469 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 319.7208. 469 . Jump up ^ MacRobert , Alan M. `` How to Watch a Partial Solar Eclipse Safely '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chou , B. Ralph ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Eye safety during solar eclipses '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Littmann , Mark ; Willcox , Ken ; Espenak , Fred ( 1999 ) . `` Observing Solar Eclipses Safely '' . MrEclipse.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chou , B. Ralph ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` Eclipse Filters '' . MrEclipse.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Viewing Safety '' . Perkins Observatory . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 25 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 26 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ; Willcox , Ken ; Espenak , Fred ( 1999 ) . `` The Experience of Totality '' . MrEclipse.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Bill . `` Photographing a Total Solar Eclipse '' . Eclipse-chasers.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vorenkamp , Todd ( April 2017 ) . `` How to Photograph a Solar Eclipse '' . B&H Photo Video . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kate Russo ( 1 August 2012 ) . Total Addiction : The Life of an Eclipse Chaser . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 30481 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Pat ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Umbraphile , Umbraphilia , Umbraphiles , and Umbraphiliacs - Solar Eclipse with the Sol Alliance '' . Solar Eclipse with the Sol Alliance . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` How to View the 2017 Solar Eclipse Safely '' . eclipse2017.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wright , Andy ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Chasing Totality : A Look Into the World of Umbraphiles '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The science of eclipses '' . ESA . September 28 , 2004 . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson - Groh , Mara ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Five Tips from NASA for Photographing the Total Solar Eclipse on Aug. 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dravins , Dainis . `` Flying Shadows '' . Lund Observatory . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dyson , F.W. ; Eddington , A.S. ; Davidson , C.R. ( 1920 ) . `` A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun 's Gravitational Field , from Observations Made at the Solar eclipse of May 29 , 1919 '' . Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc . A. 220 ( 571 -- 81 ) : 291 -- 333 . Bibcode : 1920RSPTA. 220 ... 291D . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1920.0009 . Jump up ^ `` Relativity and the 1919 eclipse '' . ESA . September 13 , 2004 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steel , pp. 114 -- 20 Jump up ^ Allais , Maurice ( 1959 ) . `` Should the Laws of Gravitation be Reconsidered ? '' . Aero / Space Engineering . 9 : 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Saxl , Erwin J. ; Allen , Mildred ( 1971 ) . `` 1970 solar eclipse as ' seen ' by a torsion pendulum '' . Physical Review D. 3 ( 4 ) : 823 -- 25 . Bibcode : 1971PhRvD ... 3 ... 823S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 3.823 . Jump up ^ Wang , Qian - shen ; Yang , Xin - she ; Wu , Chuan - zhen ; Guo , Hong - gang ; Liu , Hong - chen ; Hua , Chang - chai ( 2000 ) . `` Precise measurement of gravity variations during a total solar eclipse '' . Physical Review D. 62 ( 4 ) : 041101 ( R ) . Bibcode : 2000PhRvD ... 62d1101W . arXiv : 1003.4947 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 62.041101 . Jump up ^ Yang , X.S. ; Wang , Q.S. ( 2002 ) . `` Gravity anomaly during the Mohe total solar eclipse and new constraint on gravitational shielding parameter '' . Astrophysics and Space Science . 282 ( 1 ) : 245 -- 53 . Bibcode : 2002Ap&SS. 282 ... 245Y . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1021119023985 . Jump up ^ Meeus , J. ; Vitagliano , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Simultaneous transits '' ( PDF ) . J. Br . Astron . Assoc. 114 ( 3 ) : 132 -- 35 . Bibcode : 2004JBAA ... 114 ... 132M . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grego , Peter ( 2008 ) . Venus and Mercury , and How to Observe Them . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0387742854 . Jump up ^ `` ISS - Venustransit '' ( in German ) . astronomie.info . Jump up ^ `` JSC Digital Image Collection '' . NASA Johnson Space Center . January 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds . ( August 30 , 1999 ) . `` Looking Back on an Eclipsed Earth '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2015 -- Impact Analysis '' pp. 3 , 6 -- 7 , 13 . European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity , 19 February 2015 . Accessed : 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curve of potential power loss '' . Jump up ^ S.L. Gray , R.G. Harrison . `` Diagnosing eclipse - induced wind changes '' Proceedings of the Royal Society . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 2012.0007 Published 25 May 2012 . Archive Jump up ^ Young , Alex . `` How Eclipses Work '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - Solar Eclipse Page '' . eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . References Harrington , Philip S. ( 1997 ) . Eclipse ! The What , Where , When , Why and How Guide to Watching Solar and Lunar Eclipses . New York : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 12795 - 7 . Mobberley , Martin ( 2007 ) . Total Solar Eclipses and How to Observe Them . Astronomers ' Observing Guides . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 69827 - 4 . Steel , Duncan ( 1999 ) . Eclipse : The celestial phenomenon which has changed the course of history . London : Headline . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 7385 - 5 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar eclipse . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Solar eclipses . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Solar eclipse '' dated 2006 - 05 - 03 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles NASA Eclipse Web Site Eclipsewise , Fred Espenak 's new eclipse site Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions , Hermit Eclipse Eclipse Photography , Prof. Miroslav Druckmüller Animated maps of August 21 , 2017 solar eclipses , Larry Koehn Five Millennium ( − 1999 to + 3000 ) Canon of Solar Eclipses Database , Xavier M. Jubier Animated explanation of the mechanics of a solar eclipse , University of South Wales Eclipse Image Gallery , The World at Night Ring of Fire Eclipse : 2012 , Photos `` Sun , Eclipses of the '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Centered and aligned video recording of Total Solar Eclipse 20th March 2015 on YouTube Solar eclipse photographs taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive , UC Santa Cruz Library 's Digital Collections Video with Total Solar Eclipse March 09 2016 ( From the Beginning to the Total Phase ) on YouTube Total Solar Eclipse Shadow on Earth March 09 2016 CIMSSSatelite List of all solar eclipses in the United States Wikiversity has a solar eclipse lab that students can do on any sunny day . Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 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Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 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"If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon. However, since the Moon's orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth. The Moon's orbit must cross Earth's ecliptic plane in order for an eclipse (both solar as well as lunar) to occur. In addition, the Moon's actual orbit is elliptical, often taking it far enough away from Earth that its apparent size is not large enough to block the Sun entirely. The orbital planes cross each other at a line of nodes resulting in at least two, and up to five, solar eclipses occurring each year; no more than two of which can be total eclipses.[1][2] However, total solar eclipses are rare at any particular location because totality exists only along a narrow path on the Earth's surface traced by the Moon's shadow or umbra."
] | [
"since the Moon's orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth."
] |
-2070180081117246483 | Sakoku | Sakoku - wikipedia Sakoku Jump to : navigation , search History of Japan View on Dejima in Nagasaki Bay Periods ( hide ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline Sakoku ( 鎖国 , `` closed country '' ) was the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited , nearly all foreigners were barred from entering Japan and the common Japanese people were kept from leaving the country for a period of over 220 years . The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633 -- 39 , and ended after 1853 when the American Black Ships commanded by Matthew Perry forced the opening of Japan to American ( and , by extension , Western ) trade through a series of unequal treaties . It was preceded by a period of largely unrestricted trade and widespread piracy when Japanese mariners travelled Asia and official embassies and envoys visited both Asian states , New Spain ( now Mexico ) , and Europe . This period was also noted for the large number of foreign traders and pirates who were resident in Japan and active in Japanese waters . The term Sakoku originates from the manuscript work Sakoku - ron ( 「 鎖国 論 」 ) written by Japanese astronomer and translator Shizuki Tadao ( ja : 志筑 忠雄 ) in 1801 . Shizuki invented the word while translating the works of the 17th - century German traveller Engelbert Kaempfer concerning Japan . Japan was not completely isolated under the sakoku policy . It was a system in which strict regulations were applied to commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate , and by certain feudal domains ( han ) . There was extensive trade with China through the port of Nagasaki , in the far west of Japan , with a residential area for the Chinese . The policy stated that the only European influence permitted was the Dutch factory at Dejima in Nagasaki . Trade with Korea was limited to the Tsushima Domain ( today part of Nagasaki Prefecture ) . Trade with the Ainu people was limited to the Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō , and trade with the Ryūkyū Kingdom took place in Satsuma Domain ( present - day Kagoshima Prefecture ) . Apart from these direct commercial contacts in peripheral provinces , trading countries sent regular missions to the shōgun in Edo and Osaka Castle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Trade under sakoku 2 Terminology 3 Rationale 4 Challenges to seclusion 5 End of isolationism 5.1 Missions to the West 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Trade under sakoku ( edit ) Japan traded at this time with five entities , through four `` gateways '' . The largest was the private Chinese trade at Nagasaki ( who also traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom ) , where the Dutch East India Company was also permitted to operate . The Matsumae clan domain in Hokkaidō ( then called Ezo ) traded with the Ainu people . Through the Sō clan daimyō of Tsushima , there were relations with Joseon - dynasty Korea . Ryūkyū , a semi-independent kingdom for nearly all of the Edo period , was controlled by the Shimazu clan daimyō of Satsuma Domain . Tashiro Kazui has shown that trade between Japan and these entities was divided into two kinds : Group A in which he places China and the Dutch , `` whose relations fell under the direct jurisdiction of the Bakufu at Nagasaki '' and Group B , represented by the Korean Kingdom and the Ryūkyū Kingdom , `` who dealt with Tsushima ( the Sō clan ) and Satsuma ( the Shimazu clan ) domains respectively '' . These two different groups of trade basically reflected a pattern of incoming and outgoing trade . Many items traded from Japan to Korea and the Ryūkyū Kingdom were eventually shipped on to China . In the Ryūkyū Islands and Korea , the clans in charge of trade built trading towns outside Japanese territory where commerce actually took place . Due to the necessity for Japanese subjects to travel to and from these trading posts , this resembled something of an outgoing trade , with Japanese subjects making regular contact with foreign traders in essentially extraterritorial land . Commerce with Chinese and Dutch traders in Nagasaki took place on an island called Dejima , separated from the city by a narrow strait ; foreigners could not enter Nagasaki from Dejima , nor could Japanese enter Dejima without special permission or authorization . Terminology ( edit ) Trade in fact prospered during this period , and though relations and trade were restricted to certain ports , the country was far from closed . In fact , even as the shogunate expelled the Portuguese , they simultaneously engaged in discussions with Dutch and Korean representatives to ensure that the overall volume of trade did not suffer . Thus , it has become increasingly common in scholarship in recent decades to refer to the foreign relations policy of the period not as sakoku , implying a totally secluded , isolated , and `` closed '' country , but by the term kaikin ( 海禁 , `` maritime prohibitions '' ) used in documents at the time , and derived from the similar Chinese concept haijin . Rationale ( edit ) Text from the seclusion edict of 1636 : `` No Japanese ship ... nor any native of Japan , shall presume to go out of the country ; whoever acts contrary to this , shall die , and the ship with the crew and goods aboard shall be sequestered until further orders . All persons who return from abroad shall be put to death . Whoever discovers a Christian priest shall have a reward of 400 to 500 sheets of silver and for every Christian in proportion . All Namban ( Portuguese and Spanish ) who propagate the doctrine of the Catholics , or bear this scandalous name , shall be imprisoned in the Onra , or common jail of the town . The whole race of the Portuguese with their mothers , nurses and whatever belongs to them , shall be banished to Macao . Whoever presumes to bring a letter from abroad , or to return after he hath been banished , shall die with his family ; also whoever presumes to intercede for him , shall be put to death . No nobleman nor any soldier shall be suffered to purchase anything from the foreigner . '' It is conventionally regarded that the shogunate imposed and enforced the sakoku policy in order to remove the colonial and religious influence of primarily Spain and Portugal , which were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of the shogunate and to peace in the archipelago . The increasing number of Catholic converts in southern Japan ( mainly Kyūshū ) was a significant element of that which was seen as a threat . Based on work conducted by Japanese historians in the 1970s , some scholars have challenged this view , believing it to be only a partial explanation of political reality . The motivations for the gradual strengthening of the maritime prohibitions during the early 17th century should be considered within the context of the Tokugawa bakufu 's domestic agenda . One element of this agenda was to acquire sufficient control over Japan 's foreign policy so as not only to guarantee social peace , but also to maintain Tokugawa supremacy over the other powerful lords in the country , particularly the tozama daimyōs . These daimyōs had used East Asian trading linkages to profitable effect during the Sengoku period , which allowed them to build up their military strength as well . By restricting the daimyōs ' ability to trade with foreign ships coming to Japan or pursue trade opportunities overseas , the Tokugawa bakufu could ensure none would become powerful enough to challenge the bakufu 's supremacy . This is consistent with the generally agreed rationale for the Tokugawa bakufu 's implementation of the system of alternate attendance , or sankin - kōtai . Directing trade predominantly through Nagasaki , which came under Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's control in 1587 , would enable the bakufu , through taxes and levies , to bolster its own treasury . This was no small matter , as lack of wealth had limited both the preceding Kamakura bakufu and the Muromachi bakufu in crucial ways . The focus on the removal of Western and Christian influence from the Japanese archipelago as the main driver of the kaikin could be argued to be a somewhat eurocentric reading of Japanese history , although it is a common perception . Nevertheless , Christianity and the two colonial powers it was most strongly associated with , were seen as genuine threats by the Tokugawa bakufu . Once the remnants of the Toyotomi clan had been defeated in 1615 , Tokugawa Hidetada turned his attention to the sole remaining credible challenge to Tokugawa supremacy . Religious challenges to central authority were taken seriously by the bakufu as ecclesiastical challenges by armed Buddhist monks were common during the sengoku period . The Empress Meishō ( 1624 -- 96 ) also had grave doubts when she heard about how the Spanish and Portuguese were settling in the New World , and thought that Japan would soon become one of the many countries in their possession . Buddhist statue with hidden cross on back , used by Christians in Japan to hide their real beliefs . Protestant English and Dutch traders reinforced this perception by accusing the Spanish and Portuguese missionaries of spreading the religion systematically , as part of a claimed policy of culturally dominating and colonizing Asian countries . The Dutch and English were generally seen by the Japanese to be able to separate religion and trade , while their Iberian counterparts were looked upon with much suspicion . The Dutch , eager to take over trade from the Spanish and Portuguese , had no problems reinforcing this view . The number of Christians in Japan had been steadily rising due to the efforts of missionaries , such as Francis Xavier and daimyō converts . The direct trigger which is said to have spurred the imposition of sakoku was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637 -- 38 , an uprising of 40,000 mostly Christian peasants . In the aftermath , the shogunate accused missionaries of instigating the rebellion , expelled them from the country , and strictly banned the religion on penalty of death . The remaining Japanese Christians , mostly in Nagasaki , formed underground communities and came to be called Kakure Kirishitan . All contact with the outside world became strictly regulated by the shogunate , or by the domains ( Tsushima , Matsumae , and Satsuma ) assigned to the task . Dutch traders were permitted to continue commerce in Japan only by agreeing not to engage in missionary activities . Today , the Christian percentage of the population ( 1 % ) in Japan remains far lower than in other East Asian countries such as China ( 3 % ) , Vietnam ( 7 % ) , South Korea ( 29 % ) and the Philippines ( over 90 % ) . Beacon on Taketomi , one of the Sakishima Beacons constructed in 1644 to monitor foreign shipping The sakoku policy was also a way of controlling commerce between Japan and other nations , as well as asserting its new place in the East Asian hierarchy . The Tokugawa had set out to create their own small - scale international system where Japan could continue to access the trade in essential commodities such as medicines , and gain access to essential intelligence about happenings in China , while avoiding having to agree to a subordinate status within the Chinese tributary system . Japan 's generally constructive official diplomatic relationship with Joseon Korea allowed regular embassies ( Tongsinsa ) to be dispatched by Korea to Japan . Together with the brisk trade between Tsushima and Korea , as well as the presence of Japanese in Pusan , Japan was able to access Chinese cultural , intellectual and technological developments throughout the Edo period . At the time of the promulgation of the strictest versions of the maritime prohibitions , the Ming dynasty had lost control of much of China and it was unnecessary , and perhaps undesirable , for Japan to pursue official diplomatic relations with either of the Ming or the Qing governments while the issue of imperial legitimacy was unsettled . Japan was able to acquire the imported goods it required through intermediary trade with the Dutch and through the Ryukyu Islands . The Japanese actually encouraged the Ryūkyū Kingdom 's rulers to maintain a tributary relationship with China , even though the Shimazu clan had surreptitiously established great political influence in the Ryukyu Islands . The Qing became much more open to trade after it had defeated the Ming loyalists in Taiwan , and thus Japan 's rulers felt even less need to establish official relations with China . Liberalizing challenges to sakoku did come from within Japan 's elite in the 18th century , but they came to naught . Later on , the sakoku policy was the main safeguard against the total depletion of Japanese mineral resources -- such as silver and copper -- to the outside world . However , while silver exportation through Nagasaki was controlled by the shogunate to the point of stopping all exportation , the exportation of silver through Korea continued in relatively high quantities . The way Japan kept abreast of Western technology during this period was by studying medical and other texts in the Dutch language obtained through Dejima . This developed into a blossoming field in the late 18th century which was known as Rangaku ( Dutch studies ) . It became obsolete after the country was opened and the sakoku policy collapsed . Thereafter , many Japanese students ( e.g. , Kikuchi Dairoku ) were sent to study in foreign countries , and many foreign employees were employed in Japan ( see o - yatoi gaikokujin ) . The policies associated with sakoku ended with the Convention of Kanagawa in response to demands made by Commodore Perry . Challenges to seclusion ( edit ) Many isolated attempts to end Japan 's seclusion were made by expanding Western powers during the 17th , 18th and 19th centuries . American , Russian and French ships all attempted to engage in a relationship with Japan but were rejected . In 1647 Portuguese warships attempted to enter Nagasaki . The Japanese formed a blockade of almost 900 boats to stop the ships . After the event , the Japanese added more security to Nagasaki as fears rose that other countries would challenge the new seclusion policy and attempt to enter through Nagasaki . In 1738 , a Russian naval squadron ( including Martin Spangberg ) visited the island of Honshu . The Russians landed in a scenic area which is now part of the Rikuchu Kaigan National Park . Despite the prevalent seclusion policy , the sailors were treated with politeness if not friendliness . In 1778 , a merchant from Yakutsk by the name of Pavel Lebedev - Lastochkin arrived in Hokkaidō with a small expedition . He offered gifts , and politely asked to trade in vain . In 1787 , Jean - François de Galaup , comte de Lapérouse navigated in Japanese waters . He visited the Ryūkyū islands and the strait between Hokkaidō and Sakhalin , naming it after himself . In 1791 , two American ships commanded by the American explorer John Kendrick -- the Lady Washington , under Captain Kendrick , and the Grace , under Captain William Douglas -- stopped for 11 days on Kii Ōshima island , south of the Kii Peninsula . Kendrick was the first known American to have visited Japan . He apparently planted an American flag and claimed the islands , although accounts of his visit in Japan are nonexistent . In 1792 the Russian subject Adam Laxman visited the island of Hokkaido . From 1797 to 1809 , several American ships traded in Nagasaki under the Dutch flag , upon the request of the Dutch who were not able to send their own ships because of their conflict against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars : In 1797 US Captain William Robert Stewart , commissioned by the Dutch from Batavia , took the ship Eliza of New York to Nagasaki , Japan , with a cargo of Dutch trade goods . In 1803 , William Robert Stewart returned on board a ship named `` The Emperor of Japan '' ( the captured and renamed `` Eliza of New York '' ) , entered Nagasaki harbour and tried in vain to trade through the Dutch enclave of Dejima . Another American captain John Derby of Salem , Massachusetts aboard the Margaret , tried in vain to open Japan to the opium trade . In 1804 , the Russian expedition around the world led by captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern reached Nagasaki . The Russian envoy Nikolai Rezanov requested trade exchanges . The Bakufu refused the request and the ships had to leave in spring 1805 . The Russians attacked Sakhalin and the Kuril islands during the following three years , prompting the Bakufu to build up defences in Ezo . In 1808 , the British frigate HMS Phaeton , preying on Dutch shipping in the Pacific , sailed into Nagasaki under a Dutch flag , demanding and obtaining supplies by force of arms . In 1811 , the Russian naval lieutenant Vasily Golovnin landed on Kunashiri Island , and was arrested by the Bakufu and imprisoned for 2 years . In 1825 , following a proposal by Takahashi Kageyasu ( ja : 高橋 景 保 ) , the Bakufu issued an `` Order to Drive Away Foreign Ships '' ( Ikokusen uchiharairei , also known as the `` Ninen nashi '' , or `` No second thought '' law ) , ordering coastal authorities to arrest or kill foreigners coming ashore . In 1830 , the brig `` Cyprus '' , a ship of Australian convicts who had successfully mutinied against their masters and set sail for Canton , China , arrived on the coast of Shinkoku near the town of Mugi in Tokushima Prefecture . The mutineers were desperately low on water , firewood , and supplies , but were attacked and sent away by the Japanese . This was the first time an Australian ship ever visited Japan . Also in 1830 , the Bonin Islands , claimed by Japan but uninhabited , were settled by the American Nathaniel Savory , who landed on the island of Chichijima and formed the first colony there . In 1837 , an American businessman in Guangzhou named Charles W. King saw an opportunity to open trade by trying to return to Japan three Japanese sailors ( among them , Otokichi ) who had been shipwrecked a few years before on the coast of Oregon . He went to Uraga Channel with Morrison , an unarmed American merchant ship . The ship was fired upon several times , and finally sailed back unsuccessfully . In 1842 , following the news of the defeat of China in the Opium War and internal criticism following the Morrison Incident , the Bakufu responded favourably to foreign demands for the right to refuel in Japan by suspending the order to execute foreigners and adopting the `` Order for the Provision of Firewood and Water '' ( Shinsui kyuyorei ja : 薪水 給与 令 ) . In 1844 , a French naval expedition under Captain Fornier - Duplan visited Okinawa on April 28 , 1844 . Trade was denied , but Father Forcade was left behind with a translator . In 1845 , whaling ship Manhattan ( 1843 ) rescued 22 Japanese shipwrecked sailors . Captain Mercator Cooper was allowed into Edo Bay , where he stayed for four days and met with the Governor of Edo and several high officers representing The Emperor . They were given several presents and allowed to leave unmolested , but told never to return . On July 20 , 1846 , Commander James Biddle , sent by the United States Government to open trade , anchored in Tokyo Bay with two ships , including one warship armed with 72 cannons , but his demands for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful . On July 24 , 1846 , the French Admiral Cécille arrived in Nagasaki , but failed in his negotiations and was denied landing . He was accompanied by two priests who had learnt the Japanese language in Okinawa : Father Forcade and Father Ko . In 1848 , Half - Scottish / Half - Chinook Ranald MacDonald pretended to be shipwrecked on the island of Rishiri in order to gain access to Japan . He was sent to Nagasaki , where he stayed for 10 months and became the first English teacher in Japan . Upon his return to America , MacDonald made a written declaration to the United States Congress , explaining that the Japanese society was well policed , and the Japanese people well behaved and of the highest standard . In 1848 , Captain James Glynn sailed to Nagasaki , leading at last to the first successful negotiation by an American with `` Closed Country '' Japan . James Glynn recommended to the United States Congress that negotiations to open Japan should be backed up by a demonstration of force , thus paving the way to Perry 's expedition . In 1849 , the Royal Navy 's HMS Mariner entered Uraga Harbour to conduct a topographical survey . Onboard was the Japanese castaway Otokichi , who acted as a translator . To avoid problems with the Japanese authorities , he disguised himself as Chinese , and said that he had learned Japanese from his father , allegedly a businessman who had worked in relation with Nagasaki . In 1853 , the Russian embassy of Yevfimy Putyatin arrived in Nagasaki ( August 12 , 1853 ) . The embassy demonstrated a steam engine , which led to the first recorded attempts at manufacturing a steam engine in Japan , by Hisashige Tanaka in 1853 . These largely unsuccessful attempts continued until , on July 8 , 1853 , Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships : Mississippi , Plymouth , Saratoga , and Susquehanna steamed into the Bay of Edo ( Tokyo ) and displayed the threatening power of his ships ' Paixhans guns . He demanded that Japan open to trade with the West . These ships became known as the kurofune , the Black Ships . End of isolationism ( edit ) Commodore Perry 's fleet for his second visit to Japan in 1854 . The following year , at the Convention of Kanagawa ( March 31 , 1854 ) , Perry returned with seven ships and forced the Shogun to sign the `` Treaty of Peace and Amity '' , establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States . The United Kingdom signed the Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty at the end of 1854 . Between 1852 and 1855 , Admiral Yevfimiy Putyatin of the Russian Navy made several attempts to obtain from the Shogun favourable trade terms for Russia . In June 1853 , he brought to Nagasaki Bay a letter from the Foreign Minister Karl Nesselrode and demonstrated to Tanaka Hisashige a steam engine , probably the first ever seen in Japan . His efforts culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Shimoda in February 1855 . Within five years , Japan had signed similar treaties with other western countries . The Harris Treaty was signed with the United States on July 29 , 1858 . These `` Ansei Treaties '' were widely regarded by Japanese intellectuals as unequal , having been forced on Japan through gunboat diplomacy , and as a sign of the West 's desire to incorporate Japan into the imperialism that had been taking hold of the continent . Among other measures , they gave the Western nations unequivocal control of tariffs on imports and the right of extraterritoriality to all their visiting nationals . They would remain a sticking point in Japan 's relations with the West up to the turn of the 20th century . Missions to the West ( edit ) The son of Nadar , photographed with members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1863 . Photographed by Nadar . Several missions were sent abroad by the Bakufu , in order to learn about Western civilization , revise treaties , and delay the opening of cities and harbour to foreign trade . A Japanese Embassy to the United States was sent in 1860 , on board the Kanrin Maru . In 1861 in the Tsushima Incident a Russian fleet tried to force open a harbour not officially opened to foreign trade with foreign countries , but was finally repelled with the help of the British . An Embassy to Europe was sent in 1862 , and a Second Embassy to Europe in 1863 . Japan also sent a delegation and participated to the 1867 World Fair in Paris . Other missions , distinct from those of the Shogunate , were also sent to Europe , such as the Chōshū Five , and missions by the fief of Satsuma . See also ( edit ) Haijin ( 海禁 ) -- Maritime restrictions ; kaikin in Japanese . Paradise sakoku ( パラダイス 鎖国 ) -- A kind of Galápagos syndrome Convention of Kanagawa Dutch missions to Edo Joseon missions to Japan Ryukyuan missions to Edo List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gunn , Geoffrey C , First globalization : the Eurasian exchange , 1500 to 1800 , Google Books , p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Tashiro , Kazui . `` Foreign Relations During the Edo Period : Sakoku Reexamined '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . Vol. 8 , No. 2 , Summer 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Toby , Ronald ( 1984 ) . State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Toby , Ronald ( 1977 ) . `` Reopening the Question of Sakoku : Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu '' , Journal of Japanese Studies . Seattle : Society for Japanese Studies . Jump up ^ Straelen , H. van ( 1952 ) Yoshida Shoin , Forerunner of the Meiji Restoration . Leiden : E.J. Brill . pp. 7 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Hellyer , Robert I. ( 2009 ) . Defining engagement : Japan and global contexts , 1640 -- 1868 . Harvard University . Jump up ^ Laver , Michael S. ( 2011 ) . The Sakoku Edicts and the Politics of Tokugawa Hegemony . Cambria Press . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 2009 - 01 - 31 ) . `` S. Korea president faces protests from Buddhists '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ 先 島 諸島 火 番 盛 ( Sakishima Beacons ) ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , J ( 1955 ) . Tanuma Okitsugu , 1719 -- 1788 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Cullen , L.M. A History of Japan , 1582 -- 1941 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 . p. 39 Jump up ^ Glynn Barratt . Russia in Pacific Waters , 1715 - 1825 . UBC Press , 1981 . ISBN 9780774801171 . Pages 35 - 37 . Jump up ^ Islands and empires : Western impact on the Pacific and east Asia by Ernest Stanley Dodge p. 302 Jump up ^ Ridley , Scott ( 2010 ) . Morning of Fire : John Kendrick 's Daring American Odyssey in the Pacific . HarperCollins . pp. 221 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 170012 - 5 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer , A Maritime History of the United States : The Role of America 's Seas and Waterways , University of South Carolina Press , 1988. , p. 57 Jump up ^ John , Derby . `` The Derby Family '' ( PDF ) . Peabody Essex Museum . p. 3 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Asia Society of Japan , Long lecture . Jump up ^ Polak 2001 , p. 19 Further reading ( edit ) Hall , John Wesley. ( 1955 ) Tanuma Okitsugu : Forerunner of Modern Japan . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Oshima , Akihide. ( 2009 ) Sakoku to iu Gensetsu. ( 大島 明秀 『 「 鎖国 」 という 言説 』 ) Kyoto in Japan : Minerva Publisher . External links ( edit ) `` Numismatist in Commodore Perry 's fleet ( 1853 -- 54 ) '' , Journal of Antiques , August 2005 . Foreign relations of Japan Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Djibouti Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Namibia Somalia South Africa Americas Argentina Barbados Brazil Canada Colombia Grenada Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Italy Kosovo Lithuania Malta Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Palau Tonga Multilateral relations Africa Latin America Oceania Southeast Asia European Union United Nations Diplomatic history Missions to Imperial China Red seal ships Nanban trade Sakoku Joseon missions to Japan Japanese missions to Joseon Dutch missions to Edo Ryukyuan missions to Edo Foreign relations of Meiji Japan Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Korea China Territorial disputes Kuril Islands dispute Liancourt Rocks dispute Senkaku Islands dispute Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomats of Japan Development assistance JICA JOCV Economic relations JETRO JPEPA Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakoku&oldid=831129384 '' Categories : Edo period History of the foreign relations of Japan Japanese historical terms Isolationism Japanese foreign policy Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 22 : 27 . 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-4729693111749489556 | Why Can't We Be Friends? (song) | Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( Song ) - wikipedia Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( Song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' Single by War from the album Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? B - side `` In Mazatlan '' Released April 1975 Format 7 '' Recorded Genre R&B funk reggae Length 3 : 50 Label ABC , United Artists Songwriter ( s ) Papa Dee Allen , Harold Ray Brown , B.B. Dickerson , Lonnie Jordan , Charles Miller , Lee Oskar , Howard E. Scott Producer ( s ) Jerry Goldstein War singles chronology `` Ballero '' ( 1974 ) `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' ( 1975 ) `` Low Rider '' ( 1975 ) `` Ballero '' ( 1974 ) `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' ( 1975 ) `` Low Rider '' ( 1975 ) `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' is a song by the band War . The song has a simple structure , with the phrase `` Why ca n't we be friends ? '' being sung four times after each two - line verse amounting to over forty times in under four minutes . The song reached # 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1975 . It was played in outer space when NASA beamed it to the linking of Soviet cosmonauts and U.S. astronauts for the Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project . Billboard ranked it as the No. 23 song of that year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Inclusion in media 3 Smash Mouth version 3.1 Chart performance 4 References Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Canada RPM 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. Billboard R&B 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada 75 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 23 Inclusion in media ( edit ) The song is played during the freshman hazing scene in Dazed and Confused . It also plays over the end credits in Lethal Weapon 4 during the farewell montage ( which shows flashback photographs from all four of the films ) , was covered in BASEketball and Bridge to Terabithia , and was played in The Final Destination . A clip of the song is played as Homer Simpson 's entrance music in Season 8 Episode 3 of The Simpsons , `` The Homer They Fall '' . The Smash Mouth version was used for commercials and TV spots for the film Ice Age . The song was also used in the intro video of the video game Operation Flashpoint : Red River . The opening of the song was used in a trailer for W. Kamau Bell 's United Shades of America show on CNN . Smash Mouth version ( edit ) `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' Single by Smash Mouth from the album Fush Yu Mang Released April 7 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded Genre Alternative rock ska punk Length 4 : 46 ( Album Version ) 3 : 17 ( Radio Edit ) Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Papa Dee Allen , Harold Ray Brown , B.B. Dickerson , Lonnie Jordan , Charles Miller , Lee Oskar , Howard E. Scott Producer ( s ) Eric Valentine Smash Mouth singles chronology `` Walkin ' on the Sun '' ( 1997 ) `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' ( 1998 ) `` The Fonz '' ( 1998 ) `` Walkin ' on the Sun '' ( 1997 ) `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' ( 1998 ) `` The Fonz '' ( 1998 ) American pop rock band Smash Mouth covered the song on their debut album Fush Yu Mang on April 7 , 1998 , releasing it as their second single . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 67 Dutch Singles Chart 89 New Zealand Singles Chart 39 Swedish Singles Chart 29 U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs 28 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gabriel San Roman ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` WAR Is the Answer ( and the Question ) for Lonnie Jordan '' . OC Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 24 , No. 14 , December 27 , 1975 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Music -- Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? - Single by Smash Mouth '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart Week Ending 24 May 1998 '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . War Lonnie Jordan Marcos Reyes Howard E. Scott Harold Ray Brown Lee Oskar Morris `` B.B. '' Dickerson Charles Miller Eric Burdon Pat Rizzo J.B. Eckl Albums Eric Burdon Declares `` War '' ( 1970 ) The Black - Man 's Burdon ( 1970 ) Love Is All Around War ( 1971 ) All Day Music ( 1971 ) The World Is a Ghetto ( 1972 ) Deliver the Word ( 1973 ) War Live ( 1974 ) Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? ( 1975 ) Platinum Jazz ( 1976 ) Galaxy ( 1977 ) Youngblood ( 1978 ) The Music Band ( 1979 ) The Music Band 2 ( 1979 ) Outlaw ( 1982 ) The Music Band -- Jazz ( 1983 ) Life ( Is So Strange ) ( 1983 ) ☮ ( Peace Sign ) ( 1994 ) Smash Mouth Steve Harwell Sean Hurwitz Paul De Lisle Michael Klooster Jason Sutter Greg Camp Kevin Coleman Michael Urbano Mark Cervantes Mitch Marine Jason Sutter Leroy Miller Randy Cooke Charlie Paxson Mike Krompass Rob Schwartz Studio albums Fush Yu Mang Astro Lounge Smash Mouth Get the Picture ? Summer Girl Magic Compilations The East Bay Sessions All Star Smash Hits Christmas albums The Gift of Rock Singles `` Walkin ' on the Sun '' `` The Fonz '' `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' `` All Star '' `` Then the Morning Comes '' `` Waste '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Pacific Coast Party '' `` Holiday In My Head '' `` You Are My Number One '' `` Hang On '' `` Always Gets Her Way '' `` Getaway Car '' `` Story of My Life '' `` So Insane '' `` Magic '' Other songs `` Come On Come On '' Tours PopMart Tour ( as a support act ) Related articles Mouth Sounds Old Habits Smash Mouth discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Can%27t_We_Be_Friends%3F_(song)&oldid=801235457 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1998 singles War ( band ) songs Anti-war songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Smash Mouth songs Funk songs Song recordings produced by Jerry Goldstein ( producer ) Song recordings produced by Eric Valentine 1975 songs United Artists Records singles ABC Records singles Interscope Records singles Songs written by Lonnie Jordan Music videos directed by McG Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song why can't we be friends | [] | [] |
-6616019435081718625 | Niche differentiation | Niche differentiation - wikipedia Niche differentiation Jump to : navigation , search The term niche differentiation ( synonymous with niche segregation , niche separation and niche partitioning ) , as it applies to the field of ecology , refers to the process by which competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist . The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species with identical niches ( i.e. , ecological roles ) compete , then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction . When two species differentiate their niches , they tend to compete less strongly , and are thus more likely to coexist . Species can differentiate their niches in many ways , such as by consuming different foods , or using different parts of the environment . As an example of niche partitioning , several anole lizards in the Caribbean islands share common food needs -- mainly insects . They avoid competition by occupying different physical locations . For example , some live on the leaf litter floor while others live on branches . Species who live in different areas compete less for food and other resources , which minimizes competition between species . However , species who live in similar areas compete strongly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Detection and quantification 2 Development 2.1 Current competition ( The Ghost of Competition Present ) 2.2 Via past extinctions ( The Ghost of Competition Past ) 2.3 Evolving differences 3 Types 3.1 Resource partitioning 3.2 Predator partitioning 3.3 Conditional differentiation 3.4 Competition - predation trade - off 4 Coexistence without niche differentiation : exceptions to the rule 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Detection and quantification ( edit ) The Lotka - Volterra equation states that two competing species can coexist when intra-specific ( within species ) competition is greater than inter-specific ( between species ) competition ( Armstrong and McGehee 1981 ) . Since niche differentiation concentrates competition within - species , due to a decrease in between - species competition , the Lotka - Volterra model predicts that niche differentiation of any degree will result in coexistence . In reality , this still leaves the question of how much differentiation is needed for coexistence ( Hutchinson 1959 ) . A vague answer to this question is that the more similar two species are , the more finely balanced the suitability of their environment must be in order to allow coexistence . There are limits to the amount of niche differentiation required for coexistence , and this can vary with the type of resource , the nature of the environment , and the amount of variation both within and between the species . To answer questions about niche differentiation , it is necessary for ecologists to be able to detect , measure , and quantify the niches of different coexisting and competing species . This is often done through a combination of detailed natural history studies , controlled experiments ( to determine the strength of competition ) , and mathematical models ( Strong 1982 , Leibold 1995 ) . To understand the mechanisms of niche differentiation and competition , much data must be gathered on how the two species interact , how they use their resources , and the type of ecosystem in which they exist , among other factors . In addition , several mathematical models exist to quantify niche breadth , competition , and coexistence ( Bastolla et al. 2005 ) . However , regardless of methods used , niches and competition can be distinctly difficult to measure quantitatively , and this makes detection and demonstration of niche differentiation difficult and complex . Development ( edit ) Over time , two competing species can either coexist , through niche differentiation or other means , or compete until one species becomes locally extinct . Several theories exist for how niche differentiation arises or evolves given these two possible outcomes . Current competition ( the ghost of competition present ) ( edit ) Niche differentiation can arise from current competition . For instance , species X has a fundamental niche of the entire slope of a hillside , but its realized niche is only the top portion of the slope because species Y , which is a better competitor but can not survive on the top portion of the slope , has excluded it from the lower portion of the slope . With this scenario , competition will continue indefinitely in the middle of the slope between these two species . Because of this , detection of the presence of niche differentiation ( through competition ) will be relatively easy . It is also important to remember that there is no evolutionary change of the individual species in this case ; rather this is an ecological effect of species Y out - competing species X within the bounds of species Y 's fundamental niche . Via past extinctions ( the ghost of competition past ) ( edit ) Another way by which niche differentiation can arise is via the previous elimination of species without realized niches . This asserts that at some point in the past , several species inhabited an area , and all of these species had overlapping fundamental niches . However , through competitive exclusion , the less competitive species were eliminated , leaving only the species that were able to coexist ( i.e. the most competitive species whose realized niches did not overlap ) . Again , this process does not include any evolutionary change of individual species , but it is merely the product of the competitive exclusion principle . Also , because no species is out - competing any other species in the final community , the presence of niche differentiation will be difficult or impossible to detect . Evolving differences ( edit ) Finally , niche differentiation can arise as an evolutionary effect of competition . In this case , two competing species will evolve different patterns of resource use so as to avoid competition . Here too , current competition is absent or low , and therefore detection of niche differentiation is difficult or impossible . Types ( edit ) Below is a list of ways that species can partition their niche . This list is not exhaustive , but illustrates several classic examples . Resource partitioning ( edit ) When species use different resources , this can help them to coexist . For example , some lizard species appear to coexist because they consume insects of differing sizes . Alternatively , species can coexist on the same resources if each species is limited by different resources , or differently able to capture resources . For example , different types of phytoplankton can coexist when different species are differently limited by nitrogen , phosphorus , silicon , and light . In the Galapagos Islands , finches with small beaks are more able to consume small seeds , and finches with large beaks are more able to consume large seeds . If a species ' density declines , then the food it most depends on will become more abundant ( since there are so few individuals to consume it ) . As a result , the remaining individuals will experience less competition for food . Although `` resource '' generally refers to food , species can partition other non-consumable objects , such as parts of the habitat . For example , warblers are thought to coexist because they nest in different parts of trees . Species can also partition habitat in a way that gives them access to different types of resources . As stated in the introduction , anole lizards appear to coexist because each uses different parts of the forests as perch locations . This likely gives them access to different species of insects . Predator partitioning ( edit ) Predator partitioning occurs when species are attacked differently by different predators ( or natural enemies more generally ) . For example , trees could differentiate their niche if they are consumed by different species of specialist herbivores , such as herbivorous insects . If a species density declines , so too will the density of its natural enemies , giving it an advantage . Thus , if each species is constrained by different natural enemies , they will be able to coexist . Early work focused on specialist predators ; however , more recent studies have shown that predators do not need to be pure specialists , they simply need to affect each prey species differently . The Janzen -- Connell hypothesis represents a form of predator partitioning . Conditional differentiation ( edit ) Conditional differentiation ( sometimes called temporal niche partitioning ) occurs when species differ in their competitive abilities based on varying environmental conditions . For example , in the Sonoran Desert , some annual plants are more successful during wet years , while others are more successful during dry years . As a result , each species will have an advantage in some years , but not others . When environmental conditions are most favorable , individuals will tend to compete most strongly with member of the same species . For example , in a dry year , dry - adapted plants will tend to be most limited by other dry - adapted plants . This can help them to coexist through a storage effect . Competition - predation trade - off ( edit ) Species can differentiate their niche via a competition - predation trade - off if one species is a better competitor when predators are absent , and the other is better when predators are present . Defenses against predators , such as toxic compounds or hard shells , are often metabolically costly . As a result , species that produce such defenses are often poor competitors when predators are absent . Species can coexist through a competition - predation trade - off if predators are more abundant when the less defended species is common , and less abundant if the well - defended species is common . This effect has been criticized as being weak , because theoretical models suggest that only two species within a community can coexist because of this mechanism . Coexistence without niche differentiation : exceptions to the rule ( edit ) Some competing species have been shown to coexist on the same resource with no observable evidence of niche differentiation and in `` violation '' of the competitive exclusion principle . One instance is in a group of hispine beetle species ( Strong 1982 ) . These beetle species , which eat the same food and occupy the same habitat , coexist without any evidence of segregation or exclusion . The beetles show no aggression either intra - or inter-specifically . Coexistence may be possible through a combination of non-limiting food and habitat resources and high rates of predation and parasitism , though this has not been demonstrated . This example illustrates that the evidence for niche differentiation is by no means universal . Niche differentiation is also not the only means by which coexistence is possible between two competing species ( see Shmida and Ellner 1984 ) . However , niche differentiation is a critically important ecological idea which explains species coexistence , thus promoting the high biodiversity often seen in many of the world 's biomes . Research using mathematical modelling is indeed demonstrating that predation can indeed stabilize lumps of very similar species . Willow warbler and chiffchaff and other very similar warblers can serve as an example . The idea is that it is also a good strategy to be very similar to a successful species or have enough dissimilarity . Also trees in the rain forest can serve as an example of all high canopy species basically following the same strategy . Other examples of nearly identical species clusters occupying the same niche were water beetles , prairie birds and algae. The basic idea is that there can be clusters of very similar species all applying the same successful strategy and between them open spaces . Here the species cluster takes the place of a single species in the classical ecological models . See also ( edit ) Phylogenetic niche conservatism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hardin , Garrett ( 29 April 1960 ) . `` The Competitive Exclusion Principle '' . Science . 131 ( 3409 ) : 1292 -- 1297 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 131.3409. 1292 . PMID 14399717 . ^ Jump up to : Pacala , Stephen W. ; Roughgarden , Jonathan ( February 1985 ) . `` Population Experiments with the Anolis Lizards of St. Maarten and St. Eustatius '' . Ecology. 66 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 141 . doi : 10.2307 / 1941313 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Janalee P ; Vitt , Laurie J ( 1999 ) . `` Dietary asymmetry in leaf litter frogs and lizards in a transitional northern Amazonian rain forest '' . Oikos. 84 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 397 . doi : 10.2307 / 3546419 . Jump up ^ Grover , James P. ( 1997 ) . Resource competition ( 1st ed . ) . London : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 0412749300 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , Robert H. ( October 1958 ) . `` Population Ecology of Some Warblers of Northeastern Coniferous Forests '' . Ecology. 39 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 619 . doi : 10.2307 / 1931600 . JSTOR 1931600 . ^ Jump up to : Grover , James P ( 1994 ) . `` Assembly Rules for Communities of Nutrient - Limited Plants and Specialist Herbivores '' . The American Naturalist. 143 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 82 . doi : 10.1086 / 285603 . JSTOR 2462643 . Jump up ^ Chesson , Peter ; Kuang , Jessica J. ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` The interaction between predation and competition '' . Nature . 456 ( 7219 ) : 235 -- 238 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07248 . PMID 19005554 . Jump up ^ Sedio , Brian E. ; Ostling , Annette M. ; Ris Lambers , Janneke Hille ( August 2013 ) . `` How specialised must natural enemies be to facilitate coexistence among plants ? '' . Ecology Letters. 16 ( 8 ) : 995 -- 1003 . doi : 10.1111 / ele. 12130 . PMID 23773378 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gregory ( 2005 ) . Burlesem , David ; Pinard , Michelle ; Hartley , Sue , eds . Biotic interactions in the tropics : their role in the maintenance of species diversity . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 141 -- 164 . ISBN 9780521609852 . ^ Jump up to : Angert , Amy L. ; Huxman , Travis E. ; Chesson , Peter ; Venable , D. Lawrence ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Functional tradeoffs determine species coexistence via the storage effect '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 28 ) : 11641 -- 11645 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0904512106 . PMC 2710622 . PMID 19571002 . Jump up ^ Holt , Robert D. ; Grover , James ; Tilman , David ( November 1994 ) . `` Simple Rules for Interspecific Dominance in Systems with Exploitative and Apparent Competition '' . The American Naturalist. 144 ( 5 ) : 741 -- 771 . doi : 10.1086 / 285705 . Jump up ^ Chase , Jonathan M. ; Abrams , Peter A. ; Grover , James P. ; Diehl , Sebastian ; Chesson , Peter ; Holt , Robert D. ; Richards , Shane A. ; Nisbet , Roger M. ; Case , Ted J. ( March 2002 ) . `` The interaction between predation and competition : a review and synthesis '' . Ecology Letters. 5 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 315 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1461 - 0248.2002. 00315. x . Jump up ^ Scheffer , Marten ; van Nes , Egbert H. ( 2006 ) . `` Self - organized similarity , the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 16 ) : 6230 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 103.6230 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0508024103 . PMC 1458860 . PMID 16585519 . Further reading ( edit ) Armstrong , R.A. , McGehee , R. ( 1980 ) . `` Competitive exclusion '' . American Naturalist. 115 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 170 . doi : 10.1086 / 283553 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bastolla , U. , Lässig , M. , Manrubia , S.C. , Valleriani , A. ( August 2005 ) . `` Biodiversity in model ecosystems , I : coexistence conditions for competing species '' . J. Theor. Biol. 235 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 30 . arXiv : q - bio / 0502021 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2005.02. 005 . PMID 15935170 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Hutchinson , G.E. ( 1959 ) . `` Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why are there so many kinds of animals ? '' . American Naturalist. 93 ( 870 ) : 145 -- 159 . doi : 10.1086 / 282070 . Kronfeld - Schor , N. , Dayan , T. ( 1999 ) . `` The dietary basis for temporal partitioning : food habits of coexisting Acomys species '' . Oecologia. 121 : 123 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s004420050913 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Lawler , S.P. , Morin , P.J. ( 1993 ) . `` Temporal overlap , competition , and priority effects in larval anurans '' . Ecology. 74 ( 1 ) : 174 -- 182 . doi : 10.2307 / 1939512 . JSTOR 1939512 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Leibold , M.A. ( 1995 ) . `` The niche concept revisited : mechanistic models and community context '' . Ecology. 76 ( 5 ) : 1371 -- 82 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938141 . JSTOR 1938141 . Pyke , G.H. ( 1982 ) . `` Local geographic distributions of bumblebees near Crested Butte , Colorado : competition and community structure '' . Ecology. 63 ( 2 ) : 555 -- 573 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938970 . JSTOR 1938970 . Shmida , A. , Ellner , S. ( 1984 ) . `` Coexistence of plant species with similar niches '' . Vegetatio. 58 : 29 -- 55 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Strong , D.R.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Harmonious coexistence of hispine beetles on Heliconia in experimental and natural communities '' . Ecology. 63 ( 4 ) : 1039 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 1937243 . JSTOR 1937243 . Tilman , David ( 1990 ) . `` Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients : the elements of a predictive theory of competition '' . In Grace , James ; Tilman , David . Perspectives on Plant Competition . New York : Academic Press . pp. 117 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 14810 - 8 . External links ( edit ) More information on resource partitioning Walter , G.H. ( May 1991 ) . `` What is resource partitioning ? '' . J. Theor. Biol. 150 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5193 ( 05 ) 80327 - 3 . PMID 1890851 . Department of Entomology , University of Queensland , Australia . 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-2324386784771352881 | Frank Lampard | Frank Lampard - wikipedia Frank Lampard For his father , see Frank Lampard ( footballer , born 1948 ) . Frank Lampard OBE Lampard with Chelsea in 2008 Full name Frank James Lampard Date of birth ( 1978 - 06 - 20 ) 20 June 1978 ( age 40 ) Place of birth Romford , England Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.84 m ) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Derby County ( manager ) Youth career 1994 -- 1995 West Ham United Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1995 -- 2001 West Ham United 148 ( 24 ) 1995 -- 1996 → Swansea City ( loan ) 9 ( 1 ) 2001 -- 2014 Chelsea 429 ( 147 ) 2014 -- 2015 Manchester City 32 ( 6 ) 2015 -- 2016 New York City 29 ( 15 ) Total 647 ( 193 ) National team 1997 -- 2000 England U21 19 ( 9 ) 1998 England B ( 0 ) 1999 -- 2014 England 106 ( 29 ) Teams managed 2018 -- Derby County * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Frank James Lampard , OBE ( born 20 June 1978 ) is an English football manager , former professional footballer and children 's writer . He is the manager of Championship club Derby County . He is the all - time leading goalscorer for Chelsea , where he played for 13 years , and is considered by a number of journalists and football experts to be one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , and as Chelsea 's greatest ever player by some Chelsea players . Lampard began his career at West Ham United , for whom his father Frank Lampard Sr. had also played . He secured a place in the first team by the 1997 -- 98 season , and the following year helped the team finish fifth in the Premier League , their highest - ever Premier League placing . In 2001 , he moved to rival London club Chelsea for £ 11 million . In 2014 , he was released by Chelsea after 13 seasons . Lampard then joined New York City on a two - year deal , in preparation for the club 's Major League Soccer ( MLS ) debut in 2015 , but would play for Manchester City in the meantime . However , it was later reported that Lampard was under contract to Manchester City and not New York City , as had been stated by both clubs . From his debut , Lampard was ever - present in the Chelsea first team and made 164 consecutive Premier League appearances , a record for an outfield player . He established himself as a prolific scorer at the west London club and was a key part of the sides which won back - to - back Premier League titles in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 and a domestic cup double in 2007 . He signed a new contract in 2008 , becoming the highest - paid Premier League footballer at that time , and scored in his first Champions League Final that year . He won a second FA Cup winners ' medal in 2009 , scoring the winning goal in the final . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Lampard helped Chelsea secure their first league and FA Cup double , and also had his most prolific season with the club , scoring 22 league goals and 14 league assists . In 2012 , Lampard captained Chelsea to their first UEFA Champions League success and a year later to their first UEFA Europa League title . He was released by the club after the 2013 -- 14 season . A three - time Chelsea Player of the Year , Lampard is the club 's all - time top goalscorer with 211 goals in all competitions . Lampard is one of seven players , and the only midfielder , to have scored 150 or more goals in the Premier League . He is fourth in the Premier League 's all - time assists table , with 102 assists . In 2005 , Lampard was voted FWA Footballer of the Year and was runner - up in both the FIFA World Player of the Year and the Ballon d'Or . In 2010 , he received the FWA Tribute Award . He has won 13 trophies in his career . Internationally , Lampard was capped 106 times by England ; he made his debut in October 1999 , and played at three World Cups -- in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . He was voted England Player of the Year in 2004 and 2005 . He played in Euro 2004 and was named in the team of the tournament after scoring three goals in four games . In all , he scored 29 international goals . He was top scorer for England in their 2006 World Cup qualifying campaign with five goals , and is England 's most prolific penalty taker with nine goals . Lampard served as a team captain on the ITV sport panel show Play to the Whistle from 2015 until 2017 . He has been married to television presenter Christine Lampard ( née Bleakley ) since December 2015 . Contents 1 Club career 1.1 West Ham United 1.1. 1 1995 -- 96 1.1. 2 1996 -- 97 1.1. 3 1997 -- 98 1.1. 4 1998 -- 99 1.1. 5 1999 -- 2000 1.1. 6 2000 -- 01 1.2 Chelsea 1.2. 1 2001 -- 04 1.2. 2 2004 -- 05 1.2. 3 2005 -- 06 1.2. 4 2006 -- 07 1.2. 5 2007 -- 08 1.2. 6 2008 -- 09 1.2. 7 2009 -- 10 1.2. 8 2010 -- 11 1.2. 9 2011 -- 12 1.2. 10 2012 -- 13 1.2. 11 2013 -- 14 1.3 Manchester City 1.3. 1 Signing and New York City controversy 1.3. 2 2014 -- 15 1.4 New York City 2 International career 2.1 Youth and early career 2.2 2004 -- 2010 2.3 2010 -- 2012 2.4 2012 -- 2014 3 Style of play 4 Managerial career 5 Media career 6 Personal life 6.1 Relationships 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.2. 1 International statistics 7.2. 2 International goals 7.3 Managerial statistics 8 Honours 9 Bibliography 9.1 Autobiography 9.2 Children 's novels 10 References 11 External links Club career West Ham United Lampard began his career at West Ham United , his father 's former club , joining the youth team in 1994 , his schoolboy hero being West Ham striker , Frank McAvennie . Lampard joined West Ham when his father was the assistant coach , entering as an apprentice in the youth team in 1994 and signing a professional contract the following year . He went on loan to Second Division Swansea City in October 1995 , debuting in his team 's victory 2 -- 0 over Bradford City and scoring his first career goal in a match against Brighton & Hove Albion . Lampard played nine times for Swansea before returning to West Ham in January 1996 . 1995 -- 96 Lampard made his debut for West Ham on 31 January 1996 against Coventry City coming on as a substitute for John Moncur . His only other game of the season was the season 's last , on 5 May 1996 , a 1 -- 1 home draw with Sheffield Wednesday when Lampard was used as a substitute for Keith Rowland . 1996 -- 97 The following season Lampard made his first start for West Ham , on 17 August 1996 , in a 2 -- 0 away defeat to Arsenal before being substituted for Robbie Slater . Lampard 's season ended on 15 March 1997 when he sustained a broken leg during an away , 0 -- 0 draw , against Aston Villa . Carried from the pitch on a stretcher , his 31st - minute substitute was Rio Ferdinand . The game also saw his first booking as a West Ham player . Lampard claims to have been jeered from the pitch by West Ham United supporters , an action which made him consider leaving football . He had made 16 appearances in all competitions for The Hammers . 1997 -- 98 From this season Lampard took the number 18 squad number having previously held the number 26 spot . On the first day of the 1997 -- 98 season , West Ham opened their fixtures with an away game against Barnsley who were playing in the top tier of English football for the first time in 110 years . Lampard came on as a 76th - minute substitute for Eyal Berkovic . Barely a minute later he scored what was the winning goal in a 2 -- 1 win for The Hammers having received the ball from Michael Hughes and flicking it past Barnsley goalkeeper David Watson . The season also saw his first hat - trick . On 19 November 1997 , West Ham played Walsall in a League Cup , fourth - round game . Lampard 's three goals plus another from John Hartson were enough to beat Walsall who responded via a goal from Andy Watson . Lampard made 42 appearances for the 1997 -- 98 season in all competitions scoring nine goals . 1998 -- 99 Lampard was an ever - present for West Ham in the 1998 -- 99 season , helping his team to fifth place in the 1998 -- 98 Premier League and qualification for the UEFA Intertoto Cup . This is the highest West Ham have ever come in the league . 1999 -- 2000 Before the start of the season Lampard signed an extension to his contract which would have kept him with the club until 2005 . Having qualified for the Intertoto Cup , West Ham 's season started early , in July 1999 . On 24 July 1999 , Lampard scored his first goal in European football in a 1 -- 1 away draw with Finnish side Jokerit . Another goal in the semi-final against Heerenveen put West Ham into the final against Metz . Despite losing the first leg 1 -- 0 in London , West Ham won 3 -- 1 in France on 24 August 1999 with goals from Trevor Sinclair , Paulo Wanchope and Lampard . Winning the competition saw West Ham in the 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup . Lampard scored his first goal in this competition on 16 September 1999 , in a 3 -- 0 home win against Osijek , a tie which they won 6 -- 1 on aggregate . This season also saw West Ham beat Bradford City 5 -- 4 at Upton Park in February 2000 . The game received notoriety for Lampard 's fight over the ball with Paolo Di Canio . With West Ham 4 -- 2 down they gained a penalty . Lampard was West Ham 's regular penalty taker . Di Canio , however , wanted to take the kick and the two tussled over the ball with Di Canio winning and scoring to make the game 4 -- 3 to West Ham . In the 1999 -- 2000 , season he finished as the club 's third top scorer , behind Di Canio and Paulo Wanchope , with a total of 14 goals . 2000 -- 01 In the 2000 -- 01 season , West Ham 's form suffered . They spent most of the season in the bottom half of the Premier League table . From fifth place the previous season they finished 15th . Despite this Lampard scored 9 goals in 37 games behind only Frédéric Kanouté and Di Canio . In May 2001 , his uncle Harry Redknapp left the club by mutual consent after seven years in the role . His father Frank also left the club and Lampard , under the pressure of being known as `` Frank Lampard 's son '' and the poor treatment of his father by West Ham , decided to move to another club . He left West Ham for Chelsea for £ 11 million in June 2001 , the Hammers having previously declined a £ 15 million joint bid from Aston Villa for Lampard and Frédéric Kanouté . Chelsea 2001 -- 04 Lampard in 2004 Lampard 's Premier League debut with Chelsea came on 19 August 2001 in a 1 -- 1 draw with Newcastle United , while his first red card came in a match against Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2001 . Lampard appeared in all of Chelsea 's league matches and scored eight goals in the 2001 -- 02 season . He netted the match - winner in Chelsea 's 2002 -- 03 season - opener against Charlton Athletic . The following season , he was selected as the Barclays Player of the Month in September 2003 , and the PFA Fans ' Player of the Month in October . Chelsea finished second in the 2003 -- 04 Premier League behind unbeaten Arsenal and he was named in the 2004 PFA Team of the Year as he reached double figures in league goals ( 10 ) for the first time in his career , in addition to four goals in fourteen UEFA Champions League matches , as Chelsea advanced to the semi-finals . In the semi-final against Monaco he scored , but Chelsea lost 5 -- 3 on aggregate . At the end of the season , he came second behind Thierry Henry for the 2004 FWA Footballer of the Year award . 2004 -- 05 Lampard celebrates winning the 2004 -- 05 Premiership with Eiður Guðjohnsen and John Terry Lampard played in all 38 Premier League matches for the third consecutive season in 2004 -- 05 . He finished with 13 goals ( 19 in all competitions ) , in addition to leading the league in assists with 16 . In August 2004 , he scored the winning goal against Southampton in the Premier League , and continued scoring important goals as he scored both in a 2 -- 0 win against Tottenham . In March 2005 he scored a long - range goal from 30 yards against Crystal Palace in the Premier League which Chelsea won 4 -- 1 . Lampard continued his season strongly , and his brilliant performances for Chelsea in the Premier League and Champions League further increased his reputation as one of the best midfielders in the world . In the 2004 -- 05 Champions League , he scored one of the goals in Chelsea 's famous 4 -- 2 win over Barcelona , helping Chelsea to progress to the quarter - finals . In the quarter - finals , he scored three goals in two legs against Bayern Munich as Chelsea won 6 -- 5 on aggregate . His second goal in the first leg was a spectacular one ; he controlled Makélélé 's cross with his chest then turned and swivelled and sent the ball inside the far post with a left - foot half volley . In April 2005 , Lampard scored both goals against Bolton Wanderers in a 2 -- 0 win which was the Premier League title - winning match for Chelsea , which also won the first major trophy of his career as Chelsea bagged their first top - flight title in 50 years , by a 12 - point margin . He was named as Barclays Player of the Season for 2004 -- 05 . Though Chelsea were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by league rivals Liverpool , they took home the Football League Cup , in which Lampard scored twice in six matches , which included the opening goal against Manchester United in the League Cup semi-final , which Chelsea won 2 -- 1 . He landed his first personal award by being named the 2005 Footballer of the Year . 2005 -- 06 Lampard in 2005 Lampard netted a career - high 16 league goals in 2005 -- 06 . In September 2005 he was selected as a member of the inaugural World XI . He finished as runner - up to Ronaldinho for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . His record of consecutive Premier League appearances ended at 164 ( five better than previous record - holder David James ) on 28 December 2005 , when he sat out a match against Manchester City due to illness . Lampard scored 12 goals in his first four months of the 2005 -- 06 season . He scored twice in three separate matches from August to November , including both in a 2 -- 1 win over Aston Villa , making Chelsea the first team to win their first seven matches in the Premier League . He scored twice again , this time against Blackburn Rovers in a 4 -- 2 win , which included a free - kick from 25 yards . After the match , manager José Mourinho hailed Lampard as the `` best player in the world '' . Chelsea eventually won the Premier League for the second time , in which Lampard was Chelsea 's topscorer with 16 league goals . In the Champions League group stages , he scored a free - kick against Anderlecht . Chelsea proggresed to the first knock - out round to face Barcelona , with Lampard scoring a goal in the second leg , but Chelsea were eliminated 3 -- 2 on aggregate . 2006 -- 07 Lampard warming up for Chelsea Due to a back injury sustained by John Terry , Lampard spent much of the 2006 -- 07 campaign as team captain in his absence . He enjoyed a streak of seven goals in eight games . He scored both goals in a 2 -- 0 win over Fulham and scored his 77th goal for Chelsea from a long range strike in a 3 -- 2 win over Everton on 17 December , overtaking Dennis Wise as Chelsea 's highest scoring midfielder . Then in the UEFA Champions League group stages he scored a goal from an extremely tight angle against Barcelona , at the Camp Nou , the match ended 2 -- 2 . Lampard finished with 21 goals in all competitions , including a career - high six FA Cup goals . He scored his first Chelsea hat - trick in the third - round tie against Macclesfield Town on 6 January 2007 . He scored two goals to help Chelsea to a quarter - final draw with Tottenham Hotspur after having trailed 3 -- 1 , and he was named the FA Cup player - of - the - round for his performance . He gave the assist to Didier Drogba in the 2007 FA Cup Final which was the winning goal in extra-time , as Chelsea won it 1 -- 0 . In a post-match interview following Chelsea 's FA Cup Final victory over Manchester United , Lampard said he wanted to stay at the club `` forever '' . 2007 -- 08 Lampard 's 2007 -- 08 season was hampered by injury . He managed to play 40 matches , 24 of them in the Premier League . This was the fewest number of league games he had played in a season since 1996 -- 97 . On 16 February 2008 , Lampard became the eighth Chelsea player to score 100 goals for the club in a 3 -- 1 FA Cup fifth - round win over Huddersfield Town . After the final whistle , Lampard removed his jersey and flashed a T - shirt to the Chelsea fans with `` 100 Not Out , They Are All For You , Thanks '' printed across the front . On 12 March 2008 , Lampard scored four goals in a 6 -- 1 rout of Derby County . Then in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final , he scored the winning goal against Fenerbahçe in the 87th minute as Chelsea won 3 -- 2 on aggregate . On 30 April , Lampard , grieving the loss of his mother a week earlier , decided to play in the second leg of Chelsea 's Champions League semi-final against Liverpool , who were eliminated on 4 -- 3 aggregate as he took an emotional penalty in the 98th minute of extra-time , which he scored confidently . In the final against Manchester United , he scored an equalising goal in the 45th minute , as Michael Essien 's deflected shot found him as he went to the box with his trade - mark late run , and he scored with a left foot finish . The match ended 1 -- 1 after extra-time and Chelsea eventually lost 6 -- 5 on penalties . He was later named UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year . 2008 -- 09 Lampard playing for Chelsea in 2008 On 13 August 2008 , Lampard signed a new five - year contract with Chelsea worth £ 39.2 million , making him the highest - paid Premier League player . He started the 2008 -- 09 season by scoring five goals in his first eleven league matches . He scored the 150th goal of his club career with a goal against Manchester City in the Premier League . In October 2008 , in the Premier League he scored a chipped goal against Hull City with his left foot ; he unleashed a chip from 20 yards that curled and swerved and fooled the goalkeeper as it went into the net . FIFA World Cup - winning coach Luiz Felipe Scolari said after the game , `` It was the best goal I have seen , my vote for World Player of the year award will go to him , only a player with his intelligence could have done that . '' Lampard scored his hundredth career Premier League goal in a 5 -- 0 victory over Sunderland on 2 November . Eighteen of Lampard 's hundred goals were penalties . He was named Premier League Player of the Month for the third time in his career in October . After a streak of matches without scoring , Lampard scored three goals in two games , the first being against West Bromwich Albion and the latter two against Fulham . On 17 January 2009 , he made his 400th Chelsea appearance against Stoke City , scoring a stoppage time winner . He again scored a stoppage time winner , this time against Wigan Athletic . Then in the fourth round of the FA Cup , he scored a free - kick from 35 yards against Ipswich Town . He scored twice against Liverpool in the second - leg quarter finals of the Champions League which ended 4 -- 4 , but Chelsea won 7 -- 5 on aggregate . Then he provided two assists in the next game against Arsenal in FA Cup semi-finals which Chelsea won 2 -- 1 . Lampard finished the season with 20 goals and 19 assists . Lampard 's 20th goal of the season was the winning goal in the FA Cup Final against Everton , with a left - foot shot from long - range . He repeated the corner flag celebration his father had done after scoring the winning goal in the 1979 -- 80 FA Cup semi-final second leg against Everton . It was the fourth consecutive season that he scored 20 or more goals . He was named later named Chelsea 's Player of the Year for the third time . 2009 -- 10 Lampard started the 2009 -- 10 season by scoring against Manchester United , in the 2009 Community Shield , in the 72nd minute . The match ended 2 -- 2 , and Lampard scored in its penalty shootout which they won 4 -- 1 . He scored his 133rd goal for Chelsea in a Champions League match against Atlético Madrid on 21 October 2009 , which moved him up to fifth among the club 's all - time goalscorers . He had been struggling to score the number of goals he had in the past seasons , however this soon changed as he scored two goals in the 5 -- 0 defeat of Blackburn on 24 October 2009 . On 30 October , he was nominated for the FIFA World Player of the Year award for the sixth - straight year . Lampard celebrating after winning the Premier League title with Chelsea On 16 December , Lampard scored a crucial 79th minute winning goal against Portsmouth and on 20 December , Lampard scored a penalty against his former club West Ham in a 1 -- 1 draw , however he had to take his spot - kick three times due to players running into the box too early , he nonetheless scored all three . In Chelsea 's 7 -- 2 thrashing of Sunderland in January 2010 , Lampard scored twice to add to his league tally . On 27 January 2010 , Lampard again scored two goals , in Chelsea 's 3 -- 0 win over Birmingham City in the Premier League . On 27 February , Lampard yet again scored twice against Manchester City but despite his contribution Chelsea went on to lose the game 4 -- 2 at home , for the first time in 38 games . Lampard , for the second time in his career , hit four goals in one match against Aston Villa on 27 March 2010 to bring his goal tally past 20 , for the fifth - consecutive season . This also brought him his 151st Chelsea goal , and it put him as the club 's third highest scorer ever , overtaking Peter Osgood 's record of 150 . Lampard scored in a 3 -- 0 win , again over Aston Villa , in the 2010 FA Cup semi-final . Lampard reached 20 Premier League goals for the first time when he scored twice against Stoke City in Chelsea 's 7 -- 0 win on 25 April 2010 . This milestone also represented the first time he had hit 25 in all competitions in a season . On 2 May , Lampard scored against Liverpool in the second last game of the season to give Chelsea a vital three points that took them to the top of the league by a single point . He scored one and assisted two other goals in the final match of the season where Chelsea thrashed Wigan Athletic 8 -- 0 at Stamford Bridge to win the 2009 -- 10 Premier League title and give him a remarkable 27 goals in the season . Lampard ended his season lifting the 2010 FA Cup as Chelsea beat Portsmouth 1 -- 0 in the final . 2010 -- 11 The 2010 -- 11 season began brightly for Lampard , being an integral part of Chelsea 's system as usual . After a match against Stoke in August 2010 , which Chelsea won 2 -- 0 , it was revealed that Lampard was suffering from a hernia , which was successfully operated on . However , he suffered fresh injuries during training in mid-November , and remained sidelined for a further three weeks . Manager Carlo Ancelotti said that he injured his abductor muscle in his leg in training on 11 November , and would not be fit until December . He finally made his comeback after four months out injured against Tottenham on 12 December , as a substitute in the 75th minute . Lampard scored a penalty in the 3 -- 3 draw between Chelsea and Aston Villa on 2 January 2011 , the first after returning from injury . On 9 January , Lampard scored twice and gave one assist in a 7 -- 0 win against Ipswich Town in the FA Cup reaching the landmark of 201 career club goals . On 1 February , Lampard scored a penalty against Sunderland , then produced an assist , with Chelsea ending up winning the game 4 -- 2 . Lampard then assisted for Nicolas Anelka in Chelsea 's 2 -- 0 victory gainst Copenhagen , in the Round of 16 match in the Champions League . On 1 March , Lampard scored the winning goal in a crucial 2 -- 1 victory over Manchester United , keeping Chelsea 's Premier League title hopes alive . Then in the next game , he scored two goals in Chelsea 's 3 -- 1 victory over Blackpool , and also contributed with an assist for John Terry to score . In April 2011 , Lampard scored his 11th goal of the season in a 3 -- 0 victory against former club West Ham . Lampard scored again against Manchester United , but it proved to be only a consolation , as Chelsea lost 2 -- 1 at Old Trafford , thus ending Chelsea 's title hopes . 2011 -- 12 Lampard and Drogba in the final of the Champions League In Chelsea 's third Premier League match of the season , Lampard scored his first goal of the season and also provided an assist for José Bosingwa 's opening goal , as Chelsea beat Norwich City 3 -- 1 . After not featuring in Chelsea 's 4 -- 1 win against Swansea City on 24 September , Lampard returned to the starting line - up for their Champions League group stage game against Valencia netting an important opening goal in their 1 -- 1 draw . Lampard continued his fine form by netting his fifth Chelsea hat - trick on 2 October , in a 5 -- 1 thrashing of Bolton Wanderers . In the eleventh round of the Premier League , Lampard scored the only goal of the match against Blackburn Rovers with a diving header , giving Chelsea a win after two consecutive defeats . After starting the game against Manchester City on the bench , Lampard came on in the second half to score the winning goal from the penalty spot in the 82nd minute . Lampard again proved to be the match - winner again as he scored in the 89th minute against Wolverhampton Wanderers , with the match finishing 2 -- 1 to Chelsea . On 25 February 2012 , Lampard scored his tenth Premier League goal of the season in Chelsea 's 3 -- 0 win against Bolton , becoming the only player to score at least ten goals in nine consecutive seasons in the Premier League and his 149th all - time league goal . Eleven days after the sacking of manager André Villas - Boas , Chelsea hosted Napoli in the 2011 -- 12 Champions League round of 16 - second leg , trailing the Naples side 3 -- 1 from the first leg . Lampard helped Chelsea make a remarkable comeback , assisting John Terry from a corner for the second goal and then equalising the aggregate score from the penalty spot with a powerful shot to the left of the goal . Branislav Ivanović sealed Chelsea 's victory in extra-time . In the second leg of the quarter - finals of the 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League against Benfica , Lampard converted a crucial penalty to give Chelsea a 2 -- 1 win at Stamford Bridge , and helping them advance with an aggregate score of 3 -- 1 . He scored the 150th Premier League goal of his career against Fulham in a 1 -- 1 draw on 9 April 2012 . In the semi-final of the FA Cup Chelsea defeated Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 1 , in a match that would be remembered for an infamous `` goal that never was '' awarded to Chelsea 's Juan Mata . Lampard assisted Didier Drogba for the first goal , and also scored the fourth goal for the Blues from a free - kick 35 yards from goal . Chelsea players celebrate winning the UEFA Champions League Lampard was pivotal in the semi-finals of the 2011 -- 12 Champions League against the heavily favoured defending champions Barcelona . Bookmakers had Barcelona on the shortest odds to win a second consecutive Champions League title , and various commentators opined that Chelsea would have to produce their best two games of the season -- and hope that Barca played their worst two -- to upset the Catalan giants . In the first leg at Stamford Bridge , Lampard stripped Lionel Messi off the ball then played a cross-field pass to Ramires , who set up Drogba for the only goal of the game , giving Chelsea a 1 -- 0 advantage . In the second leg at the Camp Nou , Lampard assumed the captaincy after Terry was sent off early in the game . Down 2 -- 0 to Barça just before half - time , Lampard assisted Ramires ' goal with a through - pass which levelled the aggregate score at 2 -- 2 while putting Chelsea ahead on away goals . Chelsea teammate Fernando Torres added another goal in stoppage time to give Chelsea a 3 -- 2 victory overall and produce one of the greatest upsets in the history of European football . This set up Chelsea 's match with Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena for the Champions League final . In the 2012 FA Cup Final , Lampard assisted Didier Drogba 's winning goal in 2 -- 1 win over Liverpool , the seventh FA Cup in Chelsea 's history as well as the fourth of his career . Lampard captained Chelsea in the 2012 Champions League final against Bayern Munich due to Terry 's suspension . It was a match where Chelsea were considered to be the underdogs . After finishing 1 -- 1 in normal time , the game went to a penalty shootout with Lampard successfully converting his team 's third spot - kick , helping Chelsea win 4 -- 3 on penalties . As Chelsea 's captain for the match , Lampard lifted the trophy with club captain Terry . Lampard ended the 2011 -- 12 season as Chelsea 's top scorer with 16 goals in all competitions , along with 10 assists . 2012 -- 13 Lampard in 2012 Lampard missed Euro 2012 with a thigh injury , but did play all of Chelsea 's pre-season games , scoring against the MLS All - Stars and Brighton and Hove Albion In Chelsea 's first game of the new Premier League campaign , Lampard converted a penalty won by Eden Hazard as Chelsea brushed aside Wigan 2 -- 0 . In Chelsea 's second game of the season , three days later against newly promoted Reading , he again converted a penalty won by Hazard as Chelsea cruised to a 4 -- 2 win . On 6 October , he scored his third league goal of the season in a 4 -- 1 win against Norwich City . He marked his 500th appearance in the Premier League by scoring in an 8 -- 0 win against Aston Villa on 23 December . On 30 December 2012 , Lampard scored a brace as Chelsea came from a goal down in the game against Everton to win 2 -- 1 . In the third round of the FA Cup , Lampard entered in the second half and scored a penalty in Chelsea 's victory over Southampton . On 6 January 2013 , Lampard 's agent Steve Kutner announced that Lampard would not be offered a new contract with Chelsea and would leave when his contract expired in June 2013 . On 12 January 2013 , Lampard scored a penalty in the 4 -- 0 win over Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium . This goal made Lampard Chelsea 's second - highest goalscorer of all - time with 194 goals and moved him clear of Kerry Dixon and putting him eight goals behind Bobby Tambling in first . He scored his 199th goal for Chelsea in a 4 -- 0 FA Cup victory over Brentford on 17 February , becoming Chelsea 's all - time leading FA Cup goalscorer with 26 goals . Lampard 's 200th Chelsea goal came against his former club West Ham on 17 March 2013 , heading home an Eden Hazard cross . Lampard on tour with Chelsea in 2013 Lampard equalled Bobby Tambling 's record with a long - range goal into the top left corner from just outside the box in the 61st minute in a league match against Aston Villa on 11 May . Then , later on in the 88th minute , he scored a second goal , breaking the record and securing a 2 -- 1 victory for Chelsea . In the UEFA Europa League final on 15 May , Lampard captained the London club to a 2 -- 1 victory over Benfica , securing the 11th major trophy of the Roman Abramovich era . On 16 May 2013 , Lampard signed a one - year extension to his contract with Chelsea , stating `` I always maintained the dream was to stay at Chelsea . '' 2013 -- 14 On the opening day of the 2013 -- 14 Premier League season , Lampard scored a free - kick in a 2 -- 0 win against newly promoted Hull City . On 1 October , he scored his 205th goal for Chelsea in a 4 -- 0 win away to Steaua București in the Champions League . On 23 November 2013 , Lampard scored his 206th and 207th goals for Chelsea against his former club West Ham in a 3 -- 0 win . Lampard moved to fourth on the all - time Premier League goal - scoring list on 2 December by beating Robbie Fowlers number of 164 goals . On 22 February 2014 , Lampard scored a stoppage - time winner against Everton , initially credited to John Terry but awarded to Lampard by the Dubious Goals Committee , keeping Chelsea in first place . On 2 April , he played his 100th Champions League match , losing 3 -- 1 to Paris Saint - Germain . On 5 April 2014 , Lampard scored 250th goal of his club career in a 3 -- 0 win against Stoke . On 23 May 2014 , Lampard was included on the list of players released by Chelsea . Lampard , however , revealed that any contract talks with Chelsea would be decided after the 2014 World Cup , with a statement saying `` he will meet with Chelsea before any consideration of a move elsewhere '' . On 3 June 2014 , Chelsea confirmed Lampard would leave the club . Manchester City Lampard with Manchester City in 2015 on his return to Stamford Bridge Signing and New York City controversy On 24 July 2014 , Lampard , as a free agent , signed a two - year contract with New York City to commence ahead of the 2015 MLS season . It was announced at a live press conference in Brooklyn that he would be joining the club , which would be entering Major League Soccer ( MLS ) for the 2015 season . Sporting director Claudio Reyna hailed him as `` one of the greatest players in world history '' . New York City 's parent club , Manchester City , announced on 3 August 2014 that Lampard would join the club on a six - month deal ending in January 2015 . Initially reported as a loan , reports emerged on 31 December 2014 that Lampard had signed a short - term contract with the club as a free agent with his MLS contract not to start until the end of his stay in Manchester . The same day , it was announced that Lampard would extend his contract with Manchester City until the end of the English season , missing the start of the 2015 MLS season and it was confirmed that Lampard had never been an MLS player with his arrival date in MLS unclear . Lampard extending his stay in Manchester prompted an angry response from fans in New York City , with New York City being accused of dishonesty for using the player in their promotional material and MLS Commissioner Don Garber being accused of poor leadership and a lack of transparency in his handling of the affair . On 1 January 2015 , Manchester City head coach Manuel Pellegrini hinted that Lampard could extend his stay at Manchester City to a second season . On 9 January , Manchester City admitted that Lampard had never signed a two - year contract with New York City having instead originally signed a non-binding `` commitment '' to join the team . On the same day , Lampard confirmed his intention to begin playing for New York City at the end of the 2014 -- 15 Premier League season . Around 300 people asked for season ticket refunds in response to the affair , while the 2015 MLS SuperDraft started a chant of `` Where 's Frank Lampard ? '' from the crowd . 2014 -- 15 Lampard made his Manchester City debut on 13 September in a 2 -- 2 away draw against Arsenal ; he received a yellow card and was substituted at half - time for Samir Nasri . He scored his first goal for the club on 21 September with a volley from inside the box , after only being on the field for seven minutes as a substitute , to level the scoreline at 1 -- 1 in a home draw against Chelsea . This ended Chelsea 's perfect winning streak in the season , but it was a goal which he did not celebrate and described as a very emotional day . In Lampard 's first League Cup match for City three days later , he scored the first and last goals as the side defeated Sheffield Wednesday 7 -- 0 at home in the third round . On 27 September , Lampard came on in the 71st minute , only to score another goal to make it four goals in four matches and his fourth that week . He made his first Champions League appearance on 30 September in Machester City 's 1 -- 1 draw with Roma . On 1 January 2015 , the day after extending his stay with the club , Lampard scored the winner for City in a Premier League encounter against Sunderland . On 14 March 2015 , Lampard made his 600th Premier League appearance , becoming the second player to do so after Ryan Giggs , coming on as a substitute during City 's 1 -- 0 defeat to Burnley . On 24 May , Lampard captained Manchester City in their final match of the season and the last of his spell with the club . He scored his 177th Premier League goal to give City the lead in an eventual 2 -- 0 win over Southampton at the City of Manchester Stadium and was substituted for Jesús Navas in the 77th minute . New York City On 10 January 2015 , Lampard signed a pre-contract to play for New York City in MLS , beginning on 1 July . Injury delayed his debut until 1 August , when he came on as a 69th - minute substitute for Andrew Jacobson in a 2 -- 3 defeat to the Montreal Impact at Yankee Stadium . In July , Lampard was one of the 22 players to be named to the 2015 MLS All - Star Game roster . On 16 September , he scored his first MLS goal as his team beat Toronto FC 2 -- 0 to end a three - game losing streak . Eleven days later , Lampard scored the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over the Vancouver Whitecaps in the 29th minute of play ; he was later also fouled in the area in the final minute of stoppage time , which allowed David Villa to convert the match - winning goal from the resulting penalty . On 2 October , he scored New York City 's fastest ever goal in MLS history in a 2 -- 1 away defeat to D.C. United . The team finished its debut season outside a place for the MLS Cup Playoffs , which drew criticism from some in the media , who expected more from the club 's trio of designated players composed of former Champions League winners Lampard , David Villa and Andrea Pirlo . Having missed the beginning of the season with a calf injury , Lampard made his first appearance in 2016 on 22 May in the New York derby , playing the final 15 minutes ; New York City lost the game 7 -- 0 , while Lampard was jeered by his side 's own fans . However , he then scored in his first start of the season against Philadelphia Union on 18 June and was cheered by the New York fans once again . In his second start , he managed to make it back - to - back goals against Seattle Sounders on 20 June . Frank then gave City 3 points by scoring the only goal in a match against New England Revolution on 7 July , resulting in him being named MLS Player of the Week . His fourth goal in five matches came against Sporting Kansas City in a 3 -- 1 defeat on 11 July . Lampard then took his goal tally for the season to five with the third goal in a 3 -- 1 victory over the Montreal Impact on 17 July . On 31 July 2016 , Lampard became the first New York City player to score a hat - trick , achieving this feat in a 5 -- 1 win over the Colorado Rapids . Lampard finished his second MLS season with the club with 13 goals and 3 assists in 19 appearances , as New York City finished in second place in the Eastern Conference , and qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs for the first time ever , clinching a spot in the Eastern Conference semi-final . He featured in both legs of the Eastern Conference semi-final against Toronto FC , as New York were eliminated from the Playoffs 7 -- 0 on aggregate . On 14 November 2016 , New York City announced that Lampard would leave as soon as his contract expired . Lampard announced his retirement on 2 February 2017 after turning down several offers , and revealed that he would look to obtain his coaching qualifications after retiring . International career Youth and early career Lampard was capped by England at youth level before making his under - 21 debut on 13 November 1997 in a match against Greece . He played for the under - 21 side from November 1997 to June 2000 , and scored nine goals in 19 appearances , a mark bettered only by Alan Shearer and Francis Jeffers . He was capped once by England B , playing in a 2 -- 1 home defeat to Chile on 10 February 1998 . Lampard earned his first cap for England on 10 October 1999 in a 2 -- 1 friendly win over Belgium , and scored his first goal on 20 August 2003 in a 3 -- 1 win over Croatia . He was overlooked for Euro 2000 and the 2002 World Cup , and had to wait until Euro 2004 to take part in his first international competition . England reached the quarter - finals with Lampard scoring three goals in four matches . He scored against France and Croatia in the group stages , and in the quarter - final he equalised for England in the 112th minute against Portugal , bringing the scoreline to 2 -- 2 but England lost on penalties . He was named in the team of the tournament by UEFA . 2004 -- 2010 He became a regular in the squad following the retirement of Paul Scholes , and was voted England Player of the Year by fans in 2004 and 2005 . He was England 's top - scorer in their 2006 World Cup qualifying campaign with 5 goals . He scored two crucial goals in the qualifiers , the first against Austria in a 1 -- 0 win , and the second , the winning goal against Poland . Lampard ( wearing No. 8 ) lining up for England against Paraguay at the 2006 FIFA World Cup . In England 's first game of the tournament against Paraguay , Lampard was named Man of the Match as England won 1 -- 0 . Though Lampard played every minute of England 's 2006 World Cup matches , he went scoreless as England were eliminated in the quarterfinals by Portugal on penalties , and he was one of the three England whose penalty was saved alongside Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher . He scored in a 2 -- 1 loss to Germany in a friendly at the new Wembley in 2007 . He was very disappointing during qualifying for Euro 2008 . He was booed by England supporters while coming on as a second - half substitute during England 's Euro 2008 qualifying match against Estonia on 13 October 2007 . Lampard sent Stipe Pletikosa the wrong way from the spot and finished with one goal ( in a 3 -- 2 loss to Croatia on 21 November ) as England failed to qualify for the tournament . He scored his first international goal in two years in a 4 -- 0 win over Slovakia in March 2009 , and also created another for Wayne Rooney . Lampard 's goal was the 500th England goal scored at Wembley . On 9 September 2009 , Lampard struck twice in England 's 5 -- 1 win against Croatia which secured their place at 2010 World Cup . 2010 -- 2012 Lampard ( wearing No. 8 ) enters the field with his England comrades before the 2010 FIFA World Cup match against the United States . In the round - of - 16 match of the 2010 FIFA World Cup against rivals Germany , Lampard had a first - half shot at goal that bounced off the crossbar and from TV replays was clearly seen to cross the goal line . If counted , it would have tied the game 2 -- 2 . However , neither the referee nor the linesman saw it as a goal , and play was continued . In the second - half , Lampard hit the cross-bar again , with a 30 - yard free - kick . The final score was a 4 -- 1 win for Germany , eliminating England from the tournament . As England exited the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Lampard had already achieved the record of having made 37 shots on goal without scoring in a World Cup tournament , more than any other player since 1966 . Lampard taking a penalty in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Wales in March 2011 On 8 February 2011 , it was announced that Lampard would captain the national team against Denmark in a friendly played the next day after both Rio Ferdinand and Steven Gerrard were absent through injury . In the Euro 2012 qualifiers , Lampard netted two goals for England , both penalties . The first against Wales in a 2 -- 0 win , and the latter vs Switzerland in a 2 -- 2 draw , making Lampard England 's most prolific penalty taker ever . In November 2011 , Lampard captained England to a 1 -- 0 friendly victory over current World Champions Spain , a game in which he scored the only goal . On 31 May 2012 , he was ruled out of the Euro 2012 due to a thigh injury . He was subsequently replaced by Jordan Henderson . 2012 -- 2014 On 14 August 2012 , manager Roy Hodgson announced that Lampard would captain the Three Lions in their upcoming friendly against Italy the following day , which England won 2 -- 1 . Lampard started England 's first game in qualification and starred as England thrashed Moldova 5 -- 0 , with Lampard scoring his 24th and 25th England goals . His first goal was England 's 100th ever penalty and his second was a header from a cross from Glen Johnson , after Steven Gerrard was substituted he captained the side . On 22 March 2013 , he surpassed David Platt as England 's highest scoring midfielder when he scored his 28th international goal in a 0 -- 8 win over San Marino . Lampard became only the eighth English player to earn his 100th England cap , doing so in a World Cup qualifier against Ukraine , on 10 September 2013 . On 12 May 2014 , Lampard was named in the 23 - man England squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and a week later he was named vice-captain . On 24 June , for the last game of the group stage , Lampard captained his England side to draw with Costa Rica 0 -- 0 . On 26 August 2014 , Lampard announced that he had retired from international football . He earned 106 caps , scoring 29 goals . Style of play Regarded by some pundits , managers , and teammates as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , Lampard was an all - round and versatile box - to - box player , who was capable of playing anywhere in midfield ; throughout his career he was deployed as a central midfielder , as an attacking midfielder , as a defensive midfielder , and even as a supporting striker on occasion . A hard - working player , with notable stamina and an ability to read the game , Lampard was also capable of functioning creatively and starting attacking plays after winning back possession , due to his technique , vision , and passing range . In addition to his creative and defensive midfield roles , Lampard also possessed a keen eye for goal , due to his ability to make attacking runs into the area , or produce accurate and powerful shots from distance . These attributes enabled him to maintain a prolific goalscoring record throughout his career , despite his deep playing position . Lampard was also an accurate set - piece and penalty kick taker . Managerial career On 31 May 2018 , Lampard was appointed as manager of Championship club Derby County on a three - year contract . His first game in charge , on 3 August , resulted in a 2 -- 1 away win for Derby at Reading . He first loss as a manager came on 11 August in a 1 -- 4 loss against Leeds United , in his second match in charge . Media career From 2015 until 2017 , Lampard served as a team captain on the ITV comedy panel show Play to the Whistle alongside Bradley Walsh . He is a regular pundit for football on BT Sport . For World Cup 2018 , Lampard has been included in the BBC list of pundit as he insisted that it is not going to affect his managerial duties . Personal life Lampard was born in Romford , London . He attended Brentwood School between 1989 and 1994 , finishing with eleven GCSEs , including an A * in Latin . His father is Frank Lampard , Sr. , the former West Ham United player and assistant manager who was still associated with the club when Lampard junior was playing for them . His mother Pat died in April 2008 aged 58 as a result of pneumonia . Lampard 's uncle is Harry Redknapp and his cousin is Redknapp 's son Jamie Redknapp . In 2000 , Lampard , Rio Ferdinand and Kieron Dyer appeared on a sex video that was filmed at the holiday resort of Ayia Napa in Cyprus . Channel 4 aired a brief clip as part of their 2004 documentary Sex , Footballers and Videotape , claiming it was used to `` remind the viewer that this is based on real life . '' On 23 September 2001 , Lampard , along with three other Chelsea players was fined two weeks wages by the club for his behaviour whilst on a drinking binge on 12 September . Lampard and the others had abused American tourists at a Heathrow hotel , just 24 hours after the 11 September attacks . A hotel manager stated `` they were utterly disgusting . They just did n't seem to care about what had happened '' . It was reported by Mensa in 2009 that Lampard showed an unusually high IQ score during neurological research carried out by the Chelsea doctor , Bryan English . English stated that `` Frank Lampard scored one of the highest set of marks ever recorded by the company doing the tests '' . In 2007 , Lampard stated that he is a supporter of the Conservative Party . Lampard features in EA Sports ' FIFA video game series ; he was on the cover for the International edition of FIFA 10 , alongside Wayne Rooney and Theo Walcott . He was awarded an OBE in the Queen 's Birthday Honours on 13 June 2015 . Lampard published his autobiography , Totally Frank , in 2006 . He has written a series of children 's novels about a footballer , Frankie , and his adventures with his magic football . Relationships Lampard lives in Surrey and London . He has two daughters with his former fiancée , Spanish model Elen Rivas , Luna ( born 22 August 2005 ) and Isla ( born 20 May 2007 ) . Since October 2009 , Lampard has been in a relationship with presenter Christine Bleakley . On 15 June 2011 , their engagement was announced by Lampard 's agent . The couple married on 20 December 2015 . In May 2018 , the couple announced that they were having their first child together . On 24 April 2009 , Lampard was involved in a radio confrontation with James O'Brien on the London radio station LBC 97.3 . Newspapers had reported that following Lampard 's split from Rivas their children were living with her in a small flat while Lampard had converted their family home into a bachelor pad . Lampard phoned in , objecting to criticism and asserting that he had fought `` tooth and nail '' to keep his family together . Career statistics Club Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals West Ham United 1995 -- 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 1996 -- 97 13 0 0 0 0 0 -- 16 0 1997 -- 98 31 5 6 5 0 0 -- 42 10 1998 -- 99 38 5 0 0 0 -- 41 6 1999 -- 2000 34 7 0 10 -- 49 14 2000 -- 01 30 7 0 0 -- 37 9 Total 148 24 13 16 9 10 -- 187 39 Swansea City ( loan ) 1995 -- 96 9 0 0 0 0 -- -- 9 Chelsea 2001 -- 02 37 5 8 0 -- 53 7 2002 -- 03 38 6 5 0 -- 48 8 2003 -- 04 38 10 0 14 -- 58 15 2004 -- 05 38 13 0 6 12 -- 58 19 2005 -- 06 35 16 5 0 8 0 50 20 2006 -- 07 37 11 7 6 6 11 0 62 21 2007 -- 08 24 10 11 0 40 20 2008 -- 09 37 12 7 11 -- 57 20 2009 -- 10 36 22 6 0 7 51 27 2010 -- 11 24 10 0 0 0 0 32 13 2011 -- 12 30 11 5 0 12 -- 49 16 2012 -- 13 29 15 0 10 0 0 50 17 2013 -- 14 26 6 0 11 0 40 8 Total 429 147 58 26 34 12 117 25 10 648 211 Manchester City 2014 -- 15 32 6 0 0 0 0 38 8 New York City 2015 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 2016 19 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 12 Total 29 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 15 Career total 647 193 73 28 53 23 130 29 10 913 274 Jump up ^ Includes EFL Cup and MLS Cup playoffs Jump up ^ Includes other competitive competitions such as the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup International International statistics England national team Year Apps Goals 1999 0 2000 0 0 2001 0 2002 0 2003 9 13 6 2005 9 2006 13 2007 9 2008 6 0 2009 10 6 7 0 2011 7 2012 2013 10 2014 0 Total 106 29 International goals show # Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition 20 August 2003 Portman Road , Ipswich 12 Croatia 3 -- 1 Won Friendly 5 June 2004 City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester 19 Iceland 6 -- 1 Won 2004 FA Summer Tournament 13 June 2004 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 20 France 1 -- 2 Lost Euro 2004 21 June 2004 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 22 Croatia 4 -- 2 Won Euro 2004 5 24 June 2004 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 23 Portugal 2 -- 2 Drawn Euro 2004 6 4 September 2004 Ernst Happel Stadion , Vienna 25 Austria 2 -- 2 Drawn 2006 World Cup qualification 7 9 October 2004 Old Trafford , Manchester 27 Wales 2 -- 0 Won 2006 World Cup qualification 8 26 March 2005 Old Trafford , Manchester 31 Northern Ireland 4 -- 0 Won 2006 World Cup qualification 9 8 October 2005 Old Trafford , Manchester 36 Austria 1 -- 0 Won 2006 World Cup qualification 10 12 October 2005 Old Trafford , Manchester 37 Poland 2 -- 1 Won 2006 World Cup qualification 11 3 June 2006 Old Trafford , Manchester 40 Jamaica 6 -- 0 Won Friendly 12 16 August 2006 Old Trafford , Manchester 46 Greece 4 -- 0 Won Friendly 13 22 August 2007 Wembley Stadium , London 56 Germany 1 -- 2 Lost Friendly 14 21 November 2007 Wembley Stadium , London 60 Croatia 2 -- 3 Lost Euro 2008 qualification 15 28 March 2009 Wembley Stadium , London 68 Slovakia 4 -- 0 Won Friendly 16 6 June 2009 Almaty Central Stadium , Almaty 70 Kazakhstan 4 -- 0 Won 2010 World Cup qualification 17 10 June 2009 Wembley Stadium , London 71 Andorra 6 -- 0 Won 2010 World Cup qualification 18 5 September 2009 Wembley Stadium , London 73 Slovenia 2 -- 1 Won Friendly 19 9 September 2009 Wembley Stadium , London 74 Croatia 5 -- 1 Won 2010 World Cup qualification 20 9 September 2009 Wembley Stadium , London 74 Croatia 5 -- 1 Won 2010 World Cup qualification 21 26 March 2011 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 85 Wales 2 -- 0 Won UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 22 4 June 2011 Wembley Stadium , London 86 Switzerland 2 -- 2 Drawn UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 23 12 November 2011 Wembley Stadium , London 90 Spain 1 -- 0 Won Friendly 24 7 September 2012 Zimbru Stadium , Chişinău 92 Moldova 5 -- 0 Won 2014 World Cup qualification 25 7 September 2012 Zimbru Stadium , Chişinău 92 Moldova 5 -- 0 Won 2014 World Cup qualification 26 11 September 2012 Wembley Stadium , London 93 Ukraine 1 -- 1 Drawn 2014 World Cup qualification 27 6 February 2013 Wembley Stadium , London 94 Brazil 2 -- 1 Won Friendly 28 22 March 2013 Stadio Olimpico , Serravalle 95 San Marino 8 -- 0 Won 2014 World Cup qualification 29 29 May 2013 Wembley Stadium , London 96 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Drawn Friendly Managerial statistics As of match played 28 August 2018 Managerial record by team and tenure Team From To Record Ref . Win % Derby County 31 May 2018 Present 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 07001714000000000000 ♠ 71.4 Total 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 07001714000000000000 ♠ 71.4 -- Honours West Ham United UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Chelsea Premier League : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 FA Cup : 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Football League Cup : 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 FA Community Shield : 2005 , 2009 UEFA Champions League : 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League : 2012 -- 13 Individual FIFA Player of the year Silver Award : 2005 Ballon d'Or Silver Award : 2005 FWA Footballer of the Year : 2005 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2005 PFA Merit Award : 2015 FWA Tribute Award : 2010 Premier League Player of the Season : 2004 -- 05 PFA Team of the Year : 2003 -- 04 Premier League , 2004 -- 05 Premier League , 2005 -- 06 Premier League FIFPro World XI : 2005 UEFA Midfielder of the year : 2008 England Player of the Year Award : 2004 , 2005 ESM Team of the Year : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 UEFA Europa League Final Fans ' Man of the Match : 2013 FA Cup Final Man of the Match : 2007 Premier League Player of the Month : September 2003 , April 2005 , October 2005 , October 2008 Premier league player of the decade ( Official Statistics ) : 2001 -- 10 Barclays Merit Award ( 164 consecutive Appearances ) Chelsea Player of the Year : 2004 , 2005 , 2009 Best player of FA Cup : 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Best Player of League Cup : 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards : Premier League 500 Club MLS All - Star : 2015 New York City FC Player of the Month : September 2015 New York City 's Ride of Fame : Immortal Globe Soccer Awards Player Career Award : 2015 Outstanding Contribution to London Football Award : 2017 Orders 4th Class / Officer : Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire : 2015 Bibliography Autobiography Totally Frank : The Autobiography of Frank Lampard ( Harper Collins , 2006 ) ISBN 9780007214723 Children 's novels Frankie vs The Pirate Pillagers ( Little Brown , 2013 ) ISBN 9780349001623 Frankie vs The Rowdy Romans ( Little Brown , 2013 ) ISBN 9780349001609 Frankie vs The Cowboy 's Crew ( Little Brown , 2013 ) ISBN 9780349001593 Frankie vs The Mummy 's Menace ( Little Brown , 2014 ) ISBN 9780349001630 Frankie vs The Knight 's Nasties ( Little Brown , 2014 ) ISBN 9780349001616 Frankie and the World Cup Carnival ( Little Brown , 2014 ) ISBN 9780349124438 Frankie and the Dragon Curse ( Little Brown , 2014 ) ISBN 9780349124469 Frankie Saves Christmas ( Little Brown , 2014 ) ISBN 9780349124483 Frankie 's New York Adventure ( Little Brown , 2015 ) ISBN 9780349124490 Frankie 's Kangaroo Caper ( Little Brown , 2015 ) ISBN 9780349124513 The Grizzly Games ( Little Brown , 2015 ) ISBN 9780349132051 Meteor Madness ( Little Brown , 2015 ) ISBN 9780349132075 The Great Santa Race ( Little Brown , 2015 ) ISBN 9780349132099 Team T. Rex ( Little Brown , 2016 ) ISBN 9780349132112 Deep Sea Dive ( Little Brown , 2016 ) ISBN 9780349132136 Olympic Flame Chase ( Little Brown , 2016 ) ISBN 9781510201101 Elf Express ( Little Brown , 2016 ) ISBN 9781510201118 Mammoth Mayhem ( Little Brown , 2016 ) ISBN 9781510201125 Summer Holiday Showdown ( Little Brown , 2017 ) ISBN 9781510201132 Game Over ! ( Little Brown , 2018 ) ISBN 9781510201859 References Jump up ^ `` List of players under written contract registered between 01 / 12 / 2014 and 31 / 12 / 2014 '' ( PDF ) . The Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lampard '' . Barry Hugman 's Footballers . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lampard '' . Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Lampard finally signs MLS contract to play with NYCFC '' . ESPN FC. 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , David . `` Man City extend Lampard contract '' . London : BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Skillen , Charlie ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` As Lampard joins Moore , Charlton , Shilton and Beckham in winning 100th cap , is it time to rank him among the England greats ? '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Aditya M S. `` World Football : The Top 10 Midfielders of the Past Decade '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Matt ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` Scolari and Terry hail Chelsea ' world beater ' Frank Lampard '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Tambling : Frank Lampard is Chelsea 's greatest ever player and I hope he breaks my record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Terry : Frank Lampard is Chelsea greatest player ever '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Lampard : New York City FC sign ex-Chelsea midfielder '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel 's Barclays Premier League appearance record ends '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Striking it rich -- football 's top ten highest earners are revealed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ 2009 -- 10 Premier League Jump up ^ `` Chelsea wait proves worthwhile for Lampard '' . UEFA official website . 20 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clubs submit retained and released lists '' . Premier League . 23 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea let Lampard and Cole leave club '' . ITV. 23 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lampard '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lamps is Player of the Year . Chelsea FC . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Beech , Richard . `` Frank Lampard joins New York City -- reaction as Chelsea veteran quits Stamford Bridge '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Player Records '' . premiersoccerstats.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Players '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Gerrard or Frank Lampard ? A question that still divides -- BBC Sport Jump up ^ `` To be Frank ... Lampard '' . FourFourTwo . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 31 January 1996 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to the Wonderful World of West Ham United Statistics Frank Jnr Lampard '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 17 August 1996 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa v West Ham United '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lampard hits out at Hammers '' . www1.skysports.com . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 9 August 1997 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 19 November 1997 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League 1998 -- 99 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp '' . officialplayersites.com . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football : Lampard 's cracker ; West Ham United 1 Heerenveen 0. ( Sport ) '' . highbeam.com . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 24 July 1999 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 24 August 1999 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game played 16 September 1999 '' . westhamstats.info . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Player of the year awards '' . Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football Extravaganza starts 20 Seasons celebrations '' . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Giovinco , Kei Kamara among 22 players named to 2015 AT&T MLS All - Star Game roster '' . Major League Soccer. 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lampard finally finding form , scoring touch with NYCFC '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Wall of Fame '' . Globe Soccer.com . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blues honoured at London Football Awards '' . Chelsea F.C . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Lampard . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frank Lampard Frank Lampard -- FIFA competition record Frank Lampard -- UEFA competition record Frank Lampard at Soccerbase Awards 2003 -- 04 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Howard DF : Lauren DF : Campbell DF : Terry DF : Cole MF : Gerrard MF : Lampard MF : Vieira MF : Pirès FW : Henry FW : Van Nistelrooy 2004 -- 05 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Čech DF : Neville DF : Terry DF : Ferdinand DF : Cole MF : Wright - Phillips MF : Gerrard MF : Lampard MF : Robben FW : Johnson FW : Henry 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Given DF : Chimbonda DF : Terry DF : Carragher DF : Gallas MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Lampard MF : Cole FW : Henry FW : Rooney UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane 2018 : Salah FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo Chelsea F.C. -- Player of the Year 1967 : Bonetti 1968 : Cooke 1969 : Webb 1970 : Hollins 1971 : Hollins 1972 : Webb 1973 : Osgood 1974 : Locke 1975 : Cooke 1976 : Wilkins 1977 : Wilkins 1978 : Droy 1979 : Langley 1980 : Walker 1981 : Borota 1982 : Fillery 1983 : Jones 1984 : Nevin 1985 : Speedie 1986 : Niedzwiecki 1987 : Nevin 1988 : Dorigo 1989 : Roberts 1990 : Monkou 1991 : Townsend 1992 : Elliott 1993 : Sinclair 1994 : Clarke 1995 : Johnsen 1996 : Gullit 1997 : Hughes 1998 : Wise 1999 : Zola 2000 : Wise 2001 : Terry 2002 : Cudicini 2003 : Zola 2004 : Lampard 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Terry 2007 : Essien 2008 : Cole 2009 : Lampard 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Čech 2012 : Mata 2013 : Mata 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Willian 2017 : Hazard 2018 : Kanté England Player of the Year 2003 : Beckham 2004 : Lampard 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Hargreaves 2007 : Gerrard 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Rooney 2010 : Cole 2011 : Parker 2012 : Gerrard 2013 : Award not given 2014 : Rooney 2015 : Rooney 2016 : Lallana 2017 : Kane English Football Hall of Fame Players Men Adams Allchurch Anderson Ardiles Armfield Ball Banks Barnes Bastin Beardsley Bell Bergkamp Beckham Best Blanchflower Bloomer Bonds Brady Bremner Brooking Buchan Callaghan Cantona Carter Charles J. Charlton R. Charlton Clemence Cohen Crompton Dalglish Dean Doherty Edwards Ferdinand Finney Francis Gallacher Gascoigne Gerrard Giggs Giles Gray Greaves Hansen Haynes Henry Hoddle E. Hughes L. Hughes Hunt Hunter Hurst Irwin James Jennings Jones Keane Keegan Lampard Law Lawrenson Lawton Lee Le Tissier Liddell Lineker Lofthouse Mackay Mannion Matthews McGrath McIlroy McLintock Meredith Milburn Moore Mortensen Mullery Neville Owen Pearce Peters Ramsey Roberts Robertson Robson Rush Schmeichel Scholes Seaman Shackleton Shearer Sheringham Shilton Souness Southall Speed Stephenson Stiles Strachan Summerbee Swift Trautmann Vieira Wharton Wilkins R. Wilson R.P. Wilson I. Wright W. Wright Zola Women Bampton Brown - Finnis Cope Coultard Gore Lopez Parker Parr Powell Sempare Spacey Smith Unitt Walker Whalley White Yankey Managers Allison Busby Catterick Clough Ferguson Gradi Greenwood Kendall Mee Mercer Paisley Ramsey Revie Shankly Venables Wenger Winterbottom England squads England squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson Derby County F.C. -- managers Newbould ( 1896 -- 1906 ) Methven ( 1906 -- 22 ) Potter ( 1922 -- 25 ) Jobey ( 1925 -- 41 ) Nicholas ( 1942 -- 44 ) Magner ( 1944 -- 46 ) McMillan ( 1946 -- 53 ) Barker ( 1953 -- 55 ) Storer ( 1955 -- 62 ) Ward ( 1962 -- 67 ) B. Clough ( 1967 -- 73 ) Mackay ( 1973 -- 76 ) Murphy ( 1976 -- 77 ) Docherty ( 1977 -- 79 ) Addison ( 1979 -- 82 ) Newman ( 1982 ) Taylor ( 1982 -- 84 ) McFarland ( 1984 ) Cox ( 1984 -- 93 ) McFarland ( 1993 -- 95 ) Smith ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Todd ( 2001 -- 02 ) Gregory ( 2002 -- 03 ) Burley ( 2003 -- 05 ) Brown ( 2005 -- 06 ) Westley ( 2006 ) Davies ( 2006 -- 07 ) Jewell ( 2007 -- 08 ) N. Clough ( 2009 -- 13 ) McClaren ( 2013 -- 15 ) Clement ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wassall ( 2016 ) Pearson ( 2016 ) McClaren ( 2016 -- 17 ) Rowett ( 2017 -- 18 ) Lampard ( 2018 -- ) Derby County F.C. -- current squad 1 Carson 2 Wisdom 3 Forsyth 4 Bryson 5 Tomori 6 Keogh 7 Wilson 8 Mount 9 Waghorn 10 Lawrence 11 Jozefzoon 14 Marriott 15 Johnson 16 Pearce 17 Evans 18 Butterfield 19 Martin 20 Bennett 21 Roos 23 Holmes 25 Lowe 28 Nugent 29 Olsson 30 Anya 32 Jerome 33 Davies ( c ) 34 Thorne 36 Ledley 37 Bogle 39 MacDonald 40 Sibley 41 Bird 42 Elšnik 44 Huddlestone 46 Malone Manager : Lampard Current EFL Championship managers Bruce ( Aston Villa ) Monk ( Birmingham City ) Mowbray ( Blackburn Rovers ) Parkinson ( Bolton Wanderers ) Smith ( Brentford ) Johnson ( Bristol City ) Lampard ( Derby County ) Adkins ( Hull City ) Hurst ( Ipswich Town ) Bielsa ( Leeds United ) Pulis ( Middlesbrough ) Harris ( Millwall ) Farke ( Norwich City ) Karanka ( Nottingham Forest ) Neil ( Preston North End ) McClaren ( Queens Park Rangers ) Clement ( Reading ) Warne ( Rotherham United ) Wilder ( Sheffield United ) Luhukay ( Sheffield Wednesday ) Rowett ( Stoke City ) Potter ( Swansea City ) Moore ( West Bromwich Albion ) Cook ( Wigan Athletic ) BIBSYS : 14030597 ISNI : 0000 0000 5150 5931 LCCN : nr2006031111 NKC : xx0175652 VIAF : 44264287 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Lampard&oldid=856990440 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people People from Romford Footballers from Greater London English footballers England youth international footballers England under - 21 international footballers England B international footballers England international footballers Association football midfielders West Ham United F.C. players Swansea City A.F.C. players Chelsea F.C. players Manchester City F.C. players New York City FC players English Football League players Premier League players Major League Soccer players UEFA Champions League winning players UEFA Europa League winning players UEFA Euro 2004 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players English expatriate footballers Expatriate soccer players in the United States English expatriates in the United States English football managers Derby County F.C. managers Designated Players ( MLS ) Major League Soccer All - Stars FIFA Century Club English Football Hall of Fame inductees People educated at Brentwood School ( Essex ) Conservative Party ( UK ) people Officers of the Order of the British Empire English autobiographers English children 's writers 21st - century English novelists Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with Portuguese - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2015 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 EngvarB from July 2014 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 FIFA player ID same as Wikidata UEFA player ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 粵語 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 20 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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1417417213078760814 | Legal drinking age | Legal drinking age - wikipedia Legal drinking age Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal regardless of age Minimum age is 25 Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 Minimum age is 15 No regulation / no age set The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume or purchase alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks . Some Islamic nations prohibit Muslims , or both Muslims and non-Muslims , from drinking alcohol at any age . In other countries , it is not illegal for minors to drink alcohol , but the alcohol can be seized without compensation . In some cases , it is illegal to sell or give alcohol to minors . The following list indicates the age of the person for whom it is legal to consume and purchase alcohol . Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages , however some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Antigua and Barbuda , Belgium , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cuba , Ethiopia , Gibraltar , Luxembourg , Nicaragua , Serbia and Zimbabwe have the lowest set drinking ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum purchase age of 15 years No minimum purchase age The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18 . Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years , Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years , Gambia with a age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant . Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years . However Algeria , Angola ( except Luando Province ) , Central African Republic , Comoros , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Guinea - Bissau , Morocco , Togo , Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors . And in Libya , Somalia and Sudan the sale , production ond consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited . Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Algeria None Angola None There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors . Luanda Province : 18 Legislation in Luanda Province : It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 . It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Botswana None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy , consume or possess alcoholic beverages . Burundi None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years . Cameroon 21 / 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . The law permits adults fromn the ages 18 to 21 to consume , purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older . Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied . Cape Verde None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Central African Republic None Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ethiopia None 15 It is illegal for any person to sell , offer , serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages `` in substantial quantities '' to any infant or young person . The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years . But the Criminal Code states : `` Whoever endangers the health of another , intentionally and unscrupulously , by administering or serving , or by causing or permitting to be administered or served , to minors ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) ( ... ) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable , is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year , and fine . '' Gabon None Gambia None 17 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person . A `` young person '' is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act , 1949 Section 2 . Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Lesotho 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for minors to consume , buy or attempt to buy alcohol . Liberia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Libya Illegal Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of acloholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years . Malawi None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Mauritius None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Morocco None Mozambique 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo None 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal 18 Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania None 18 Togo None Tunisia None Uganda None 18 16 It is illegal for any licensee to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . The law provides a exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age , and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal , in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar . Western Sahara None Zambia 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011 , the minimum age to sell , serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years . Zimbabwe None 16 It is illegal for any person to sell , lend , give , supply , deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years , except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person . The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian . Americas ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 19 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years The minimum age to purchase and consume varies , but the most common age is 18 years . However in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age . Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop , supermarket , liquor store , bar , club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age . In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol . Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years , while Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years . In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years , except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal , and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal pruchase and drinking age of 20 years . Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine . Antigua and Barbuda None 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . The law provides a exception to treat a illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor . Barbados None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years . The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years due to the fact that the law is often violated . Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . Bermuda 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years . Bolivia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading : `` VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( Sale prohibited to ( anyone ) under 18 years of age ) and `` EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD '' ( Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to ( ones ) health ) . Brazil None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age . The presidential law enacted on March 17 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence . Any adult person selling , serving , giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years , a fine of R $ 3.000 to R $ 10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol . British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . Canada Alberta Manitoba Quebec 18 In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises . In Manitoba a person must not give , sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor . the law provides exceptions for a doctor , dentist , pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes ; for sacramental purposes and by the parent , guardian , spouse or common - law partner , if it is given or supplied in a residence . In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut 19 Cayman Islands 18 It is prohibited to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for any minor to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages . Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars , and the court may , if the offence was committed by the licensee , order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction . Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . Colombia None 18 The law prohibits the sale of aclohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Costa Rica None 18 The law prohibits the sale of aclohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries . Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages , will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Cuba None 16 The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years , to habitually consume alcoholic beverages . However this means that defacto anyone selling , serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years . In most cases this law is not strictly enforced . Dominican Republic None 18 Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age . The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law . However it is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . El Salvador None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months . It is legal for minors to buy , attempt to buy and consume alcohol . Falkland Islands 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises . Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises . Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence . The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination . Grenada 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guyana 18 / 16 for beer , wine and cider with meal It is illegal to sell or serve alcool to a person under 18 years of age . The law provides a exception for minors aged 16 and 17 , if they consume a glass of beer , wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant . Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is a offence . Haiti None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 2017 . Vendors are required to check identification . Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child ( which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico . But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years , and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Nicaragua None 14 18 The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of acloholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol , is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal . However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions . Panama None 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru None 18 Puerto Rico 18 Trinidad and Tobago None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf . It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol . Turks and Caicos Islands None 18 It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years . Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 17 states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of 21 . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Venezuela None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Asia ( edit ) Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh ( Illegal for Muslims . ) Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China 18 Introduced in January 2006 . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq 18 Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 21 Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities . Philippines 18 Qatar 19 Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None 18 ) 18 For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) . Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam 18 Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Laws banning minors from consuming alcohol in public / private : Minimum age to consume alcohol in public and private Minimum age to consume alcohol in public No minimum age to consume alcohol in public or private Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol . Although Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , Germany , Gibraltar , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Serbia and Switzerland ( except Ticino ) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol . In 2005 , 2007 and recently in 2015 the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years . But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking / purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors : In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid , Valencia and Catalonia raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years . Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years , and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23 % ABV on and off premises . In 2004 Denmark raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years . In November 2005 Switzerland passed its `` Food and Commodities Regulation '' ( German : Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung ) , introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16 , although the 1980 passed `` Alcohol Law '' ( German : Alkoholgesetz ) already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits . Therefore , it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine , sparkling wine or cider ) to anyone under the age of 16 , and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Further the canton of Ticino introduced a contonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years . In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In late 2006 , Gibraltar lawmakers passed the `` Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol , Tobacco and Gaming ) Act 2006 '' , which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . But the new law made an exception : minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer , wine or cider under 15 % ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5 % ABV ( e.g. alcopops ) . In 2009 France raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years , and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor ( up to 7,500 € ) . Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years . In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine , beer , cider , perry , mead , crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3 ° alcohol , natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation -- to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age . In October 2009 , the government of Malta passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years . In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In 2011 Denmark passed a new law , raising the minimum age for off - premises sale of alcohol > 16.5 % ABV to 18 years of age . The age to purchase alcohol < 16.5 % ABV remaines at 16 . Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off - premises sales , and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced . In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people : distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18 , and other alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine or cider ) ca n't be sold to anyone under the age of 16 . Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years . As of 1 January 2014 , the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands . Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol < 15 % ABV , and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15 % ABV . As of March 2015 , the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years . Asturias was Spain 's last community with a drinking age of 16 years . The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain . As of 1 January 2018 , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out Austria Burgenland Lower Austria Vienna 16 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg 16 18 Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age . Belarus None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years . However , the law is rarely enforced . Belgium None 16 18 Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence . The law does not prohibit minors from buying , attempting to buy or consuming alcohol . Bulgaria None 18 By law , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18 . There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol . Croatia None 18 It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age . There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law . Cyprus None 17 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under thhe age of 17 years . There is no minimum age to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public . Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 18 While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used . Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18 . Estonia 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police . Finland 18 20 18 All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 18 By Georgian law , the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Germany 14 16 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages ( beer , wine , cider and sparkling wine ) to anyone under 16 years of age . However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian . It is generally illegal to serve , sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts , to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation of the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' can be fined up to 50.000 € . See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 18 16 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . Ireland None 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol . Liechtenstein 16 18 Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 20 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply acloholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years . Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018 . Luxembourg None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages > 1.2 % ABV to any person under the age of 16 years . Violation is fined € 251 to € 1.000 . Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell , or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Montenegro 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014 . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , although giving it away in private is not . Norway None 18 20 Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking on streets , town squares , and in parks is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . Serbia None 16 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None 18 18 20 , See also : Alcohol in Sweden Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18 , commonly 20 or 23 . It is legal to drink below 18 , but it is illegal to sell , lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them , apart from being served alcohol supervised in private `` in moderation '' . It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland Switzerland ( federal law ) None ( See notes ) 16 18 Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . Ticino 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom England Wales 18 16 5 None Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Scotland 18 16 None Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Northern Ireland 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . United Kingdom Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . Oceania ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years No minimum purchase age Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . Guam 21 Micronesia , Federated States of 18 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age . Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian . Minors buying , consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are commiting a offence . The law provides a exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony . Papua New Guinea 18 It is illegal for a minor to purchase , consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages . Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to , is at least 18 years of age . Violation of this law is fined . Samoa 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Solomon Islands None 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Tokelau 18 Tonga 18 Selling , serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal . It is also illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000 . Vanuatu 18 It is unlawful to sell , serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months , or by both , fine and imprisonment . Any minor under the age of 18 years , beeing found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000 . See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy Smoking age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies ^ Jump up to : `` PROTECTION FROM DRUG ABUSE / MINIMUM AGE FOR SALE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS : INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL LAWS '' ( PDF ) . The African Child Policy Forum . 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"\n\nCountry\nState/Region/Province\nDe jure\nNotes\n\nDrinking age\nPurchase age\n\n\n\n Albania\n18[42]\n\n\n\n Armenia\nNone[123]\n18[123]\nThere are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[123]\n\n\n Austria\n Burgenland\n Lower Austria\n Vienna\n16\n[124]\n\n\n Carinthia\n Upper Austria\n Salzburg\n Styria\n Tyrol\n Vorarlberg\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (distilled beverages)\nCarinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[124]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nNone[125]\n18[125]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[125]\n\n\n Belarus\nNone[126]\n18[126]\nThe law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[126]\n\n\n Belgium\nNone[127]\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (spirits)[127]\nSince 10 January 2010, it is illegal to \"sell, serve, or offer\" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[127] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nNone[128]\n18[128]\nSelling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[128]\n\n\n Bulgaria\nNone[129]\n18[129]\nBy law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[129]\n\n\n Croatia\nNone[130]\n18[130]\nIt is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[130]\n\n\n Cyprus\nNone[131]\n17[131]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under thhe age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[131]\n\n\n Czech Republic\nNone\n18[132]\nIt is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[133] (punishable by fine or up to 1[134] or 2[135] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[136]\n\n\n Denmark\nNone\n16 (ABV)\n18 (≥16.5% ABV)\nWhile there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:\n\nIn order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.\nIn order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[137]\n\nBy tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[138] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[139] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[140]\nBoth the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Estonia\n18[141]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.\n\n\n Finland\n18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)\n20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)\n18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[142]\nAll major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[143] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[142][144]\nPolice may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[145]\nIn private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[142]\n\n\n\n France\nNone\n18\nFrance has no explicitly stated consumption age,[146] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[147] and can be fined 7500 euros.[146] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[148][149]\n\n\n Georgia\nNone[150]\n18[150]\nBy Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[150]\n\n\n Germany\n14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)\n16 (beer, wine and cider)\n18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[151]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the \"Protection of Young Persons Act\" can be fined up to 50.000€.\nSee also: Alcohol laws in Germany\n\n\n\n Gibraltar\nNone[152]\n18\n16(beer, wine and cider)[152]\nIt is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[152]\n\nThe alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or\nThe alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\nNone[153]\n18[153]\nIn 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[153]\n\n\n Hungary\n18[42]\n\n\n\n Iceland\nNone\n20[154]\nPossession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.\n\n\n Ireland\nNone (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[155]\n18[155]\nIt is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[156]\n\n\n Italy\nNone [157]\n18[158][157]\nIn 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[157] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).\n\n\n Kosovo\nNone[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Latvia\nNone[159]\n18[159]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[159]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n16 beer, wine and cider\n18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[160]\nWine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[160]\n\n\n Lithuania\n20[122]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply acloholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018.[122]\n\n\n Luxembourg\nNone [161]\n16[161]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[161]\n\n\n Macedonia\n18[162]\nMust show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.\n\n\n Malta\n17[163]\nMust provide identification upon request.\n\n\n Moldova\nNone[164]\n18[164]\nIt is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[165][164]\n\n\n Montenegro\n18[citation needed]\n\n\n\n Netherlands\n18\nThe legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.[citation needed]\n\n\n Norway\nNone[166]\n18 (\n20 (≥22% ABV)[42]\nSelling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.\nAlcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[167]\nAlcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[168]\n\n\n\n Poland\nNone[169]\n18[169]\nArticle 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[170] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.\n\n\n Portugal\nNone[171]\n18[171]\n\n\n\n Romania\nNone\n18[172]\nAccording to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.\n\n\n Russia\nNone\n18[173]\nThere is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.\n\n\n Serbia\nNone\n16[174]\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n18[175]\n\n\n\n Slovenia\nNone\n18[176]\nThere is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.\n\n\n Spain\n18\nAsturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[177]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nNone\n\n\nNone (less than 2.25% ABV)\n18 (bars and restaurants)\n18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)\n20 (Systembolaget shops)[178],\n\n\nSee also: Alcohol in Sweden\nMany clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private \"in moderation\". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[179] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.\n\n\n Switzerland\n Switzerland (federal law)\nNone\n(See notes)\n16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[180]\n18 (spirits) [181]\nWhoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[182] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[183]\n\n\n Ticino\n18\nThe canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[184]\n\n\n Turkey\n18[42]\n\nSee also: Alcohol laws of Turkey\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n18[42]\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\n England\n Wales\n18[185]\n16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[185]\n5 (private)[186]\nNone (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[186]\nLegislation in England and Wales:\n\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[185]\n\nMinors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[185]\nIt is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.\n\n\nIt is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[186]\nPersons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [187]\n\n\n\n\n Scotland\n18\n16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[188]\nNone (private)\nLegislation in Scotland:\n\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[189]\n\nMinors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[189]\nIt is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.\n\n\nPersons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [187]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland\n18\nLegislation in Northern Ireland:\nIt is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\nChallenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the United Kingdom)\nUnder the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[190] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.\n\n"
] | [
"18"
] |
5965704541872309488 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film) | Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Theatrical release poster Directed by David Bowers Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Jeff Kinney David Bowers Based on Hard Luck , The Long Haul and Old School by Jeff Kinney Starring Jason Drucker Alicia Silverstone Tom Everett Scott Charlie Wright Owen Asztalos Narrated by Jason Drucker Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Troy Takaki Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Color Force TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $40.1 million Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers . It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series , and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series , The Long Haul and Old School , and one element based on the eighth book , Hard Luck about Meemaw . Despite not being a reboot , the original cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles . It was theatrically released on May 19 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget , and was panned by critics , mainly due to its recasting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Cultural references 4 Release 4.1 Trailer reactions 4.2 Box office 4.3 Critical response 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) One year after the previous film , while at the Corny 's family restaurant , the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw 's 90th birthday . However , after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny , who got stuck inside a tube in the play area , Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand . He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet , leading Greg to be dubbed as `` Diaper Hands '' . Later , at the Heffley residence , Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw 's house in Indianapolis . Greg 's gaming star , Mac Digby , will be attending , and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity . He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents ' knowledge , however . The Heffley family hits the road , where Greg , Rodrick , Frank , and Manny 's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan , who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology - free . After arriving at a motel , Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it . Later , when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub , Rodrick hears a notification from Greg 's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo . Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan , saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in . Liking the idea , Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo . Going to sleep , Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings , who playfully crash a trolley into a wall , and storms out of the room . He confronts them but Brandi , the eldest sibling , rolls the trolley -- which is meant for Greg -- into their car , leaving a huge scratch . Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room , Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him . Greg returns to his room , but the next morning , he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo , who chases him again , but he manages to escape from the motel with his family . The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig , but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again . Back at the road , the Heffleys , unable to take care of the pig , drop it off at the petting zoo , much to Manny 's dismay , but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention . Checking at the hotel room , Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw . However , after Frank and Susan sees their children on live TV , they go to get the boys themselves . Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition . Desperate to be in one of his videos , Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost . But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public , causing them to chant at him . Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together , and she accuses Greg of not caring . Greg snaps back at Susan , saying that she does n't care about what he wants , which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place . Hurt by her son 's words , Susan hands her phone to Greg because she does n't care anymore . On the road again , the tarp on the boat -- hitched to the car -- carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road . The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo 's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes . This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster . Greg saw his family hit rock bottom . He encourages them to continue the trip . They found the Beardos . They get into the motel room , where the Beardos occupied , and successfully retrieve their belongings . After encountering some obstacles , the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw 's and get their car fixed , but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way . A Spanish - speaking man , Mr. Luis , who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them , but none of the Heffleys can understand him , except Manny , who speaks in fluent Spanish ( thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip ) to the man and explains their current situation . Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is , and the two reunite . At the end , Greg explains that although the road trip was n't perfect , he still would n't change a thing . He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet , Rodrick was able to get a new van , and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family . Greg expresses excitement for where they 'll be going next year , but Susan steps in to say they will be flying . In a mid-credits scene , two girls take selfies with Greg , who they recognize as Diaper Hands . Cast ( edit ) Jason Drucker as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley , Greg 's little brother Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby , a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo , the main antagonist of the film Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's wife Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car Mimi Gould as Meemaw , Susan 's grandmother and Greg 's great - grandmother Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2012 , the series ' third entry , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise . In August 2012 , while doing press for the film , author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie , but did not dismiss the possibility entirely . Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel , stating , `` At present , we do n't have a fourth film in development , but you never know ! '' When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series , Gordon explained , `` Dog Days most likely will be the last movie . The main problem is ( the cast ) is getting older . You ca n't stop it . There 's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up . You know , that 's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless . '' In March 2013 , Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film . Previously , Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw , instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film , stating in an interview , `` I hope that it gets made into an animated movie . but I 'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special . '' Pre-production ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced that a fourth live - action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production , and will have a completely different cast , as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles . Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley , with David Bowers returning as the director . Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg 's parents , Susan and Frank , and Charlie Wright portrays Greg 's older brother Rodrick . Filming ( edit ) Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20 , 2016 , in Atlanta , and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Cultural references ( edit ) The film somewhat acts as a parody film , referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds , where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls . The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act , where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower , which Greg is stuck in , which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him , and wet mud goes down the drain . Additionally , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet ? . Release ( edit ) The film was released on May 17 , 2017 , in the Philippines , May 19 , 2017 , in the United States , and May 20 , 2017 , in the United Kingdom . Trailer reactions ( edit ) On February 23 , 2017 , a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released , and the following month , the official trailer was released . Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters , most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick . To further express their outrage , the fans took to social media and started the hashtag `` # NotMyRodrick '' ( a parody of the `` # NotMyPresident '' trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump ) , which has spawned countless online memes . Other hashtags included `` # NotMyHeffleys '' and `` # NotMyRowley '' . Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences , and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes , compared to only 9 thousand likes . Box office ( edit ) As of August 12 , 2017 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $17.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $38.2 million , against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . In North America , the film was released alongside Everything , Everything and Alien : Covenant , and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend . However , after grossing $2 million on its first day , projections were lowered to $7 million . It ended up finishing with $7.1 million , placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise . Critical response ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul has received mostly negative reviews . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 20 % based on 65 reviews and an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an all - new cast but the same juvenile humor , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested -- and largely unfunny -- development . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 8 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Alien : Covenant , ' No. 8 in the franchise , is poised to unseat ' Guardians ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid : new film confirmed for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon Talks `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' `` . ClevverTV. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Cavna ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film , ' Dog Days ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hiramine , Brie . `` YIKES : ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley '' . J - 14 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Official Trailer ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . www.youtube.com . 20th Century Fox . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1 M Opening , - 34 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline.com . May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Release Date , News & Reviews - Releases.com '' . www.releases.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul on IMDb Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul at Tomatazos The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Films directed by David Bowers Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Astro Boy ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Long_Haul_(film)&oldid=800687632 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American sequel films American children 's comedy films American road movies Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) Films with live action and animation 20th Century Fox films Films directed by David Bowers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch עברית Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played rodrick in diary of a wimpy kid the long haul | [
"\nJason Drucker as Gregory \"Greg\" Heffley\nAlicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother\nTom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father\nCharlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother\nOwen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend\nWyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]\nJoshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes\nChris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film\nKimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife\nMira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car\nMimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother\n"
] | [
"Charlie Wright"
] |
-8929987787138502150 | Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 | Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 - wikipedia Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Jump to : navigation , search Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 North American box art Developer ( s ) Infinity Ward Publisher ( s ) Activision Director ( s ) Jason West Producer ( s ) Mark Rubin Designer ( s ) Todd Alderman Steve Fukuda Mohammad Alavi Writer ( s ) Jesse Stern Composer ( s ) Lorne Balfe Hans Zimmer Series Call of Duty Engine IW engine Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 OS X Release Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 WW : November 10 , 2009 OS X WW : May 20 , 2014 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 is a first - person shooter video game developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision . It was released worldwide on November 10 , 2009 for Microsoft Windows , the PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . A version for OS X was developed by Aspyr and released on May 20 , 2014 . It is the sixth installment of the Call of Duty series and the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare , continuing the same storyline . It was released in conjunction with two other Call of Duty games : Call of Duty : Modern Warfare : Mobilized for the Nintendo DS , and Call of Duty : Modern Warfare : Reflex , a port of Call of Duty 4 adapted by Treyarch for the Wii console . The game 's campaign follows the Task Force 141 , a special forces unit fronted by Captain Soap MacTavish , as they hunt Vladimir Makarov , leader of the Russian Ultranationalist party , and the United States Army Rangers , who are defending the country from a Russian invasion . The game 's main playable characters are Gary `` Roach '' Sanderson , of the 141 , and James Ramirez , of the Army Rangers , with Captain MacTavish becoming playable later in the campaign . An expansive multiplayer mode is featured in the game , with several new features and modes that were not seen in its predecessor . Development for the game began in 2008 , when it was still known as Call of Duty 6 . It uses the IW 4.0 engine , an improved version of Call of Duty 4 's IW 3.0 . Infinity Ward was inspired by real - life conflicts when developing the campaign mode . They initially tested the multiplayer mode by playing an in - house beta version of the game . Modern Warfare 2 was officially announced on February 11 , 2009 . Teasing of the game began in March , with short trailers being released for the game and , eventually , a full reveal trailer . The multiplayer mode was revealed shortly after . Two downloadable content packs were released for it post-release , each containing four new maps . Modern Warfare 2 has been critically acclaimed by various gaming websites as one of the greatest first person shooters of all time . Within 24 hours of release , the game sold approximately 4.7 million copies in North America and the United Kingdom . As of early 2018 , the game has sold over 25 million copies and still has an active multiplayer base with third party servers being hosted in Melbourne , Australia . In addition to its release , a comic book series based on one of the game 's characters was also produced , entitled Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost . Despite the game 's success , it was subject to some controversies , with one surrounding a playable level that had the player carry out a terror attack on an airport . A sequel , Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 , was released in 2011 and finishes the Modern Warfare storyline . According to a number of sources , a remastered version of Modern Warfare 2 developed by Beenox was set to be released on April 30 , 2018 , and which would only feature the single player mode . As of May 2018 , the remaster has yet to be released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Characters and setting 2.2 Story 3 Development 3.1 Game engine 3.2 Audio 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Title 4.2 Retail versions 4.3 Downloadable content 4.4 Comic 4.5 Short film 5 Reception 5.1 Sales and revenue 5.2 Awards 5.3 Controversy 5.4 Technical problems 6 Notes and references 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 revolves around fast - paced gunfights against enemy combatants . The player controls a soldier , and can perform several actions , including jump , sprint , crouch , lay prone , and aim down their gun 's iron sights . When the player is shot by an enemy , blood will splatter their heads - up display ( HUD ) , denoting that they have taken damage ; if the player avoids gunfire by taking cover , their health will recover . The HUD also displays other information , such as a compass , a mini-map , and the player 's current ammunition count . The game features traditional guns , including assault rifles , shotguns , handguns , and sniper rifles . The player will be given specific guns at the beginning of each level , but may switch them out with another gun they find . Some guns have attachments , such as suppressors , and heartbeat sensors . The player can also use grenades and flashbangs when faced with a large group of enemies , as well as a knife for close quarters combat . In some levels , the player will be given special equipment , such as night vision goggles , or a laser designator . Players can compete against each other in Multiplayer mode Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 has three different game modes : Campaign , Spec Ops , and Multiplayer . Campaign is a single - player mode where the player completes eighteen levels connected by an overarching plot . Each level features a series of objectives to fulfill , and the player will often switch characters between levels . If the player dies during a level , they will respawn at the most recent checkpoint . Levels can be played on one of four difficulties , and each level can be replayed after it has been completed . Spec Ops mode features twenty - three additional levels that can be played individually or cooperatively with a partner . These levels provide specific challenges , such as defusing three bombs within a short period of time . If one player is shot down while playing cooperatively , they will begin crawling , and can shoot enemies with a handgun . If they are not revived by the other player , then they will die and fail the level . There are five tiers of Spec Ops levels , with each tier harder than the previous . Only the first tier is available from the beginning , as later tiers can be unlocked with enough stars . The player earns stars by completing the levels on one of three difficulties , with the number of stars earned corresponding to the difficulty chosen . Multiplayer mode allows players to compete against each other in team - based and deathmatch - based game types on various maps . Each game type has an objective that requires unique strategies to complete . If the player kills three or more players in a row without dying , they achieve a `` killstreak '' , which gives the player a tactical advantage during a match . These include a Predator missile , a sentry gun , and a `` tactical nuke '' . Alternatively , if the player dies several times without a kill , they will be rewarded with a `` deathstreak '' bonus , which evens the match for the player . A match ends when either a team or player has reached a predefined number of points , or the allotted time expires in which case the team or player with the most points wins . The player 's performance in the Multiplayer is tracked with experience points , which can be earned by killing opposing players , completing objectives , or by completing a match . As the player gains experience , they advance in level , unlocking new weapons . The player will also unlock perks , which modify gameplay elements such as unlimited sprint and increased bullet damage . Plot ( edit ) Characters and setting ( edit ) During the single - player campaign , the player controls five different characters from a first - person perspective . The player primarily controls Sergeant Gary `` Roach '' Sanderson , a British member of an international Special Forces unit named Task Force 141 . In addition to Roach , the player will also assume control of Private First Class Joseph Allen ( Troy Baker ) and Private James Ramirez of the United States Army Rangers . The now Captain John `` Soap '' MacTavish ( Kevin McKidd ) serves as a senior member of Task Force 141 , acting as Roach 's superior officer and becomes the playable character in the final three missions of the game . Lastly , the player briefly assumes the role of an astronaut stationed on the International Space Station during the height of the war between the United States and Russia . The game 's non-playable characters ( NPCs ) feature prominently in the story : For Task Force 141 , Lieutenant Simon `` Ghost '' Riley ( Craig Fairbrass ) , who conceals his face with a skull print balaclava serves as Soap 's second in command . For the United States Army Rangers , Sergeant Foley ( Keith David ) , along with his subordinate , Corporal Dunn ( Barry Pepper ) , is initially Joseph Allen 's squad leader , and becomes James Ramirez 's squad leader later in the story . Lieutenant General Shepherd ( Lance Henriksen ) is the commander of the United States Army Rangers and Task Force 141 . Other supporting characters returning from Call of Duty 4 include Captain John Price ( Billy Murray ) , MacTavish 's former commanding officer in the British Special Air Service who was imprisoned in Russia , and Russian informant `` Nikolai '' ( Sven Holmberg ) . The primary and hidden antagonist is General Shepherd ( Lance Henriksen ) , who is seemingly an ally for the first half , before he later turns on his own forces . The secondary antagonist is Vladamir Makarov , ( Roman Varshavsky ) , a Russian terrorist who assumed command of the Russian ultranationalist party shortly after Imran Zhakaev 's death . Story ( edit ) In 2016 , Private First Class Joseph Allen participates in a military operation alongside United States Army Rangers stationed in Afghanistan , by assisting them in taking back a city from insurgents . Impressed by Allen 's capabilities , General Shepherd recruits him into Task Force 141 . While Allen prepares for an upcoming assignment , Captain John `` Soap '' MacTavish and Sergeant Gary `` Roach '' Sanderson infiltrate a Russian airbase in the Tian Shan mountains to retrieve an Attack Characterization System ( ACS ) module from a downed American satellite . Allen is soon sent on an undercover mission for the CIA , joining Vladimir Makarov in a mass shooting at an airport in Moscow , Russia . Afterwards , Makarov kills Allen , aware of his true identity , and leaves his body behind to spark a war between Russia and the United States . Outraged by an apparent American - sponsored terrorist attack , Russia retaliates by launching a surprise invasion on the East Coast of the United States . With no evidence of Makarov 's involvement in the airport massacre , Task Force 141 is sent to Rio de Janeiro to capture his arms dealer . They succeed and learn that Makarov 's nemesis is being held in a Russian gulag . They assault the gulag and rescue the prisoner : Captain Price , Soap 's previous commanding officer in the SAS . Price agrees to help Task Force 141 but insists on ending the United States ' war with Russia . After raiding a Russian port , Price launches a ballistic missile towards Washington , D.C. and detonates it in the upper atmosphere . The resulting EMP blast disables all electronic devices across the eastern seaboard , giving the Americans a much - needed advantage . Soldiers fighting in D.C. narrowly avoid a bombing run of Russian - occupied strategic structures by the United States Air Force , lighting green flares atop the White House to show that the city remains in American hands . Meanwhile , Task Force 141 narrows Makarov 's hiding place to two locations ; an aircraft boneyard in Afghanistan , and Makarov 's safehouse on the Georgian - Russian border . Roach and Simon `` Ghost '' Riley successfully raid the safehouse , but are then betrayed and murdered by Shepherd . It soon becomes evident that Shepherd is the catalyst of the Russian - U.S. war , intent on cementing his status as a national hero . Price and Soap learn of Shepherd 's betrayal and escape a battle between his and Makarov 's forces at the boneyard . After learning of Shepherd 's mountain base in Afghanistan from Makarov , Price and Soap raid the base to take revenge on Shepherd in a suicide mission . The duo pursue Shepherd 's boat , and Price manages to shoot down his helicopter extraction as he and Soap tumble over a waterfall . A dazed Soap stumbles towards the crash site and attempts to kill Shepherd , but is stabbed in the chest . While Price arrives and engages Shepherd in a fist fight , Soap pulls the knife out of his chest and throws it at Shepherd , killing him . Nikolai arrives and helps Price evacuate Soap for medical attention . Development ( edit ) Modern Warfare 2 was originally announced as Call of Duty 6 . The game was first announced under the title Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 by Activision on December 3 , 2008 . Activision subsequently retracted its announcement , stating that any information about an upcoming Call of Duty game was `` speculative . '' Infinity Ward then asserted that it had not officially confirmed its latest project at that time . On February 11 , 2009 , Activision officially announced Modern Warfare 2 and set a tentative release date for `` Holiday 2009 . '' The game was tested in an internal beta by the development team . While both Call of Duty 4 and Call of Duty : World at War had been preceded by public multiplayer betas , no such beta was released for Modern Warfare 2 because it was determined that , according to Community Manager Robert Bowling , no public beta was needed unless the internal beta did not provide adequate feedback . Infinity Ward announced on October 2009 that the PC version of Modern Warfare 2 would not support the use of user - run dedicated servers or in - game console commands . This announcement was received poorly by some members of the PC community , eventually instigating a response from Infinity Ward in an attempt to put the community at ease . During brainstorming sessions , an idea came forth on what if the ending of Modern Warfare was a loss , leading to the sequel . In an interview with Jesse Stern , he talked to producers of Infinity Ward with ideas such as `` outbreaks , viruses , chemical warfare , and even outlandish things such as aliens and the living dead . '' Stern mentioned having the game based on real - life conflicts before they halted further planning at first due to events in the 2008 South Ossetia war and in the Mumbai terrorist attacks . Game engine ( edit ) The game utilizes the in - house IW 4.0 game engine , which is claimed to be a generation beyond the capabilities of the engine used in Call of Duty 4 . Although proprietary , the game is based on an unspecified id Tech engine , and can accommodate larger worlds , enhanced graphic detail , and more efficient rendering . Infinity Ward has addressed the issue of enemies that continually respawn at different points of a level . The developer demonstrated that the game engine uses a `` dynamic AI '' , which has replaced the infinite respawn system and allows enemies to act more independently . These `` smarter '' enemies are designed to actively seek out and drive the player forward through a level , and can break away from set behaviors such as following a designated route in order to attack . The player can not depend on enemies to be found in the same locations as a previous play - through because enemies will behave differently each time a level is played . Audio ( edit ) On August 20 , 2009 , Robert Bowling revealed through Twitter that Kevin McKidd , Craig Fairbrass , Barry Pepper , Keith David , and Glenn Morshower were confirmed voice actors for the game . It was later confirmed that McKidd would voice the protagonist , `` Soap '' MacTavish . Fairbrass , who voiced Gaz in Call of Duty 4 , provided voice work for `` Ghost '' . Billy Murray reprised his role as Captain Price from Call of Duty 4 . Rapper 50 Cent provided voice work for the Special Ops and multiplayer modes , portraying `` one of the squad ( member ) voices . '' The main theme of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 was provided by Hollywood composer Hans Zimmer , while the rest of the score was composed by Lorne Balfe . The soundtrack was released on June 1 , 2010 . The iTunes page for the soundtrack incorrectly lists Zimmer as the soundtrack 's only composer . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( Original Score ) Soundtrack album by Lorne Balfe Released June 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) ( digital ) Recorded 2008 -- 09 Genre Soundtrack orchestral ambient Length 52 : 39 Label Activision Producer Lorne Balfe No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Opening Titles '' Hans Zimmer 3 : 25 2 . `` Extraction Point '' Lorne Balfe 3 : 35 3 . `` Breach '' Balfe 3 : 22 4 . `` Guerrilla Tactics '' Balfe 2 : 58 5 . `` Siege '' Balfe 4 : 06 6 . `` Infiltration '' Balfe 4 : 28 7 . `` Esprit de corps '' Balfe 3 : 07 8 . `` Retreat and Reveille '' Balfe 2 : 58 9 . `` Ordinance '' Balfe 1 : 58 10 . `` Contingency '' Balfe 2 : 16 11 . `` Onwards '' Balfe 2 : 28 12 . `` Code of Conduct '' Balfe 2 : 09 13 . `` Chain of Command '' Balfe 2 : 01 14 . `` Safeguard '' Balfe 2 : 43 15 . `` Deadline '' Balfe 3 : 56 16 . `` Protocol '' Balfe 3 : 47 17 . `` Coup de grâce '' Balfe 3 : 22 Total length : 52 : 39 Marketing and release ( edit ) On March 25 , 2009 , a teaser trailer for the game was revealed at the Game Developer Choice Awards ceremony in San Francisco . The teaser was posted on Infinity Ward 's website , and released on the Xbox Live Marketplace and the PlayStation Network a short time later . A second teaser was released on May 10 , 2009 and showed gameplay features such as snowmobile driving and underwater actions . The teaser announced that the game would be `` revealed '' on TNT during the NBA Eastern Conference Finals on May 24 , 2009 . The `` reveal '' was the first full - length trailer , which debuted extended sequences of actual in - game scenes and combat ; the trailer was subsequently made available on the Modern Warfare 2 official website , which was kept updated for the occasion . A fourth trailer was released on July 27 , 2009 , and showed the first footage of the game 's multiplayer mode . On October 4 , 2009 , a second full - length cinematic trailer was released and revealed that part of the game would take place in a war - torn Washington , D.C. On July 21 , 2009 , Infinity Ward 's Robert Bowling revealed through Twitter that a Modern Warfare 2 controller was in the works . Peripherals manufacturer Mad Catz was contracted by Activision to create a line of Modern Warfare 2 controllers and accessories for all platforms that the game would be available on . Activision stated , in its quarterly earnings report , that pre-orders for the game had broken a company record ; more copies of Modern Warfare 2 had been pre-ordered than any other game that the company had published before . In September 2009 , Monster Energy teamed up with Activision to bring special redeemable codes on the Monster Energy website , where people may submit codes included in Monster Energy packs to redeem items such as Xbox 360 Premium Themes and a Modern Warfare 2 Map Pack code . Title ( edit ) The original teaser trailer confirmed that the game 's title of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 was officially shortened to just Modern Warfare 2 . After photographs of the official retail boxes were posted by Robert Bowling , Activision confirmed that the standard - edition Modern Warfare 2 packaging would feature the Call of Duty brand logo in order to reflect the game 's association with the Call of Duty franchise . It is speculated that the decision was influenced by findings that brand awareness for the game was significantly lower without the Call of Duty logo . However , the developers still prefer to simply call the game Modern Warfare 2 as they consider it a new IP . The menus in the game also refer to the title as simply Modern Warfare 2 . Retail versions ( edit ) Modern Warfare 2 was released in four different retail versions across the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms : Standard , Hardened , Veteran , and Prestige . The standard version consists of the game and an instructional manual , and is the only version available for the Microsoft Windows platform . The Hardened Edition consists of the game and manual ( which are packaged in a steel book case ) , an art book , and a token that allows one to download Call of Duty Classic , a hi - definition version of the original Call of Duty game , from Xbox Live Arcade or the PlayStation Store ( Classic was released individually on December 2 , 2009 ) . The Prestige Edition contains all of the elements of the Hardened Edition , but also includes a set of fully functioning night vision goggles , imprinted with the Modern Warfare 2 logo , and a stand modeled after the head of the character `` Soap '' MacTavish . The goggles are powered by five AA batteries and can see up to 50 feet in absolute darkness . On September 15 , 2009 , Activision and Microsoft jointly announced a special , limited Modern Warfare 2 version of the Xbox 360 with a 250GB hard disk . The unit is highlighted by special game product branding and includes two wireless controllers and a headset . This is the first Xbox 360 to come with a 250GB hard drive . On September 18 , UK and rep of Ireland retailer GAME announced a Veteran Edition of Modern Warfare 2 would be exclusive to rep of Ireland and UK . It will come with a 12 '' ( 30.5 cm ) tall statue of `` Soap '' MacTavish with interchangeable arms and weapons ; has the same contents as the Hardened Edition . In September 2009 , a Veteran Statue Bundle of Modern Warfare 2 was posted on the EB Games website and is available for all platforms . Modern Warfare 2 was ported to OS X by Aspyr years after the game 's original release . This version was released on May 20 , 2014 , alongside the OS X port for Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 . Downloadable content ( edit ) Activision announced that two downloadable map packs would be released for Modern Warfare 2 . At E3 2009 , Microsoft stated that these map packs would first be made available for the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live before they would be released for other platforms . Robert Bowling stated that the community response to the game and the first ten downloadable map packs would be used in designing other potential map packs . The first map pack , titled the `` Stimulus Package , '' was released first for Xbox Live on March 30 , 2010 and for PlayStation Network and PC on May 4 , 2010 in North America . The pack contains five maps : reincarnations of the Crash and Overgrown maps from Call of Duty 4 , and three new maps : Bailout , a multi-level apartment complex ; Storm , an industrial park littered with heavy machinery ; and Salvage , an abandoned car junkyard in the middle of the snow . Within 24 hours of its release , it was downloaded over one million times . Within the first week it had been downloaded 2.5 million times , breaking Xbox Live DLC records . In addition to integrating the maps into all existing game types , the Stimulus Package adds two new game modes , randomizing the built - in game types in either normal or hardcore mode . Activision released the second downloadable map pack , titled the `` Resurgence Package '' , exclusively for Xbox Live on June 3 , 2010 in North America . This release was followed by the PlayStation Network and PC versions on July 6 in North America and on July 7 worldwide . The package includes five new multiplayer maps : reincarnations of the Strike and Vacant maps from Call of Duty 4 , and three new maps : Carnival , a desolated amusement park ; Trailer Park , a mobile home park ; and Fuel , an oil refinery . Both of the map packs were made available for purchase on OS X on May 20 , 2014 , when the OS X port of the game was released . Comic ( edit ) Main article : Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost A six - part comic book mini-series related to the game has also been produced . Announced by Robert Bowling on August 17 , 2009 , Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost is focused on the backstory of the character Ghost , who appears in the video game as a member of Task Force 141 . The series is published by WildStorm . The first issue of the series debuted on November 11 , 2009 . Short film ( edit ) Main article : Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish A fan - made prequel to Modern Warfare 2 , entitled Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish , premiered at Call of Duty : XP 2011 . The video was produced by We Can Pretend , visual effects by The Junction , and was endorsed by Activision . The first film , Find Makarov , was a non-canon fan made film . Activision contacted We Can Pretend about the video and helped produce a second canon short film , Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish . The prequel tells the story of how Task Force 141 first tried to capture Vladimir Makarov , who was known then as Kingfish . It also tells how Soap got his facial scars , and how Price was captured and incarcerated in a gulag . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( X360 ) 93.57 % ( PS3 ) 93.42 % ( PC ) 87.84 % Metacritic ( X360 ) 94 / 100 ( PS3 ) 94 / 100 ( PC ) 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com AllGame CVG 9.4 / 10 Destructoid 9.5 / 10 Famitsu 39 / 40 G4 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 GamePro GameSpot 9.0 / 10 GameSpy GamesRadar+ 10 / 10 GameTrailers 9.5 / 10 IGN 9.5 / 10 Joystiq OXM ( US ) 9.5 / 10 OXM ( UK ) 10 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 80 % PC Gamer ( US ) 80 % TeamXbox 9.7 / 10 X-Play The Escapist The Daily Telegraph 10 / 10 The Guardian Awards Publication Award IGN Editor 's Choice GamePro Editor 's Choice BAFTA PC Game of the Year ( 2009 ) GameTrailers Game of the Year 2009 PakGamers Best Xbox 360 Game of 2009 GameSpot Best Shooter / Readers Choice GameTrailers Best First - Person Shooter Destructoid Editor 's Choice Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Action Game of the Year Modern Warfare 2 received critical acclaim , especially its console versions . Reviewers praised the in - depth story mode , mini missions , and multiplayer . 1UP.com stated `` Mixing real - world locations with bombastic set - pieces MW2 continues the guided , thrill - ride experiences of its predecessor , and adds even more depth to its multiplayer offerings . It might not have fixed all the problems from the first game , but there 's just so much quality content packed into this game that it will almost certainly be one of the most - played games in your library for a long time to come '' . Game Informer noted `` Modern Warfare 2 is a masterpiece of careful iteration , with an unmatched presentation and a well of content that will take months to run dry '' . IGN commented `` For those planning to check out everything Modern Warfare 2 has to offer -- online competition , full co-op Spec Ops mode , as well as the campaign -- you 're looking at a no - brainer purchase '' . GameTrailers stated `` The air of unpredictability and the care that was paid to each separate element puts it in lofty company . The multiplayer has n't received an overhaul , but considering most shooters are still playing catch - up with Call of Duty 4 , the tweaks and twists make it the best multiplayer shooting experience in the industry . Few games manage to meet such high expectations '' . Computer and Video Games called the game `` Loud , epic and incredibly polished , ( and ) this year 's biggest must - have shooter '' . Criticisms of the game are directed towards a variety of aspects , but focus on the short length of the single player campaign . IGN 's Mark Bozon remarks that the single - player of `` Modern Warfare 2 is surprisingly short , and does n't live up to the standard set by previous Call of Duty games . '' In addition , many reviewers have complained about the lack of innovation to the formula of the series . Famitsu named Modern Warfare 2 as the number one game on the top 10 video games sold in 2009 , beating games such as Metal Gear Solid 4 , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , Halo 3 and Grand Theft Auto IV . It also gave the game a score of 39 / 40 , being one of the few Western games released in Japan to have the same score as Grand Theft Auto IV . Sales and revenue ( edit ) According to preliminary sales figures from Activision , Modern Warfare 2 sold approximately 4.7 million units in the United States and the UK combined in the first 24 hours of its release . The total revenue from first day sales in the U.S. and the UK was $310 million , making Modern Warfare 2 the biggest entertainment launch in history at the time , surpassing in revenue its predecessor , Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare , as well as items from other media types . After five days of sales , the game had earned revenue figures of $550 million worldwide . As of January 18 , 2010 , it has taken over $1 billion in sales . Activision also claims that Modern Warfare 2 had 8 million players online within the first five days , constituting the largest ' army ' of players in the world . On March 8 , 2010 , Robert Bowling announced that the game had amassed 25 million unique players . In June 2010 , Activision 's CFO Thomas Tippl revealed that the game had sold 20 million copies . In August 2011 , Activision Publishing CEO Eric Hirshberg revealed that the game had sold 22 million copies . A month later in September 2011 , Modern Warfare 3 producer Mark Rubin , said that the game 's sales are between 28 and 29 million . In November 2013 , IGN put the game 's sales at 22.7 million . According to the NPD Group , Modern Warfare 2 sold approximately 4.2 million units for the Xbox 360 and 1.87 million units for the PlayStation 3 in the U.S. during the month of November 2009 . In Japan , Modern Warfare 2 sold 64,000 copies for the PlayStation 3 and 42,000 copies for the Xbox 360 in its first week of sales . The game later sold 117,000 copies on the PlayStation 3 and 61,000 on the Xbox 360 . Anita Frazier of the NPD Group reported in March 2010 that the game had sold slightly under 10 million copies in the U.S. alone . The game is the second best - selling game of all time in both the UK and the U.S. Awards ( edit ) Modern Warfare 2 received awards from various gaming sites and publications , it gained high praise from some video game magazines . At the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards , Modern Warfare 2 received the Best Shooter and Best Multiplayer awards . Both GameSpy and GameTrailers gave the game the Best Overall Game of 2009 award and received from GameTrailers overall six awards . GameSpot and Metacritic , both gave it the Best Xbox 360 Game award , the Pakistani game reviewing site , PakGamers , has awarded Modern Warfare 2 with ' Best Xbox 360 Game of 2009 '. and from GameTrailers received the game the Best Multiplayer award including the Best First - Person Shooter award . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Controversies surrounding Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 In `` No Russian '' , the player can shoot at a group of civilians at an airport . Various portions of the campaign have caused some controversy , including the depiction of a massacre carried out in a Russian airport , on the mission `` No Russian '' , the fourth mission in the game . Anders Behring Breivik claims in his manifesto that he used this video game to perpetrate the 2011 Norway attacks . Coop Norway , a chain of retail stores in Norway , removed the game from its shelves as a result of this attack . A YouTube user claimed that two paintings in the multiplayer map Favela offended Muslims . Activision removed the controversial paintings and apologized for its offense to Muslims . The amended Favela map was added back into the Xbox 360 and PS3 versions of the game , however was permanently taken out of the PC version . Technical problems ( edit ) After the successful hack on the PlayStation 3 in January 2011 , some Modern Warfare 2 players on the PlayStation 3 have had their stats hacked or completely deleted . Infinity Ward replied that their advice was to play in private games , waiting for Sony to fix the problems on the platform side , saying that they could not patch the security problem themselves . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Following the invasion , Task Force 141 concludes that the ACS module had already been compromised before its retrieval . Jump up ^ In Modern Warfare 3 , it is revealed that Price was captured during `` Operation Kingfish '' in 2013 , a mission to kill or capture Makarov . References Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare -- MobyGames '' . MobyGames . November 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Warfare 2 Coming November 10 , 2009 '' . Activision Publishing , Inc . March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair , Brendan ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Infinity Ward enlisted for Call of Duty 6 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Jason ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 This Holiday '' . IGN . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Onyett , Charles ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Details Surface '' . IGN . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare : Mobilized in Development for Nintendo DS '' . IGN . August 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare Coming to Wii '' . IGN . August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McElroy , Griffin ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Wildstorm publishing Modern Warfare 2 comic mini-series ( update ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Remastered is real , does n't have multiplayer '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Remastered has no MP , not developed by Raven '' . CharlieIntel . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul . `` The ' Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ' Remaster Is Rumored Not To Have Multiplayer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex . `` Call Of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Remaster On The Way , But Wo n't Have Multiplayer - Report '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , James ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Remastered : When is the Call of Duty remake release date ? '' . Daily Star . Express Newspapers . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Meer , Alec ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Wot I Think : Modern Warfare 2 '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Infinity Ward 2009 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Infinity Ward 2009 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Infinity Ward 2009 , p. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Kevin ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , G. Christopher ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Uniforms Are Relics '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Infinity Ward 2009 , p. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Bozon , Mark ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 : Spec Ops Hands - On '' . IGN . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Multiplayer Hands - On '' . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Review : This Means War '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Molina , Brett ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Believe the hype on ' Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus & Sea Snipers 2009 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Ocampo , Jason ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` E3 2009 : Modern Warfare 2 Impressions '' . IGN . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frushtick , Russ ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ' Comic Book Series Coming From Wildstorm '' . MTV Multiplayer . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Infinity Ward ( November 14 , 2009 ) . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 . Activision . Level / area : Second Sun . Jump up ^ `` Soap 's Journal '' . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 's Hardened edition . Activision ( November 8 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Leahy , Brian ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Activision Announces New ' Call of Duty ' , ' Guitar Hero ' , and ' Tony Hawk ' Games '' . G4 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` Activision : CoD Modern Warfare 2 reports ' speculative ' '' . Videogamer . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Robert ( January 11 , 2009 ) . `` Beware of fake `` COD5 '' Beta Invites `` . Infinity Ward . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brudvig , Erik ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` No Public Beta for Modern Warfare 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben . `` PC Modern Warfare 2 : it 's much worse than you thought '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FourZeroTwo ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 For PC '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Salty , Sir ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Infinity Ward Responds To PC Fanboys ' Dedicated Server Woes -- News '' . GameInformer.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mike Snider ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ' benefits from ' NCIS ' writer '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Warfare 2 writer : `` the airport level was a risk we had to take '' `` . GamePro.com . November 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` The 10 Best Game Engines of This Generation '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ fourzertwo aka Robert Bowling ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 : Texture Streaming '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` First Modern Warfare 2 details emerge '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Infinity Ward Talks Modern Warfare 2 , 43 Stories Up '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . ' We still call the game Modern Warfare 2 , ' Bowling told the room . ' For our community we 're making it clear that it 's the sequel to Modern Warfare . ' Jump up ^ Tor Thorsen ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 casts Keith David , Kevin McKidd '' . Gamespot . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fourzertwo aka Robert Bowling ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Re : Modern Warfare 2 Voices Announced ( And Database ) '' . Infinity Ward . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` news '' . 07766575100.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stirling , Jim ( August 8 , 2009 ) . `` 50 Cent to be appearing in Modern Warfare 2 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 50 Cent ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` 50 Cent Visits Infinity Ward '' . This Is 50 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Composer Hans Zimmer game for Call of Duty Entertainment Music '' . Reuters . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Game Credits for Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 '' . Moby Games . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( Original Game Score ) '' . iTunes U.S. Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Warfare 2 Teaser Trailer '' . Infinity Ward . March 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Store Update '' . PlayStation. Blog. April 2 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Monster Energy Drink -- Unleash The Beast -- modern - warfare - 2 -- home '' . Monsterenergy.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Warfare 2 downloadable maps revealed '' . Inquisitr.com . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Robert ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 boxes are ready '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Box Retains Call of Duty Brand '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity Ward : Modern Warfare 3 not in development '' . VideoGamer.com . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Jim ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 PC Not Getting Special Editions '' . IGN . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Warfare 2 's ' Prestige Edition ' Is Insane '' . IGN . July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Night Vision Goggles Manual ( Booklet ) . p. 2 . Required 5 AA ( LR6 ) alkaline batteries . Jump up ^ Night Vision Goggles Manual ( Booklet ) . p. 2 . In this mode , the goggle operate at full power and emit a barely visible ring of red light . See up to 50 feet in absolute darkness . Jump up ^ `` Limited Edition Console for Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 '' . Microsoft . September 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Edition Announced '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Search -- GameStop '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Katie ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 and 3 Now Available on Mac '' . IGN . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Jim ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Map Packs Important for Modern Warfare 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kietzmann , Ludwig ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 map packs hitting Xbox Live first '' . Joystiq . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Jim ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Community Will Shape Modern Warfare 2 Maps '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MW2 Stimulus Package DLC Out March 30 Ripten Videogame Blog Jump up ^ Show # 353 : Wil Wheaton , MW2 Stimulus Package and Supreme Commander -- Xbox Live 's Major Nelson Archived March 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ January 20 , 2010 , Brian Warmoth . `` ' Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ' DLC Gets 30 - Day Head Start '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reilly , Jim ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Stimulus Package Sets New Xbox Live Sales Record '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Robert ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Resurgence Package for PS3 and PC release date announced '' . Twitter , Inc . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ An Interview with Robert Bowling on the MW 2 Resurgence Package -- Xbox Live 's Major Nelson Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Modern Warfare 2 ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Ghost Comic Issue 1 Preview '' . Mw2blog.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joystiq : Find Makarov '' . May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 for Xbox 360 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 for PlayStation 3 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( Xbox 360 ) Reviews '' . MetaCritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( PlayStation 3 ) Reviews '' . MetaCritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( PC ) Reviews '' . MetaCritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , David ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Review ( PS3 , XBOX360 ) '' . 1up.com . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Christopher ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 -- Overview '' . allgame . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Michael ' Mike ' ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Review '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Jim ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` Modern Warfare 2 Came * This * Close to a Perfect Famitsu Score '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keil , Matt ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Review -- PS3 '' . G4TV . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Biessener , Adam ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 2 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim , Tae K. ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Xbox 360 Review '' . GamerPro . p. 2 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Review for Xbox 360 '' . GameSpot . November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Will ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Xbox 360 Review '' . GameSpy . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Warfare 2 '' . GamesRadar . 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Jump up ^ Biessener , Adam ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Multiplayer Reigns Supreme in Game of the Year Candidate -- Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 -- Xbox 360 '' . GameInformer.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurogamer Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Edge Online Review '' . Edge Online . Future US . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IGN UK Review '' . IGN UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magicbox Gaming News , December 30 , 2009 '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael McWhertor ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Came * This * Close to a Perfect Famitsu Score '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 destroys records in first day sales rampage , pulls in $310 M '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Sells Close To 5 Million in First Day '' . GameInformer . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 sells 4.7 million day one in U.S. and UK '' . Videogamer . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Was Modern Warfare 2 Really The `` Biggest Launch in History '' ? -- Modern warfare 2 `` . Kotaku . November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frum , Larry ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Hot video games for holiday shopping '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MW2 sales pass $550 m worldwide '' . MCV . November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moder5 copies sold ! n Warfare 2 sales hit bn '' . BBC News . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Warfare 2 's online army is the world 's biggest '' . VentureBeat . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Warfare 2 enlists 25 million unique players , Bowling says '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sacco , Dominic ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` E3 2010 : MW2 sells 20 million copies '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activision reveals sales figures for Black Op -- Shacknews.com -- Video Game News , Trailers , Game Videos , and Files '' . Shacknews.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Modern Warfare 3 interview : ' The hardest part is the stress ' '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : A Short History '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . November 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` November NPD : Modern Warfare Shifts 6 Million Copies '' . Wired . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magicbox Gaming News , December 11 , 2009 '' . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spencer ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` Modern Warfare 2 Gets Off To Strong Start in Japan '' . Siliconera . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Warfare 2 the 2nd best - selling game in the US - VideoGamer.com '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` NPD : February Down 15 Percent On Lagging Unit Sales , Constrained Wii '' . Gamasutra . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Roger ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops becomes best - selling UK game ever as fourth map pack hinted Metro.co.uk '' . metro.co.uk . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Joe Crowther for ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 is UK 's second bestselling game ever '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Game of the Year 2009 -- Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 '' . GameSpy . IGN . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2009 Video Game , Game of the Year Game Trailers & Videos '' . GameTrailers.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Platform Awards Best Xbox 360 Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Best Games of 2009 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PakGamers -- Top Xbox 360 Games of The Year 2009 '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2009 Video Game , Best Multiplayer '' . GameTrailers . Viacom . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2009 Video Game , Best First - Person Shooter '' . Viacom . GameTrailers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pint , Zach . `` Norway Retail Giant Dropping Many Titles / Toys in Response to Oslo Attacks '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty map removed at request of Muslim gamers '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bowling : I - Ward will `` not rely solely on platform security '' after PS3 crack `` . VG247 . January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . `` updates to the game through patches will not resolve this problem , unless the security exploit itself is resolved on the platform , '' said Bowling. ( ... ) If you are concerned about playing with players who are hacking , I encourage you to play exclusively with friends by utilizing the party or private match options in Modern Warfare 2 and Call of Duty 4 to avoid such players as much as possible until this issue is resolved by Sony . Bibliography ( edit ) Infinity Ward ( 2009 ) . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 instruction manual . Activision . Marcus , Phillip ; Sea Snipers ( 2009 ) . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Signature Series Strategy Guide . BradyGames . ISBN 9780744011647 . External links ( edit ) Official website Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 on IMDb `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Trailer '' . June 22 , 2009 -- via YouTube . Call of Duty Games World War II Call of Duty United Offensive World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts WWII Modern Warfare 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops World at War Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Black Ops 4 Other games Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory Ghosts Advanced Warfare Heroes Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Raven Software Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_2&oldid=843242413 '' Categories : 2009 video games Activision games Call of Duty Cooperative video games First - person shooters First - person shooter multiplayer online games Futuristic shooting games Fictional wars Multiplayer online games MacOS games Obscenity controversies in video gaming PlayStation 3 games Square Enix games Video game sequels Video games developed in the United States Video games set in Afghanistan Video games set in Brazil Video games set in Karachi War in North - West Pakistan fiction Video games set in Kazakhstan Video games set in Russia Video games set in Virginia Video games set in Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you play as in modern warfare 2 | [
"The gameplay of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 revolves around fast-paced gunfights against enemy combatants.[14] The player controls a soldier, and can perform several actions, including jump, sprint, crouch, lay prone, and aim down their gun's iron sights.[15] When the player is shot by an enemy, blood will splatter their heads-up display (HUD), denoting that they have taken damage; if the player avoids gunfire by taking cover, their health will recover.[16] The HUD also displays other information, such as a compass, a mini-map, and the player's current ammunition count.[17] The game features traditional guns, including assault rifles, shotguns, handguns, and sniper rifles. The player will be given specific guns at the beginning of each level, but may switch them out with another gun they find.[18] Some guns have attachments, such as suppressors, and heartbeat sensors.[19] The player can also use grenades and flashbangs when faced with a large group of enemies, as well as a knife for close quarters combat.[20] In some levels, the player will be given special equipment, such as night vision goggles, or a laser designator.[21]"
] | [
"a soldier"
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-7510778276631207400 | National Electronic Funds Transfer | National electronic funds transfer - Wikipedia National electronic funds transfer Jump to : navigation , search National Electronic Funds Transfer ( NEFT ) is an electronic funds transfer system maintained by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . Started in November 2005 , NEFT is a facility enabling bank customers in India to transfer funds between any two NEFT - enabled bank accounts on a one - to - one basis . It is done via electronic messages . Unlike Real - time gross settlement ( RTGS ) , fund transfers through the NEFT system do not occur in real - time basis . NEFT settles fund transfers in half - hourly batches with 23 settlements occurring between 8 : 00 AM and 6 : 30 PM on week days and the 1st , 3rd and 5th Saturday of the calendar month . Transfers initiated outside this time period are settled at the next available window . No settlements are made on the second and fourth Saturday of the month , or on Sundays , or on public holidays . NEFT facilities are available at 74,680 branches offices of 101 banks across the country ( out of around 82,400 bank branches ) as of January 2011 , and well as online through the website of NEFT - enabled banks . and work on a batch mode . NEFT has gained popularity due to its saving on time and the ease with which the transactions can be concluded , This reflects from the fact that 42 % of all electronic transactions in the 2008 financial year were NEFT transactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 Settlement Timings 3 Service Charges for NEFT Transactions 4 Settlement Procedure in Banks 5 Statistics 6 References 7 External links Process ( edit ) Detailed process NEFT is as follows Step - 1 : Customer fills an application form providing details of the beneficiary ( like name , bank , branch name , IFSC , account type and account number ) and the amount to be remitted . The remitter authorizes his / her bank branch to debit his account and remit the specified amount to the beneficiary . This facility is also available through online banking and some banks offer the NEFT facility even through the ATMs . Step - 2 : The originating bank branch prepares a message and sends the message to its pooling centre ( also called the NEFT Service Centre ) . Step - 3 : The pooling centre forwards the message to the NEFT Clearing Centre ( operated by National Clearing Cell , Reserve Bank of India , Mumbai ) to be included for the next available batch . Step - 4 : The Clearing Centre sorts the funds transfer transactions destination bank-wise and prepares accounting entries to receive funds from the originating banks ( debit ) and give the funds to the destination banks ( credit ) . Thereafter , bank-wise remittance messages are forwarded to the destination banks through their pooling centre ( NEFT Service Centre ) . Step - 5 : The destination banks receive the inward remittance messages from the Clearing Centre and pass on the credit to the beneficiary customers ' accounts. national electronic fund transfer Settlement Timings ( edit ) NEFT originally settled fund transfers in hourly batches with twelve settlements between 8 : 00 AM and 7 : 00 PM on week days . Settlements are closed on the second and fourth Saturday of the month . In April 2016 , the RBI announced that clearance times would be reduced to half - hourly batches raising the number of settlements per day to 23 . Any transaction initiated after a designated settlement time would have to wait till the next designated settlement time . As of 2013 , all transactions initiated before 5 PM will be settled on same day . No transactions are settled on weekly holidays and public holidays . Transaction Timings for NEFT , Monday to Saturday ( Except 2nd and 4th Saturday ) is 8 : 00 AM to 6 : 30 PM . RTGS / NEFT is not allowed on Sundays , second and fourth Saturday of the month and the declared bank holidays for the calendar year . National Electronic Funds Transfer ( NEFT ) is one of the most prominent electronic funds transfer system of India . Started in November 2005 , ( 1 ) NEFT is a facility provided to bank customers to enable them to transfer funds easily and securely on a one - to - one basis . It is done via electronic messages . This is not on real - time basis like RTGS ( Real Time Gross Settlement ) . This is a `` net '' transfer facility which is executed in hourly batches resulting in a time lag . NEFT facilities are available in 30,000 bank branches all over the country and work on a batch mode . RBI explains this scheme as `` National Electronic Funds Transfer ( NEFT ) is a nation - wide payment system facilitating one - to - one funds transfer . Under this Scheme , individuals , firms and corporates can electronically transfer funds from any bank branch to any individual , firm or corporate having an account with any other bank branch in the country participating in the Scheme . '' NEFT has gained popularity due to its saving on time and the ease with which the transactions can be concluded , This reflects from the fact that 42 % of all electronic transactions in the 2008 financial year were NEFT transactions . Service charges for NEFT transactions ( edit ) The structure of charges that can be a ) Inward transactions at destination bank branches ( for credit to beneficiary accounts ) : Free , no charges to be collected from beneficiaries b ) Outward transactions at originating bank branches ( charges for the remitter ) : For transactions up to ₹ 10,000 ( not exceeding ) : ₹ 2.50 ( + GST ) For transactions above ₹ 10,000 up to ₹ 1 lakh ( not exceeding ) : ₹ 5 ( + GST ) For transactions above ₹ 1 lakh and up to ₹ 2 lakhs ( not exceeding ) : ₹ 15 ( + GST ) For transactions above ₹ 2 lakhs : ₹ 25 ( + GST ) Settlement procedure in banks ( edit ) The balance in your bank account at any point of time is the amount that your bank owes you . You have maintained that money in your bank ( as savings / current account ) and your bank is obliged to pay you that amount on demand . Thus , these are also called demand deposits . The bank obviously has a master data ( a ledger ) to record how much does it owe to whom . When your friend , who has an account in the same bank , transfers some money to you , the accounting is easy for the bank - just reduce the amount from your friend 's balance and add it to yours . The net amount that the bank owes both of you together remains the same . Complications arise when there is an interbank transfer . Suppose , you have an account in SBI , while your friend 's account is in ICICI . He transfers a thousand rupees to you . Your balance increases by 1000 , his balance decreases by the same . But wait ! Your bank - SBI - now owes you a thousand more than what you had ever deposited , while ICICI owes your friend a thousand less for no good reason ! Thus , ICICI must pay SBI a thousand bucks to regularize the transaction , else where would SBI pay you from if & when you try withdrawing your balance ? This transfer between banks is known as settlement . Settlement takes place at RBI level . Remember , the central bank is a banker to the banks . Each bank has a running account with the Reserve Bank of India . When your friend transfers a thousand rupees from his account at ICICI to your account at SBI , the same amount is debited from ICICI 's account at RBI and credited to SBI 's account . The payment and settlement is thus complete . Statistics ( edit ) 928 million National Electronic Funds Transfers ( NEFT ) transactions worth ₹ 60 trillion ( US $940 billion ) were made in 2014 - 15 as against 661 million transactions worth ₹ 44 trillion ( US $690 billion ) the previous year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Overview of Payment Systems in India '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - NEFT System '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Electronic Funds Transfer System - Procedural Guidelines '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEFT Fund Transfer To Get Faster - NDTV '' . NDTV . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NEFT transfer to get quicker as RBI cuts clearance time '' . The Indian Express . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital India : Beyond an aspiration to an imperative '' , Business Today , 26 February 2016 External links ( edit ) List of NEFT enabled bank Branches in India ( Bank-wise IFS Codes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Electronic_Funds_Transfer&oldid=801190733 '' Categories : Payment and settlement systems in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use Indian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 06 : 17 . About Wikipedia | when does the beneficiary get the credit for a neft payment | [] | [] |
5546252307094163369 | Dark skin | Dark skin - wikipedia Dark skin Jump to : navigation , search Group of Cambodian men with dark skin . Dark - skinned Indonesian migrant workers in Suriname , circa 1940 Dark skin is a naturally occurring human skin color that is rich in eumelanin pigments and having a dark color . People with relatively dark skin are referred to as brown , and those with very dark skin are often referred to as black , although this usage can be ambiguous in some countries where it is also used to specifically refer to different ethnic groups or populations . The evolution of dark skin pigmentation is believed to have begun around 1.2 million years ago , in light - skinned early hominid species after they moved from the equatorial rainforest to the sunny savannas . In the heat of the savannas , better cooling mechanisms were required , which were achieved through the loss of body hair and development of more efficient perspiration . The loss of body hair led to the development of dark skin pigmentation , which acted as a mechanism of natural selection against folate depletion , and to a lesser extent , DNA damage . The primary factor contributing to the evolution of dark skin pigmentation was the breakdown of folate in reaction to ultraviolet radiation ; the relationship between folate breakdown induced by ultraviolet radiation and reduced fitness as a failure of normal embryogenesis and spermatogenesis led to the selection of dark skin pigmentation . By the time modern Homo sapiens evolved , all humans were dark - skinned . Humans with dark skin pigmentation have skin naturally rich in melanin ( especially eumelanin ) , and have more melanosomes which provide a superior protection against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation . This helps the body to retain its folate reserves and protects against damage to the DNA . Dark - skinned people who live in high latitudes with mild sunlight are at an increased risk -- especially in the winter -- of vitamin D deficiency . As a consequence of vitamin D deficiency , they are at a higher risk of developing rickets , and numerous types of cancers , and possibly cardiovascular disease and low immune system activity . However , some recent studies have questioned if the thresholds indicating Vitamin D deficiency in light - skinned individuals are relevant for dark - skinned individuals , as they found that on average dark - skinned individuals have higher bone density and lower risk of fractures than lighter - skinned individuals with the same levels of Vitamin D . This is attributed as possibly due to lower presence of Vitamin D binding agents ( and thus higher bioavailability ) in dark - skinned individuals . The global distribution of generally dark - skinned populations is strongly correlated with the high ultraviolet radiation levels of the regions inhabited by them . These populations almost exclusively live near the equator , in tropical areas with intense sunlight : Australia , Melanesia , New Guinea , South Asia and Africa . Studies into these populations indicates that dark skin is a retention of the pre-existing high UV adapted state of modern humans before the out of Africa migration and not a later evolutionary adaptation . Due to mass migration and increased mobility of people between geographical regions in the recent past , dark - skinned populations today are found all over the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 1.1 Earlier hypotheses 2 Biochemistry and genetics 3 Health implications 3.1 Advantages of dark skin pigmentation in high sunlight environments 3.2 Disadvantages of dark skin pigmentation in low sunlight environments 4 Geographic distribution 4.1 Australia 4.2 Melanesia 4.3 New Guinea 4.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.5 Arabian peninsula 5 Culture 6 See also 7 References Evolution ( edit ) Due to natural selection , people who lived in areas of intense sunlight developed dark skin colouration to protect against ultraviolet light and to protect their body mainly from folate depletion . Evolutionary pigmentation of the skin was caused by Ultraviolet Radiation ( UV ) of the sun . As hominids gradually lost their fur between 4.5 and 2 million years ago , to allow for better cooling through sweating , their naked and lightly pigmented skin was exposed to sunlight . In the tropics , natural selection favoured dark - skinned human populations as high levels of skin pigmentation protected against the harmful effects of sunlight . Indigenous populations ' skin reflectance ( the amount of sunlight the skin reflects ) and the actual UV radiation in a particular geographic area is highly correlated , which supports this idea . Genetic evidence also supports this notion , demonstrating that around 1.2 million years ago there was a strong evolutionary pressure which acted on the development of dark skin pigmentation in early members of the genus Homo . The effect of sunlight on folic acid levels has been crucial in the development of dark skin . Savannas in East Africa , where most of the hominid evolution of dark skin may have taken place The earliest primate ancestors of modern humans most likely had light skin , like our closest modern relative -- the chimpanzee . About 7 million years ago human and chimpanzee lineages diverged , and between 4.5 and 2 million years ago early humans moved out of rainforests to the savannas of East Africa . They not only had to cope with more intense sunlight but had to develop a better cooling system . It was harder to get food in the hot savannas and as mammalian brains are prone to overheating -- 5 or 6 ° C rise in temperature can lead to heatstroke -- so there was a need for the development of better heat regulation . The solution was sweating and loss of body hair . Sweating dissipated heat through evaporation . Early humans , like chimpanzees now , had few sweat glands , and most of them were located in the palms of the hand and the soles of feet . At times , individuals with more sweat glands were born . These humans could search for food and hunt for longer periods before being forced back to the shades . The more they could forage , more and healthier offspring they could produce , and higher the chance they had to pass on their genes for abundant sweat glands . With less hair , sweat could evaporate more easily and cool the body of humans faster . A few million years of evolution later , early humans had sparse body hair and more than 2 million sweat glands in their body . Hairless skin , however , is particularly vulnerable to be damaged by ultraviolet light and this proved to be a problem for humans living in areas of intense UV radiation , and the evolutionary result was the development of dark - coloured skin as a protection . Scientists have long assumed that humans evolved melanin in order to absorb or scatter harmful sun radiation . Some researchers assumed that melanin protects against skin cancer . While high UV radiation can cause skin cancer , the development of cancer usually occurs after child bearing age . As natural selection favours individuals with traits of reproductive success , skin cancer had little effect on the evolution of dark skin . Previous hypotheses suggested that sunburned nipples impeded breastfeeding , but a slight tan is enough to protect mothers against this issue . A 1978 study examined the effect of sunlight on folate -- a vitamin B complex -- levels . The study found that even short periods of intense sunlight are able to halve folate levels if someone has light skin . Low folate levels are correlated with neural tube defects , such as anencephaly and spina bifida . UV rays can strip away folate , which is important to the development of healthy foetuses . In these abnormalities children are born with incomplete brain or spinal cord . Nina Jablonski , a professor of anthropology and expert on evolution of human skin coloration , found several cases in which mother 's visits to tanning studios were connected to neural tube defects in early pregnancy . She also found that folate was crucial to sperm development ; some male contraception drugs are based on folate inhibition . It has been found that folate may have been the driving force behind the evolution of dark skin . As humans dispersed from equatorial Africa to low UVR areas and higher altitudes sometime between 120,000 and 65,000 years ago , dark skin posed as a disadvantage . Populations with light skin pigmentation evolved in climates of little sunlight . Light skin pigmentation protects against vitamin D deficiency . It is known that dark - skinned people who have moved to climates of limited sunlight can develop vitamin D related conditions such as rickets , and different forms of cancer . Earlier hypotheses ( edit ) A woman with dark skin The main other hypotheses that have been put forward through history to explain the evolution of dark skin coloration relate to increased mortality due skin cancers , enhanced fitness as a result of protection against sunburns , and increasing benefits due to antibacterial properties of eumelanin . Darkly pigmented , eumelanin - rich skin protects against DNA damage caused by the sunlight . This is associated with lower skin cancer rates among dark - skinned populations . The presence of pheomelanin in light skin increases the oxidative stress in melanocytes , and this combined with the limited ability of pheomelanin to absorb UVR contributes to higher skin cancer rates among light - skinned individuals . The damaging effect of UVR on DNA structure and the entailing elevated skin cancer risk is widely recognized . However , these cancer types usually affect people at the end or after their reproductive career and could have not been the evolutionary reason behind the development of dark skin pigmentation . Of all the major skin cancer types , only malignant melanoma have a major effect in a person 's reproductive age . The mortality rates of melanoma has been very low ( less than 5 per 100,000 ) before the mid-20th century . It has been argued that the low melanoma mortality rates during reproductive age can not be the principal reason behind the development of dark skin pigmentation . Studies have found that even serious sunburns could not affect sweat gland function and thermoregulation . There are no data or studies that support that sunburn can cause damage so serious that can affect reproductive success . Another group of hypotheses contended that dark skin pigmentation developed as antibacterial protection against tropical infectious diseases and parasites . Although it is true that eumelanin has antibacterial properties , its importance is secondary as a physical absorbed to protect against UVR induced damage . This hypothesis is not consistent with the evidence that most of the hominid evolution took place in savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests . Humans living in hot and sunny environments have darker skin than humans who live in wet and cloudy environments . The antimicrobial hypothesis also does not explain why some populations ( like the Inuit or Tibetans ) who live far from the tropics and are exposed to high UVR have darker skin pigmentation than their surrounding populations . Biochemistry and Genetics ( edit ) Dark - skinned humans have high amount of melanin found in their skin . Melanin is derivative of the amino acid tyrosine . Eumelanin is the dominant form of melanin found in human skin . Eumelanin protects tissues and DNA from radiation damage of UV light . Melanin is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes , which are found at the lowest level of the epidermis . Melanin is produced inside small membrane - bound packages called melanosomes . People with naturally occurring dark skin have melanosomes which are clumped , large , and full of eumelanin . A four-fold difference in naturally occurring dark skin gives seven to eightfold protection against DNA damage , but even the darkest skin colour can not protect against all damage to DNA . Dark skin offers great protection against UVR because of its eumelanin content , the UVR - absorbing capabilities of large melanosomes , and because eumelanin can be mobilized faster and brought to the surface of the skin from the depths of the epidermis . For the same body region , light - and dark - skinned individuals have similar numbers of melanocytes ( there is considerable variation between different body regions ) , but pigment - containing organelles , called melanosomes , are larger and more numerous in dark - skinned individuals . Keratocytes from dark skin cocultured with melanocytes give rise to a melanosome distribution pattern characteristic of dark skin . Melanosomes are not in aggregated state in darkly pigmented skin compared to lightly pigmented skin . Due to the heavily melanised melanosomes in darkly pigmented skin , it can absorb more energy from UVR and thus offers better protection against sunburns and by absorption and dispersion UV rays . Darkly pigmented skin protects against direct and indirect DNA damage . Photodegration occurs when melanin absorbs photons . Recent research suggest that the photoprotective effect of dark skin is increased by the fact that melanin can capture free radicals , such as hydrogen peroxide , which are created by the interaction of UVR and layers of the skin . Heavily pigmented melanocytes have greater capacity to divide after UVR irradiation , which suggests that they receive less damage to their DNA . Despite this , UVB damages the immune system even in darker skinned individuals due to its effect on Langerhans cells . The stratum corneum of people with dark or heavily tanned skin is more condensed and contains more cornified cell layers than in lightly pigmented humans . These qualities of dark skin enhance the barrier protection function of the skin . Melinda Shankar , a Canadian Indo - Guyanese woman with dark skin . Although darkly pigmented skin absorbs about 30 to 40 % more sunlight than lightly pigmented skin , dark skin does not increase the body 's internal heat intake in conditions of intense solar radiation . Solar radiation heats up rather the body 's surface and not the interior . Furthermore , this amount of heat is negligible compared the heat produced when muscles are actively used during exercise . Regardless of skin colour , humans have excellent capabilities to dissipate heat through sweating . Half of the solar radiation reaching the Earth 's surface is in the form of infrared light and is absorbed similarly regardless of skin coloration . In people with naturally occurring dark skin , the tanning occurs with the dramatic mobilization of melanin upward in the epidermis and continues with the increased production of melanin . This accounts for the fact that dark - skinned people get visibly darker after one or two weeks of sun exposure , and then lose their colour after months when they stay out of the sun . Darkly pigmented people tend to exhibit less signs of aging in their skin than the lightly pigmented because their dark skin protects them from most photoaging . Skin colour is a polygenic trait , which means that several different genes are involved in determining a specific phenotype . Many genes work together in complex , additive , and non-additive combinations to determine the skin colour of an individual . The skin colour variations are normally distributed from light to dark , as it is usual for polygenic traits . Data collected from studies on MC1R gene has shown that there is a lack of diversity in dark - skinned African samples in the allele of the gene compared to non-African populations . This is remarkable given that the number of polymorphisms for almost all genes in the human gene pool is greater in African samples than in any other geographic region . So , while the MC1Rf gene does not significantly contribute to variation in skin colour around the world , the allele found in high levels in African populations probably protects against UV radiation and was probably important in the evolution of dark skin . Skin colour seems to vary mostly due to variations in a number of genes of large effect as well as several other genes of small effect ( TYR , TYRP1 , OCA2 , SLC45A2 , SLC24A5 , MC1R , KITLG and SLC24A4 ) . This does not take into account the effects of epistasis , which would probably increase the number of related genes . Variations in the SLC24A5 gene account for 20 -- 25 % of the variation between dark and light skinned populations of Africa , and appear to have arisen as recently as within the last 10,000 years . The Ala111Thr or rs1426654 polymorphism in the coding region of the SLC24A5 gene reaches fixation in Europe , and is also common among populations in North Africa , the Horn of Africa , West Asia , Central Asia and South Asia . Health implications ( edit ) Skin pigmentation is an evolutionary adaptation to various UVR levels around the world . As a consequence there are many health implications that are the product of population movements of humans of certain skin pigmentation to new environments with different levels of UVR . Modern humans are often ignorant of their evolutionary history at their peril . Cultural practices that increase problems of conditions among dark - skinned populations are traditional clothing and vitamin D - poor diet . Advantages of dark skin pigmentation in high sunlight environments ( edit ) Dark pigmented people living in high sunlight environments are at an advantage due to the high amounts of melanin produced in their skin . The dark pigmentation protects from DNA damage and absorbs the right amounts of UV radiation needed by the body , as well as protects against folate depletion . Folate is a water - soluble vitamin B complex which naturally occurs in green , leafy vegetables , whole grains , and citrus fruits . Women need folate to maintain healthy eggs , for proper implantation of eggs , and for the normal development of placenta after fertilization . Folate is needed for normal sperm production in men . Furthermore , folate is essential for fetal growth , organ development , and neural tube development . Folate breaks down in high intense UVR . Dark - skinned women suffer the lowest level of neural tube defects . Folate plays an important role in DNA production and gene expression . It is essential for maintaining proper levels of amino acids which make up proteins . Folate is used in the formation of myelin , the sheath the covers nerve cells and makes it possible to send electrical signals quickly . Folate also plays an important role in the development of many neurotransmitters , e.g. serotonin which regulates appetite , sleep , and mood . Serum folate is broken down by UV radiation or alcohol consumption . Because the skin is protected by the melanin , dark pigmented people have a lower chance of developing skin cancer and conditions related to folate deficiency , such as neural tube defects . Disadvantages of dark skin pigmentation in low sunlight environments ( edit ) Rickets is a condition associated with dark skin Dark - skinned people living in low sunlight environments have been recorded to be very susceptible to vitamin D deficiency due to reduced vitamin D synthesis . A dark - skinned person requires about six times as much UVB than lightly pigmented persons . This is not a problem near the equator ; however , it can be a problem at higher latitudes . For humans with dark skin in climates of low UVR , it can take about two hours to produce the same amount of vitamin D as humans with light skin produce in 15 minutes . Dark - skinned people having a high body - mass index and not taking vitamin D supplements were associated with vitamin D deficiency . Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating the human immune system and chronic deficiencies in vitamin D can make humans susceptible to specific types of cancers and many kinds of infectious diseases . Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing tuberculosis fivefold and also contributes to the development of breast , prostate , and colorectal cancer . The most prevalent disease to follow vitamin D deficiency is rickets , the softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity . Rickets is caused by reduced vitamin D synthesis that causes an absence of vitamin D , which then causes the dietary calcium to not be properly absorbed . This disease in the past was commonly found among dark - skinned Americans of the southern part of the United States who migrated north into low sunlight environments . The popularity of sugary drinks and decreased time spent outside have contributed to significant rise of developing rickets . Deformities of the female pelvis related to severe rickets impair normal childbirth , which leads to higher mortality of the infant , mother , or both . Vitamin D deficiency is most common in regions with low sunlight , especially in the winter . Chronic deficiencies in vitamin D may also be linked with breast , prostate , colon , ovarian , and possibly other types of cancers . The relationship between cardiovascular disease and vitamin D deficiency also suggest link between health of cardiac and smooth muscle . Low vitamin D levels have also been linked to impaired immune system and brain functions . In addition , recent studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to autoimmune diseases , hypertension , multiple sclerosis , diabetes , and incidence of memory loss . Outside the tropics UVR has to penetrate through a thicker layer of atmosphere , which results in most of the UVB reflected or destroyed en route ; because of this there is less potential for vitamin D biosynthesis in regions far from the equator . Higher amount of vitamin D intake for dark - skinned people living in regions with low levels of sunlight are advised by doctors to follow vitamin D rich diet or take vitamin D supplements , although there is recent evidence that dark - skinned individuals are able to process vitamin D more efficiently than lighter - skinned individuals so may have a lower threshold of sufficiency . Geographic distribution ( edit ) Dark - skinned blond boy from Vanuatu , Melanesia . There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of UV radiation ( UVR ) and the distribution of skin pigmentation around the world . Areas that have higher amounts of UVR have darker - skinned populations , generally located nearer the equator . Areas that are further away from the equator generally closer to the poles have a lower concentration of UVR , and contain lighter - skinned populations . This is the result of human evolution which contributed to variable melanin content in the skin to adapt to certain environments . A larger percentage of dark skinned people are found in the Southern Hemisphere because latitudinal land mass distribution is disproportionate . The present distribution of skin colour variation does not completely reflect the correlation of intense UVR and dark skin pigmentation due to mass migration and movement of peoples across continents in the recent past . An Aboriginal Australian man with dark skin . Dark - skinned populations inhabiting South Asia , Africa , Melanesia , Papua New Guinea and Australia all live in some of the areas with the highest UV radiation in the world , and have evolved very dark skin pigmentations as protection from the harmful sun rays . Evolution has restricted humans with darker skin in tropical latitudes , especially in non-forested regions , where ultraviolet radiation from the sun is usually the most intense . Different dark - skinned populations are not necessarily closely related genetically . Before the modern mass migration , it has been argued that the majority of dark pigmented people lived within 20 ° of the equator . Natives of Buka and Bougainville at the northern Solomon Islands in Melanesia and the Chopi people of Mozambique in the southeast coast of Africa have darker skin than other surrounding populations . ( The native people of Bougainville , Papua New Guinea , have some of the darkest skin pigmentation in the world . ) Although these people are widely separated they share similar physical environments . In both regions , they experience very high UVR exposure from cloudless skies near the equator which is reflected from water or sand . Water reflects , depending on colour , about 10 to 30 % of UVR , that falls on it . People in these populations spend long hours fishing on the sea . Because it is impractical to wear extensive clothing in a watery environment culture and technology does little to buffer UVR exposure . The skin takes a very large amount of UVR radiation . These populations are probably near or at the maximum darkness that human skin can achieve . More recent research has found that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark - skinned to light - skinned and vice versa . Only 100 -- 200 generations ago , the ancestors of most people living today likely also resided in a different place and had a different skin color . According to Nina Jablonski , darkly pigmented modern populations in South India and Sri Lanka are an example of this , having redarkened after their ancestors migrated down from areas much farther north . Scientists originally believed that such shifts in pigmentation occurred relatively slowly . However , researchers have since observed that changes in skin coloration can happen in as little as 100 generations ( ~ 2,500 years ) , with no intermarriage required . The speed of change is also affected by clothing , which tends to slow it down . Australia ( edit ) The Aborigines of Australia , as with all humans , are descendants of African migrants , and their ancestors may have been among the first major groups to leave Africa around 50,000 years ago . Despite early migrations , genetic evidence has pointed out that the indigenous peoples of Australia are genetically very dissimilar to the dark - skinned populations of Africa and that they are more closely related to Eurasian populations . The term black initially has been applied as a reference to the skin pigmentation of the aborigines of Australia ; today it has been embraced by aboriginal activists as a term for shared culture and identity , regardless of skin colour . Melanesia ( edit ) Dark - skinned Papuans Melanesia , a subregion of Oceania , whose name means `` black islands '' , have several islands that are inhabited by people with dark skin pigmentation . The islands of Melanesia are located immediately north and northeast of Australia as well as east coast of Papua New Guinea . The western end of melanesia , from New Guinea through the Solomon Islands were first colonized by humans about 40,000 to 29,000 years ago . In the world , blond hair is exceptionally rare outside Europe , and Southwest Asia , especially among dark - skinned populations . However , Melanesians are one of the dark - skinned human populations known to have naturally occurring blond hair . New Guinea ( edit ) The indigenous Papuan people of New Guinea have dark skin pigmentation and have inhabited the island for at least 40,000 years . Due to their similar phenotype and the location of New Guinea being in the migration route taken by Indigenous Australians , it was generally believed that Papuans and Aboriginal Australians shared a common origin . However , a 1999 study failed to find clear indications of a single shared genetic origin between the two populations , suggesting multiple waves of migration into Sahul with distinct ancestries . Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) Dark - skinned elderly man in Ethiopia Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in Africa situated south of the Sahara where a large number of dark - skinned populations live . Dark - skinned groups on the continent have the same receptor protein as Homo ergaster and Homo erectus had . According to scientific studies , populations in Africa also have the highest skin colour diversity . High levels of skin colour variation exists between different populations in Sub-Saharan Africa . These differences depend in part on general distance from the equator , illustrating the complex interactions of evolutionary forces which have contributed to the geographic distribution of skin color at any point of time . Due to frequently differing ancestry among dark - skinned populations , the presence of dark skin in general is not a reliable genetic marker , including among groups in Africa . For example , Wilson et al. ( 2001 ) found that most of their Ethiopian samples showed closer genetic affinity with light - skinned Armenians and Norwegians than with dark - skinned Bantu populations . Mohamoud ( 2006 ) likewise observed that their Somali samples were genetically more similar to Arab populations than to other African populations . Arabian peninsula ( edit ) Bedouin of the Janaba tribe , South Arabia . In parts of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra , there exist a number of indigenous populations with deeply pigmented complexions . Among these dark brown - skinned autochthonous groups are the Mahra , Soqotri , Qara and Janaba , who speak south Semitic languages . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Colorism The preference or disfavour for darker skin has varied depending on geographical area and time . Today , darker skin is viewed as fashionable and as a sign of well - being in some societies . This resulted in the development of tanning industry in several countries . However , in some countries , dark skin is not seen as highly desirable or indicative of higher class , especially among women . See also ( edit ) Black people Brown ( racial classification ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ dark - skinned Princeton University `` naturally having skin of a dark color '' Jump up ^ `` Dark - skinned '' . thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . a person or race having skin of a dark colour ^ Jump up to : Muehlenbein , Michael ( 2010 ) . Human Evolutionary Biology . Cambridge University Press . pp. 192 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Dictionary.com : black 3. a `` a member of any of various dark - skinned peoples '' 21. a `` pertaining or belonging to any of the various populations characterized by dark skin pigmentation '' Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010 . Oxford University Press . `` belonging to or denoting any human group having dark - coloured skin '' `` black '' ( accessed 6 August 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Dictionary.com : black 3. a `` a member of any of various dark - skinned peoples '' 21. a `` specifically the dark - skinned peoples of Africa , Oceania , or Australia . '' Jump up ^ `` Global Census '' . American Anthropological Association . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010 . Oxford University Press . `` especially of African or Australian Aboriginal ancestry '' `` black '' ( accessed 6 August 2012 ) . Jump up ^ James , Mackers ( 1828 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Proclamation '' . Classified Advertising . Trove . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Nina , Jablonski ( 2004 ) . `` The evolution of human skin and skin color '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 33 : 585 -- 623 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 33.070203. 143955 . genetic evidence ( demonstrate ) that strong levels of natural selection acted about 1.2 mya to produce darkly pigmented skin in early members of the genus Homo Jump up ^ Bower , C. ; Stanley ( 1992 ) . `` The role of nutritional factors in the aetiology of neural tube defects '' . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 28 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 16 . PMID 1554510 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.1992. tb02610. x . Jump up ^ Minns , R.A. ( 1996 ) . `` Folic acid and neural tube defects '' . Spinal Cord. 34 ( 8 ) : 460 -- 465 . PMID 8856852 . doi : 10.1038 / sc. 1996.79 . Jump up ^ Copp ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Embryonic mechanisms underlying the prevenetion of neural tube defects by vitamins '' . Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews . 4 : 264 -- 268 . doi : 10.1002 / ( sici ) 1098 - 2779 ( 1998 ) 4 : 4 < 264 : : aid - mrdd5 > 3.0.co ; 2 - g . Jump up ^ Molloy ; Mills , J.L. ; Kirke , P.N. ; Weir , D.G. ; Scott , J.M. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Folate status and neural tube defects '' . BioFactors. 10 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 291 -- 294 . PMID 10609896 . doi : 10.1002 / biof. 5520100230 . Jump up ^ Lucock , M. `` Folic acid : nutritional biochemistry , molecular biology , and role in disease processes '' . Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 71 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 121 -- 138 . PMID 11001804 . doi : 10.1006 / mgme. 2000.3027 . Jump up ^ William ; Rasmussen , S.A. ; Flores , A ; Kirby , R.S. ; Edmonds , L.D. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Decline in the prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly by race / ethnicity : 1995 -- 2002 '' . Pediatrics. 116 ( 3 ) : 580 -- 586 . PMID 16140696 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2005 - 0592 . Jump up ^ Nielsen ; et al . `` The importance of the depth distribution of melanin in skin for DNA protection and other photobiological processes '' . Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B : Biology . 82 : 194 -- 198 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jphotobiol. 2005.11. 008 . Jump up ^ Jane , Higdon . `` Vitamin D '' . Micronutrient Information Center . Linus Pauling Institute . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Holick , Michael F. ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` Bioavailability of Vitamin D and Its Metabolites in Black and White Adults '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 369 : 2047 -- 2048 . PMID 24256384 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMe1312291 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DeVita Raeburn , Elizabeth ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Bone Density Higher in Blacks , Vitamin D Lower '' . MedPage Today . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jablonski , N.G. ; Chaplin ( 2000 ) . `` The evolution of human skin coloration '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 106 . PMID 10896812 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 2000.0403 . 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( 2007 ) . `` AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS MEETING : European Skin Turned Pale Only Recently , Gene Suggests '' . Science . 316 ( 5823 ) : 364 . PMID 17446367 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 316.5823. 364a . Jump up ^ `` Graphical display of Allele Frequencies for Ala111Thr '' . Allele Frequency Database . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ALFRED -- Polymorphism Information -- Ala111Thr '' . Allele Frequency Database . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pagani , Luca ; Toomas Kivisild , Ayele Tarekegn , Rosemary Ekong , Chris Plaster , Irene Gallego Romero , Qasim Ayub , S. Qasim Mehdi , Mark G. Thomas , Donata Luiselli , Endashaw Bekele , Neil Bradman , David J. Balding , Chris Tyler - Smith ( 21 June 2012 ) . `` Ethiopian Genetic Diversity Reveals Linguistic Stratification and Complex Influences on the Ethiopian Gene Pool '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 91 ( 1 ) : Volume 91 , Issue 1 , 83 -- 96 , 21 June 2012 . PMC 3397267 . PMID 22726845 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2012.05. 015 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dark - skinned immigrant urged to take vitamin D '' . CBC News . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Buccimazza , S.S. ; C.D. Molteno , T.T. Dunnem , and D.L. Viljoen ( 1994 ) . `` Prevalence of neural tube defects in Cape Town , South Africa '' . Teratology. 50 ( 3 ) : 194 -- 199 . PMID 7871483 . doi : 10.1002 / tera. 1420500304 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dark - skinned immigrants urged to take vitamin D '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Oglesby , Erika . `` Darker Skin ? More Vitamin D , Please ! '' . Care2 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , F.G. ( 1934 ) . `` Pigmentation , sunlight , and nutritional disease '' . American Anthropologist. 36 ( 3 ) : 438 -- 445 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1934.36. 3.02 a00100 . Jump up ^ Loomis , W.F. 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Chicago Tribune . 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Villarosa , Linda . `` Why Black People Need More Vitamin D '' . The Root . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Micronutrient Information Center '' . Linus Pauling . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Marks , Jonathan . `` Interview with Jonathan Marks '' . Race -- The Power of an Illusion . PBS . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Certainly dark skin is present all over the world in different populations . Indigenous Australians , indigenous peoples of India , indigenous peoples of Africa are all very darkly pigmented even though they 're not particularly closely related . Jump up ^ `` Modern human variation : overview '' . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ R. Chadysiene ; A. Girgzdys ( 2008 ) . `` Ultraviolet radiation albedo of natural surfaces '' . Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management . 16 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 88 . doi : 10.3846 / 1648 - 6897.2008. 16.83 - 88 . 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Jump up ^ Relethford , JH ( 2000 ) . `` Human skin color diversity is highest in sub-Saharan African populations '' . Human biology ; an international record of research . 72 : 773 -- 80 . PMID 11126724 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James F. ; Weale , Michael E. ; Smith , Alice C. ; Gratrix , Fiona ; Fletcher , Benjamin ; Thomas , Mark G. ; Bradman , Neil ; Goldstein , David B. ( 2001 ) . `` Population genetic structure of variable drug response '' . Nature Genetics . 29 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 9 . PMID 11685208 . doi : 10.1038 / ng761. 62 % of the Ethiopians fall in the first cluster , which encompasses the majority of the Jews , Norwegians and Armenians , indicating that placement of these individuals in a ' Black ' cluster would be an inaccurate reflection of the genetic structure . Only 24 % of the Ethiopians are placed in the cluster with the Bantu Jump up ^ Mohamoud , A.M. ( October 2006 ) . `` P52 Characteristics of HLA Class I and Class II Antigens of the Somali Population '' . Transfusion Medicine . 16 ( Supplement s1 ) : 47 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3148.2006. 00694_52. x . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bertram ( January -- June , 1929 ) . `` Among Some Unknown Tribes of South Arabia '' . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute . 59 : 97 -- 111 . JSTOR 2843560 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ( hide ) Human skin color Fitzpatrick scale Albino ( I . ) Light / White / Fair ( I -- III . ) Olive / Beige - Brown / Pardo ( IV -- V . ) Dark / Black ( V -- VI . ) Color terminology for race White Yellow / Amarelo Red / Copper / Caboclo Brown / Pardo Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_skin&oldid=807524266 '' Categories : Skin pigmentation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do we find an adaptive advantage associated with dark skin | [
"Humans with dark skin pigmentation have skin naturally rich in melanin (especially eumelanin), and have more melanosomes which provide a superior protection against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation. This helps the body to retain its folate reserves and protects against damage to the DNA.[3][17]"
] | [
"skin naturally rich in melanin (especially eumelanin), and have more melanosomes which provide a superior protection against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation"
] |
819819564596410806 | Springfield (The Simpsons) | Springfield ( the Simpsons ) - wikipedia Springfield ( the Simpsons ) Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Springfield City City of Springfield A panoramic view of Springfield ( as seen in The Simpsons Movie ) Nickname ( s ) : Meanest Town in America ! Springfield : Good Motto ( s ) : A noble spirit embiggens the smallest man . Country United States Established 1796 Founded by Jebediah Springfield Named for Jebediah Springfield Government Mayor - Diamond Joe Quimby ( D ) Elevation 482 m ( 1,582 ft ) Population Total 30,720 Demonym ( s ) Springfieldianite Springfield is the fictional town in which the American animated sitcom The Simpsons is set . A mid-sized town in an undetermined state of the United States , Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society . The geography of the town and its surroundings is flexible , changing to address whatever an episode 's plot calls for . Springfield 's location is impossible to determine , and the show is deliberately evasive on the subject , providing contradictory clues and information about its location . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 1.1 Location 2 History of Springfield 2.1 Topography 2.2 Politics , Religion , and the Biased Media 2.3 Neighborhoods and attractions 2.4 Upper Education and Museums 2.5 Transportation 2.6 Sports 3 Businesses 3.1 Springfield Nuclear Power Plant 3.2 Kwik - E-Mart 3.3 The Android 's Dungeon & Baseball Card Shop 3.4 Barney 's Bowl - A-Rama 3.5 Costington 's 3.6 KBBL Broadcasting 3.7 King Toot 's 3.8 The Leftorium 3.9 Noiseland Video Arcade 3.10 Sprawl - Mart 3.11 Springfield Mall 3.12 Stoner 's Pot Palace 3.13 Try - N - Save 3.14 Jake 's Unisex Hairplace 3.15 Mapple Store 3.16 Shøp 3.17 Toys ' R ' Us 3.18 Coolsville Comics and Toys 3.19 Herman 's Military Antiques 3.20 I Ca n't Believe It 's A Law Firm ! 3.21 Gum For Less 3.22 The Creammatorium 3.23 1987 Calendars ! 3.24 Phineas Q. Butterfat 's 5600 Flavors Ice Cream Parlor 3.25 Hairy Shearers 4 Bars and restaurants 4.1 The Gilded Truffle 4.2 Moe 's Tavern 4.3 Krusty Burger 4.4 Lard Lad Donuts 4.5 Luigi 's 4.6 The Frying Dutchman 4.7 The Singing Sirloin 4.8 The Happy Sumo 4.9 The Java Server 4.10 Pimento Grove 4.11 Up , Up , and Buffet ! 5 Schools 5.1 Springfield Elementary School 5.2 West Springfield Elementary School 5.3 Springfield Preparatory School 5.4 Colleges / universities 5.5 Springfield High School 6 Landmarks 6.1 Krustylu Studios 6.2 Sleep Eazy Motel 6.3 Springfield Retirement Castle 6.4 The Springfield City Hall 6.5 Springfield Courthouse 6.6 Five Corners 6.7 Krustyland 6.8 Itchy & Scratchy Land 7 Other towns 7.1 Shelbyville 7.2 Capital City 7.3 Brockway 7.4 Ogdenville 7.5 North Haverbrook 7.6 Cypress Creek 7.7 Guidopolis 7.8 Little Pwagmattasquarmsettport 8 References 9 External links Creation ( edit ) Springfield is intended to represent `` anytown , USA '' and not be a specific real town , although the producers acknowledge basing the town on numerous locations including The Simpsons creator Matt Groening 's hometown of Portland , Oregon , and Mike Scully 's hometown , Springfield , Massachusetts . Groening named Springfield after Springfield , Oregon , and also took inspiration from Springfield being the fictitious setting of the series Father Knows Best . He said , `` I also figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show , I thought , ' This will be cool ; everyone will think it 's their Springfield . ' And they do . '' Groening liked Second City Television 's use of Melonville , a town with a large cast of recurring characters that serves as a mini-universe for the show , and partially based The Simpsons on it . Location ( edit ) Because of the many contradictory statements regarding Springfield , it is impossible for the town to exist in a specific state . In The Simpsons Movie , Ned Flanders tells Bart that Ohio , Nevada , Maine , and Kentucky all border Springfield 's state ( which is obviously impossible ) , and in `` The Simpsons Guy '' , when Stewie Griffin asks Brian what state Springfield is in , Brian replies , `` I ca n't imagine we 're allowed to say . '' The city 's unknown and unknowable geography is a recurring joke in the series ; one newspaper called it the `` riddle wrapped in an enigma that is Springfield 's location '' , but Lisa Simpson states that `` it 's a bit of a mystery , yes . But if you look at the clues , you can figure it out . '' Episodes frequently make fun of the fact that Springfield 's state is unidentifiable by adding further conflicting descriptions , obscuring onscreen map representations , and interrupting conversational references . The 2012 episode `` Beware My Cheating Bart '' played upon the unidentifiability of the state in its opening chalkboard gag , which stated that `` The true location of Springfield is in any state but yours '' . David Silverman , who directed the movie and various episodes of the series , joked that Springfield is located in the fictional state of `` North Takoma '' . This is substantiated by the state abbreviations NT and TA used within the show . The telephone area codes for Springfield are 636 ( St. Charles County and Western St. Louis County , Missouri ) and 939 ( Puerto Rico ) . To promote The Simpsons Movie , various factual towns and cities across the U.S. called Springfield competed to hold the premiere . The town of Springfield , Vermont , was chosen . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` of all the Springfields in America , ( The Simpsons ) is most popular in Springfields in Virginia , Minnesota and New Jersey , and least popular in Springfields in Louisiana , Arkansas and Georgia '' . History of Springfield ( edit ) Springfield was founded in 1796 by a group led by Jebediah Springfield ( also known as Hans Sprungfeld , his nickname ) who , after misinterpreting a passage in the Bible , left Maryland ( which may be a small clue as to depict Springfield 's location ; not in Maryland ) trying to find `` New Sodom . '' After he refused to found a town where men were free to marry their cousins , half of the group left . The dissenters founded the nearby town of Shelbyville , after fellow pioneer Shelbyville Manhattan , and the two cities remain rivals after centuries . Springfield reached its pinnacle in the mid-20th century , when it became the home of the world 's first Aquacar factory ; one half of the U.S. was said to wear Springfield galoshes and Springfield 's streets were basically paved with gold . The town 's prosperity faded ; a Time cover story on Springfield was titled `` America 's Worst City '' , and Newsweek called the town `` America 's Crud Bucket '' . Topography ( edit ) Springfield 's geography is varied , including forests , meadows , mountain ranges , a desert , a gorge , a glacier , beaches , badlands , canyons , swamps , a harbor , waterholes , and waterways ; a very varied city indeed . Major named geographical features include Springfield Gorge , Springfield National Forest , the volcanic Mt . Springfield , the West Springfield Desert ( `` three times the size of Texas ! '' ) , the Springfield Badlands ( also known as the Alkali Flats ) , the gigantic Murderhorn Mountain , Springfield Glacier , Mt . Useful National Park , Springfield Mesa , Springfield Monument Park , and Springfield National Park . The Springfield Mystery Spot ( seen in `` Homer at the Bat '' ) , apparently a portal to another dimension , is a popular tourist attraction . The town 's climate is usually dry and sunny , with a bright blue sky . However , it has been subject to many natural disasters , including heat waves , blizzards , avalanches , earthquakes , acid rain , floods , hurricanes , lightning strikes , tornadoes , and volcanic eruptions . Springfield 's environment is unusually polluted . Overflowing garbage forced the whole town -- both population and structures -- to move five miles ( 8 km ) away from the massive dump that the old town of Springfield had become . Springfield is also , unfortunately , home to the state 's largest self - sustaining tire fire , which has been burning continuously for many decades . Lake Springfield 's pollution almost led to the town 's destruction by an Environmental Protection Agency bomb , and pollution from the nuclear power plant has mutated the fish in the river , with the Nuclear Power Plant 's mascot being Blinky , with three eyes . Its atmosphere proved to have such a thick and acidic pollution layer that it once reduced a comet to a tiny rock the size of a chihuahua 's head . Politics , religion , and the biased media ( edit ) In politics , the mayor of Springfield is Joe Quimby ( D ) , while the town 's representative in congress is Herschel `` Krusty the Clown '' Krustofsky ( R ) of the 24th congressional district . In `` Sideshow Bob Roberts '' , Sideshow Bob ( R ) ran for Mayor of Springfield and defeated Mayor Quimby , but was later discovered to have committed pure electoral fraud . Previous representatives include Horace Wilcox , who died of a heart attack while in office , and Bob Arnold , who is forced to resign after Lisa exposes his corruption . Mary Bailey ( D ) is the governor of Springfield 's state . Political corruption and police bribery are common in this corrupt , pathetic town . Religious houses of worship include Congregation Beth Springfield , the First Church of Springfield , First AME Church , the Cathedral of the Downtown , and a Buddhist vihara . KBBL Broadcasting Inc. is the major media outlet , owning at least three radio stations and one television station . Channel 6 of KBBL , the most watched channel by far , airs The Krusty the Clown Show and Kent Brockman 's nightly news broadcast . The Springfield Shopper is a town newspaper , although it mainly prints tabloid - like newspapers and thus , in the episode Three Gays of the Condo , it is stated that the headlines are `` all a joke '' and that most other people read the New York Times . However , the New York Times has never been mentioned since . Neighborhoods and attractions ( edit ) The town is divided into many neighborhoods , including Rats Nest , Bum Town , Chinatown , Crackton , East Springfield , Greek Town , Russian Town , Junkyville , Little Bangkok , Little Ethiopia , Little Italy , Little Newark , Little Stockholm , Little Seattle , Little Ukraine , Ethnictown , the Jewish Lower East Side , Kelly Terrace , Pressboard Estates , Recluse Ranch Estates , Skid Row , Springfield Harbor , Springfield Heights , Hyperion Drive , Springshire , Tibet Town , Waverly Hills , the borough of Sprooklyn , the Lincoln Park Village Housing Project , the Flammable District , a gay district and a fast - food district . Springfield boasts an opera house , an outdoor amphitheater , an arboretum , and a vibrant jazz scene , and was previously regarded as the entertainment capital of its state . Upper education and museums ( edit ) The town has several universities , including Springfield University and sports archrival Springfield A&M , Springfield Heights Institute of Technology , Springfield Community College , and Burns University . Museums include the Springfield Museum which houses the world 's largest cubic zirconium , Springfield Knowledgeum , Springfield Museum of Natural History , the Museum of Swordfish , Springsonian Museum , and a fairly boring stamp museum . Transportation ( edit ) For transportation , Springfield has an international airport , is served by a railroad , and has both an abandoned subway system , a public transit system , and an unsuccessful monorail line , as well as an escalator to nowhere . Sports ( edit ) The town is home to the Springfield Isotopes , an AA minor league baseball team which plays its home games at Duff Stadium ; the Springfield Atoms football team at Springfield Stadium ; the NBA 's Springfield Excitement ( formerly the Austin Celtics ) ; and the Springfield Ice - O - Topes hockey team at the Springfield Arena . Businesses ( edit ) Springfield nuclear Power plant ( edit ) The Springfield Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Springfield owned by Charles Montgomery Burns . Built and opened in either 1974 ( The Way We Were n't ) or 1968 ( The Blunder Years , To Cur With Love ) , the plant is the key supplier of the city of Springfield 's energy supply , and the carelessness of Mr. Burns and the plant 's employees ( like Homer , who is employed at Sector 7G ) often endangers the residents and natural environment of Springfield . At the core of the plant are two Fissionator 1952 Slow - Fission Reactors , operating in spite of more than 342 safety violations with an estimated repair bill to bring the plant up to code being in excess of $56 million . Among the more alarming safety violations are emergency exits that are just painted on the wall , cracks in the cooling towers held together by tape , massive amounts of poorly stored toxic waste and dangerously unqualified personnel ( mainly Simpson ) , some of which are not even human , such as a chicken that briefly substituted for Homer , and a duck that was used to pull a cart of toxic waste around . A running gag in earlier seasons was the poor security of the plant , with the outside security booth often going unmanned , but this has changed in recent episodes , with the entrance to the plant being heavily guarded . The plant has come close to a meltdown several times and has blown up at least once . There is , peculiarly , a crow or raven that lives near the Power Plant that caws whenever an establishing shot of the Power Plant is on screen . Mutated fish with more than two eyes have been seen in the lake behind the power plant , which has a large pipe pumping nuclear waste into it . According to Mr. Burns , the plant is endowed with flippered mutants . In the Season 25 episode `` Homerland '' , he comments that the air conditioning system has never worked properly . This is thus a horrible place to work , and due to how ' cheap ' Burns is , you probably wo n't take home a large paycheck either . Apparently , it was suggested in Much Apu About Nothing that the nuclear plant is n't completely owned by Mr. Burns . On a paycheck that Homer has , the top label says `` Springfield Power Company '' rather than `` Springfield Nuclear Power Plant '' , implying that Burns is just a manager in the Springfield Power Company who created his fortune based on his management of the plant ; although in one episode , Mr. Burns mentions that he owns the electric company as part of his monopoly , which might be the same company as this one . The design and folly of Springfield Nuclear Power Plant is often rumored to be based on the troubled Trojan Nuclear Power Plant ( closed in 1993 due to defects ) near Matt Groening 's home town of Portland , Oregon , or the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington . However , Antonia Coffman , Groening 's publicist , has said that the Springfield plant 's design is generic and that `` the Springfield Nuclear Power plant was not based on the Trojan Plant or any other power plant in the country . '' Waylon Smithers is Burns ' executive assistant and lackey , as Burns calls him . Among the plant 's employees are Homer Simpson , Lenny Leonard , and Carl Carlson . The plant offers yearly visits from the Springfield Elementary School . Ownership Mr. Burns has not always been the owner of the plant . When he has either lost his fortune or sold the plant on purpose , he loses himself ownership of the plant . Known Owners Homer Simpson : A nuclear safety inspector who was tired o being mistreated by Mr. Burns , he learned that the true legal owner of the plant is Canary M. Burns , Mr. Burns ' pet canary . After he and Bart release the bird to the Canary Islands , Burns , realizing that his only liability protection is gone , appoints Homer as the owner . Eventually , being the head of the plant is too stressful , and Homer gives the plant back to Burns . Hans , Fritz , & Horst : Two German businessmen , who were in America to purchase assets , found the nuclear plant was going up to sale . They managed to purchase it with $100 million from a depressed Mr. Burns . They appointed a third man , Horst , to act as the lead manager of employees , and laid Homer off . However , when the disastrous state of the plant was revealed , the Germans realized they 'd have to pay another $100 Million just to bring it up to code , and they unwillingly sold the plant back to Burns for only half of what they paid him . Canary Montgomery Burns : Mr. Burns ' pet Canary bird , who was the only legal liability protection Mr. Burns had in the management of the plant ( meaning if any wrongdoing is done by the plant , only Canary Burns will go to prison , being the liable owner ) . Wainwright Montgomery Burns : An industrialist , and Mr. Burns 's grandfather , he founded the plant in 1888 and owned it until 1966 , when he left his grandson in charge . Jay G : A hip - hop mogul who bankrupted Mr. Burns and took ownership of everything he owned . Eventually , he gave Burns the plant back . Lenny : A high - level nuclear technician , he was put in charge if the plant by the bank after Burns lost his fortune on bad investments . Eventually , Mr. Burns re-gained enough money to buy the plant back from him . Kwik - E-Mart ( edit ) Main article : Kwik - E-Mart A Seattle 7 - Eleven store transformed into a Kwik - E-Mart . Kwik - E-Mart is a convenience store located in Springfield and run by Apu Nahasapeemapetilon . The Kwik - E-Mart first appeared in the first - season episode `` The Telltale Head '' ( although mentioned in `` Bart the General '' as the `` Quick - e-Mart '' ) . In `` Stark Raving Dad '' , a street sign reading `` Highland '' is seen outside one of the front windows , in the same blue color as is used for signs for Highland Avenue in Los Angeles . Likewise , three buildings are visible that are similar to some of those that might be seen on that street : two low buildings with bars over the windows , and a third , also with barred windows , which has a mission - style roof and a sign reading `` Smog Center . '' The episode `` Homer and Apu '' suggests that Apu is an employee of the Kwik - E-Mart and after losing his job there had to travel to India , where the Kwik - E-Mart head office is located , in the Himalayas . However , Apu mentions at a bachelor auction that he runs his own business in `` The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons '' . In addition to the sale of food , alcoholic beverages , cigarettes , and other items offered at a typical convenience store , gasoline pumps have been shown in front on two occasions . The Springfield Shopper also sells well there and it is where Principal Seymour Skinner purchases his tabloids . In the episode `` Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song '' , Apu has just installed 16 new gas pumps to compete with rival convenience store , the Gas ' N Gulp . However , they , along with the Kwik - E-Mart , are destroyed due to Bart accidently interupting a live mortar excersize at Fort Springfield when visiting the re-enlisted Skinner , forcing the soldiers to redirect the mortar fire into the town , destroying the store and pumps off screen . The episode `` Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield '' also shows the pumps where Apu refuses to go out and serve a customer on the forecourt . In July 2007 , convenience store chain 7 - Eleven converted 11 of its stores in the United States and one in Canada into Kwik - E-Marts to promote the release of The Simpsons Movie . The locations of the renovated Kwik - E-Marts were : Bladensburg , Maryland / Washington , D.C. ; Burbank , California ; Chicago ; Dallas ; Denver ; Henderson / Las Vegas ; Los Angeles ; Mountain View / San Francisco ; New York City ; Orlando / Lake Buena Vista , Florida ; Seattle ; and Vancouver / Coquitlam , British Columbia , Canada . These 12 locations , as well as the majority of other North American 7 - Elevens , sold products found in The Simpsons , such as `` Buzz Cola '' , `` Krusty - O 's '' , `` Squishees '' , pink frosted `` Sprinklicious doughnuts '' , and other Simpsons - themed merchandise . The Squishees were Slurpees that are sold in special collector cups and the Krusty - O 's were made by Malt - O - Meal . The promotion resulted in a 30 % increase in profits for the changed 7 - Eleven stores . This can be seen during the opening of The Simpsons Movie . Motherloving Sweets & Sugar Company The Motherloving Sweets & Sugar Company , or the Motherloving Sugar Corporation , is a candy and sugar manufacturing company . It is headquartered right down the street from the Kwik - E-Mart ( a convenience store that the company supplies ) . It is lead by their CEO , Garth Motherloving , who is directly responsible for making all of Springfield 's products so sugary . Marge Simpson , who temporarily had all sweets made with sugar banned , caused the near - bankruptcy of the corporation . Eventually , the ban was repealed , and the Motherloving Sugar Corporation went back to business . The Android 's Dungeon & baseball card shop ( edit ) The Android 's Dungeon is a comic book store owned by Jeff Albertson a.k.a. the well known Comic Book Guy . The comic book store and its owner first appeared in the episode `` Three Men and a Comic Book '' , when Bart sees a copy of the first issue of the Radioactive Man comic on sale for $100 . In the episode titled `` Worst Episode Ever '' ( which is a remark often used by Comic Book Guy ) , Bart and Milhouse are given the job of running the comic book store after Comic Book Guy suffers from a stress - induced heart attack and is instructed to try and gain a social life . During their brief tenure at the store , Bart and Milhouse discovers a secret room filled with bootleg video tapes of various extremely rare or illegal subjects , such as a taping of Mr. Rogers on a drunken bender and several interrogation tapes from the Springfield Police . These tapes are later confiscated during a police raid on the store . It was damaged in The Simpsons Movie , like most of the rest of the town , with Comic Book Guy living out of the ruins , considering that all - in - all , his life collecting comics had been `` well spent '' . Comics sold there are well - loved by Bart and Milhouse 's Radioactive Man , Manboy , Radiation Dude , Batboy , Mr. Hop , Batchick , Mr. Smarty Pants , Birdguy , Nick , Cat Girl , Power Person , Dog Kid , Iguana Girl , Snake Kid , Lava Lady , Star Dog , The Human Bee , Mister Amazing and Tree Man . Springfield Power Company This business is an electric utility that manages the activities of the nuclear power plant . Opened in 1909 , Mr. Burns purchased the company in the early 1970s . Barney 's Bowl - A-Rama ( edit ) Barney 's Bowl - A-Rama is the bowling alley in Springfield . It is owned by Barney Gumble 's Uncle Al . The Bowl - A-Rama has appeared several times in Simpsons episodes . The very first known appearance is the episode `` Life on the Fast Lane '' where Homer forgets Marge 's birthday and after rushing out to purchase a gift , he ends up buying a bowling ball . Marge is insulted at the fact her gift from Homer was something obviously intended for his own personal use given the fact the ball had Homer 's name engraved on it . Marge decides she will keep the gift for her own use and goes bowling for the first time . This is seen destroyed in The Simpsons Movie . In the episode `` And Maggie Makes Three '' , Homer tells the family the story of Maggie 's birth . In this story , Homer explains how he quit his job at Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to work at the Bowl - A-Rama , which was Homer 's dream job . This episode reveals where the bowling pins go after they are knocked over ; the pins are shown ending up in a heap and new pins are manufactured instantly by a Rube Goldberg device to replace those knocked over , in a massively wasteful process that only produces one pin out of a single tree . The Bowl - A-Rama is used in the episode `` Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment '' as a way of smuggling beer into Moe 's Tavern . In this episode , alcohol is banned in Springfield and Homer begins bootlegging beer he uncovered from the city dump . The beer is poured into bowling balls and Homer then bowls the ball into the gutter at the Bowl - A-Rama ; the ball then falls into a pipe leading to Moe 's Tavern where Moe charges an outrageous price . `` Hurricane Neddy '' has the bowling alley briefly relocate to a precarious teetering position on top of a nearby train tunnel after a hurricane blows through Springfield and tears the alley off it 's foundation . There are seven known bowling teams , from The Pin Pals ( Homer , Moe , Apu , and Otto / Mr. Burns ) , to the Holy Rollers ( the Flanders , and Reverend Lovejoy and his wife ) . Costington 's ( edit ) Costington 's is a high - end department store located in Downtown Springfield . Their slogan is `` Over A Century Without A Slogan '' . Costington 's sponsors the annual Thanksgiving Day Parade and holds a `` Love Day '' celebration . Owned by Mr. Costington , the store has employed many Springfieldians , including Homer ( as their parade Santa and as a mattress salesman ) , Gil and The Yes Guy . Lenny and Carl once crashed into Costington 's , which sparked a city riot . It was first seen in the episode `` Trash of The Titans '' . KBBL Broadcasting ( edit ) KBBL Broadcasting is a media company which runs all KBBL TV and radio stations , which is used to parody the media . Its most notable television personalities are news anchor Kent Brockman , children 's entertainer veteran Krusty The Clown and Hispanic comedian Bumblebee Man . Their radio channel hosts are DJ 's Bill and Marty . The station jingle is `` No sports , no rock , no information ! For mindless chatter , we 're your station ! '' King Toot 's ( edit ) King Toot 's is a music store located next door to Moe 's Tavern . The store sells musical instruments and is the place where Lisa 's saxophone was purchased . The most notable appearance of King Toot 's Music Store was in `` Lisa 's Pony '' where Lisa asks Homer to pick up a new reed for her saxophone for her recital . Homer heads to the store after work and realizes Moe 's is next door ; since the store was n't to close for 5 minutes , Homer decides to have a quick beer first . Homer finishes his beer with 15 seconds to spare only to find the store owner has closed early . Homer goes back to Moe 's fortunately to find the owner of the store and after much convincing from Homer and Moe the owner opens up to sell Homer a reed . Unfortunately , Homer is too late for Lisa 's recital . Another appearance was in `` Lisa 's Sax '' where after Lisa 's saxophone was run over by a truck , as a result of a fight between Bart and Lisa , Homer tells the story of how Lisa first got her sax . King Toot 's is seen briefly during the opening of The Simpsons Movie and later while the dome is being put over Springfield . In `` Covercraft '' King Toot is revealed to be a sleazy , overweight middle - aged man with a mustache who torments Moe by dumping all of his junk into Moe 's alley dumpster without paying him , and ends up having a huge fight with Moe that ends with them both getting arrested and the music store being closed for repairs . The Leftorium ( edit ) The Leftorium is a store in the Springfield Mall that specializes in products for left - handed people . The store is owned by Ned Flanders , who first started The Leftorium in the season 3 episode `` When Flanders Failed '' . At first , business at the store was going very poorly . Irritated with Flanders , Homer wished that the store would go out of business after Homer received the larger half of a wishbone . Homer got his wish and the Flanders family were forced to sell many of their possessions , much of which Homer purchased at a very low price of $75 . The bank repossessed the Flanders home and the store was to be next . Homer then regretted making this wish and the fact that he never told any of his friends who were in need of left - handed items about The Leftorium . As a result , he managed to get everyone he knew in town to shop at Ned 's store , thus saving the store . The Leftorium has continued to thrive since . However , there have been episodes where Flanders mentioned the store does not do that well , such as in the season ten episode `` Thirty Minutes over Tokyo '' , where Ned mentions that he purchased most of his possessions cheaply , and that the business moved way down hill since `` Leftopolis '' moved in next door to it . In the episode `` Home Away from Homer '' , Ned mentions that a recently opened , left - hand megastore , called `` Left - Mart '' ( a parody of Wal - Mart ) is threatening his business . A later episode reveals that Flanders has been reduced to running the Leftorium out of a mall cart , which he splits with a cosmetic saleswoman . The writers had wanted to have Flanders own a failing business and the idea for the store was suggested by George Meyer . He got the idea from a friend whose family had owned a left - handed specialty store which had failed . Matt Groening himself is left - handed , and once remarked that 1 in 3 Springfieldians were left - handed Noiseland video arcade ( edit ) Noiseland Video Arcade is the video arcade in downtown Springfield , a popular place for the youth . Arcade games include Escape from Grandma 's House ( versions I - III ) , Kevin Costner 's Water World and Larry the Looter . The video arcade has had several appearances in The Simpsons , although mostly in the earlier seasons . The earliest known appearance was in `` Moaning Lisa '' where Bart challenges Homer to a boxing game on their home TV game system . As Bart is continuously undefeated , Homer decides to fight back by going to the video arcade to learn from the young children how to win in the same boxing game . Homer almost beats Bart but Marge switches off the game at the crucial moment . It was seen destroyed briefly in The Simpsons Movie . Sprawl - Mart ( edit ) Sprawl - Mart is a big department store in Springfield and a parody of Wal - Mart . It is first seen in `` The Fat and the Furriest '' . While the entire Simpsons family has shopped there , and Homer and Abe worked there , it is a terrible place to work , perhaps worse than the Power Plant , with low pay , 24 hours a day shifts , no bathroom breaks , and fake passports given to American citizens to get arrested , if ever caught escaping . They also implant microchips in the workers during the company physicals that give them electroshocks if they try to leave . Even though most of the workers have already managed to remove their chips , they stay anyway , since they use the lack of management during nightshifts to steal from the store . Springfield mall ( edit ) The Springfield Mall is a shopping mall in Springfield and it features stores such as Happy Market , Cost - Mo , and smaller stores such as Girdles N ' Such , Eye Caramba , The Ear Piercery , Happy Sailor Tattoo Parlor , Love Your Computer , Gum4Less , Popular Books , The Leftorium , Nick 's Bowling Shop , Stoner 's Pot Palace , Bookacchino 's , Moe 's Express ( a mini version of Moe 's Tavern ) , a Mapple Store ( a parody of the Apple Store ) , numerous Starbucks coffee shops , and many others . Many Krusty Burger 's and the Leftorium is there . Stoner 's Pot Palace ( edit ) Briefly seen in the episode `` A Milhouse Divided '' . A store which sells kitchenwear and cutlery located in the Springfield Mall . Otto Mann believes its name to be flagrant false advertising , because it does n't sell marijuana . Try - N - Save ( edit ) In the episode `` Marge Be Not Proud '' , Bart is caught shoplifting in a Try - N - Save , a store based on retail outlet Pay ' n Save . Despite being told by Try - N - Save security Don Brodka to never return to the store because of shoplifting , Bart is forced to go back with his family for a photo portrait session . Seen by security again , Bart 's crime is revealed , and his relationship with Marge is threatened . The store also appears in the `` Kamp Krusty '' episode . In `` The Good , the Sad and the Drugly '' , the Try - N - Save brand comes up when Seymour Skinner leads Superintendent Chalmers to believe that his shoes are genuine Hush Puppies when they are Try - N - Save Shush Mutts . Jake 's Unisex Hairplace ( edit ) Jake 's Unisex Hairplace is a salon / barber in Springfield . As the name implies , it serves both men and women . In the Simpsons app , it is called Jake 's Unisex Hair Palace . It 's one of the oldest location shown in the series , as it originally appeared in the Tracy Ullman short `` Bart 's Haircut '' ( where it was called Snipper Cuts ) . It 's owned and operated by Jake the Barber . Mapple store ( edit ) Season 20 Episode 7 `` MyPods and Boomsticks '' A spoof of an Apple store , where Lisa almost bought a MyPod . Shop ( edit ) An IKEA parody , Shøp sells assorted furniture with unique and unusual designs . Their mascot appears to be an anthropomorphic hex key named Allen Wrench , but rather than being a costume is in fact an alien being who needs tungsten to live . Cutlery in the canteen is self - made from Lego , allowing Homer to create a multi-pronged fork . Toys ' R ' U.S. ( edit ) The store only appeared once on the episode `` Marge vs. Singles , Seniors , Childless Couples and Teens and Gays '' , of Season 15 episode 8 . It was there briefly when , due to the citizens of Springfield hating children , Moe was requested to flip the R around . Several tearful children watched . Coolsville comics and toys ( edit ) Coolsville only appeared once , on the Season 19 episode 7 episode of `` Husbands and Knives '' . Milo owns the store , which is right across the street from The Android 's Dungeon . Unlike Comic Book Guy , Milo treats the kids like royalty and lets them read comics at leisure , rather than hoarding them until the time is ripe . He also started an autograph signing with three famous writers . Comic Book Guy goes out of business in the episode , but somehow jumps back in the next . Herman 's military antiques ( edit ) Formerly Pet Shop , Herman 's sells all sorts of war memorabilia , from muskets to a Confederacy flag . I ca n't believe it 's a law firm ! ( edit ) Also known as `` Lionel Hutz also Expert Shoe Repair '' or `` The Law Offices of Lionel Hutz '' , it is located near the Springfield mall . As you might expect , it is a law firm , and visited by the Simpsons on multiple occasions , including when Bart was hit by a car . Hutz usually has an incentive for visiting , such as smoking monkeys . His number is 5 - LAWW , or 5 - 5299 . Gum For Less ( edit ) Cheap gum . The Creammatorium ( edit ) The Creammatorium borders Lionel Hutz 's law firm and sells ice cream at cheap prices . 1987 calendars ! ( edit ) Went out of business after 1987 , due to the fact that it only sells calendars from the year of 1987 . Homer shopped there once . Phineas Q. butterfat 's 5600 flavors ice cream parlor ( edit ) The ice cream parlor actually owns several locations , but most of them are in the Springfield Mall . They serve , indeed , 5600 flavors , with their premier item being `` The Ark '' , a gigantic sundae featuring all the stores flavors , 26 sauces , toppings and nuts . In `` You Kent Always Say What You Want '' , Homer purchased the 1.000. 000th ice - cream cone ( though briefly lost the prize because he couldnt decide between a cup or a cone ) , and won a special interview with Kent Brockman . Hairy shearers ( edit ) A barbershop ; pun on the name of the actor Harry Shearer . It 's frequented by Marge Simpson who 's massive hairdo requires signifigant effort to maintain . In `` Hungry , Hungry Homer '' , they refused to honor her coupon for discount hair streaks , as their thin profit margins would ruin them , but Homer ( in an unusual exhibition of helpfullness ) assisted the owner with finding ways of decreasing their spending , and they honored the copupon in return . The shop reappears in `` '' The Blue and The Gray `` , where it 's revealed that Marge 's hair has been grey for decades , but the industrial - strength coloring they use keeps wiping out her memory . Bars and restaurants ( edit ) The Gilded Truffle ( edit ) The Gilded Truffle is an elegant , upscale restaurant in Springfield . The restaurant once employed Groundskeeper Willie until he quit and returned to his old job at Springfield Elementary . The restaurant serves French cuisine . It first appeared in the episode `` Bart The Lover '' . The store is `` worldwide - famous '' for his truffles . Moe 's Tavern ( edit ) Moe 's Bar in Concepcion , Chile , closely based on images from The Simpsons . Moe 's Tavern ( called Moe 's Bar in The Simpsons Movie ) is a local bar in Springfield frequented by Homer Simpson , Carl Carlson , Lenny Leonard and Barney Gumble . The tavern is named after and run by Moe Szyslak . Moe 's Tavern first appeared in the episode `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' . In the first season of The Simpsons , the entrance appeared to be a saloon door . The bar sells mostly Duff Beer although other beverages are served . In the episode `` Flaming Moe 's '' , Moe 's beer payments were delinquent so his beer distributor stopped delivering to him . When Homer shows Moe a drink he developed called the Flaming Homer , Moe sells it as his own , calling it the Flaming Moe . The drink becomes extremely popular until Homer reveals its secret ingredient , allowing other businesses to create a similar product . The drink 's popularity wanes significantly . A recurring gag is the dirty and dilapitated state of the bar . In `` Mommie Beerest '' , its revealed that Moe was long able to avoid several enormous health code violations ( among other things , the corkscrew has a severed human ear on it , and there 's a toilet on the roof ) due to being friends with the health inspector . Another episode reveals that the bar 's liquor license is expired , is only valid in Rhode Island and is just signed by Moe himself . The bar is also infested with rats , a large number of whom moved to the bar after the destruction of a derelict factory as seen in Homer 's Enemy . The tavern had to be briefly shut down as shown in Who Shot Mr. Burns ? , due to toxic fumes runover from Mr. Burns ' oil rig nearby . Moe 's Tavern undergoes several makeovers in various episodes of The Simpsons , but it always reverts to its original dark , squalid state before the show 's end . In the episode `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' Moe 's Tavern is named Moe 's Cavern as a reference to the world - famous Cavern Club in Liverpool , where The Beatles played . Other notable makeovers are in the episode `` Bart Sells His Soul '' where Moe turns his tavern into a family restaurant called Uncle Moe 's Family Feed Bag and in `` Homer the Moe '' where Moe turns his tavern into a yuppie bar called `` m '' . Also in this episode , it is revealed that the television in Moe 's is not black and white ( as it is always seen ) but a dirty color television ( Homer says `` When was the last time Moe cleaned this thing ? '' then wipes the screen with a cloth ) . In addition it is turned into an English pub named Nag and Weasel in the episode `` Mommie Beerest '' . In `` My Sister , My Sitter '' , Moe appears to have become Moe 's Brewing Co. , a brewpub that is moved to a posh new premises at the Springfield Squidport , but it is revealed to just be a very long tunnel to the existing bar . In `` Flaming Moe '' , he enlists the help of Waylon Smithers to transform the bar into a gay bar called Mo 's , although he changes it back again at the end of the episode . In `` Three Gays of the Condo '' , it is revealed that when it first opened , it was originally called `` Meaux 's Tavern '' . In The Simpsons Movie it is located next to the church and named Moe 's Bar , and in The Simpsons Game it is seen next to the Sleep - Eazy Motel . In the episode `` Homer the Smithers '' , Mr. Burns believes in order to operate a telephone , you spell the requested person 's name out using the alphabetic keypad ( he spells out S-M-I-T-H-E-R-S ) , he is instead connected to Moe 's Tavern . As a result , if one was to spell Smithers name out on a telephone keypad , the fictional phone number minus the area code for the tavern would be revealed as 764 - 8437 ( 7 ) . Moe and his tavern had been the victim of Bart 's ongoing prank calls in the earlier seasons of the Simpsons when Bart would call looking for nonexistent people with names that would get Moe laughed at by his customers . Though there was one name that backfired on Bart when he asked for Hugh Jass , who had been sitting in the tavern . In more recent episodes it was revealed that Bart still torments Moe with prank calls , although the calls themselves have n't been shown onscreen . `` Moe 's '' name is a reference to Mo 's , which was and is a locally - famous chowder house in Newport , Oregon . Moe 's tavern physically is a remarkably close recreation of Duffy 's Tavern which was on East 13th Street in Eugene , a block from campus , during Groening 's days and was a popular U of O hangout . It had the same red and green diamond pane windows inside . It is now a Starbucks . Duff Beer is the obvious clue to connect Duffy 's to Moe 's . Places based on places shown in The Simpsons exist at Universal Studios Florida , including one based on Moe 's Tavern . Krusty Burger ( edit ) Krusty Burger is a fast food restaurant chain owned by Krusty the Clown as one of his many branded products and services . Krusty Burger is seen as a parody of a typical fast food chain such as McDonald 's , Burger King , KFC , Carl 's Jr , Wendy 's , or Arby 's . A typical store features a drive - thru with a speaker box and most of the employees are young teenage workers . In the episode `` 22 Short Films About Springfield '' , the Springfield police are comparing the differences between Krusty Burger and McDonald 's , a parallel of the `` Royale With Cheese discussion '' seen in Pulp Fiction . This can be seen in The Simpsons Movie during the dome sequence after Homer and Bart buy lunch by themselves and with the family . It appears that Krusty Burger is located across the entire United States ; in the episode `` Boy - Scoutz ' n the Hood '' , Homer loses the map of the rafting route but tells the group that luckily he has brought a map along . It happens to be a map of the entire United States with locations of Krusty Burger restaurants . There is even a Krusty Burger located on an ( unmanned ) offshore oil rig ; it was seen after Homer , Bart , Ned Flanders , and Rod Flanders had been lost at sea several days and were saved from starvation after finding it . There is also a Krusty Burger in France , as seen in the episode `` The Devil Wears Nada '' . It exists under the name `` Le Krusty Burger '' . In the episode `` I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can '' it was also revealed that Krusty Burger operates in different markets across the USA when Krusty Burger has a new burger called the Ribwich . After the Ribwich stopped selling in Springfield , Homer and a group of Ribwich fans known as the `` Ribheads '' followed the `` Ribwich tour '' as the Ribwich was tested in various markets . The Ribwich sandwich is based on a real life McDonald 's sandwich called the McRib . According to the episode `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , Krusty Burger is one of the only burger places open in Springfield because Krusty has been paying mobster Fat Tony to keep McDonald 's and Burger King from establishing local locations . The extent of Fat Tony 's involvement is unknown , as there are no locations of Wendy 's , and other major chains . However , Springfield does have an In - N - Out Burger location in town to compete with Krusty Burger . A common gag , especially in the later seasons of the show , is the extremely low quality of the food served at the restaurants , a parody of common beliefs and urban legends surrounding American fast food . Documentary filmmaker Decland Desmond has made several exposes on the chain , revealing practices such as stapling together half - eaten burgers and serving them to new customers , and substituting all manner of cheap filler as meat . Krusty also reveals that the Ribwich was made of an unspecified animal with more than four legs , presumably some sort of insect or spider ( or perhaps a mutated animal from the vicinity of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant ) , that was driven into extinction by its production . Places based on places shown in The Simpsons exist at Universal Studios Florida , including one based on Krusty Burger . Lard Lad Donuts ( edit ) Lard Lad Donuts is a donut store in Springfield . Its mascot is an ( estimated ) 8 - metre ( 26 ft ) tall statue of a rather chubby boy proudly holding a donut over his head . The name and the statue of the eponymous boy are likely references to Big Boy Restaurants . In The Simpsons Game , the Lard Lad mascot is a boss . Lard Lad Donuts is shut down by a health inspector in The Simpsons Movie , and the Lard Lad is painted in different colors and seen later in the movie during the dome sequence . The former was disproved in `` E Pluribus Wiggum '' when an explosion violently detaches the correctly colored Lard Lad 's head . In another episode it appears to have a secret trap door leading to a tunnel , which Homer knows about . Places based on places shown in The Simpsons exist at Universal Studios Florida , including one based on Lard Lad Donuts . Luigi 's ( edit ) Luigi 's is a Springfield Italian restaurant owned by Luigi Risotto , who is a parody of the `` Italian pasta / pizza chef '' stereotype but seems to be aware of his status as a stock character . Luigi is polite to his customers and treats them with respect when they order and then loudly insults and belittles them to his cook Salvatore , fully aware that they can hear him from the kitchen . The restaurant also employs an old Italian saucier , who in Take My Life , Please , claims they can tell what someone 's life could have been like by stirring tomato sauce in a certain way . By using his magical tomato sauce , the saucier helps Homer see what his life would have been like if he had won his high - school election . Fat Tony and his mob frequently use the restaurant for their meetings . Luigi takes customer service very seriously . Places based on places shown in The Simpsons exist at Universal Studios Florida , including one based on Luigi 's . The Frying Dutchman ( edit ) The Frying Dutchman is a maritime - themed restaurant operated by Sea Captain Horatio MacAllister . Its cuisine specializes in seafood ( to which Marge is allergic ) , and even the bread has fish in it . Homer sued for their refusal to honor the ' all you can eat ' promise in the episode `` New Kid on the Block '' and was given a job as a freak attraction `` more stomach than man '' ( to Marge 's great embarrassment ) . Places based on places shown in The Simpsons exist at Universal Studios Florida , including one based on The Frying Dutchman . The Singing Sirloin ( edit ) The Singing Sirloin is a restaurant where all the waiters sing everything they say . It is first featured in the Season 1 episode `` Life on the Fast Lane '' ; Marge celebrates her birthday there . Bart also celebrated here after getting an A , however after Homer was unable to pay them for the food , they had to sing on stage to pay for the bill ( in the episode `` Homer vs. Dignity '' ) . The Happy Sumo ( edit ) The Happy Sumo is a Japanese restaurant . Among the restaurant 's menu offerings are all kinds of sushi , including fugu , which can be fatally poisonous if not properly prepared . The Master Sushi Chef is the only person at the restaurant qualified to prepare fugu . The restaurant also offers karaoke . Akira works as a waiter and translates on occasion for the Simpson family . The Java Server ( edit ) The Java Server is a coffee shop that is a parody of such shops as `` Starbucks '' ; despite it being a parody of Starbucks , they exist separately in the show , as seen when there was depicted an entire section in the mall with only Starbucks . On its opening day , it was the site of a robbery by Snake Jailbird . Pimento Grove ( edit ) The Pimento Grove is an Italian restaurant in the style of `` Olive Garden '' . It 's shown to be fairly upscale and features photos of celebrities on it 's walls . Up , up , and buffet ! ( edit ) A buffet - style family restaurant , located in a grounded passenger plane . One of it 's `` features '' is turbulence caused by staff rocking the plane back and forth by pushing on the wings . Schools ( edit ) Springfield Elementary school ( edit ) Springfield Elementary School is a local school on The Simpsons , attended by Bart Simpson , Lisa Simpson and other Springfield children . Springfield Elementary is a grossly underfunded school and suffers from the incompetence and apathy of its administration , teachers , staff and students . It is portrayed within the show as a satire of publicly funded schools and education in the United States . As an illustrative example and parody of the lengths undertaken by some schools to attempt to overcome underfunding , some Springfield Elementary School students ( specifically Cletus and Brandine Spuckler 's children ) are purposely excluded from state or federal standardized testing regimens . The impetus being the maintenance of artificial school - wide averages and therefore basic levels of government support -- a practice not unheard of in the United States and other systems where funding is tied to test results . Established in the episodes `` Separate Vocations '' and `` Pokey Mom '' , the school 's mascot is a puma . It 's revealed in the episode `` Lisa Gets an `` A '' '' that Springfield Elementary was at one time voted `` The Most Dilapidated School in Missouri '' -- it was then moved , brick - by - brick , to Springfield . It has been stated several times that the school is filled with asbestos , and the underfunding of the school has resulted in a variety of troubling scenarios for students and staff . Sub-standard facilities abound ; including a cinder block having replaced the school 's tetherball , cafeteria food made from circus animals and in several decades - old cans , shredded newspaper , and old gym mats , among others ( only the teachers eat French fries made from potatoes ) , and `` malk '' having replaced milk . In one episode , prison inmates occupied the cloakrooms in the classrooms , in an effort to make extra money . In another episode , Lisa Simpson , who has been voted student president , is tricked into authorizing the cancellation of music , gym and art . The school later finds the funding for these extra curricular activities by cancelling flu shots . The school 's poor funding is made worse by the town 's refusal to accept any tax increases , no matter how minor , and even basic services are sometimes refused by the PTA , including a free service of refilling the fire extinguishers . For a few episodes the school also had a tower with a winding staircase within which led to an observation area . This has since been removed . Other short period additions include a phony disabled ramp access system built by the local Mafia and other constructions . In one episode the presentation hall is bulldozed to make way for a mini-mall . The school 's address is 19 Plympton Street , revealed in the episode `` Bart on the Road '' when Principal Skinner receives an envelope addressed to the school containing his airline tickets to Hong Kong . In the episode `` Team Homer '' , school uniforms are temporarily introduced following a riot brought on by Bart wearing a `` Down With Homework '' T - shirt to school . This policy was rescinded after the uniforms turned out not to be waterproof and washed out into psychadelic colors when it rained . Most students travel to school by bus , usually driven by Otto Mann . However , in `` The Otto Show '' , Otto is suspended from his job ( due to not actually having a drivers license ) and Principal Skinner temporarily takes over his route . Additionally , in another episode the students are forced to car pool when the school bus is wrecked after Otto falls asleep at the wheel and the bus crashes into the auto wrecking yard . In the episode `` The Boy Who Knew Too Much '' , the regular school bus breaks down and a Springfield State Prison bus is used instead . The bus is sometimes shown to be in extremely poor condition , another indicator of the schools low funding . In `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' it is shown that both Ms. Hoover and Lunch Lady Doris have access to `` Independent Thought Alarms '' which are sent to Principal Skinner 's office and are both triggered by Lisa . Also , in `` Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song '' , Superintendent Chalmers fires Ned Flanders , who has become principal after Skinner being sacked , only because he freely expresses his religious views in the school . Many of the school faculty seem very bored with their jobs and do not try to help students , leaving them to unfulfilling futures . They also take full advantage of any - and - all time off that they have . Several of the teachers and staff smoke and drink in front of their students . In one episode , the teachers are shown joyfully running out of the school building with the students at the end of the day and subsequently are then shown trooping back into school the following day . Otto Mann is shown to be a user of illicit drugs , and in the episode `` Weekend At Burnsie 's '' , Lisa notices a smell of marijuana and remarks that `` it smells like the art teacher 's office '' . The teachers like Miss Elizabeth Hoover do not seem to care whether or not the students achieve in their class , and seem to have given up on many of them . In 1994 , the naming of a new elementary school in Greenwood , South Carolina , was left up to the students , and the name Springfield Elementary was chosen . The school board was unaware of the connection to The Simpsons until a protest by one group of parents , who argued that Bart was a poor role model . The name stood , and the school opened in August 1994 . Bart Simpson weighed in on the controversy , in a statement from the Fox Network where he said `` at least they did n't call it Beavis and Butt - head Elementary '' . West Springfield Elementary school ( edit ) West Springfield Elementary School is an elementary school in Springfield . It is identical in layout to Springfield Elementary , as both were built from the same plans . Lisa arrives at the school by mistake in the episode `` Trilogy of Error '' , one of the differences is that French is taught at this school . Springfield Preparatory school ( edit ) Springfield Preparatory School was a private school in Springfield . Greta Wolfcastle and other students attend there . The Simpsons attended an Annual Fair there in the episode `` The Bart Wants What It Wants '' . Colleges / universities ( edit ) Springfield University is a large college which Homer attended in `` Homer Goes to College '' . It teaches several different courses , including nuclear physics , arts management , and the meaning of cartoons , and has a fierce rivalry with Springfield A&M University . In the episode `` Faith Off '' , the nickname of the Springfield University football team is revealed to be the Nittany Tide -- a reference to the Penn State Nittany Lions and Alabama Crimson Tide . Springfield Agricultural and Mechanical ( A&M ) University is a rival institution of Springfield University , possibly a reference to the fierce rivalry between Texas A&M and the University of Texas . Carl Carlson is an A&M alumnus . Springfield A&M 's mascot is a pig named Sir Oinks - A-Lot , who was kidnapped by Homer and his three student tutors as a prank in `` Homer Goes to College '' . Springfield Heights Institute of Technology focuses on the engineering sciences . Professor Frink is a college professor at the university , and it is where Apu Nahasapeemapetilon earned his doctorate from . Springfield Community College is a community college . Springfield high school ( edit ) Springfield High School is most often seen in flashbacks , notably in `` The Way We Was '' when Homer and Marge tell the story of how they met . Springfield High School is seen in the present time in `` The Front '' when Marge and Homer have their high school reunion there . The Squeaky Voiced Teen has said that the school has an air hockey table . As well as being a school , they have hosted events there . One such event was a ballet performance , despite the fact there was a gas leak in the school . Landmarks ( edit ) Krustylu Studios ( edit ) Krustylu Studios is the television studio in Springfield in which the Krusty the Clown Show is recorded . It is located either on or in the vicinity of the Channel 6 studio lot . The lot is located across the street from a box factory . The name Krustylu is an homage to Desilu Productions , Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz 's production company , which produced the 1950s sitcom I Love Lucy . The first appearance was in the short `` The Krusty The Clown Show '' . Sleep Eazy motel ( edit ) First seen in `` The Cartridge Family '' , this is a run - down motel where everything is coin - operated , including the Bible . The building itself is deteriorating and prostitutes hang outside the lobby . When Marge and the kids stayed there , a body was seen floating in the pool . Selma claims that she woke up there once . Homer once stayed there to cheat on his diet behind Marge 's back , though he was caught on camera by the producers of Sneakers . The name is a play on `` sleazy motel '' , a fact highlighted by its malfunctioning neon sign . Springfield Retirement Castle ( edit ) The Springfield Retirement Castle is Springfield 's retirement home for the elderly . Some noted residents of the Castle include Abraham `` Grampa '' J. Simpson and his neighbors , Jasper Beardley , and the Crazy Old Man . For Grampa Simpson , the Retirement Castle is a lonely place to be . He often gets mad when his family does not come and visit him . The door features a sign reading ' Thank you for not discussing the outside world ' . The most interesting way to pass time at the home is to `` stake yourself out a good spot at the staring window '' , which overlooks nothing but a barren tree , and bingo ( the prize being a banana ) . The staff of the home have little to no respect for the residents , doing things like vacuuming their hair during `` nap time '' , or switching their IV bags with their catheter bags when the former is empty and the latter is full . In the episode `` Old Money '' Grandpa inherits $106,000 from his girlfriend Beatrice `` Bea '' Simmons . He uses the money to refurbish and redecorate the home , after which its name is changed to Springfield Retirement Castle instead of Springfield Retirement Home . The main dining area is renamed `` The Beatrice Simmons Memorial Hall '' . The Springfield City Hall ( edit ) The City Hall of Springfield serves as the workplace of Mayor Quimby and the City Government . Often it is the site of town meetings regarding an issue facing the city , where the citizens vote to approve a proposal that generally causes havoc ( most of the time proposed by Homer ) and causes more problems . The building is based on the Chelmsford , Massachusetts public library due to longtime The Simpsons background designer Lance Wilder , being a former Chelmsford resident . Springfield courthouse ( edit ) The courthouse is the center for all trials and cases in Springfield . Its judges include Judge Constance Harm , who is a tough and unforgiving judge who enjoys giving cruel punishments to criminals in her courtroom , and Judge Roy Snyder , who is known for his lenient punishments . Often the prosecutor is The Blue Haired Lawyer who also represents Mr. Burns and The Walt Disney Company and unlike Gil Gunderson or Lionel Hutz , he is a competent lawyer ( but not always ethical ) . Five Corners ( edit ) Five Corners is `` the only geographic location in the US where five states meet '' . A boundary marker indicates the exact spot . While on their road trip to Itchy & Scratchy Land the Simpsons visit Five Corners , where they each `` stand in five different states while holding hands '' . The location is visited again in `` The Bob Next Door '' , where Sideshow Bob plots to kill Bart at the marker where the location 's unique property would result in a lack of extraterritorial jurisdiction , explaining it as : `` I can stand in one state , fire a gun in a second state , the bullet will travel through the third , hitting you in the fourth , so you fall dead in the fifth . No single act is against any law , but their sum total is the greatest murder ... '' In reality no such place exists in the US ; the location is a spoof of Four Corners . Krustyland ( edit ) Krustyland is The Simpsons version of Disneyland . It appeared in The Food Wife at the end where the Simpsons went out for a family fun day , which Homer promised Marge . Itchy & Scratchy Land ( edit ) Itchy & Scratchy Land , is a themed amusement park owned by `` Itchy and Scratchy International '' , marketed as the `` violentest place on earth '' . It first appears in the eponymous episode in Season 6 as a direct response to the more stringent censorship laws put in place at the time and the Fox network trying to stop the writers from including Itchy & Scratchy cartoons in episodes as result . The theme park also features in `` Mommie Beerest '' , `` Bart 's New Friend '' , `` To Courier with Love '' ( mentioned ) and `` Dad Behavior '' . It is a parody of Disneyland , complete with a similar park layout and similar attractions , and the fact that its European counterpart ( `` Euro Itchy & Scratchy Land '' ) fails to attract the expected number of customers . It being located on an Island as well as Professor Frink 's prediction via Chaos Theory were both references to Jurassic Park . In addition , the robots going wild and being taken down by cameras was a reference to Westworld . Other towns ( edit ) Shelbyville ( edit ) Shelbyville is Springfield 's neighbor and rival city . It was founded in 1796 by Shelbyville Manhattan , who advocated cousin marriage among his followers , causing a split between himself and Jebediah Springfield . An intense rivalry between the two cities continues today , especially in the sixth - season episode `` Lemon of Troy '' , in which Shelbyville residents steal a prized lemon tree from Springfield . In several episodes , `` Lemon of Troy '' in particular , it is suggested that Shelbyville is to an extent a parallel version of Springfield . Shelbyville is also the city where Luann van Houten grew up . It also has at least one McDonald 's restaurant , a Speed - E-Mart , Joe 's Tavern and a school . Per `` Last Exit to Springfield '' , Shelbyville was at least briefly called `` Morganville '' during Abe Simpson 's youth . According to The Simpsons Movie , Shelbyville is west of Springfield . It is the home of the button fly . Shelbyville was ranked 10th in `` The 10 Best Dystopias '' in the December 2005 issue of Wired . Capital City ( edit ) Capital City ( often spelled Capitol City in early episodes ) is the capital and largest city in the state in which the show is set . It is a major urban center , hosting major sports events , conventions , and United Nations conferences . Its nickname is The Windy Apple ( a joke by the show 's writers , combining the nicknames of New York City 's `` The Big Apple '' and Chicago 's `` The Windy City '' ) . Landmarks include a Duff brewery , possibly mimicking the Anheuser - Busch brewery in St. Louis , the Cross-town suspension bridge resembling San Francisco 's Golden Gate Bridge , the Capital City Stadium , the Capital City Amphitheatre ( featuring Krusty the clown ) , and the intersection of 4th Street and Avenue D . The Simpsons Movie places Capital City just to the north of Springfield . Brockway ( edit ) Brockway is mentioned by Lyle Lanley ( voiced by Phil Hartman ) as a town to which he has sold monorail systems ( `` Marge vs. the Monorail '' ) . Brockway , Ogdenville and North Haverbrook are also mentioned in Episode 18 of the TV series Supernatural by Sam Winchester , as locations of past Shtriga activity . Ogdenville ( edit ) Ogdenville was first mentioned in `` Marge vs. the Monorail '' , when Lyle Lanley claimed to have sold a monorail to Ogdenville . Ogdenville has also been mentioned in other episodes such as `` Saddlesore Galactica '' , `` Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield '' and `` To Surveil with Love '' . In `` Eeny Teeny Maya Moe '' , Maya is from Ogdenville . Ogdenville has an outlet mall , and is separated from Springfield by a rocky desert . In `` Coming to Homerica '' , Ogdenville is a town of barley producing farms that are shut down due to tainted barley being used in a new , vegetarian Krusty Burger . Ogdenvillians are composed of Norwegian immigrants with thick Norwegian accents . They also are big fans of the Minnesota Vikings due to the heavy incidence of Norwegians immigrants in the state of Minnesota . As a small easter egg , during a flu outbreak in Springfield , the hospital only received schemas in Norwegian , which is later confirmed via close - up . Series creator Matt Groening 's background is Norwegian and German , which he has described as `` two of the unfunniest ethnic groups in the history of the world '' . North Haverbrook ( edit ) North Haverbrook was first mentioned by Lyle Lanley in `` Marge vs. the Monorail '' . Marge arrives in North Haverbrook and finds a desolate ghost town , where the faulty monorail derailed , causing a disaster , chasing away most of their residents and scaring away investors . The remaining North Haverbrook locals have since denied the monorail 's existence presumably blaming Lanley for the whole thing that ruined their town 's reputation . Marge is met with hostility by the locals , including a woman who works at the ' Monorail Cafe ' . She orders Marge to leave her town at once and never speak of the monorail anymore . A resident scientist from Germany , Sebastian Cobb , was the only one willing to help Marge out and save the passengers of the Springfield Monorail from suffering the same fate as North Haverbrook . Lanley is later attacked by the citizens of the town after his plane makes an unscheduled stop there , presumably tipped off by Marge knowing Lanley will answer for his crimes . North Haverbrook also appeared in `` Little Big Girl '' . After Bart is awarded a driver 's license , he gets sick of countless errands and goes for a drive and eventually finds North Haverbrook , and falls in love with a girl named Darcy . In this episode , the town appears to have recovered well from the monorail disaster , as it is now changed from a ghost town to a thriving community with multiple businesses Bart enjoys . It has a romantic reputation . All signs of the monorail have also disappeared . It also appears on a road sign as Snake drives towards Mexico with the Kwik - E-Mart on a flatbed trailer during `` Marge in Chains '' . Cypress Creek ( edit ) Cypress Creek is a model town created for the workers of the Globex Corporation . It appears in the episode `` You Only Move Twice '' . It is an affluent town , and is home to many wild flowers ( to which Lisa is allergic ) . The city is an obvious parody of Silicon Valley or the master planned communities often built by major corporations . Guidopolis ( edit ) In the episode `` Midnight Towboy '' , Homer initially went for a bottle of milk in a little town near Springfield named Guidopolis , where he then subsequently becomes a towtruck driver and is introduced to the vehicle recovery sector . The town is primarily inhabited by Italian - American greasers . Little Pwagmattasquarmsettport ( edit ) Little Pwagmattasquarmsettport is a seaside town close to Springfield 's State , where the Simpsons went for the fourth of July in the Flanders 's holiday home ; the town appears in the episode `` Summer of 4 Ft. 2 '' . Nicknamed `` Little Pwag '' , the town contains many beaches and a large boardwalk section and a funfair is open every summer . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Price , Michael ; Oliver , Rob ( 2007 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The Bohi ys of Bummer '' . The Simpsons . Season 18 . Episode 18 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Harrison , Reid ; Clements , Chris ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Papa Do n't Leech '' . The Simpsons . Season 19 . Episode 16 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Gould , Dana ; Michels , Pete ( 2002 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Poppa 's Got a Brand New Badge '' . The Simpsons . Season 13 . Episode 22 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Turner 2004 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2004 , p. 30 . 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The Simpsons . Season 03 . Episode 02 . Fox . Jump up ^ Josh Grossberg ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Cowabunga ! 7 - Elevens Get Kwik - E Makeover '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 - Eleven Becomes Kwik - E-Mart for ' Simpsons Movie ' Promotion '' . Fox News . 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Canada , D'oh Homer '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gail Schiller ( 2007 - 07 - 06 ) . `` D'oh ! ' Simpsons ' limits tie - in partners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode `` When Flanders Failed '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode `` When Flanders Failed '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Vitti , Jon ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons season 3 DVD commentary for the episode `` When Flanders Failed '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ http://boundless.uoregon.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/archpnw&CISOPTR=8650&CISOBOX=1&REC=8 Archived 2015 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bart on the Road '' . The Simpsons . Season 7 . Episode 20 . 1996 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Carol ( 1994 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The Simpsons Archive : `` A Brief History of The Simpsons '' Jump up ^ Barrett , Heather ( 2007 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Meet the man behind ' The Simpsons ' '' . Chelmsford Independent . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Writer : John Frink ; Director : Nancy Kruse ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` The Bob Next Door '' . The Simpsons . Season 21 . Episode 463 . Fox Broadcasting Company . 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6339398339548890044 | Iko Iko | Iko Iko - wikipedia Iko Iko Jump to : navigation , search `` Iko Iko '' Single by The Dixie Cups from the album Chapel of Love B - side `` Gee Baby Gee '' or `` I 'm Gonna Get You Yet '' Released March 1965 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1964 Genre Rhythm and blues Length 2 : 05 Label Red Bird Songwriter ( s ) James Crawford , Barbara Hawkins , Rosa Hawkins and Joan Johnson Producer ( s ) Jerry Leiber , Mike Stoller , Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry The Dixie Cups singles chronology `` Little Bell '' ( 1964 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1965 ) `` Gee the Moon Is Shining Bright '' ( 1965 ) `` Little Bell '' ( 1964 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1965 ) `` Gee the Moon Is Shining Bright '' ( 1965 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( / ˈaɪkoʊ ˈaɪkoʊ / ) is a much - covered New Orleans song that tells of a parade collision between two tribes of Mardi Gras Indians and the traditional confrontation . The song , under the original title `` Jock - A-Mo '' , was written and released as a single in 1953 by Sugar Boy and his Cane Cutters that failed to make the charts . The song first became popular in 1965 by the girl group , The Dixie Cups , who scored an international hit with `` Iko Iko '' . In 1967 as part of a lawsuit settlement between `` Sugar Boy '' James Crawford and the Dixie Cups , the trio were given part songwriting credit to the song . In 1972 , Dr. John had a minor hit with his version of `` Iko Iko '' . The most successful charting version in the UK was recorded by Scottish singer Natasha England who took her 1982 version into the top 10 . `` Iko Iko '' became an international hit again twice more , the first being the Belle Stars in June 1982 and again with Captain Jack in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sugar Boy and his Cane Cutters version 1.1 Background 1.2 `` Sugar Boy '' Crawford 's story 2 The Dixie Cups version 2.1 Background 2.2 Legal battles 2.3 Chart performance 3 Dr. John version 3.1 Background 3.2 Chart performance 4 Natasha version 4.1 Background 4.2 Chart performance 5 The Belle Stars version 5.1 Background 5.2 Chart performance 6 Captain Jack version 6.1 Background 6.2 Chart performance 7 Other versions 8 Linguistic origins 9 Pop culture usage 9.1 Films 9.2 Television 9.3 Other 10 References 11 External links Sugar Boy and his Cane Cutters version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The song was originally recorded by and released as a single in November 1953 by James Crawford as `` Sugar Boy and his Cane Cutters '' , on Checker Records ( Checker 787 ) . The single features Dave Lastie on tenor saxophone . Crawford 's version of the song did not make the charts . The story tells of a `` spy boy '' ( i.e. a lookout for one band of Indians ) encountering the `` flag boy '' or guidon carrier for another `` tribe '' . He threatens to `` set the flag on fire '' . Crawford set phrases chanted by Mardi Gras Indians to music for the song . Crawford himself states that he has no idea what the words mean , and that he originally sang the phrase `` Chock - a-mo '' , but the title was misheard by Chess Records and Checker Records president Leonard Chess , who misspelled it as `` Jock - a-mo '' for the record 's release . `` Sugar Boy '' Crawford 's story ( edit ) James `` Sugar Boy '' Crawford , gave a 2002 interview with OffBeat Magazine discussing the song 's meaning : Interviewer : How did you construct ' Jock - A-Mo ? ' Crawford : It came from two Indian chants that I put music to . `` Iko Iko '' was like a victory chant that the Indians would shout . `` Jock - A-Mo '' was a chant that was called when the Indians went into battle . I just put them together and made a song out of them . Really it was just like `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' . That was a phrase everybody in New Orleans used . Lloyd Price just added music to it and it became a hit . I was just trying to write a catchy song ... Interviewer : Listeners wonder what ' Jock - A-Mo ' means . Some music scholars say it translates in Mardi Gras Indian lingo as ' Kiss my ass , ' and I 've read where some think ' Jock - A-Mo ' was a court jester . What does it mean ? Crawford : I really do n't know . ( laughs ) The Dixie Cups version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Dixie Cups version was the result of an unplanned jam in a New York City recording studio where they began an impromptu version of `` Iko Iko '' , accompanying themselves with drumsticks on an aluminum chair , a studio ashtray and a Coke bottle . After their producers cleaned up the track and added the backup vocals , bass and drums to the song , the single was then released in March 1965 . The Dixie Cups scored an international hit single with `` Iko Iko '' in May 1965 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart where their version peaked at number 20 and spent 10 weeks on the Top 100 . The song also charted at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 20 on the R&B Chart . In Canada `` Iko Iko '' reached number 26 on the RPM Chart . It was the third single taken from their debut studio album Chapel of Love issued on Red Bird Records in August 1964 . The Dixie Cups had learned `` Iko , Iko '' from hearing the Hawkins sisters ' grandmother sing it , but they knew little about the origin of the song and so the original authorship credit went to the members , Barbara Ann Hawkins , her sister Rosa Lee Hawkins , and their cousin Joan Marie Johnson . The Dixie Cups ' version was later included on the soundtrack to the 1987 film The Big Easy . This same version was also used on the soundtrack of the 2005 movie The Skeleton Key . In 2009 , a version based on The Dixie Cups ' was used in an ad for Lipton Rainforest Alliance Ice Tea . Legal battles ( edit ) After the Dixie Cups version of `` Iko Iko '' was a hit in 1965 , they and their record label , Red Bird Records , were sued by James Crawford , who claimed that `` Iko Iko '' was the same as his composition `` Jock - a-mo '' . Although The Dixie Cups denied that the two compositions were similar , the lawsuit resulted in a settlement in 1967 with Crawford making no claim to authorship or ownership of `` Iko Iko '' , but being credited 25 % for public performances , such as on radio , of `` Iko Iko '' in the United States . Even though a back - to - back listening of the two recordings clearly demonstrates that `` Iko Iko '' was practically the same song as Crawford 's `` Jock - a-mo '' , Crawford 's rationale for the settlement was motivated by years of legal battles with no royalties . In the end , he stated , `` I do n't even know if I really am getting my just dues . I just figure 50 percent of something is better than 100 percent of nothing . '' In the 1990s , the Dixie Cups became aware that another group of people were claiming authorship of `` Iko Iko '' . Their ex-manager Joe Jones and his family filed a copyright registration in 1991 , alleging that they wrote the song in 1963 . Joe Jones successfully licensed `` Iko Iko '' outside of North America . The Dixie Cups filed a lawsuit against Joe Jones . The trial took place in New Orleans and the Dixie Cups were represented by well - known music attorney Oren Warshavsky before Senior Federal Judge Peter Beer . The jury returned a unanimous verdict on March 6 , 2002 , affirming that the Dixie Cups were the only writers of `` Iko Iko '' and granting them more money than they were seeking . The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the jury verdict and sanctioned Joe Jones . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 20 UK Singles Chart 23 U.S. R&B Chart 20 Canada RPM 26 Dr. John version ( edit ) `` Iko Iko '' Single by Dr. John from the album Dr. John 's Gumbo B - side `` Huey Smith Medley '' Released March 1972 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1972 Genre Rhythm and Blues Length 3 : 10 Label Atco Songwriter ( s ) Barbara Hawkins , Rosa Hawkins , Joan Johnson , James Crawford Producer ( s ) Jerry Wexler , Harold Battiste Dr. John singles chronology `` Wash , Mama , Wash '' ( 1970 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1972 ) `` Right Place Wrong Time '' ( 1973 ) `` Wash , Mama , Wash '' ( 1970 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1972 ) `` Right Place Wrong Time '' ( 1973 ) Background ( edit ) New Orleans singer and pianist Dr. John covered `` Iko Iko '' in 1972 for his fifth studio album Dr. John 's Gumbo . Released as a single in March 1972 on Atco Records , his version of the song charted at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was produced by Jerry Wexler and Harold Battiste . The following is the `` Iko Iko '' story , as told by Dr. John in the liner notes to his 1972 album , Dr. John 's Gumbo , in which he covers New Orleans R&B classics : The song was written and recorded back in the early 1950s by a New Orleans singer named James Crawford who worked under the name of Sugar Boy & the Cane Cutters . It was recorded in the 1960s by the Dixie Cups for Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller 's Red Bird Records , but the format we 're following here is Sugar Boy 's original . Also in the group were Professor Longhair on piano , Jake Myles , Big Boy Myles , Irv Bannister on guitar , and Eugene ' Bones ' Jones on drums . The group was also known as the Chipaka Shaweez . The song was originally called ' Jockamo , ' and it has a lot of Creole patois in it . Jockamo means ' jester ' in the old myth . It is Mardi Gras music , and the Shaweez was one of many Mardi Gras groups who dressed up in far out Indian costumes and came on as Indian tribes . The tribes used to hang out on Claiborne Avenue and used to get juiced up there getting ready to perform and ' second line ' in their own special style during Mardi Gras . That 's dead and gone because there 's a freeway where those grounds used to be . The tribes were like social clubs who lived all year for Mardi Gras , getting their costumes together . Many of them were musicians , gamblers , hustlers and pimps . The song was performed by Dr. John during halftime of the 2008 NBA All - Star Game in New Orleans and again in 2014 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 71 Natasha version ( edit ) `` Iko Iko '' Single by Natasha from the album Captured B - side `` I Should Have Known '' `` I Still Love You '' ( 12 `` ) Released 1982 ( UK ) Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl Recorded 1982 Genre Pop Label Towerbell Songwriter ( s ) Barbara Hawkins , Rosa Hawkins , Joan Johnson Producer ( s ) Tom Newman Natasha singles chronology `` Strangest Feeling '' ( 1981 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1982 ) `` The Boom Boom Room '' ( 1982 ) `` Strangest Feeling '' ( 1981 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1982 ) `` The Boom Boom Room '' ( 1982 ) Background ( edit ) The most successful charting version in the UK was recorded by the Scottish singer Natasha , whose version reached number 10 on the UK singles chart in 1982 . The song also charted highly in Ireland and New Zealand . The single was produced by Tom Newman . A remix of the single was released in 2007 , and Natasha 's version enjoyed a resurgence in 2014 when it was included on the soundtrack to the highest - grossing Italian film of 2014 , A Boss in the Living Room ( Un Boss in Salotto ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 10 The Belle Stars version ( edit ) `` Iko Iko '' Single by The Belle Stars from the album The Belle Stars / Rain Man Soundtrack B - side `` The Reason '' ( UK ) '' Las Vegas '' by Hans Zimmer ( U.S. ) Released 1982 ( UK ) 1989 ( U.S. ) Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1982 Genre Pop Length 2 : 49 Label Stiff ( UK ) Capitol ( U.S. ) Songwriter ( s ) Barbara Hawkins , Rosa Hawkins , Joan Johnson Producer ( s ) Brian Tench The Belle Stars singles chronology `` Another Latin Love Song '' ( 1981 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1982 ) `` The Clapping Song '' ( 1982 ) `` Another Latin Love Song '' ( 1981 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 1982 / 89 ) `` The Clapping Song '' ( 1982 ) Background ( edit ) In 1989 , the British girl group the Belle Stars had a US chart hit with their cover of `` Iko Iko '' which reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in March , after it was included on the soundtrack of the film Rain Man , starring Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman . The single was issued on Capitol Records . Their song is in the opening scene of the 1988 film . It was originally released several years earlier on Stiff Records in 1982 as a single in the UK where it peaked at a modest number 35 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1982 . The track was produced by Brian Tench and was also featured on the band 's eponymous debut album , The Belle Stars which reached number 15 on the UK Albums Chart . The Belle Stars version was also included in the 1997 film Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door , K - 9 and The Hangover in 2009 . The Belle Stars ' version of `` Iko Iko '' is used in a trailer for 20th Century Fox Family Features . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 35 Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 14 Captain Jack version ( edit ) `` Iko Iko '' Single by Captain Jack from the album Top Secret Released 2001 Format CD single Recorded 2001 Genre Eurodance Length 3 : 13 Label E-Park Records Songwriter ( s ) Barbara Hawkins , Rosa Hawkins , Joan Johnson , James Crawford Producer ( s ) Udo Niebergall and Eric Sneo Captain Jack singles chronology `` Only You '' ( 2000 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 2001 ) `` Say Captain Say Wot '' ( 2001 ) `` Only You '' ( 2000 ) `` Iko Iko '' ( 2001 ) `` Say Captain Say Wot '' ( 2001 ) Background ( edit ) The German Eurodance act Captain Jack recorded a cover version of `` Iko Iko '' for their fourth studio album , Top Secret in 2001 . It was released on E-Park Records . The single was produced by Udo Niebergall and Eric Sneo . Captain Jack 's version was a hit in several countries , reaching number 22 in Germany , number 62 in Switzerland and peaking at number 16 in Austria . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position German Singles 22 Swiss Singles 62 Austrian Singles 16 Other versions ( edit ) The Larry Williams version , included on the Specialty Records Larry Williams album released in 1989 , credits the song as being written by `` Hawkins , Hawkins and Johnson '' though Barbara Ann and Rosa Lee Hawkins and Joan Marie Johnson did not record it until eight years after Williams recorded it on April 26 , 1957 . Rolf Harris in 1965 recorded a cover version with slightly altered words , removing references to `` flag boys '' and other regionally specific lyrics , although much of the creole patois remained as a sort of nonsense scat . This version made the song popular in England and Australia in the 1960s . It was released in Australia both on the Rolf Harris Show album , and on the Jake The Peg picture - cover EP . It has also been covered by the Grateful Dead who made `` Iko Iko '' a staple in their live shows from 1977 onward . It was included on their live album , Reckoning as a bonus track on the 2004 CD reissue . The Neville Brothers recorded it in a medley with the melodically - related Mardi Gras song `` Brother John '' as `` Brother John / Iko Iko '' for their 1981 album Fiyo on the Bayou . Saragossa Band recorded a cover of the song in 1981 as `` Aiko Aiko '' . Cyndi Lauper covered the song on her True Colors album in 1986 . An a cappella version of the song was performed by Britta Phillips , Julia Roberts , Justine Bateman , and Trini Alvarado in the 1988 film Satisfaction . Amy Holland covered the song in 1989 for the soundtrack of the film K - 9 . Kids Incorporated covered the song in the episode `` Pollution Problems '' , recorded in 1989 and released in 1990 . The song is regularly performed by artists from New Orleans such as The Radiators , Willy DeVille , Buckwheat Zydeco , Irma Thomas and Zachary Richard , and can often be heard on the streets and in the bars of New Orleans , especially during Mardi Gras . Other remakes were by Cowboy Mouth , Warren Zevon , Long John Baldry ( with backing vocal by Elton John ) , Dave Matthews & Friends , The Ordinary Boys , Glass Candy , and Sharon , Lois & Bram , among others . Aaron Carter covered `` Iko Iko '' for 2000 's The Little Vampire soundtrack and included it on his album Aaron 's Party ( Come Get It ) . He filmed a music video for his cover located in Honolulu , Hawaii . A later version by Zap Mama , with rewritten lyrics , was featured in the opening sequences of the film Mission : Impossible 2 in 2000 . The band Schtärneföifi released a Swiss German version , `` Heicho -- Ohni Znacht is Bett '' , which has become a popular children 's song in Switzerland . In 2009 , the band rerecorded their version with The Dixie Cups and the Hot 8 Brass Band in New Orleans . Rooster Davis and Ann Vriend perform the song on Rooster Davis ' album `` For Saints and Sinners '' , released in 2015 . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 2015 film and soundtrack Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip . Turkish singer Gökçe Dinçer recorded a cover of the song in 2015 as `` Tik Tak '' . Singer Sia Furler along with Jimmy Fallon , Natalie Portman and band The Roots performed the song for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in 2016 . Linguistic origins ( edit ) Linguists and historians have proposed a variety of origins for the seemingly nonsensical chorus , suggesting that the words may come from a melange of cultures . An interpretation in Louisiana Creole French is : Ena ! Ena ! Akout , akout , an déyè Chaque amour fi nou wa na né Chaque amour fi na né Translation : Hey now ! Hey now ! Listen , listen at the back All our love made our king be born All our love made it happen . Linguist Geoffrey D. Kimball derives the lyrics of the song in part from Mobilian Jargon , an extinct American Indian trade language consisting mostly of Choctaw and Chickasaw words and once used by Southeastern American Indians , Blacks , and European settlers and their descendants in the Gulf Coast Region . In Mobilian Jargon , čokəma fehna ( interpreted as `` jockomo feeno '' ) was a commonly used phrase , meaning `` very good '' . Another possible translation interprets the third and fourth lines as : Chokma finha an dan déyè Chokma finha ane . Chickasaw words `` chokma '' ( `` it 's good '' ) and `` finha '' ( `` very '' ) , Creole `` an dan déyè '' from French Creole `` an dans déyè '' ( `` at the back '' ) , and the Creole `` ane '' from the French `` année '' ( `` year '' ) . Translation : It 's very good at the rear It 's a very good year . In a 2009 Offbeat article , the Ghanaian social linguist Dr. Evershed Amuzu said the chorus was `` definitely West African '' , reflecting the tonal patterns of the region . He notes that the phrase ayeko -- often doubled as ayeko , ayeko -- is a popular chant meaning `` well done , or congratulations '' among the Akan and Ewe people in modern - day Togo , Ghana , and Benin . Both groups were frequently taken in the slave trade , often through Haiti to Louisiana . Ewes in particular are credited with bringing West African cultural influences like Vodun rites to Haiti and on to New Orleans . Musicologist Ned Sublette has backed the idea that the chorus might have roots in Haitian slave culture , considering that the rhythms of Mardi Gras Indians are nearly indistinguishable from the Haitian Kata rhythm . Yaquimo , he has also noted , was a common name among the Taino inhabitants of Haiti in the early years of the slave trade . `` Jakamo Fi Na Ye '' is also , whether coincidentally or not , the phrase `` The black cat is here '' in Bambara , a West African Mandingo language . In a 1991 lecture to the New Orleans Social Science History Association , Dr. Sybil Kein proposed the following translation from Yoruba and Creole : Code language ! God is watching Jacouman causes it ; we will be emancipated Jacouman urges it ; we will wait . Voodoo practitioners would recognize many aspects of the song as being about spirit possession . The practitioner , the horse , waves a flag representing a certain god to call that god into himself or herself . Setting a flag on fire is a curse . The man in green , who either changes personality or whose appearance is deceiving , would be recognized in Voodoo as possessed by a peaceful Rada spirit , inclining to green clothes and love magic . The man in red , who is being sent to kill , would likely be possessed by a vengeful Petwo spirit . The relationship of the song to voodoo and Hoodoo ( folk magic ) is celebrated in the movie The Skeleton Key . Pop culture usage ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The Movie `` The Big Easy '' ( 1987 ) featured the Dixie Cups version of the song . The movie Satisfaction ( 1988 ) pays homage to this song with the band singing the song on their way to their next gig . The Belle Stars version is used in Rain Man ( 1988 ) . The Todd Phillips movie The Hangover ( 2009 ) pays homage to the Belle Stars version with a scene ( also a homage to Rain Man ) in which the men attempt to win money at blackjack by counting cards . A version in 1990 by Amit Kumar is performed in the Hindi movie Kishen Kanhaiya ( 1990 ) . Zap Mama covered the song for the opening scene of Mission : Impossible 2 ( 2000 ) . A recurring song in The Skeleton Key ( 2005 ) . Natasha 's version is used in A Boss in the Living Room ( Italian : Un Boss In Salotto ) ( 2014 ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 2015 film and soundtrack Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip Television ( edit ) A modified version was created for a `` Nickelodeon Nation '' campaign . South African artist Kurt Darren created his own version of the song , entitled `` Aiko Aiko '' . In 1989 , Mowaya covered this song in Season 1 of The All - New Mickey Mouse Club ( now MMC ) . Actress Kim Dickens ' character Janette sings it while wandering the streets during Mardi Gras in episode 8 , season 1 of the HBO series Treme . It also features in episode 4 , season 3 of the series . It was used as an opening song in Miss USA 2014 which was held in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . It also made an appearance on The Fresh Prince of Bel Air in Season 2 , when Will and Aunt Vivian play a jump rope game together singing the song . It 's featured in the 2017 series American Gods , during a bar fight scene depicting the joy of conflict . Other ( edit ) Abita Brewing Company produces a beer called Jockamo IPA . Advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi ( Australia ) used the track as backing for a Cadbury Chocolates Australia 2014 ad campaign . The protagonist of Neil Gaiman 's novel American Gods recognizes the song as sung by the Dixie Cups as `` an old children 's song '' while in a dive bar with the god Odin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who is the tenor sax player on James `` Sugarboy '' Crawford 's 1953 recording `` Jock - o - Mo '' ( the original of `` Iko Iko '' ) ? - Quora `` . quora.com . ^ Jump up to : `` BackTalk with James `` Sugar Boy '' Crawford `` . Offbeat.com. 2002 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : National Public Radio - Morning Edition news cast . `` Interview with Barbara Ann Hawkins '' . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Betrock , Alan ( 1982 ) . Girl Groups The Story of a Sound ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Delilah Books . pgs. 90 - 94 . ISBN 0 - 933328 - 25 - 7 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 ( 12th ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 282 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Presents Across The Charts : The 1960s ( first ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 119 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top Pop Albums 1955 - 1996 ( 4 ed . ) . Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 117 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Iko Iko . w & m Rosa Lee Hawkins , Barbara Anne Hawkins & Joan Marie Johnson '' . Cocatalog.loc.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Iko - Iko / words & music by Joe Jones , Sharon Jones , Marilyn Jones , Jessie '' . Cocatalog.loc.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` case : 00 - civ - 03785 '' . Ecf.laed.uscourts.gov. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals - Fifth Circuit - FILED - August 29 , 2003 - Charles R. Fulbruge III - Clerk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 - 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . p. 546 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Natasha * - Iko - Iko ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Watson - Guptill Publications . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7632 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( 1997 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` K - 9 ( 1989 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Captain Jack - Iko Iko '' . Austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Specialty Records SPCD 7002 , Larry Williams CD liner notes Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Schtärneföifi performing their Iko Iko version at Swiss television '' . Videoportal.sf.tv . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon , Sia , Natalie Portman & The Roots Sing `` Iko Iko '' `` . YouTube . 2016 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Drechsel , Emanuel J. 1997 . Mobilian Jargon : Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of a Native American Pidgin . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 249 . Jump up ^ Janice A. Radway ; Kevin Gaines ; Barry Shank ; Penny con Eschen ( 2009 ) . American Studies : An Anthology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 207 . ISBN 1405113510 . ^ Jump up to : Hinshaw , Drew ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Iko Iko : In Search of Jockomo '' . OffBeat . Offbeat Publications . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iko , Iko Traditional Mardis Gras Indian Call '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Joseph . 2011 . Creole Religions of the Caribbean : An Introduction from Vodou and Santeria to Obeah and Espiritismo . NY : New York City Press . 2nd ed. 116 - 154 . Jump up ^ `` Rain Man ( 1988 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Un boss in salotto Soundtrack ( 2014 ) '' . Soundtrack.net. 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Famiglietti , Phyllis . `` Nickelodeon Nation House Party '' . Vimeo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Abita Brewing Co '' . Abita.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Origins of the song `` Iko Iko '' - AMG website Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Dixie Cups Albums Chapel of Love Iko Iko Singles `` Chapel of Love '' `` People Say '' `` Iko Iko '' `` Gee The Moon Is Shining Bright '' Related topics Red Bird Records Ellie Greenwich Jeff Barry Mike Stoller Jerry Leiber Dr. John Studio albums Gris - Gris ( 1968 ) Babylon ( 1969 ) Remedies ( 1970 ) The Sun , Moon & Herbs ( 1971 ) Dr. John 's Gumbo ( 1972 ) In the Right Place ( 1973 ) Desitively Bonnaroo ( 1974 ) City Lights ( 1978 ) Tango Palace ( 1979 ) In a Sentimental Mood ( 1989 ) ZuZu Man ( 1989 ) Goin ' Back to New Orleans ( 1992 ) Television ( 1994 ) Duke Elegant ( 1999 ) Locked Down ( 2012 ) Ske - Dat - De-Dat : The Spirit of Satch ( 2014 ) Live albums Hollywood Be Thy Name ( 1975 ) Songs `` I Walk on Guilded Splinters '' `` Iko Iko '' `` Right Place , Wrong Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iko_Iko&oldid=817615462 '' Categories : Grateful Dead songs Cyndi Lauper songs Songs about New Orleans Mardi Gras in New Orleans The Dixie Cups songs 1953 songs Dr. John songs 1972 singles 1982 singles Red Bird Records singles Atco Records singles Capitol Records singles Stiff Records singles Checker Records singles 1989 singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 14 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang iko iko in the 80's | [
"\"Iko Iko\" (/ˈaɪkoʊ ˈaɪkoʊ/) is a much-covered New Orleans song that tells of a parade collision between two tribes of Mardi Gras Indians and the traditional confrontation. The song, under the original title \"Jock-A-Mo\", was written and released as a single in 1953 by Sugar Boy and his Cane Cutters that failed to make the charts. The song first became popular in 1965 by the girl group, The Dixie Cups, who scored an international hit with \"Iko Iko\". In 1967 as part of a lawsuit settlement between \"Sugar Boy\" James Crawford and the Dixie Cups, the trio were given part songwriting credit to the song. In 1972, Dr. John had a minor hit with his version of \"Iko Iko\". The most successful charting version in the UK was recorded by Scottish singer Natasha England who took her 1982 version into the top 10. \"Iko Iko\" became an international hit again twice more, the first being the Belle Stars in June 1982 and again with Captain Jack in 2001."
] | [
"Natasha England"
] |
6477051952036338976 | 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Daron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 , coming back from a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime to secure the win in overtime . True freshman quarterback Tua Tagovailoa and defensive tackle Daron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and Rose Bowl Game respectively in January 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Starting lineups 5 Game summary 5.1 Scoring summary 5.2 Statistics 6 Broadcasting 7 Dispute 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selection committee selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Starting lineups ( edit ) Selected in the NFL Draft ( number corresponds to draft round ) † = 2017 All - American Alabama Position Position Georgia Offense Calvin Ridley 1 WR Javon Wims 7 Cam Sims WR Riley Ridley Jonah Williams LT Isaiah Wynn 1 Ross Pierschbacher LG Kendall Baker Bradley Bozeman 6 Lamont Gaillard J.C Hassenauer RG Ben Cleveland Matt Womack RT Andrew Thomas Hale Hentges TE RB Sony Michel 1 Robert Foster WR Terry Godwin Jalen Hurts QB Jake Fromm Damien Harris RB Nick Chubb 2 Defense Da'Shawn Hand 4 DE Tyler Clark Daron Payne 1 NG John Atkins Isaiah Buggs DE David Marshall Terrell Lewis JLB Davin Bellamy Rashaan Evans 1 MLB Reggie Carter Mack Wilson WLB † Roquan Smith 1 † Minkah Fitzpatrick 1 CB SLB Deandre Baker Anthony Averett 4 CB Malkom Parrish Levi Wallace CB Aaron Davis Deionte Thompson SS Dominick Sanders Ronnie Harrison 3 FS J.R Reed Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith , in a play that has since been called `` 2nd and 26 '' by fans . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Daron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) hide Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix was used in the past as one input to the BCS computer rankings and is included in a list of historical `` national champion major selections '' . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . SBNation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Football Season Stats 2017 '' ( PDF ) . RollTide.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 National Championship Guide '' . GeorgiaDogs.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Daron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played in college football playoffs last year | [] | [] |
1010595562495111271 | List of national independence days | List of national independence days - wikipedia List of national independence days `` Independence Day '' redirects here . For other uses , see Independence Day ( disambiguation ) . For patriotic days not necessarily linked to independence , see National day . Independence - related National Day Other National Day No official National Day An Independence Day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation 's independence or statehood , usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state ; more rarely after the end of a military occupation ; and in the unique case of Singapore , expulsion from Malaysia . Most countries observe their respective independence days as national holidays . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) The following is a partial list of independence days of countries around the world : Country Date of holiday Year celebrated Event celebrated Name of holiday Afghanistan August 19 1919 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1919 . Afghan Independence Day Albania November 28 1912 Declared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule . Independence Day / Dita e Pavarësisë Algeria July 5 1962 Independence from France in 1962 . Independence Day ( Algeria ) Angola November 11 Independence from Portugal in 1975 . Anguilla May 30 1967 Independence from St. Christopher - Nevis - Anguilla in 1967 . Anguilla Day Antigua and Barbuda November 1 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981 . Argentina July 9 1816 Independence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816 . Independence Day Armenia May 28 1918 Declaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918 . September 21 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Independence Day Austria October 26 1955 Restoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955 . National Day Azerbaijan May 28 1918 Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic . Republic Day October 18 1991 Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Day of the State Independence of Azerbaijan Bahamas July 10 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1973 . Bahrain December 16 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971 . Bahrain Independence Day Bangladesh March 26 1971 Independence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine - month war ending on December 16 , 1971 . Independence Day of Bangladesh Barbados November 30 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 . Belarus July 3 1944 The liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944 . Independence Day of Belarus Belgium July 21 1831 Independence from the United Netherlands ( Belgian revolution ) on October 4 , 1830 . Leopold of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21 , 1831 . Belgian National Day Belize September 21 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981 . September Celebrations Benin August 1 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Bolivia August 6 1825 Independence from Spain in 1825 . Bosnia and Herzegovina March 1 1992 Independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992 . Independence Day ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Botswana September 30 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 . Independence Day ( Botswana ) Brazil September 7 1822 Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves on September 7 , 1822 . Recognized on August 29 , 1825 . Dia da Independência or Sete de Setembro Brunei January 1 1984 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1984 . National Day celebrations are held on February 23 . Bulgaria March 3 1878 Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 . Burkina Faso August 5 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Burma January 4 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948 . Independence Day ( Myanmar ) Burundi July 1 1962 Independence from Belgium in 1962 . Independence Day Cambodia November 9 1953 Independence from France in 1953 . Cameroon January 1 1960 Independence from France and United Kingdom in 1960 . Canada July 1 1867 Granted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867 . However , as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion , it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead . See Memorial Day ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) . Canada Day ( Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day ) Cape Verde July 5 Independence from Portugal in 1975 . Central African Republic August 13 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Chad August 11 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Chile September 18 1810 Chileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta , September 18 , 1810 . This date was not recognized as such until April 25 , 1844 . Fiestas Patrias February 12 1818 Independence from Spain in 1818 . Not a holiday Colombia July 20 and August 7 1810 and 1819 Independence from Spain in 1810 . Comoros July 6 Independence from France in 1975 . Congo , Democratic Republic of the June 30 1960 Independence from Belgium in 1960 . Congo , Republic of the August 15 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Costa Rica September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . Croatia October 8 1991 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991 . Independence Day ( Croatia ) Cuba May 20 1902 Independence from Spain in 1902 . Cyprus October 1 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom on August 16 , 1960 , but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1 . Independence Day ( Cyprus ) Czech Republic October 28 1918 As Czechoslovakia , marking independence from Austria - Hungary on October 28 , 1918 . January 1 1993 As the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993 . Djibouti June 27 1977 Independence from France in 1977 . Dominica November 3 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978 . Dominican Republic February 27 1844 Independence re-declared from Haiti in 1844 , after a 22 - year occupation . East Timor May 20 2002 Independence from Portugal in 2002 ( recognition , East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999 , officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal ) . Ecuador August 10 1809 Proclaimed independence from Spain on August 10 , 1809 , but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2 , 1810 . May 24 1822 Independence finally occurred on May 24 , 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha . El Salvador September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . Equatorial Guinea October 12 1968 Independence from Spain in 1968 . Eritrea May 24 1993 Independence from Ethiopia in 1993 . Independence Day ( Eritrea ) Estonia February 24 1918 Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918 . Independence Day ( Estonia ) August 20 1991 Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Fiji October 10 1970 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1970 . Fiji Day Finland December 6 1917 Independence from Russia in 1917 . Recognized on January 4 , 1918 . Independence Day ( Finland ) Gabon August 17 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Gambia , The February 18 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965 . Georgia May 26 1918 Day of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918 . Independence Day April 9 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Day of National Unity Ghana March 6 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 . Greece March 25 1821 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821 . Start of the Greek War of Independence . Grenada February 7 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1974 . Independence Day ( Grenada ) Guatemala September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . Guinea October 2 1958 Independence from France in 1958 . Guinea - Bissau September 24 1973 Declaration of independence from Portugal in 1973 . Guyana May 26 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 . Haiti January 1 1804 Declaration of independence from France in 1804 . Honduras September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . Iceland June 17 1944 Foundation of republic in 1944 . Icelandic National Day India August 15 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 . Independence Day ( India ) Indonesia August 17 1945 Declaration of Independence day ( Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I. ) from the Netherlands on August 17 , 1945 . The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949 . The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17 , 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008 . Independence Anniversary Day of Indonesia ( Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia ) Iraq October 3 1932 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1932 . Ireland April 24 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24 , 1916 . Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Usually celebrated on Easter Monday . Israel Iyar 5 ( On or between April 15 and May 15 , depending on the Hebrew calendar ) . 1948 Independence from the British Mandate for Palestine , which took place on May 14 , 1948 ( 5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar ) . Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday , Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar , so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year ; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15 , according to the Gregorian calendar . Yom Ha'atzmaut Ivory Coast August 7 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Jamaica August 6 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 . Jordan May 25 1946 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1946 . Kazakhstan December 16 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Kazakhstan Independence Day Kenya December 12 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1963 . Jamhuri Day Kiribati July 12 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979 . Korea , North August 15 1945 Founding of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in 1948 . Korean War 1950 - 1953 . Chogukhaebangŭi nal Korea , South August 15 1945 Liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945 . See Japanese Occupation of Korea . The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 . Korean War 1950 - 1953 . Gwangbokjeol Kosovo February 17 2008 Independence from Serbia in 2008 . ( Only partially recognized ) Kuwait February 25 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 . Kyrgyzstan August 31 1991 Independence from USSR in 1991 . Independence Day ( Kyrgyzstan ) Laos October 22 1953 Independence from France on October 22 , 1953 . Latvia November 18 1918 Proclamation of independence on November 18 , 1918 . Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI , but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918 Proclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia May 4 1990 Restoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4 , 1990 . Lebanon November 22 1943 Independence from France in 1943 . Lebanese Independence Day Lesotho October 4 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 . Liberia July 26 1847 Independence from the American Colonization Society in 1847 . Libya December 24 1951 Independence from Italy on 10 February 1947 , released from British and French on December 24 , 1951 . Lithuania February 16 1918 Act of Independence of Lithuania : Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918 . March 11 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania : independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990 . Macedonia , Republic of September 8 1991 Independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 . Den na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста Madagascar June 26 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Malawi July 6 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 . Malaysia August 31 1957 Independence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957 . Hari Merdeka Maldives July 26 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965 . Mali September 22 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Malta September 21 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 . Independence Day Mauritania November 28 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Mauritius March 12 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968 . Mexico September 16 1810 Independence from Spain declared in 1810 . ( `` grito '' ceremony at night of Sep 15 ; military parade at midday of Sep 16 ) . Recognized on September 27 , 1821 . Grito de Dolores Moldova August 27 1991 Declaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Independence Day Mongolia December 29 1911 Independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911 . However , the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921 . After ousting Roman von Ungern - Sternberg 's forces , the new communist government was officially established on June 11 , 1921 . Independence Day ( Mongolia ) Montenegro May 21 2006 Referendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 . Morocco November 18 1956 Independence from France and Spain in 1956 . Independence Day Mozambique June 25 Independence from Portugal in 1975 . Namibia March 21 1990 Independence from South Africa mandated in 1990 . Nauru January 31 1968 Independence from Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968 . Nicaragua September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . Niger August 3 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Independence Day ( Niger ) Nigeria October 1 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1960 . Independence Day ( Nigeria ) Northern Cyprus November 15 Declaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983 . ( Partially recognized ) Norway May 17 1814 Independence from Denmark ( 1814 ) and the Constitution of Norway ( May 17 , 1814 ) . National day / Constitution Day June 7 1905 Finally independence from Sweden in 1905 . The Norwegian Royal Family 's return from exile during WWII in 1945 . Independence Day / Union Dissolution Day Oman November 18 1650 Independence from Portugal in 1650 . National Day Pakistan August 14 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 . Youm - e-Azadi Panama November 28 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . November 3 1903 Panama was member of the `` Gran Colombia '' until 1903 . The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3 . Papua New Guinea September 16 Independence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975 . Paraguay May 15 1811 Independence from Spain in 1811 . Día de Independencia Peru July 28 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821 . Fiestas Patrias Philippines June 12 1898 Commemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain . The Philippines achieved self - rule from the United States on July 4 , 1946 , and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964 . Araw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan Poland November 11 1918 Restoration of Poland 's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia , Prussia , and Austria . Święto Niepodległości ( Independence Day ) Portugal December 1 1640 Portugal was officially an autonomous state , but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain . Restoration of Independence Day Qatar December 18 1971 Original independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September . Qatar National Day Rhodesia November 11 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965 . Independence Day Romania May 9 1877 Romania 's declaration of its independence , while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877 -- 1878 alongside Russia , was just beginning . Russia June 12 1992 It commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) on June 12 , 1990 . The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People 's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state . Russia Day Rwanda July 1 1962 Independence from Belgium in 1962 . Saint Kitts and Nevis September 19 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1983 . Saint Lucia February 22 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979 . Independence Day Saint Vincent and the Grenadines October 27 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979 . Samoa January 1 1962 Independence from New Zealand in 1962 . São Tomé and Príncipe July 12 Independence from Portugal in 1975 . Senegal April 4 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Serbia February 15 1804 The beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804 , it evolved into a Serbian Revolution , war for independence from Ottoman Empire ; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835 . Statehood Day Seychelles June 29 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1976 . Sierra Leone April 27 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 . Singapore August 9 1965 Marks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965 . Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion . National Day ( Singapore ) Slovakia July 17 1992 Declaration of Independence in 1992 ( only a remembrance day ) , de jure independence came on January 1 , 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia ( public holiday ) . Slovenia December 26 and June 25 1991 Date of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990 , confirming secession from Yugoslavia . ( Statehood Day ) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 . Independence and Unity Day Solomon Islands July 7 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978 . Somalia July 1 1960 Union of the Trust Territory of Somalia ( former Italian Somaliland ) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic . Event commemorated annually . Independence Day ( Somalia ) Somaliland May 18 1991 Somaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic Independence Day ( Somaliland ) South Africa December 11 1931 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday . The Union of South Africa formed on May 31 , 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31 , 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid . Majority rule achieved on April 27 , 1994 , which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day . South Sudan July 9 2011 Independence from Sudan in 2011 . Sri Lanka February 4 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948 . Independence Day ( Sri Lanka ) Sudan January 1 1956 Independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956 . Suriname November 25 Independence from the Netherlands in 1975 . Swaziland September 6 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968 . Sweden June 6 1523 Celebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974 . The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence . National Day of Sweden Switzerland August 1 1291 Alliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291 . Swiss National Day Syria April 17 1946 End of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946 . Evacuation Day Tajikistan September 9 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Independence Day ( Tajikistan ) Tanzania December 9 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961 . Togo April 27 1960 Independence from France in 1960 . Tibet February 13 1913 Independence from Manchu 's Qing Dynasty in 1913 . Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China . Tibetan Independence Day Tonga June 4 1970 Termination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970 . Trinidad and Tobago August 31 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 . Tunisia March 20 1956 Independence from France in 1956 . Turkmenistan October 27 1991 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Independence Day ( Turkmenistan ) Tuvalu October 1 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978 . Uganda October 9 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 . Ukraine August 24 1991 Declaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991 . Independence Day of Ukraine January 22 1919 Unification of Ukraine on January 22 , 1919 . Day of Unity of Ukraine United Arab Emirates December 2 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971 . National Day United States July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain ( now the United Kingdom ) in 1776 . Independence Day ( United States ) or Fourth of July Uruguay August 25 1825 Declaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata . Declaratoria de la Independencia Uzbekistan September 1 1991 Independence from Soviet Union in 1991 . Independence Day ( Uzbekistan ) Vanuatu July 30 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980 . Venezuela July 5 1811 Declaration of independence from Spain in 1811 . Vietnam September 2 1945 Proclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945 . Independence Day ( Vietnam ) Western Sahara February 27 1976 Declaration of independence from Spain in 1976 . But was invaded by Morocco since then . Yemen November 30 1967 South Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967 . Zambia October 24 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 . Zimbabwe April 18 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1980 . See also ( edit ) Decolonization Liberation Day References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` detikNews - Berita hari ini di Indonesia dan Internasional '' . Jump up ^ Xiaoyuan Liu -- Reins of Liberation , p. 6 Jump up ^ Stephen Kotkin , Bruce A. Elleman -- Mongolia in the twentieth century : landlocked cosmopolitan , p. 74 Jump up ^ David Sneath -- The Headless State : Aristocratic Orders , Kinship Society , and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia , p. 36 Jump up ^ Duke University . School of Law -- Unification of law , 1965 , Volume 30 , p. 282 Jump up ^ `` Paraguay Independence Day '' . Jump up ^ Diosdado Macapagal , Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day , Philippine History Group of Los Angeles , archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 , retrieved November 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 4166 '' . August 4 , 1964 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ In 1962 , President Diosdado Macapagal signed a proclamation which declared Tuesday , June 12 , 1962 as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898 . That proclamation did not move the date of the Independence Day holiday in the Philippines . The date of the holiday was moved in 1964 , with the signing of Republic Act No. 4166 . Jump up ^ The country 's original independence ( from the Kingdom of León ) occurred in June 24 , 1128 ( Battle of São Mamede ) and was recognized on October 5 , 1143 . That day is a holiday in Portugal , but for a different reason . ( Implantation of the Republic , or Republic Day . Event of 1910 . ) Note that none of these events are similar to today 's declarations or recognition of independence as these are in fact the recognition of the rule of a king to the land . Portugal existed as a separate entity before 1143 and during the union with Spain between 1580 and 1640 . Jump up ^ Cristea , Irina Andreea ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` 9 Mai - Ziua Independenţei de Stat a României '' . www.agerpres.ro ( in Romanian ) . Agerpres . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Edgar , Adrienne Lynn ( 2004 ) . Tribal Nation : The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11775 - 6 . On October 27 , 1991 , the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ `` Holidays '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24 . General `` National holiday of member states '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Independence Days at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_independence_days&oldid=864171126 '' Categories : Independence days Lists of countries Sovereignty Lists of observances Hidden categories : CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша لۊری شومالی Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 15 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which country celebrates independence day on the same day as india | [
"\n\n\nCountry\n\nDate of holiday\n\nYear celebrated\n\nEvent celebrated\n\nName of holiday\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAugust 19\n\n1919\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1919.\n\nAfghan Independence Day\n\n\n Albania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1912\n\nDeclared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.\n\nIndependence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë\n\n\n Algeria\n\nJuly 5\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from France in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day (Algeria)\n\n\n Angola\n\nNovember 11\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\n\nMay 30\n\n1967\n\nIndependence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.\n\nAnguilla Day\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nNovember 1\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\nJuly 9\n\n1816\n\nIndependence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Armenia\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nDeclaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Austria\n\nOctober 26\n\n1955\n\nRestoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.\n\nRepublic Day\n\n\nOctober 18\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of the State Independence of Azerbaijan\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nJuly 10\n\n1973\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 16\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nBahrain Independence Day\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nMarch 26\n\n1971\n\nIndependence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.\n\nIndependence Day of Bangladesh\n\n\n Barbados\n\nNovember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\nJuly 3\n\n1944\n\nThe liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.\n\nIndependence Day of Belarus\n\n\n Belgium\n\nJuly 21\n\n1831\n\nIndependence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.\n\nBelgian National Day\n\n\n Belize\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\nSeptember Celebrations\n\n\n Benin\n\nAugust 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nAugust 6\n\n1825\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1825.\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nMarch 1\n\n1992\n\nIndependence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.\n\nIndependence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n Botswana\n\nSeptember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\nIndependence Day (Botswana)\n\n\n Brazil\n\nSeptember 7\n\n1822\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.\n\nDia da Independência or Sete de Setembro\n\n\n Brunei\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1984\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nMarch 3\n\n1878\n\nIndependence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nAugust 5\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Burma\n\nJanuary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Myanmar)\n\n\n Burundi\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nNovember 9\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France in 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nJuly 1\n\n1867\n\nGranted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).\n\nCanada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\nJuly 5\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\nAugust 13\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\nAugust 11\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\nSeptember 18\n\n1810\n\nChileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\nFebruary 12\n1818\nIndependence from Spain in 1818.\nNot a holiday\n\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 20 and August 7\n\n1810 and 1819\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1810.\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\nJuly 6\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from France in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nJune 30\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n\nAugust 15\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\nOctober 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Croatia)\n\n\n Cuba\n\nMay 20\n\n1902\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1902.\n\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.\n\nIndependence Day (Cyprus)\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nOctober 28\n\n1918\n\nAs Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1993\n\nAs the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nJune 27\n\n1977\n\nIndependence from France in 1977.\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nNovember 3\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1844\n\nIndependence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n\nMay 20\n\n2002\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nAugust 10\n\n1809\n\nProclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.\n\n\n\n\nMay 24\n\n1822\n\nIndependence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\nOctober 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nMay 24\n\n1993\n\nIndependence from Ethiopia in 1993.\n\nIndependence Day (Eritrea)\n\n\n Estonia\n\nFebruary 24\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Estonia)\n\n\nAugust 20\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nOctober 10\n\n1970\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\nFiji Day\n\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 6\n\n1917\n\nIndependence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Finland)\n\n\n Gabon\n\nAugust 17\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Gambia, The\n\nFebruary 18\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\nMay 26\n\n1918\n\nDay of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\nApril 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of National Unity\n\n\n Ghana\n\nMarch 6\n\n1957\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\nMarch 25\n\n1821\n\nDeclaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.\n\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\nFebruary 7\n\n1974\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1974.\n\nIndependence Day (Grenada)\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\nOctober 2\n\n1958\n\nIndependence from France in 1958.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\nSeptember 24\n\n1973\n\nDeclaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nMay 26\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1804\n\nDeclaration of independence from France in 1804.\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n\nJune 17\n\n1944\n\nFoundation of republic in 1944.\n\nIcelandic National Day\n\n\n India\n\nAugust 15\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nIndependence Day (India)\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nAugust 17\n\n1945\n\nDeclaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]\n\nIndependence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)\n\n\n Iraq\n\nOctober 3\n\n1932\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1932.\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\nApril 24\n\n1916\n\nProclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\nIyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.\n\nYom Ha'atzmaut\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAugust 7\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nAugust 6\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\nMay 25\n\n1946\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1946.\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nDecember 16\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nKazakhstan Independence Day\n\n\n Kenya\n\nDecember 12\n\n1963\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1963.\n\nJamhuri Day\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nJuly 12\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Korea, North\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nFounding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nChogukhaebangŭi nal\n\n\n Korea, South\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nLiberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nGwangbokjeol\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nFebruary 17\n\n2008\n\nIndependence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\nFebruary 25\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nAugust 31\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from USSR in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Kyrgyzstan)\n\n\n Laos\n\nOctober 22\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France on October 22, 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\nNovember 18\n\n1918\n\nProclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918\n\nProclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia\n\n\nMay 4\n\n1990\n\nRestoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nNovember 22\n\n1943\n\nIndependence from France in 1943.\n\nLebanese Independence Day\n\n\n Lesotho\n\nOctober 4\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\nJuly 26\n\n1847\n\nIndependence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\nDecember 24\n\n1951\n\nIndependence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nFebruary 16\n\n1918\n\nAct of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.\n\n\n\n\nMarch 11\n\n1990\n\nAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia, Republic of\n\nSeptember 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nDen na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nJune 26\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nJuly 6\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAugust 31\n\n1957\n\nIndependence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\nHari Merdeka\n\n\n Maldives\n\nJuly 26\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\nSeptember 22\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mauritania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMarch 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1810\n\nIndependence from Spain declared in 1810. (\"grito\" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.\n\nGrito de Dolores\n\n\n Moldova\n\nAugust 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nDecember 29[2]\n\n1911\n\nIndependence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]\n\nIndependence Day (Mongolia)\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nMay 21\n\n2006\n\nReferendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\nNovember 18\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France and Spain in 1956.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nJune 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\nMarch 21\n\n1990\n\nIndependence from South Africa mandated in 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\nJanuary 31\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\nAugust 3\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Niger)\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Nigeria)\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\nNovember 15\n\n1983\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Norway\n\nMay 17\n\n1814\n\nIndependence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).\n\nNational day/Constitution Day\n\n\nJune 7\n\n1905\n\nFinally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day/Union Dissolution Day\n\n\n Oman\n\nNovember 18\n\n1650\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1650.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nAugust 14\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nYoum-e-Azadi\n\n\n Panama\n\nNovember 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n1903\n\nPanama was member of the \"Gran Colombia\" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nMay 15\n\n1811\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1811.[6]\n\nDía de Independencia\n\n\n Peru\n\nJuly 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\n Philippines\n\nJune 12\n\n1898\n\nCommemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]\n\nAraw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan\n\n\n Poland\n\nNovember 11\n\n1918\n\nRestoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.\n\nŚwięto Niepodległości (Independence Day)\n\n\n Portugal\n\nDecember 1\n\n1640\n\nPortugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]\n\nRestoration of Independence Day\n\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 18\n\n1971\n\nOriginal independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.\n\nQatar National Day\n\n\n Rhodesia\n\nNovember 11\n\n1965\n\nUnilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Romania\n\nMay 9\n\n1877\n\nRomania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\nJune 12\n\n1992\n\nIt commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.\n\nRussia Day\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nSeptember 19\n\n1983\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1983.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nFebruary 22\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nOctober 27\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from New Zealand in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nJuly 12\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\nApril 4\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\nFebruary 15\n\n1804\n\nThe beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.\n\nStatehood Day\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nJune 29\n\n1976\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1976.\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\nApril 27\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\nAugust 9\n\n1965\n\nMarks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.\n\nNational Day (Singapore)\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nJuly 17\n\n1992\n\nDeclaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 26 and June 25\n\n1991\n\nDate of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence and Unity Day\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nJuly 7\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\nJuly 1\n\n1960\n\nUnion of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.\n\nIndependence Day (Somalia)\n\n\n\n Somaliland\n\nMay 18\n\n1991\n\nSomaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic\n\nIndependence Day (Somaliland)\n\n\n South Africa\n\nDecember 11\n\n1931\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.\n\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nJuly 9\n\n2011\n\nIndependence from Sudan in 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nFebruary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Sri Lanka)\n\n\n Sudan\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNovember 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from the Netherlands in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\nSeptember 6\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n\nJune 6\n\n1523\n\nCelebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.\n\nNational Day of Sweden\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nAugust 1\n\n1291\n\nAlliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.\n\nSwiss National Day\n\n\n Syria\n\nApril 17\n\n1946\n\nEnd of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.\n\nEvacuation Day\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nSeptember 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Tajikistan)\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nDecember 9\n\n1961\n\nIndependence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\nApril 27\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Tibet\n\nFebruary 13\n\n1913\n\nIndependence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.\n\nTibetan Independence Day\n\n\n Tonga\n\nJune 4\n\n1970\n\nTermination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nAugust 31\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nMarch 20\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\nOctober 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]\n\nIndependence Day (Turkmenistan)\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nOctober 1\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\nOctober 9\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nAugust 24\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day of Ukraine\n\n\nJanuary 22\n\n1919\n\nUnification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]\n\nDay of Unity of Ukraine\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 2\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n United States\n\nJuly 4\n\n1776\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.\n\nIndependence Day (United States) or Fourth of July\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nAugust 25\n\n1825\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.\n\nDeclaratoria de la Independencia\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nSeptember 1\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Uzbekistan)\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\nJuly 30\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nJuly 5\n\n1811\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1811.\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nSeptember 2\n\n1945\n\nProclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day (Vietnam)\n\n\n Western Sahara\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1976\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNovember 30\n\n1967\n\nSouth Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nOctober 24\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nApril 18\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1980.\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nCountry\n\nDate of holiday\n\nYear celebrated\n\nEvent celebrated\n\nName of holiday\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAugust 19\n\n1919\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1919.\n\nAfghan Independence Day\n\n\n Albania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1912\n\nDeclared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.\n\nIndependence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë\n\n\n Algeria\n\nJuly 5\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from France in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day (Algeria)\n\n\n Angola\n\nNovember 11\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\n\nMay 30\n\n1967\n\nIndependence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.\n\nAnguilla Day\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nNovember 1\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\nJuly 9\n\n1816\n\nIndependence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Armenia\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nDeclaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Austria\n\nOctober 26\n\n1955\n\nRestoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.\n\nRepublic Day\n\n\nOctober 18\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of the State Independence of Azerbaijan\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nJuly 10\n\n1973\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 16\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nBahrain Independence Day\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nMarch 26\n\n1971\n\nIndependence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.\n\nIndependence Day of Bangladesh\n\n\n Barbados\n\nNovember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\nJuly 3\n\n1944\n\nThe liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.\n\nIndependence Day of Belarus\n\n\n Belgium\n\nJuly 21\n\n1831\n\nIndependence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.\n\nBelgian National Day\n\n\n Belize\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\nSeptember Celebrations\n\n\n Benin\n\nAugust 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nAugust 6\n\n1825\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1825.\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nMarch 1\n\n1992\n\nIndependence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.\n\nIndependence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n Botswana\n\nSeptember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\nIndependence Day (Botswana)\n\n\n Brazil\n\nSeptember 7\n\n1822\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.\n\nDia da Independência or Sete de Setembro\n\n\n Brunei\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1984\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nMarch 3\n\n1878\n\nIndependence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nAugust 5\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Burma\n\nJanuary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Myanmar)\n\n\n Burundi\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nNovember 9\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France in 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nJuly 1\n\n1867\n\nGranted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).\n\nCanada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\nJuly 5\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\nAugust 13\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\nAugust 11\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\nSeptember 18\n\n1810\n\nChileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\nFebruary 12\n1818\nIndependence from Spain in 1818.\nNot a holiday\n\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 20 and August 7\n\n1810 and 1819\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1810.\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\nJuly 6\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from France in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nJune 30\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n\nAugust 15\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\nOctober 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Croatia)\n\n\n Cuba\n\nMay 20\n\n1902\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1902.\n\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.\n\nIndependence Day (Cyprus)\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nOctober 28\n\n1918\n\nAs Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1993\n\nAs the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nJune 27\n\n1977\n\nIndependence from France in 1977.\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nNovember 3\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1844\n\nIndependence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n\nMay 20\n\n2002\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nAugust 10\n\n1809\n\nProclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.\n\n\n\n\nMay 24\n\n1822\n\nIndependence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\nOctober 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nMay 24\n\n1993\n\nIndependence from Ethiopia in 1993.\n\nIndependence Day (Eritrea)\n\n\n Estonia\n\nFebruary 24\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Estonia)\n\n\nAugust 20\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nOctober 10\n\n1970\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\nFiji Day\n\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 6\n\n1917\n\nIndependence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Finland)\n\n\n Gabon\n\nAugust 17\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Gambia, The\n\nFebruary 18\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\nMay 26\n\n1918\n\nDay of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\nApril 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of National Unity\n\n\n Ghana\n\nMarch 6\n\n1957\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\nMarch 25\n\n1821\n\nDeclaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.\n\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\nFebruary 7\n\n1974\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1974.\n\nIndependence Day (Grenada)\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\nOctober 2\n\n1958\n\nIndependence from France in 1958.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\nSeptember 24\n\n1973\n\nDeclaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nMay 26\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1804\n\nDeclaration of independence from France in 1804.\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n\nJune 17\n\n1944\n\nFoundation of republic in 1944.\n\nIcelandic National Day\n\n\n India\n\nAugust 15\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nIndependence Day (India)\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nAugust 17\n\n1945\n\nDeclaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]\n\nIndependence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)\n\n\n Iraq\n\nOctober 3\n\n1932\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1932.\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\nApril 24\n\n1916\n\nProclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\nIyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.\n\nYom Ha'atzmaut\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAugust 7\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nAugust 6\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\nMay 25\n\n1946\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1946.\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nDecember 16\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nKazakhstan Independence Day\n\n\n Kenya\n\nDecember 12\n\n1963\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1963.\n\nJamhuri Day\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nJuly 12\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Korea, North\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nFounding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nChogukhaebangŭi nal\n\n\n Korea, South\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nLiberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nGwangbokjeol\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nFebruary 17\n\n2008\n\nIndependence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\nFebruary 25\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nAugust 31\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from USSR in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Kyrgyzstan)\n\n\n Laos\n\nOctober 22\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France on October 22, 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\nNovember 18\n\n1918\n\nProclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918\n\nProclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia\n\n\nMay 4\n\n1990\n\nRestoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nNovember 22\n\n1943\n\nIndependence from France in 1943.\n\nLebanese Independence Day\n\n\n Lesotho\n\nOctober 4\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\nJuly 26\n\n1847\n\nIndependence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\nDecember 24\n\n1951\n\nIndependence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nFebruary 16\n\n1918\n\nAct of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.\n\n\n\n\nMarch 11\n\n1990\n\nAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia, Republic of\n\nSeptember 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nDen na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nJune 26\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nJuly 6\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAugust 31\n\n1957\n\nIndependence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\nHari Merdeka\n\n\n Maldives\n\nJuly 26\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\nSeptember 22\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mauritania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMarch 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1810\n\nIndependence from Spain declared in 1810. (\"grito\" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.\n\nGrito de Dolores\n\n\n Moldova\n\nAugust 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nDecember 29[2]\n\n1911\n\nIndependence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]\n\nIndependence Day (Mongolia)\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nMay 21\n\n2006\n\nReferendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\nNovember 18\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France and Spain in 1956.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nJune 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\nMarch 21\n\n1990\n\nIndependence from South Africa mandated in 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\nJanuary 31\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\nAugust 3\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Niger)\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Nigeria)\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\nNovember 15\n\n1983\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Norway\n\nMay 17\n\n1814\n\nIndependence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).\n\nNational day/Constitution Day\n\n\nJune 7\n\n1905\n\nFinally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day/Union Dissolution Day\n\n\n Oman\n\nNovember 18\n\n1650\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1650.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nAugust 14\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nYoum-e-Azadi\n\n\n Panama\n\nNovember 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n1903\n\nPanama was member of the \"Gran Colombia\" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nMay 15\n\n1811\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1811.[6]\n\nDía de Independencia\n\n\n Peru\n\nJuly 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\n Philippines\n\nJune 12\n\n1898\n\nCommemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]\n\nAraw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan\n\n\n Poland\n\nNovember 11\n\n1918\n\nRestoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.\n\nŚwięto Niepodległości (Independence Day)\n\n\n Portugal\n\nDecember 1\n\n1640\n\nPortugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]\n\nRestoration of Independence Day\n\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 18\n\n1971\n\nOriginal independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.\n\nQatar National Day\n\n\n Rhodesia\n\nNovember 11\n\n1965\n\nUnilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Romania\n\nMay 9\n\n1877\n\nRomania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\nJune 12\n\n1992\n\nIt commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.\n\nRussia Day\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nSeptember 19\n\n1983\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1983.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nFebruary 22\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nOctober 27\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from New Zealand in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nJuly 12\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\nApril 4\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\nFebruary 15\n\n1804\n\nThe beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.\n\nStatehood Day\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nJune 29\n\n1976\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1976.\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\nApril 27\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\nAugust 9\n\n1965\n\nMarks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.\n\nNational Day (Singapore)\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nJuly 17\n\n1992\n\nDeclaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 26 and June 25\n\n1991\n\nDate of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence and Unity Day\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nJuly 7\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\nJuly 1\n\n1960\n\nUnion of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.\n\nIndependence Day (Somalia)\n\n\n\n Somaliland\n\nMay 18\n\n1991\n\nSomaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic\n\nIndependence Day (Somaliland)\n\n\n South Africa\n\nDecember 11\n\n1931\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.\n\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nJuly 9\n\n2011\n\nIndependence from Sudan in 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nFebruary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Sri Lanka)\n\n\n Sudan\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNovember 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from the Netherlands in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\nSeptember 6\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n\nJune 6\n\n1523\n\nCelebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.\n\nNational Day of Sweden\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nAugust 1\n\n1291\n\nAlliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.\n\nSwiss National Day\n\n\n Syria\n\nApril 17\n\n1946\n\nEnd of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.\n\nEvacuation Day\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nSeptember 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Tajikistan)\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nDecember 9\n\n1961\n\nIndependence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\nApril 27\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Tibet\n\nFebruary 13\n\n1913\n\nIndependence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.\n\nTibetan Independence Day\n\n\n Tonga\n\nJune 4\n\n1970\n\nTermination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nAugust 31\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nMarch 20\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\nOctober 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]\n\nIndependence Day (Turkmenistan)\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nOctober 1\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\nOctober 9\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nAugust 24\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day of Ukraine\n\n\nJanuary 22\n\n1919\n\nUnification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]\n\nDay of Unity of Ukraine\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 2\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n United States\n\nJuly 4\n\n1776\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.\n\nIndependence Day (United States) or Fourth of July\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nAugust 25\n\n1825\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.\n\nDeclaratoria de la Independencia\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nSeptember 1\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Uzbekistan)\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\nJuly 30\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nJuly 5\n\n1811\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1811.\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nSeptember 2\n\n1945\n\nProclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day (Vietnam)\n\n\n Western Sahara\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1976\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNovember 30\n\n1967\n\nSouth Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nOctober 24\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nApril 18\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1980.\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nCountry\n\nDate of holiday\n\nYear celebrated\n\nEvent celebrated\n\nName of holiday\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAugust 19\n\n1919\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1919.\n\nAfghan Independence Day\n\n\n Albania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1912\n\nDeclared by Ismail Qemal Vlora in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule.\n\nIndependence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë\n\n\n Algeria\n\nJuly 5\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from France in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day (Algeria)\n\n\n Angola\n\nNovember 11\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla\n\nMay 30\n\n1967\n\nIndependence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967.\n\nAnguilla Day\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nNovember 1\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\nJuly 9\n\n1816\n\nIndependence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Armenia\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nDeclaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Austria\n\nOctober 26\n\n1955\n\nRestoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nMay 28\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic.\n\nRepublic Day\n\n\nOctober 18\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of the State Independence of Azerbaijan\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nJuly 10\n\n1973\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nDecember 16\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nBahrain Independence Day\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nMarch 26\n\n1971\n\nIndependence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971.\n\nIndependence Day of Bangladesh\n\n\n Barbados\n\nNovember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\nJuly 3\n\n1944\n\nThe liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944.\n\nIndependence Day of Belarus\n\n\n Belgium\n\nJuly 21\n\n1831\n\nIndependence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831.\n\nBelgian National Day\n\n\n Belize\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1981\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1981.\n\nSeptember Celebrations\n\n\n Benin\n\nAugust 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nAugust 6\n\n1825\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1825.\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nMarch 1\n\n1992\n\nIndependence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.\n\nIndependence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n Botswana\n\nSeptember 30\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\nIndependence Day (Botswana)\n\n\n Brazil\n\nSeptember 7\n\n1822\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825.\n\nDia da Independência or Sete de Setembro\n\n\n Brunei\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1984\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nMarch 3\n\n1878\n\nIndependence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nAugust 5\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Burma\n\nJanuary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Myanmar)\n\n\n Burundi\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nNovember 9\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France in 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nJuly 1\n\n1867\n\nGranted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador).\n\nCanada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\nJuly 5\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\nAugust 13\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\nAugust 11\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\nSeptember 18\n\n1810\n\nChileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed]\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\nFebruary 12\n1818\nIndependence from Spain in 1818.\nNot a holiday\n\n\n Colombia\n\nJuly 20 and August 7\n\n1810 and 1819\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1810.\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\nJuly 6\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from France in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nJune 30\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n\nAugust 15\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\nOctober 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Croatia)\n\n\n Cuba\n\nMay 20\n\n1902\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1902.\n\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1.\n\nIndependence Day (Cyprus)\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nOctober 28\n\n1918\n\nAs Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1993\n\nAs the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nJune 27\n\n1977\n\nIndependence from France in 1977.\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nNovember 3\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1844\n\nIndependence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n\nMay 20\n\n2002\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nAugust 10\n\n1809\n\nProclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.\n\n\n\n\nMay 24\n\n1822\n\nIndependence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\nOctober 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nMay 24\n\n1993\n\nIndependence from Ethiopia in 1993.\n\nIndependence Day (Eritrea)\n\n\n Estonia\n\nFebruary 24\n\n1918\n\nIndependence from the Russian Empire in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Estonia)\n\n\nAugust 20\n\n1991\n\nIndependence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nOctober 10\n\n1970\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\nFiji Day\n\n\n Finland\n\nDecember 6\n\n1917\n\nIndependence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918.\n\nIndependence Day (Finland)\n\n\n Gabon\n\nAugust 17\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Gambia, The\n\nFebruary 18\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\nMay 26\n\n1918\n\nDay of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\nApril 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nDay of National Unity\n\n\n Ghana\n\nMarch 6\n\n1957\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\nMarch 25\n\n1821\n\nDeclaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.\n\n\n\n\n Grenada\n\nFebruary 7\n\n1974\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1974.\n\nIndependence Day (Grenada)\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea\n\nOctober 2\n\n1958\n\nIndependence from France in 1958.\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\nSeptember 24\n\n1973\n\nDeclaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nMay 26\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1804\n\nDeclaration of independence from France in 1804.\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n\nJune 17\n\n1944\n\nFoundation of republic in 1944.\n\nIcelandic National Day\n\n\n India\n\nAugust 15\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nIndependence Day (India)\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nAugust 17\n\n1945\n\nDeclaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1]\n\nIndependence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)\n\n\n Iraq\n\nOctober 3\n\n1932\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1932.\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\nApril 24\n\n1916\n\nProclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\nIyar 5(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar).\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar.\n\nYom Ha'atzmaut\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAugust 7\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nAugust 6\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\nMay 25\n\n1946\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1946.\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nDecember 16\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nKazakhstan Independence Day\n\n\n Kenya\n\nDecember 12\n\n1963\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1963.\n\nJamhuri Day\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nJuly 12\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Korea, North\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nFounding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nChogukhaebangŭi nal\n\n\n Korea, South\n\nAugust 15\n\n1945\n\nLiberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. See Japanese Occupation of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953.\n\nGwangbokjeol\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nFebruary 17\n\n2008\n\nIndependence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\nFebruary 25\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nAugust 31\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from USSR in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Kyrgyzstan)\n\n\n Laos\n\nOctober 22\n\n1953\n\nIndependence from France on October 22, 1953.\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\nNovember 18\n\n1918\n\nProclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918\n\nProclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia\n\n\nMay 4\n\n1990\n\nRestoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nNovember 22\n\n1943\n\nIndependence from France in 1943.\n\nLebanese Independence Day\n\n\n Lesotho\n\nOctober 4\n\n1966\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1966.\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\nJuly 26\n\n1847\n\nIndependence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\nDecember 24\n\n1951\n\nIndependence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nFebruary 16\n\n1918\n\nAct of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.\n\n\n\n\nMarch 11\n\n1990\n\nAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia, Republic of\n\nSeptember 8\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nDen na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nJune 26\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nJuly 6\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAugust 31\n\n1957\n\nIndependence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957.\n\nHari Merdeka\n\n\n Maldives\n\nJuly 26\n\n1965\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\nSeptember 22\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\nSeptember 21\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mauritania\n\nNovember 28\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMarch 12\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1810\n\nIndependence from Spain declared in 1810. (\"grito\" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821.\n\nGrito de Dolores\n\n\n Moldova\n\nAugust 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nDecember 29[2]\n\n1911\n\nIndependence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5]\n\nIndependence Day (Mongolia)\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nMay 21\n\n2006\n\nReferendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\nNovember 18\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France and Spain in 1956.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nJune 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n\nMarch 21\n\n1990\n\nIndependence from South Africa mandated in 1990.\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n\nJanuary 31\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSeptember 15\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\nAugust 3\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Niger)\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nOctober 1\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1960.\n\nIndependence Day (Nigeria)\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\nNovember 15\n\n1983\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)\n\n\n\n\n Norway\n\nMay 17\n\n1814\n\nIndependence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814).\n\nNational day/Constitution Day\n\n\nJune 7\n\n1905\n\nFinally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day/Union Dissolution Day\n\n\n Oman\n\nNovember 18\n\n1650\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1650.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nAugust 14\n\n1947\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1947.\n\nYoum-e-Azadi\n\n\n Panama\n\nNovember 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\n\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n1903\n\nPanama was member of the \"Gran Colombia\" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nSeptember 16\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nMay 15\n\n1811\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1811.[6]\n\nDía de Independencia\n\n\n Peru\n\nJuly 28\n\n1821\n\nIndependence from Spain in 1821.\n\nFiestas Patrias\n\n\n Philippines\n\nJune 12\n\n1898\n\nCommemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9]\n\nAraw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan\n\n\n Poland\n\nNovember 11\n\n1918\n\nRestoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.\n\nŚwięto Niepodległości (Independence Day)\n\n\n Portugal\n\nDecember 1\n\n1640\n\nPortugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10]\n\nRestoration of Independence Day\n\n\n Qatar\n\nDecember 18\n\n1971\n\nOriginal independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September.\n\nQatar National Day\n\n\n Rhodesia\n\nNovember 11\n\n1965\n\nUnilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Romania\n\nMay 9\n\n1877\n\nRomania's declaration of its independence, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.[11]\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\nJune 12\n\n1992\n\nIt commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state.\n\nRussia Day\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nJuly 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from Belgium in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nSeptember 19\n\n1983\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1983.\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nFebruary 22\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\nIndependence Day\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nOctober 27\n\n1979\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1979.\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from New Zealand in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nJuly 12\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from Portugal in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\nApril 4\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\nFebruary 15\n\n1804\n\nThe beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835.\n\nStatehood Day\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nJune 29\n\n1976\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1976.\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\nApril 27\n\n1961\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n\nAugust 9\n\n1965\n\nMarks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion.\n\nNational Day (Singapore)\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nJuly 17\n\n1992\n\nDeclaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nDecember 26 and June 25\n\n1991\n\nDate of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991.\n\nIndependence and Unity Day\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nJuly 7\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Somalia\n\nJuly 1\n\n1960\n\nUnion of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually.\n\nIndependence Day (Somalia)\n\n\n\n Somaliland\n\nMay 18\n\n1991\n\nSomaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic\n\nIndependence Day (Somaliland)\n\n\n South Africa\n\nDecember 11\n\n1931\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.\n\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nJuly 9\n\n2011\n\nIndependence from Sudan in 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nFebruary 4\n\n1948\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1948.\n\nIndependence Day (Sri Lanka)\n\n\n Sudan\n\nJanuary 1\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNovember 25\n\n1975\n\nIndependence from the Netherlands in 1975.\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n\nSeptember 6\n\n1968\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1968.\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n\nJune 6\n\n1523\n\nCelebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence.\n\nNational Day of Sweden\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nAugust 1\n\n1291\n\nAlliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291.\n\nSwiss National Day\n\n\n Syria\n\nApril 17\n\n1946\n\nEnd of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946.\n\nEvacuation Day\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nSeptember 9\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Tajikistan)\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nDecember 9\n\n1961\n\nIndependence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\nApril 27\n\n1960\n\nIndependence from France in 1960.\n\n\n\n\n Tibet\n\nFebruary 13\n\n1913\n\nIndependence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China.\n\nTibetan Independence Day\n\n\n Tonga\n\nJune 4\n\n1970\n\nTermination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nAugust 31\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nMarch 20\n\n1956\n\nIndependence from France in 1956.\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\nOctober 27\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[12]\n\nIndependence Day (Turkmenistan)\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nOctober 1\n\n1978\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1978.\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\nOctober 9\n\n1962\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1962.\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nAugust 24\n\n1991\n\nDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day of Ukraine\n\n\nJanuary 22\n\n1919\n\nUnification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[13]\n\nDay of Unity of Ukraine\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nDecember 2\n\n1971\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1971.\n\nNational Day\n\n\n United States\n\nJuly 4\n\n1776\n\nDeclaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776.\n\nIndependence Day (United States) or Fourth of July\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nAugust 25\n\n1825\n\nDeclaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.\n\nDeclaratoria de la Independencia\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nSeptember 1\n\n1991\n\nIndependence from Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIndependence Day (Uzbekistan)\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\nJuly 30\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nJuly 5\n\n1811\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1811.\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nSeptember 2\n\n1945\n\nProclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945.\n\nIndependence Day (Vietnam)\n\n\n Western Sahara\n\nFebruary 27\n\n1976\n\nDeclaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNovember 30\n\n1967\n\nSouth Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nOctober 24\n\n1964\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1964.\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nApril 18\n\n1980\n\nIndependence from the United Kingdom in 1980.\n\n\n"
] | [
"Congo, Republic of the",
"Korea, North",
"Korea, South"
] |
-2752727121534244617 | Timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 | Timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 - wikipedia Timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 The missing aircraft , 9M - MRO , in 2011 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Search ( JACC ) Timeline Satellite communications analysis Unofficial disappearance theories See also : List of missing aircraft The timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 lists events associated with the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 -- a scheduled , commercial flight operated by Malaysia Airlines from Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Beijing Capital International Airport on 8 March 2014 with 239 passengers and crew . Air traffic control lost contact with Flight 370 less than an hour into the flight , after which it was tracked by military radar crossing the Malay Peninsula and was last located over the Andaman Sea . Analysis of automated communications between the aircraft and a satellite communications network has determined that the aircraft flew into the southern Indian Ocean , before communication ended shortly after 08 : 19 ( UTC + 8 : 00 ) . The disappearance initiated a multi-national search effort that became the most expensive search in aviation history . In the weeks after Flight 370 's disappearance , the search focused on waters in Southeast Asia and an investigation into the disappearance was opened . After a week of searching , Malaysia announced that analysis of communications between the aircraft and a satellite communications network had found that Flight 370 continued to fly for several hours after it lost contact with air traffic control . Its last communication on the network was made along one of two arcs stretching north - west into Central Asia and southwest into the southern Indian Ocean . The northern arc was discounted and the focus of the search shifted to a remote area of the southern Indian Ocean . On 18 March , a surface search in the southern Indian Ocean , led by Australia , began ; it continued until 28 April and searched 4,500,000 square kilometres ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) of ocean . On 24 March 2014 , Malaysia 's Prime Minister announced that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean with no survivors . In early April , an effort to find the signals emitted from underwater locator beacons ( ULBs ) attached to the aircraft 's flight recorders , which have a 30 - to 40 - day battery life , was made . Some possible ULB detections were made and a seafloor sonar survey in the vicinity of the detections to scan the seafloor was initiated . The seafloor sonar survey ended on 28 May and scanned 860 km ( 330 sq mi ) of seafloor . Neither the surface search nor the seafloor sonar survey found any objects related to Flight 370 . In May 2014 , planning for the next phase of the search was initiated . A bathymetric survey was carried out to measure the seafloor topography in the areas where the next phase was conducted ; the survey charted 208,000 km ( 80,000 sq mi ) of seafloor topography and continued until December that year . An underwater search began in October 2014 but failed to recover anything of value and was suspended in January 2017 after searching 120,000 km ( 46,000 sq mi ) of the southern Indian Ocean . On 29 July 2015 , a flaperon from Flight 370 was discovered on a beach in Réunion , approximately 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) west of the underwater search area ; this location is consistent with drift from the underwater search area over the intervening 16 months . Contents 1 Disappearance ( 8 March 2014 ) 2 March 2014 3 April -- May 2014 4 June -- September 2014 5 October 2014 -- June 2015 6 July 2015 -- January 2017 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Disappearance ( 8 March 2014 ) ( edit ) Flight 370 took off from Kuala Lumpur International Airport at 00 : 42 local time ( MYT ; UTC + 08 : 00 ) en route to Beijing Capital International Airport , where it is expected to arrive at 6 : 30 local time ( CST ; UTC + 08 : 00 ) . At 1 : 19 , while Flight 370 was over the South China Sea between Malaysia and Vietnam , Malaysian air traffic control ( ATC ) instructed Flight 370 to contact the next ATC in Vietnam . The final voice contact from Flight 370 was made when its captain replied , `` Good night . Malaysian Three Seven Zero '' . Two minutes later , the aircraft 's transponder stopped functioning , causing it to disappear from ATC 's secondary radar . Malaysian military radar continued to track the aircraft as it turned left , crossed the Malay Peninsula near the Malaysia -- Thailand border , and travelled over the Andaman Sea . At 2 : 22 , the aircraft disappeared from Malaysian military radar , 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) north - west of Penang . At 2 : 25 , the aircraft 's satellite datalink , which was lost sometime between 01 : 07 and 02 : 03 , was re-established . Thereafter , the aircraft 's satellite data unit ( SDU ) replied to five hourly , automated status requests between 03 : 41 and 08 : 10 , and two unanswered ground - to - aircraft telephone calls . At 08 : 19 , the SDU sent a `` log - on request '' message to establish a satellite datalink , followed by the final transmission from Flight 370 eight seconds later . Investigators believe the 08 : 19 messages were made between the time of fuel exhaustion and the time the aircraft entered the ocean . After four hours of communication between several ATC centres , the Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre was activated at 6 : 32 . Malaysia Airlines released a press statement at 07 : 24 , stating that contact with Flight 370 had been lost . Elapsed ( HH : MM ) Time Event MYT UTC 1 : 52 prior 7 March Captain Zaharie Ahmad Shah signs in for duty . 22 : 50 14 : 50 1 : 28 prior 23 : 15 15 : 15 First Officer Fariq Abdul Hamid signs in for duty . 00 : 42 prior 8 March 16 : 00 The aircraft 's SDU logs onto the Inmarsat satellite communication network . 00 : 00 00 : 13 prior 00 : 27 16 : 27 ATC gives Flight 370 clearance to push back from the gate . 00 : 01 : 23 prior 00 : 40 : 37 16 : 40 : 37 ATC gives Flight 370 clearance to take off . 00 : 00 00 : 42 16 : 42 Flight 370 takes off from runway 32R at Kuala Lumpur International Airport . 00 : 01 00 : 42 : 53 16 : 42 : 53 ATC gives Flight 370 clearance to climb to Flight Level 180 , approximately 18,000 ft ( 5,500 m ) and proceed directly to waypoint IGARI . 00 : 04 00 : 46 : 39 16 : 46 : 39 Flight 370 is transferred from the airport 's ATC to Lumpur Radar ATC . Both the airport and Lumpur Radar ATC are based at the Kuala Lumpur Area Control Centre ( KL ACC ) . 00 : 05 00 : 46 : 58 16 : 46 : 58 ATC gives Flight 370 clearance to climb to Flight Level 250 ; approximately 25,000 feet ( 7,600 metres ) . 00 : 08 00 : 50 : 08 16 : 50 : 08 ATC gives Flight 370 clearance to climb to Flight Level 350 ; approximately 35,000 feet ( 11,000 metres ) . 00 : 19 01 : 01 : 17 17 : 01 : 17 The captain informs ATC that Flight 370 has reached Flight Level 350 . 00 : 25 01 : 07 : 48 17 : 07 : 48 The final data transmission from Flight 370 using the ACARS protocol is made . 00 : 25 -- 01 : 22 01 : 07 : 48 -- 02 : 03 : 41 17 : 07 : 48 -- 18 : 03 : 41 The satellite communication link is lost sometime during this period . 00 : 25 01 : 07 : 56 17 : 07 : 56 The captain confirms that Flight 370 is flying at Flight Level 350 . 00 : 37 01 : 19 : 30 17 : 19 : 30 KL ACC instructs the crew to contact Ho Chi Minh ACC ( HCM ACC ) . The aircraft passes waypoint IGARI as the captain replies , `` Good night . Malaysian three seven zero . '' This is the final voice contact with Flight 370 . 00 : 39 01 : 21 : 13 17 : 21 : 13 The position symbol of Flight 370 disappears from KL ACC radar , indicating the aircraft 's transponder is no longer functioning . Malaysian military radar continues to track the aircraft , which `` almost immediately '' begins a turn to the left until it is travelling in a south - westerly direction . 00 : 48 01 : 30 17 : 30 Voice contact is attempted by another aircraft at the request of HCM ACC ; mumbling and radio static are heard in reply . 00 : 55 01 : 37 17 : 37 An expected half - hourly ACARS data transmission is not received . 00 : 56 01 : 39 17 : 38 HCM ACC contacts KL ACC to inquire about Flight 370 . HCM ACC says verbal contact was not established and Flight 370 disappeared from its radar screens near waypoint BITOD . KL ACC responds that Flight 370 did not return to its frequency after passing waypoint IGARI . 01 : 04 01 : 46 17 : 46 HCM ACC contacts KL ACC and informs them that radar contact with Flight 370 was established near IGARI but lost near BITOD and that verbal contact was never established . 01 : 15 01 : 57 17 : 57 HCM ACC informs KL ACC there was no contact with Flight 370 , despite attempts on many frequencies and aircraft in the vicinity . 01 : 21 02 : 03 : 41 18 : 03 : 41 Malaysia Airlines dispatch centre sends a message to the cockpit instructing pilots to contact Vietnam ATC , to which there is no response . A ground - to - aircraft ACARS data request , transmitted from the ground station multiple times between 02 : 03 -- 02 : 05 , was not acknowledged by the aircraft 's satellite data unit . 01 : 21 02 : 03 : 48 18 : 03 : 48 KL ACC contacts HCM ACC and relays information from Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre that Flight 370 is in Cambodian airspace . 01 : 33 02 : 15 18 : 15 KL ACC queries Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre , which replies that it is able to exchange signals with Flight 370 , which is in Cambodian airspace . 01 : 36 02 : 18 18 : 18 KL ACC contacts HCM ACC asking them whether Flight 370 was supposed to enter Cambodian airspace . HCM ACC replies that Flight 370 's planned route did not take it into Cambodian airspace and that they had checked ; Cambodia had no information about , or contact with , Flight 370 . 01 : 40 02 : 22 18 : 22 The last primary radar contact is made by the Malaysian military , 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) north - west of Penang , 6 ° 49 ′ 38 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 15 '' E / 6.82722 ° N 97.72083 ° E / 6.82722 ; 97.72083 ( Last primary radar contact , 8 March ) 01 : 43 02 : 25 18 : 25 A `` log - on request '' is sent by the aircraft on its satellite communication link to the Inmarsat satellite communications network . The link is re-established after being lost for between 22 and 68 minutes . This communication is sometimes erroneously referred to as the first hourly `` handshake '' after the flight 's disappearing from radar . 01 : 52 02 : 34 18 : 34 KL ACC queries Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre about communication status with Flight 370 , but it was not sure whether a message sent to Flight 370 was successful . 01 : 53 02 : 35 18 : 35 Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre informs KL ACC that Flight 370 is in a normal condition based on signals from the aircraft located at 14 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 15 ′ 00 '' E / 14.90000 ° N 109.25000 ° E / 14.90000 ; 109.25000 ( Northern Vietnam ) at 18 : 33 UTC . KL ACC relays this information to HCM ACC . 01 : 57 02 : 39 18 : 39 A ground - to - aircraft telephone call , via the aircraft 's satellite link , goes unanswered . 02 : 48 03 : 30 19 : 30 Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre informs KL ACC that position information was based on flight projection and is not reliable for aircraft tracking . Between 03 : 30 and 04 : 25 , KL and HCM ACCs query Chinese air traffic control . 02 : 59 03 : 41 19 : 41 Hourly , automated handshake between the aircraft and the Inmarsat satellite communication network . 03 : 59 04 : 41 20 : 41 Hourly , automated handshake between the aircraft and the Inmarsat satellite communication network . 04 : 27 05 : 09 21 : 09 Singapore ACC queried for information about Flight 370 . 04 : 59 05 : 41 21 : 41 Hourly , automated handshake between the aircraft and the Inmarsat satellite communication network . 05 : 48 06 : 30 22 : 30 Flight 370 misses its scheduled arrival at Beijing Capital International Airport . 05 : 50 06 : 32 22 : 32 The Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre ( ARCC ) is activated . 05 : 59 06 : 41 22 : 41 Hourly , automated handshake between the aircraft and the Inmarsat satellite communication network . 06 : 31 07 : 13 23 : 13 A ground - to - aircraft telephone call placed by Malaysia Airlines , via the aircraft 's satellite link , goes unanswered . 06 : 42 07 : 24 23 : 24 Malaysia Airlines issues a press statement announcing that Flight 370 is missing . 07 : 29 08 : 11 8 March The last successful automated hourly handshake is made with the Inmarsat satellite communication network . 00 : 11 07 : 37 08 : 19 : 29 00 : 19 : 29 The aircraft send a `` log - on request '' ( sometimes referred to as a `` partial handshake '' ) to the satellite . Investigators believe this follows a power failure between the time the engines stopping due to fuel exhaustion and the emergency power generator starting . 07 : 37 08 : 19 : 37 00 : 19 : 37 Following a response from the ground station , the aircraft replies with a `` log - on acknowledgement '' message at 08 : 19 : 37.443 . This is the final transmission received from Flight 370 . 08 : 33 09 : 15 01 : 15 The aircraft does not respond to an hourly , automated handshake attempt . March 2014 ( edit ) The times and dates used are local times . Malaysia , China , and the Australian state Western Australia ( which includes Perth ) are all 8 hours ahead of UTC . Initial search areas in Southeast Asia . A search and rescue effort is initiated in Southeast Asia on the morning Flight 370 disappears . Two passengers who boarded with stolen passports raise suspicion in the days after the disappearance , but they were later determined to be asylum seekers . On 9 March , some search efforts are launched in the Andaman Sea at the request of Malaysian officials , based on the possibility that the aircraft may have turned back from its flight path ; the following day , officials confirm Flight 370 turned back towards Malaysia . On 15 March , Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak announced that Flight 370 had remained in contact with a satellite communication network for several hours after it disappeared and that the aircraft was last located by military radar over the Andaman Sea . Analysis of these communications indicate the last communication with the aircraft was made when it was along one of two corridors ; one stretching northwest to Central Asia and one stretching southwest into the southern Indian Ocean . The northern corridor was soon discounted and a search of a remote region of the southern Indian Ocean , led by Australia , began on 18 March . On 24 March , Malaysia Airlines and Najib announced that the flight had ended in the Southern Indian Ocean without survivors . Malaysia Airlines confirms that flight MH370 has lost contact with Subang Air Traffic Control at 2.40 am , today ( 8 March 2014 ) . Flight MH370 , operated on the B777 - 200 aircraft , departed Kuala Lumpur at 12.41 am on 8 March 2014 . MH370 was expected to land in Beijing at 6.30 am the same day . The flight was carrying a total number of 227 passengers ( including 2 infants ) , 12 crew members . Malaysia Airlines is currently working with the authorities who have activated their Search and Rescue team to locate the aircraft . First press release from Malaysia Airlines , 7 : 24 8 March ( UTC + 8 ) 8 March At 5 : 30 , the Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre ( ARCC ) at the Kuala Lupur Area Control Center is activated . A search - and - rescue effort is initiated in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand around the location at which Flight 370 lost contact with air traffic control . At 7 : 24 , Malaysia Airlines issues a press statement saying contact with Flight 370 had been lost at 2 : 40 -- later changed to 1 : 30 -- and that a search and rescue effort had been initiated . After contacting the passengers ' and crew 's families , the passenger manifest is released . In the morning , after the announcement of Flight 370 's disappearance , the Royal Malaysian Air Force reviews data collected by military radar . They find that an unidentified aircraft , later determined to be Flight 370 , had crossed the Malay Peninsula and was tracked until it left their radar 's range at 2 : 22 while over the Andaman Sea . The satellite communications are not noticed until the following day and are not publicly disclosed for several days , while the radar data is not immediately acknowledged . Austria and Italy confirm that two people listed on the passenger manifest -- one from each country -- were not on the flight . Both men 's passports had been stolen in Thailand within the last two years . The US National Transportation Safety Board sends a team of investigators to Malaysia . Inmarsat hands over its data regarding communications with Flight 370 in response to a request from SITA , the company providing the datalink for Flight 370 's communications equipment . 9 March By the end of the day , 40 aircraft and more than 24 vessels from several nations are involved in the search . Thailand 's navy shifts the focus of its search to the Andaman Sea at the request of Malaysia . The Chief General of the Royal Malaysian Air Force announces that Malaysia is focused on a recording of radar and there is a `` possibility '' that Flight 370 turned around and travelled over the Andaman Sea . Malaysia Airlines sends a team of more than 150 senior managers and caregivers to Beijing ( most passengers were from China ) , where a centre is established for families of those on board to be comforted and await the latest news from the airline . A similar centre is opened in Kuala Lumpur . Malaysia Airlines also announces they are beginning to provide financial assistance to the families of those on board and are offering to transport them to Kuala Lumpur . INTERPOL confirms the passports of the Austrian and Italian men were registered in its database of stolen passports and that no query of the database was made . Officials investigate CCTV video of these passengers taken before they boarded the flight . There are concerns about a possible link to terrorism , but officials say no such links have been found . 9 -- 11 March Staff at Inmarsat look at the data they received from Flight 370 to determine whether they can assist the search . They find the aircraft continued flying for several hours after it lost contact with air traffic control and analyse it to determine the aircraft 's location . By the morning of 11 March , they determine the aircraft was last located along one of two arcs and share the information with Malaysian investigators . 10 March The Royal Malaysian Air Force confirms Flight 370 made a `` turn back '' . 11 March Malaysian police announce the two passengers using stolen passports were Iranian men who were likely migrants trying to emigrate to Germany . The tickets for both passengers ended in Frankfurt . The head of INTERPOL says , `` the more information we get , the more we are inclined to conclude it is not a terrorist incident '' . China activates the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters to aggregate satellite data to aid the search . Inmarsat provides Malaysia with an initial analysis of the communications with Flight 370 . Malaysia discusses the information with US investigators and agrees to allow the US to investigate the Inmarsat data . New Scientist publishes an article saying Flight 370 `` sent at least two bursts of technical data back to the airline before it disappeared '' . 12 March Malaysian officials announce an unidentified aircraft , possibly Flight 370 , was last located by military radar at 2 : 15 in the Andaman Sea , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) north - west of Penang Island and near the limits of the military radar 's coverage . 13 March An article published by the Wall Street Journal says Flight 370 continued to fly for hours after it was last seen by air traffic control , citing undisclosed US investigators . The article originally states that messages about engine performance continued to be sent to engine manufacturer Rolls - Royce ; the newspaper soon corrects the article to say the claim is `` based on analysis of signals sent by the Boeing 777 's satellite - communication link ... the link operated in a kind of standby mode and sought to establish contact with a satellite or satellites . These transmissions did not include data . '' Malaysia denies the report . Speaking at a press conference , White House spokesman Jay Carney says , `` It is my understanding that based on some new information that 's not necessarily conclusive -- but new information -- an additional search area may be opened in the Indian Ocean '' . China criticizes Malaysia 's handling of the search coordination and the flow of information . 14 March Inmarsat publicly acknowledges they recorded transmissions with the aircraft for several hours after it disappeared from air traffic control over the South China Sea . Malaysia Airlines retires the MH370 / MH371 flight number pair and begins using MH318 / MH319 . Messages of hope and prayer for Flight 370 at a bookstore in Malaysia 15 March In a press conference , Malaysian PM Najib confirms Flight 370 remained in contact with Inmarsat 's satellite communication network for several hours after it was lost by air traffic control . He says the ACARS messaging system was disabled early in the flight but the final satellite communication was made at 8 : 11 . The final communication was made along one of two arcs ; a `` northern corridor '' stretching from northern Thailand to Kazakhstan and a `` southern corridor '' from Indonesia into the southern Indian Ocean . Najib says the search in the South China Sea will be ended and the deployment of assets re-assessed . Malaysia sends diplomatic notes to all of the countries along the two corridors . A team from Inmarsat arrives in Malaysia to assist in the investigation , which involves Malaysia , the US and the UK . Investigators visit the homes of both pilots . A flight simulator in the home of Captain Shah is confiscated . Malaysian police chief Khalid Abu Bakar says it was the first visit to the pilots ' homes but officials later say they visited the pilots ' homes on 9 March . 17 March Australia agrees to lead the search along the southern corridor in the southern Indian Ocean , which mostly lies within Australia 's concurrent aeronautical and maritime search and rescue regions . A shipping broadcast requesting assistance in the search is made . 18 March Australia conducts its first aerial search of the southern Indian Ocean , 2,500 kilometres ( 1,600 mi ) south - west of Perth . The search area was determined by the US National Transportation Safety Board and is approximately 600,000 square kilometres ( 230,000 sq mi ) in size . 19 March The search area is revised to approximately 305,000 km ( 118,000 sq mi ) about 2,600 kilometres ( 1,600 mi ) south - west of Perth . Three merchant ships have joined the search . 20 March Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott announces that satellite imagery taken on 16 March appears to show two large objects floating in the ocean 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) south - west of Perth . The images , taken by Digital Globe and analysed by the Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation , show objects that appear to be 24 m ( 79 ft ) and 5 m ( 16 ft ) in length at 44 ° 03 ′ 02 '' S 91 ° 13 ′ 27 '' E / 44.05056 ° S 91.22417 ° E / - 44.05056 ; 91.22417 ( Two objects investigated , 16 March ) . Aircraft are dispatched to the area of the satellite images but do not find the objects . HMAS Success and a merchant vessel are en route to the area , joining a merchant vessel already there . Six merchant vessels have assisted in the search since a shipping broadcast was made on 17 March . 22 March Officials announce that images captured by a Chinese satellite on 18 March shows a possible object measuring 22.5 by 13 metres ( 74 by 43 ft ) at 44 ° 57 ′ 29 '' S 90 ° 13 ′ 43 '' E / 44.95806 ° S 90.22861 ° E / - 44.95806 ; 90.22861 ( Possible MH370 - related object found by Chinese satellite , 18 March ) , approximately 3,170 kilometres ( 1,970 mi ) west of Perth and 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) from the earlier sighting . Using a type of analysis never before used in an investigation of this sort ... Inmarsat and the AAIB have concluded that MH370 flew along the southern corridor , and that its last position was in the middle of the Indian Ocean , west of Perth . This is a remote location , far from any possible landing sites . It is therefore with deep sadness and regret that I must inform you that , according to this new data , Flight MH370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean . Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak 24 March Malaysia 's Prime Minister Najib Razak announces at a press conference at 22 : 00 local time ( Malaysia ) that Flight 370 is presumed to have gone down in the southern Indian Ocean with no survivors . Shortly before Najib 's announcement , Malaysia Airlines tells families it assumes `` beyond reasonable doubt '' there are no survivors . The search area is narrowed to the southern part of the Indian Ocean to the west and south - west of Australia . The northern search corridor north - west of Malaysia and the northern half of the southern search corridor -- the waters between Indonesia and Australia -- are definitively ruled out . An Australian search aircraft spots an `` orange rectangular object '' and a `` gray or green circular object '' 2,490 km ( 1,550 mi ) south - west of Perth . 25 March Around 200 relatives of Flight 370 passengers protest outside the Malaysian embassy in Beijing ; a rare event in China . Among the angry , distraught relatives ' chants are `` Liars ! '' and `` Tell the truth ! Return our relatives ! '' China demands Malaysia hand over the satellite data that led them to determine that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean with no survivors . China sends a special envoy to Malaysia . 26 March Officials announce that images captured by a French satellite on 23 March appear to show about 122 floating objects up to 23 m ( 75 ft ) in length at 44 ° 41 ′ 24 '' S 90 ° 25 ′ 19.20 '' E / 44.69000 ° S 90.4220000 ° E / - 44.69000 ; 90.4220000 ( MH370 possible debris field ( 1 ) , 23 March ) , 44 ° 41 ′ 38.45 '' S 90 ° 29 ′ 31.20 '' E / 44.6940139 ° S 90.4920000 ° E / - 44.6940139 ; 90.4920000 ( MH370 possible debris field ( 2 ) , 23 March ) and 44 ° 40 ′ 10.20 '' S 90 ° 36 ′ 25.20 '' E / 44.6695000 ° S 90.6070000 ° E / - 44.6695000 ; 90.6070000 ( MH370 possible debris field ( 3 ) , 23 March ) , which is about 930 km ( 580 mi ) north of the earlier satellite observations . The UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( AAIB ) announces they have appointed an accredited representative to join the investigation team in Malaysia . As the state of manufacture of the aircraft 's engines ( UK manufacturer Rolls - Royce ) , the AAIB is authorized to join the investigation by ICAO protocol . Crew members operate terminals on board a US Navy P - 8A Poseidon searching for surface debris and locator beacons from Flight 370 in the southern Indian Ocean . 27 March Officials reveal that images captured by a Thai satellite on 24 March appear to show about 300 floating objects 2 -- 15 m ( 6 ft 7 in -- 49 ft 3 in ) in size . The possible objects are about 2,700 km ( 1,700 mi ) south - west of Perth and about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) south of the French observations . 28 March The search shifts to a new 319,000 - square - kilometre ( 123,000 sq mi ) area around 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) north - east of the previous search area . 29 March Malaysia announces that an international panel will be formed to investigate the Flight 370 incident . 30 March The Joint Agency Coordination Centre ( JACC ) , headed by Angus Houston , is established to coordinate the search effort . It becomes operational the following day and assumes the role of coordinating the search effort and communicating with media , foreign governments , and between Australian government agencies from the Australian Maritime Safety Authority ( AMSA ) . April -- May 2014 ( edit ) Search efforts in the Southern Indian Ocean . In early April , an intense effort -- the `` acoustic search '' -- was made to detect the acoustic signals generated by underwater locator beacons ( ULBs , also known as `` pingers '' ) attached to the flight recorders on Flight 370 . After immersion in water , the ULBs emit an acoustic signal ( also called a `` ping '' ) at a specific frequency once per second and have a battery life of 30 -- 40 days . Three vessels , including one submarine and a vessel employing a towed pinger locator , tried to detect the acoustic signal along the 7th BTO arc -- the centreline of the southern corridor -- until 14 April , detecting several possible pings . Analysis of these signals determined they did not match the nominal characteristics of the ULBs ; although unlikely , experts determine they may have originated from a damaged ULB . A sonar search of the seafloor begins on 14 April . A search of the ocean surface by aircraft and vessels ends on 28 April and the sonar search -- the seafloor sonar survey -- ends on 28 May , finding no debris from Flight 370 . In late May , work on a bathymetric survey begins in preparation for the next phase of the search . In early April , Malaysia submits a preliminary report to the ICAO , which is publicly released on 1 May along with recordings of conversations between Flight 370 and air traffic control . On 27 May , the complete log of transmissions between Flight 370 and Inmarsat via satellite are released , following weeks of public pressure . 1 April The International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) , a major industry trade group , announces it will form a task group to enhance aircraft tracking to ensure further aircraft disappearances can not happen . 2 April The Royal Navy survey vessel HMS Echo makes a possible ULB detection . After tests the following day , the detection is determined to be an artefact of the ship 's sonar system . Deployment of a towed pinger locator to search for an aircraft 's ULBs . 4 April Chinese patrol ship Haixun 01 makes a possible ULB detection . The ADV Ocean Shield deploys the first of its two towed pinger locators ( TPLs ) . 5 April Haixun 01 makes another possible ULB detection about 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) west of the previous day 's detection and near 25 ° S 101 ° E / 25 ° S 101 ° E / - 25 ; 101 ( Acoustic detection by Haixun 01 , 5 April 2014 ) . Neither detection was recorded . HMS Echo and a submarine were later tasked to the location of the Haixun 01 's detections , but unable to make any detections . It was determined the depth of the seafloor , surface noise and the equipment used by Haixun 01 made it unlikely the detections were from ULBs . The ADV Ocean Shield deploys its second TPL , after the first exhibited problematic acoustic noise . Two detections are made . The first detection , made while the TPL was descending , lasted over two hours before it was lost . This detection was made at 33 kHz , while the ULBs on Flight 370 's flight recorders emit a pulse at 37.5 ± 1kHz . When the vessel passed the location in the opposite direction , a second detection lasting 13 minutes was made . Houston calls this the `` most promising lead '' thus far in the search . Malaysia reorganizes its investigation team to consist of an airworthiness group , an operations group , and a medical and human factors group . The airworthiness group will examine issues related to maintenance records , structures and aircraft systems . The operations group will review flight recorders , operations and meteorology . The medical and human factors group will investigate psychological , pathological and survival factors . Malaysia also announces it has set up three ministerial committees -- a Next of Kin Committee , a committee to organise a Joint Investigation Team , and a committee responsible for Malaysian assets deployed in the search effort . 6 April It has now been 30 days since Flight 370 presumably crashed in the southern Indian Ocean ; the minimum battery life of the ULBs on Flight 370 's flight recorders . The manufacturer of the ULBs predicts the maximum battery life is about 40 days . 6 -- 16 April Sorties flown by Royal Australian Air Force AP - 3C Orion aircraft deploy sonobouys in locations near the 7th BTO arc where water depths are favourable for detection by sonobouy . Sonobouys float on the surface and release a hydrophone that descends 300 m ( 1,000 ft ) and can detect ULB signals up to 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) below the surface . Each sortie can deploy up to 84 sonobouys capable of searching around 3,000 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) . A possible ULB detection is made on 10 April with a sonobouy close to the location of the ADV Ocean Shield ; this is quickly determined to be unrelated to Flight 370 's ULBs . 8 April ADV Ocean Shield makes two possible ULB detections , close to those of 5 April , lasting about five and a half minutes and seven minutes . The following day , Houston says the acoustic search will continue for as long as feasible because more and better quality detections will better pinpoint the aircraft 's location -- if indeed the detections were from Flight 370 's ULBs . He also says the batteries will expire soon and the TPL can search six times more seafloor per day than the autonomous underwater vehicle carried aboard ADV Ocean Shield . 9 April Malaysia submits a five - page preliminary report to the International Civil Aviation Organization , the United Nation 's civil aviation body . The report , dated 9 April but not publicly released until 1 May , includes a call for better tracking technology for commercial aircraft . 10 April A sonobouy deployed near ADV Ocean Shield makes a possible ULB detection . The following day , officials say the detection is unlikely to be related to Flight 370 . JACC Director Angus Houston speaks at a press briefing on 14 April . 13 April An oil slick is found 5.5 km ( 3.4 mi ) from possible ULB detections made by the ADV Ocean Shield . On 17 April , the JACC announces that tests of samples from the oil slick detected neither jet fuel nor hydraulic fluid . 14 April The ULBs have now been underwater for 38 days . Considering their batteries last 30 -- 40 days and that no possible detections have been made in almost a week , ADV Ocean Shield stops searching with the TPL and deploys a Bluefin - 21 , a torpedo - shaped autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with side - scan sonar , to scan the seafloor in the vicinity of the possible ULB detections . Analysis of the detections by the ADV Ocean Shield determine they do not match the nominal characteristics of the ULBs . Experts determine that although unlikely , they may have originated from a damaged ULB . The decision is made to search the seafloor in the vicinity of the detections ( near 21 ° S 104 ° E / 21 ° S 104 ° E / - 21 ; 104 ( Possible ULB detections by Ocean Shield ( 4 -- 8 April ) & seafloor sonar survey ( 14 April - 28 May ) ) ) . During this new phase of the search -- the seafloor sonar survey -- the Bluefin - 21 will be deployed with a programmed area to scan . Each mission scans about 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of seafloor and takes about 24 hours ; two hours to descend , 16 hours spent scanning the seafloor and two hours to return to the surface . Once back at the surface , it is recovered . It takes about four hours to change the batteries and download data from the mission , which is analysed aboard the ADV Ocean Shield . The first mission ends prematurely when the Bluefin - 21 reached its maximum operating depth ; it needs to be about 50 m ( 160 ft ) above the seafloor to obtain a reliable image . 23 April A metal object , appearing to be a piece of riveted sheet metal , washes up on the Western Australian coast , 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of Augusta . The next day the ATSB determines that the object is unrelated to Flight 370 . 28 April The surface search ends . In a press conference , Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott says any debris would likely have become waterlogged and sunk and that the aircraft involved in the surface search were `` operating at close to the limit of sensible and safe operation '' . The surface search in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean lasted 52 days , during 41 of which Australia coordinated the search . Over 4,500,000 km ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) of ocean surface was searched . In the Southern Indian Ocean , 29 aircraft from seven countries conducted 334 search flights ; 14 ships from several countries were also involved . Although the seafloor sonar survey will continue , Abbott says plans for the next phase of the search , which will involve commercial companies and use towed sonar to more easily scan large areas of seafloor , are being developed . 1 May The interim report submitted earlier by Malaysia to the ICAO , dated 9 April , is released publicly , along with Flight 370 's cargo manifest and seating plan , audio recordings and a transcript of communications between Flight 370 and Malaysian air traffic control . ADV Ocean Shield deploys Bluefin - 21 , 14 April 2014 . 2 -- 22 May The seafloor sonar survey is suspended on 2 May as the AVD Ocean Shield returns to port to replenish supplies and personnel . Within two hours of its first deployment after returning to the search area on 13 May , Bluefin - 21 develops a communications problem and is recovered . Spare parts from the UK were required and the AVD Ocean Shield returned to port to collect the parts . The problem is fixed and the seafloor sonar survey resumes on 22 May . 5 May A tripartite meeting to discuss the next phase of the search is held with representatives from Australia ( Warren Truss , Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development ) , Malaysia ( Hishammuddin Hussein , Defence Minister and acting Transport Minister ) , and China ( Yang Chuantang , Transport Minister ) . During the press conference , Truss announces the US Navy has extended the contract for Bluefin - 21 by four weeks . 13 May The Wall Street Journal publishes a commentary by Malaysian PM Najib , who defends Malaysia 's response to the disappearance of Flight 370 and acknowledges his government `` did n't get everything right '' . 21 May The Chinese vessel Zhu Kezhen leaves Fremantle to begin conducting the bathymetric survey . Because available bathymetric data for the area is of poor resolution , the survey is necessary for the safe operation of towed equipment that will be used during the next phase of the search . 27 May Malaysia releases the complete log of transmissions between Flight 370 and Inmarsat via satellite after weeks of public pressure . 28 May The seafloor sonar survey is completed . After 30 deployments of the Bluefin - 21 to depths of 3,000 -- 5,000 m ( 9,800 -- 16,400 ft ) , which scanned 860 km ( 330 sq mi ) of seabed , no objects associated with Flight 370 were found . The following day , after analysis of data from the last mission , the ATSB announces the search in the vicinity of the acoustic detections is complete and the area can be discounted as the final location of Flight 370 . June -- September 2014 ( edit ) During this time , preparations are made for the next phase of the search , which was initially scheduled to begin in August , but did not commence until early October . On 26 June , Australia announces details for the next phase of the search -- named the `` underwater search '' -- despite the previous underwater towed pinger locator search and sonar survey . A bathymetric survey , begun in May , is necessary to map the seafloor topography before the underwater search . On 6 August , Australia awards a A $ 50 million tender to conduct the underwater search to Fugro ; Malaysia is also contributing assets to the underwater search . Suspect acoustic detection Audio recording which may be the crash of Flight 370 into the ocean , sped up by a factor of 10 to be discernible . Problems playing this file ? See media help . 4 June A recording of an underwater sound that could have been that of Flight 370 hitting the water is released by researchers from Curtin University . The researchers believe the sound is probably unrelated to Flight 370 . The lead researcher believes there is a small chance -- perhaps 10 percent -- that the acoustic event is related to Flight 370 . Australia opens the tender process for the underwater search . Bidders may submit proposals until 30 June . 10 June The ATSB hires Fugro , which will use the MV Fugro Equator , which will conduct the bathymetric survey alongside the Zhu Kezhen . 12 June The head of the Malaysian government committee to handle the needs of families of Flight 370 passengers announces that families of missing passengers will receive US $ 50,000 per person as an interim compensation . Search areas identified in the ATSB report released 26 June . The priority areas were later adjusted in October , based on further analysis of the satellite communications . 26 June The ATSB releases a report , MH370 -- Definition of Underwater Search Areas , discussing the methodology used to determine a new search area along the 7th BTO arc determined by the aircraft 's communication with the Inmarsat satellite . The search will prioritise an area of approximately 60,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) . A bathymetric survey of the region , already underway , will take around three months to complete . The new underwater search is expected to begin in August . Australia and Malaysia are working on a Memorandum of Understanding to cover financial and co-operation arrangements for search and recovery activities . Among other details , the ATSB report concludes an unresponsive crew or hypoxia event `` best fit the available evidence '' for the five - hour period of the flight as it travelled south over the Indian Ocean , likely on autopilot . 17 July Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 is shot down in a rebel - controlled area of Ukraine . Malaysia 's Defence Minister assures the public that the additional incident will not detract from Malaysia 's commitment to the search for Flight 370 . 21 July Angus Houston , the head of the JACC , is appointed as Australia 's special envoy in Ukraine to recover and repatriate bodies of Australian victims and ensure that a proper investigation of the crash of Flight 17 is initiated in accordance with international standards . Around this time , Houston leaves the agency ; Deputy Coordinator Judith Zielke assumes leadership of the JACC and is later appointed its Chief Coordinator . 6 August Australia awards Fugro a A $50 million ( US $46 , 6 million ) contract to conduct the underwater search . Malaysia also commits vessels to the bathymetric survey and underwater search effort . 8 August Khazanah Nasional -- the majority shareholder ( 69.37 percent ) and a Malaysian state - run investment arm -- announces its plan to purchase the remainder of the airline , thereby renationalising it . The move has been anticipated because of the airline 's poor financial performance , which has been exacerbated by the combined effect on consumer confidence of the loss of Flights 370 and 17 . 14 August An HSBC employee and her husband are arrested for allegedly siphoning 111,000 Malaysian ringgit ( US $35,000 ) from bank accounts of several Flight 370 passengers in July . 20 September The Zhu Kezhen finishes bathymetric survey operations and begins its return passage to China . October 2014 -- June 2015 ( edit ) Left : Areas where the underwater search would begin compared with the entire underwater search area ( light grey ) and the BTO arc at the time of the 7th handshake at 08 : 19 MYT ( UTC + 8 ) . The purple area would be searched by the MV Fugro Discovery and the pink area will be searched by the MV GO Phoenix . Right : Areas where the bathymetric survey had been completed ( in yellow ) as of 17 December 2014 -- a total of 208,000 km ( 80,000 sq mi ) of seafloor . The underwater search commences on 6 October . The search involves four vessels : the GO Phoenix ( 6 October -- 20 June ) , Fugro Discovery ( joined search 23 October ) , Fugro Equator ( joined search 15 January ) , and Fugro Supporter ( 29 January -- early May ) . The bathymetric survey was suspended on 17 December for the only remaining ship performing the survey , the Fugro Discovery , to be refitted to join the underwater search . During the bathymetyric survey , 208,000 km ( 80,000 sq mi ) of seafloor was charted . On 8 October , the ATSB releases a report on the latest analysis of satellite communications , determining that the most likely location of the aircraft is south of the priority area identified in June . Officials say the search will begin in the area determined in the report . One year after the flight 's disappearance , Malaysia declares Flight 370 an accident in accordance with the Chicago Convention in January 2015 and releases an interim report about Flight 370 , focusing on factual information . On 29 July 2015 , marine debris is found on a beach on Réunion ; after testing , officials confirm that the debris came from Flight 370 . It is the first physical evidence that Flight 370 ended in the Indian Ocean . 6 October The underwater search begins . GO Phoenix , which left port at Jakarta on 24 September , begins work about 1,800 km ( 1,100 mi ) west of Western Australia . 8 October Officials announce that the priority area to be searched is south of the area identified in the June ATSB report . The ATSB releases a supplement to the June report detailing the methodology behind refinements to the analysis of satellite communications , which resulted in the shift of the priority search area . A peer - reviewed paper is published online by the Journal of Navigation -- a journal of the Royal Institute of Navigation -- by Inmarsat scientists who analysed the communications with Flight 370 . The paper details the methodology of the calculations and the way continual changes , especially during the first few weeks of the search , resulted in the shifting search zones . It was released as an open access article with a Creative Commons Attribution license . 23 October Fugro Discovery commences search operations . 26 October Fugro Equator ends its bathymetric survey operations and leaves for Fremantle , where it will be refitted and mobilised to join GO Phoenix and Fugro Discovery in the underwater search . Over 150,000 km ( 58,000 sq mi ) of seafloor have been surveyed . If necessary , bathymetric survey operations may recommence in the future . 16 November Fugro Equator leaves Fremantle to resume work on the bathymetric survey after the arrival of equipment needed for the underwater search is delayed . External video Search for MH370 A video produced by the JACC explaining the complexities and activities related to the underwater search . 19 November The JACC releases a video explaining the work being carried out and the complexities of the underwater search . Play media Bathymetry of the MH370 Search Area , released 16 December 17 December Fugro Equator finishes bathymetric survey work and leaves for Fremantle , where it will be refitted for the underwater search . The bathymetric survey charted 208,000 km ( 80,000 sq mi ) of seafloor . The ATSB releases a video titled Bathymetry of the MH370 Search Area , which presents a visualisation of the bathymetric data collected in the search area . 15 January 2015 Fugro Equator joins the search . It left Fremantle on 6 January . 18 January Search operations are suspended due to 5 -- 6 m ( 16 -- 20 ft ) waves caused by Tropical Cyclone Bansi . The search fully resumes by 23 January . 22 January The ATSB calls for expressions of interest for operations to recover Flight 370 so a recovery effort can be quickly and effectively mobolised if and when debris from the aircraft is located . The request will allow the ATSB to determine which organisations can supply equipment and expertise for the recovery effort . 29 January In accordance with Annexes 12 and 13 to the Chicago Convention , the Malaysian government officially declares the disappearance of Flight 370 an accident with no survivors . A fourth vessel , MV Fugro Supporter , joins the underwater search . It is equipped with a Kongsberg HUGIN 4500 autonomous underwater vehicle and will be able to search areas which can not be effectively searched by the towfish used by the other vessels . Play media Fugro Discovery in sea state 1 -- 4 ( waves up to 2.5 m / 10 ft ) . Sea states up to 8 ( waves 9 -- 14 m / 30 -- 46 ft ) were encountered in early February . 1 February Search operations are suspended due to effects of tropical cyclone Eunice and ex-tropical cyclone Diamondra , which are causing ocean conditions up to sea state 8 with waves of 9 -- 14 m ( 30 -- 46 ft ) . Search operations are resumed on 5 February by Fugro Equator , 8 February by Fugro Discovery , and 9 February by Fugro Supporter . 8 March On the first anniversary of the flight 's disappearance , Malaysia 's Ministry of Transport releases an interim report that is required by international protocol . The report focuses on factual information rather than analysis of possible causes of Flight 370 's disappearance . One significant issue , not previously revealed publicly , is that the battery in the underwater locator beacon attached to the flight data recorder had expired in December 2013 , which may have compromised its performance . 17 March The search resumes after being suspended for several days because of poor weather associated with ex-Tropical Cyclone Haliba . 2 April Fugro Discovery leaves port in Fremantle with a new towfish named Intrepid . After calibration trials at sea , the vessel will leave for the search area on 5 April . 16 April A tripartite meeting between Malaysian , Australian and Chinese officials is held . Over 60 percent of the 60,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) priority search area has been searched . Excluding significant delays , the search of the priority search area will be completed around May 2015 . The officials agree that if no trace of the aircraft is found in the priority search area , the underwater search will be extended to an additional 60,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) of adjacent seafloor . Angus Houston was appointed Knight of the Order of Australia in recognition of his military service and his `` continued commitment to serve the nation in leadership roles , particularly the national responses to the ( Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 ) and ( Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 ) disasters '' . External images Shipwreck image 1 An anchor is visible in the centre - left portion of the image . Shipwreck image 2 Shipwreck image 3 The numerous small , dark objects are believed to be pieces of coal . Early May Fugro Supporter withdraws from the underwater search and travels to Fremantle , where the autonomous underwater vehicle ( AUV ) it operated is offloaded . Sea conditions during the austral winter are too rough to safely launch and recover the AUV and therefore , AUV operations will be suspended during the winter months . However , the AUV will be kept ready to assist the search at short notice . 13 May The JACC and ATSB announce the discovery of a shipwreck 12 nmi ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) east of the seventh BTO arc at a depth of 3,900 m ( 12,800 ft ) . Fugro Equator detected a cluster of small objects in an otherwise featureless region of seafloor . It was classified as a `` Class 2 '' feature `` of potential interest but unlikely to be related to MH370 '' . Fugro Supporter was sent to investigate the site with its AUVs . A high - resolution sonar scan reveals many small objects , the largest of which is rectangular and 6 m ( 20 ft ) on its longest side . Another AUV mission photographed the debris field , revealing the shipwreck and a field of cricket ball - sized coal . The images are sent to marine archaeologists to identify the wreck . 30 May -- 6 June Search operations are suspended due to rough ocean conditions , including average wave heights of 6 m ( 20 ft ) . 3 -- 16 June Go Phoenix leaves the search area to return to port . The supporting frame of the vessel 's towfish system was damaged while on the vessel 's deck during rough seas ; the vessel 's supply of gasses for welding was exhausted before repairs could be completed . Repairs were completed and the vessel left port on 10 June , arriving in the search area on 16 June . 20 June GO Phoenix departs the search area to begin passage to Singapore , where it will be demobilized from search activities . July 2015 -- January 2017 ( edit ) Debris location relative to the known flight path ( red ) , calculated flight path ( yellow ) , and underwater search area since October 2014 ( dark blue ; 46 % searched as of 29 July 2015 ) . On 29 July , a piece of marine debris is found on Réunion -- an island in the western Indian Ocean -- that resembled an aircraft component . The object is confirmed to be a flaperon from a Boeing 777 . A search of the island and nearby waters is launched to locate other possible debris from Flight 370 . Other marine debris found on Réunion over the following days is suspected of originating from Flight 370 , but only the flaperon is conclusively linked to Flight 370 . On 5 August , Malaysia 's Prime Minister confirms that the first object discovered is from Flight 370 ; confirmation from French officials comes on 3 September . In the subsequent months several pieces of debris are determined to be highly likely to have come from Flight 370 . On 17 January 2017 the underwater search for Flight 370 is suspended after a survey of 120,000 km ( 46,000 sq mi ) of the Indian Ocean is unsuccessful in locating the plane . 29 July A piece of marine debris resembling an aircraft flaperon , and a suitcase are found on a beach on Réunion , a French island in the western Indian Ocean about 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) west of the underwater search area . The items are transported the following day to Toulouse , France for analysis . 31 July A Chinese water bottle and an Indonesian cleaning product are found on Réunion in the vicinity of the location where the aircraft flaperon and suitcase were found . 2 August The Malaysian Ministry of Transportation announces that the first object discovered is a flaperon from a Boeing 777 ; they state that the verification was made with investigators from France , Malaysia , Boeing , and the US NTSB . 5 August The Malaysian Prime Minister announces that experts have `` conclusively confirmed '' that the flaperon found on 29 July is from Flight 370 ; the debris is the first physical evidence that Flight 370 ended in the Indian Ocean . 6 August Malaysia 's Transport Ministry claims that window panes and aircraft seat cushions have washed up on Réunion . This claim is disputed by France . 7 August Maldivian police investigate claims that plane debris has washed up on North Malé Atoll , Maldives . Authorities in nearby Mauritius have also begun searching for debris and sent a piece of a bag found on Îlot Gabriel for inspection . 12 August A packet of Malaysian noodles were found in South Australia and a Malaysia Airlines baggage tag was found in Nowra , New South Wales . The items were turned into Australian authorities , who noted that `` It 's very challenging for investigators to find something that can be linked to the aircraft -- it would really have to be some form of debris from the aircraft . But we encourage people to bring anything unusual or out of place forward . It 's far better that we investigate and rule it out . '' The debris from North Malé is flown to Malaysia for investigation . Malaysia 's government news agency published a new theory that Flight 370 made a soft landing on the water , floated for a while on the surface , and then sank mostly in one piece . Many experts also believe in this theory . 3 September French investigators affirm `` with certainty '' that the aircraft flaperon discovered on 29 July is from Flight 370 , due to a serial number that matched the records of the Spanish manufacturer that produced portions of the flaperon . 8 September Australia 's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) releases a drift analysis that concludes that the finding of the flaperon on Réunion is consistent with the current search area for Flight 370 . A heat map of the probable final location of Flight 370 according to the DST Group analysis . 3 December The ATSB publishes a report , based on analysis by Australia 's Defence Science and Technology Group ( DST Group ) . The analysis determined that the most probable location of Flight 370 when it entered the water is within the southern half of the existing search zone . The JACC also releases a pre-publication draft of Bayesian methods in the search for MH370 , a book by the DST Group detailing their analysis . Australian Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss announces the number of vessels in the search would be doubled to four , and that the undersea search was expected to be completed by June 2016 . 5 December The MV Havila Harmony arrives in the search area , becoming the third vessel actively involved in the search . The Havila Harmony is carrying an AUV that will be deployed to search the most challenging underwater terrain . 19 December A second 19th - century shipwreck is discovered . A two - dimensional image produced by side - scan sonar of the shipwreck discovered in December 2015 2 January 2016 The AUV aboard the MV Havila Harmony is used to produce a high - resolution sonar image of an `` anomalous sonar contact '' made on 19 December that analysis suggested to be man - made and possibly a shipwreck . The AUV sonar imagery confirms the object is a shipwreck . 24 January The towfish being used by the Fugro Discovery collides with an undersea mud volcano . The towing cable breaks and the towfish along with 4,500 metres of towing cable sink to the seafloor . 29 January Australia announces that a fourth ship will join the search . The Dong Hai Jiu 101 is being supplied by China and will employ a towfish operated by Phoenix International Holdings and Hydrospheric Solutions , both companies with previous experience in the search for Flight 370 . The ship is expected to join the search in late February . 2 March Media report the discovery of an object , a suspected horizontal stabilizer , found on a sandbar in Mozambique , that may have originated from a Boeing 777 . The object , found by an American tourist the preceding weekend , is flown to Australia for examination . 24 March Australian Transport Minister Darren Chester announces that two pieces of debris , the object reported discovered earlier in March as well as an object found in Mozambique by a South African tourist in December 2015 , are both `` almost certainly '' from MH370 . Part of an engine cowling is found on the coast of South Africa . 2 April A piece of debris that is suspected to be a bulkhead from inside the cabin of an aircraft is discovered on the coast of Rodrigues , an autonomous island in Mauritius . 12 May Malaysian Transport Minister Liow Tiong Lai announces that the engine cowling discovered on 24 March in South Africa and the bulkhead discovered on 2 April in Rodrigues are `` almost certainly '' from Flight 370 . 24 June The Australian Transport Minister , Darren Chester , said that a piece of aircraft debris was found on Pemba Island , off of the coast of Tanzania . It was handed over to the authorities so that experts from Malaysia can determine whether it is part of the aircraft . The Australian government released photos of the piece , believed to be an outboard wing flap , on 20 July . 22 July A meeting of senior ministers from Australia , China , and Malaysia is held in Putrajaya , Malaysia . Less than 10,000 km ( 3,900 sq mi ) of the 120,000 km ( 46,000 sq mi ) high priority search area remains to be searched . The ministers agree that if no credible new evidence pointing to a particular location where the aircraft may be is found , the search will be suspended after the 120,000 km ( 46,000 sq mi ) high priority search area is completely searched . Fugro , the survey company hired to search for the plane , believe that the wrong area may have been targeted . 27 July Scientists from the Euro - Mediterranean Center on Climate Change publish a paper analysing where wreckage was found with ocean drift . This predicted an area for the crash site , further north than the ATSB search area . 15 September Malaysia 's transport ministry confirms that the outboard wing flap discovered on 24 June on Pemba Island originated from Flight 370 , due to identifying part numbers and date stamps . 20 December The ATSB releases a report suggesting a new 25,000 km ( 9,700 sq mi ) search area north of the current search area . The report noted that `` if this area were to be searched , prospective areas for locating the aircraft wreckage , based on all the analysis to date , would be exhausted . '' However , the Australian government stated that the search would not be extended beyond the current search area without new evidence . 17 January 2017 The underwater search for the wreckage of Flight 370 is officially suspended after the survey of 120,000 km ( 46,000 sq mi ) of the southern Indian Ocean fails to recover the plane . The search is reported to have cost $160 million . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The flight is also known as MH370 or Flight MH370 . MH is the IATA designator for Malaysia Airlines and the combination of the IATA designator and flight number is a common abbreviated reference for a flight . Jump up ^ Aircraft altitude is given in feet above sea level and measured , at higher altitudes , by air pressure , which declines linearly as altitude above sea level increases . Using a standard sea level pressure and formula , the nominal altitude of a given air pressure can be determined -- referred to as the `` pressure altitude '' . A flight level is the pressure altitude measured in hundreds of feet . For example , flight level 350 corresponds to an altitude at which air pressure is 179 mmHg ( 23.9 kPa ) , which is nominally 35,000 ft ( 10,700 m ) but does not indicate the true altitude . Jump up ^ Voice analysis of recordings between Flight 370 and ATC have determined that the first officer communicated with ATC while the aircraft was on the ground and the captain communicated with ATC after departure . Jump up ^ The 5 April detections by the ADV Ocean Shield were made at 4 : 45 and 9 : 27PM . Jump up ^ The 8 April detections by the ADV Ocean Shield were made at 4 : 27PM and 10 : 17PM . ^ Jump up to : Despite the March 2014 announcement that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean , officials did not change the status of the flight to an `` accident '' until the 29 January declaration . The move allows families of passengers to proceed with compensation claims . Jump up ^ MV GO Phoenix suspended operations for a scheduled return to port on 28 January and resumed search activities on 10 February . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Airline Codes -- IATA Designators '' . Dauntless Jaunter . Pardeaplex Media . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New missing Malaysian plane MH370 search area announced '' . BBC News . 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . The search for the missing airliner is already among most expensive in aviation history . Jump up ^ `` Search for MH370 to be most expensive in aviation history '' . Reuters. 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Sophie ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` MH370 : How long will the search continue ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunt for Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 Continues '' . Newsweek . Reuters. 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Press Conference , 28 April 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on MH370 Search '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 17 December 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search for MH370 suspended '' . BBC News . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Flight Incident ( Press statements 8 -- 17 March ) '' . Malaysia Airlines . March 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mader , Ian ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` MH370 : Further confusion over timing of last words '' . 3 News . MediaWorks New Zealand . Associated Press . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Malaysian ICAO Annex 13 Safety Investigation Team for MH370 , Malaysia Ministry of Transport ( 8 March 2015 ) . Factual Information , Safety Investigation : Malaysia Airlines MH370 Boeing 777 - 200ER ( 9M - MRO ) 8 March 2014 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Malaysia . ^ Jump up to : `` Signalling Unit Log for ( 9M - MRO ) Flight MH370 '' ( PDF ) . Inmarsat. 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 -- via Malaysia Department of Civil Aviation . Jump up ^ `` Pilot : I established contact with plane '' . New Straits Times . 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 PC live updates / 530 17th March '' . Out of Control Videos . Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Timing of ACARS deactivation unclear . Last ACARS message at 01 : 07 was not necessarily point at which system was turned off ^ Jump up to : `` Documents : Preliminary report on missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 '' . Malaysia Department of Civil Aviation . Retrieved 22 October 2014 -- via CNN . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Ivan ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` MH370 : Plane audio recording played in public for first time to Chinese families '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . At 2 : 03 a.m. local time on March 8 , the operational dispatch centre of Malaysia Airlines sent a message to the cockpit instructing the pilot to contact ground control in Vietnam , said Sayid Ruzaimi Syed Aris , an official with Malaysia 's aviation authority ... MH370 did not respond to the message ... ' At 7 : 13 , ' Sayid said , Malaysia Airlines tried to ' make a voice call to the aircraft , but no pickup . ' ^ Jump up to : `` MH 370 -- Definition of Underwater Search Areas '' ( PDF ) . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 26 June 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 August 2014 . Lay summary . ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysian government publishes MH370 details from UK AAIB '' . Inmarsat. 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` MH370 : Britain finds itself at centre of blame game over crucial delays '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Malaysia plane : What we know '' . BBC News . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Keith Bradsher ; Edward Wong ; Thomas Fuller . `` Malaysia Releases Details of Last Contact With Missing Plane '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Gloria ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines Flight Vanishes , Three Americans on Board '' . ABC News . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Budisatrijo , Alice ; Westcott , Richard ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Stolen passports ' no terror link ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sudworth , John ; Pak , Jennifer ; Budisatrijo , Alice ( 9 March 2014 ) . `` Missing Malaysia Airlines plane ' may have turned back ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` RMAF chief : Recordings captured from radar indicate flight deviated from original route '' . The Star . 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two MILLION square miles to be searched , 26 countries involved -- and still not a trace of Flight MH370 : hunt for the missing plane stretches from Kazakhstan to Southern Ocean '' . Daily Mail . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shazwan , Mustafa Kamal ( 15 March 2014 ) . `` MH370 possibly in one of two ' corridors ' , says PM '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search for Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 : Timeline of AMSA 's involvement '' . Australian Maritime Safety Authority . Archived from the original on 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysia plane : Bad weather halts search for flight MH370 '' . BBC News . 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Broderick , Sean ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` First MH370 Report Details Confusion In Hours After Flight Was Lost '' . Aviation Week . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vast waters hide clues in hunt for missing Malaysia Airlines flight '' . CNN . 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia lets slip chance to intercept MH370 '' . Malaysiakini . Mkini Group . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Charlie ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Another Lesson from MH370 : Nobody is Watching Malaysian Airspace '' . Time . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Chris ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Inmarsat breaks silence on probe into missing jet '' . Fox News ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Megyn Kelly . 5 : 00 -- 6 : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Koswanage , Niluksi ; Govindasamy , Siva ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Radar data suggests missing Malaysia plane deliberately flown way off course -- sources '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Shields , Michael ; Prodhan , Georgina ; O'Leary , Naomi ; Trevelyan , Mark ( 8 March 2014 ) . `` Two Europeans listed on missing Malaysia flight were not on board '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INTERPOL confirms at least two stolen passports used by passengers on missing Malaysian Airlines flight MH370 were registered in its databases '' . Interpol. 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Franco , Michael ( 12 March 2014 ) . `` 15 space organizations join hunt for missing Malaysian jet '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Malaysia Airlines jet '' . International Charter on Space and Major Disasters . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Marks , Paul ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` Malaysian plane sent out engine data before vanishing '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pasztor , Andy ; Ostrower , Jon ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` U.S. Investigators Suspect Missing Malaysia Airlines Plane Flew On for Hours '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Daga , Anshuman ; Hosenball , Mark ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Search for Malaysian plane may extend to Indian Ocean -- U.S '' . Reuters . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Chris ; Clark , Nicola ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Satellite Firm Says Its Data Could Offer Location of Missing Flight '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Anwar , Zafira ; Nambiar , Predeep ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Missing MH370 : MAS changes flight number for KL - Beijing - KL flights '' . New Straits Times . Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mukherji , Biman ; Sugden , Joanna ( 15 March 2014 ) . `` India Continues Search for MH370 as Malaysia Ends Hunt in South China Sea '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Arrangements in Australia , Australian Maritime Safety Authority , archived from the original on 24 February 2015 , retrieved 12 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` National Search and Rescue Manual -- June 2014 edition '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . Canberra , Australia : Australia Maritime Safety Authority , on behalf of the Australian National Search and Rescue Council . June 2014 . p. 231 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 April 2015 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ `` Search operation for Malaysian airlines aircraft '' ( PDF ) . Australian Maritime Safety Authority . 17 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search operation for Malaysian airlines aircraft : Update 7 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Maritime Safety Authority . 20 March 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search operation for Malaysian airlines aircraft : Update 2 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Maritime Safety Authority . 18 March 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search operation for Malaysia Airlines aircraft : Update 4 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Maritime Safety Authority . 19 March 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Object 1 Possibly Associated with MH370 Search '' . Department of Defence ( Australia ) . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 -- via Australian Maritime Safety Authority . Jump up ^ `` Object 2 Possibly Associated with MH370 Search '' . Department of Defence ( Australia ) . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 -- via Australian Maritime Safety Authority . ^ Jump up to : `` Flight MH370 : Images of ocean debris '' . BBC News . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Daniel ; Farrell , Paul ; Branigan , Tania ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` MH370 : two objects spotted in southern Indian Ocean , Australia says '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Austin , Henry ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Missing Jet : ' Orange Rectangular Object ' Spotted in Sea '' . NBC News . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Flight MH370 ) Message from Beijing : `` Liars '' `` . The Standard . 25 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 passengers ' relatives protest in China '' . Al Jazeera. 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Ben ; Wee , Sui - Lee ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` China 's Xi to send special envoy to Malaysia over missing plane '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 April 2014 -- via Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ Hatton , Celia ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Relatives in Beijing scuffles '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Donnison , Jon ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Flight MH370 : 122 new objects spotted -- Malaysia minister '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Missing Malaysia flight MH370 : French satellite images show possible ' debris field ' of 122 objects in search area '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Niam , Seet Wei ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` MH370 : Malaysia Following International Procedures On Information Disclosure '' . Bernama . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated statement on Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370 issued 26 / 03 / 14 '' . Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 26 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Paul ; Head , Jonathan ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Flight MH370 : Thai satellite ' shows 300 floating objects ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Shoichet , Catherine E. ; Pearson , Michael ; Mullen , Jethro ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Flight 370 search area shifts after credible lead '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International panel to be set up '' . The Star . 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston to lead Joint Agency Coordination Centre '' . Office of the Prime Minister of Australia . 30 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on MH370 Search '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Innis , Michelle ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Rugged Seabed Seen in New Maps Further Complicates Search for Malaysia Airlines Jet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brumfield , Ben ; Yan , Holly ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` MH370 report : Mixed messages ate up time before official search initiated '' . CNN . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 : Inmarsat satellite data revealed to the public '' . CNN . 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bachman , Justin ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` Missing Jet Alone Will Push Up This Year 's Airline Death Toll '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Addressing Aircraft Tracking Options '' . International Air Transport Association . 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Childs , Nick ( 5 April 2014 ) . `` Malaysia missing plane search China ship ' picks up signal ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese search vessels discovers pulse signal in Indian Ocean '' . Xinhua News Agency . 5 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Press Conference , 9 April 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Westcott , Richard ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Malaysia missing plane MH370 search has ' best lead so far ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Reorganizes Flight 370 Investigation , Appoints Independent Investigator '' . Frequent Business Traveler . Accura Media Group . 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Malaysia plane : Search ' regains recorder signal ' '' . BBC News . 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysia releases preliminary report on MH370 '' . Deutsche Welle. 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Update on search for Malaysian flight MH370 ( 11 April 2014 pm ) '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jonathan ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : submarine to be deployed as oil slick spotted '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on search for flight MH370 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam . `` Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 : Analysis of Indian Ocean oil slick shows it is not from missing jet '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Press Conference , 14 April 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Missing flight MH370 : Robotic submarine to begin search '' . BBC News . 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Swan , Noelle ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 : Robot sub back at work after false start '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Farrel , Paul ; Safi , Michael . `` Link to MH370 discounted after debris washes up on Western Australia coast '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search continues for Malaysian flight MH370 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . The Australian Transport Safety Bureau ( ATSB ) has advised that after examining detailed photographs of material washed ashore 10 kilometres east of Augusta , it is satisfied it is not a lead in relation to the search for missing flight MH370 . Jump up ^ Donnison , Jon ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Missing plane : Search enters ' new phase ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Lisa ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Fruitless search for MH370 will scour larger area of ocean floor , says Tony Abbott '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean Shield on route to Fleet Base West '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ADV Ocean Shield Arrives Back in Search Area '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Update on MH370 Search '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Press Conference , 5 May 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Razak , Najib ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Malaysia 's Lessons From the Vanished Airplane '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 05 November 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia missing MH370 plane : ' Ping area ' ruled out '' . BBC News . 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Release by The Hon Warren Truss MP , Deputy Prime Minister 26 June 2014 '' . Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development . Retrieved 27 June 2014 -- via Joint Agency Coordination Centre . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 search resumes in Indian Ocean '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contractor Announced for MH370 Underwater Search '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch firm wins $50 m contract to search for missing plane MH370 '' . The Guardian . Australian Associated Press . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Molko , David ; Ahlers , Mike ; Marsh , Rene ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` CNN : Is mystery underwater sound the crash of Flight 370 ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ducey , Liam ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Curtin University researchers find possible acoustic trace of MH370 '' . WAtoday . Fairfax Digital . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on MH370 Search '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Celine ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Families to Get $50,000 Each '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Feast , Lincoln ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Malaysia jet passengers likely suffocated , Australia says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Stacey , Daniel ; Pasztor , Andy ; Winning , David ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Australian Report Postulates Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Lost Oxygen '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` MH370 search unaffected by MH17 '' . The Rakyat Post . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jonathan ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines plane shot down : Australians send head of MH370 search to oversee recovery effort '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston to Lead Australia 's Response to MH17 Investigation and Recovery Efforts '' . Office of the Prime Minister of Australia . 21 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Chi , Melissa ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` Angus Houston says not surprised MH370 still lost a year on '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Houston -- who is no longer the JACC chief as he was charged to head the recovery of Australian victims in the downing of Flight MH17 in Ukraine last July ... Jump up ^ `` The Search for MH370 Continues '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Deputy Coordinator Judith Zielke will oversee the operations of the JACC Jump up ^ `` Organisational Structure '' ( PDF ) . Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development . 10 March 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` XE Currency Table : AUD -- Australian Dollar '' . XE . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamzah , Al - Zaquan Amer ; Leong , Trinna ; Ngui , Yantoultra ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines To Go Private With A $435 Million Government Investment '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Steps In to Save Its Reeling National Airline '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Creedy , Steve ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines in $460 m bid to clear air '' . The Australian . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamzah , Al - Zaquan Amer ; Ngui , Yantoultra ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` State fund to take over Malaysia Airlines , plans ' complete overhaul ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` XE Currency Table : MYR -- Malaysian Ringgit '' . XE . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Culzac , Natasha ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Two arrested as £ 20,000 siphoned from passengers ' bank accounts '' . The Independent . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 29 October 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 24 June 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 21 January 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 04 February 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 13 May 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rahma , Azharuddin Abdul ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Announcement On MH370 By Director General Department Of Civil Aviation Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McGuirk , Rod ; Bodeen , Christopher ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` MH370 Report : Underwater Locator Beacon Battery Had Expired '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 seabed search begins in deep Indian Ocean waters '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 '' . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 08 October 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ MH370 -- Flight Path Analysis Update ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Benét ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` New Paper Outlines Role of Satellite Communications in MH370 Search '' . Airways News . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Chris ; Bruce , Alan Shuster ; Colledge , Gary ; Dickinson , Mark ( 14 September 2014 ) . `` The Search for MH370 '' . The Journal of Navigation . Royal Institute of Navigation . 68 : 1 . doi : 10.1017 / S037346331400068X . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Lay summary . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 19 November 2014 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 7 January 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 -- planning ahead for recovery operations '' . Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- MH370 : Malaysia declares flight disappearance an accident '' . BBC News . 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 14 January 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 28 January 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 11 February 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 11 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ; Topham , Gwyn ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` MH370 report offers no answers but Malaysia vows to continue search '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 18 March 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . The presence of ex-Tropical Cyclone Haliba created severe conditions in the search area , preventing search operations for several days . As the system moved eastwards , its effects dissipated , allowing for search operations to resume on 17 March . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 08 April 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Fugro Discovery departed the port of Fremantle on 2 April and conducted calibration trials at the test site . On 5 April , the vessel commenced transit to return to the search area . The vessel has been equipped with a new towfish ' Intrepid . ' ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Jethro ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Search area for MH370 will double if no trace found in current phase , officials say '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 15 April 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lim , Ida . `` MH370 search to be expanded if plane not found , minister says '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . The search area for Flight MH370 will be doubled if the missing Malaysia Airlines plane can not be found , Transport Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai said today . `` If we can not locate the aircraft within the 60,000 square feet , we 'll continue the second phase of another 60,000 - square - kilometre search , '' Liow told reporters here . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Underwater Search Areas Planning Map '' ( JPG ) . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . Retrieved 17 April 2015 -- via Joint Agency Coordination Centre . Jump up ^ `` List of Appointments and Awards '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Governor - General of Australia . 26 January 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angus Houston : Former Defence Force chief officially knighted '' . ABC News . 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 search discovers shipwreck '' . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 3 June 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 10 June 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 17 June 2015 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Darcy , Oliver ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Has MH370 Been Found ? Experts Make Potentially Huge Discovery on Island in Indian Ocean '' . The Blaze . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 search : Réunion debris to be tested in France '' . BBC News . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Candea , Ben ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Searchers Treating Debris as Major Lead '' . ABC News ( US ) . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gwyn Topham ; Matthew Weaver ; Julien Delarue ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` MH370 : aircraft debris flown to France for analysis '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chinese water bottle , Indonesian canister ' wash up on Reunion Island after possible MH370 wing flap find '' . AFP , Reuters . South China Morning Post . 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Search : New Items Wash Ashore On Reunion '' . Sky News . 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Thomas ; Ng , Eileen ( 2 August 2015 ) . `` Malaysia Seeks Help in Finding More Possible MH370 Debris '' . ABC News . AP . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Malaysia 's transport ministry confirmed Sunday that the flaperon that was found has been identified as being from a 777 , saying it had been verified by French authorities together with Boeing , the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board and a Malaysian team . ^ Jump up to : `` MH370 : Reunion debris is from missing Malaysia flight '' . BBC News . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . `` It is with a very heavy heart that I must tell you that an international team of experts has conclusively confirmed that the aircraft debris ( ... ) is indeed MH370 , '' Mr Najib told reporters . `` We now have physical evidence that ( ... ) flight MH370 tragically ended in the southern Indian Ocean , '' he added . Jump up ^ `` Possible MH370 window , seat cushions found on Réunion '' . France 24 . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French question Malaysia claims that more possible MH370 debris washed up on island '' . Fox News . 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A team from Police has gone to Banyan Tree resort to investigate the suspected plane debris found on the island '' . SunOnline. 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohamed Visham ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Maldives Police probe plane debris claims '' . Haveeru Online . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Mauritius to continue with search for more MH370 debris : deputy PM '' . Xinhuanet. 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Robyn Ironside ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Australian beachgoers hand in Malaysian noodles , bag tag as MH370 search goes on '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jethro Mullen ; Jason Hanna ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` MH370 : Maldives debris bound for Malaysia '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela Engel ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Malaysia just published a new theory about how the missing Flight MH370 fell into the ocean '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Hanna ; Saskya Vandoorne ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` ' Certainty ' that Reunion Island debris is from MH370 , French official says '' . CNN . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Le débris d'avion retrouvé fin juillet à La Réunion appartient `` avec certitude '' au vol MH370 , annonce le parquet de Paris '' ( in French ) . Francetvinfo. 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Davis ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` MH370 -- drift analysis '' . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . ( T ) he finding of the flaperon is not a reason to doubt the present choice of sea - floor search area . And with only one piece of ( Flight 370 ) found , the presence of ocean eddies makes it essentially impossible to refine the sea - floor search area with any confidence . The flaperon finding does , however , support the flight - path analysis conclusion that the 39 ° S - 32 ° S segment of the 7th arc is indeed the highest - priority search region for ( Flight 370 ) . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 03 December 2015 '' . JACC. 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 search : Australia ' likely looking in right place ' '' . BBC News . 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia steps up hunt for MH370 in ' purple patch ' search area '' . ABC.net.au. 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 09 December 2015 '' . JACC. 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 25 November 2015 '' . JACC. 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gillian Edevane ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Flight MH370 search team finds another old shipwreck , but still no plane '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Operational Search Update -- 13 January 2016 '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on MH370 '' . JACC. 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 search team loses sonar detector mapping seabed '' . BBC News . 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese vessel joining search for MH 370 '' ( Press release ) . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 search : ' High possibility ' debris is from same plane model '' . BBC News . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parts found in Mozambique likely from MH370 plane '' . Daily Sabah. 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kevin Beesley ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` New Debris ' Almost Certainly ' From Missing Malaysian Flight MH370 '' . NPR . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected MH370 cabin debris found on island in Mauritius '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Melvin ( 2 April 2016 ) . `` Suspected MH370 debris found on island nation of Mauritius '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debris found in South Africa , Mauritius ' almost certainly ' from MH370 : Malaysian minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 12 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected MH370 wing flap reaches Australian investigators '' . KRIS TV ( KZTV10 ) . Associated Press . 20 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected MH370 debris to be analysed in Tanzania '' . The Star . Malaysia . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McBride , Brian ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` New Photos Show Wing Flap Believed to Be From Missing MH370 '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 Tripartite Meeting '' . Joint Agency Coordination Centre . 22 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters Agency ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` We 've been looking in the wrong place , MH370 search team says '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Jansen , E. ; Coppini , G. ; Pinardi , N. ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Drift simulation of MH370 debris using superensemble techniques '' . Nat . Hazards Earth Syst . Sci. 16 ( 7 ) : 1623 -- 1628 . doi : 10.5194 / nhess - 16 - 1623 - 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 -- via Copernicus Online Journals . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` MH370 : Missing jet ' could be further north ' '' . Retrieved 17 March 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia confirms debris found in Tanzania is from MH370 '' . Times of India . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . Agence France Presse. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ MH370 -- First Principles Review : 2 -- 4 November 2016 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Australian Transport Safety Bureai. 20 December 2016 . p. 3 . AE - 2014 - 054 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Ben ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` MH370 : Searchers almost certainly looking in the wrong place , report says '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After 3 years , MH370 search ends with no plane , few answers '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTimeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Joint Agency Coordination Centre Australian Transport Safety Bureau -- page for the MH370 search Timeline of AMSA 's involvement 2010s portal Aviation portal Disasters portal China portal Malaysia portal Malaysia Airlines History Malayan Airways Malaysia -- Singapore Airlines Accidents and incidents MH653 ( 1977 ; 100 fatalities ) MH684 ( 1983 ; no fatalities ) MH2133 ( 1995 ; 34 fatalities ) MH370 ( 2014 ; missing with 239 people search timeline unofficial disappearance theories ) MH17 ( 2014 ; 298 fatalities reactions ) Services Destinations Fleet Subsidiaries Firefly MASkargo MASwings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370&oldid=852749212 '' Categories : Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from February 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 02 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was malaysia flight 370 supposed to land | [
"The timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 lists events associated with the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370[a]—a scheduled, commercial flight operated by Malaysia Airlines from Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Beijing Capital International Airport on 8 March 2014 with 239 passengers and crew. Air traffic control lost contact with Flight 370 less than an hour into the flight, after which it was tracked by military radar crossing the Malay Peninsula and was last located over the Andaman Sea. Analysis of automated communications between the aircraft and a satellite communications network has determined that the aircraft flew into the southern Indian Ocean, before communication ended shortly after 08:19 (UTC+8:00). The disappearance initiated a multi-national search effort that became the most expensive search in aviation history.[2][3][4][5]\n"
] | [
"Beijing Capital International Airport"
] |
-3946593603605438709 | Sidrat al-Muntaha | Sidrat al - Muntahā - wikipedia Sidrat al - Muntahā Jump to : navigation , search The 7th page of Bostan by the Persian poet Saadi , containing a poetic adaption of the Isra and Mi'raj and the Lote tree The Sidraṫ al - Munṫahā ( Arabic : سِـدْرَة الْـمُـنْـتَـهَى ) is a Lote tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven , the boundary where no creation can pass , according to Islamic beliefs . During the Isra and Mi'raj , Muhammad , being the only one allowed , travelled with the archangel Gabriel to the Sidrah al - Muntaha where it is said that God assigned the five daily prayers to all humans . It is a member of the Botanical family Rhamnaceae . In Islam ( edit ) Quran ( edit ) The lote tree is mentioned in the Qur'an chapter 53 , An - Najm ( The Star ) , verses 10 - 18 : 10 So did Allah convey the inspiration to His Servant what He ( meant ) to convey . 11 The heart in no way falsified that which he saw . 12 Will ye then dispute with him concerning what he saw ? 13 For indeed he saw him at a second descent , 14 Near the Lote - tree beyond which none may pass : 15 Near it is the Garden of Abode . 16 Behold , the Lote - tree was shrouded ( in mystery unspeakable ! ) 17 ( His ) sight never swerved , nor did it go wrong ! 18 For truly did he see , of the Signs of his Lord , the Greatest ! -- Quran 53 : 10 -- 18 The Lote Tree is also referred to in Sura 34 , verse 16 and Sura 56 , verse 28.It is also in Junnah . Meaning ( edit ) A modern Qur'an Commentary entitled Taisīr al - karīm al - raḥman fī tafsīr kalām al - manān by Abd ar - Rahman ibn Nasir as - Sa'di , while commenting on Quran 53 : 14 , the Sidrat al - Muntahā , ( Lote - Tree of the Extremity ) explained : It ( the Sidrat al - Muntahā ) is a very large Tree ( shajarat : شجرة ) beyond the seventh heaven . It is named the Sidrat al - Muntahā because there terminates at it whatever ascends from the earth and whatever descends ( from heaven ) including what comes down from God , including waḥy ( divine inspiration ) and other things besides . Alternatively , ( it might be said that this name is because ) it is the Uttermost Extremity or the very end of something ( or Boundary ) ( intihā ' which is one of the many Arabic words for the word end ) for the knowledge of the creatures approaching it , relative , that is , to its Existent Being ( as located ) above the heavens and the earth . So it is al - Muntahā ( the Extremity , Boundary ) with respect to ( all human ) modes of knowledge ( ` ulūm ) or other things besides . And God is best informed ( of this matter ) . Thus ( it was that ) Muhammad saw Gabriel in that location ( al - makān ) which is the domain of the pure and beautiful , elevated ( celestial ) Souls ( maḥall al - arwāḥ al - ` uluwiyya al - zakiyya al - jamīliyya ) ... -- ( As - Sa ` di , Tafsir , 819 ) . Abdullah Yusuf Ali , whose The Holy Qur'an : Text , Translation and Commentary is among the most widely known English versions of the Qur'an , explained that this tree `` marked the bounds of heavenly knowledge as revealed to men , beyond which neither Angels nor men could pass . '' George Sale , the 18th century English scholar , has `` beyond which Angels themselves must not pass ; or , as some rather imagine , beyond which no creature 's knowledge can extend . '' Sale also notes that one commentator states that line 16 refers to the `` host of angels worshipping '' around the tree and another that it is about the birds which sit on its branches . The nineteenth century English explorer , Richard Burton reported seeing an ancient Sidr tree in the mosque containing the Muhammad 's tomb in Medina . It was in a garden dedicated to Muhammad 's daughter Fatimah . The fruit from the tree was being sold to pilgrims and its leaves used for washing dead bodies . In the Bahá'í faith ( edit ) The Sidrat al - Muntahā ( usually transcribed as Sadratu'l - Muntahá in Bahá'í writings ; see Bahá'í orthography ) is a metaphor for the Manifestation of God . Use as a symbol ( edit ) The Sidrat al - Muntaha is sometimes named in the short form as sidra tree . It is used as a symbol for example by the Qatar Foundation : `` The Sidra tree , growing strong and proud in the harshest of environments , has been a symbol of perseverance and nourishment across the borders of the Arab world . What is the significance of this glorious tree ? With its roots bound in the soil of this world and its branches reaching upwards toward perfection , it is a symbol of solidarity and determination ; it reminds us that the goals of this world are not incompatible with the goals of the spirit . '' The evergreen tree Ziziphus spina - christi represents this symbol in natural form . See also ( edit ) Plants in Islam Tree of life ( Quran ) Tree of life Ziziphus Jujube Ziziphus lotus Ziziphus spina - christi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quran 53 : 14 Jump up ^ El - Sayed El - Aswad . Religion and Folk Cosmology : Scenarios of the Visible and Invisible in Rural Egypt . Praeger / Greenwood . United States : 2002 . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 89789 - 924 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Abdullah , Yusuf Ali ( 1946 ) The Holy Qur - an : Text , Translation and Commentary , Qatar National Printing Press . p. 1139 , n. 3814 ^ Jump up to : Stephen Lambden ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` The Sidrah ( Lote - Tree ) and the Sidrat al - Muntaha ( Lote - Tree of the Extremity ) - part 1 '' . Hurqalya Publications . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Mohammed , Khaleel ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Assessing English Translations of the Qur'an '' . Middle East Quarterly . Middle East Forum. 12 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 71 . Retrieved 22 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Sale , George ( n.d. ) The Koran '' Sir John Lubbock 's hundred books . George Routledge and sons , London . p. 323 note r Jump up ^ Ahmad al - Badawi , p. 323 note 1 Jump up ^ Rumi ' p. 323 ' note 2 Jump up ^ Burton , Richard Francis ( 1855 ) . `` A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al - Madinah and Meccah '' . Project Gutenberg . p. 337 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Macias , Shirley : Verse of Light , the Sadratu'l - Muntahá , and the Unfoldment of Allah 's Plan , The ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Lambden , Stephen . ( 2009 ) . The Sidrah ( Lote - Tree ) and the Sidrat al - Muntaha ( Lote - Tree of the Extremity ) : Some Apects of their Islamic and Bābī - Bahā'ī Interpretations - In Two Parts . Jump up ^ Taherzadeh , Adib ( 1976 ) . The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh , Volume 1 : Baghdad 1853 - 63 . Oxford , UK : George Ronald . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 85398 - 270 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sheikha Moza bint Nasser , Qatar Foundation Chairperson ( 13 October 2003 ) . `` The Sidra Tree Story '' . Qatar Foundation - About . Ayoub , Mahmoud . The Qur'an and Its Interpreters : The House of ' Imran . SUNY Press . Albany , NY : 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0993 - 7 External links ( edit ) Glossary of Islamic terms Sidrat al - Muntaha Miracle of Isra and Miraj People and things in the Quran Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran , such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Afterlife locations Abrahamic religions Judaism 7 Heavens and 7 Earths Throne of God Garden of Eden Olam Haba Sheol Christianity Heaven Hell Kingdom of God Garden of Eden Paradise Purgatory Limbo New Jerusalem Pearly gates Islam Barzakh Naar Jannah ( and Jabarut ) Sidrat al - Muntaha A'raf As - Sirāt Mormonism Celestial Kingdom Terrestrial Kingdom Telestial Kingdom Spirit world European mythologies Celtic Otherworld Annwn Tír na nÓg Mag Mell Tech Duinn Finnic Tuonela Germanic Asgard Fólkvangr Valhalla Neorxnawang Gimlé Helheimr Greek Hades Elysium Erebus Orcus Asphodel Meadows Myth of Er Empyrean Tartarus Fortunate Isles Slavic Iriy Eastern / Asian religions Buddhism Naraka Deva ( Buddhism ) Hinduism 14 planetary systems Ādi Śeṣa Svarga Naraka Vaikuntha Kailash Goloka Akshardham Sikhism Sach Khand Taoism Grotto - heavens Chinese Tian Diyu Youdu Japanese Yomi Zoroastrianism Chinvat Bridge Hamistagan Others Mesoamerican Mictlan Tamoanchan Thirteen Heavens Tlalocan Xibalba Plains Indians Happy hunting ground Tupi Land without evil Wicca The Summerland Theosophy Summerland Devachan Nirvana Ancient Egyptian Aaru Duat Millennialism Utopianism Great unity Golden Age Arcadia Avalon The Guf Well of Souls Existential planes Underworld List of mythological places Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidrat_al-Muntaha&oldid=840276873 '' Categories : Arabic words and phrases Islamic eschatology Islamic terminology Bahá'í terminology Trees in Islam Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk About Wikipedia Eesti فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Türkçe اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 21 : 18 . 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3067559369534028802 | Fifty-One | Fifty - One - wikipedia Fifty - One Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Breaking Bad episode . For the number , see 51 ( number ) . `` Fifty - One '' Breaking Bad episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 4 Directed by Rian Johnson Written by Sam Catlin Featured music `` Bonfire '' by Knife Party Original air date August 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 47 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte - Quayle Steven Michael Quezada as Steven Gomez Todd Terry as SAC Ramey Russ Dillen as Ron Forenall John Ashton as Mechanic Melissa McCurley as Lydia 's Secretary Episode chronology ← Previous `` Hazard Pay '' Next → `` Dead Freight '' Breaking Bad ( season 5 ) List of Breaking Bad episodes `` Fifty - One '' is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad , and the 50th overall episode of the series . Written by Sam Catlin and directed by Rian Johnson , it originally aired on AMC in the United States on August 5 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Walt and Walt Jr. retrieve Walt 's Pontiac Aztek from an auto repair shop . The mechanic believes the car will last a long time , but when Walt puts on the hat he dons for his Heisenberg persona , his pride takes over : Walt sells the Aztek to the mechanic for $50 , leases a new Chrysler 300 and later leases a new Dodge Challenger for Walt Jr . At Madrigal 's Houston branch , Lydia receives a call from Mike , who warns her that the police are about to arrive . She escorts Hank , Gomez , and other officers to the Madrigal warehouse and points out foreman Ron , who was supplying her with methylamine . Mike reassures Lydia that Ron will not talk , adding that she will have a new guy in the warehouse soon . Walt presents Skyler with a stack of newly - earned drug money , saying they have to recoup the lost $600,000 . After her suggestion of sending the kids to boarding school is struck down by Walter , he mentions that she should throw him a party for his 51st birthday . The next day , SAC Ramey offers Hank the position of ASAC vacated by Merkert . Hank accepts , even though his pursuit of Heisenberg will be given to a field agent . That evening , the Whites and the Schraders finish a meager birthday dinner in the backyard -- a noticeable shift from the well - attended surprise party one year before , which annoys the ever - prideful Walt . After Walt Jr. leaves , Walt notes that it has been a year since his cancer diagnosis . As he reflects , a fully clothed Skyler steps into the pool and slowly submerges herself . Marie panics while Walt jumps in to pull her out . At the Madrigal warehouse , Lydia leads Jesse to a barrel of methylamine . As Jesse lowers the barrel with a forklift , Lydia points her flashlight at a GPS tracker affixed to the bottom of the barrel , forcing them to leave empty - handed . Back at the house , Walt learns that Skyler has asked Marie and Hank to look after the kids until her issues with Walt are resolved . Walt tentatively agrees though he considers it a temporary arrangement . Skyler insists that she will not have her children living in a house where dangerous events that occur are just shrugged off . She threatens to fake spousal abuse if Walt brings the kids back home , but he belittles her plans as unworkable . Breaking down and realizing there is no way out of her situation without hurting her family , she relents to his arguments but not without admitting to him that her only option is to hope that Walt 's cancer will come back and kill him . The next day at Vamonos Pest , Mike is skeptical that the GPS tracker was planted by the DEA because of its crude placement on the bottom of the barrel . When informed by Jesse that it was Lydia who spotted it first , Mike concludes that Lydia planted it herself in order to get out of the deal she made with him . He vows to kill her although it will slow down business . Jesse pleads for Mike to show mercy and asks for Walt 's opinion . Walt votes to keep her alive so no time is lost finding a new precursor supplier . Jesse later gives Walt a TAG Heuer Monaco wristwatch as a birthday present , which pleases Walt . At home , Walt informs a chain - smoking Skyler that more money is coming . He shows off Jesse 's gift as proof that Skyler will eventually accept him , as `` the person who gave me this present wanted me dead , too . He changed his mind about me , Skyler , and so will you . '' Walter goes to bed with time on the watch ticking away . Production ( edit ) Sam Catlin wrote the episode . Dean Norris ( Hank Schrader ) spoke about the `` tense '' family dinner scene : `` Those are some of my favorites because we all get together , and they 've kind of become a signature thing on the show . I work with the DEA guys all the time , who I love , but from a personal side it 's nice to hang out with the rest of the gang . Those scenes are going to be even more interesting if Hank ever knows something about Walt that Walt does n't know he knows , because for the entire series Walt 's had this secret that everybody in the audience knows and Hank is the one guy that does n't know it . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` Fifty - One '' was watched by approximately 2.29 million American viewers in its original broadcast , matching the second episode 's numbers . Critical reception ( edit ) The episode received critical praise with many critics singling out Anna Gunn 's and Bryan Cranston 's performances . Luke Gelineau of TV Equals called `` Fifty - One '' the `` best episode of the season thus far '' , adding `` I think the first three episodes were all quite good , but I honestly ca n't think of any other episode in this show that focused so heavily on the characters of Walter and Skyler White . '' The Baltimore Sun 's Wesley Case called Skyler 's pool scene `` unnerving '' and `` heart - wrenchingly sad '' , adding `` Breaking Bad is a show built around action -- big explosions , shoot - outs , throat - cutting murders , and other vivid portraits of the messy drug - dealing business . Besides Jesse 's breakdowns , we rarely we see the exisential ( sic ) crises all of these characters must be dealing with at all times . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) For his direction of this episode , Rian Johnson won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Drama Series . Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in this episode at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Q&A - Dean Norris ( Hank Schrader ) '' . AMCTV.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gelineau , Luke ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Breaking Bad `` Fifty - One '' Review `` . TV Equals . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Case , Wesley ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' recap : Episode 4 , ' Fifty - One ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ben Affleck wins top prize at DGA Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Fifty - One '' at AMCTV.com `` Fifty - One '' on IMDb `` Fifty - One '' at TV.com Breaking Bad episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Cat 's in the Bag ... '' `` ... And the Bag 's in the River '' `` Cancer Man '' `` Gray Matter '' `` Crazy Handful of Nothin ' '' `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' Season 2 `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' `` Grilled '' `` Bit by a Dead Bee '' `` Down '' `` Breakage '' `` Peekaboo '' `` Negro y Azul '' `` Better Call Saul '' `` 4 Days Out '' `` Over '' `` Mandala '' `` Phoenix '' `` ABQ '' Season 3 `` No Más '' `` Caballo sin Nombre '' `` I.F.T. '' `` Green Light '' `` Más '' `` Sunset '' `` One Minute '' `` I See You '' `` Kafkaesque '' `` Fly '' `` Abiquiu '' `` Half Measures '' `` Full Measure '' Season 4 `` Box Cutter '' `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' `` Open House '' `` Bullet Points '' `` Shotgun '' `` Cornered '' `` Problem Dog '' `` Hermanos '' `` Bug '' `` Salud '' `` Crawl Space '' `` End Times '' `` Face Off '' Season 5 Part I `` Live Free or Die '' `` Madrigal '' `` Hazard Pay '' `` Fifty - One '' `` Dead Freight '' `` Buyout '' `` Say My Name '' `` Gliding Over All '' Part II `` Blood Money '' `` Buried '' `` Confessions '' `` Rabid Dog '' `` To'hajiilee '' `` Ozymandias '' `` Granite State '' `` Felina '' Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Drama Series 1971 -- 2000 Daniel Petrie for `` Hands of Love '' ( 1971 ) Robert Butler for `` Dust Bowl Cousins '' ( 1972 ) Charles S. Dubin for `` Knockover '' ( 1973 ) David Friedkin for `` Cross Your Heart , Hope to Die '' ( 1974 ) James Cellan Jones for Jennie : Lady Randolph Churchill ( Miniseries ) ( 1975 ) Glenn Jordan for `` Rites of Friendship '' ( 1976 ) John Erman for `` Second Hour '' ( 1977 ) Gene Reynolds for `` Prisoner '' ( 1978 ) Roger Young for `` Cop '' ( 1979 ) Roger Young for `` Lou '' ( 1980 ) Robert Butler for `` Hill Street Station '' ( 1981 ) David Anspaugh for `` Personal Foul '' ( 1982 ) Jeff Bleckner for `` Life in the Minors '' ( 1983 ) Thomas Carter for `` The Rise and Fall of Paul the Wall ( 1984 ) Will Mackenzie for `` My Fair David '' ( 1985 ) Will Mackenzie for `` Atomic Shakespeare '' ( 1986 ) Marshall Herskovitz for `` Pilot '' ( Thirtysomething ) ( 1987 ) Marshall Herskovitz for `` Therapy '' ( 1988 ) Eric Laneuville for `` I 'm in the Nude '' ( 1989 ) Michael Zinberg for `` Vietnam '' ( 1990 ) Eric Laneuville for `` All God 's Children '' ( 1991 ) Rob Thompson for `` Cicely '' ( 1992 ) Gregory Hoblit for `` Pilot '' ( NYPD Blue ) ( 1993 ) Charles Haid for `` Into That Good Night '' ( 1994 ) Christopher Chulack for `` Hell and High Water '' ( 1995 ) Christopher Chulack for `` Fear of Flying '' ( 1996 ) Barbara Kopple for `` The Documentary '' ( 1997 ) Paris Barclay for `` Hearts and Souls '' ( 1998 ) David Chase for `` The Sopranos '' ( 1999 ) Thomas Schlamme for `` Noël '' ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Alan Ball for `` Pilot '' ( Six Feet Under ) ( 2001 ) John Patterson for `` Whitecaps '' ( 2002 ) Chris Misiano for `` Twenty Five '' ( 2003 ) Walter Hill for `` Deadwood '' ( 2004 ) Michael Apted for `` The Stolen Eagle '' ( 2005 ) Jon Cassar for `` Day 5 : 7 : 00 a.m. -- 8 : 00 a.m. '' ( 2006 ) Alan Taylor for `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 2007 ) Daniel Attias for `` Transitions '' ( 2008 ) Lesli Linka Glatter for `` Guy Walks Into an Advertising Agency '' ( 2009 ) Martin Scorsese for `` Boardwalk Empire '' ( 2010 ) Patty Jenkins for `` Pilot '' ( The Killing ) ( 2011 ) Rian Johnson for `` Fifty - One '' ( 2012 ) Vince Gilligan for `` Felina '' ( 2013 ) Lesli Linka Glatter for `` From A to B and Back Again '' ( 2014 ) David Nutter for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ( 2015 ) Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty-One&oldid=804216116 '' Categories : 2012 American television episodes Breaking Bad ( season 5 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 56 . 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3369008508592415704 | Coatbridge | Coatbridge - wikipedia Coatbridge Jump to : navigation , search Coatbridge Scottish Gaelic : Drochaid a ' Chòta Scots : Cotbrig or Coatbrig The Fountain at Bank St Coatbridge Coatbridge shown within North Lanarkshire Area 6.818 sq mi ( 17.66 km ) Population 41,170 ( 2001 Census ) OS grid reference NS730651 Edinburgh 33 mi ( 53 km ) ENE London 341 mi ( 549 km ) SSE Council area North Lanarkshire Lieutenancy area Lanarkshire Country Scotland Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town COATBRIDGE Postcode district ML5 Dialling code 01236 Police Scottish Fire Scottish Ambulance Scottish EU Parliament Scotland UK Parliament Coatbridge , Chryston and Bellshill Scottish Parliament Coatbridge and Chryston List of places UK Scotland 55 ° 51 ′ 45 '' N 4 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W / 55.8625 ° N 4.0266 ° W / 55.8625 ; - 4.0266 Coordinates : 55 ° 51 ′ 45 '' N 4 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W / 55.8625 ° N 4.0266 ° W / 55.8625 ; - 4.0266 Coatbridge ( Scots : Cotbrig or Coatbrig , Scottish Gaelic : Drochaid a ' Chòta ) is a town in North Lanarkshire , Scotland , about 8.5 miles ( 13.7 km ) east of Glasgow city centre , set in the central Lowlands . The town , with neighbouring Airdrie , is part of the Greater Glasgow urban area . While the earliest known settlement of the area dates back to the Stone Age era , the founding of the town can be traced to the 12th century , when a Royal Charter was granted to the monks of Newbattle Abbey by King Malcolm IV . Coatbridge , along with its neighbour Airdrie , forms the area known as the Monklands . In the last years of the 18th century , the area developed from a loose collection of hamlets into the town of Coatbridge . The town 's development and growth have been intimately connected with the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution , and in particular with the hot blast process . Coatbridge was a major Scottish centre for iron works and coal mining during the 19th century and was then described as ' the industrial heartland of Scotland ' and the ' Iron Burgh ' . Coatbridge also had a notorious reputation for air pollution and the worst excesses of industry . By the 1920s however , coal seams were exhausted and the iron industry in Coatbridge was in rapid decline . After the Great Depression the Gartsherrie ironwork was the last remaining iron works in the town . One publication has commented that in modern - day Coatbridge ' coal , iron and steel have all been consigned to the heritage scrap heap ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history : from Bronze Age to Middle Ages 1.2 Middle Ages to late 18th century 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th / 21st centuries 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Geology 2.3 Climate 3 Culture 3.1 Literature , theatre and film 3.2 Music 3.3 Coatbridge and Ireland 3.4 Coatbridge accent 4 Sports 5 Coat of arms 6 Local government 7 Demography 8 Economy 9 Landmarks 10 Transport 11 Neighbourhoods 12 Education 13 Public services 14 Notable people from Coatbridge 15 Twin towns 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History Main article : History of Coatbridge There are various explanations for the origin of the town 's name . The place name Coatbridge first appears on a number of 19th century maps , although Roy 's 1750 map notes ' Cottbrig ' as a hamlet in the Old Monkland area . Older Scots ' Cot ( t ) ' ( cottage ) and ' brig ' ( bridge ) . ( This reflected in the way locals refer to the town or its centre as ' The Brig ' : `` I 'm just going up the Brig . '' ) One source states ' Coatbridge ' is either derived from the Middle English ' cote ' , ( cottage ) or from the Old Welsh ' coed ' meaning ' wood ' . An alternative explanation is that from around the 13th century the local area was owned by the Colt family , sometimes known as Coats , and their estate generated place - names such as Coatbridge , Coatdyke , Coathill and Coatbank . Drummond and Smith suggest the name derives from the granting of land to Ranulphus le Colt around the time of the 12th century . However , Early Scots / ol / had vocalized to / o̞u / by the 16th century and subsequently diphthongised to / ʌu / in Modern Scots , so that ' Colt ' would have become ' Cowt ' rather than ' Coat ' . Modern Scots ' Cot ' ( cottage ) is realized / kot / . Early History : from Bronze Age to Middle ages Settlement of the Coatbridge area dates back 3000 years to the Mesolithic Age . A circle of Bronze Age stone coffins was found on the Drumpellier estate in 1852 . A number of other Bronze Age urns and relics have been found in Coatbridge . An Iron Age wood and thatch crannóg dwelling was sited in the Loch at the present day Drumpellier Country Park . Dependent upon the water level in the loch , the remains can still be seen today . Roman coins have been unearthed in Coatbridge , and there are the remains of a Roman road on the fringes of the town near the M8 motorway . Middle ages to late 18th century Pont 's `` Nether Warde of Clyds - dail '' map c. 1654 which depicts the hamlets of Kirkwood , Dunpelder , Wheatflet , Dunbath , Gartshary in the modern day Coatbridge area Map of the Coatbridge area dated 1858 The ' Monklands ' area inherited its name after the area was granted to the Cistercian monks of Newbattle Abbey by King Malcolm IV in 1162 . 1n 1323 the Monklands name appeared for the first time on Stewards ' charter . The Monks mined coal and farmed the land until the time of the reformation when the land was taken from them and given to private landowners . In 1641 the parish of Monklands was divided between New Monkland ( present day Airdrie ) and Old Monkland ( present day Coatbridge ) . In 1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie 's Jacobite army seized Coatbridge from government troops on their march to Edinburgh in an action described as the ' Canter of Coatbridge ' . Coatbridge was described in the 1799 Statistical Account as an ' immense garden ' with ' extensive orchards ' , ' luxurious crops ' where ' rivers abound with salmon ' . 19th century The Monkland Canal was constructed at the end of the 18th century initially to transport coal to Glasgow from the rich local deposits . The invention of the hot blast furnace process in 1828 meant that Coatbridge 's ironstone deposits could be exploited to the maximum by the canal link and hot blast process . The new advances meant that iron could be produced with two thirds less fuel . Summerlee Iron Works was one of the first iron works to use this technology . By the mid 19th century there were numerous hot blast furnaces in operation in Coatbridge . The prosperous industry which had sprung up around the new iron industry required vast numbers of largely unskilled workers to mine ironstone and work in the blast furnace plants . Coatbridge therefore became a popular destination for vast numbers of Irish ( especially from County Donegal in Ulster ) arriving in Scotland . The iron bars and plates produced in Coatbridge iron works were the raw materials needed throughout the British Empire for railways , construction , bridge building and shipbuilding . One example of uses Coatbridge ' iron was put to included armour plating for British ships fighting in the Crimean War . Over the course of the following forty years the population of Coatbridge grew by 600 % . The character of the Coatbridge area changed from a rural , Presbyterian landscape of small hamlets and farmhouses into a crowded , polluted , Irish Catholic industrial town . In 1840 , Rev William Park wrote that : `` ' The population of this parish is at present advancing at an amazing rate , and this propensity is entirely owing to the local coal and iron trade , stimulated by the discovery of the black band of ironstone and the method of fusing iron by hot blast . New villages are springing up almost every month , and it is impossible to keep place with the march of prosperity and the increase of the population . ' '' One contemporary observer at this time noted that Coatbridge is ' not famous for its sylvan beauties of its charming scenery ' and ' offers the visitor no inducements to loiter long ' . However , ' a visit to the large Gartsherrie works is one of the sights of a lifetime ' . ' Gartsherrie by night ' by C.R. Stanley c. 1853 Most of the town 's population lived in tight rows of terraced houses built under the shadow of the iron works . These homes were often owned by their employers . Living conditions for most were appalling , tuberculosis was rife . For a fortunate few though fortunes could be won ' with a rapidity only equalled by the princely gains of some of the adventurers who accompanied Pizarro to Peru ' , noted one observer . Among the most notable success stories were the six sons of Coatbridge farmer Alexander Baird . The Baird family had become involved in coal mining but opened an iron foundry in order to exploit the new hot blast process of iron smelting invented by James Beaumont Neilson . The Baird 's subsequently constructed numerous iron foundries in Coatbridge including the famous Gartsherrie iron works . The waste heap or ' bing ' from the Baird 's Gartsherrie works was said to be as large as the great pyramid in Egypt . One son , James Baird , was responsible for erecting sixteen blast - furnaces in Coatbridge between 1830 and 1842 . Each of the six sons of Alexander Baird was reputed to have become a millionaire . The town was vividly described by Robert Baird in 1845 : `` ' There is no worse place out of hell than that neighbourhood . At night the groups of blast furnaces on all sides might be imagined to be blazing volcanoes at most of which smelting is continued on Sundays and weekdays , day and night , without intermission . From the town comes a continual row of heavy machinery : this and the pounding of many steam hammers seemed to make even the very ground vibrate under ones feet . Fire , smoke and soot with the roar and rattle of machinery are its leading characteristics ; the flames of its furnaces cast on the midnight sky a glow as if of some vast conflagration . Dense clouds of black smoke roll over it incessantly and impart to all buildings a peculiarly dingy aspect . A coat of black dust overlies everything ' . '' Summerlee blast furnaces in start of the 20th century Coatbridge . The present day Summerlee Heritage Park is sited here . In the 19th century , the Baird family wielded a pervasive influence over Coatbridge . They were responsible for the design of the lay out of present - day Coatbridge town centre . The land for the Town Hall and the land which later came to form Dunbeth Park was given to the town by the Bairds . Gartsherrie church was built by the Baird family . The oldest and most significant landmark in the town . Bairds donated the site on the Main Street for the erection of St. Patrick 's Catholic Church . The Orange Order was established in the town by Ulster Scots who also came to benefit from the work available . Their descendants continue this loyal tradition and the Order in Coatbridge remains one of the most strongly supported in Scotland . trade union movement . The Whitelaw Fountain in Coatbridge during the 1930s 20th / 21st centuries By 1885 , the once plentiful Monklands ironstone deposits had been largely exhausted . It became increasing expensive to produce iron in Coatbridge as raw materials had to be imported from as far afield as Spain . The growth of the steel industry ( in nearby Motherwell ) had also led to a start of a decline in demand for the pig iron Coatbridge produced . Living conditions remained grim . In the 1920s Lloyd George 's ' Coal and Power ' report described the living conditions in the Rosehall area of Coatbridge : `` ' ... on the outskirts of Coatbridge , I found nearly the worst of all . In each of these single rooms lives a miners ' family . There is no pantry . The coal is kept under the bed . Water has to be obtained from a standpipe outside , used by a number of houses . Conspicuously huddled together in the yards are filthy huts for sanitary purposes . ' '' George Orwell 's book The Road to Wigan Pier was illustrated by a photograph of homes in the Rosehall area of Coatbridge . In 1934 there was an exodus to Corby in England when the local Union Plant relocated . This had the effect of a hammer blow impact on the town 's iron industry and ushered in the end of serious iron production . The decline of the Clydeside shipbuilding industry in the 1950s meant the demand for iron finally collapsed . A legacy of ' devastating ' unemployment , appalling housing conditions and some of the worst overcrowding in Scotland left its stamp on the Coatbridge of the early 1930s . As late as 1936 Coatbridge was the most overcrowded place in Scotland . In the 1930s and 1950s however massive programmes of state - sponsored house building saw thousands of new homes built in Coatbridge and some of the worst examples of slum housing were cleared away . By the early 1980s 85 % of homes in Coatbridge were part of local authority housing stock . The last of the blast furnaces , William Baird 's famous Gartsherrie works , closed in 1967 . Since the 1970s there have been various initiatives to attempt to regenerate Coatbridge . Urban Aid grants , European Union grants and , more recently , Social Inclusion Partnership 's have attempted to breathe new life into Coatbridge . Despite these efforts the town 's population has continued to fall and in recent years the town has been dubbed the ' most dismal in Scotland ' . Geography Towns , villages and places in direction of Coatbridge Gartcosh Glenboig , Cumbernauld Glenmavis Glasgow Coatbridge Airdrie , Edinburgh Uddingston Bellshill Motherwell , Calderbank At 55 ° 51 ′ 44 '' N 4 ° 1 ′ 46 '' W / 55.86222 ° N 4.02944 ° W / 55.86222 ; - 4.02944 ( 55.861 ° , - 4.047 ° ) , Coatbridge is situated in Scotland 's Central Lowlands . The town lies 88 metres ( 288 ft ) above sea level , 9 miles ( 14.5 km ) east of Glasgow , 6 miles ( 10 km ) south of Cumbernauld and 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of Airdrie . Although Coatbridge has no major river running through it , the North Calder Water runs east - west to the south and the now defunct Monkland Canal used to run straight through the centre of the town toward Glasgow . The canal route through Coatbridge can still be seen today . There are also several smaller burns which run through Coatbridge , most of which drain to the North Calder Water . Coatbridge has four significant public parks . Dunbeth park , West End park , Whifflet park and Drumpellier Country park . Woodend and Witchwood Loch are situated on the north - west edge of Coatbridge . Topography The topography of Coatbridge was an important feature in the towns development during the industrial revolution . Coatbridge rests 60 metres below the ' Slamannan plateau ' which neighbouring Airdrie sits on the edge of . The low - lying flat ground of Coatbridge was a vital factor in the siting of the towns ' blast furnaces and the Monkland Canal route . Although Airdrie was an already established town and had local supplies of ironstone , the Monkland Canal link did not extend into Airdrie because of its higher elevation . The Clyde Valley plan of 1949 described Coatbridge as ' situated over a flooded coalfield ' . Tenement buildings in Coatbridge were not built to the same level as Glasgow tenements due to danger of local subsidence from centuries of local mining . Geology Dunbeth hill where the present local authority municipal buildings stand is a wedge of rock which was probably squeezed upwards by the force of two ( now - extinct ) fault lines . There are the remains of spreads of glacial sands along the crest of Drumpellier , the west bank of Gartsherrie Burn and along modern day Bank Street . Kirkwood , Kirkshaws and Shawhead sit on a sandstone capped ridge looking south over the Clyde Valley . The vital Coatbridge black band coal field extended from Langloan to beyond the eastern edge of the town . View of Coatbridge from the east . Landmarks from left to right are : Gartsherrie Academy , Gartsherrie Church , Coatbridge Library , Canal Bridge , High Coats & Dunbeth Court flats . Whitelaw Fountain can just be glimpsed under the Canal Bridge . It was noted in the early 20th century that ' The cross at Coatbridge ranks among the most unique ... one may pass through it in any form of locomotion . One can not only walk , ride or drive past it , but may train over it or sail under it by means of the canal ' Climate Like much of the British Isles , Coatbridge experiences a temperate maritime climate with relatively cool summers and mild winters . The prevailing wind is from the west . Regular but generally light precipitation occurs throughout the year . Culture Coatbridge is the home of ' Scotland 's Noisiest Museum ' , Summerlee Heritage Park , which contains an insight into the life in industrial Coatbridge . A row of 1900s - 1980s cottages , a working tram line and a real coal mine can all be experienced on site . The park is situated on the remains of one of Coatbridge 's historic blast furnaces . Literature , Theatre and film Janet Hamilton , the nineteenth century poet and essayist , died in Langloan in 1873 . Present - day writers Anne Donovan ( Orange prize winner ) , Brian Conaghan ( the author of three novels The Boy Who Made it Rain ' ( 2011 ) ' When Mr Dog Bites ' ( 2014 ) and ' The Bombs That Brought Us Together ' ( 2016 ) ) and award - winning author Des Dillon are all from Coatbridge . Coatbridge has regularly featured in Des Dillon 's work . Two of his books about Coatbridge have been turned into plays . Mark Millar is a Coatbridge comic book writer whose Wanted comic book series has been translated into a feature film starring Angelina Jolie and Morgan Freeman , as well as the highly successful graphic novel Kickass which was adapted into the successful film of the same name in 2010 . Coatbridge born Dame Laurentia McLachlan was the Benedictine abbess of the Stanbrook Community whose correspondence with George Bernard Shaw and Sydney Cockerell was the subject of the film The Best of Friends . Coatbridge is also home to the annual Deep Fried Film Festival . Local filmmakers Duncan and Wilma Finnigan have been described by The List as ' the John Cassavetes and Gena Rowlands of Coatbridge ' . Music Thomas McAleese ( alias Dean Ford ) was the lead singer of The Marmalade who had a UK number one single in 1969 with a cover of The Beatles ' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' and co-wrote `` Reflections of My Life '' , Marmalade 's biggest world wide success . Coatbridge brothers Greg Kane and Pat Kane are the band Hue and Cry . Coatbridge born Alan Frew is the ex-pat lead singer of Canadian group Glass Tiger . Cha Burns ( deceased ) , Jimme O'Neill and JJ Gilmour of The Silencers are from Coatbridge . Coatbridge sisters Fran and Anna were a famous duo on the Scottish traditional music scene . Coatbridge and Ireland See also : Coatbridge Irish St. Patrick 's Day celebrations in Coatbridge , 2009 Coatbridge is especially noted for its historical links with Ireland . This is largely due to large scale immigration into the town from Ulster ( especially from County Donegal ) in the 19th century and throughout most of the 20th century . Indeed , the town has been called ' little Ireland ' . The most obvious manifestation of these links can be seen in the annual St. Patrick 's Day Festival . The festival is sponsored by the Irish Government and Guinness . The festival runs for over a fortnight and includes lectures , film shows , dance / Gaelic football competitions and music performances . The festival is the largest Irish celebration in Scotland . Coatbridge accent The Coatbridge accent has been categorised as making less use of the Scots tongue and exhibiting a tendency to stress the ' a ' vowel differently from general Scots usage . Examples of this are seen the pronunciation of the words stair ( sterr ) , hair ( herr ) , fair ( ferr ) and chair ( cherr ) . This different enunciation has been attributed to the impact of successive influxes of Ulster Catholic immigrants into Coatbridge . However , the distinctiveness of the Coatbridge accent and pronunciation has diminished as the various surrounding populations ( especially Glasgow ) have mingled with that of Coatbridge . Sports Cliftonhill , home of Albion Rovers Children 's fun run in Drumpellier Country Park Coatbridge 's local football team are Albion Rovers . Albion Rovers play in Scottish League One , and Cliftonhill is where they play their home games . The `` Wee Rovers '' were founded in 1882 when two local Coatbridge clubs , Rovers and Albion , amalgamated to form the club bearing the name . Coatbridge CC a local amateur club founded in 1976 became Scottish Champions in 1986 and again in 1988 . Drumpellier Cricket Club has been in continuous existence for over 150 years and the club have a ground in the Drumpellier area . Greyhound and Speedway racing also took part in the town , using the Albion Rovers FC ground . Greyhound Racing began on 11 December 1931 and lasted until 1986 . The Edinburgh Monarchs rode there in 1968 - 69 ( as the Coatbridge Monarchs ) after losing their track at Meadowbank Stadium to the developers for the 1970 Commonwealth Games . Glasgow Tigers moved from Hampden Park to Coatbridge in 1973 , and stayed there until June 1977 , when they were forced out by the greyhound racing . The Coatbridge Indoor bowling club hosted the World Indoor Bowls Championships from 1979 until 1987 . Bowls clubs All are part of the Lanarkshire Bowling Association and Bowls Scotland District 20 . Coatbridge Bowling Club Coatdyke Bowling Club Dunbeth Park Bowling Club Whifflet Bowling Club Gartsherrie Bowling Club Gartcosh Bowling Club Victoria Bowling Club West End Bowling Club Coatbridge was the home of former boxer Bert Gilroy , Scotland 's longest - reigning champion . Coatbridge is also home to the WBO World Super-Featherweight Champion Ricky Burns . Walter Donaldson , former World Snooker champion , also hailed from Coatbridge . There are two golf courses : the municipal course bordering Drumpellier Country Park and the nearby private member 's club Drumpellier Golf Course . Clare Queen , Scotland 's number one female golfer on the women 's European tour , is from Coatbridge . Coat of arms The coat of arms of Coatbridge Coatbridge was given burgh status in 1885 , and was granted a coat of arms by the Lord Lyon in 1892 . The arms have a black field and on it a flaming tower to represent a blast furnace and Coatbridge 's industrial tradition . The crest is a monk holding a stone in his left hand . The stone relates to the old parish of Monklands and the legend of the ' aul ' Kirk stane ' . The legend of the ' aul ' Kirk stane ' is that a pilgrim undertaking a penance from Glasgow carried a stone in the direction of Monklands . When he could carry the stone no further ( or in another version of the legend , when an angel spoke to him ) he laid the stone down . It was where the stone came to rest that he was to build a church . The church is the present day Old Monkland Kirk , at which the stone can still be seen . The Latin motto ' Laborare est orare ' translates as ' to work is to pray ' , which originates in the writings of St. Benedict and is commonly associated with the Cistercian Order whose monks came to Monklands in the 12th century . Local government Coatbridge is represented by three tiers of elected government . North Lanarkshire Council , the unitary local authority for Coatbridge , is based at Motherwell , and is the executive , deliberative and legislative body responsible for local governance . The Scottish Parliament is responsible for devolved matters such as education , health and justice , while reserved matters are dealt with by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Up until 1975 , Coatbridge had its own Burgh Council . Between 1975 - 1996 , Coatbridge was part of Monklands District Council and Strathclyde Regional Council . During the by - election campaign in Monklands East of 1994 , there were accusations of sectarianism and nepotism in favour of Coatbridge over neighbouring Airdrie by Monklands District Council . See Monklandsgate and Monklands East by - election , 1994 . The fact that all seventeen Labour councillors were Roman Catholic led to Coatbridge being seen as a `` Catholic town '' . Subsequent inquiries showed no evidence of sectarianism , but allegations of nepotism were shown to be true . Coatbridge is presently part of the burgh constituency of Coatbridge , Chryston and Bellshill , electing one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Before the constituency 's creation in 2005 , Coatbridge lay in the Coatbridge and Chryston constituency . Hugh Gaffney of the Scottish Labour Party has been the MP since the 2017 snap election . For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament , Coatbridge forms part of the Coatbridge and Cryston constituency , which is represented by Fulton MacGregor of the Scottish National Party . Coatbridge is further represented by seven regional MSPs from the Central Scotland electoral region . A small part of the eastern fringes of the town forms part of the Airdrie and Shotts constituency which is represented by Alex Neil in the Scottish Parliament and Neil Gray in the Westminster Parliament , both of the SNP . Notable politicians from Coatbridge include : Baroness Liddell , a former MP who was formerly both Secretary of State for Scotland and Britain 's High Commissioner in Australia , and Lord Reid , also a former MP who was the former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and Home Secretary . Lord Reid is a former Chairman of Celtic F.C . Demography See also : Demography of Scotland Coatbridge compared according to UK Census 2001 Coatbridge North Lanarkshire Scotland Total population 41,170 321,067 5,062,011 Foreign born 1.3 % 1.7 % 3.8 % Over 75 years old 6.1 % 5.6 % 7.1 % Unemployed 5.3 % 4.5 % 4.0 % According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the census locality of Coatbridge had a total resident population of 41,170 , or 13 % of the total of North Lanarkshire . This figure , combined with an area of 6.818 square miles ( 17.7 km ) , provides Coatbridge with a population density figure of 6,038 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,331 / km ) . Historic population of Coatbridge Year Population 1755 1,813 1831 9,580 1851 27,333 1901 36,991 1911 43,286 1921 43,909 1931 43,056 1951 47,685 1961 54,262 1971 51,493 1981 48,445 41,170 The median ages of males and females living in Coatbridge were 35 and 38 years respectively , compared to 37 and 39 years in the whole of Scotland . 34 % were married , 6.1 % were cohabiting couples , 14.7 % were single parent families and 32.5 % of households were made up of individuals . The place of birth of the town 's residents was as follows : 98.7 % United Kingdom ( including 96 % from Scotland ) , 0.32 % Republic of Ireland , 0.30 % from other European Union countries , and 0.72 % from elsewhere in the world . The economic activity of residents aged 16 -- 74 was 39.3 % in full - time employment , 9.4 % in part - time employment , 3.6 % self - employed , 5.3 % unemployed , 2.5 % students with jobs , 3.2 % students without jobs , 13.4 % retired , 5.7 % looking after home or family , 12.0 % permanently sick or disabled , and 5.7 % economically inactive for other reasons . Compared with the average demography of Scotland , Coatbridge has low proportions of people born outside the United Kingdom , and people over 75 years of age . During the 19th century , Irish people began to arrive in large numbers in Coatbridge . The 1851 UK Census recorded that Irish people constituted 35.8 % of the local population . A significant proportion of these immigrants were Protestant , but the majority were Catholic . By 1901 UK Census , the percentage of Irish - born people in Coatbridge had fallen to around 15 % , but remained the highest of all the major towns in Scotland . In the 2001 UK Census , Irish ethnicity was recorded at just over 1 % , although just over half the population claimed their religious denomination as Roman Catholicism . In 1985 , 56 % of the population of Coatbridge were Roman Catholic . In 2006 , Coatbridge ( along with Port Glasgow and Clydebank ) was identified as `` the least Scottish town in Scotland '' due to having the highest percentage of Irish names in the country . Reportedly more than 28 % of adults in Coatbridge had names with Irish origins . Other immigrants to Coatbridge have included in the 1880s a small number of Lithuanians . In 1905 , part of a `` wave '' of immigrants from Monte Cassino in Italy settled in Coatbridge . A small number of Polish people had stayed in Coatbridge after a Polish tank regiment was stationed in the town during World War II . Economy 21st century Coatbridge is the site of Scotland 's inland container base . Coatbridge was chosen as the site in part due to the proximity of various rail and motorway networks . Makers of PA systems and loudspeakers Tannoy Ltd. are headquartered in Coatbridge . Lees Foods Plc is a local confectionery and bakery products company and are the manufacturers of the Lees Macaroon bar . William Lawson 's Scotch Whisky distillery has been located in Coatbridge since 1967 . Coatbridge was home to one of the first B&Q Depots , which was closed in 2006 and moved to the new retail park . The oldest family business in Coatbridge and Airdrie is funeral directors , Donald McLaren Ltd , which was founded in 1912 . In terms of housing , property prices in Coatbridge have undergone rapid growth since 2000 . In 2005 , house prices rose by 35 % , reportedly the largest such increase in Scotland . Landmarks St. Augustine 's Church , Dundyvan ( architectural details ) New extension at Summerlee Heritage Park Coatbridge War Memorial The built environment around Coatbridge 's town centre is a mixture of late 19th - and early 20th - century sandstone buildings and late 20th - century precast concrete shops . The leafy Blairhill and Dunbeth conservation areas to the west and north of the town centre comprise detached , semi-detached and terraced sandstone residential buildings . The bulk of the remaining surrounding areas consist of various 20th - century local authority housing buildings . Several high rise flats dominate the skyline . Due to the decline of industries , several private housing estates have been built on reclaimed land . In 2007 Coatbridge was awarded Prospect architecture magazine 's carbuncle award for being the ' most dismal town in Scotland ' . The town was also described by Scottish comedian Frankie Boyle as ' like Bladerunner ... without the special effects ' . Drumpellier Country Park is set around Woodend Loch . There are extensive woodlands , a visitor centre and a butterfly house . Monkland Canal runs through a section of the park . The Time Capsule is a multi-purpose leisure centre containing a swimming pool , an adventure pool set in a prehistoric environment , an ice skating facility , sauna / steam room and a sports complex with gym halls and other facilities . The Showcase Leisure Park contains a 14 - screen cinema , a 10 - pin bowling complex and numerous restaurants . Landmarks in Coatbridge include : Coatbridge Leisure Centre -- Peter Womersley 1970s brutalist , modernist cantilevered building sited on the main road into Coatbridge Coatbridge Library -- an Andrew Carnegie - sponsored 1905 pink sandstone structure . Imposing B - listed structure sited on Academy Street St. Augustine 's Church and buildings - Built in 1873 and located in the Dundyvan area . A red sandstone B - listed Rowand Anderson Gothic church The Quadrant Shopping Centre - Has been described in one article : ' ... from the set of Camberwick Green . A new clock tower , which looks as if it was designed on the back of a beer mat , marks the town centre , a throwaway gesture compounded by the addition of some appalling public art - cum street furniture ' St Andrew 's Church St Andrew 's Church - 1839 early Victorian Gothic church by Scott Stephen & Gale in the Whitelaw hill area . Its steeple towers over the town centre . Coatbridge railway bridges - The B - listed 1898 bridges span Bank Street , West Canal Street and the former Monkland Canal . The bridges underwent specialist restoration in 2009 St Mary 's Church - B - listed Gothic church in Whifflet designed by Pugin and Pugin in 1896 . Contains an elaborate and ornate interior ceiling . The former Cattle Market Building - erected in 1896 , B - listed façade of the sandstone cattle market building within the Blairhill and Dunbeth conservation area Summerlee Heritage Park 2008 extension - Spaceship style glass and metal addition to existing building by North Lanarkshire Council 's in - house Design Services Team Transport The Monkland Canal ( completed 1791 ) was used in the 19th and 20th century to transport coal and iron to Glasgow . The town centre section of the canal was interred in pipe between Sikeside and Blair Road in the mid-1970s . Some sections of the Monkland Canal can still be seen today between Townhead and Drumpellier . Coatbridge is adjacent to the M8 and M73 motorways . The M74 motorway is also a short drive away . The major cities of Edinburgh , Stirling and Glasgow are all within commuting distance . Due to the number of rail lines running through Coatbridge , it was once dubbed the `` Crewe of the North '' . There are six railway stations on the four railway lines that bisect the town : Motherwell - Cumbernauld Line ; Argyle Line ; Whifflet Line ; and North Clyde Line . The six stations within Coatbridge and on these lines are : Blairhill ; Coatbridge Central ; Coatbridge Sunnyside ; Coatdyke ; Kirkwood ; and Whifflet . Coatbridge has had additional passenger stations , such as Langloan and Calder Station ( Greenend ) ; these stations have been closed for many years . McGill 's Buses are responsible for most of the bus services in the town , after buying out most of the smaller local companies . The buses are all in Go Zone 8 on the McGill 's network . The buses link all the major neighbourhoods with the 212 continuing on to Airdrie , Plains and Caldercruix . Neighbourhoods See also : Neighbourhoods of Coatbridge The earliest map showing Coatbridge is by Timothy Pont published in Johan Blaeu 's Nether warde of clyds - dail ( 1654 ) . The districts of Dunpelder , Gartsherrie , Langloan , Kirkwood , Kirkshaws and Whifflet are all evident . The present day neighbourhoods of Coatbridge are Barrowfield , Blairhill , Brownshill , Carnbroe , Cliftonhill , Cliftonville , Coatbank , Coatdyke , Cuparhead , Drumpellier , Dunbeth , Dundyvan , Espieside , Gartsherrie , Greenhill , Greenend , Kirkshaws , Kirkwood , Langloan , Old Monkland , Rosehall , Shawhead , Sikeside , Summerlee , Sunnyside , Townhead and Whifflet . Victoria Park is a relatively new area close the town centre which was built on a brownfield site once occupied by heavy industry . The Blairhill and Dunbeth neighbourhoods are part of the Blairhill and Dunbeth conservation area . Whitelaw is the area which the town centre is in but is a term which has not been used for many years . The fountain which is situated at the town centre on the corner of Main Street and South Circular Road is officially called the Whitelaw Fountain . Education Coatbridge College Coatbridge College was built as Scotland 's first college in the late 19th century . As Coatbridge has moved away from the traditional heavy industries the teaching focus has shifted from traditional industry courses towards commerce , care and the arts . St Ambrose , St Andrew 's and Coatbridge High are the best - known secondary schools serving Coatbridge . The first two are Roman Catholic . St Ambrose was the subject of an HMI follow - up assessment visit in January 2009 . Sports journalist and broadcaster Bob Crampsey was formerly headmaster of St Ambrose . Singer and television presenter Michelle McManus is a former pupil of the school . Prominent football referee Willie Collum taught religious education at St Ambrose in the early 2000s . As previously mentioned , Coatbridge has 3 secondary schools : St. Andrew 's H.S ( which opened in 2006 ) , Coatbridge H.S ( opened in 2008 ) and St. Ambrose H.S ( which opened in 2013 ) . St. Andrew 's H.S is made up of staff and pupils of the two former schools St. Patrick 's H.S ( formerly located in the area of the new Coatbridge H.S ) and Columba H.S , both schools have since been demolished around the date of the schools opening in October 2006 . Coatbridge H.S is made up of staff and pupils of the original Coatbridge H.S ( now Greenhill Primary and Drumpark Primary ) as well as staff and pupils of the former Rosehall H.S ( formerly located in the boundary of St. Andrew 's H.S ) . Coatbridge also has several special needs schools including Pentland School ( Primary school ) , Portland High School , Drumpark School , Willowbank School ( High School ) and Buchanan High School . Public services Coatbridge forms part of the Western water and sewerage regions of Scotland . Waste management is provided by the North Lanarkshire local authority . Water supplies are provided by Scottish Water , a government - owned corporation of the Scottish Government . Coatbridge 's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is Scottish Power . Coatbridge is served by Monklands Hospital , sited on the Airdrie side of the Coatbridge / Airdrie border . The NHS board is NHS Lanarkshire . Scottish Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service which operates in Coatbridge . Policing in Coatbridge is provided by the Police Service of Scotland ( Lanarkshire Division ) . The Strathclyde Partnership for Transport , a public body in Scotland , has direct operational responsibilities , such as supporting ( and in some cases running ) local bus services , and managing integrated ticketing in Coatbridge and other areas from the former Strathclyde region . Transport Scotland manages the local rail network . The local authority responsible for community - based service in Coatbridge is North Lanarkshire Council . The council provides local services related to education , social work , the environment , housing , road maintenance and leisure . Notable people from Coatbridge Admiral Sir James Stirling , first Governor of Western Australia . Jock Cunningham , miner , mutineer and Republican Brigade commander during the Spanish Civil War Charlie Doyle , Coatbridge - born union organiser and Communist in the United States who was imprisoned and deported as an undesirable alien ; in 1963 he led strike action at Battersea Power Station and was tagged `` the most hated man in Britain '' Anti-child sexual abuse and bullying activist , Sandra Brown , attended Coatbridge High School Alan Frew - lead vocalist and head song - writer for Canadian Band GLASS TIGER ( Frew is also a first - cousin to Sandra Brown Rev Dr Peter Marshall ( 27 May 1902 -- 26 January 1949 ) Chaplain of the United States Senate , whose biography was the basis of the Oscar - nominated film A Man Called Peter , was born in Coatbridge . Robert Lees , member of the Wisconsin State Senate Willie McDonald , footballer for Manchester United and Coventry City Cha Burns ( 1957 - 2007 ) , Guitarist with the Scottish folk band , The Silencers . JJ Gilmour , Vocalist with the Scottish folk band , The Silencers . John `` Jock '' Stein ( footballer and football manager ) who led Celtic to the European Cup in 1967 , the first British club to win this trophy , played for Albion Rovers . Prof James Clark Gentles FRSE , first specialist in fungal diseases of the human body George Graham ( footballer and football manager ) played with Aston Villa , Chelsea , Arsenal , Manchester United and managed Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur lived in Bargeddie Hue and Cry a successful band from the 1980s ; brothers Greg and Pat Kane are from the Blairhill area of Coatbridge . Frank Gallagher , actor ( River City , Taggart , etc . ) was born in Coatbridge Bill Carroll , radio host Heather Suttie , DJ and radio presenter Gerry Maher QC ( Jurist ) , Professor of Criminal Law , University of Edinburgh , attended St. Patrick 's High School Neil Walker ( Jurist ) , Professor of Public Law and the Law of Nure and Nations , University of Edinburgh attended Coatbridge High School Paul Watchman ( Jurist ) , Honorary Professor of Law , University of Glasgow attended Coatbridge High School Mark Kerr , Scottish footballer , played for Aberdeen FC Iain Munro ( footballer ) St. Mirren , Hibernian , Glasgow Rangers , Sunderland , Stoke and Scotland , taught at Coatbridge High School Hugh Murray , rugby union player Johnny Russell , Dundee United footballer attended Coatbridge High School Joe Kissock , former New Zealand international footballer Ricky Burns ( boxer ) , World Super Featherweight Champion Edward Reid ( comedy singer ) , reached the semi-finals of Britain 's Got Talent in 2011 Tony Watt , Former Celtic FC striker , scored for Celtic in win against FC Barcelona in 2012 . Now plays for Charlton Athletic Mark Millar , Writer ( Wanted , Kick - Ass , Super Crooks and many other creator owned , Marvel & DC titles . ) Jock Kane , intelligence officer and GCHQ whistleblower Joseph Parker ( mining engineer ) FRSE born in Coatbridge Twin towns Coatbridge is twinned with St. Denis , France ; Campi Bisenzio , Italy ; and Gatchina , Russia . See also Coatbridge History of Coatbridge Monkland Canal Coatbridge Irish Albion Rovers F.C. Summerlee Heritage Park Neighbourhoods of Coatbridge Coatbridge Portal Scotland articles List of topics History Timeline Prehistoric Roman times Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Kingdom High Middle Ages Davidian Revolution Wars of Independence Late Middle Ages Renaissance Early modern Reformation Colonisation of the Americas Glorious Revolution 1707 Acts of Union Jacobitism Enlightenment Lowland Clearances Highland Clearances Industrial Revolution Romanticism Modern Geography Anglo - Scottish border Central Belt Climate Fauna Flora Geology Highlands Islands Lochs Lowlands Mountains and hills Protected areas Waterfalls Politics Government Politics Devolution Elections First Minister Government Human rights LGBT rights Independence Local government Military Monarchs Parliament Political parties Republicanism Scotland Office Secretary of State Nationalism Unionism Law Advocate General Courts Crown Office Lord Advocate Lord President Procurator fiscal Solicitor General Sheriff principal College of Justice Udal law Economy Agriculture Bank of Scotland Charities Companies Fishing Harris Tweed Housing Media North Sea oil Power stations Renewable energy Royal Bank of Scotland Tourism Transport Whisky Silicon Glen Unemployment Society Culture Architecture Art Clans Cuisine Education Hogmanay Identity Inventions and discoveries Literature Museums Music Oldest buildings Performing arts Prostitution Royal National Mòd Sport Surnames Symbols anthem coat of arms flags Tartan unicorn World Heritage Sites Demographics Languages Highland English Scottish English Scottish Gaelic Scots British Sign Language People ( list ) Actors Artists Inventors Musicians Scientists Writers Religion Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Christmas Church of Scotland General Assembly Moderators Roman Catholicism Scottish Episcopal Church Baptist Union Hinduism Islam Judaism Sikhism Outline Portal References Jump up ^ The Online Scots Dictionary Jump up ^ Scottish Place Names in Scots Scots Language Centre Jump up ^ Coatbridge ( Images of Scotland ) By Helen Moir . The History Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2132 - 8 Jump up ^ Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland ( 1994 ) Eds. J & J Keay , HarperCollins Publishers , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : `` Coatbridge '' . Frost 's Scottish Gazette . Archived from the original on 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lanarkshire '' . Scottish Place - Name Society . Archived from the original on 8 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith , Monkland Library Services , 1982 . pg. 11 Jump up ^ A History of Scots to 1700 , p. xc Jump up ^ Scottish National Dictionary , Introduction p. xxiv Jump up ^ SND : cot Dictionary of the Scots Language Jump up ^ `` Monklands Timeline '' . Monklands Memories . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ The Raddle -- Journal of Monklands Historical Society ; Volume 10 , September 2005 . Jump up ^ Lanarkshire - An Inventory Of The Prehistoric And Roman Monuments - Royal Commission On The Ancient And Historical Monuments Of Scotland . HMSO - RCHMS , Edinburgh. 1978 . pp. 40 , 71 , 75 Jump up ^ Helen Moir , Coatbridge ( Images of Scotland ) The History Press ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2132 - 8 ; pg. 7 Jump up ^ Anne S. Robertson . `` Roman Coins found in Scotland , 1961 - 70 '' ( PDF ) . Archaeology Data Service . University of York . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` APPLICATION NO . S / 041 / 00130 / 0UT - REPORT '' ( PDF ) . Residential Planning Application Refusal . North Lanarkshire Council . 8 July 2004 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry -- RM Urqhuart . Heraldry Today ( 1973 ) ; pg. 188 Jump up ^ Helen Moir : Coatbridge ( Images of Scotland ) , The History Press ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2132 - 8 ; pg. 7 ^ Jump up to : Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland ( 1994 ) Eds. J & J Keay , HarperCollinsPublishers , pg. 175 Jump up ^ `` Parish of Old or West Monkland , Statistical Account 1799 '' . Edinburgh University . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Drummond , Peter and James Smith ( 1982 ) . Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change . Monkland Library Services ; pg. 15 Jump up ^ Miller , Thomas Roland ( 1958 ) The Monkland Tradition ; Thomas Nelson and Sons , pg. 26 Jump up ^ `` Summerlee Iron Works - Graces Guide '' . www.gracesguide.co.uk. Grace 's Guide Ltd . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Thomas Roland ( 1958 ) The Monkland Tradition ; Thomas Nelson and Sons , pg. 36 Jump up ^ Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland ( 1994 ) Eds. J & J Keay , Harper Collins Publishers , pg. 175 Jump up ^ Historical , biographical and literary sketches of Glasgow and Lanarkshire , part 1&2. Hamilton herald printing and publishing . 1904 , pg. 26 ^ Jump up to : Historical , Biographical and Literary Sketches of Glasgow and Lanarkshire , Part 1&2. Hamilton Herald Printing and Publishing . 1904 . p26 Jump up ^ Peden , Allan ( 1992 ) The Monklands : Illustrated Architectural Guide , Edinburgh : RIAS ; pg. 38 ^ Jump up to : Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith , Monkland Library Services , 1982 Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Coatbridge '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 603 . Jump up ^ Quoted in `` The County of Lanark '' by George Thomson ( Collins , 1960 ) , pg. 32 Jump up ^ The Social History of Religion in Scotland since 1730 ( Routledge , 1987 ) ; Callum Brown , pg. 164 Jump up ^ `` The Political Meaning of the Great Strike '' . The Communist Party of Great Britain . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith , Monkland Library Services , 1982 ; p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Frost 's Scottish Gazette '' . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to Scottish History , Michael Lynch ( ed . ) OUP Oxford ( 2007 ) ; pg. 394 Jump up ^ The Monklands : Illustrated Architectural Guide by Peden , Allan ( pg. 38 ) , RIAS , Edinburgh ; 1992 Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith , Monkland Library Services , 1982 ; pg. 42 ^ Jump up to : `` Coatbridge named Scotland 's most dismal town '' . Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser . Scottish & Universal Newspapers. 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith , Monkland Library Services , 1982 . P. 7 Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith ( Monkland Library Services , 1982 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Drummond , Peter and James Smith ( 1982 ) . Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change . Monkland Library Services , p. 40 Jump up ^ Historical , Biographical and Literary Sketches of Glasgow and Lanarkshire , Parts 1 & 2 . Hamilton Herald Printing and Publishing . 1904 . pg. 101 Jump up ^ `` Writers - Des Dillon '' . British Council . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : Monks '' . EdinburghGuide.com. 18 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Friends '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Duncan and Wilma Finnigan - A couple of auteurs '' . The List . 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . The John Cassavetes and Gena Rowlands of Coatbridge ^ Jump up to : The population of Monklands by Peter Drummond . Monkland District Library Services . 1985 , pg. 7 Jump up ^ Burrell , Kathy and Panikos Panayi ( 2003 ) Histories and Memories : Migrants and Their History in Britain . I.B. Tauris & Co , pg. 238 Jump up ^ Bradley , Joseph M. ( 2008 ) , `` Celtic Football Club , Irish Ethnicity , and Scottish Society '' In : New Hibernia Review , vol. 12 , 1 , Earrach / Spring 2008 , pp. 96 - 110 . Jump up ^ `` Irishinbritain.com '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow Herald '' . Herald Scotland . Archived from the original on 4 August 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What 's On - St Patrick 's Day Festival Coatbridge 2008 - 29 February to 15 March 2008 '' . Lanarkshire.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Celtic Minded - Joseph M. Bradley ( Ed . ) Jump up ^ The Population of Monklands in the 1980s Monkland Library Services Dept. ( 1985 ) , pg. 7 Jump up ^ `` History '' . Albion Rovers FC . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greyhound Racing History '' . Jump up ^ `` Club Information '' . Edinburgh Speedway . Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Glasgow Tigers . Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google news archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Past players - Walter Donaldson '' . World Snooker. 11 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clare 's aiming to be queen of the European golf tour '' . Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser . Scottish & Universal Newspapers. 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry -- RM Urqhuart . Heraldry Today ( 1973 ) , pg. 188 Jump up ^ `` Reserved and Devolved Matters '' . Scotland Office . Archived from the original on 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates and Constituency Assessments '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bruce , et al ; Sectarianism in Scotland , Edinburgh University Press : 2004 Jump up ^ `` Central Scotland Regional MSPs '' . Scottish Parliament . 19 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Comparative Population Profile : Coatbridge Locality Scotland '' . Scottish Census Results OnLine . General Register Office for Scotland . 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comparative Population Profile : North Lanarkshire Council Area Scotland '' . Scottish Census Results OnLine . General Register Office for Scotland . 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Comparative Employment Profile : Coatbridge Locality Scotland '' . Scottish Census Results OnLine . General Register Office for Scotland . 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comparative Population Profile : Coatbridge Locality Scotland '' . Scottish Census Results OnLine . General Register Office for Scotland . 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ List of census localities in Scotland : North Lanarkshire Wikipedia Jump up ^ Old Coatbridge . Stenlake Publishing ( 2000 ) Oliver Van Helden . p3 Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith ( Monkland Library Services , 1982 ) p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Comparative Household Profile : Coatbridge Locality , Scotland '' . Scottish Census Results OnLine . General Register Office for Scotland . 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ The Irish in Scotland by James Handley , 1962 Jump up ^ Gutcher , Lianne ( 11 September 2006 ) . `` Island takes title of most Scottish place ... '' Scotsman.com . Johnston Publishing . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barra - the most Scottish place in Scotland '' ( PDF ) . Sunday Times . Origins Info . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Raddler '' - The Journal of Monklands Historical Society . Vol. 4 , September 1999 ( pg. 21 ) Jump up ^ `` William Lawson 's Blended Scotch Whisky '' . ScotchWhisky.net . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scots towns head house price list '' . BBC News . 24 December 2005 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Goes to Coatbridge '' . Urban Realm. 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Robert Rowand Anderson '' . Edinburgh Architecture . Retrieved 27 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scots blots on landscape '' . Daily Record . Media Scotland . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coatbridge Bridges Enjoy a Full Makeover '' . Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser . Scottish & Universal Newspapers. 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Building Talk '' . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Coatbridge '' . Gazetteer for Scotland . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Historic Scotland ( 11 June 2004 ) . `` RAILWAY BRIDGE OVER COATBRIDGE CROSS '' . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change -- Peter Drummond and James Smith , Monkland Library Services , 1982 p8 Jump up ^ Scottish Executive ( 2009 ) . `` PLANNING APPEAL '' ( PDF ) . NHS Scotland . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Neighbourhoods and landmarks of Coatbridge Google Maps ^ Jump up to : `` HMI follow up report for St Ambrose High '' . North Lanarkshire Council . January 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity Distribution Network Operators '' . Energylinx. 23 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who we are '' . Strathclyde Partnership for Transport . 5 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Services North Lanarkshire Council Jump up ^ `` Doyle Charlie '' . Graham Stevenson . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Jock Kane '' . The Daily Telegraph . 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MINUTE OF MEETING OF COATBRIDGE AREA COMMITTEE '' ( PDF ) . North Lanarkshire Council . 23 June 1998 . Retrieved 8 January 2009 . Further reading Dillon , Des ( 2007 ) Monks , Luath Press Ltd Drummond , Peter and James Smith ( 1982 ) Coatbridge : Three Centuries of Change , Monkland Library Services Drummond , Peter ( 1985 ) The Population of Monklands in the 1980s , Monkland Library Services Dept Miller , Andrew ( 1864 ) The Rise of Coatbridge and the Surrounding Neighbourhood , Glasgow Miller , Thomas Roland ( 1958 ) The Monkland Tradition , Thomas Nelson and Sons Moir , Helen ( 2001 ) Coatbridge ( Images of Scotland ) , The History Press ; ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2132 - 8 Van Helden , Oliver ( 2000 ) Old Coatbridge , Stenlake Publishing External links Find more aboutCoatbridgeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity North Lanarkshire Council Coatbridge Museum Out of The Darkness Evening Times , 27 October 2008 - Article on Coatbridge 's industrial past Settlements in North Lanarkshire Principal towns ( over 10,000 ) Airdrie Bellshill Coatbridge Cumbernauld Motherwell Viewpark Wishaw Small towns , villages , and hamlets Allanton Auchinloch Annathill Banton Bargeddie Birkenshaw Bogside Bonkle Cardowan Calderbank Caldercruix Carfin Carnbroe Castlecary Chapelhall Chryston Cleland Croy Dullatur Forrestfield Garrion Bridge Garnkirk Gartcosh Glenboig Glenmavis Greengairs Harthill Hartwood Holytown Kelvinhead Kilsyth Longriggend Luggiebank Millerston Mollinsburn Moodiesburn Morningside Mossend Muirhead Newarthill Newhouse Newmains New Stevenston Overtown Plains Queenzieburn Ravenscraig Riggend Salsburgh Shotts Stand Stepps Tannochside Wattston Upperton Places of interest Airdrie Public Observatory Bedlay Castle Carfin Grotto Clyde Valley Colzium Dalzell House Dalziel Park Drumpellier Duncarron Greenlink Cycle Path Jerviston M&D 's Newhouse Research Site North Lanarkshire Heritage Centre Ravenscraig Regional Sports Facility Summerlee , Museum of Scottish Industrial Life Strathclyde Country Park VIAF : 131352381 GND : 7617994 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coatbridge&oldid=834053779 '' Categories : Towns in North Lanarkshire Large burghs Coatbridge Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from June 2011 Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Articles containing Scots - language text Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Italiano Lietuvių Norsk پنجابی Polski Русский Scots Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 12 . 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2853229145841478847 | Toyota Tundra | Toyota Tundra - wikipedia Toyota Tundra Jump to : navigation , search Toyota Tundra Overview Manufacturer Toyota Production May 1999 -- present Model years 2000 -- present Assembly Princeton , Indiana ( TMMI ended in 2009 ) San Antonio , Texas , US ( TMMTX ) Body and chassis Class Full - size pickup truck Body style 2 - door Regular cab 4 - door Double cab and Crewmax Layout Front - engine , rear - wheel - drive Front - engine , four - wheel - drive Related Toyota Sequoia Toyota Tacoma Chronology Predecessor Toyota T100 The Toyota Tundra is a pickup truck manufactured in the United States by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since May 1999 . The Tundra was the first North American full - size pickup to be built by a Japanese manufacturer . The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year in 2000 and 2008 . Initially built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton , Indiana , production was consolidated in 2008 to Toyota 's San Antonio , Texas , factory and is the only full - size pickup truck manufactured in Texas . The first generation Tundra had many similarities with the older Toyota T100 and the compact Toyota Tacoma . These included the shared use of a 3.4 - liter V6 engine which was the top of the line engine in both the Tacoma and T100 . The V6 engine would serve as the base engine for the Tundra , while a second engine was added , a 4.7 - liter V8 , the first V8 for a Toyota truck . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 1.1 Safety recalls 2 Second generation ( 2007 -- present ) 2.1 2007 -- 2013 2.1. 1 Model year changes 2.1. 2 Special editions and Option Packages 2.1. 2.1 Ivan Ironman Stewart Signature Series Tundra 2.1. 2.2 Rock Warrior Package 2.1. 2.3 Platinum Package 2.1. 3 Engines 2.1. 3.1 2007 -- 2009 model years 2.1. 3.2 2010 - 2013 model years 2.2 2014 -- present 2.2. 1 Model year changes 2.2. 2 Trim Level Availability 2.2. 3 1794 Edition 2.2. 4 TRD Pro 2.2. 5 Engines 2.2. 5.1 2014 - 2015 model years 2.2. 5.2 Availability 2.3 Assembly 2.4 Safety 2.5 TRD supercharger 2.6 Awards and comparison tests 2.6. 1 Awards 2.6. 2 Media comparison testing 3 Recalls and Reliability 4 Sales 4.1 World markets 4.2 Gray imports gallery 5 NASCAR 6 Pulling the Space Shuttle Endeavour 7 Million - mile Tundra 8 Footnotes 9 External links First generation ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production May 1999 -- December 2006 Model years 2000 -- 2006 Designer Hideo Kondo , Yusuku Fukushima ( 1996 , 2001 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door Regular cab 4 - door Access cab 4 - door Double cab Powertrain Engine 3.4 L 5VZ - FE V6 190 horsepower ( 2000 - 2004 ) 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 236 horsepower ( 2005 - 2006 ) 4.7 L 2UZ - FE V8 245 horsepower ( 2000 - 2004 ) 282 horsepower ( 2005 ) 271 horsepower ( 2006 ) Transmission 5 - speed manual ( 2000 - 2004 ) 4 - speed A340 automatic ( 2000 - 2004 ) 6 - speed manual ( 2005 - 2006 ) 5 - speed automatic ( 2005 - 2006 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 128.3 in ( 3,259 mm ) Double Cab : 140.5 in ( 3,569 mm ) Length 2000 - 04 : 217.5 in ( 5,524 mm ) Double Cab : 230.1 in ( 5,845 mm ) 2005 - 06 : 218.3 in ( 5,545 mm ) Width 75.2 in ( 1,910 mm ) Double Cab & Limited : 79.3 in ( 2,014 mm ) Limited Double Cab : 79.7 in ( 2,024 mm ) Height SR5 V8 4WD : 71.1 in ( 1,806 mm ) 2000 - 04 SR5 Access Cab 4WD : 71.5 in ( 1,816 mm ) SR5 Stepside Access Cab 4WD : 71.3 in ( 1,811 mm ) Limited 4WD : 71.7 in ( 1,821 mm ) 2WD : 70.5 in ( 1,791 mm ) SR5 Access Cab 2WD : 70.7 in ( 1,796 mm ) Limited 2WD : 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm ) Double Cab 4WD : 74.4 in ( 1,890 mm ) Double Cab Limited 4WD : 75.0 in ( 1,905 mm ) Double Cab Limited 2WD : 74.6 in ( 1,895 mm ) Double Cab 2WD : 74.0 in ( 1,880 mm ) Curb weight 3935 -- 4215 lb ( 1785 -- 1912 kg ) 2000 - 2002 Toyota Tundra Access cab SR5 Publicly introduced in May 1999 as a 2000 model , the Tundra prototypes and `` show trucks '' were initially known as T150s . However , Ford and automotive journalists described the name was too close to the market - leader Ford F - 150 , and following a lawsuit by Ford , the production truck was renamed the Tundra . Toyota Tundra stepside . The Tundra was slightly larger than the T100 , but still had the perception of being too small and car - like to pose a serious threat to the domestic pickup trucks . With a production capacity of 120,000 , sales were double the rate of the T100 . At its introduction , the Tundra had the highest initial vehicle sales for Toyota in its history . It was selected as Motor Trend 's Truck of the Year award for 2000 and Best Full - Size Truck from Consumer Reports . It was built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton , Indiana , with 65 percent domestic content . Engine choices available in the Tundra were a 24V 3.4 - liter V6 engine that produced 190 hp ( 142 kW ; 193 PS ) and 220 lb ft ( 300 N m ) of torque and an LEV certified 32 valve 4.7 - liter `` i - Force '' V8 engine that produced 245 hp ( 183 kW ; 248 PS ) and 315 lb ft ( 427 N m ) of torque . A Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) supercharger was already available for the 3.4 - liter V6 ( 2000 - 2003 models ) that bumped horsepower to the 260 hp ( 194 kW ; 264 PS ) range and 260 lb ft ( 350 N m ) of torque . TRD introduced a second supercharger for the V8 ( 2000 - 2003 models ) engine late into its second year of production that increased to the mid 300 hp ( 224 kW ; 304 PS ) range and torque to the 400 lb ft ( 540 N m ) range . The V6 supercharger is still available , the V8 supercharger ended production once Toyota released the updated VVT - i equipped 4.7 - liter engine . 2003 - 2006 Toyota Tundra regular cab The grille was updated in 2002 ( for the 2003 model year ) , along with a new Stepside bed available on Access Cab models . The Tundra Double Cab , also added to the lineup in 2004 , was a crew cab with four rear - opening doors , with interior and exterior details copied from the Toyota Sequoia . Its bed was nearly 5 inches ( 130 mm ) longer than the competing Honda Ridgeline or Ford F - 150 . It is also 13 inches ( 330 mm ) longer , 3 inches ( 76 mm ) taller , and 4 inches ( 100 mm ) wider than the Regular and Access Cab versions , with a 12 inches ( 300 mm ) longer wheelbase . A new engine was introduced in 2005 : a 4.0 - liter V6 rated at 236 hp ( 176 kW ; 239 PS ) and 266 lb ft ( 361 N m ) of torque , and the existing 4.7 - liter V8 was updated with Toyota 's VVT - i variable valve timing technology and was rated at 282 hp ( 210 kW ; 286 PS ) and 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) of torque while the 2006 versions were rerated at 271 hp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) and 313 lb ft ( 424 N m ) of torque . The 5 - speed manual gave way to a 6 - speed manual , and a 5 - speed automatic replaced the 4 - speed . With a towing capacity of 6,900 lb ( 3,100 kg ) on the Double Cab and 7,100 lb ( 3,200 kg ) on Access Cab and Regular Cab models with a V8 engine , the Tundra still did not have enough power to compete with the heavier - duty offerings of the Big Three and Nissan . In 2003 , the T3 Special Edition was sold in conjunction with the release of the Terminator 3 movie . It included a TRD performance package , `` T3 '' badging , blacked out grille and trim pieces , special 17 - inch rims and T3 limited interior trim . 650 were sold in the US as 4x2 and 200 were sold in Canada as 4x4 . In 2006 , the Darrell Waltrip Edition was marketed to honor the NASCAR driver and his participation in the NASCAR Truck Series . Only 2000 V8 - powered Double Cab models were produced . The package included special badging and unique 18 - inch wheels . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) rated the Tundra `` Good '' overall in their frontal offset crash test . It was the first full - size pickup awarded a `` Good '' score , its then competitors from Ford and Dodge were rated `` Poor '' and in the case of GM 's entry `` Marginal '' . Safety recalls ( edit ) Replacement frame due to excessive rust in a North Carolina registered Tundra During late 2009 Toyota issued a recall on 2000 - 2003 model year Tundras regarding rust problems of a rear crossmember . This recall involved 110,000 vehicles and followed a similar action for the Tacoma . Following the Tacoma voluntary recall Tundra owners began complaining of rust issues . In some cases , trucks were inspected by dealers and found to be unsafe to drive . The dealers refused to let the owners take their vehicles without signing an affidavit that they had been informed that Toyota had declared their vehicles unsafe to drive . Complaints were subsequently brought to WCVB - TV Channel 5 investigative reporter Susan Wornick and the story ran repeatedly in spring and fall 2009 prompting the NHTSA to begin an investigation . NHTSA was particularly concerned that owners reported the potential for the spare tire to drop from the vehicle without warning due to corrosion and they opened an investigation on October 6 , 2009 . Toyota recalled 2000 - 2001 Tundras , soon expanding it through 2003 . If no rust is detected an anti-corrosion compound will be applied , if rust is detected the crossmember will be replaced . While Toyota originally limited the recall to 20 cold - weather states , problems were already evident elsewhere . In March 2010 , the recall was expanded throughout the country . Toyota has been replacing frames on affected vehicles rather than paying the 1.5 times Kelley Blue Book value they offered Tacoma owners in a similar campaign for frame rust in Tacomas . Toyota began replacing frames later in the Tacoma campaign . As of January 2012 , Toyota Motor Co. is recalling 533,000 trucks and SUVs because of possible steering and suspension problems caused by faulty ball joints . The recall marks a sudden shift in policy for the Japanese automaker after repeatedly denying consumer complaints about ball joint problems and failures in the Tundra and Sequoia . The Toyota recall includes 2004 to 2007 model year Sequoia full - size sport utility vehicles and 2004 to 2006 Tundra pickups sold in the U.S. A ball joint in the front suspension may wear out causing the vehicles to be difficult or sometimes impossible to steer . Toyota reports that the defect may be the cause of 11 accidents resulting in six injuries . This can cause the wheel to fall off the truck without any notice . Second generation ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production November 2006 -- present Designer Craig Kember ( 2003 ) Matt Sperling ( facelift : 2011 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door Regular cab 4 - door Double Cab 4 - door Crewmax Powertrain Engine 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 ( VVT - i ) 236 horsepower ( 2007 - 2013 ) 4.0 L 1GR - FE V6 ( VVT - i ) 270 horsepower ( 2014 ) 4.7 L 2UZ - FE V8 ( VVT - i ) 276 horsepower ( 2007 - 2009 ) 4.6 L 1UR - FE V8 ( VVT - i ) 310 horsepower ( 2010 - present ) 5.7 L 3UR - FE V8 ( Dual VVT - i ) 381 horsepower Transmission 5 - speed automatic 6 - speed automatic ( AB60E / F ) 6 - speed automatic ( A760E / F ) Dimensions Wheelbase Regular cab 6.5 ' box : 126.8 ( 3220 mm ) Regular cab 8 ' box / Double Cab 6.5 ' box / CrewMax 5.5 ' box : 145.7 ( 3700 mm ) Double Cab 8 ' box : 164.6 ( 4180 mm ) Length Regular cab 6.5 ' box : 209.8 in ( 5,329 mm ) Regular cab 8 ' box / Double Cab 6.5 ' box / CrewMax 5.5 ' box : 228.7 in ( 5,809 mm ) Double Cab 8 ' box : 247.6 in ( 6,289 mm ) Width 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) Height Regular Cab 4WD : 76.2 in ( 1,935 mm ) Regular Cab LB 4WD & Double Cab 4WD : 76.4 in ( 1,941 mm ) CrewMax 4WD : 76.0 in ( 1,930 mm ) Regular & Double Cab 2WD : 75.8 in ( 1,925 mm ) CrewMax 2WD : 75.6 in ( 1,920 mm ) 2007 -- 2013 ( edit ) A larger Tundra was introduced at the February 2006 Chicago Auto Show . It used styling cues from the Toyota Tacoma along with some cues from the Toyota FTX concept truck ( also designed by Craig Kember in 2003 ) . The truck featured towing capacity of up to 10,000 lb , and a payload capacity of over 2,000 lb ( 910 kg ) , a new 5.7 - liter 3UR - FE V8 engine mated to a new 6 - speed automatic transmission . The second generation Tundra had three engine options . The new 5.7 - liter V8 that produces 381 hp ( 284 kW ; 386 PS ) and 401 pound force - feet ( 544 N m ) of torque , and the carry over 4.7 - liter 2UZ - FE V8 rated at 276 hp ( 206 kW ; 280 PS ) and 313 pound force - feet ( 424 N m ) of torque , as well as the previous 4.0 - liter 1GR - FE V6 rated at 236 hp ( 176 kW ; 239 PS ) and 266 pound force - feet ( 361 N m ) of torque . 2012 MY Tundra CrewMax Tundra at the 2013 Quebec City Auto Show When the new Tundra was first launched in January 2007 , it was available in 31 configurations , which consisted of 3 bed lengths , 3 cab configurations , 3 wheelbases , and 2 transmissions . The new Double Cab replaces the previous generation 's Access Cab , and the all new CrewMax replaces the previous generation 's Double Cab , it is also built to compete with the Dodge Ram Mega Cab . The Double Cab and Regular Cab are available with a 6.5 - foot ( 2.0 m ) regular bed or an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) long bed , while the CrewMax is only available with a 5.5 - foot ( 1.7 m ) short bed . The Tundra also features a new 6 - speed automatic transmission which can lock the torque converter in 5th and 6th gears with a manual shift mode which is standard with the 5.7 - liter , giving it a 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter mile time of 14.7 seconds . Toyota made the new Tundra useful for many construction workers by including extra large door handles , deck rail system , integrated tow hitch , and head restraints that can fit a worker with a hardhat . The Tundra also includes as standard : an electronic automatic limited - slip differential ( Auto LSD ) , Vehicle Stability Control , traction control , electronic brakeforce distribution , brake assist , anti-lock brakes and tailgate assist . However , its starting was more expensive than the Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck and the base Ford F - 150 . Some other changes Toyota included in the new Tundra are optional tow mirrors , a 26.4 US gal ( 100 L ; 22 imp gal ) fuel tank , available 22 - inch ( 560 mm ) alloy wheels , backup camera , Bluetooth , large center console ( big enough to fit a 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) laptop ) , extra-large disc brakes and calipers , and the aforementioned 6 - speed sequential automatic transmission . All 5.7 - liter Tundras come equipped with a tow package which includes engine oil and transmission coolers , integrated trailer hitch , 4.30 : 1 axle ratio , and large braking hardware for increased fade resistance . Equipped with the 5.7 - liter V8 the Tundra has a maximum tow rating of 9,000 -- 10,400 lb ( 4,100 -- 4,700 kg ) depending on body configuration . Toyota began rating the Tundra under the SAE J2807 protocol beginning in 2010 . Model year changes ( edit ) The 2008 model added 13 variations bringing the total to 44 model variants . The 2008 models feature additional standard features at a lower price , also include a new `` Tundra Grade '' trim which is slotted below the SR5 trim , and geared toward trades people and the price conscious consumer . Toyota made E85 fuel capability standard to 2009 Tundra 's equipped with the 5.7 - liter V8 in select regions . Toyota also updated the TRD Sport package and added a TRD Rock Warrior package . Prices increased 0.4 % over the previous 2008 model year . 2010 Tundra Double Cab The 2010 model year Tundra received visual updates to the grille and tail lamps . A premium Platinum trim level was added . And a new 4.6 - liter V8 paired with a 6 - speed automatic replaced the previous 4.7 - liter 2UZ - FE V8 engine . For added safety , driver and front passenger knee airbags became standard and NHTSA frontal crash test scores improved to five stars . The 2010 Tundra began arriving at dealers in late April 2009 . Special editions and option packages ( edit ) Ivan Ironman Stewart Signature Series Tundra ( edit ) In June 2008 Toyota introduced the Ivan `` Ironman '' Stewart Signature Series Tundra . Three different packages are offered , one of which includes the TRD Supercharger . As of 2008 , Stewart has won the Baja 500 seventeen times driving Toyota vehicles . Rock Warrior package ( edit ) Toyota Tundra Rock Warrior edition For the 2009 model year , Toyota introduced a new off - road themed option package called the TRD Rock Warrior . This option package was only available on the 4x4 Tundras with either the Double Cab or the CrewMax cab . Included in the option group included 17 '' TRD forged aluminum wheels , LT285 / 70R - 17 BF Goodrich All - Terrain T / A tires , Bilstein shocks , color matched front bumper and grille , matte - black rear bumper , and fog lights . The interior included black cloth bucket seats , sport shift knob , and pedal covers . Double cab models received a sliding rear window . The TRD Rock Warrior package was only available in Black or Super White . For the 2011 model year , the Rock Warrior package continued with some minor changes . Manual sliding rear window with privacy glass ( Double Cab ) , and TRD Rock Warrior graphics . ( Available in the following exteriorcolors : Black , Radiant Red , Magnetic Gray Metallic or Super White only . ) Platinum package ( edit ) For the 2010 model year , a new luxury option group called the Platinum package was made available exclusively on CrewMax Tundras . The option package included a chrome front bumper , unique 20 '' aluminum wheels , Platinum badging and a power moonroof . Interior upgrades included a DVD navigation system and backup monitor , JBL sound system with satellite radio and a Bluetooth system , woodgrain trim , glass break sensor , and door sill protectors . This option group included heated and ventilated bucket seats with perforated leather trim , power controls and embroidered headrests . Engines ( edit ) 2007 -- 2009 model years ( edit ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 236 hp ( 176 kW ) and 266 lb ft ( 361 N m ) ( California Air Resources Board ( CARB ) LEV II certified ) 4.7 L V8 UZ engine 276 hp ( 206 kW ) and 313 lb ft ( 424 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp ( 284 kW ) and 401 lb ft ( 544 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 2010 - 2013 model years ( edit ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 236 hp ( 176 kW ) and 266 lb ft ( 361 N m ) ( CARB LEV II certified ) ( 2010 ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 270 hp ( 201 kW ) and 278 lb ft ( 377 N m ) ( CARB LEV II certified ) ( 2011 - 2013 ) 4.6 L V8 UR engine 310 hp ( 231 kW ) and 327 lb ft ( 443 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp ( 284 kW ) and 401 lb ft ( 544 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 2014 -- present ( edit ) 2014 Toyota Tundra CrewMax with TRD option package 2015 Toyota Tundra SR5 CrewMax in Chile On February 7 , 2013 , the refreshed 2014 Tundra was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show . The redesign featured a larger grille , more enhanced fenders front and rear , a redesigned tailgate and tail lights , as well as a completely redesigned interior . The only sheet - metal carried over from the previous model was the cab and the doors . The hood line was raised to give a more chiseled look and the tailgate includes a spoiler . The interior featured a standard 3.5 inch information screen , bluetooth connectivity , and back up camera . The interior included new seats , new gauges , new controls , updated ergonomics , and a redesigned dashboard with improved materials and metal - look surfaces . Toyota kept the same engines used since the MY 2010 update , a 4.0 L V6 , a 4.6 L V8 , and a 5.7 L V8 . However , the 4.0 L V6 saw a 34 hp ( 25 kW ) increase in power , and was rated at 270 hp ( 201 kW ) and 278 lb ft ( 377 N m ) . Toyota retuned the suspension with new damping rates to improve the ride quality over the previous models . The steering rack was re-valved to improve the steering feel . The Tundra line - up included a new premium luxury model called the 1794 . In total , the 2014 Tundra is available in five trim levels , the SR , SR5 , Limited , Platinum , and 1794 . For the 2014 model year , Toyota discontinued the regular cab Tundra with the 6.5 ' box , but other configurations remain the same . The 2015 model year saw the introduction of the TRD PRO model , being marketed as a more capable off - road package . In addition , the 2015 model year saw the 4.0 L V6 discontinued . Model year changes ( edit ) The 2015 model year saw the introduction of a sixth trim level , the Tundra TRD Pro as part of the new TRD Pro family . A rear under seat storage tray was added to SR5 and Limited Double Cab models , and a 3.5 '' TFT multi-information display was made standard . The 4.0 L V6 was also discontinued . The 2016 model has an updated front chrome grille on SR5 and 1794 Edition ( on 1794 Edition the front bumper center also switched from Silver to Magnetic Gray ) . A large 38.0 gallon fuel tank option ( standard is 26.4 gallons ) on 5.7 L V8 SR5 models as part of the SR5 Upgrade Package , while it is standard on Limited , Platinum , 1794 Edition , and TRD Pro . Flex Fuel ( FFV ) availability expanded to 4x2 models . An integrated Trailer Brake Controller was added that is standard on all 5.7 L V8 models ( N / A with the 4.6 L V8 ) . Blind Spot Monitor and Rear Cross Traffic Alert availability is also expanded as standard equipment on Platinum and 1794 Edition , while also being available on the SR5 ( Safety and Convenience Package , includes front / rear sonar ) and Limited ( Limited Premium Package ) . The entertainment system received the updated Entune 2.5 system . The TRD Off - Road Package is also now available on the 1794 Edition . There are also some color changes : Blazing Blue Pearl ( 8T0 ) replaces Blue Ribbon Metallic ( 8T5 ) , Sunset Bronze Metallic ( 4U3 ) now available on SR5 , Inferno ( 4X0 ) now available on SR5 and Limited ( requires TRD Off - Road Package ( OF ) ) , and the SR is now only available in Super White , Black , and Radiant Red . Trim Level Availability ( edit ) Truck Cab SR SR5 Limited Platinum 1794 Regular Cab available not available not available not available not available Double Cab available available available not available not available CrewMax not available available available available available 1794 Edition ( edit ) 2014 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition in Washington , United States . For the 2014 model year Toyota introduced the 1794 Edition Tundra , designed as a top tier luxury model to compete with the Chevrolet Silverado High Country , Ford King Ranch , Ram Laramie and GMC Denali . The Toyota Tundra plant sits on land that Toyota purchased from the oldest working cattle ranch in Texas . 1794 , refers to the year that this ranch was established by Spanish colonist Juan Ignacio de Casanova . The 1794 Edition is a Western themed package which includes Lexus - grade saddle brown leather interior , heated / cooled / powered front seats , wood trimmed steering wheel and dash , power sunroof , blind spot monitoring , an Etune Premium JBL sound system with a navigation system , unique 20 '' Alloy wheels and 1794 Badging . The seats on the 1794 are finished in leather and a suede - like material and features contrasting stitching . The dash and door panels also have leather trimmed surfaces along with wood accents . TRD Pro ( edit ) Toyota Tundra TRD in Chile . For the 2015 Model Year , Toyota introduced the TRD Pro option package to compete with the likes of the Ford SVT Raptor and Ram 1500 Rebel . This is marketed as a highly capable off - road package that is one step above the standard TRD option package . The TRD Pro includes large 2.5 '' diameter Bilstein remote reservoir shocks at all four wheels which allow for greater maximum extension of the shocks compared to other Tundra shocks . These shocks allow for an additional 1.75 inches ( 44 mm ) of travel in the front and 1.83 inches ( 46 mm ) in the rear and employ a three - stage damping that gets progressively firmer as the suspension compresses . These shocks allow the Tundra TRD Pro to have a front ride height that is 2 inches ( 51 mm ) higher than other Tundras . The front coil springs have a decrease spring rated for more suspension compliance . The TRD Pro also include a 0.25 inches ( 6 mm ) thick aluminum front skid plate and a TRD cat - back dual exhaust system . The TRD Pro has a unique body coloured grille with a blacked out center section and the word `` TOYOTA '' on it instead of the Toyota Emblem . TRD PRO logo is stamped into the sides of the pickups bed , while TRD logos are on the shift knob , center console and floor mats . The interior features unique TRD Pro upholstery and door trim with contrasting red stitching and an Etune premium audio system with navigation . Tires included are P275 / 65 - 18 Michelin LTX A / T2 tires on black finished alloy wheels that have unique TRD center caps . The TRD Pro is available in three colours : Inferno , Attitude Black Metallic and Super White . The TRD Pro is available as an option only on the Tundra SR5 4x4 in either the Double Cab with the 6.5 ft ( 2.0 m ) bed or the CrewMax with the 5.5 ft ( 1.7 m ) bed . For the 2016 model year , the Tundra TRD Pro added Black leather with red contrast stitching and TRD Pro logo . The 38.0 gallon large fuel tank and integrated Trailer Brake Controller was made standard equipment . The color palette was changed to Quicksand ( 4V6 ) , Magnetic Gray ( 1G3 ) , and Super White ( 040 ) . While Super White carried over from 2015 , Magnetic Gray ( 1G3 ) and Quicksand ( 4V6 ) were new . Quicksand was first featured on the FJ - S Cruiser Concept that Toyota and TRD USA used as a test bed for the early TRD Pro Series concept . Quicksand pays tribute to the iconic Land Cruiser and FJ Cruiser from which the TRD Pro Series inherited its rugged DNA . Engines ( edit ) 2014 - 2015 model years ( edit ) 4.0 L V6 GR engine 276 hp ( 206 kW ) and 283 lb ft ( 384 N m ) ( CARB LEV II certified ) 2014 only 4.6 L V8 UR engine 310 hp ( 231 kW ) and 327 lb ft ( 443 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp ( 284 kW ) and 401 lb ft ( 544 N m ) ( CARB ULEV II certified ) Availability ( edit ) Regular Cab ( 2014 ) Regular Cab ( 2015 ) Double Cab SR ( 2014 ) Double Cab CrewMax SR5 CrewMax 4.0 L V6 standard not available standard not available not available not available 4.6 L V8 not available not available optional standard standard not availalble 5.7 L V8 optional standard optional optional optional standard Assembly ( edit ) The second generation Tundra was initially assembled at two different United States locations , the original Princeton , Indiana plant supplemented by a newly built San Antonio , Texas plant . Combined , the two plants give Toyota a maximum capacity to produce 300,000 Tundra units annually or 100,000 units from the Indiana plant and another 200,000 units from the Texas plant . When designing the Texas plant , Toyota arranged for 21 key Tundra suppliers to set up factories on the same site to avoid logistical issues , however those suppliers are more vulnerable to a market downturn . Toyota also included a $9 million health care facility to serve workers and their dependents . Third Generation Tundra will be assembled at Toyota 's San Antonio 's Facility only . The Tundra has 75 % North American parts content . In the second quarter of 2008 Toyota moved all Tundra production to the Texas plant . All Tundra engines and transmissions are built in the United States . As sales fell in 2008 , production of the Tundra at San Antonio stopped for three months . Safety ( edit ) The Tundra comes equipped with dual front airbags , front row side torso airbags , and rollover sensing side curtain airbags for both the front and rear rows . Vehicle Stability Control , traction control , anti-lock brakes , brake assist , and electronic brakeforce distribution are also standard . For the 2010 model year , a driver and front passenger knee airbag becomes standard . Toyota 's Tundra was the first full - size pickup to have earned the IIHS 's Top Safety Pick accolade , followed by the redesigned 2009 Ford F - 150 . In tests conducted by the IIHS , the Tundra received an overall `` Good '' score in the frontal offset crash test , the highest possible rating in the side impact crash test , and the maximum score for rear crash protection . NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2007 ) : Frontal Driver Frontal Passenger Side Driver Side Rear Passenger Rollover The primary difference between IIHS and NHTSA frontal crash testing , is the IIHS conducts an offset test where a smaller portion of the vehicle 's structure absorbs the energy of the crash . This type of crash test is more demanding on the vehicle 's structure , while the full frontal crash test is more demanding on the vehicle 's restraint systems . Both IIHS and NHTSA frontal impact tests can only be compared among vehicles of similar weights . Because the Tundra 's Vehicle Stability Control system is disabled when the vehicle 's 4x4 system is engaged Consumer Reports has questioned the Tundra 's Top Safety Pick award . Toyota 's response is the Tundra does not feature a center differential which would become a weak point in the drivetrain . However the stability control system remains operational at times when the truck is in 4x2 mode though many drivers will select the 4x4 mode in slippery conditions . As of the 2010 model year this has been corrected . Electronic stability control functions in 4x4hi and is disengaged in 4x4lo . This is verified by the updated owners manual , visor instructions , and road tests in snow and ice in 4x4hi . When understeer or oversteer occurs in 4x4hi a beeping noise is emitted , and the dash indicator lights up yellow indicating that VSC is activated , braking individual wheels to match driver input at the steering wheel . TRD supercharger ( edit ) Toyota began selling a bolt - on TRD supercharger kit for the 5.7 - liter V8 Tundra during June 2008 . Power output is increased to 504 hp ( 376 kW ) and 550 pound force - feet ( 750 N m ) of torque . When the installation is carried out by a Toyota dealership the existing warranty remains intact . This kit features Eaton 's TVS Roots - type supercharger which utilizes twin four - lobe rotors , a design shared with the newly introduced Toyota TRD Aurion , Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 and Cadillac CTS - V. TRD discontinued the TRD Supercharger in mid 2015 , meaning that the 2015 model year is the last year that has an official TRD ECU reflash available . Edmunds tested a TRD supercharged Tundra which completed the 1 / 4 mile in 13.3 sec @ 103.8 mph ( 167.0 km / h ) . Edmunds previously tested a naturally aspired 5.7 - liter V8 Tundra which posted a 14.8 sec @ 93.7 mph ( 150.8 km / h ) time . Motor Trend 's test of the supercharged Tundra resulted in a 1 / 4 mile of 13.0 sec @ 106.3 mph ( 171.1 km / h ) . This Tundra needed 4.4 seconds to run from 0 - 60 mph . Awards and Comparison tests ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) CanadianDriver selected the Tundra as `` Truck King '' as the best 1 / 2 - ton pickup with an engine displacing greater than 5.0 - liters , and again as best 1 / 2 - ton with an engine displacing less than 5.0 - liters . Trailer Boats awards the Tundra with its 2007 Tow Vehicle of the Year award after completing nearly two weeks of testing . Truckin ' Magazine awards the Tundra Crew Max with its 2008 Truck of the Year award . Motor Trend selected the Tundra its 2008 Truck of the Year . Other competitors tested were the Chevrolet Silverado HD , GMC Sierra HD , and Ford F - 250 , F - 350 and F - 450 . While the Chevrolet Silverado , Motor Trend 's 2007 TOTY was not in the competition , it was defeated by the Tundra in an earlier three round comparison as noted below . However , Motor Trend ranked the Silverado and Sierra ahead in a later comparison test . Media Comparison testing ( edit ) May 2009 : A Motor Trend comparison test with the Ford F150 Supercrew resulted in a defeat . April 2009 : An Edmunds.com test of 4x4 trucks resulted in a 2nd - place finish for the Tundra . November 2008 : A test conducted by Pickuptrucks.com rated the Tundra 3rd , Motor Trend was asked to join the test and rated the Tundra 5th . 2007 : Motor Trend and Truck Trend magazines rate the Tundra ahead of its GM competitor in a three - round battle . Parts of this comparison took place before the Tundra was officially on sale to the public . All sections were published in both magazines . Introduction Round 1 : Head - to - Head Round 2 : Down and Dirty Final Round - Up , Over , and Out : 2007 : Peterson 's 4 - wheel & Off Road magazine gave the Tundra a 2nd - place finish in their 2008 4x4 of the Year competition . First place went to the Toyota Land Cruiser August 2007 : Consumer Reports rates the Tundra as the 2nd best full - size pickup behind the Chevrolet Avalanche . April 2007 : Car and Driver placed the Tundra 3rd in a 5 - truck roundup . March 2007 : Popular Mechanics ranks the Tundra 2nd in a full - size pickup comparison . January 2007 : Edmunds.com places the Tundra first in their 1 / 2 - ton comparison test . Recalls and reliability ( edit ) In May 2007 , a Toyota spokesperson stated 20 camshaft failures occurred in Toyota 's all - new 5.7 L 3UR - FE V - 8 engine . Toyota said the failures were the result of a flaw in the camshaft casting process , and the supplier of the camshafts has since fixed the error . In the event of a camshaft failure Toyota will either replace the engine and extend the warranty or repurchase the truck from the owner . Toyota originally intended to begin selling the 5.7 - liter equipped Tundra during the northern hemisphere summer of 2007 but decided to rush the engine into production in order to match the November 2006 launch date . This decision was the result of product planners and dealers desire for the larger V8 's availability at the initial sale . On December 13 , 2007 , Toyota Motor Corp recalled 15,600 4x4 2007 model - year Tundras in the United States because a rear propeller shaft joint may fail . `` There is a possibility that a joint in the rear propeller shaft may have been improperly heat treated , resulting in insufficient hardness , '' Toyota said . Adding , `` This may cause a section of the rear propeller shaft to separate at the joint . '' There has been one reported case of abnormal noises in the affected vehicles . No accidents have been connected to the recall . Tundra owners will be notified beginning in late - December 2007 and are requested to contact their local Toyota dealer for inspection . If the hardness is not correct the dealer will then replace the rear propeller shaft . The 2007 - 2010 Tundra was recalled as part of the 2009 -- 10 Toyota vehicle recalls for its accelerator pedal . Although the Toyota Tundra had some recalls , it remains the highest rated pickup truck for reliability . Consumer reports rated the Toyota Tundra 2WD pickup as having the highest predicted reliability among all full - size pickup trucks . The Toyota Tundra 4x4 was rated in second , just below the 2WD model . The Toyota Tundra also was the only full - size pickup to make Consumer Reports most reliable new car and most reliable used cars lists . The Toyota Tundra is recommended by Consumer Reports and is the only full - size truck to have an above average reliability rating . Sales ( edit ) The Indiana factory can produce 130,000 Tundras a year . After being on the market for more than a decade , it has about 17 % of the full - size half - ton market . In 2000 , Toyota sold 107,798 Tundras , compared to the Toyota T100 pickup that sold roughly around 50,000 units . By 2005 , Toyota managed to sell 126,529 units . With the added capacity of the San Antonio plant , Toyota planned to sell around 200,000 Tundras for 2007 . Toyota missed its sales target for 2007 , selling just under 200,000 vehicles . In comparison , for 2007 , GMC Sierra sales were over 12,000 more than Tundra , Chevrolet Silverado was more than 422,000 over Tundra , and the Ford F - 150 was once again the sales leader with 756,980 units that same year . Around 70 - 80 % of the Tundra sales are the 5.7 L versions , and 46 % are the Crew Max . The standard cab versions are selling at a slower rate than expected . Calendar year U.S. 2000 100,445 108,863 2002 99,333 2003 101,316 112,484 2005 126,529 2006 124,508 2007 196,555 2008 137,249 2009 79,385 93,309 2011 82,908 2012 101,621 2013 112,732 2014 118,493 2015 118,880 2016 115,489 World markets ( edit ) As of 2015 , the Toyota Tundra is sold in the U.S. , Canada , Mexico , Panama , Honduras , Bolivia , Chile , and the French territory of New Caledonia in LHD only . The Toyota Tundra has a grey import presence in several countries that include Japan , China , Australia , Switzerland and the Middle East . Gray imports gallery ( edit ) A Toyota Tundra in Tokyo , Japan Toyota Tundra CrewMax in Shanghai , China Custom Toyota Tundra CrewMax in Beijing , China NASCAR ( edit ) In 2004 , the Tundra joined the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and got its first win at Michigan International Speedway on July 31 that year . In 2006 , the Tundra got Toyota 's first manufacturer championship winning 12 of the 25 races . The model also got the driver and owner championship with Todd Bodine and Germain Racing . The truck won every year from 2006 to 2010 Pulling the Space shuttle Endeavour ( edit ) On Friday , October 12 , 2012 , an unmodified , San Antonio - built Toyota Tundra Crew Max pulled the Space Shuttle Endeavour , on top of a special lightweight dolly , across the Manchester Boulevard Bridge ( which runs across Interstate 405 ) . The shuttle 's 12 - mile ( 19 km ) journey to the California Science Center was performed by four self - propelled robotic transporters . However , due to bridge weight restriction , the shuttle was moved to the lighter non-powered dolly and towed the short distance by the Tundra . Once it had completely crossed the bridge , the shuttle was returned to the robotic transporters to continue its course . Toyota also used this opportunity to film a commercial that aired during the 2013 Super Bowl . The cars that filmed the event Close up of one of the filming cars The shuttle awaits to be towed The Toyota Tundra that pulled the Endeavor Million - mile Tundra ( edit ) In 2016 , Victor Sheppard of Houma , Louisiana , clocked in over 1,000,000 miles ( 1,600,000 km ) on his 2007 Tundra . In the eight years of owning the truck , he logged in an average of 125,000 miles ( 200,000 km ) a year and had it serviced at his local dealership a total of 117 times . Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A. , Inc. gave Sheppard a 2016 model year Tundra in exchange for his old truck ; the company will disassemble it to study its durability and reliability . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Tundra '' . Iihs.org. 2005 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PickupTruck.Com - Toyota Tundra Triumphs in IIHS Full Size Pickup Truck Crash Tests '' . Pickuptrucks.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Recalls Summary Safercar.gov NHTSA '' . 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Announces Safety Recall on 2000 through 2003 Tundra Frame Rear Cross-Member / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mar 10 , 2010 10 : 35 am ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Toyota Tundra Recall Expands '' . U.S. News Rankings and Reviews . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Toyota Begins Tundra Production in San Antonio '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky . 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Sperling '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Levine , Mike ( 2010 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Toyota Lowers Tundra Tow Ratings , Gains Credibility - PickupTrucks.com News '' . PickupTrucks.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Adds 13 Models for 2008 Tundra Lineup / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2008 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Announces Prices for 2009 Tundra Full - Size Pickup / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2008 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota to Reveal 2010 Tundra Pickup And New 4.6 - liter V8 Engine at 2009 Chicago Auto Show / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Toyota to offer Ironman packages for Tundra , Tacoma and FJ Cruiser '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Legend Ivan `` IRONMAN '' Stewart Announces Limited Edition 504 + Horsepower Tundra `` . Business Wire. 2008 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Neff , John ( 2008 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Toyota readying Ivan `` Ironman '' Stewart Signature Series Tundra `` . Autoblog . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tundra 2011 brochure '' ( PDF ) . Toyota . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ 2010 Toyota Tundra Brochure . Toyota . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Unveils 2014 Redesigned Tundra Full - Size Pickup Truck at 2013 Chicago Auto Show '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2013 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wojdyla , Ben ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` 2013 Chicago Auto Show : 2014 Toyota Tundra Gets Tweaks '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Elmer , Stephen ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` 2014 Toyota Tundra Gets Sexy New Interior , Same Old Engines '' . AutoGuide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Febbo , Michael . `` 2014 Toyota Tundra '' . Motor Trend . Peterson . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Toyota Tundra Brochure '' . Toyota.com . USA : Toyota . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra '' . USA : Toyota . ^ Jump up to : Edmunds , Dan . `` 2015 Toyota Tundra TRD Pro Road Test '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Karla . `` Priced : 2015 Toyota Tundra Drops V - 6 , Starts at $29,510 '' . Motor Trend.com . Petersons . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.toyota.com/tundra Jump up ^ Bragman , Aaron . `` 2014 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Review '' . Pickup Trucks.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kiino , Ron . `` 2015 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Crewmax 4x4 '' . Motor Trend.com . Peterson . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ayapana , Erick. `` 2014 Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Test '' . Truck Trend.com . Petersons . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Toyota Tundra TRD Pro : First Drive '' . Autotrader.com . Autorader . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pleskot , Kelly . `` 2015 Toyota Tundra TRD Pro Priced at $42,385 '' . Motor Trend.com . Petersons . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Truck Plant and Health Care Center Ready to Roll '' . workforce.com. 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AALA 2012 Listed by Percentage '' ( PDF ) . US : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Tundra Is Now America 's `` Most American '' Pickup `` . US : TundraHeadquarters.com. 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Consolidates Tundra Manufacturing '' . tundraheadquarters.com. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota fills unused capacity at Texas plant with Tacoma '' . Bloomberg via Automotive News . 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra Truck - 2010 Features '' . USA : Toyota . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS news release '' . Iihs.org. 2007 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Tundra '' . Iihs.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Tundra '' . Iihs.org. 2010 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Head restraints : Toyota '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Toyota Tundra Regular Cab w - SAB '' . safercars.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 . What is the difference between a full frontal rating and an offset crash rating ? Does NHTSA do both ? '' . USA : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Cheryl ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Truck Rated Safe , With Asterisk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TRD Supercharger -- 5.7 L V8 Tundra '' ( PDF ) . Sparks Toyota - Scion . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ZR1 Eaton Supercharger in - depth - Corvette Forum '' . Forums.corvetteforum.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kavanagh , Jason ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) . `` 2008 Toyota Tundra Supercharged by TRD Follow - Up Test and Video '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kavanagh , Jason ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Comparison Test : 2007 Half - Ton Pickup Trucks '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Tundra TRD Supercharged - Features and Specs - First Test '' . Motor Trend . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison tests and reviews '' Toyota Tundra Double Cab SR5 crowned 2008 Canadian Truck King `` . CanadianDriver. 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Trailerboats.com ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) . `` 2007 Tow Vehicle of the Year '' . Trailerboats.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Truck & Suv of the Year - Truck Comparison Test - Page 7 - Truckin ' Magazine '' . Truckinweb.com. 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Tundra - Truck of the Year '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Motor Trend Truck of the Year : Testing and Finalists - Introduction - Of The Year '' . Motor Trend . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Kim ( July 2009 ) . `` 2009 Ford F - 150 SuperCrew Lariat vs. 2009 Toyota Tundra SuperCrew Limited Comparison '' . Motor Trend . p. 4 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Edmunds , Dan ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` 2009 Full - Size Pickup Truck Comparison Test and Video on Inside Line '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Half - Ton - PickupTrucks.com Special Reports '' . Special-reports.pickuptrucks.com. 2008 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Half Ton Truck Comparison - Specs and Data '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Chevrolet Silverado vs. 2007 Toyota Tundra - Full - size Truck Comparison & Review '' . Truck Trend . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Chevrolet Silverado vs 2007 Toyota Tundra - Head to Head Road Test & Review '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Chevrolet Silverado vs. 2007 Toyota Tundra - Full Size Truck Comparison Road Test & Review '' . Truck Trend . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 GMC Sierra vs. 2007 Toyota Tundra - Fullsize Truck Comparison '' . Truck Trend . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 42303_Part2. qxp : Layout 1 '' ( PDF ) . USA : Toyota . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra , Chevrolet Silverado Rank Best In Tests Of Four , Full - Sized , Crew - Cab Pickups By Consumer Reports '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Chevrolet Silverado v 2007 Dodge Ram v 2007 Ford F - 150 v 2007 Nissan Titan v 2007 Toyota Tundra - Pickups / Comparison Test / Reviews / Car and Driver '' . Car And Driver . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 New Pickup Trucks : Comparison Test '' . Popular Mechanics. 2007 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison Test : 2007 Half - Ton Pickup Trucks '' . Edmunds.com. 2007 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra Recall Information - Toyota Recalls & Problems '' . Lemonauto.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Neff , John ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Aw Snap ! Toyota recalling 15,600 Tundras for transmission shaft problems '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Cars , Top Values '' . Consumer Reports ( June 2014 ) : 19 , 21,155,159 . June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Tundra Information and Buyer 's Guide '' . Tundraheadquarters.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 vehicles for December '' . Detroit Free Press . 2008 - 01 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46 - Year History , Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota December 2011 Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` December 2012 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` December 2013 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` December 2014 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` December 2015 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` December 2016 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 2017 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Neal Morton ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Shuttle Endeavour hitches a ride with S.A. truck '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Allyson Harwood ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) . `` How a 2012 Toyota Tundra Towed the Space Shuttle Endeavour '' . Motor Trend 's Truck Trend . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Million - mile Toyota Tundra owner given brand new truck '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Esterdahl , Tim ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Million - Mile 2007 Toyota Tundra '' . Truck Trend . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Tundra . Toyota Tundra Global Site ( hide ) Toyota light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present ( model years ) Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mini SUV RAV4 RAV4 C - HR Compact SUV 4Runner 4Runner 4Runner RAV4 RAV4 Mid-size crossover Highlander Highlander Highlander Venza Mid-size SUV 4Runner 4Runner FJ Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Land Cruiser Full - size SUV Sequoia Sequoia Minivan Van Previa Sienna Sienna Sienna Pickup Pickup Pickup Pickup Tacoma Tacoma Tacoma T100 Tundra Tundra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Tundra&oldid=785951375 '' Categories : Toyota vehicles Pickup trucks All - wheel - drive vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1999 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 11 : 18 . 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3547070058074295403 | List of countries by GDP (nominal) | List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) - wikipedia List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) For countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity , see List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) . Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2018 , not counting the economies of the European Union as one , according to International Monetary Fund estimates . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year . Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions , which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates . Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries , and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next , even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population . Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries . PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem , but has its own drawbacks ; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade , and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP . On the whole , PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures . The United States is the world 's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $18.56 trillion , notably due to high average incomes , a large population , capital investment , moderate unemployment , high consumer spending , a relatively young population , and technological innovation . Tuvalu is the world 's smallest national economy with a GDP of about $32 million because of its very small population , a lack of natural resources , reliance on foreign aid , negligible capital investment , demographic problems , and low average incomes . Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time , the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age , a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion , surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output . Since China 's transition to a market - based economy through privatisation and deregulation , the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2 % in 1980 to 15 % in 2016 . India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s . When supranational entities are included , the European Union is the second largest economy in the world . It was the largest from 2004 , when ten countries joined the union , to 2014 , after which it was surpassed by the United States . The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook , the second list shows the World Bank 's data , and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October . Several economies which are not considered to be countries ( the world , the European Union , and some dependent territories ) are included in the lists because they appear in the sources as distinct economies . These economies are italicized and not ranked in the charts , but are listed where applicable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lists 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Lists Per the International Monetary Fund ( 2018 ) Per the World Bank ( 2016 ) Per the United Nations ( 2016 ) Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 79,865,481 United States 20,412,870 -- European Union 19,669,743 China 14,092,514 Japan 5,167,051 Germany 4,211,635 5 United Kingdom 2,936,286 6 France 2,925,096 7 India 2,848,231 8 Italy 2,181,970 9 Brazil 2,138,918 10 Canada 1,798,512 11 Russia 1,719,000 12 South Korea 1,693,246 13 Spain 1,506,439 14 Australia 1,500,256 15 Mexico 1,212,831 16 Indonesia 1,074,966 17 Netherlands 945,327 18 Turkey 909,885 19 Saudi Arabia 748,003 20 Switzerland 741,688 21 Argentina 625,921 22 Poland 614,190 23 Taiwan 613,295 24 Sweden 600,771 25 Belgium 562,229 26 Thailand 483,739 27 Austria 477,672 28 Norway 443,252 29 Iran 418,875 30 United Arab Emirates 411,827 31 Nigeria 408,612 32 Ireland 385,142 33 Israel 373,751 34 South Africa 370,887 35 Denmark 369,760 36 Malaysia 364,919 37 Hong Kong 364,782 38 Singapore 332,449 39 Colombia 327,978 40 Philippines 313,419 41 Pakistan 303,993 42 Finland 289,557 43 Bangladesh 285,817 44 Chile 280,269 45 Czech Republic 251,577 46 Portugal 248,891 47 Romania 245,590 48 Vietnam 240,779 49 Egypt 237,073 50 Peru 231,567 51 Greece 226,774 52 Iraq 223,258 53 New Zealand 220,888 54 Algeria 197,629 55 Qatar 183,807 56 Kazakhstan 179,250 57 Hungary 163,541 58 Kuwait 135,305 59 Morocco 120,997 60 Angola 119,428 61 Ukraine 119,134 62 Slovakia 111,483 63 Ecuador 106,621 64 Venezuela 100,845 65 Puerto Rico 97,353 66 Sri Lanka 93,454 67 Kenya 88,271 68 Ethiopia 85,664 69 Oman 82,620 70 Guatemala 82,356 71 Dominican Republic 80,413 -- Syria 77,460 / Na 72 Luxembourg 72,461 73 Myanmar 70,715 74 Uruguay 63,370 75 Panama 66,711 76 Bulgaria 64,781 77 Costa Rica 61,287 78 Croatia 61,056 79 Belarus 59,246 80 Slovenia 56,933 81 Tanzania 56,664 82 Lithuania 54,352 83 Macau 53,754 84 Lebanon 53,620 85 Ghana 51,619 86 Serbia 48,279 87 Côte d'Ivoire 48,142 88 Azerbaijan 45,483 99 Libya 43,636 90 Democratic Republic of the Congo 42,644 91 Jordan 42,553 92 Turkmenistan 42,353 93 Sudan 41,676 94 Bolivia 40,737 95 Tunisia 40,298 96 Uzbekistan 40,259 97 Cameroon 39,074 98 Bahrain 37,841 99 Latvia 35,915 100 Paraguay 32,291 101 Estonia 30,821 102 El Salvador 29,407 103 Iceland 29,109 104 Uganda 27,616 105 Nepal 27,278 106 Papua New Guinea 26,312 107 Zambia 26,228 108 Cyprus 24,620 109 Cambodia 24,360 110 Honduras 24,021 111 Trinidad and Tobago 22,158 112 Afghanistan 21,657 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,340 114 Senegal 19,722 115 Zimbabwe 19,395 116 Botswana 18,620 117 Laos 18,337 118 Mali 17,907 119 Gabon 17,461 120 Georgia 16,142 121 Albania 15,289 122 Jamaica 15,256 123 Malta 14,873 124 Burkina Faso 14,607 125 Nicaragua 14,532 126 Brunei 14,438 127 Mozambique 14,321 128 Yemen 13,840 129 Namibia 13,298 130 Mauritius 13,297 131 Macedonia 13,085 132 Madagascar 12,611 133 Mongolia 12,511 134 Bahamas 12,318 135 Armenia 12,031 136 Equatorial Guinea 11,544 137 Chad 11,486 138 Benin 11,039 139 Guinea 10,854 140 Republic of Congo 10,471 141 Rwanda 9,944 142 Niger 9,869 143 Haiti 9,417 144 Moldova 9,202 145 Kosovo 8,359 146 Tajikistan 7,659 147 Kyrgyzstan 7,588 148 Malawi 6,746 149 Eritrea 6,721 150 Togo 5,590 151 Montenegro 5,547 152 Fiji 5,440 153 Mauritania 5,435 154 Barbados 5,317 155 Maldives 4,825 156 Swaziland 4,572 157 Suriname 3,857 158 Sierra Leone 3,824 159 Burundi 3,805 160 Guyana 3,747 161 Liberia 3,332 162 South Sudan 3,194 163 Lesotho 2,920 164 Timor - Leste 2,740 165 Bhutan 2,547 166 Djibouti 2,187 167 Central African Republic 2,164 168 Cape Verde 1,978 169 Belize 1,912 170 San Marino 1,809 171 St. Lucia 1,755 172 Antigua and Barbuda 1,612 173 Guinea - Bissau 1,582 174 Seychelles 1,569 175 Solomon Islands 1,377 176 Grenada 1,180 177 The Gambia 1,085 178 St. Kitts and Nevis 972 179 Vanuatu 957 180 Samoa 881 181 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 835 182 Comoros 738 183 Dominica 476 184 São Tomé and Príncipe 443 185 Tonga 433 186 Federated States of Micronesia 335 187 Palau 321 188 Kiribati 211 189 Marshall Islands 205 190 Tuvalu 43 191 Vatican City Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 7007755435430000000 ♠ 75,543,543 United States 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 -- European Union 7007163979800000000 ♠ 16,397,980 China 7007111991450000000 ♠ 11,199,145 Japan 7006494015800000000 ♠ 4,940,158 Germany 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 6 France 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 7 India 7006226379200000000 ♠ 2,263,792 8 Italy 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 9 Brazil 7006179618600000000 ♠ 1,796,186 10 Canada 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 11 South Korea 7006141124600000000 ♠ 1,411,246 12 Russia 7006128316200000000 ♠ 1,283,162 13 Spain 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 14 Australia 7006120461600000000 ♠ 1,204,616 15 Mexico 7006104692200000000 ♠ 1,046,922 16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 17 Turkey 7005857711000000000 ♠ 857,711 18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 20 Saudi Arabia 7005646438000000000 ♠ 646,438 21 Argentina 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 22 Sweden 7005511000000000000 ♠ 511,000 23 Poland 7005469509000000000 ♠ 469,509 24 Belgium 7005466366000000000 ♠ 466,366 25 Iran 7005425326000000000 ♠ 425,326 26 Thailand 7005406840000000000 ♠ 406,840 27 Nigeria 7005405083000000000 ♠ 405,083 28 Austria 7005386428000000000 ♠ 386,428 29 Venezuela 7005371337000000000 ♠ 371,337 30 Norway 7005370557000000000 ♠ 370,557 31 United Arab Emirates 7005348743000000000 ♠ 348,743 32 Egypt 7005336297000000000 ♠ 336,297 33 Hong Kong 7005320912000000000 ♠ 320,912 34 Israel 7005318744000000000 ♠ 318,744 35 Denmark 7005306143000000000 ♠ 306,143 36 Philippines 7005304905000000000 ♠ 304,905 37 Singapore 7005296966000000000 ♠ 296,966 38 Malaysia 7005296359000000000 ♠ 296,359 39 South Africa 7005294841000000000 ♠ 294,841 40 Ireland 7005294054000000000 ♠ 294,054 41 Pakistan 7005283660000000000 ♠ 283,660 42 Colombia 7005282463000000000 ♠ 282,463 43 Chile 7005247028000000000 ♠ 247,028 44 Finland 7005236785000000000 ♠ 236,785 45 Bangladesh 7005221415000000000 ♠ 221,415 46 Portugal 7005204565000000000 ♠ 204,565 47 Vietnam 7005202616000000000 ♠ 202,616 48 Greece 7005194559000000000 ♠ 194,559 49 Czech Republic 7005192925000000000 ♠ 192,925 50 Peru 7005192094000000000 ♠ 192,094 51 Romania 7005186691000000000 ♠ 186,691 52 New Zealand 7005185017000000000 ♠ 185,017 53 Iraq 7005171489000000000 ♠ 171,489 54 Algeria 7005156080000000000 ♠ 156,080 55 Qatar 7005152469000000000 ♠ 152,469 56 Kazakhstan 7005133657000000000 ♠ 133,657 57 Hungary 7005124343000000000 ♠ 124,343 58 Kuwait 7005112812000000000 ♠ 112,812 59 Puerto Rico 7005103135000000000 ♠ 103,135 60 Morocco 7005101445000000000 ♠ 101,445 61 Ecuador 7004978020000000000 ♠ 97,802 62 Sudan 7004955840000000000 ♠ 95,584 63 Ukraine 7004932700000000000 ♠ 93,270 64 Angola 7004896330000000000 ♠ 89,633 65 Slovakia 7004895520000000000 ♠ 89,552 66 Sri Lanka 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 67 Ethiopia 7004723740000000000 ♠ 72,374 68 Dominican Republic 7004715840000000000 ♠ 71,584 69 Kenya 7004705290000000000 ♠ 70,529 70 Guatemala 7004687630000000000 ♠ 68,763 71 Myanmar 7004674300000000000 ♠ 67,430 72 Uzbekistan 7004672200000000000 ♠ 67,220 73 Oman 7004662930000000000 ♠ 66,293 74 Luxembourg 7004599480000000000 ♠ 59,948 75 Costa Rica 7004574360000000000 ♠ 57,436 76 Panama 7004551880000000000 ♠ 55,188 77 Uruguay 7004524200000000000 ♠ 52,420 78 Bulgaria 7004523950000000000 ♠ 52,395 79 Croatia 7004504250000000000 ♠ 50,425 80 Lebanon 7004475370000000000 ♠ 47,537 81 Belarus 7004474330000000000 ♠ 47,433 82 Tanzania 7004474310000000000 ♠ 47,431 83 Macau 7004448030000000000 ♠ 44,803 84 Slovenia 7004439910000000000 ♠ 43,991 85 Lithuania 7004427390000000000 ♠ 42,739 86 Ghana 7004426900000000000 ♠ 42,690 87 Tunisia 7004420630000000000 ♠ 42,063 88 Jordan 7004386550000000000 ♠ 38,655 89 Azerbaijan 7004378480000000000 ♠ 37,848 90 Serbia 7004377450000000000 ♠ 37,745 91 Turkmenistan 7004361800000000000 ♠ 36,180 92 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 7004361650000000000 ♠ 36,165 93 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004349990000000000 ♠ 34,999 94 Bolivia 7004338060000000000 ♠ 33,806 95 Bahrain 7004318590000000000 ♠ 31,859 96 Libya 7004291530000000000 ♠ 29,153 97 Latvia 7004276770000000000 ♠ 27,677 98 Paraguay 7004274410000000000 ♠ 27,441 99 Yemen 7004273180000000000 ♠ 27,318 100 El Salvador 7004267970000000000 ♠ 26,797 101 Uganda 7004255280000000000 ♠ 25,528 102 Cameroon 7004242040000000000 ♠ 24,204 103 Estonia 7004231370000000000 ♠ 23,137 104 Honduras 7004215170000000000 ♠ 21,517 105 Nepal 7004211440000000000 ♠ 21,144 106 Trinidad and Tobago 7004209890000000000 ♠ 20,989 107 Iceland 7004200470000000000 ♠ 20,047 108 Cambodia 7004200170000000000 ♠ 20,017 109 Cyprus 7004198020000000000 ♠ 19,802 110 Zambia 7004195510000000000 ♠ 19,551 111 Afghanistan 7004194690000000000 ♠ 19,469 112 Papua New Guinea 7004169290000000000 ♠ 16,929 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004165600000000000 ♠ 16,560 114 Zimbabwe 7004162890000000000 ♠ 16,289 115 Laos 7004159030000000000 ♠ 15,903 116 Botswana 7004152750000000000 ♠ 15,275 117 Senegal 7004147650000000000 ♠ 14,765 118 Georgia 7004143330000000000 ♠ 14,333 119 Gabon 7004142140000000000 ♠ 14,214 120 Mali 7004140450000000000 ♠ 14,045 121 Jamaica 7004140270000000000 ♠ 14,027 122 South Sudan 7004132820000000000 ♠ 13,282 123 Nicaragua 7004132310000000000 ♠ 13,231 124 Mauritius 7004121640000000000 ♠ 12,164 125 Burkina Faso 7004121150000000000 ♠ 12,115 126 Albania 7004119270000000000 ♠ 11,927 127 Brunei 7004114000000000000 ♠ 11,400 128 Mongolia 7004111600000000000 ♠ 11,160 129 Mozambique 7004110150000000000 ♠ 11,015 130 Malta 7004109490000000000 ♠ 10,949 131 Macedonia 7004109000000000000 ♠ 10,900 132 Armenia 7004105470000000000 ♠ 10,547 133 Namibia 7004102670000000000 ♠ 10,267 134 Equatorial Guinea 7004101790000000000 ♠ 10,179 135 Madagascar 7003999100000000000 ♠ 9,991 136 Chad 7003960100000000000 ♠ 9,601 137 The Bahamas 7003904700000000000 ♠ 9,047 138 Benin 7003858300000000000 ♠ 8,583 139 Rwanda 7003837600000000000 ♠ 8,376 140 Haiti 7003802300000000000 ♠ 8,023 141 Republic of the Congo 7003783400000000000 ♠ 7,834 142 Niger 7003750900000000000 ♠ 7,509 143 Kosovo 7003704700000000000 ♠ 7,047 144 Tajikistan 7003695200000000000 ♠ 6,952 145 Moldova 7003675000000000000 ♠ 6,750 146 Kyrgyzstan 7003655100000000000 ♠ 6,551 147 Guinea 7003629900000000000 ♠ 6,299 148 Somalia 7003621700000000000 ♠ 6,217 149 Bermuda 7003557400000000000 ♠ 5,574 150 Liechtenstein 7003548800000000000 ♠ 5,488 151 Malawi 7003544200000000000 ♠ 5,442 152 Mauritania 7003463500000000000 ♠ 4,635 153 Fiji 7003463200000000000 ♠ 4,632 154 Barbados 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 155 Togo 7003440000000000000 ♠ 4,400 156 Montenegro 7003417300000000000 ♠ 4,173 157 Swaziland 7003372700000000000 ♠ 3,727 158 Sierra Leone 7003366900000000000 ♠ 3,669 159 Suriname 7003362100000000000 ♠ 3,621 160 Maldives 7003359100000000000 ♠ 3,591 161 Guyana 7003344600000000000 ♠ 3,446 162 Andorra 7003324900000000000 ♠ 3,249 163 Burundi 7003300700000000000 ♠ 3,007 164 Faroe Islands 7003261300000000000 ♠ 2,613 165 Greenland 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 166 Bhutan 7003223700000000000 ♠ 2,237 167 Lesotho 7003220000000000000 ♠ 2,200 168 Liberia 7003210100000000000 ♠ 2,101 169 Belize 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 170 Central African Republic 7003175600000000000 ♠ 1,756 171 Cape Verde 7003161700000000000 ♠ 1,617 172 Djibouti 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 173 Antigua and Barbuda 7003144900000000000 ♠ 1,449 174 Seychelles 7003142700000000000 ♠ 1,427 175 Timor - Leste 7003141700000000000 ♠ 1,417 176 Saint Lucia 7003137900000000000 ♠ 1,379 177 Solomon Islands 7003120200000000000 ♠ 1,202 178 Guinea - Bissau 7003112600000000000 ♠ 1,126 179 Grenada 7003101600000000000 ♠ 1,016 180 The Gambia 7002965000000000000 ♠ 965 181 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002917000000000000 ♠ 917 182 Samoa 7002786000000000000 ♠ 786 183 Vanuatu 7002774000000000000 ♠ 774 184 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002771000000000000 ♠ 771 185 Comoros 7002617000000000000 ♠ 617 186 Dominica 7002525000000000000 ♠ 525 187 Tonga 7002395000000000000 ♠ 395 188 Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 189 Federated States of Micronesia 7002322000000000000 ♠ 322 190 Palau 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 191 Marshall Islands 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 192 Kiribati 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 193 Nauru 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 194 Tuvalu 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 7007756484480000000 ♠ 75,648,448 United States 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 -- European Union 7007163326310000000 ♠ 16,332,631 China 7007112182810000000 ♠ 11,218,281 Japan 7006493621100000000 ♠ 4,936,211 Germany 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 6 France 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 7 India 7006225964200000000 ♠ 2,259,642 8 Italy 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 9 Brazil 7006179592500000000 ♠ 1,795,925 10 Canada 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 11 South Korea 7006141124500000000 ♠ 1,411,245 12 Australia 7006130446300000000 ♠ 1,304,463 13 Russia 7006124601500000000 ♠ 1,246,015 14 Spain 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 15 Mexico 7006107691400000000 ♠ 1,076,914 16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 17 Turkey 7005863711000000000 ♠ 863,711 18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 20 Saudi Arabia 7005639617000000000 ♠ 639,617 21 Argentina 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 22 Sweden 7005514475000000000 ♠ 514,475 23 Poland 7005471402000000000 ♠ 471,402 24 Belgium 7005467955000000000 ♠ 467,955 25 Iran 7005425402000000000 ♠ 425,402 26 Thailand 7005407026000000000 ♠ 407,026 27 Nigeria 7005404649000000000 ♠ 404,649 28 Austria 7005390799000000000 ♠ 390,799 29 Norway 7005371068000000000 ♠ 371,068 30 United Arab Emirates 7005399451000000000 ♠ 399,451 31 Colombia 7005377740000000000 ♠ 377,740 32 South Africa 7005349819000000000 ♠ 349,819 33 Denmark 7005346119000000000 ♠ 346,119 34 Malaysia 7005326933000000000 ♠ 326,933 35 Singapore 7005307872000000000 ♠ 307,872 36 Israel 7005305673000000000 ♠ 305,673 37 Venezuela 7005291376000000000 ♠ 291,376 38 Philippines 7005290896000000000 ♠ 290,896 39 Egypt 7005282242000000000 ♠ 282,242 40 Hong Kong 7005274027000000000 ♠ 274,027 41 Finland 7005272217000000000 ♠ 272,217 42 Chile 7005258062000000000 ♠ 258,062 43 Pakistan 7005251255000000000 ♠ 251,255 44 Ireland 7005250814000000000 ♠ 250,814 45 Greece 7005235574000000000 ♠ 235,574 46 Portugal 7005230117000000000 ♠ 230,117 47 Iraq 7005225422000000000 ♠ 225,422 48 Kazakhstan 7005216036000000000 ♠ 216,036 49 Algeria 7005213518000000000 ♠ 213,518 50 Qatar 7005211817000000000 ♠ 211,817 51 Czech Republic 7005205270000000000 ♠ 205,270 52 Peru 7005201809000000000 ♠ 201,809 53 Romania 7005199045000000000 ♠ 199,045 54 New Zealand 7005198652000000000 ♠ 198,652 55 Vietnam 7005186205000000000 ♠ 186,205 56 Bangladesh 7005173062000000000 ♠ 173,062 57 Kuwait 7005163637000000000 ♠ 163,637 58 Angola 7005146676000000000 ♠ 146,676 59 Hungary 7005138347000000000 ♠ 138,347 60 Ukraine 7005131806000000000 ♠ 131,806 61 Morocco 7005110009000000000 ♠ 110,009 62 Puerto Rico 7005103676000000000 ♠ 103,676 63 Ecuador 7005100917000000000 ♠ 100,917 64 Slovakia 7005100249000000000 ♠ 100,249 65 Cuba 7004896890000000000 ♠ 89,689 66 Sudan 7004818940000000000 ♠ 81,894 67 Oman 7004817970000000000 ♠ 81,797 68 Belarus 7004761390000000000 ♠ 76,139 69 Azerbaijan 7004751930000000000 ♠ 75,193 70 Sri Lanka 7004749410000000000 ♠ 74,941 71 Myanmar 7004664780000000000 ♠ 66,478 72 Luxembourg 7004648740000000000 ♠ 64,874 73 Dominican Republic 7004639690000000000 ♠ 63,969 74 Uzbekistan 7004630300000000000 ♠ 63,030 75 Kenya 7004609360000000000 ♠ 60,936 76 Guatemala 7004588270000000000 ♠ 58,827 77 Uruguay 7004574710000000000 ♠ 57,471 78 Croatia 7004571370000000000 ♠ 57,137 79 Bulgaria 7004567180000000000 ♠ 56,718 80 Macau 7004555020000000000 ♠ 55,502 81 Ethiopia 7004536380000000000 ♠ 53,638 82 Lebanon 7004496310000000000 ♠ 49,631 83 Costa Rica 7004495530000000000 ♠ 49,553 84 Slovenia 7004494910000000000 ♠ 49,491 85 Panama 7004491660000000000 ♠ 49,166 86 Lithuania 7004483920000000000 ♠ 48,392 87 Tanzania 7004480300000000000 ♠ 48,030 88 Turkmenistan 7004479320000000000 ♠ 47,932 89 Tunisia 7004474230000000000 ♠ 47,423 90 Serbia 7004438660000000000 ♠ 43,866 91 Libya 7004413190000000000 ♠ 41,319 92 Ghana 7004371770000000000 ♠ 37,177 93 Yemen 7004371310000000000 ♠ 37,131 94 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004359090000000000 ♠ 35,909 95 Jordan 7004358270000000000 ♠ 35,827 96 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 7004342540000000000 ♠ 34,254 97 Bahrain 7004338500000000000 ♠ 33,850 98 Bolivia 7004329960000000000 ♠ 32,996 99 Cameroon 7004320510000000000 ♠ 32,051 100 Latvia 7004312860000000000 ♠ 31,286 101 Paraguay 7004309850000000000 ♠ 30,985 102 Trinidad and Tobago 7004280690000000000 ♠ 28,069 103 Uganda 7004274650000000000 ♠ 27,465 104 Zambia 7004269630000000000 ♠ 26,963 105 Estonia 7004264850000000000 ♠ 26,485 106 El Salvador 7004251640000000000 ♠ 25,164 107 Cyprus 7004230770000000000 ♠ 23,077 108 Afghanistan 7004211220000000000 ♠ 21,122 109 Honduras 7004194970000000000 ♠ 19,497 110 Nepal 7004194890000000000 ♠ 19,489 111 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004184910000000000 ♠ 18,491 112 Gabon 7004174120000000000 ♠ 17,412 113 North Korea 7004173960000000000 ♠ 17,396 114 Brunei 7004171040000000000 ♠ 17,104 115 Mozambique 7004170810000000000 ♠ 17,081 116 Iceland 7004170360000000000 ♠ 17,036 117 Cambodia 7004167780000000000 ♠ 16,778 118 Equatorial Guinea 7004167310000000000 ♠ 16,731 119 Papua New Guinea 7004165760000000000 ♠ 16,576 120 Georgia 7004165300000000000 ♠ 16,530 121 Botswana 7004158130000000000 ♠ 15,813 122 Senegal 7004156580000000000 ♠ 15,658 123 Zimbabwe 7004147190000000000 ♠ 14,719 124 Congo , Republic of the 7004140770000000000 ♠ 14,077 125 Jamaica 7004139270000000000 ♠ 13,927 126 Namibia 7004134290000000000 ♠ 13,429 127 Albania 7004134130000000000 ♠ 13,413 128 Chad 7004127910000000000 ♠ 12,791 129 Arab Palestinian areas 7004127660000000000 ♠ 12,766 130 Burkina Faso 7004127560000000000 ♠ 12,756 131 Mauritius 7004126160000000000 ♠ 12,616 132 Mongolia 7004120670000000000 ♠ 12,067 133 Mali 7004119790000000000 ♠ 11,979 134 Nicaragua 7004118060000000000 ♠ 11,806 135 Laos 7004117490000000000 ♠ 11,749 136 Macedonia 7004113190000000000 ♠ 11,319 137 South Sudan 7004110070000000000 ♠ 11,007 138 Armenia 7004108890000000000 ♠ 10,889 139 Madagascar 7004106740000000000 ♠ 10,674 140 Malta 7004105360000000000 ♠ 10,536 141 New Caledonia 7004102340000000000 ♠ 10,234 142 Benin 7003957500000000000 ♠ 9,575 143 Tajikistan 7003924200000000000 ♠ 9,242 144 Haiti 7003859900000000000 ♠ 8,599 145 The Bahamas 7003851000000000000 ♠ 8,510 146 Niger 7003816900000000000 ♠ 8,169 147 Moldova 7003794400000000000 ♠ 7,944 148 Rwanda 7003790300000000000 ♠ 7,903 149 Kyrgyzstan 7003740400000000000 ♠ 7,404 150 Kosovo 7003738700000000000 ♠ 7,387 151 Monaco 7003706000000000000 ♠ 7,060 152 Guinea 7003657900000000000 ♠ 6,579 153 Liechtenstein 7003585500000000000 ♠ 5,855 154 Malawi 7003572000000000000 ♠ 5,720 155 French Polynesia 7003562300000000000 ♠ 5,623 156 Bermuda 7003560100000000000 ♠ 5,601 157 Suriname 7003521000000000000 ♠ 5,210 158 Mauritania 7003509200000000000 ♠ 5,092 159 Timor - Leste 7003497000000000000 ♠ 4,970 160 Sierra Leone 7003489300000000000 ♠ 4,893 161 Montenegro 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 162 Togo 7003457600000000000 ♠ 4,576 163 Fiji 7003453200000000000 ♠ 4,532 164 Swaziland 7003448200000000000 ♠ 4,482 165 Barbados 7003435300000000000 ♠ 4,353 166 Eritrea 7003385800000000000 ♠ 3,858 167 Cayman Islands 7003348000000000000 ♠ 3,480 168 Andorra 7003327800000000000 ♠ 3,278 169 Curaçao 7003315900000000000 ♠ 3,159 170 Guyana 7003308600000000000 ♠ 3,086 171 Maldives 7003303200000000000 ♠ 3,032 172 Burundi 7003286900000000000 ♠ 2,869 173 Aruba 7003266400000000000 ♠ 2,664 174 Greenland 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 175 Liberia 7003212200000000000 ♠ 2,122 176 Lesotho 7003208100000000000 ♠ 2,081 177 Bhutan 7003196500000000000 ♠ 1,965 178 Cape Verde 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1,855 179 San Marino 7003184500000000000 ♠ 1,845 180 Central African Republic 7003183800000000000 ♠ 1,838 181 Belize 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 182 Djibouti 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 183 Seychelles 7003151100000000000 ♠ 1,511 184 Saint Lucia 7003140600000000000 ♠ 1,406 185 Somalia 7003137500000000000 ♠ 1,375 186 Zanzibar 7003128900000000000 ♠ 1,289 187 Antigua and Barbuda 7003124800000000000 ♠ 1,248 188 Guinea - Bissau 7003120900000000000 ♠ 1,209 189 Solomon Islands 7003110300000000000 ♠ 1,103 190 Sint Maarten 7003105900000000000 ♠ 1,059 191 British Virgin Islands 7002902000000000000 ♠ 902 192 Grenada 7002884000000000000 ♠ 884 193 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002852000000000000 ♠ 852 194 The Gambia 7002851000000000000 ♠ 851 195 Samoa 7002824000000000000 ♠ 824 196 Vanuatu 7002812000000000000 ♠ 812 197 Turks and Caicos Islands 7002797000000000000 ♠ 797 198 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002729000000000000 ♠ 729 199 Comoros 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 200 Dominica 7002533000000000000 ♠ 533 201 Tonga 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 202 Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 203 Federated States of Micronesia 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 204 Cook Islands 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 205 Anguilla 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 206 Palau 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 207 Marshall Islands 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 208 Nauru 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 209 Kiribati 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 210 Montserrat 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 211 Tuvalu 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 See also Business and economics portal Contents / Lists portal List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) per capita List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) per capita Notes ^ Jump up to : The European Union ( EU ) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . Jump up ^ Figures exclude Taiwan , and special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol . Jump up ^ Data for Syria 's 2014 GDP is from the September 2011 WEO Database , the latest available from the IMF . ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Includes Western Sahara . Jump up ^ Covers mainland Tanzania only . Jump up ^ Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus . Jump up ^ Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Jump up ^ Excludes data for Transnistria . References ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . International Monetary Fund . 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is GDP and why is it so important ? '' . Investopedia . IAC / InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Mike . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory '' . About.com . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ito , Takatoshi ; Isard , Peter ; Symansky , Steven ( January 1999 ) . `` Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate : An Overview of the Balassa - Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries : Theory , Practice , and Policy Issues . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Purchasing Power Parity : Weights Matter '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Gross Domestic Product : An Economy 's All '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Vo , Lam Thuy ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` The World 's Richest Countries and Biggest Economies , In 2 Graphics '' . Planet Money . National Public Radio . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Emily et . al. ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` An Elusive Relation Between Unemployment and GDP Growth : Okun 's Law '' . Economic Trends . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Vitez , Osmond . `` The Importance of Consumer Spending '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Koesterich , Russ ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` America The Youthful ? Yes , On a Relative Basis '' . BlackRock . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Landefeld , J. Steven ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` The Multi-Factor Productivity Residual '' ( PDF ) . Measuring Innovation 's Role in GDP & Productivity Growth . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu '' . Europa . European Commission . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( 5 October 2014 ) . `` 5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroeber , Arthur R. ( 2016 ) . China 's Economy : What Everyone Needs to Know . New York , United States : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kau , Michael Ying - mao ( 30 September 1993 ) . `` China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping : A Decade of Reform '' . Studies on Contemporary China . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hu , Zuliu ; Khan , Mohsin S. ( April 1997 ) . `` Why Is China Growing So Fast ? '' ( PDF ) . Economic Issues . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrik , Dani ; et al. ( March 2004 ) . `` From `` Hindu Growth '' to Productivity Surge : The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The economics of enlargement '' . Europa . European Commission . 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars '' . United Nations Statistics Division . December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts '' . unstats.un.org . Jump up ^ `` EU GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All countries and regions / subregions ( totals ) for all years - sorted by region / subregion '' . United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All countries for all years - sorted alphabetically '' . United Nations . United Nations . 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-5273481511663492422 | Windsor Castle | Windsor castle - wikipedia Windsor castle This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 August 2018 . Royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire This article is about the castle in Windsor , Berkshire . For other uses , see Windsor Castle ( disambiguation ) . Windsor Castle Windsor , Berkshire in England Viewed from the Long Walk Windsor Castle Location within Berkshire Coordinates 51 ° 29 ′ 0 '' N 00 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 51.48333 ° N 0.60417 ° W / 51.48333 ; - 0.60417 Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 0 '' N 00 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 51.48333 ° N 0.60417 ° W / 51.48333 ; - 0.60417 Type Three bailey wards with a round keep Site information Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown Operator Royal Household Open to the public Limited access Site history In use Late 11th century -- present Materials Bagshot Heath stone Events First Barons ' War , English Civil War Scheduled monument Official name Windsor Castle Reference no . 1006996 Listed Building -- Grade I Official name Windsor Castle Including All The Buildings Within The Walls Designated 2 October 1975 Reference no . 1117776 National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens Official name Windsor Castle and Home Park Designated 31 August 1999 Reference no . 1001434 Part of Royal Estate , Windsor Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire . It is notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and for its architecture . The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror . Since the time of Henry I , it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest - occupied palace in Europe . The castle 's lavish early 19th - century State Apartments were described by the art historian Hugh Roberts as `` a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste '' . Inside the castle walls is the 15th - century St George 's Chapel , considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be `` one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic '' design . Originally designed to protect Norman dominance around the outskirts of London and oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames , Windsor Castle was built as a motte - and - bailey , with three wards surrounding a central mound . Gradually replaced with stone fortifications , the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons ' War at the start of the 13th century . Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century , and Edward III went further , rebuilding the palace to make an even grander set of buildings in what would become `` the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England '' . Edward 's core design lasted through the Tudor period , during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment . Windsor Castle survived the tumultuous period of the English Civil War , when it was used as a military headquarters by Parliamentary forces and a prison for Charles I . At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May , creating a set of extravagant Baroque interiors that are still admired . After a period of neglect during the 18th century , George III and George IV renovated and rebuilt Charles II 's palace at colossal expense , producing the current design of the State Apartments , full of Rococo , Gothic and Baroque furnishings . Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle , which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign . Windsor Castle was used as a refuge by the royal family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War and survived a fire in 1992 . It is a popular tourist attraction , a venue for hosting state visits , and the preferred weekend home of Elizabeth II . Contents 1 Architecture 1.1 Middle Ward 1.2 Upper Ward 1.2. 1 State Apartments 1.3 Lower Ward 1.4 Park and landscape 2 History 2.1 11th and 12th centuries 2.2 13th century 2.3 14th century 2.4 15th century 2.5 16th century 2.6 17th century 2.7 18th century 2.8 19th century 2.9 20th century 2.9. 1 1992 fire 2.10 21st century 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Architecture ( edit ) Plan of Windsor Castle . Key : A : The Round Tower , B : The Upper Ward , The Quadrangle , C : The State Apartments , D: Private Apartments , E : South Wing , F : Lower Ward , G : St George 's Chapel , H : Horseshoe Cloister , K : King Henry VIII Gate , L : The Long Walk , M : Norman Gate , N : North Terrace , O : Edward III Tower , T : The Curfew Tower Windsor Castle occupies 13 acres ( 5.3 ha ) , and combines the features of a fortification , a palace , and a small town . The present - day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects , culminating in the reconstruction work after a fire in 1992 . It is in essence a Georgian and Victorian design based on a medieval structure , with Gothic features reinvented in a modern style . Since the 14th century , architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions , repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles . As a result , architect Sir William Whitfield has pointed to Windsor Castle 's architecture as having `` a certain fictive quality '' , the Picturesque and Gothic design generating `` a sense that a theatrical performance is being put on here '' , despite late 20th century efforts to expose more of the older structures to increase the sense of authenticity . Although there has been some criticism , the castle 's architecture and history lends it a `` place amongst the greatest European palaces '' . Middle Ward ( edit ) At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward , a bailey formed around the motte or artificial hill in the centre of the ward . The motte is 50 feet ( 15 m ) high and is made from chalk originally excavated from the surrounding ditch . The keep , called the Round Tower , on the top of the motte is based on an original 12th - century building , extended upwards in the early 19th century under architect Jeffry Wyatville by 30 ft ( 9 m ) to produce a more imposing height and silhouette . The interior of the Round Tower was further redesigned in 1991 -- 3 to provide additional space for the Royal Archives , an additional room being built in the space left by Wyatville 's originally hollow extension . The Round Tower is in reality far from cylindrical , due to the shape and structure of the motte beneath it . The current height of the tower has been criticised as being disproportionate to its width ; archaeologist Tim Tatton - Brown , for example , has described it as a mutilation of the earlier medieval structure . The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open , and a gateway leads north from the ward onto the North Terrace . The eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse . This gatehouse , which , despite its name , dates from the 14th century , is heavily vaulted and decorated with carvings , including surviving medieval lion masks , traditional symbols of majesty , to form an impressive entrance to the Upper Ward . Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse , and the interior was later heavily converted in the 19th century for residential use . Upper Ward ( edit ) The South Wing of the Upper Ward ; the Official Entrance to the State Apartments is on the left . The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the upper bailey wall , forming a central quadrangle . The State Apartments run along the north of the ward , with a range of buildings along the east wall , and the private royal apartments and the King George IV Gate to the south , with the Edward III Tower in the south - west corner . The motte and the Round Tower form the west edge of the ward . A bronze statue of Charles II on horseback sits beneath the Round Tower . Inspired by Hubert Le Sueur 's statue of Charles I in London , the statue was cast by Josias Ibach in 1679 , with the marble plinth featuring carvings by Grinling Gibbons . The Upper Ward adjoins the North Terrace , which overlooks the River Thames , and the East Terrace , which overlooks the gardens ; both of the current terraces were constructed by Hugh May in the 17th century . Traditionally the Upper Ward was judged to be `` to all intents and purposes a nineteenth - century creation ... the image of what the early nineteenth - century thought a castle should be '' , as a result of the extensive redesign of the castle by Wyatville under George IV . The walls of the Upper Ward are built of Bagshot Heath stone faced on the inside with regular bricks , the gothic details in yellow Bath stone . The buildings in the Upper Ward are characterised by the use of small bits of flint in the mortar for galletting , originally started at the castle in the 17th century to give stonework from disparate periods a similar appearance . The skyline of the Upper Ward is designed to be dramatic when seen from a distance or silhouetted against the horizon , an image of tall towers and battlements influenced by the picturesque movement of the late 18th century . Archaeological and restoration work following the 1992 fire has shown the extent to which the current structure represents a survival of elements from the original 12th - century stone walls onwards , presented within the context of Wyatville 's final remodelling . State Apartments ( edit ) The State Apartments in the Upper Ward -- ( l to r ) Queen 's Audience and Presence Chambers , the Official Entrance , St George 's Hall , the Guest 's Entrance The State Apartments form the major part of the Upper Ward and lie along the north side of the quadrangle . The modern building follows the medieval foundations laid down by Edward III , with the ground floor comprising service chambers and cellars , and the much grander first floor forming the main part of the palace . On the first floor , the layout of the western end of the State Apartments is primarily the work of architect Hugh May , whereas the structure on the eastern side represents Jeffry Wyatville 's plans . The interior of the State Apartments was mostly designed by Wyatville in the early 19th century . Wyatville intended each room to illustrate a particular architectural style and to display the matching furnishings and fine arts of the period . With some alterations over the years , this concept continues to dominate the apartments . Different rooms follow the Classical , Gothic and Rococo styles , together with an element of Jacobethan in places . Many of the rooms on the eastern end of the castle had to be restored following the 1992 fire , using `` equivalent restoration '' methods -- the rooms were restored so as to appear similar to their original appearance , but using modern materials and concealing modern structural improvements . These rooms were also partially redesigned at the same time to more closely match modern tastes . Art historian Hugh Roberts has praised the State Apartments as `` a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste . '' Others , such as architect Robin Nicolson and critic Hugh Pearman , have described them as `` bland '' and `` distinctly dull '' . The Crimson Drawing Room in 2007 following the 1992 fire and subsequent remodelling Wyatville 's most famous work are those rooms designed in a Rococo style . These rooms take the fluid , playful aspects of this mid-18th - century artistic movement , including many original pieces of Louis XV style , but project them on a `` vastly inflated '' scale . Investigations after the 1992 fire have shown though that many Rococo features of the modern castle , originally thought to have been 18th - century fittings transferred from Carlton House or France , are in fact 19th - century imitations in plasterwork and wood , designed to blend with original elements . The Grand Reception Room is the most prominent of these Rococo designs , 100 ft ( 30 m ) long and 40 ft ( 12 m ) tall and occupying the site of Edward III 's great hall . This room , restored after the fire , includes a huge French Rococo ceiling , characterised by Ian Constantinides , the lead restorer , as possessing a `` coarseness of form and crudeness of hand ... completely overshadowed by the sheer spectacular effect when you are at a distance '' . The room is set off by a set of restored Gobelins French tapestries . Although decorated with less gold leaf than in the 1820s , the result remains `` one of the greatest set - pieces of Regency decoration '' . The White , Green and Crimson Drawing Rooms include a total of 62 trophies : carved , gilded wooden panels illustrating weapons and the spoils of war , many with Masonic meanings . Restored or replaced after the fire , these trophies are famous for their `` vitality , precision and three - dimensional quality '' , and were originally brought from Carlton House in 1826 , some being originally imported from France and others carved by Edward Wyatt . The soft furnishings of these rooms , although luxurious , are more modest than the 1820s originals , both on the grounds of modern taste and cost . Wyatville 's design retains three rooms originally built by May in the 17th century in partnership with the painter Antonio Verrio and carver Grinling Gibbons . The Queen 's Presence Chamber , the Queen 's Audience Chamber and the King 's Dining Room are designed in a Baroque , Franco - Italian style , characterised by `` gilded interiors enriched with florid murals '' , first introduced to England between 1648 and 1650 at Wilton House . Verrio 's paintings are `` drenched in medievalist allusion '' and classical images . These rooms were intended to show an innovative English `` baroque fusion '' of the hitherto separate arts of architecture , painting and carving . A presentation drawing for the new Private Chapel , showing a Gothic design by Giles Downes A handful of rooms in the modern State Apartments reflect either 18th - century or Victorian Gothic design . The State Dining Room , for example , whose current design originates from the 1850s but which was badly damaged during the 1992 fire , is restored to its appearance in the 1920s , before the removal of some of the gilded features on the pilasters . Anthony Salvin 's Grand Staircase is also of mid-Victorian design in the Gothic style , rising to a double - height hall lit by an older 18th - century Gothic vaulted lantern tower called the Grand Vestibule , designed by James Wyatt and executed by Francis Bernasconi . The staircase has been criticised by historian John Robinson as being a distinctly inferior design to the earlier staircases built on the same site by both Wyatt and May . Some parts of the State Apartments were completely destroyed in the 1992 fire and this area was rebuilt in a style called `` Downesian Gothic '' , named after the architect , Giles Downes . The style comprises `` the rather stripped , cool and systematic coherence of modernism sewn into a reinterpretation of the Gothic tradition '' . Downes argues that the style avoids `` florid decoration '' , emphasising an organic , flowing Gothic structure . Three new rooms were built or remodelled by Downes at Windsor . Downes ' new hammer - beam roof of St George 's Hall is the largest green - oak structure built since the Middle Ages , and is decorated with brightly coloured shields celebrating the heraldic element of the Order of the Garter ; the design attempts to create an illusion of additional height through the gothic woodwork along the ceiling . The Lantern Lobby features flowing oak columns forming a vaulted ceiling , imitating an arum lily . The new Private Chapel is relatively small , only able to fit thirty worshippers , but combines architectural elements of the St George 's Hall roof with the Lantern Lobby and the stepped arch structure of the Henry VIII chapel vaulting at Hampton Court . The result is an `` extraordinary , continuous and closely moulded net of tracery '' , complementing the new stained glass windows commemorating the fire , designed by Joseph Nuttgen . The Great Kitchen , with its newly exposed 14th - century roof lantern sitting alongside Wyatville 's fireplaces , chimneys and Gothic tables , is also a product of the reconstruction after the fire . The ground floor of the State Apartments retains various famous medieval features . The 14th - century Great Undercroft still survives , some 193 feet ( 59 m ) long by 31 feet ( 9.4 m ) wide , divided into 13 bays . At the time of the 1992 fire , the Undercroft had been divided into smaller rooms ; the area is now opened up to form a single space in an effort to echo the undercrofts at Fountains and Rievaulx Abbeys , although the floor remains artificially raised for convenience of use . The `` beautifully vaulted '' 14th - century Larderie passage runs alongside the Kitchen Courtyard and is decorated with carved royal roses , marking its construction by Edward III . Lower Ward ( edit ) The Lower Ward , ( l to r ) St George 's Chapel , the Lady Chapel , the Round Tower , the lodgings of the Military Knights , and the residence of the Governor of the Military Knights The Lower Ward lies below and to the west of the Round Tower , reached through the Norman Gate . Originally largely of medieval design , most of the Lower Ward was renovated or reconstructed during the mid-Victorian period by Anthony Salvin and Edward Blore , to form a `` consistently Gothic composition '' . The Lower Ward holds St George 's Chapel and most of the buildings associated with the Order of the Garter . On the north side of the Lower Ward is St George 's Chapel . This huge building is the spiritual home of the Order of the Knights of the Garter and dates from the late 15th and early 16th century , designed in the Perpendicular Gothic style . The ornate wooden choir stalls are of 15th - century design , having been restored and extended by Henry Emlyn at the end of the 18th century , and are decorated with a unique set of brass plates showing the arms of the Knights of the Garter over the last six centuries . On the west side , the chapel has a grand Victorian door and staircase , used on ceremonial occasions . The east stained glass window is Victorian , and the oriel window to the north side of it was built by Henry VIII for Catherine of Aragon . The vault in front of the altar houses the remains of Henry VIII , Jane Seymour and Charles I , with Edward IV buried nearby . The chapel is considered by historian John Robinson to be `` one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic '' design . The Horseshoe Cloister , built in 1480 and reconstructed in the 19th century At the east end of St George 's Chapel is the Lady Chapel , originally built by Henry III in the 13th century and converted into the Albert Memorial Chapel between 1863 and 1873 by George Gilbert Scott . Built to commemorate the life of Prince Albert , the ornate chapel features lavish decoration and works in marble , glass mosaic and bronze by Henri de Triqueti , Susan Durant , Alfred Gilbert and Antonio Salviati . The east door of the chapel , covered in ornamental ironwork , is the original door from 1246 . At the west end of the Lower Ward is the Horseshoe Cloister , originally built in 1480 , near to the chapel to house its clergy . It houses the vicars - choral , or lay clerks of the chapel . This curved brick and timber building is said to have been designed to resemble the shape of a fetlock , one of the badges used by Edward IV . George Gilbert Scott heavily restored the building in 1871 and little of the original structure remains . Other ranges originally built by Edward III sit alongside the Horseshoe , featuring stone perpendicular tracery . As of 2011 , they are used as offices , a library and as the houses for the Dean and Canons . Behind the Horseshoe Cloister is the Curfew Tower , one of the oldest surviving parts of the Lower Ward and dating from the 13th century . The interior of the tower contains a former dungeon , and the remnants of a sally port , a secret exit for the occupants in a time of siege . The upper storey contains the castle bells placed there in 1478 , and the castle clock of 1689 . The French - style conical roof is a 19th - century attempt by Anthony Salvin to remodel the tower in the fashion of Eugène Viollet - le - Duc 's recreation of Carcassonne . On the opposite side of the chapel is a range of buildings including the lodgings of the Military Knights , and the residence of the Governor of the Military Knights . These buildings originate from the 16th century and are still used by the Knights , who represent the Order of the Garter each Sunday . On the south side of the Ward is King Henry VIII 's gateway , which bears the coat of arms of Catherine of Aragon and forms the secondary entrance to the castle . Park and landscape ( edit ) Windsor Castle 's position on top of steep ground has meant that the castle 's gardens are limited in scale . The castle gardens stretch east from the Upper Ward across a 19th - century terrace . Windsor Castle is surrounded by extensive parkland . The immediate area stretching to the east of the castle is a 19th - century creation known as the Home Park . The Home Park includes parkland and two working farms , along with many estate cottages mainly occupied by employees and the Frogmore estate . The Long Walk , a double lined avenue of trees , runs for 2.65 miles ( 4.26 km ) south of the castle , and is 240 ft ( 75 m ) wide . The original 17th - century elms were replaced with alternating chestnut and plane trees . The impact of Dutch elm disease led to large - scale replanting after 1945 . The Home Park adjoins the northern edge of the more extensive Windsor Great Park , occupying some 5,000 acres ( 2,020 ha ) and including some of the oldest broadleaved woodlands in Europe . In the Home Park , to the north of the castle , stands a private school , St George 's , which provides choristers to the chapel . Eton College is located about half a mile from the castle , across the River Thames , reflecting the fact that it was a royal foundation of Henry VI . An aerial view of the castle : ( l to r ) the Lower Ward , the Middle Ward and Round Tower , the Upper Ward , with the Long Walk in the lower right hand corner . The River Thames can be seen in the upper left of the picture . History ( edit ) 11th and 12th centuries ( edit ) The Round Tower in the Middle Ward , built by Henry II and remodelled in the 19th century Windsor Castle was originally built by William the Conqueror in the decade after the Norman conquest of 1066 . William established a defensive ring of motte and bailey castles around London ; each was a day 's march -- about 20 miles ( 32 km ) -- from the city and from the next castle , allowing for easy reinforcements in a crisis . Windsor Castle , one of this ring of fortifications , was strategically important because of its proximity to both the River Thames , a key medieval route into London , and Windsor Forest , a royal hunting preserve previously used by the Saxon kings . The nearby settlement of Clivore , or Clewer , was an old Saxon residence . The initial wooden castle consisted of a keep on the top of a man - made motte , or mound , protected by a small bailey wall , occupying a chalk inlier , or bluff , rising 100 ft ( 30 m ) above the river . A second wooden bailey was constructed to the east of the keep , forming the later Upper Ward . By the end of the century , another bailey had been constructed to the west , creating the basic shape of the modern castle . In design , Windsor most closely resembled Arundel Castle , another powerful early Norman fortification , but the double bailey design was also found at Rockingham and Alnwick Castle . Windsor was not initially used as a royal residence ; the early Norman kings preferred to use the former palace of Edward the Confessor in the village of Old Windsor . The first king to use Windsor Castle as a residence was Henry I , who celebrated Whitsuntide at the castle in 1110 during a period of heightened insecurity . Henry 's marriage to Adela , the daughter of Godfrey of Louvain , took place in the castle in 1121 . During this period the keep suffered a substantial collapse -- archaeological evidence shows that the southern side of the motte subsided by over 6 ft ( 2 m ) . Timber piles were driven in to support the motte and the old wooden keep was replaced with a new stone shell keep , with a probable gateway to the north - east and a new stone well . A chemise , or low protective wall , was subsequently added to the keep . Henry II came to the throne in 1154 and built extensively at Windsor between 1165 and 1179 . Henry replaced the wooden palisade surrounding the upper ward with a stone wall interspersed with square towers and built the first King 's Gate . The first stone keep was suffering from subsidence , and cracks were beginning to appear in the stonework of the south side . Henry replaced the keep with another stone shell keep and chemise wall , but moved the walls in from the edge of the motte to relieve the pressure on the mound , and added massive foundations along the south side to provide additional support . Inside the castle Henry remodelled the royal accommodation . Bagshot Heath stone was used for most of the work , and stone from Bedfordshire for the internal buildings . 13th century ( edit ) The Curfew Tower , part of the Lower Ward , built under Henry III and remodelled in the 19th century King John undertook some building works at Windsor , but primarily to the accommodation rather than the defences . The castle played a role during the revolt of the English barons : the castle was besieged in 1214 , and John used the castle as his base during the negotiations before the signing of the Magna Carta at nearby Runnymede in 1215 . In 1216 the castle was besieged again by baronial and French troops under the command of the Count of Nevers , but John 's constable , Engelard de Cigogné , successfully defended it . The damage done to the castle during the second siege was immediately repaired in 1216 and 1221 by Cigogne on behalf of John 's successor Henry III , who further strengthened the defences . The walls of the Lower Ward were rebuilt in stone , complete with a gatehouse in the location of the future Henry VIII Gate , between 1224 and 1230 . Three new towers , the Curfew , Garter and the Salisbury towers , were constructed . The Middle Ward was heavily reinforced with a southern stone wall , protected by the new Edward III and Henry III towers at each end . Windsor Castle was one of Henry 's three favourite residences and he invested heavily in the royal accommodation , spending more money at Windsor than in any other of his properties . Following his marriage to Eleanor of Provence , Henry built a luxurious palace in 1240 -- 63 , based around a court along the north side of the Upper Ward . This was intended primarily for the queen and Henry 's children . In the Lower Ward , the king ordered the construction of a range of buildings for his own use along the south wall , including a 70 ft ( 21 m ) long chapel , later called the Lady Chapel . This was the grandest of the numerous chapels built for his own use , and comparable to the Sainte - Chapelle in Paris in size and quality . Henry repaired the Great Hall that lay along the north side of the Lower Ward , and enlarged it with a new kitchen and built a covered walkway between the Hall and the kitchen . Henry 's work was characterised by the religious overtones of the rich decorations , which formed `` one of the high - water marks of English medieval art '' . The conversion cost more than £ 10,000 . The result was to create a division in the castle between a more private Upper Ward and a Lower Ward devoted to the public face of the monarchy . Little further building was carried out at the castle during the 13th century ; the Great Hall in the Lower Ward was destroyed by fire in 1296 , but it was not rebuilt . 14th century ( edit ) The Norman Gate , built by Edward III and remodelled in the 19th century Edward III was born at Windsor Castle and used it extensively throughout his reign . In 1344 the king announced the foundation of the new Order of the Round Table at the castle . Edward began to construct a new building in the castle to host this order , but it was never finished . Chroniclers described it as a round building , 200 ft ( 61 m ) across , and it was probably in the centre of the Upper Ward . Shortly afterwards , Edward abandoned the new order for reasons that remain unclear , and instead established the Order of the Garter , again with Windsor Castle as its headquarters , complete with the attendant Poor Knights of Windsor . As part of this process Edward decided to rebuild Windsor Castle , in particular Henry III 's palace , in an attempt to construct a castle that would be symbolic of royal power and chivalry . Edward was influenced both by the military successes of his grandfather , Edward I , and by the decline of royal authority under his father , Edward II , and aimed to produce an innovative , `` self - consciously aesthetic , muscled , martial architecture '' . Edward placed William of Wykeham in overall charge of the rebuilding and design of the new castle and whilst work was ongoing Edward stayed in temporary accommodation in the Round Tower . Between 1350 and 1377 Edward spent £ 51,000 on renovating Windsor Castle ; this was the largest amount spent by any English medieval monarch on a single building operation , and over one and a half times Edward 's typical annual income of £ 30,000 . Some of the costs of the castle were paid from the results of ransoms following Edward 's victories at the battles of Crécy , Calais and Poitiers . Windsor Castle was already a substantial building before Edward began expanding it , making the investment all the more impressive , and much of the expenditure was lavished on rich furnishings . The castle was `` the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England '' . Edward 's new palace consisted of three courts along the north side of the Upper Ward , called Little Cloister , King 's Cloister and the Kitchen Court . At the front of the palace lay the St George 's Hall range , which combined a new hall and a new chapel . This range had two symmetrical gatehouses , the Spicerie Gatehouse and the Kitchen Gatehouse . The Spicerie Gatehouse was the main entrance into the palace , whilst the Kitchen Gatehouse simply led into the kitchen courtyard . The great hall had numerous large windows looking out across the ward . The range had an unusual , unified roof - line and , with a taller roof than the rest of the palace , would have been highly distinctive . The Rose Tower , designed for the king 's private use , set off the west corner of the range . The result was a `` great and apparently architecturally unified palace ... uniform in all sorts of ways , as to roof line , window heights , cornice line , floor and ceiling heights '' . With the exception of the Hall , Chapel and the Great Chamber , the new interiors all shared a similar height and width . The defensive features , however , were primarily for show , possibly to provide a backdrop for jousting between the two - halves of the Order of the Garter . A reconstruction of the St George 's Hall range built by Edward III : ( l to r ) the Spicerie Gatehouse , the chapel , the hall , the Kitchen Gatehouse Edward built further luxurious , self - contained lodgings for his court around the east and south edges of the Upper Ward , creating the modern shape of the quadrangle . The Norman gate was built to secure the west entrance to the Ward . In the Lower Ward , the chapel was enlarged and remodelled with grand buildings for the canons built alongside . The earliest weight - driven mechanical clock in England was installed by Edward III in the Round Tower in 1354 . William of Wykeham went on to build New College , Oxford and Winchester College , where the influence of Windsor Castle can easily be seen . The new castle was used to hold French prisoners taken at the Battle of Poitiers in 1357 , including King John II , who was held for a considerable ransom . Later in the century , the castle also found favour with Richard II . Richard conducted restoration work on St George 's Chapel , the work being carried out by Geoffrey Chaucer , who served as a diplomat and Clerk of The King 's Works . 15th century ( edit ) St George 's Chapel , begun in 1475 by Edward IV Windsor Castle continued to be favoured by monarchs in the 15th century , despite England beginning to slip into increasing political violence . Henry IV seized the castle during his coup in 1399 , although failing to catch Richard II , who had escaped to London . Under Henry V , the castle hosted a visit from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1417 , a massive diplomatic event that stretched the accommodation of the castle to its limits . By the middle of the 15th century England was increasingly divided between the rival royal factions of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists . Castles such as Windsor did not play a decisive role during the resulting Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 85 ) , which were fought primarily in the form of pitched battles between the rival factions . Henry VI , born at Windsor Castle and known as Henry of Windsor , became king at the young age of nine months . His long period of minority , coupled with the increasing tensions between Henry 's Lancastrian supporters and the Yorkists , distracted attention from Windsor . The Garter Feasts and other ceremonial activities at the castle became more infrequent and less well attended . Edward IV seized power in 1461 . When Edward captured Henry 's wife , Margaret of Anjou , she was brought back to be detained at the castle . Edward began to revive the Order of the Garter , and held a particularly lavish feast in 1472 . Edward began the construction of the present St. George 's Chapel in 1475 , resulting in the dismantling of several of the older buildings in the Lower Ward . By building the grand chapel Edward was seeking to show that his new dynasty were the permanent rulers of England , and may also have been attempting to deliberately rival the similar chapel that Henry VI had ordered to be constructed at nearby Eton College . Richard III made only a brief use of Windsor Castle before his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , but had the body of Henry VI moved from Chertsey Abbey in Surrey to the castle to allow it to be visited by pilgrims more easily . Henry VII made more use of Windsor . In 1488 , shortly after succeeding to the throne , he held a massive feast for the Order of the Garter at the castle . He completed the roof of St George 's Chapel , and set about converting the older eastern Lady Chapel into a proposed shrine to Henry VI , whose canonisation was then considered imminent . In the event , Henry VI was not canonised and the project was abandoned , although the shrine continued to attract a flood of pilgrims . Henry VII appears to have remodelled the King 's Chamber in the palace , and had the roof of the Great Kitchen rebuilt in 1489 . He also built a three - storied tower on the west end of the palace , which he used for his personal apartments . Windsor began to be used for international diplomatic events , including the grand visit of Philip I of Castile in 1506 . William de la Pole , one of the surviving Yorkist claimants to the throne , was imprisoned at Windsor Castle during Henry 's reign , before his execution in 1513 . 16th century ( edit ) The Henry VIII gateway in the Lower Ward Henry VIII enjoyed Windsor Castle , as a young man `` exercising himself daily in shooting , singing , dancing , wrestling , casting of the bar , playing at the recorders , flute , virginals , in setting of songs and making of ballads '' . The tradition of the Garter Feasts was maintained and became more extravagant ; the size of the royal retinue visiting Windsor had to be restricted because of the growing numbers . During the Pilgrimage of Grace , a huge uprising in the north of England against Henry 's rule in 1536 , the king used Windsor as a secure base in the south from which to manage his military response . Throughout the Tudor period , Windsor was also used as a safe retreat in the event of plagues occurring in London . Henry rebuilt the principal castle gateway in about 1510 and constructed a tennis court at the base of the motte in the Upper Ward . He also built a long terrace , called the North Wharf , along the outside wall of the Upper Ward ; constructed of wood , it was designed to provide a commanding view of the River Thames below . The design included an outside staircase into the king 's apartments , which made the monarch 's life more comfortable at the expense of considerably weakening the castle 's defences . Early in his reign , Henry had given the eastern Lady Chapel to Cardinal Wolsey for Wolsey 's future mausoleum . Benedetto Grazzini converted much of this into an Italian Renaissance design , before Wolsey 's fall from power brought an end to the project , with contemporaries estimating that around £ 60,000 ( £ 295 million in 2008 terms ) had been spent on the work . Henry continued the project , but it remained unfinished when he himself was buried in the chapel , in an elaborate funeral in 1547 . Windsor Castle in the 1670s from across the River Thames , showing the North Terrace ( left ) built by Elizabeth I in the 16th century and the steep , protective ground to the north of the castle . By contrast , the young Edward VI disliked Windsor Castle . Edward 's Protestant beliefs led him to simplify the Garter ceremonies , to discontinue the annual Feast of the Garter at Windsor and to remove any signs of Catholic practices with the Order . During the rebellions and political strife of 1549 , Windsor was again used as a safe - haven for the king and the Duke of Somerset . Edward famously commented whilst staying at Windsor Castle during this period that `` Methink I am in a prison , here are no galleries , nor no gardens to walk in '' . Under both Edward and his sister , Mary I , some limited building work continued at the castle , in many cases using resources recovered from the English abbeys . Water was piped into the Upper Ward to create a fountain . Mary also expanded the buildings used by the Knights of Windsor in the Lower Ward , using stone from Reading Abbey . Elizabeth I spent much of her time at Windsor Castle and used it a safe haven in crises , `` knowing it could stand a siege if need be '' . Ten new brass cannons were purchased for the castle 's defence . It became one of her favourite locations and she spent more money on the property than on any of her other palaces . She conducted some modest building works at Windsor , including a wide range of repairs to the existing structures . She converted the North Wharf into a permanent , huge stone terrace , complete with statues , carvings and an octagonal , outdoor banqueting house , raising the western end of the terrace to provide more privacy . The chapel was refitted with stalls , a gallery and a new ceiling . A bridge was built over the ditch to the south of the castle to enable easier access to the park . Elizabeth built a gallery range of buildings on the west end of the Upper Ward , alongside Henry VII 's tower . Elizabeth increasingly used the castle for diplomatic engagements , but space continued to prove a challenge as the property was simply not as large as the more modern royal palaces . This flow of foreign visitors was captured for the queen 's entertainment in William Shakespeare 's play , The Merry Wives of Windsor . 17th century ( edit ) A bird 's - eye view of Windsor Castle in 1658 , by Wenceslas Hollar , shown before Hugh May 's reconstruction of the Upper Ward James I used Windsor Castle primarily as a base for hunting , one of his favourite pursuits , and for socialising with his friends . Many of these occasions involved extensive drinking sessions , including one with Christian IV of Denmark in 1606 that became infamous across Europe for the resulting drunken behaviour of the two kings . The absence of space at Windsor continued to prove problematic , with James ' English and Scottish retinues often quarrelling over rooms . Charles I was a connoisseur of art , and paid greater attention to the aesthetic aspects of Windsor Castle than his predecessors . Charles had the castle completely surveyed by a team including Inigo Jones in 1629 , but little of the recommended work was carried out . Nonetheless , Charles employed Nicholas Stone to improve the chapel gallery in the Mannerist style and to construct a gateway in the North Terrace . Christian van Vianen , a noted Dutch goldsmith , was employed to produce a baroque gold service for the St George 's Chapel altar . In the final years of peace , Charles demolished the fountain in the Upper Ward , intending to replace it with a classical statue . In 1642 the English Civil War broke out , dividing the country into the Royalist supporters of Charles , and the Parliamentarians . In the aftermath of the battle of Edgehill in October , Parliament became concerned that Charles might advance on London . John Venn took control of Windsor Castle with twelve companies of foot soldiers to protect the route along the Thames river , becoming the governor of the castle for the duration of the war . The contents of St George 's Chapel were both valuable and , to many Parliamentary forces , inappropriately high church in style . Looting began immediately : Edward IV 's bejewelled coat of mail was stolen ; the chapel 's organs , windows and books destroyed ; the Lady Chapel was emptied of valuables , including the component parts of Henry VIII 's unfinished tomb . By the end of the war , some 3580 oz ( 101 kg ) of gold and silver plate had been looted . Prince Rupert of the Rhine , a prominent Royalist general , attempted to relieve Windsor Castle that November . Rupert 's small force of cavalry was able to take the town of Windsor , but was unable to overcome the walls at Windsor Castle -- in due course , Rupert was forced to retreat . Over the winter of 1642 -- 3 , Windsor Castle was converted into the headquarters for the Earl of Essex , a senior Parliamentary general . The Horseshoe Cloister was taken over as a prison for captured Royalists , and the resident canons were expelled from the castle . The Lady Chapel was turned into a magazine . Looting by the underpaid garrison continued to be a problem ; 500 royal deer were killed across the Windsor Great Park during the winter , and fences were burned as firewood . In 1647 Charles , then a prisoner of Parliament , was brought to the castle for a period under arrest , before being moved to Hampton Court . In 1648 there was a Royalist plan , never enacted , to seize Windsor Castle . The Parliamentary Army Council moved into Windsor in November and decided to try Charles for treason . Charles was held at Windsor again for the last three weeks of his reign ; after his execution in January 1649 , his body was taken back to Windsor that night through a snowstorm , to be interred without ceremony in the vault beneath St George 's Chapel . Windsor Castle in 1658 , as seen from the south - east , by Wenceslas Hollar ; ( l to r ) the Lower Ward , the Middle Ward and Round Tower , the Upper Ward . The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 saw the first period of significant change to Windsor Castle for many years . The civil war and the years of the Interregnum had caused extensive damage to the royal palaces in England . At the same time the shifting `` functional requirements , patterns of movement , modes of transport , aesthetic taste and standards of comfort '' amongst royal circles was changing the qualities being sought in a successful palace . Windsor was the only royal palace to be successfully fully modernised by Charles II in the Restoration years . During the Interregnum , however , squatters had occupied Windsor Castle . As a result , the `` King 's house was a wreck ; the fanatic , the pilferer , and the squatter , having been at work ... Paupers had squatted in many of the towers and cabinets '' . Shortly after returning to England , Charles appointed Prince Rupert , one of his few surviving close relatives , to be the Constable of Windsor Castle in 1668 . Rupert immediately began to reorder the castle 's defences , repairing the Round Tower and reconstructing the real tennis court . Charles attempted to restock Windsor Great Park with deer brought over from Germany , but the herds never recovered their pre-war size . Rupert created apartments for himself in the Round Tower , decorated with an `` extraordinary '' number of weapons and armour , with his inner chambers `` hung with tapisserie , curious and effeminate pictures '' . The Upper Ward seen from the east , after Hugh May 's reconstruction work . May 's new East Terrace is in the foreground Charles was heavily influenced by Louis XIV style and imitated French design at his palace at Winchester and the Royal Hospital at Chelsea . At Windsor , Charles created `` the most extravagantly Baroque interiors ever executed in England '' . Much of the building work was paid for out of increased royal revenues from Ireland during the 1670s . French court etiquette at the time required a substantial number of enfiladed rooms to satisfy court protocol ; the demand for space forced architect Hugh May to expand out into the North Terrace , rebuilding and widening it in the process . This new building was called the Star Building , because Charles II placed a huge gilt Garter star on the side of it . May took down and rebuilt the walls of Edward III 's hall and chapel , incorporating larger windows but retaining the height and dimensions of the medieval building . Although Windsor Castle was now big enough to hold the entire court , it was not built with chambers for the King 's Council , as would be found in Whitehall . Instead Charles took advantage of the good road links emerging around Windsor to hold his council meetings at Hampton Court when he was staying at the castle . The result became an `` exemplar '' for royal buildings for the next twenty - five years . The result of May 's work showed a medievalist leaning ; although sometimes criticised for its `` dullness '' , May 's reconstruction was both sympathetic to the existing castle and a deliberate attempt to create a slightly austere 17th - century version of a `` neo-Norman '' castle . William III commissioned Nicholas Hawksmoor and Sir Christopher Wren to conduct a large , final classical remodelling of the Upper Ward , but the king 's early death caused the plan to be cancelled . Queen Anne was fond of the castle , and attempted to address the lack of a formal garden by instructing Henry Wise to begin work on the Maestricht Garden beneath the North Terrace , which was never completed . Anne also created the racecourse at Ascot and began the tradition of the annual Royal Ascot procession from the castle . 18th century ( edit ) The North Terrace at sunset c. 1790 , by Paul Sandby George I took little interest in Windsor Castle , preferring his other palaces at St James 's , Hampton Court and Kensington . George II rarely used Windsor either , preferring Hampton Court . Many of the apartments in the Upper Ward were given out as `` grace and favour '' privileges for the use of prominent widows or other friends of the Crown . The Duke of Cumberland made the most use of the property in his role as the Ranger of Windsor Great Park . By the 1740s , Windsor Castle had become an early tourist attraction ; wealthier visitors who could afford to pay the castle keeper could enter , see curiosities such as the castle 's narwhal horn , and by the 1750s buy the first guidebooks to Windsor , produced by George Bickham in 1753 and Joseph Pote in 1755 . As the condition of the State Apartments continued to deteriorate , even the general public were able to regularly visit the property . George III reversed this trend when he came to the throne in 1760 . George disliked Hampton Court , and was attracted by the park at Windsor Castle . George wanted to move into the Ranger 's House by the castle , but his brother , Henry was already living in it and refused to move out . Instead , George had to move into the Upper Lodge , later called the Queen 's Lodge , and started the long process of renovating the castle and the surrounding parks . Initially the atmosphere at the castle remained very informal , with local children playing games inside the Upper and Lower Wards , and the royal family frequently seen as they walked around the grounds . As time went by , however , access for visitors became more limited . George 's architectural taste shifted over the years . As a young man , he favoured Classical , in particular Palladian styles , but the king came to favour a more Gothic style , both as a consequence of the Palladian style becoming overused and poorly implemented , and because the Gothic form had come to be seen as a more honest , national style of English design in the light of the French revolution . Working with the architect James Wyatt , George attempted to `` transform the exterior of the buildings in the Upper Ward into a Gothic palace , while retaining the character of the Hugh May state rooms '' . The outside of the building was restyled with Gothic features , including new battlements and turrets . Inside , conservation work was undertaken , and several new rooms constructed , including a new Gothic staircase to replace May 's 17th - century version , complete with the Grand Vestibule ceiling above it . New paintings were purchased for the castle , and collections from other royal palaces moved there by the king . The cost of the work came to over £ 150,000 ( £ 100 million in 2008 terms ) . The king undertook extensive work in the castle 's Great Park as well , laying out the new Norfolk and Flemish farms , creating two dairies and restoring Virginia Water Lake , and its grotto and follies . At the end of this period Windsor Castle became a place of royal confinement . In 1788 the king first became ill during a dinner at Windsor Castle ; diagnosed as suffering from madness , he was removed for a period to the White House at Kew , where he temporarily recovered . After relapses in 1801 and 1804 , his condition became enduring from 1810 onwards and he was confined in the State Apartments of Windsor Castle , with building work on the castle ceasing the following year . 19th century ( edit ) The Lower Ward in 1840 , by Joseph Nash , showing the Military Knights attending chapel on a Sunday morning George IV came to the throne in 1820 intending to create a set of royal palaces that reflected his wealth and influence as the ruler of an increasingly powerful Britain . George 's previous houses , Carlton House and the Brighton Pavilion were too small for grand court events , even after expensive extensions . George expanded the Royal Lodge in the castle park whilst he was Prince Regent , and then began a programme of work to modernise the castle itself once he became king . George persuaded Parliament to vote him £ 300,000 for restoration ( £ 245 million in 2008 terms ) . Under the guidance of George 's advisor , Charles Long , the architect Jeffry Wyatville was selected , and work commenced in 1824 . Wyatville 's own preference ran to Gothic architecture , but George , who had led the reintroduction of the French Rococo style to England at Carlton House , preferred a blend of periods and styles , and applied this taste to Windsor . The terraces were closed off to visitors for greater privacy and the exterior of the Upper Ward was completely remodelled into its current appearance . The Round Tower was raised in height to create a more dramatic appearance ; many of the rooms in the State Apartments were rebuilt or remodelled ; numerous new towers were created , much higher than the older versions . The south range of the ward was rebuilt to provide private accommodation for the king , away from the state rooms . The statue of Charles II was moved from the centre of the Upper Ward to the base of the motte . Sir Walter Scott captured contemporary views when he noted that the work showed `` a great deal of taste and feeling for the Gothic architecture '' ; many modern commentators , including Prince Charles , have criticised Wyatville 's work as representing an act of vandalism of May 's earlier designs . The work was unfinished at the time of George IV 's death in 1830 , but was broadly completed by Wyatville 's death in 1840 . The total expenditure on the castle had soared to the colossal sum of over one million pounds ( £ 817 million in 2008 terms ) by the end of the project . Queen Victoria and Princess Beatrice in the Queen 's Sitting Room in 1895 , photographed by Mary Steen Queen Victoria and Prince Albert made Windsor Castle their principal royal residence , despite Victoria complaining early in her reign that the castle was `` dull and tiresome '' and `` prison - like '' , and preferring Osborne and Balmoral as holiday residences . The growth of the British Empire and Victoria 's close dynastic ties to Europe made Windsor the hub for many diplomatic and state visits , assisted by the new railways and steamships of the period . Indeed , it has been argued that Windsor reached its social peak during the Victorian era , seeing the introduction of invitations to numerous prominent figures to `` dine and sleep '' at the castle . Victoria took a close interest in the details of how Windsor Castle was run , including the minutiae of the social events . Few visitors found these occasions comfortable , both due to the design of the castle and the excessive royal formality . Prince Albert died in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle in 1861 and was buried in the Royal Mausoleum built at nearby Frogmore , within the Home Park . The prince 's rooms were maintained exactly as they had been at the moment of his death and Victoria kept the castle in a state of mourning for many years , becoming known as the `` Widow of Windsor '' , a phrase popularised in the famous poem by Rudyard Kipling . The Queen shunned the use of Buckingham Palace after Albert 's death and instead used Windsor Castle as her residence when conducting official business near London . Towards the end of her reign , plays , operas , and other entertainments slowly began to be held at the castle again , accommodating both the Queen 's desire for entertainment and her reluctance to be seen in public . Several minor alterations were made to the Upper Ward under Victoria . Anthony Salvin rebuilt Wyatville 's grand staircase , with Edward Blore constructing a new private chapel within the State Apartments . Salvin also rebuilt the State Dining Room following a serious fire in 1853 . Ludwig Gruner assisted in the design of the Queen 's Private Audience Chamber in the south range . Blore and Salvin also did extensive work in the Lower Ward , under the direction of Prince Albert , including the Hundred Steps leading down into Windsor town , rebuilding the Garter , Curfew and Salisbury towers , the houses of the Military Knights and creating a new Guardhouse . George Gilbert Scott rebuilt the Horseshoe Cloister in the 1870s . The Norman Gatehouse was turned into a private dwelling for Sir Henry Ponsonby . Windsor Castle did not benefit from many of the minor improvements of the era , however , as Victoria disliked gaslight , preferring candles ; electric lighting was only installed in limited parts of the castle at the end of her reign . Indeed , the castle was famously cold and draughty in Victoria 's reign , but it was connected to a nearby reservoir , with water reliably piped into the interior for the first time . Many of the changes under Victoria were to the surrounding parklands and buildings . The Royal Dairy at Frogmore was rebuilt in a Tudorbethan style in 1853 ; George III 's Dairy rebuilt in a Renaissance style in 1859 ; the Georgian Flemish Farm rebuilt , and the Norfolk Farm renovated . The Long Walk was planted with fresh trees to replace the diseased stock . The Windsor Castle and Town Approaches Act , passed by Parliament in 1848 , permitted the closing and re-routing of the old roads which previously ran through the park from Windsor to Datchet and Old Windsor . These changes allowed the Royal Family to undertake the enclosure of a large area of parkland to form the private `` Home Park '' with no public roads passing through it . The Queen granted additional rights for public access to the remainder of the park as part of this arrangement . 20th century ( edit ) The changing character of the Upper Ward The baroque style of St George 's Hall under Charles II The Gothic alterations made by Sir Jeffry Wyatville for George IV The Downesian Gothic reconstruction of the Hall after the 1992 fire Edward VII came to the throne in 1901 and immediately set about modernising Windsor Castle with `` enthusiasm and zest '' . Many of the rooms in the Upper Ward were de-cluttered and redecorated for the first time in many years , with Edward `` peering into cabinets ; ransacking drawers ; clearing rooms formerly used by the Prince Consort and not touched since his death ; dispatching case - loads of relics and ornaments to a special room in the Round Tower ... destroying statues and busts of John Brown ... throwing out hundreds of ' rubbishy old coloured photographs ' ... ( and ) rearranging pictures '' . Electric lighting was added to more rooms , along with central heating ; telephone lines were installed , along with garages for the newly invented automobiles . The marathon was run from Windsor Castle at the 1908 Olympics , and in 1911 the pioneering aviator Thomas Sopwith landed an aircraft at the castle for the first time . George V continued a process of more gradual modernisation , assisted by his wife , Mary of Teck , who had a strong interest in furniture and decoration . Mary sought out and re-acquired items of furniture that had been lost or sold from the castle , including many dispersed by Edward VII , and also acquired many new works of art to furnish the state rooms . Queen Mary was also a lover of all things miniature , and a famous dolls ' house was created for her at Windsor Castle , designed by the architect Edwin Lutyens and furnished by leading craftsmen and designers of the 1930s . George V was committed to maintaining a high standard of court life at Windsor Castle , adopting the motto that everything was to be `` of the best '' . A large staff was still kept at the castle , with around 660 servants working in the property during the period . Meanwhile , during the First World War , anti-German feeling led the members of the Royal Family to change their dynastic name from the German House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ; George decided to take the new name from the castle , and the Royal Family became the House of Windsor in 1917 . Edward VIII did not spend much of his reign at Windsor Castle . He continued to spend most of his time at Fort Belvedere in the Great Park , where he had lived whilst Prince of Wales . Edward created a small aerodrome at the castle on Smith 's Lawn , now used as a golf - course . Edward 's reign was short - lived and he broadcast his abdication speech to the British Empire from the castle in December 1936 , adopting the title of Duke of Windsor . His successor , George VI also preferred his own original home , the Royal Lodge in the Great Park , but moved into Windsor Castle with his wife Elizabeth . As king , George revived the annual Garter Service at Windsor , drawing on the accounts of the 17th - century ceremonies recorded by Elias Ashmole , but moving the event to Ascot Week in June . On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 the castle was readied for war - time conditions . Many of the staff from Buckingham Palace were moved to Windsor for safety , security was tightened and windows were blacked - out . There was significant concern that the castle might be damaged or destroyed during the war ; the more important art works were removed from the castle for safe - keeping , the valuable chandeliers were lowered to the floor in case of bomb damage and a sequence of paintings by John Piper were commissioned from 1942 -- 4 to record the castle 's appearance . The king and queen and their children Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret lived for safety in the castle , with the roof above their rooms specially strengthened in case of attack . The king and queen drove daily to London , returning to Windsor to sleep , although at the time this was a well - kept secret , as for propaganda and morale purposes it was reported that the king was still residing full - time at Buckingham Palace . The castle was also used as a storage facility ; for example , the only purified heavy water at the time was rescued from France in the face of the imminent French defeat in 1940 , and most of it was sent to the castle to be stored in the basement alongside the Crown Jewels . After the war the king revived the `` dine and sleep '' events at Windsor , following comments that the castle had become `` almost like a vast , empty museum '' ; nonetheless , it took many years to restore Windsor Castle to its pre-war condition . In February 1952 , Elizabeth II came to the throne and decided to make Windsor her principal weekend retreat . The private apartments which had not been properly occupied since the era of Queen Mary were renovated and further modernised , and the Queen , Prince Philip and their two children took up residence . By the early 1990s , however , there had been a marked deterioration in the quality of the Upper Ward , in particular the State Apartments . Generations of repairs and replacements had resulted in a `` diminution of the richness with which they had first been decorated '' , a `` gradual attrition of the original vibrancy of effect , as each change repeated a more faded version of the last '' . A programme of repair work to replace the heating and the wiring of the Upper Ward began in 1988 . Work was also undertaken to underpin the motte of the Round Tower after fresh subsidence was detected in 1988 , threatening the collapse of the tower . 1992 fire ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Windsor Castle fire A unicorn , one of four Queen 's Beasts carved by Ben Harms and Ray Gonzalez to replace carvings destroyed in the 1992 fire . On 20 November 1992 , a major fire occurred at Windsor Castle , lasting for 15 hours and causing widespread damage to the Upper Ward . The Private Chapel in the north - east corner of the State Apartments was being renovated as part of a long term programme of work within the castle , and it is believed that one of the spotlights being used in the work set fire to a curtain by the altar during the morning . The fire spread quickly and destroyed nine of the principal state rooms and severely damaged more than 100 others . Fire - fighters applied water to contain the blaze , whilst castle staff attempted to rescue the precious artworks from the castle . Many of the rooms closest to the fire had been emptied as part of the renovation work , and this contributed to the successful evacuation of most of the collection . The fire spread through the roof voids and efforts continued through the night to contain the blaze , at great risk to the 200 fire - fighters involved . It was not until late afternoon that the blaze began to come under control , although the fire continued during the night before being officially declared over the next morning . Along with the fire and smoke damage , one of the unintended effects of the fire - fighting was the considerable water damage to the castle ; more than 1.5 million gallons of water were used to extinguish it , which in many ways caused more complex restoration problems than the fire . Two major issues for Windsor Castle emerged following the fire . The first was a political debate in Britain as to who should pay for the repairs . Traditionally , as the property of the Crown , Windsor Castle was maintained , and if necessary repaired , by the British government in exchange for the profits made by the Crown Estate . Furthermore , like other occupied royal palaces , it was not insured on grounds of economy . At the time of the fire , however , the British press strongly argued in favour of the Queen herself being required to pay for the repairs from her private income . A solution was found in which the restoration work would be paid for by opening Buckingham Palace to the public at selected times of the year , and by introducing new charges for public access to the parkland surrounding Windsor . The second major issue concerned how to repair the castle . Some suggested that the damaged rooms should be restored to their original appearance , but others favoured repairing the castle so as to incorporate modern designs . The decision was taken to largely follow the pre-fire architecture with some changes to reflect modern tastes and cost , but fresh questions emerged over whether the restoration should be undertaken to `` authentic '' or `` equivalent '' restoration standards . Modern methods were used at Windsor to reproduce the equivalent pre-fire appearance , partially due to the cost . The restoration programme was completed in 1997 at a total cost of £ 37 million ( £ 67 million in 2015 terms ) . 21st century ( edit ) Windsor Castle is one of Britain 's major tourist attractions . Windsor Castle , part of the Occupied Royal Palaces Estate , is owned by Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown , and day - to - day management is by the Royal Household . In terms of population , Windsor Castle is the largest inhabited castle in the world and the longest - occupied palace in Europe , but it also remains a functioning royal home . As of 2006 , around 500 people were living and working in the castle . The Queen has increasingly used the castle as a royal palace as well as her weekend home and it is now as often used for state banquets and official entertaining as Buckingham Palace . In recent years , Windsor Castle has hosted visits from President Mbeki of South Africa , King Abdullah II of Jordan and President Obama of the United States . The castle remains an important ceremonial location . The Waterloo ceremony is carried out in the presence of the Queen each year , and the annual ceremony of the Order of the Garter takes place in St George 's Chapel . While the Queen is in residence , the Guard Mounting ceremony occurs on a daily basis . The Royal Ascot procession leaves the castle each year during the annual meeting . During the Queen 's tenure much has been done , not only to restore and maintain the fabric of the building , but also to transform it into a major British tourist attraction , containing a significant portion of the Royal Collection of art , which is managed from Windsor . Archaeological work has continued at the castle , following on from limited investigations in the 1970s , the work on the Round Tower from 1988 to 1992 and the investigations following the 1992 fire . During 2007 , 993,000 tourists visited the castle . This has had to be achieved in co-ordination with security issues and the castle 's role as a working royal palace . In late 2011 two large water turbines were installed upstream of the castle on the River Thames to provide hydroelectric power to the castle and the surrounding estate . In April 2016 it was announced that the Royal Collection Trust is to fund a £ 27m project that will reinstate the original entrance hall of the castle to visitors , as well as a new café that will be housed in the 14th - century undercroft . The project is scheduled for completion at the end of 2018 , and will include a visitor centre and a dedicated learning centre . Windsor Castle , seen from the north ; ( l to r ) Upper Ward , Middle Ward , Round Tower , St George 's Chapel , Lower Ward and Curfew Tower See also ( edit ) England portal Constables and Governors of Windsor Castle The Society of the Friends of St George 's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter Windsor Festival International String Competition Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Queen 's Drawing Room , Queen 's Ballroom , Queen 's Audience Chamber , Queen 's Presence Chamber , Queen 's Guard Chamber , King 's Presence Chamber , King 's Audience Room , King 's Drawing Chamber and King 's Dining Chamber residing in May 's 17th - century structure ; Wyatville transformed the layout of the eastern end of the State Apartments , forming the Grand Reception Room , White Drawing Room , Green Drawing Room , Crimson Drawing Room , the Waterloo Chamber , State Dining Room and Octagonal Dining Room . Jump up ^ `` Authentic restoration '' involves using original materials and methods ; `` equivalent restoration '' , as at Windsor , can integrate modern `` fire compartmentation , service ducting , hygienic materials and strengthened floors '' , provided they can not be seen . Jump up ^ The rooms completely or largely destroyed in the fire were St George 's Hall , the Lantern Lobby , the Octagonal Dining Room , the Private Chapel , and the Great Kitchen . Jump up ^ `` Larderie '' means `` meat passage '' . Jump up ^ Tim Tatton - Brown argues that only the initial , middle bailey was built by William I , suggesting a later construction date for the two larger baileys . Jump up ^ The other two residences favoured by Henry III were the Palace of Westminster and Clarendon Palace . Jump up ^ The interiors were approximately 22 ft 11 in ( 7 m ) in height , and 23 ft 7 in ( 7.2 m ) wide . Jump up ^ Falstaff 's role in The Merry Wives of Windsor , for example , is believed to represent Frederick I ; the duke became an unpopular figure of fun at Elizabeth I 's court for his unwillingness , or inability , to pay his bills and his constant attempts to join the Order of the Garter . Various parts of the park surrounding Windsor are also represented in the play . Jump up ^ The Windsor narwhal horn had been kept since medieval times , when it was first believed to be a unicorn 's horn . It narrowly escaped being lost during the Interregnum after the Civil War . Jump up ^ Jeffry Wyatville was the nephew of James Wyatt who had worked for George III ; he changed his name to distinguish himself from his other relatives working in architecture . Jump up ^ This resulted in a change to the official distance to the race ; the previous length of a marathon had been around 24 miles ; since 1908 , the distance has been set at 26 miles and 385 yards , the distance between Windsor Castle and the main stadium . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Windsor Castle , Historic England . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Windsor Castle Including all the Buildings Within the Walls , Historic England . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Royal Estate , Windsor : Windsor Castle and Home Park , Historic England . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Roberts , Options Report for Windsor Castle , cited Nicolson , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Collection Trust -- Conquer the Tower Tour '' . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 7 , 156 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 78 ; Brindle and Kerr , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Tatton - Brown , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Mackworth - Young , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Colvin , p. 392 , cited Brown ( 1984 ) , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Emery , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 79 , 172 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Ireland , p. 93 ; Nicolson , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 123 , 174 ; Brindle and Kerr , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 28 ; Nicolson , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , pp. 197 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 206 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Watkin , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 191. ; Brindle and Kerr , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 211 , 214 , 218 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 244 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 246 , 264 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 146 ; Brindle and Kerr , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Emery , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 166 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 125 , 152 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 18 , 28 . ^ Jump up to : Mackworth - Young , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 22 ; Rowse , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Tatton - Brown , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , pp. 26 , 121 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 14 , 121 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` The Long Walk '' . Windsor Berkshire UK . WordPress . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cantor , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 55 , 122 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Estate -- Windsor Great Park '' . The Crown Estate . 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1989 ) , p. 230 ; Cantor , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Mackworth - Young , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 12 ; Robinson , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Emery , p. 193 ; Tatton - Brown , p. 18 ; Robinson , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Tatton - Brown , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1989 ) , p. 227 ; Robinson , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 32 . Jump up ^ South , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , pp. 32 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Tatton - Brown , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 34 ; Robinson , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 123 ; Emery , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Tatton - Brown , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Steane , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Tatton - Brown , p. 23 ; Barber , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 118 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1984 ) , p. 91 ; Nicolson , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 121 ; Emery , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 120 ; Brindle and Ward , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Steven Brindle , cited Nicolson , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1989 ) , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Wolffe , pp. 27 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 41 ; Rubin , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 43 ; Knox and Leslie pp. 3 -- 7 , cited Hoak p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 46 ; Rowse , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Rowse , pp. 52 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 46 ; Rowse , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 55 ; Hoak , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1860 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Rowse , pp. 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1971 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Rowse , pp. 64 , 66 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 47 ; Rowse , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 74 ; MacGregor , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Rowse , pp. 56 , 79 ; Hoak , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Thurley , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Dixon , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Spencer , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Spencer , pp. 327 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Spencer , p. 331 . ^ Jump up to : Watkin , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Barnard , p. 257 . ^ Jump up to : Brindle and Kerr , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Thurley , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Newman , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 128 -- 9 ; Rowse , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 55 ; Mackworth - Young , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Tite , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Tite , p. 24 ; Robinson , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 57 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Tite , p. 110 ; Robinson , p. 60 ; Bickham ; Pote . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 74 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Financial comparison based on average earnings ; using the Measuring Worth website . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 60 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Clarke and Ridley , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Clarke and Ridley , p. 48 ; Robinson , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Ireland , p. 92 ; Nicolson , p. 79 , pp. 172 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 91 , 93 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 92 ; Prince Charles , quoted Nicolson , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 117 ; Rowse , p. 207 ; Mackworth - Young , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 117 , 126 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Rowse , p. 237 ; Mackworth - Young , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 118 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 119 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Tighe and Davis , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Tighe and Davis , p. 655 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 135 ; Hibbert , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 135 ; Hibbert , pp. 191 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 135 ; Hibbert , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Senn , p. 24 ; Rowse , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 136 -- 7 ; Rowse , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Mackworth - Young , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 139 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Shawcross , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Robinson , pp. 138 -- 9 ; Shawcross , p. 487 . ^ Jump up to : Shawcross , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Freeman , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Shawcross , pp. 604 -- 5 ; p. 594 . ^ Jump up to : Mackworth - Young , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 183 ; Robinson , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Emery , p. 193 ; Brindle and Kerr , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 143 ; Nicolson , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 23 , 25 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 110 ; Windsor Castle Fact Sheet , Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Bogdanor , p. 190 ; Sovereign Grant Act : Frequently Asked Questions Relating to the Act and on General Issues , HM Treasury . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Windsor Castle , Hansard . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 145 ; Nicolson , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 78 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Royal Property . Hansard . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : House of Commons Public Accounts Committee , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 7 ; Mackworth - Young , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Emery , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 7 . Jump up ^ The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 28 November 2010 ; President Obama touches down in Windsor , BBC News . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Mackworth - Young , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Brindle and Kerr , p. 4 . Jump up ^ ISPAL Information Hub Fact Sheet B24 p. 5 , the Institute for Sport , Parks and Leisure . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Windsor Castle water turbine installed on River Thames , BBC News . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Queen 's official residences to undergo £ 37m tourism revamp , BBC News . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barber , Richard . ( 2007 ) `` The Round Table Feast of 1344 , '' in Munby , Barber and Brown ( eds ) 2007 . Barnard , Toby. ( 2009 ) `` The Viceregal Court in Later Seventeenth - Century Ireland , '' in Cruickshanks ( ed ) 2009 . Bickham , George . ( 1753 ) Deliciæ Britannicæ ; or , the Curiosities of Kensington , Hampton Court , and Windsor Castle , Delineated . London : Owen . OCLC 181805261 . Bogdanor , Vernon . ( 1997 ) The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829334 - 7 . Bold , John and Chaney , Edwards . ( eds ) ( 1993 ) English Architecture , Public and Private : essays for Kerry Downes . London : Hambledon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 095 - 1 . Brindle , Steven and Kerr , Brian . ( 1997 ) Windsor Revealed : New Light on the History of the Castle . London : English Heritage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85074 - 688 - 1 . Brown , Reginald Allen . ( 1984 ) The Architecture of Castles : A Visual Guide . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 4089 - 8 . Brown , Reginald Allen . ( 1989 ) Castles From the Air . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32932 - 3 . Cantor , Leonard Martin . ( 1987 ) The Changing English Countryside , 1400 -- 1700 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7102 - 0501 - 8 . Clarke , John and Ridley , Jasper Godwin. ( 2000 ) The Houses of Hanover and Saxe - Coburg - Gotha . Berkeley , US : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22801 - 6 . Colvin , Howard Montagu . ( ed ) ( 1973 ) The History of the King 's Works , Volume VI , 1782 -- 1851 . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . OCLC 77106638 . Cruickshanks , Eveline . ( ed ) ( 2009 ) The Stuart Courts . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5206 - 7 . Dixon , William Hepworth. ( 1880 ) Royal Windsor , Volume IV . London : Hurst and Blackett . OCLC 455329771 . Emery , Anthony . ( 2006 ) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales , 1300 -- 1500 : Volume 3 , Southern England . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58132 - 5 . Freeman , Kerin. ( 2015 ) The Civilian Bomb Disposing Earl : Jack Howard and Bomb Disposal in WW2 . Barnsley : Pen and Sword . ISBN 9781473825604 . Ireland , Ken . ( 2006 ) Cythera Regained ? : the Rococo Revival in European Literature and the Arts , 1830 -- 1910 . Cranbury , US : Fairleigh Dickinson Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 4078 - 4 . Hibbert , Christopher . ( 2007 ) Edward VII : The Last Victorian King . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8377 - 0 . Hoak , Dale . ( 1995 ) `` The Iconography of the Crown Imperial , '' in Hoak ( ed ) 1995 Tudor Political Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52014 - 0 . House of Commons Public Accounts Committee . ( 2009 ) Maintaining the Occupied Royal Palaces : Twenty - fourth Report of Session 2008 -- 09 , Report , Together with Formal Minutes , Oral and Written Evidence . London : The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 215 - 53049 - 3 . Knox , Ronald and Leslie , Shane . ( eds ) ( 1923 ) The Miracles of King Henry VI . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . MacGregor , Arthur . ( 2009 ) `` The Household Out of Doors : the Stuart Court and the Animal Kingdom , '' in Cruickshanks ( ed ) 2009 . Mackworth - Young , Robin . ( 1992 ) The History and Treasures of Windsor Castle . Andover , UK : Pitkin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85372 - 338 - 7 . Munby , Julian ; Barber , Richard and Brown , Richard . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) Edward III 's Round Table at Windsor . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 391 - 8 . Newman , John . ( 1993 ) `` Hugh May , Clarendon and Cornbury , '' in Bold and Chaney ( eds ) 1993 . Nicolson , Adam . ( 1997 ) Restoration : The Rebuilding of Windsor Castle . London : Michael Joseph . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7181 - 4192 - 9 . Pounds , Norman John Greville. ( 1990 ) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales : a social and political history . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45828 - 3 . Pote , Joseph . ( 1755 ) Les Delices de Windsore : or , a Description of Windsor Castle and the Country Adjacent . Eton : Joseph and Thomas Pote . OCLC 181833487 . Ritchie , Leitch. ( 1840 ) Windsor Castle , and Its Environs . London : Longman . OCLC 38518607 . Robinson , John Martin . ( 2010 ) Windsor Castle : the Official Illustrated History . London : Royal Collection Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902163 - 21 - 5 . Rowse , A.L.. ( 1974 ) Windsor Castle in the History of the Nation . London : Book Club Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902163 - 21 - 5 . Rubin , Miri. ( 2006 ) The Hollow Crown : a History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014825 - 1 . Senn , Alfred Erich . ( 1999 ) Power , Politics , and the Olympic Games . Champaigne , US : Human Kinetics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88011 - 958 - 0 . Shawcross , William . ( 2009 ) Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother : the Official Biography . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 4859 - 0 . South , Raymond . ( 1977 ) The Book of Windsor . Chesham , UK : Barracuda Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86023 - 038 - 0 . Spencer , Charles . ( 2007 ) Prince Rupert : The Last Cavalier . London : Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84610 - 9 Steane , John . ( 1999 ) The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 19788 - 5 . Tatton - Brown , Tim . ( 2007 ) `` Windsor Castle Before 1344 , '' in Munby , Barber and Brown ( eds ) 2007 . Thurley , Simon . ( 2009 ) `` A Country Seat Fit For a King : Charles II , Greenwich and Winchester , '' in Cruickshanks ( ed ) 2009 . Tighe , Robert Richard and Davis , James Edward . ( 1858 ) Annals of Windsor , Being a History of the Castle and Town , with some Account of Eton and Places Adjacent , Volume II . London : Longman . OCLC 3813471 . Tite , Catherine . ( 2010 ) Portraiture , Dynasty and Power : Art Patronage in Hanoverian Britain , 1714 -- 1759 . Amherst , US : Cambria Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60497 - 678 - 6 . Watkin , David . ( 2005 ) A History of Western Architecture . London : Laurence King . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 459 - 9 . Williams , Robert Folkestone. ( 1860 ) Domestic Memoirs of the Royal Family and of the Court of England , Chiefly at Shene and Richmond , Volume 2 . London : Hurst and Blackett . OCLC 8987461 . Williams , Neville. ( 1971 ) Royal Homes . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7188 - 0803 - 7 . Wolffe , Bertram. ( 2001 ) Henry VI . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08926 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Windsor Castle . Windsor Castle at the Royal Family website Windsor Castle at the Royal Collection Trust College of St George , home to St George 's Chapel Historic England . `` Details from listed building database ( 1117776 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the queen of england's castle located | [
"Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and for its architecture.\n"
] | [
"in the English county of Berkshire"
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1620482883034848811 | Billy Redden | Billy Redden - wikipedia Billy Redden Jump to : navigation , search Billy Redden ( born 1956 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as a backwoods , mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance . He played Lonnie , a banjo - playing teenager of the country in north Georgia , who played the noted `` Dueling Banjos '' with Drew Ballinger , played by Ronnie Cox . The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Redden was born in Rabun County , Georgia . Career ( edit ) At the age of 16 , he was selected for a role in Deliverance from his school in Georgia by the director John Boorman to portray a banjo - playing `` local '' during the film 's famous `` dueling banjos '' scene . Boorman felt that Redden 's skinny frame and large head , and almond shaped eyes made him the natural choice to play the part of an `` inbred from the back woods . '' Because Redden could not play a banjo , he wore a special shirt which allowed a real banjo player to hide behind him for the scene , which was shot with carefully chosen camera angles that would conceal the player , whose arms were slipped around Redden 's waist to play the tune . After Deliverance , Redden was cast in Lamberto Bava 's 1984 film Blastfighter . The film was recorded in and around Clayton and many people recall it as a mixture of Deliverance and First Blood . Redden next appeared in Tim Burton 's 2003 film Big Fish . Burton was intent on getting Redden , as he wanted him to play the role of a banjo - playing `` welcomer '' in the utopian town of Spectre . Burton located Redden in Clayton , Georgia , where he was part - owner of the Cookie Jar Café , and also worked as a cook and dishwasher . In 2004 , Redden made a guest appearance on Blue Collar TV , playing a car repairman named Ray in a `` Redneck Dictionary '' skit . He represented the word `` raisin bread '' ( as in `` Ray 's inbred '' ) . He played a banjo in the skit . In 2009 , Redden played again his usual role ( The banjo man ) in Ace Cruz 's film Outrage : Born in Terror . In 2012 , 40 years after the release of Deliverance , Redden was interviewed in association with a documentary , The Deliverance of Rabun County ( 2012 ) . It explored the feelings of people in Rabun County four decades later about the 1972 film . Redden said that though Deliverance was the best thing that happened to him , he never saw much money from the movie : `` I 'd like to have all the money I thought I 'd make from this movie . I would n't be working at Walmart right now . And I 'm struggling really hard to make ends meet . '' Noting some locals objected to the stereotypes in the movie , Redden said that the people in Rabun County were good people : `` We 're not a bad people up here , we 're a loving people . Rabun County is a pretty good town . It 's peaceful , not a lot of crime going on , just a real peaceful town . Everybody pretty much gets along with everybody . '' Filmography ( edit ) Deliverance ( 1972 ) - Lonnie Blastfighter ( 1984 ) - Banjo Man ( uncredited ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) - Banjo Man Outrage ( 2009 ) - Banjo Man ( final film role ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Burt Reynolds and ' Deliverance ' boy reunited `` . The Times of Northwest Indiana . ^ Jump up to : Welles , Cory ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` 40 Years Later , Deliverance Causes Mixed Feelings in Georgia '' . Marketplace . American Public Media . External links ( edit ) Billy Redden on IMDb Blake Spurney ( News Editor ) ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Another celebrity appearance for Rabun star ( Archived 27 Dec 2004 ) '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2004 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Redden&oldid=812623498 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people American male film actors American male child actors Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) People from Clayton , Georgia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the kid that played the banjo in deliverance | [
"Billy Redden (born 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as a backwoods, mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance. He played Lonnie, a banjo-playing teenager of the country in north Georgia, who played the noted \"Dueling Banjos\" with Drew Ballinger, played by Ronnie Cox. The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories."
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"Billy Redden"
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-8222901586980949196 | Photosystem II | Photosystem II - wikipedia Photosystem II This article is about the protein complex . For the Indonesian political party , see Indonesian Islamic Union Party . Cyanobacteria photosystem II , Dimer , PDB 2AXT Photosystem II ( or water - plastoquinone oxidoreductase ) is the first protein complex in the light - dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis . It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants , algae , and cyanobacteria . Within the photosystem , enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol . The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen . By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water , photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur . The hydrogen ions ( protons ) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP . The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP to NADPH or are used in cyclic photophosphorylation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) 3 Water splitting 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) Cyanobacterial photosystem II , Monomer , PDB 2AXT . The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2 . Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems in which the positive charge sitting on the chlorophyll dimer that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation is equally shared by the two monomers , in intact PSII the charge is mostly localized on one chlorophyll molecule ( 70 − 80 % ) . Because of this , P680 is highly oxidizing and can take part in the splitting of water . Photosystem II ( of cyanobacteria and green plants ) is composed of around 20 subunits ( depending on the organism ) as well as other accessory , light - harvesting proteins . Each photosystem II contains at least 99 cofactors : 35 chlorophyll a , 12 beta - carotene , two pheophytin , two plastoquinone , two heme , one bicarbonate , 20 lipid molecules , the Mn CaO cluster ( including two chloride ions ) , one non heme Fe and two putative Ca ions per monomer . There are several crystal structures of photosystem II . The PDB accession codes for this protein are 3WU2 , 3BZ1 , 3BZ2 ( 3BZ1 and 3BZ2 are monomeric structures of the Photosystem II dimer ) , 2AXT , 1S5L , 1W5C , 1ILX , 1FE1 , 1IZL . Photosystem II Light Harvesting complex protein Identifiers Symbol PSII Pfam PF00421 InterPro IPR000932 TCDB 3. E. 2 OPM superfamily OPM protein 3arc show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Protein Subunits ( only with known function ) Subunit Function D1 Reaction center Protein , binds Chlorophyll P680 , pheophytin , beta - carotene , quinone and manganese center D2 Reaction center Protein CP43 Binds manganese center CP47 PsbO Manganese Stabilizing Protein Coenzymes / Cofactors Molecule Function Chlorophyll Absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy Beta - carotene quench excess photoexcitation energy Heme b559 also Protoporphyrin IX containing iron Pheophytin Primary electron acceptor Plastoquinone Mobile intra-thylakoid membrane electron carrier Manganese center also known as the oxygen evolving center , or OEC Photosystem II Identifiers EC number 1.10. 3.9 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum show Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) ( edit ) Proposed structure of Manganese Center Main article : oxygen - evolving complex The oxygen - evolving complex is the site of water oxidation . It is a metallo - oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions ( in oxidation states ranging from + 2 to + 4 ) and one divalent calcium ion . When it oxidizes water , producing oxygen gas and protons , it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine ( D1 - Y161 ) sidechain and then to P680 itself . The first structural model of the oxygen - evolving complex are solved by X-ray crystallography from frozen protein crystals with a resolution of 3.8 Å in 2001 . Over the next years the resolution of the model is gradually increased to 2.9 Å . While obtaining these structures , in itself was a great feat , they do not show the oxygen - evolving complex in full detail . In 2011 the OEC of PSII was resolved to a level of 1.9 Å revealing five oxygen atoms serving as oxo bridges linking the five metal atoms and four water molecules bound to the Mn4CaO5 cluster ; more than 1,300 water molecules were found in each photosystem II monomer , some forming extensive hydrogen - bonding networks that may serve as channels for protons , water or oxygen molecules . At this stage , it is suggested that the structures obtained by X-ray crystallography are biased , since there is evidence that the manganese atoms are reduced by the high - intensity X-rays used , altering the observed OEC structure . This incentivized researchers to take their crystals to a different X-ray facilities , called X-ray Free Electron Lasers , such as SLAC in the USA . In 2014 the structure observed in 2011 was confirmed . Knowing the structure of Photosystem II did not suffice to reveal how it works exactly . So now the race has started to solve the structure of Photosystem II at different stages in the mechanistic cycle ( discussed below ) . Currently structures of the S1 state and the S3 state 's have been published almost simultaneously from two different groups , showing the addition of an oxygen molecule designated O6 between Mn1 and Mn4 , suggesting that this may be the site on the oxygen evolving complex , where oxygen is produced . Water splitting ( edit ) Water - splitting process : Electron transport and regulation . The first level ( A ) shows the original Kok model of the S - states cycling , the second level ( B ) shows the link between the electron transport ( S - states advancement ) and the relaxation process of the intermediate S - states ( ( YzSn ) , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) formation Photosynthetic water splitting ( or oxygen evolution ) is one of the most important reactions on the planet , since it is the source of nearly all the atmosphere 's oxygen . Moreover , artificial photosynthetic water - splitting may contribute to the effective use of sunlight as an alternative energy - source . The mechanism of water oxidation is still not fully elucidated , but we know many details about this process . The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen requires extraction of four electrons and four protons from two molecules of water . The experimental evidence that oxygen is released through cyclic reaction of oxygen evolving complex ( OEC ) within one PSII was provided by Pierre Joliot et al. They have shown that , if dark - adapted photosynthetic material ( higher plants , algae , and cyanobacteria ) is exposed to a series of single turnover flashes , oxygen evolution is detected with typical period - four damped oscillation with maxima on the third and the seventh flash and with minima on the first and the fifth flash ( for review , see ) . Based on this experiment , Bessel Kok and co-workers introduced a cycle of five flash - induced transitions of the so - called S - states , describing the four redox states of OEC : When four oxidizing equivalents have been stored ( at the S - state ) , OEC returns to its basic S - state . In the absence of light , the OEC will `` relax '' to the S state ; the S state is often described as being `` dark - stable '' . The S state is largely considered to consist of manganese ions with oxidation states of Mn , Mn , Mn , Mn . Finally , the intermediate S - states were proposed by Jablonsky and Lazar as a regulatory mechanism and link between S - states and tyrosine Z . In 2012 , Renger expressed the idea of internal changes of water molecules into typical oxides in different S - states during water splitting . In 2017 , Dolai showed almost complete concept of water splitting by the way of structural analysis of S - states and developed oxides from the water molecules . Dolai 's Diagram of S - states : Dolai 's diagrams are perfect pictures of different S - states in water - splitting during photosynthesis . These diagrams can express complete figures of intermediate S - states as well as the development of typical oxides ( monoxide ( 2H2O ) , hydroxide ( OH. H O ) , peroxide ( H O ) , super oxide ( HO ) and di - oxygen ( O ) ) ; which are formed due to interchange of water molecules in S - states . The arrangement of hydrogen bonding is main criteria of the diagrams . The effect of photon ( hv ) , emission of electron ( e ) and production of hydrogen ion ( H+ ) from water molecules can be shown by the diagrams in a more specific way of experimental detection . The diagrams almost completely analyze the pathway of water - splitting in photosynthesis . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Oxygen evolution P680 Photosynthesis Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II light - harvesting protein Reaction Centre Photoinhibition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loll B , Kern J , Saenger W , Zouni A , Biesiadka J ( December 2005 ) . `` Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 A resolution structure of photosystem II '' . Nature . 438 ( 7070 ) : 1040 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04224 . PMID 16355230 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford AW , Faller P ( January 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . Jump up ^ Okubo T , Tomo T , Sugiura M , Noguchi T ( April 2007 ) . `` Perturbation of the structure of P680 and the charge distribution on its radical cation in isolated reaction center complexes of photosystem II as revealed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy '' . Biochemistry . 46 ( 14 ) : 4390 -- 7 . doi : 10.1021 / bi700157n . PMID 17371054 . ^ Jump up to : Guskov A , Kern J , Gabdulkhakov A , Broser M , Zouni A , Saenger W ( March 2009 ) . `` Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 - A resolution and the role of quinones , lipids , channels and chloride '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1559 . PMID 19219048 . Jump up ^ Yano J , Kern J , Yachandra VK , Nilsson H , Koroidov S , Messinger J ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 2 , Section 3 X-Ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy of Photosystem II at Room Temperature Using Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses '' . In Kroneck PM , Sosa Torres ME . Sustaining Life on Planet Earth : Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 15 . Springer . p. 24 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 12415 - 5_2 . ^ Jump up to : Kuntzleman T , Yocum CF ( February 2005 ) . `` Reduction - induced inhibition and Mn ( II ) release from the photosystem II oxygen - evolving complex by hydroquinone or NH2OH are consistent with a Mn ( III ) / Mn ( III ) / Mn ( IV ) / Mn ( IV ) oxidation state for the dark - adapted enzyme '' . Biochemistry . 44 ( 6 ) : 2129 -- 42 . doi : 10.1021 / bi048460i . PMID 15697239 . Jump up ^ Zouni A , Witt HT , Kern J , Fromme P , Krauss N , Saenger W , Orth P ( February 2001 ) . `` Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 A resolution '' . Nature . 409 ( 6821 ) : 739 -- 43 . doi : 10.1038 / 35055589 . PMID 11217865 . Jump up ^ Kamiya N , Shen JR ( January 2003 ) . `` Crystal structure of oxygen - evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7 - A resolution '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 103 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0135651100 . PMC 140893 . PMID 12518057 . Jump up ^ Ferreira KN , Iverson TM , Maghlaoui K , Barber J , Iwata S ( March 2004 ) . `` Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen - evolving center '' . Science . 303 ( 5665 ) : 1831 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1093087 . PMID 14764885 . Jump up ^ Guskov A , Kern J , Gabdulkhakov A , Broser M , Zouni A , Saenger W ( March 2009 ) . `` Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 - A resolution and the role of quinones , lipids , channels and chloride '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1559 . PMID 19219048 . Jump up ^ Umena Y , Kawakami K , Shen JR , Kamiya N ( May 2011 ) . `` Crystal structure of oxygen - evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å '' . Nature . 473 ( 7345 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09913 . PMID 21499260 . Jump up ^ Suga M , Akita F , Hirata K , Ueno G , Murakami H , Nakajima Y , Shimizu T , Yamashita K , Yamamoto M , Ago H , Shen JR ( January 2015 ) . `` Native structure of photosystem II at 1.95 Å resolution viewed by femtosecond X-ray pulses '' . Nature . 517 ( 7532 ) : 99 -- 103 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13991 . PMID 25470056 . Jump up ^ Young ID , Ibrahim M , Chatterjee R , Gul S , Fuller F , Koroidov S , et al. ( December 2016 ) . `` Structure of photosystem II and substrate binding at room temperature '' . Nature . 540 ( 7633 ) : 453 -- 457 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20161 . PMC 5201176 . PMID 27871088 . Jump up ^ Suga M , Akita F , Sugahara M , Kubo M , Nakajima Y , Nakane T , et al. ( March 2017 ) . `` Light - induced structural changes and the site of O =O bond formation in PSII caught by XFEL '' . Nature . 543 ( 7643 ) : 131 -- 135 . doi : 10.1038 / nature21400 . PMID 28219079 . Jump up ^ Joliot P. ; Barbieri G. ; Chabaud R. ( 1969 ) . `` Un nouveau modele des centres photochimiques du systeme II '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 10 ( 5 ) : 309 -- 329 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1969. tb05696. x . Jump up ^ Joliot P ( 2003 ) . `` Period - four oscillations of the flash - induced oxygen formation in photosynthesis '' . Photosynthesis Research . 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 65 -- 72 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024946610564 . PMID 16228566 . Jump up ^ Kok B , Forbush B , McGloin M ( June 1970 ) . `` Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2 evolution - I. A linear four step mechanism '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 11 ( 6 ) : 457 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1970. tb06017. x . PMID 5456273 . Jump up ^ Jablonsky J , Lazar D ( April 2008 ) . `` Evidence for intermediate S - states as initial phase in the process of oxygen - evolving complex oxidation '' . Biophysical Journal . 94 ( 7 ) : 2725 -- 36 . Bibcode : 2008BpJ ... 94.2725 J . doi : 10.1529 / biophysj. 107.122861 . PMC 2267143 . PMID 18178650 . Jump up ^ Renger G ( August 2012 ) . `` Mechanism of light induced water splitting in Photosystem II of oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1817 ( 8 ) : 1164 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.02. 005 . PMID 22353626 . Jump up ^ Dolai , U ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis '' . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 -- 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Oxidoreductases : diphenol family ( EC 1.10 ) 1.10. 1 Trans - acenaphthene - 1 , 2 - diol dehydrogenase 1.10. 2 Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase 1.10. 3 Catechol oxidase Laccase 1.10. 99 Cytochrome b6f complex Other Alternative oxidase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosystem_II&oldid=845880615 '' Categories : Photosynthesis Light reactions Manganese enzymes EC 1.10. 3 Hidden categories : Protein pages needing a picture Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | during photosynthesis site of oxidation of water in chloroplast is | [] | [] |
948033946246065276 | Gossip Girl (season 4) | Gossip Girl ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Gossip Girl ( season 4 ) Gossip Girl ( season 4 ) DVD cover art Starring Blake Lively Leighton Meester Penn Badgley Chace Crawford Taylor Momsen Ed Westwick Jessica Szohr Kelly Rutherford Matthew Settle Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) -- May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Gossip Girl episodes The fourth season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 13 , 2010 , and concluded on May 16 , 2011 , consisting of 22 episodes . Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar , the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . The CW renewed the series for a full fourth season on February 16 , 2010 . Blake Lively , Leighton Meester , Penn Badgley , Chace Crawford , Taylor Momsen , Ed Westwick , Jessica Szohr , Kelly Rutherford , and Matthew Settle all return as series regulars . It was later announced that the show would stay in its Monday 9 : 00 p.m. timeslot as a lead - out to 90210 . The season premiered on September 13 , 2010 , to a 1.0 Adults 18 -- 49 rating and 1.84 million viewers . The fourth episode achieved a 1.1 Adults 18 -- 49 rating , the season 's highest - rated episode , while episode 11 was the most watched with 2.06 million viewers tuning in . The season concluded on May 16 , 2011 , with 1.36 million live viewers tuning in . On Metacritic , the season has a 75 out of 100 rating , indicating generally positive reviews by critics . The first half of the season focuses on Juliet , a mysterious girl with a vendetta against Serena . The second half focuses on Chuck 's professional struggles trying to keep his father 's business from his father 's old rival and his relationship with Blair . The season also focuses on Blair 's relationship with a prince , Nate revisiting old family problems , the deteriorating friendship between Dan and Vanessa and his growing feelings for Blair , as well as Serena 's cousin Charlie and her integration into the Upper East Side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Cast 3.2 Plot 4 Reception 5 DVD release 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl characters Main cast ( edit ) Blake Lively as Serena van der Woodsen Leighton Meester as Blair Waldorf Penn Badgley as Dan Humphrey Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey Ed Westwick as Chuck Bass Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen Matthew Settle as Rufus Humphrey Kristen Bell as Gossip Girl ( uncredited ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Katie Cassidy as Juliet Sharp David Call as Ben Donovan Connor Paolo as Eric van der Woodsen Amanda Setton as Penelope Shafai Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky Alice Callahan as Jessica Leitenberg Sam Robards as Howard Archibald Michael Boatman as Russell Thorpe Tika Sumpter as Raina Thorpe Guest cast ( edit ) Hugo Becker as Louis Grimaldi Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf Clémence Poésy as Eva Coupeau Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks Marlyne Barrett as Martha Sam Page as Colin Forrester Tim Gunn as himself Francie Swift as Anne Archibald Kevin Zegers as Damien Dalgaard Caitlin FitzGerald as Epperly Lawrence Luke Kleintank as Elliot Garfield Kaylee DeFer as Ivy Dickens / Charlie Rhodes Sheila Kelley as Carol Rhodes Joanne Whalley as Princess Sophie Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose Nicole Fiscella as Isabel Coates Nan Zhang as Kati Farkas Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 66 `` Belles de Jour '' Mark Piznarski Joshua Safran & Stephanie Savage September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 1.83 Serena and Blair enjoy their summer vacation in Paris trying to take their minds off of home . Chuck is recovering in Prague after being found and healed by Eva , a French tourist who does not know his real identity . Meanwhile , back in New York , Eleanor helps Lily make arrangements for the Fashion 's Night Out gathering at the van der Woodsen penthouse and Dan deals with raising Georgina 's newborn son Milo , while Nate meets a potential new love interest , Juliet Sharp , whom he asks out on a date . Karlie Kloss makes a cameo appearance . Absent : Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey . Title reference : The 1967 film Belle de Jour . 67 `` Double Identity '' Mark Piznarski Sara Goodman & Joshua Safran September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 1.84 Serena and Blair run into a different Chuck in Paris , and Chuck is reluctant to return to New York with Eva . Back in New York , Juliet suggests to Nate that tricking Vanessa to be with Dan might be the right thing to remove Dan from the Dan -- Serena -- Nate love triangle . Rufus learns that Dan is not Milo 's father after he checks Georgina and Milo 's blood test . Serena convinces Blair to talk Chuck into returning to Manhattan while Dan and Nate prepare to face Serena . Absent : Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey . Title reference : The 1944 film Double Indemnity . 68 `` The Undergraduates '' Norman Buckley Amanda Lasher September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 1.78 Juliet prevents Serena from joining the Hamilton House sorority . Serena and Blair find a way to expose Juliet 's sabotaging plans . Georgina finally comes clean to Dan about Milo . Chuck is afraid of introducing Eva to Lily and Rufus , since she does not know of all the things he has done in the past . Absent : Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey . Title reference : The 2008 film The Graduates . 69 `` Touch of Eva '' Andrew McCarthy Leila Gerstein October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) 2.00 Nate suspects that Juliet is keeping a big secret from him and decides to confront her . Meanwhile , Blair successfully plots to make Chuck and Eva break - up , which leads to him declaring war between them . Dan finds himself torn between his feelings for Serena and Vanessa . Absent : Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey . Title reference : The 1958 film Touch of Evil . 70 5 `` Goodbye , Columbia '' Jeremiah Chechik Robert Hull October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) 1.78 Juliet sends a Gossip Girl blast that starts a very damaging rumor about Serena , saying she has an STD . Vanessa becomes worried that Dan and Serena may have slept together and turns to Juliet to help her get answers . After checking Serena 's phone , Vanessa discovers than Dan and Serena did not sleep together . Vanessa then becomes collateral damage in Juliet 's vendetta against Serena when she frames her for sending an email from Serena 's phone to her English professor offering sex for grades . Elsewhere , Chuck threatens Blair 's chances to become the new assistant to powerful businesswoman Martha ( Marlyne Barrett ) . Absent : Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey and Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen . Title reference : The 1969 film Goodbye , Columbus . 71 6 `` Easy J '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Jake Coburn October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) 1.88 Jenny returns to New York for a job interview with Tim Gunn , while Blair puts forth her best efforts to send Little J back to Hudson . After her interview with Tim Gunn is sabotaged by Blair , Jenny reveals on Gossip Girl that she and Chuck slept together . Meanwhile , Serena learns that Colin ( Sam Page ) is actually her college professor , which puts their relationship in grave danger . Absent : Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams . Title reference : The 2010 film Easy A . 72 7 `` War at the Roses '' Joe Lazarov Jessica Queller November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 1.82 Blair is caught off guard at her 20th birthday party . Worried that Blair and Chuck might return to their vindictive games , Serena and Nate make the warring exes sign a peace treaty . Dan comes up with a scheme that will allow Jenny to return to the Upper East Side to celebrate Rufus and Lily 's anniversary celebration , but his plan ultimately backfires . Serena and Colin try to resist their desires for each other . Swedish singer Robyn makes a cameo performing an acoustic version of `` Hang with Me '' at Blair 's birthday party celebration . Absent : Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey . Title reference : The 1989 film The War of the Roses . 73 8 `` Juliet Does n't Live Here Anymore '' Patrick Norris Jeanne Leitenberg November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) 1.78 Serena continues to resist temptation with her professor Colin , while Blair tries to resist temptation with Chuck . Vanessa joins Juliet 's scheme to try to bring down Serena with photos taken of her and Colin in a romantic embrace . Nate discovers that Juliet has been lying about where she lives , and that she is poor . Dan realizes that he still has feelings for Serena . In the ending scene , Juliet makes contact with Jenny and asks for her help to take Serena down and Jenny is more than happy to help . Absent : Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen . Title reference : The 1974 film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore . 74 9 `` The Witches of Bushwick '' Ron Fortunato Sara Goodman November 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) 1.69 Serena learns that she has until the end of Chuck 's Saints & Sinners Masquerade Ball to choose between Dan or Nate . Jenny joins forces with Juliet and Vanessa to take down Serena . Meanwhile , Blair sets her sights on becoming the new face of Anne Archibald 's Foundation for Girls , but her relationship with Chuck may be problematic . In the episode , the song `` Make Me Wanna Die '' by The Pretty Reckless , which is fronted by Momsen , is heard . Title reference : The 1987 film The Witches of Eastwick . 75 10 `` Gaslit '' Tate Donovan Robert Hull & Joshua Safran November 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) 1.96 Lily , Rufus , Eric , Blair , Dan , and Chuck find themselves at the hospital for an overdose from Serena . Vanessa tries to frame Jenny for Juliet 's actions , thus threatening her relationship with her family . Meanwhile , Nate attempts to help his parents put the past behind them and reconcile . After successfully clearing her agenda , Juliet makes a departure from New York City , as well as Vanessa , in fear of potential vengeance from Blair . Jenny discovers Juliet 's true intentions towards Serena and gives Blair information that will help her take down Juliet . Note : This is Taylor Momsen 's last appearance on the series until the finale , though she remains credited on all season four episodes despite being absent . Title reference : The 1944 film Gaslight . 76 11 `` The Townie '' Joe Lazarov Amanda Lasher & Stephanie Savage December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 2.06 Blair and Dan team up with Damien to find Juliet in her Connecticut hometown through a tip from Gossip Girl . Meanwhile , Nate struggles with allowing his father back into his life when the Captain announces that his parole has been granted . Also , Rufus and Chuck learn Lily is planning to sell Bass Industries . Finally , Serena 's life at the boarding school is revealed . Absent : Jessica Szohr as Vanessa . Title reference : The 2010 film The Town . 77 12 `` The Kids Are Not All Right '' Allan Kroeker KJ Steinberg January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 1.58 A former associate of Chuck 's father , Russell Thorpe , along with his crafty and headstrong daughter Raina , return to Manhattan with some unfinished business concerning Bass Industries . Serena and Chuck unite against Lily . Meanwhile , Blair realizes that her mother , Eleanor , may be her key to becoming a future CEO . Nate worries that his father , The Captain , is having a little too much fun after his release from prison and is not taking his parole seriously . Absent : Jessica Szohr as Vanessa . Title reference : The 1979 film The Kids Are Alright . 78 13 `` Damien Darko '' Jeremiah Chechik Leila Gerstein January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 1.51 Blair is thrilled to get an internship at W magazine to further claw her way up the ranks to become a ruling CEO , but her excitement fades when she discovers that Dan has secured one of the coveted positions along with four other top students . Meanwhile , Chuck may have finally met his match with Russell Thorpe , and his daughter Raina , when they announce that they are planning to take over Bass Industries . Serena tries a reconciliation with Ben after his release from prison . Eric engages in suspicious behavior with Damien . Nate receives alarming news about his father 's business prospects when he learns that the Captain and Russell are working together for some nefarious purpose . Absent : Jessica Szohr as Vanessa . Title reference : The 2001 film Donnie Darko . 79 14 `` Panic Roommate '' Andrew McCarthy Jake Coburn February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 1.62 Blair enlists Nate 's help to win over her high - strung boss , Epperly , at W magazine . Meanwhile , Damien stirs up more drama when he begins playing Eric and Serena against each other in an attempt to get back at Ben . Chuck finds himself torn between business and pleasure with Raina . English band Florence and the Machine performs an acoustic version of `` Cosmic Love '' . Absent : Jessica Szohr as Vanessa . Title reference : The 2002 film Panic Room and the 2011 film The Roommate . 80 15 `` It - Girl Happened One Night '' Bart Wenrich Alex McNally February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) 1.32 As Russell Thorpe is prepared to take over Bass Industries , Chuck makes one last attempt to save his father 's company by throwing a Valentine 's Day fund raiser , and tries to cut Lily loose from his company and his life . Meanwhile , at W magazine , a difficult assignment gives Blair the opportunity for a promotion . Elsewhere , Serena struggles with her feelings for Ben against her family 's disapproval . Russell fires Nate 's father from his company as he is a conflict of interest . Absent : Jessica Szohr as Vanessa . Title reference : The 1934 film It Happened One Night . 81 16 `` While You Were n't Sleeping '' Norman Buckley Sara Goodman February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 1.57 Eric 's 18th birthday arrives , along with a drama - filled celebration . Damien blackmails Eric with the information he knows about the affidavit Lily forged against Ben . An impatient Blair decides to speed up the timetable to jump - start her career , but ultimately stretches herself too thin . Meanwhile , Serena is forced to choose between her family and a potential romance with Ben . Chuck and Lily reconcile and team up in order to save Bass Industries from Russell Thorpe . Vanessa returns to apologize to Dan . Title reference : The 1995 film While You Were Sleeping . 82 17 `` Empire of the Son '' David Warren Robert Hull February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 1.39 Unresolved issues between Ben and Serena come to light when his mother visits . Meanwhile , Russell puts his relationship with Raina at risk by using personal information to blackmail Lily in order to destroy Chuck 's family legacy . Russell tells Chuck a devastating secret about his father . Blair and Dan 's relationship continues to build . Nate and Raina explore their feelings for each other . Lily prepares to face legal consequences for her part in Ben 's false imprisonment . William van der Woodsen makes his return to the Upper East Side . Title reference : The 1987 film Empire of the Sun . 83 18 `` The Kids Stay in the Picture '' J. Miller Tobin Jessica Queller April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 1.43 William , along with Lily 's mother and sister , CeCe and Carol ( Sheila Kelley ) , come to New York to support Lily as she awaits the consequences of confessing to her crime . Carol 's daughter , Charlie ( Kaylee DeFer ) , who has been raised away from the glamour and wealth of the Upper East Side , follows her mother to the city to meet the rest of her family . Meanwhile , Blair and Dan deal with the aftermath of their kiss as Chuck realizes that he wants to win Blair back . Title reference : The 2002 film The Kid Stays in the Picture . 84 19 `` Petty in Pink '' Liz Friedlander Amanda Lasher April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 1.55 Serena becomes suspicious of Blair and Dan spending time together , and has Charlie spy on them to find out why . Blair is reunited with Prince Louis Grimaldi ( Hugo Becker ) whom she met in Paris . Meanwhile , Nate helps Raina find out what happened to her mother , while Chuck 's hopes about his legacy are crushed with the reveal of devastating information from the past . Rufus and Eric try to cheer up Lily by having Lily 's annual breast cancer awareness fundraising party be held at the penthouse . Title reference : The 1986 film Pretty in Pink . 85 20 `` The Princesses and the Frog '' Andrew McCarthy Leila Gerstein May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 1.27 A jealous Serena attempts to use information from Blair 's past to threaten her newfound happiness with Prince Louis whose parents disapprove of Blair . After discovering a shocking secret , Nate is torn between his relationship with Raina and his friendship with Chuck . A questionable friendship arises between Charlie and Vanessa . Absent : Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen . Title reference : The 2009 film The Princess and the Frog . 86 21 `` Shattered Bass '' Allison Liddi - Brown Sara Goodman May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 1.20 Jack Bass returns to the Upper East Side and helps Chuck , instead of helping Raina destroy him , as he prefers to be the only one to torture his nephew . Meanwhile , Blair receives Princess Sophie 's ( Joanne Whalley ) approval to marry Louis , after Cyrus impresses her at a party thrown by her mother Eleanor . At Blair 's party , Serena confronts Charlie about wearing her clothes without permission , in turn causing Dan to leave with Charlie . Then , they attend a Constance Billard / St. Judes alumni event together , where they run into former Constance mean girls Isobel ( Nicole Fiscella ) and Kati ( Nan Zhang ) . Chuck , Jack , and Nate discover the truth about the fire and tell Russell that if he leaves New York for good , they will keep the secret from Raina . After Raina tells Nate that she will not stop until she makes Chuck feel the pain she has , Nate tells her the truth . Thinking Chuck told her , Russell lures Blair to the rooftop of Constance . Rufus discovers that Charlie has not taken her medication and shows Serena and Vanessa . Absent : Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen . Title reference : The 2003 film Shattered Glass . 87 22 `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Patrick Norris Joshua Safran May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.36 The episode continues from the earlier events of the Constance Alumni event . Georgina Sparks , now married to a friendly but boring business intern to help raise her baby , turns up at the event looking for trouble . Serena and Vanessa reluctantly join forces to find Dan and Charlie , who does not take Dan 's rejection of her well . Blair must make a choice between the men in her life when her life is in danger by Russell . Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar makes a cameo , playing a character named Cecily , a Constance alumna . Charlie befriends Georgina , who has uncovered a secret about her . The finale ends with Blair spending the summer in Monaco with Prince Louis to plan their upcoming wedding , Serena taking on a new writing job in California , Chuck and Nate traveling the world together , Vanessa moving to Spain to go to college and selling Dan 's rough draft story of his life to a publisher , Rufus spending the summer with Lily who is still under house arrest , and Dan spending his summer in the Hamptons with Eric . Charlie returns to Miami where a shocking twist is revealed : Charlie is actually a 24 - year - old professional con artist named Ivy Dickens , who was hired by Carol Rhodes to impersonate the real Charlie . Dorota is seen throwing out the trash where a positive home pregnancy test lies with the rest of the trash . Note : Jessica Szohr 's and Connor Paolo 's last appearances until the series finale . Title reference : The 1973 film The Long Goodbye . Production ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on February 16 , 2010 . It continued to air Mondays at 9 / 8c following 90210 , and premiered on September 13 , 2010 . Blake Lively , Leighton Meester , Ed Westwick , and Clémence Poésy began filming this season in Paris on July 5 , 2010 . It was announced that Jessica Szohr would be absent for an unspecified number of episodes . However , Szohr began filming on July 9 , 2010 , the first day of production in New York City along with Penn Badgley , which indicated she would be back sooner than anticipated . Szohr appeared in the season premiere . Taylor Momsen began filming her scenes on August 30 , 2010 . Taylor Momsen appears in one episode titled `` Easy J '' which aired October 25 , 2010 , and will return in full series regular status for the second half of the season . It had also been confirmed that Tate Donovan , who previously worked with show 's developers Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage in The O.C. , would be directing an episode scheduled to air in November 2010 . The first two episodes of the season take place in Paris . The Airborne Toxic Event made a special appearance during the season 4 finale `` The Wrong Goodbye '' as the band for the Constance Billard Alumni party , playing the song `` Changing '' from their second album , All at Once . Cast ( edit ) I ca n't say that I 've actually watched Gossip Girl a lot . A guy who works with me watches it a lot , and he said : `` Yes ! You have to do it . It 's really good . '' So I checked a little bit with people I know to see what they thought about it , but I thought it would be a good opportunity to showcase the music . I 'm happy for any kind of way of doing that at the moment . -- Robyn on her acceptance of the Gossip Girl guest spot . Harry Potter actress Clémence Poésy joined the cast in Paris as Chuck 's new girlfriend , Eva , for four episodes . Former Melrose Place star Katie Cassidy joined the cast as Juliet , a student at Columbia University and a potential love interest for Nate , with an agenda against Serena , together with David Call as Ben Donovan , Juliet 's imprisoned brother . Actor Sam Page was cast as Serena 's new love interest , a Columbia business professor and Juliet and Ben 's cousin , for a four - episode arc . Kevin Zegers returned to the show as Damien Dalgaard , appearing in five episodes . Desmond Harrington also returned as Chuck 's uncle , Jack Bass . Taylor Momsen was absent for several episodes at the beginning of the season due to her touring commitments with The Pretty Reckless , but returned near the end of the first half of the season . She was then scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show and only appeared in four episodes of the season . Michael Boatman and Tika Sumpter guest - starred in episodes airing in 2011 . Boatman played Russell Thorpe , a powerful business tycoon and a former associate of Chuck 's father , Bart , while Sumpter portrayed his daughter , Raina . Tim Gunn and fashion designers Diane Von Furstenberg and Rachel Zoe all made special cameo appearances during the first half of the season . Singer Robyn also made a cameo appearance performing her song `` Hang with Me '' . William Baldwin admitted he would like to return for the fourth season . He said he would return in the same capacity of Michelle Trachtenberg to come in cause some trouble then leave again . The CW announced in December 2010 that Baldwin would return in February 2011 . Sheila Kelley replaced Illeana Douglas as Lily 's sister , Carol , after Douglas was forced to drop out of the project due to scheduling conflicts . Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the series as Georgina Sparks in the season finale . Kaylee DeFer also joined the cast as Carol 's daughter and Serena and Eric 's cousin , Charlie Rhodes . DeFer 's contract with the show also included the possibility of her becoming a series regular next season . DeFer was officially promoted to series regular starting in season 5 . Hugo Becker , who played Prince Louis Grimaldi , returned on April 18 , 2011 , for the rest of the season . The Borgias actress Joanne Whalley had been cast in an episode of Gossip Girl following a Screen Actors Guild casting notice . Whalley was rumoured to play an adversarial role to Kelly Rutherford 's Lily van der Woodsen , but turned out to be that of Princess Sophie , Louis Grimaldi 's mother . Academy Award - nominated director David O. Russell made a cameo . On April 6 , 2011 , it was reported that 10 Things I Hate About You star Ethan Peck had landed a role in the show . Both stars were seen filming with Lively in California . Peck would reportedly make his debut in the season finale and was in talks with producers for a recurring role for the fifth season . Recurring cast members Nan Zhang and Nicole Fiscella reprised their roles as Kati Farkas and Isabel Coates for the penultimate episode and the season finale . Zhang had left the show during the first season and Fiscella finished her stint as a recurring cast member during the second season of the show . Tony Award - winning actress Jan Maxwell reprised her role as Headmistress Queller for the season finale . Becker remained ambiguous on whether he would be joining the series as a recurring or regular cast member during an interview with Zap2it , stating `` the answer is in the finale . '' On May 16 , 2011 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar would be making a cameo for the season finale . Plot ( edit ) I did n't actually read that into it until I actually saw it on TV and how they set it up . I can see why people would think that . -- Katie Cassidy on fans thinking she was Gossip Girl . Season four begins with Serena and Blair enjoying their summer in Paris , until the unexpected appearance of Chuck Bass , who is using a false name and cozying up to a new girl . Blair has to decide if she wants to fight for Chuck or spend her energy trying to rule Columbia University . Serena needs to choose between Nate and Dan , but Dan is a bit busy coping with his new role as `` dad '' to Georgina 's baby . Georgina later reveals the baby is not his . Stephanie Savage revealed in an interview that the Dan and Serena story is `` reactivated '' and sorting through it will become a bigger story . She also revealed that the third - season finale `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' had a big impact on Jenny and she would be a changed person when she returns . Her return later this season would be `` full of drama '' . The Gossip Girl website was under construction when Serena and Blair returned from Paris and debuted `` never before seen technology '' when it returned . It is revealed that Juliet is working with her brother to take down Serena , for unknown reasons . Vanessa gets caught in the middle when Juliet sets her up for stealing Serena 's phone and sending an incriminating email . Vanessa later leaves town when only Dan believes her , but tells Juliet to watch her back . After Blair ran Chuck 's new girlfriend out of town , he pledges war against her . They later decide that it is best for both of them if they end their fighting after Jenny posts on Gossip Girl the reason why she left town . In the next episode , at Blair 's 20th birthday party they kiss and have sex . Both Nate and Dan still have feelings for Serena , but do n't know what to make of her mixed signals . Most of Juliet 's plan is revealed by the end of the first half of the season , with some elements set to carry over . Juliet also recruits two main characters to help take Serena down . Blair and Dan team up to help Serena . The two characters who joined Juliet were Vanessa and Jenny . The three manage to turn everyone against Serena when Juliet and Jenny dress up as her at a masquerade party . Juliet takes photos of herself with cocaine and drugs Serena , causing Lily to believe Serena had gone off the rails again and has her committed to the Ostroff center . Jenny , feeling guilty about what they have done , reveals everything to Blair . Vanessa leaves town to avoid Blair , while Blair and Dan form an alliance to seek revenge on Juliet . After they track her down , Juliet goes to Serena and explains everything to her . It is revealed in a confrontation with Lily that Juliet 's brother Ben was Serena 's former teacher at her boarding school in Connecticut , who was accused of having an affair with Serena . Lily forged Serena 's signature on the police affidavit , which in Lily 's plan , would allow Serena to return home and , inadvertently , had sent Ben to prison . Serena then hatches a plan to help free Ben from prison . This involves proving that her mother forged the affidavit against Ben . Chuck also learns that Lily was planning to sell Bass Industries behind his back . Reception ( edit ) The season opened to a 1.0 Adults 18 -- 49 rating and 1.84 million viewers . The fourth episode initially hit season highs in all categories with a 2.8 Women 18 - 34 rating , 1.1 Adults 18 -- 49 , a 1.7 in Adults 18 - 34 and 2.00 million viewers , until the airing of the eleventh episode hit a season high in viewers 2.06 million . The series has larger increases in the adults 18 -- 49 on the Live + 7 DVR Ratings . The 4th episode had an 18 -- 49 rating of 1.1 , which was later increased to a 1.5 rating . The 5th episode had an 18 -- 49 rating of 0.9 , which later rose up to 1.3 , which is 44 % of increase . `` Gossip Girl gets by just fine on scandal , secrets , and convoluted plots , but the times where the show most fully escapes guilty - pleasure territory are when it explores compelling , complex relationships . '' -- Erik Adams assessing relationships in the show . The season premiered to generally favorable reviews from critics . Steve Marsi of TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.5 stars out of 5.0 and praised Michelle Trachtenberg 's and guest star Katie Cassidy 's acting and storylines . Mark O. Estes , from Tv Overmind , also enjoyed the fact that the episode had `` explored more adult themes than usual . '' Gerard McGarry , from Unreality Shout , said that the season premiere was `` brilliant '' , while Alexis James - blackhead , from Buzz Focus , said that the episode was `` less sizzle than fizzle . '' Leighton Meester and Ed Westwick 's performance was praised during the next episode `` Chuck Bass '' was also a trending topic on Twitter on the night the episode aired . The season has a 75 / 100 score of Metacritic , indicating mostly positive reviews . Erik Adams from The A.V. Club reviewed the direction of the fourth season following the fourth - season premiere . `` By the time a television show reaches its fourth season , the characteristics of its main ensemble ought to be deeply entrenched and immediately recognizable to regular viewers . But on the occasion of Gossip Girl 's fourth season première , the ongoing teen soap -- and its characters -- are allowed some reinvention . The CW 's flagship franchise is in a precarious position : it 's a show that 's both out of time and losing its sizzle . '' Adams cited the show 's expensive art direction despite the economic woes outside of the show and the doubtful following of the Gossip Girl world considering the rise of micro-blogging in celebrity culture . Adams praised the development of Blair and Serena 's relationship , declaring their friendship as `` the great , central romance of Gossip Girl . '' Brian Cantor of Headline Planet expressed disappointment with the show 's performance for the season premiere , stating `` ( Gossip Girl ) considerably ( has ) less critical interest and buzz than there had been for past seasons ; the show no longer even has the ' pop culture phenomenon ' claim to soften the blow of ratings releases . '' Judy Berman of the Los Angeles Times in contrast , defended the show 's creative form during the midseason finale `` The Townie '' , stating , `` Whenever I start to think that the show has run out of material ( ... ) it unleashes a showstopping hour of sparkly melodrama that reminds me of why I 'm still watching . '' With the airing of the season finale TV Fanatic 's Steve Marsi assessed the fourth season stating that `` it 's not a stretch to say the past season was uneven at best , lacking some of the continuity , humor and drama of the past . It 's hard to put one 's finger on in a sense , since many episodes were enjoyable . But there was a certain OMG - can - you - believe - this - happened factor that just was n't there . '' Dvd release ( edit ) Complete season Release dates DVD extras and bonus features # of discs Region Region Region Region 4th August 23 , 2011 August 15 , 2011 September , 2011 September 5 , 2011 ( Brazil ) September 7 , 2011 ( Australia ) Bisoux a Paris ! : Go Abroad on a Spree in Paris with the Cast and Creative Teams ; Exposing Gossip Girl : The Making of Episode 18 : The Complete Lowdown on the Creative Processes Behind `` The Kids Stay in the Picture '' ; Gag Reel ; Unaired Scenes . 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Scoop : CW renews ' Supernatural , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Vampire , ' and ' Top Model ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The CW Announces 2010 - 11 Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , L.J. ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Gossip Girl Scoop on Possible Death , Jenny 's Return '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Scoop : Guess Who 's Coming to the UES '' . October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Scoop : ' Gossip Girl ' pulls trigger on Tim Gunn cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Rachel Zoe films ' Gossip Girl ' cameo during New York Fashion Week '' . Daily News . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Diane Von Furstenberg on Gossip Girl tonight Retrieved : November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Robyn talks tonight 's ' Gossip Girl ' guest spot , the ' Body Talk ' trilogy , and her gay following : An EW Q&A '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` William Baldwin returning to ' Gossip Girl ' ; ' Justified ' gets a premiere date '' . Zap 2 It . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Scoop : Lost Star Replaces Illeana Douglas as Lily 's Sis '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Glee , House , Gossip Girl , HIMYM , Modern Family and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl 4.19 : Petty in Pink Preview Gallery & Secret Meeting Clip '' . Buzz Focus. April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arrow , Jennifer ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Princess Power : Could There Be a Royal Wedding in Blair 's Future on Gossip Girl ? '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher . `` Joanne Whalley to Guest Star on Gossip Girl '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spoiler Chat : Will There Be Another Surprise Pregnancy on Grey 's Anatomy ? '' . E ! Online . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` David O. Russell Will Appear on Gossip Girl '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Smallville , Glee , Castle , Bones , How I Met Your Mother and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Peck ' lands Gossip Girl role ' '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wengen , Deidre ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Peck to appear on Gossip Girl '' . phillyBurbs.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spiegelman , Ian ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wetpaint Exclusive ! One of Blair 's Former Minions Dishes on Gossip Girl 's Gasp - Worthy Season 4 Finale '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl 's ' Hugo Becker talks Prince Louis and Blair : ' They could make a terrific couple ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' author Cecily von Ziegesar guests on season finale -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Katie Cassidy : I 'm not Gossip Girl '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The CW Announces 2010 - 11 Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 3 : `` The Undergraduates '' Jump up ^ Stephanie Savage interview Retrieved : 2010 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , L.J. ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season Four Spoilers From TCA Panel '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 2 : `` Double Identity '' Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 5 : `` Goodbye , Columbia '' Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 4 : `` Touch of Eva '' Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 6 : `` Easy J '' Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 7 : `` Ware At The Roses '' Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 8 : `` Juliet Does n't Live Here Any more '' ^ Jump up to : Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 9 : `` The Witches of Bushwick '' Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Are Callie and Arizona Really Leaving Grey 's Anatomy ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 10 : `` Gaslit '' Jump up ^ Gossip Girl season 4 ; Episode 11 : `` The Townie '' Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Parenthood , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe , The Mentalist Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Belles de Jour '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season Premiere Review : `` Belles Du Jour '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes , Mark ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Gossip Girl 4.01 `` Belles de Jour '' Review / Recap `` . TV Overmind . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Gerard ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 4 - Belles Du Jour ( S04E01 ) - Episode review '' . Unreality Shout . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James - blackhead , Alexis ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 4 Episode 1 ( Premiere ) : Belles de Jour '' . Buzz Focus.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Get Premiere - Week Scoop on Glee , Big Bang , Dexter and More ! '' . E !. Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' House , ' ' Glee , ' ' Bones , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' HIMYM , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Twitter trends : Chuck Bass , ' Prinsjesdag , ' the death of Kenny McKinley '' . The Independent . September 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` '' 90210 , '' `` Gossip Girl '' Seasons Premiere to Disastrous Ratings `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berman , Judy ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' recap : Every Lily has its thorn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 4 : What Went Wrong ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) List of Gossip Girl season 4 episodes on IMDb List of Gossip Girl season 4 episodes at TV.com hide Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossip_Girl_(season_4)&oldid=848488262 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Gossip Girl ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does lois come to new york in gossip girl | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)661\"Belles de Jour\"Mark PiznarskiJoshua Safran & Stephanie SavageSeptember 13, 2010 (2010-09-13)1.83[5]\nSerena and Blair enjoy their summer vacation in Paris trying to take their minds off of home. Chuck is recovering in Prague after being found and healed by Eva, a French tourist who does not know his real identity. Meanwhile, back in New York, Eleanor helps Lily make arrangements for the Fashion's Night Out gathering at the van der Woodsen penthouse and Dan deals with raising Georgina's newborn son Milo, while Nate meets a potential new love interest, Juliet Sharp, whom he asks out on a date. Karlie Kloss makes a cameo appearance.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1967 film Belle de Jour.\n672\"Double Identity\"Mark PiznarskiSara Goodman & Joshua SafranSeptember 20, 2010 (2010-09-20)1.84[11]\nSerena and Blair run into a different Chuck in Paris, and Chuck is reluctant to return to New York with Eva. Back in New York, Juliet suggests to Nate that tricking Vanessa to be with Dan might be the right thing to remove Dan from the Dan–Serena–Nate love triangle. Rufus learns that Dan is not Milo's father after he checks Georgina and Milo's blood test. Serena convinces Blair to talk Chuck into returning to Manhattan while Dan and Nate prepare to face Serena.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1944 film Double Indemnity.\n683\"The Undergraduates\"Norman BuckleyAmanda LasherSeptember 27, 2010 (2010-09-27)1.78[12]\nJuliet prevents Serena from joining the Hamilton House sorority. Serena and Blair find a way to expose Juliet's sabotaging plans. Georgina finally comes clean to Dan about Milo. Chuck is afraid of introducing Eva to Lily and Rufus, since she does not know of all the things he has done in the past.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 2008 film The Graduates.\n694\"Touch of Eva\"Andrew McCarthyLeila GersteinOctober 4, 2010 (2010-10-04)2.00[6]\nNate suspects that Juliet is keeping a big secret from him and decides to confront her. Meanwhile, Blair successfully plots to make Chuck and Eva break-up, which leads to him declaring war between them. Dan finds himself torn between his feelings for Serena and Vanessa.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1958 film Touch of Evil.\n705\"Goodbye, Columbia\"Jeremiah ChechikRobert HullOctober 11, 2010 (2010-10-11)1.78[13]\nJuliet sends a Gossip Girl blast that starts a very damaging rumor about Serena, saying she has an STD. Vanessa becomes worried that Dan and Serena may have slept together and turns to Juliet to help her get answers. After checking Serena's phone, Vanessa discovers than Dan and Serena did not sleep together. Vanessa then becomes collateral damage in Juliet's vendetta against Serena when she frames her for sending an email from Serena's phone to her English professor offering sex for grades. Elsewhere, Chuck threatens Blair's chances to become the new assistant to powerful businesswoman Martha (Marlyne Barrett).\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey and Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 1969 film Goodbye, Columbus.\n716\"Easy J\"Lee Shallat-ChemelJake CoburnOctober 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)1.88[14]\nJenny returns to New York for a job interview with Tim Gunn, while Blair puts forth her best efforts to send Little J back to Hudson. After her interview with Tim Gunn is sabotaged by Blair, Jenny reveals on Gossip Girl that she and Chuck slept together. Meanwhile, Serena learns that Colin (Sam Page) is actually her college professor, which puts their relationship in grave danger.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams.\n\nTitle reference: The 2010 film Easy A.\n727\"War at the Roses\"Joe LazarovJessica QuellerNovember 1, 2010 (2010-11-01)1.82[15]\nBlair is caught off guard at her 20th birthday party. Worried that Blair and Chuck might return to their vindictive games, Serena and Nate make the warring exes sign a peace treaty. Dan comes up with a scheme that will allow Jenny to return to the Upper East Side to celebrate Rufus and Lily's anniversary celebration, but his plan ultimately backfires. Serena and Colin try to resist their desires for each other. Swedish singer Robyn makes a cameo performing an acoustic version of \"Hang with Me\" at Blair's birthday party celebration.\n\n\nAbsent: Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey.\n\nTitle reference: The 1989 film The War of the Roses.\n738\"Juliet Doesn't Live Here Anymore\"Patrick NorrisJeanne LeitenbergNovember 8, 2010 (2010-11-08)1.78[16]\nSerena continues to resist temptation with her professor Colin, while Blair tries to resist temptation with Chuck. Vanessa joins Juliet's scheme to try to bring down Serena with photos taken of her and Colin in a romantic embrace. Nate discovers that Juliet has been lying about where she lives, and that she is poor. Dan realizes that he still has feelings for Serena. In the ending scene, Juliet makes contact with Jenny and asks for her help to take Serena down and Jenny is more than happy to help.\n\n\nAbsent: Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.\n749\"The Witches of Bushwick\"Ron FortunatoSara GoodmanNovember 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)1.69[17]\nSerena learns that she has until the end of Chuck's Saints & Sinners Masquerade Ball to choose between Dan or Nate. Jenny joins forces with Juliet and Vanessa to take down Serena. Meanwhile, Blair sets her sights on becoming the new face of Anne Archibald's Foundation for Girls, but her relationship with Chuck may be problematic. In the episode, the song \"Make Me Wanna Die\" by The Pretty Reckless, which is fronted by Momsen, is heard.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1987 film The Witches of Eastwick.\n7510\"Gaslit\"Tate DonovanRobert Hull & Joshua SafranNovember 29, 2010 (2010-11-29)1.96[18]\nLily, Rufus, Eric, Blair, Dan, and Chuck find themselves at the hospital for an overdose from Serena. Vanessa tries to frame Jenny for Juliet's actions, thus threatening her relationship with her family. Meanwhile, Nate attempts to help his parents put the past behind them and reconcile. After successfully clearing her agenda, Juliet makes a departure from New York City, as well as Vanessa, in fear of potential vengeance from Blair. Jenny discovers Juliet's true intentions towards Serena and gives Blair information that will help her take down Juliet.\n\n\nNote: This is Taylor Momsen's last appearance on the series until the finale, though she remains credited on all season four episodes despite being absent.\n\nTitle reference: The 1944 film Gaslight.\n7611\"The Townie\"Joe LazarovAmanda Lasher & Stephanie SavageDecember 6, 2010 (2010-12-06)2.06[7]\nBlair and Dan team up with Damien to find Juliet in her Connecticut hometown through a tip from Gossip Girl. Meanwhile, Nate struggles with allowing his father back into his life when the Captain announces that his parole has been granted. Also, Rufus and Chuck learn Lily is planning to sell Bass Industries. Finally, Serena's life at the boarding school is revealed.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 2010 film The Town.\n7712\"The Kids Are Not All Right\"Allan KroekerKJ SteinbergJanuary 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)1.58[19]\nA former associate of Chuck's father, Russell Thorpe, along with his crafty and headstrong daughter Raina, return to Manhattan with some unfinished business concerning Bass Industries. Serena and Chuck unite against Lily. Meanwhile, Blair realizes that her mother, Eleanor, may be her key to becoming a future CEO. Nate worries that his father, The Captain, is having a little too much fun after his release from prison and is not taking his parole seriously.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 1979 film The Kids Are Alright.\n7813\"Damien Darko\"Jeremiah ChechikLeila GersteinJanuary 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)1.51[20]\nBlair is thrilled to get an internship at W magazine to further claw her way up the ranks to become a ruling CEO, but her excitement fades when she discovers that Dan has secured one of the coveted positions along with four other top students. Meanwhile, Chuck may have finally met his match with Russell Thorpe, and his daughter Raina, when they announce that they are planning to take over Bass Industries. Serena tries a reconciliation with Ben after his release from prison. Eric engages in suspicious behavior with Damien. Nate receives alarming news about his father's business prospects when he learns that the Captain and Russell are working together for some nefarious purpose.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 2001 film Donnie Darko.\n7914\"Panic Roommate\"Andrew McCarthyJake CoburnFebruary 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)1.62[21]\nBlair enlists Nate's help to win over her high-strung boss, Epperly, at W magazine. Meanwhile, Damien stirs up more drama when he begins playing Eric and Serena against each other in an attempt to get back at Ben. Chuck finds himself torn between business and pleasure with Raina. English band Florence and the Machine performs an acoustic version of \"Cosmic Love\".\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 2002 film Panic Room and the 2011 film The Roommate.\n8015\"It-Girl Happened One Night\"Bart WenrichAlex McNallyFebruary 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)1.32[22]\nAs Russell Thorpe is prepared to take over Bass Industries, Chuck makes one last attempt to save his father's company by throwing a Valentine's Day fund raiser, and tries to cut Lily loose from his company and his life. Meanwhile, at W magazine, a difficult assignment gives Blair the opportunity for a promotion. Elsewhere, Serena struggles with her feelings for Ben against her family's disapproval. Russell fires Nate's father from his company as he is a conflict of interest.\n\n\nAbsent: Jessica Szohr as Vanessa.\n\nTitle reference: The 1934 film It Happened One Night.\n8116\"While You Weren't Sleeping\"Norman BuckleySara GoodmanFebruary 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)1.57[23]\nEric's 18th birthday arrives, along with a drama-filled celebration. Damien blackmails Eric with the information he knows about the affidavit Lily forged against Ben. An impatient Blair decides to speed up the timetable to jump-start her career, but ultimately stretches herself too thin. Meanwhile, Serena is forced to choose between her family and a potential romance with Ben. Chuck and Lily reconcile and team up in order to save Bass Industries from Russell Thorpe. Vanessa returns to apologize to Dan.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1995 film While You Were Sleeping.\n8217\"Empire of the Son\"David WarrenRobert HullFebruary 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)1.39[24]\nUnresolved issues between Ben and Serena come to light when his mother visits. Meanwhile, Russell puts his relationship with Raina at risk by using personal information to blackmail Lily in order to destroy Chuck's family legacy. Russell tells Chuck a devastating secret about his father. Blair and Dan's relationship continues to build. Nate and Raina explore their feelings for each other. Lily prepares to face legal consequences for her part in Ben's false imprisonment. William van der Woodsen makes his return to the Upper East Side.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1987 film Empire of the Sun.\n8318\"The Kids Stay in the Picture\"J. Miller TobinJessica QuellerApril 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)1.43[25]\nWilliam, along with Lily's mother and sister, CeCe and Carol (Sheila Kelley), come to New York to support Lily as she awaits the consequences of confessing to her crime. Carol's daughter, Charlie (Kaylee DeFer), who has been raised away from the glamour and wealth of the Upper East Side, follows her mother to the city to meet the rest of her family. Meanwhile, Blair and Dan deal with the aftermath of their kiss as Chuck realizes that he wants to win Blair back.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 2002 film The Kid Stays in the Picture.\n8419\"Petty in Pink\"Liz FriedlanderAmanda LasherApril 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)1.55[26]\nSerena becomes suspicious of Blair and Dan spending time together, and has Charlie spy on them to find out why. Blair is reunited with Prince Louis Grimaldi (Hugo Becker) whom she met in Paris. Meanwhile, Nate helps Raina find out what happened to her mother, while Chuck's hopes about his legacy are crushed with the reveal of devastating information from the past. Rufus and Eric try to cheer up Lily by having Lily's annual breast cancer awareness fundraising party be held at the penthouse.\n\n\nTitle reference: The 1986 film Pretty in Pink.\n8520\"The Princesses and the Frog\"Andrew McCarthyLeila GersteinMay 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)1.27[27]\nA jealous Serena attempts to use information from Blair's past to threaten her newfound happiness with Prince Louis whose parents disapprove of Blair. After discovering a shocking secret, Nate is torn between his relationship with Raina and his friendship with Chuck. A questionable friendship arises between Charlie and Vanessa.\n\n\nAbsent: Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 2009 film The Princess and the Frog.\n8621\"Shattered Bass\"Allison Liddi-BrownSara GoodmanMay 9, 2011 (2011-05-09)1.20[28]\nJack Bass returns to the Upper East Side and helps Chuck, instead of helping Raina destroy him, as he prefers to be the only one to torture his nephew. Meanwhile, Blair receives Princess Sophie's (Joanne Whalley) approval to marry Louis, after Cyrus impresses her at a party thrown by her mother Eleanor. At Blair's party, Serena confronts Charlie about wearing her clothes without permission, in turn causing Dan to leave with Charlie. Then, they attend a Constance Billard/St. Judes alumni event together, where they run into former Constance mean girls Isobel (Nicole Fiscella) and Kati (Nan Zhang). Chuck, Jack, and Nate discover the truth about the fire and tell Russell that if he leaves New York for good, they will keep the secret from Raina. After Raina tells Nate that she will not stop until she makes Chuck feel the pain she has, Nate tells her the truth. Thinking Chuck told her, Russell lures Blair to the rooftop of Constance. Rufus discovers that Charlie has not taken her medication and shows Serena and Vanessa.\n\n\nAbsent: Kelly Rutherford as Lily van der Woodsen.\n\nTitle reference: The 2003 film Shattered Glass.\n8722\"The Wrong Goodbye\"Patrick NorrisJoshua SafranMay 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)1.36[8]\nThe episode continues from the earlier events of the Constance Alumni event. Georgina Sparks, now married to a friendly but boring business intern to help raise her baby, turns up at the event looking for trouble. Serena and Vanessa reluctantly join forces to find Dan and Charlie, who does not take Dan's rejection of her well. Blair must make a choice between the men in her life when her life is in danger by Russell. Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar makes a cameo, playing a character named Cecily, a Constance alumna. Charlie befriends Georgina, who has uncovered a secret about her. The finale ends with Blair spending the summer in Monaco with Prince Louis to plan their upcoming wedding, Serena taking on a new writing job in California, Chuck and Nate traveling the world together, Vanessa moving to Spain to go to college and selling Dan's rough draft story of his life to a publisher, Rufus spending the summer with Lily who is still under house arrest, and Dan spending his summer in the Hamptons with Eric. Charlie returns to Miami where a shocking twist is revealed: Charlie is actually a 24-year-old professional con artist named Ivy Dickens, who was hired by Carol Rhodes to impersonate the real Charlie. Dorota is seen throwing out the trash where a positive home pregnancy test lies with the rest of the trash.\n\n\nNote: Jessica Szohr's and Connor Paolo's last appearances until the series finale.\n\nTitle reference: The 1973 film The Long Goodbye."
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-7895707083178684696 | Kit Harington | Kit Harington - wikipedia Kit Harington Jump to : navigation , search Kit Harington Harington in 2013 Christopher Catesby Harington ( 1986 - 12 - 26 ) 26 December 1986 ( age 30 ) Acton , London , England Alma mater Central School of Speech and Drama , University of London Occupation Actor Years active 2008 -- present Partner ( s ) Rose Leslie ( 2012 - present ) Christopher Catesby Harington ( born 26 December 1986 ) is an English actor . Born in Acton , London , Harington studied acting at drama school , while starring in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . His film debut was in Silent Hill : Revelation ( 2012 ) . He has since appeared in films such as the romantic historical film Pompeii ( 2014 ) , the computer - animated fantasy film How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) and the British drama film Testament of Youth ( 2014 ) . Since 2011 , Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones , which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award . In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and ancestry 2 Career 2.1 Early career ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 2.2 Breakthrough ( 2011 -- present ) 3 Personal life 4 Philanthropy 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Theatre 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early Life and ancestry ( edit ) Coat of Arms of the Harington baronets , ancestors of Kit Harington . Harington was born on 26 December 1986 in Acton , London , to Deborah Jane ( Catesby ) , a former playwright , and Sir David Richard Harington , 15th Baronet , a businessman . His full birth name is Christopher Catesby Harington . His mother named him after Christopher Marlowe , whose first name was shortened to Kit , a name Harington prefers . Harington 's uncle was Sir Nicholas John Harington , 14th Baronet , and his patrilineal great - grandfather was Sir Richard Harington , 12th Baronet . Through his paternal grandmother , Lavender Cecilia Denny , Harington 's eighth - great - grandfather was Charles II of England . Also , through his father , Harington descends from Scottish politician Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville . Harington was a pupil at the Southfield Primary School from 1992 to 1998 . When he was 11 , his family moved to Worcestershire and he studied at the Chantry High School in Martley until 2003 . He became interested in acting after watching a production of Waiting for Godot when he was 14 , and he performed in several school productions . He attended Worcester Sixth Form College , where he studied Drama and Theatre ( 2003 -- 05 ) . When he was 17 , he was inspired to attend a drama school after seeing a performance by Ben Whishaw as Hamlet in 2004 . Harington moved back to London when he was eighteen and , a year later , attended the Central School of Speech and Drama , graduating in 2008 . Career ( edit ) Early career ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Before acting , Harington originally wanted to become a journalist . While still at drama school , he landed the role of Albert in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . The play won two Olivier Awards and gained Harington a great deal of recognition . He was later cast in his second play Posh , a dark ensemble comedy about upper - class men attending Oxford University . Breakthrough ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Harington at Comic Con in 2011 . After War Horse , Harington auditioned for and landed his first television role as Jon Snow in the television series Game of Thrones . The show debuted in 2011 to great critical acclaim and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season . Harington 's role is largely filmed in Iceland and Ireland . The series was renewed for a seventh season , which premiered on 16 July 2017 , and will conclude with its eighth season in 2018 / 19 . Game of Thrones takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark , the honorable lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros . Harington has received praise for his performance . In 2012 , Harington was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television for the role . In 2016 , Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . He said , `` It is a serious understatement to say that I am somewhat stunned ... For my work on Game of Thrones to be recognized in this way is an emotional moment for me . I could not be more humbled . '' In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones ( based on shared percentages of syndication payments ) . Harington made his cinematic debut in 2012 as Vincent in Silent Hill : Revelation 3D . The horror film was based on the survival horror video game Silent Hill 3 , and was a sequel to the film Silent Hill . He was honoured with Actor of the Year at the Young Hollywood Awards 2013 , which celebrates the best emerging young talent in film , music and television . Harington at SDCC 's 2013 Game of Thrones panel . Harington 's first major lead role in a feature film occurred when he played Milo in the Pompeii . Production for the film commenced in 2013 and took place in and around Toronto . Some scenes were also shot in the actual city of Pompeii itself . The film was a modest box office success and received mixed reviews from critics . That year , Harington also voiced Eret in How to Train Your Dragon 2 , which was a critically acclaimed , box - office success , won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination . In 2014 , Harington also appeared alongside Jeff Bridges in the film Seventh Son , a poorly received fantasy -- adventure film . Harington played Mr. Bradley , Jeff Bridges first apprentice killed early in the movie by a character played by Julianne Moore , in Testament of Youth alongside Ben Barnes and Alicia Vikander and Emily Watson . The film was released in wide distribution in the UK on 16 January 2015 . Its world premiere was in The Centrepiece Gala , supported by the Mayor of London , at the British Film Institute London Film Festival in October 2014 . In December 2014 , it was announced that he would feature in Xavier Dolan 's upcoming movie The Death and Life of John F. Donovan , with Jessica Chastain , Kathy Bates , Thandie Newton and Susan Sarandon . Filming began in July 2016 in Montreal , Quebec and will run through to Spring 2017 . He starred in the 2015 HBO comedy 7 Days in Hell , a short film about a 7 - day tennis match . In June 2015 , it was confirmed that Harington would star in Martin Koolhoven 's upcoming western thriller film Brimstone , replacing Robert Pattinson . In 2016 , Harington starred as the main villain in the first - person shooter video game Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare . He is the driver in the current 2016 commercial for the Infiniti Q60 sport coupe car . It is his latest role for product commercials . On 19 February 2017 , it was reported that he would star and executive produce a three - part historical drama for BBC based on the real story of the Gunpowder Plot . Harington will play the role of his ancestor Robert Catesby alongside actors Mark Gatiss , Liv Tyler and Peter Mullan . Personal Life ( edit ) Harington started dating Game of Thrones co-star Rose Leslie in 2012 . They confirmed their relationship in 2016 and moved in together in 2017 . Philanthropy ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , Harington , as well as Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Peter Capaldi , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Keira Knightley , Juliet Stevenson , Jesse Eisenberg , and Stanley Tucci , featured in a video from the United Nations ' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness of the global refugee crisis . The video , titled `` What They Took With Them '' , has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCR 's # WithRefugees campaign , which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Title Year Role Director Notes Ref ( s ) Silent Hill : Revelation 2012 Smith ! Vincent Smith Bassett ! Michael J. Bassett Pompeii 2014 Milo Anderson ! Paul W.S. Anderson How to Train Your Dragon 2 Eret DeBlois ! Dean DeBlois Voice Testament of Youth Leighton ! Roland Leighton Kent ! James Kent Seventh Son Bradley ! Billy Bradley Bodrov ! Sergei Bodrov Spooks : The Greater Good 2015 Holloway ! Will Holloway Nalluri ! Bharat Nalluri Brimstone 2016 Samuel Koolhoven ! Martin Koolhoven Death ! The Death and Life of John F. Donovan 2018 Donovan ! John F. Donovan Dolan ! Xavier Dolan Post-production Key Denotes films that have not yet been released Television ( edit ) Title Year Role Network Notes Ref . Game of Thrones 2011 -- present Jon Snow HBO Lead role 7 Days in Hell 2015 Poole ! Charles Poole HBO Television film Gunpowder TBA Catesby ! Robert Catesby BBC One Also executive producer and developer Video games ( edit ) Title Year Voice role Ref . Game of Thrones 2015 Snow ! Jon Snow Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 2016 Kotch ! Salen Kotch Theatre ( edit ) Title Year Role Notes Ref ( s ) War Horse 2008 -- 2009 Albert Narracott Olivier Theatre and New London Theatre Posh Ed Montgomery Royal Court Theatre The Vote 2015 Colin Henderson Donmar Warehouse Doctor Faustus 2016 Faustus Duke of York 's Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 2011 Scream Award Best Ensemble ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated IGN Award Best TV Hero Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Hero Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated 2012 Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Young Hollywood Awards Actor of the Year Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated 2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated 2015 Empire Award Empire Hero Award ( shared with the cast ) Won Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated 2016 Gold Derby TV Awards Best Drama Supporting Actor Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated 2017 Giffoni Film Festival Giffoni Experience Award Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kit Harrington '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sophie Heawood ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Meet Kit Harington : Game of Thrones hunk and Hollywood 's hottest new player '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ Ed Cumming ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington : ' The acting never feels like work ' '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Cindy Pearlman ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Jon Snow knows the right moves -- sometimes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kit Harington '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lenny Ann Low ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Game of Throne 's Kit Harington : Man for all seasons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Emma Brown . `` The HBO Heartthrob : Kit Harington '' . Interview . Jump up ^ `` Person Page 43217 : Christopher Harington '' . thepeerage.com. 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas John Harington '' . Geneall.net . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lavender Cecilia Denny '' . Geneall.net . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Siobhan Synnot ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington discusses release of his new film '' . The Scotsman . ^ Jump up to : Alex Bilmes ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Mr Kit Harington '' . Mr Porter . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast Episode 482 : Kit Harington '' . Nerdist. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James Connell ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones star says Worcester will always be home '' . Worcester News . Jump up ^ Nojan Aminosharei ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Kit Harington '' . Details . Jump up ^ Ruben V. Nepales ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` ' Thrones ' star bulked up , then slimmed down for film role '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington '' . Royal National Theatre . August 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tara Abell ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Star Kit Harington Loves Iceland , Fears Flying '' . The Daily Traveller . ^ Jump up to : `` Kit Harington Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington -- Biography '' . Internet Movie Database. 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Re-commissions ' Game of Thrones ' '' . IFTN. 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Lenny Ann ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Game of Throne 's Kit Harington : Man for all seasons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview with Kit Harington '' . myfanbase.de. 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Date ( Finally ) Set at HBO '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones to end after season eight in 2018 '' . BBC News . July 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fantasy comes true with HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy nominations 2016 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Clemens , Harington join ' Silent Hill ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) : My big break '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com. 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DeMara , Bruce ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Paul W.S. Anderson to shoot Pompeii in Toronto '' . The Star . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Harmanian , Harout ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Gets Kit Harington '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' How To Train Your Dragon 2 ' Crosses $500 M Following China Debut '' . Forbes . 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Wins Best Animated Feature Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman , ' ' Budapest ' lead Oscar nominations '' . USA Today . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seventh Son '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ www.imdb.com/title/tt1121096/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Kit Harington to Headline ' Testament of Youth ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Edward Davis . `` Indiewire : Watch : First Trailer For ' Testament Of Youth ' '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clare Stewart . `` British Film Institute : Testament of Youth '' . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Joins Jessica Chastain in Xavier Dolan Celebrity Satire '' . Deadline.com. 4 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 Days in Hell : HBO 's tennis mockumentary is a grand slam '' . The Guardian . 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Szalai , Georg ; Roxborough , Scott ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Kit Harington Joins Thriller ' Brimstone ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` See Kit Harington Transform into Call of Duty 's Newest Villain '' . Time . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` ' Gunpowder ' : Kit Harington , Mark Gatiss , Liv Tyler & Peter Mullan Light Up BBC Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` Game of Thrones Stars Kit Harington and Rose Leslie Finally Take Their Relationship Public '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stone , Chelsea ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kit Harington and Rose Are Moving in Together at Last '' . W . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett video highlights what refugees take when they flee '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What They Took With Them - # WithRefugees '' . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` AFM : Kit Harington , Jennifer Ehle Sign on for ' Spooks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Joins Jessica Chastain in Xavier Dolan Celebrity Satire '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One orders Gunpowder from Kudos '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) Meet The Exiled Son of Game of Thrones ' House Forrester '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow actor Kit Harington will play Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 's villain '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Interview with Kit Harington -- The 22 - Year - Old Stars in War Horse at the New London Theatre '' . The London Paper . 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington '' . London Theatre Database . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones 's Kit Harington looking for another stage role ? '' . What 's on Stage. 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Faustus '' . Best of Theatre . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 SCREAM Awards : Best Ensemble '' . Spike . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Screen Actors Guild. 29 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Television Hero 2011 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films. 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Competition 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Golden Nymph Awards . 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` 2013 Young Hollywood Awards : Check Out Early Winners '' . Wetpaint . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' And ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Way '' . Deadline.com. 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' Lead Film Side , HBO & ' Modern Family ' Rule TV -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Hero Award '' . Empire . 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Star Wars , Mad Max , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington King of GFF 2017 : Game of Thrones Star Receives The Giffoni Experience Award '' . Giffoni Experience . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ariston ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Does n't Think Jon Snow Will Become King '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Heath , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Kit Harington on Game of Thrones , Nudity , and His Butt Double '' . GQ . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kit Harington . Kit Harington on IMDb Kit Harington at AllMovie Kit Harington speaks about War Horse , London 's West End theatre on YouTube VIAF : 233519535 LCCN : no2012042345 ISNI : 0000 0003 6797 1285 GND : 1022824678 SUDOC : 177452366 BNF : cb16683830j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Harington&oldid=800430316 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors English people of Scottish descent Male actors from London People from Acton , London Younger sons of baronets Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | actor who plays jon snow in game of thrones | [] | [] |
6204030688412234285 | Halloween Wars | Halloween Wars - wikipedia Halloween Wars Jump to : navigation , search Halloween Wars Genre Reality television Cooking show Presented by Justin Willman ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Rossi Morreale ( 2015 ) Jonathan Bennett ( 2016 -- present ) Judges Shinmin Li ( 2011 -- present ) Miles Teves ( 2011 ) Tom Savini ( 2012 ) Brian Kinney ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Don Mancini ( 2016 ) Todd Tucker ( 2017 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) Release Original network Food Network Original release October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.foodnetwork.com/shows/halloween-wars.html Halloween Wars is an American reality competition series from Super Delicious , the production company behind Cupcake Wars and Cake Wars . It premiered on October 2 , 2011 , on Food Network and it runs over the course of four weeks in October . The show pits five teams made up of cake sculptors , sugar artists , and pumpkin carvers against each other to produce the ultimate Halloween themed display . The last team standing is awarded $50,000 . The yearly series was hosted by Justin Willman ( seasons 1 - 4 ) , Rossi Morreale ( season 5 ) , and is currently hosted by Jonathan Bennett . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rounds 2 Judges 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Rounds ( edit ) Each episode has two rounds . The first round is the `` Small Scare '' where the teams of trios get 45 minutes to create their interpretation of a spooky theme ( ex : `` possessed electronics '' or `` zombie dolls '' ) . The winners of the first round get an extra assistant for the second round ( starting in season three , winners of the final episode `` Small Scare '' round get first pick of the pumpkins ) . The second round is the `` Spine Chiller '' where the teams get five hours to create a large - scale , immersive sculpture based on a new theme . They must also serve a tasting element that usually have something to do with the theme . The themes for the second round relate to the title of each episode ( like in `` Zombies vs Vampires '' where the teams had to create a scene depicting a zombie battling a vampire using cake , candy , and pumpkin ) . Judges ( edit ) There are three judges in the series , with two of them serving as permanent judges . Throughout the series award - winning cake artist Shinmin Li served as permanent judge . Hollywood conceptual artist Miles Teves was the second judge in season 1 . Actor and award - winning special effects artist Tom Savini was the second judge in season 2 . Emmy nominated SFX make - up artist Brian Kinney was the second judge in seasons 3 - 5 . Writer / director of Child 's Play , Don Mancini joined Shinmin in season 6 . Director and effects artist Todd Tucker was the male judge in season 7 . In addition to the two regular judges , each episode has a third special guest judge that is involved in horror , whether as an actor , a writer , etc . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Halloween Wars episodes Season Season Premiere Date Season Finale Date No. of Teams Judge 1 Judge 2 October 2 , 2011 October 23 , 2011 5 Shinmin Li Miles Teves October 7 , 2012 October 28 , 2012 5 Tom Savini October 6 , 2013 October 27 , 2013 5 Brian Kinney October 5 , 2014 October 26 , 2014 5 5 October 4 , 2015 October 25 , 2015 5 6 October 2 , 2016 October 30 , 2016 6 Don Mancini 7 October 1 , 2017 October 29 , 2017 6 Todd Tucker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Food Network Haunts October With New Series ' Halloween Wars ' '' . TV by the Numbers. 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network 's Halloween Wars Is Back In An All New Frightfully Spooky Season - The Business Journals '' . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Jonathan Bennett to Host New Season of Food Network 's HALLOWEEN WARS , Premiering 10 / 2 '' . BroadwayWorld . Jump up ^ `` Tom Savini To Judge Food Network 's Halloween Wars '' . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Wars Scares Up Spine - tingling Pumpkin Displays in Return to Food Network '' . Food Network -- via PR Newswire . External links ( edit ) Official website Halloween Wars on IMDb Halloween Wars at tv.com Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2010 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guilty Pleasures ( since 2015 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( since 2006 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( since 2015 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes 2008 -- 2013 Paula 's Home Cooking 2002 -- 2012 Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) See also : Food Network pilots and specials Food Network Canada programming Current Bake with Anna Olson ( since 2012 ) The Baker Sisters ( since 2017 ) Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2016 ) Cake Hunters ( since 2016 ) Cake Wars : Christmas ( since 2015 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Carnival Eats ( since 2014 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped Canada ( since 2014 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cooks vs. Cons ( since 2016 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) David Rocco 's Dolce Vita ( since 2010 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Donut Showdown ( since 2013 ) Food Factory ( since 2012 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Giada Entertains ( since 2016 ) Giada in Italy ( since 2015 ) Ginormous Food ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Family Road Trip ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( since 2015 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) You Gotta Eat Here ! ( since 2012 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Door Knock Dinners ( 1999 -- 2002 ) East Meets West ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Hot Off the Grill With Bobby Flay ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Molto Mario ( 1996 -- 2010 ) Nigella Bites ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts The 100 Mile Challenge ( 2009 ) 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) At the Table With ... ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2009 -- unknown ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Calling All Cooks ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Canadian Living Cooks ( unknown -- 2005 ) Chef Abroad ( 2007 or 2008 -- 2009 ) Chef at Home ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Chef at Large ( 2000 -- unknown ) Chef vs. City ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef School ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Christine Cushing Live ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Christine Cushing : Cook with Me ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Chuck 's Day Off ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Cooking for Real ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cook Like a Chef ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Crash My Kitchen ( 2005 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Eat , Shrink , and Be Merry ( since 2007 -- 2011 ) Everyday Exotic ( since 2008 -- 2009 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) The F Word ( 2008 -- 2011 ) The Family Restaurant ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Hunter ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Food Jammers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) French Food at Home ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Fresh with Anna Olson ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( since 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- unknown ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) The Heat with Mark McEwan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Honey , We 're Killing the Kids ( 2005 -- unknown ) How 'd That Get On My Plate ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does halloween wars start on food network | [
"\n\nSeason\nSeason Premiere Date\nSeason Finale Date\nNo. of Teams\nJudge 1\nJudge 2\n\n\n1\nOctober 2, 2011\nOctober 23, 2011\n5\nShinmin Li\nMiles Teves\n\n\n2\nOctober 7, 2012\nOctober 28, 2012\n5\nTom Savini\n\n\n3\nOctober 6, 2013\nOctober 27, 2013\n5\nBrian Kinney\n\n\n4\nOctober 5, 2014\nOctober 26, 2014\n5\n\n\n5\nOctober 4, 2015\nOctober 25, 2015\n5\n\n\n6\nOctober 2, 2016\nOctober 30, 2016\n6\nDon Mancini\n\n\n7\nOctober 1, 2017\nOctober 29, 2017\n6\nTodd Tucker\n\n"
] | [
"October 1, 2017"
] |
2885879517568652340 | Off to the Races (song) | Off to the Races ( song ) - wikipedia Off to the Races ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Off to the Races '' Promotional single by Lana Del Rey from the album Born to Die Released December 20 , 2011 Format Digital download Genre Alternative hip hop Length 5 : 01 Label Stranger Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Lana Del Rey Tim Larcombe Producer ( s ) Patrik Berger Emile Haynie Born to Die track listing `` Born to Die '' ( 1 ) `` Off to the Races '' ( 2 ) `` Blue Jeans '' ( 3 ) `` Off to the Races '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey . First appearing on her self - titled Interscope debut , the song was re-released on her debut studio album , Born to Die ( 2012 ) . The song was written by Del Rey and Tim Larcombe . Emile Haynie and Patrik Berger paired up for the song 's production . It was released in the UK as iTunes Single of the Week on December 20 , 2011 . In the Netherlands , `` Off to the Races '' was released as a digital single on January 6 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Background and performances 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) Del Rey employs an `` almost rapping '' technique , hip - hop beat and heavy basslines , similar to that of `` National Anthem '' and `` Diet Mountain Dew '' in the song . Pitchfork Media said the rapping technique was almost `` chatting . '' The song references the novel Lolita , with lyrics such as , `` Light of my life , fire of my loins '' . `` Off to the Races '' also features elements of cloud rap , such as `` the distinct echoing of a hypeman in the background '' . Background and performances ( edit ) `` Off to the Races '' was released in the UK as iTunes Single of the Week on December 19 , 2011 . It was then released as a digital single in the Netherlands on January 6 , 2012 on the iTunes Store . A video for `` Off to the Races '' was released through digital channels and was produced solely by Del Rey , similar to her previous hits . The video features Latin American gangsters , femme fatale figures with guns , and a race track . At the Ruby Lounge in Manchester , UK , Del performed the song for the first time , along with `` Video Games '' and `` Blue Jeans '' . It was the final song of the set . She also performed the song on The Endless Summer Tour . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Off to the Races '' received mixed reviews , having been lyrically described as `` a freak show of inappropriate co-dependency '' , Giving the song a negative review , indie music website Pitchfork said it `` ... aim ( s ) for chatty , sparkling opulence , '' adding that she `` does n't have the personality to bring it off . '' The Guardian wrote that `` Off to the Races ' turns Del Rey from vintage siren to R&B hoochie most convincingly . There 's jazz in Del Rey 's dextrous vocal , and new territory in the swoop and pow of Haynie 's undertow . '' Comparing the song to `` Video Games '' and `` Blue Jeans '' , The Huffington Post blogged that the song was `` ... pretty good ... and it sounds just as catchy ... '' Of the song 's music video , reviewer Robbie Daw commented : `` ... it seems the video 's producer was off to find the cheesiest footage of old shoot - ' em - up ' 80s B - movies for this clip . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Off to the Races '' -- 5 : 01 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Alternative Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 40 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nellis , Krystina ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Born to Die Review '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zoladz , Lindsay ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Lana Del Rey - Born to Die - Review '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc . `` Lana Del Rey Plays a ' Hood Lolita in ' Off to the Races ' '' . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Da'Shan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Gangsta Nancy Sinatra : 9 Lana Del Rey Songs That Experiment With Hip - Hop '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapatine , Scott ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Lana Del Rey -- `` Off To The Races '' ( Studio Version ) `` . Stereogum . SpinMedia . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Muziek - ' Off to the Races - Single ' van Lana Del Rey '' . iTunes Store ( in Dutch ) . 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Daw Robbie ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Shoots Out Her `` Off To The Races '' Video `` . Idolator . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Lana Del Rey debuts ' Off to the Races ' music video -- watch now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Mallika ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` ' Off To The Races ' : New Lana Del Rey Song ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lapatine , Scott ( 5 November 2011 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Debuts `` Off To The Races '' `` . Stereogum . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Elan , Pryia ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Lana Del Rey , ' Off To The Races ' '' . NME . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Lana Del Rey : Born to Die -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Off to the Races -- Lana Del Rey -- Release Information '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart History -- Alternative Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart History -- Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Lana Del Rey songs Discography Videography Lana Del Ray `` Kill Kill '' `` Yayo '' Born to Die `` Born to Die '' `` Off to the Races '' `` Blue Jeans '' `` Video Games '' `` Diet Mountain Dew '' `` National Anthem '' `` Dark Paradise '' `` Carmen '' `` Summertime Sadness '' Paradise `` Ride '' `` Cola '' `` Blue Velvet '' `` Gods & Monsters '' `` Yayo '' `` Bel Air '' `` Burning Desire '' Ultraviolence `` Cruel World '' `` Ultraviolence '' `` Shades of Cool '' `` Brooklyn Baby '' `` West Coast '' `` Old Money '' `` Black Beauty '' Honeymoon `` Honeymoon '' `` Music to Watch Boys To '' `` Terrence Loves You '' `` High by the Beach '' `` Freak '' `` Art Deco '' `` Salvatore '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' Lust for Life `` Love '' `` Lust for Life '' `` Summer Bummer '' `` Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind '' Other songs `` Serial Killer '' `` Ghetto Baby '' `` Young and Beautiful '' `` Once Upon a Dream '' `` Big Eyes '' `` Prisoner '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Off_to_the_Races_(song)&oldid=820497952 '' Categories : 2012 songs Lana Del Rey songs Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Emile Haynie Songs written by Lana Del Rey Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Italiano Português Română Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 01 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lana del rey lyrics off to the races meaning | [] | [] |
8478612895979826350 | 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series | 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series - wikipedia 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series Jump to : navigation , search 2002 V8 Supercar Previous : 2001 Next : 2003 Mark Skaife became a consecutive three - times V8 Supercar Champion with Holden Racing Team . Greg Murphy finished second in the championship . Marcos Ambrose , finished third in the championship and was the best placed Ford driver . The 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series was an Australian based motor racing series for V8 Supercars . It began on 15 March 2002 at the Adelaide Street Circuit and ended on 1 December at Sandown International Raceway after 13 rounds . It was the fourth V8 Supercar Championship Series but the first to carry that name , previous championships having been contested as the `` Shell Championship Series '' . The winner of the Drivers Championship , Mark Skaife , was also awarded the 43rd Australian Touring Car Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams and drivers 2 Race Calendar 3 Points system 4 Championship Results 4.1 Drivers Championship 4.2 Champion Team of the Series 4.3 Champion Manufacturer of the Series 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Teams and drivers ( edit ) The following drivers and teams competed in the 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series . The series consisted of 11 sprint rounds with one driver per car and two endurance rounds ( the VIP Petfoods Queensland 500 and the Bob Jane T - Marts Bathurst 1000 ) with each car shared by two drivers . Team Make Vehicle Drivers Endurance Event Drivers Holden Racing Team Holden VX Commodore Mark Skaife Jim Richards Tomas Mezera Jason Bright 02 Rick Kelly Nathan Pretty Lansvale Racing Team Holden VX Commodore Cameron McConville Warren Luff 23 Trevor Ashby Stone Brothers Racing Ford AU Falcon Marcos Ambrose Paul Weel 9 David Besnard Simon Wills * 36 Wayne Gardner Glenn Seton Racing Ford AU Falcon 5 Glenn Seton Owen Kelly * David Besnard * * Rod Nash Racing Holden VX Commodore 05 Mark Noske * Peter Brock * * 54 Craig Baird 00 Motorsport Ford AU Falcon 7 Rodney Forbes Neal Bates 27 Neil Crompton 00 Craig Lowndes Castrol Perkins Racing Holden VX Commodore 8 Russell Ingall Paul Dumbrell 11 Larry Perkins 16 Steven Richards Larkham Motor Sport Ford AU Falcon 10 Mark Larkham Will Power Imrie Motor Sport Holden VX Commodore 13 Christian D'Agostin Daryl Beattie Tyler Mecklem * * David Krause * * 14 Tomas Mezera Steve Owen Stephen White Wayne Wakefield Simon Wills K - mart Racing Team Holden VX Commodore 15 Todd Kelly Yvan Muller Andy Priaulx 51 Greg Murphy Dick Johnson Racing Ford AU Falcon 17 Steven Johnson Alan Jones 18 Paul Radisich 71 Greg Ritter Brad Jones Racing Ford AU Falcon 20 John Cleland Tim Leahey Andrew Jones * * Matthew Coleman * * 21 Brad Jones 888 John Bowe Team Kiwi Racing Holden VT Commodore 021 Jason Richards John McIntyre * Simon Wills * * McDougall Motorsport Holden VX Commodore 22 Dugal McDougall Alan Gurr Matthew White Racing Holden VT Commodore 24 Matthew White 76 Matthew White Andrew Miedecke * Tony Quinn * Romano Racing Holden VX Commodore 24 Paul Romano M3 Motorsport Holden VX Commodore 24 Peter Doulman * * Bob McDonald * * Paul Morris Motorsport Holden VX Commodore 29 Paul Morris Wayne Wakefield Supercheap Auto Racing Ford AU Falcon 31 Steven Ellery Luke Youlden Garry Rogers Motorsport Holden VX Commodore 34 Garth Tander Jamie Whincup Max Dumesny * Mark Noske * * 35 Jason Bargwanna 427 Garth Tander Paragon Motorsport Ford AU Falcon 40 Cameron McLean Tony Scott Paul Weel Racing Ford AU Falcon 43 Paul Weel Geoff Full Mark Porter John Faulkner Racing Holden VX Commodore 46 John Faulkner Rick Bates Clive Wiseman Racing Holden VX Commodore 50 Stephen White Michael Simpson Racing Ford AU Falcon 56 Michael Simpson * * Kevin Mundy * * Phoenix Motorsport Holden VT Commodore 59 Ron Searle * * Jamie Miller * * Halliday Motor Sport Ford AU Falcon 61 Ross Halliday Phillip Scifleet 161 Greg Crick Briggs Motor Sport Ford AU Falcon 65 Max Wilson 66 Tony Longhurst Matthew White 600 Simon Wills Steve Owen Greg Ritter Dean Canto Dale Brede Paul Little Racing Ford AU Falcon 75 Anthony Tratt Paul Stokell Nilsson Motorsport Ford AU Falcon 87 Allan Grice * * Peter Doulman * * Ross Halliday * * * = Drove in the VIP Petfoods Queensland 500 only . * * = Drove in the Bob Jane T - Marts Bathurst 1000 only . Race calendar ( edit ) The 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series consisted of 13 rounds which included 11 sprint rounds of two or three races and two single race endurance rounds . Rd . Race Title , Circuit City / State Date Format Winner Car Team Report Clipsal 500 , Adelaide Parklands Circuit Adelaide , South Australia 14 - 17 Mar Two races Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team Report Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit Phillip Island , Victoria 12 - 14 Apr Two races Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team Report Eastern Creek Raceway Sydney , New South Wales 26 - 28 Apr Three races Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team Hidden Valley Raceway Darwin , Northern Territory 17 -- 19 May Three races Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team 5 Stegbar 400 , Canberra Street Circuit Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 7 -- 9 June Three races Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team 6 VB 300 , Barbagallo Raceway Perth , Western Australia 28 - 30 Jun Three races Jason Bright Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team 7 Oran Park Raceway Sydney , New South Wales 26 - 28 Jul Two races Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team 8 Winton Motor Raceway Benalla , Victoria 16 - 18 Aug Two races Jason Bright Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team 9 V.I.P. Petfoods Queensland 500 , Queensland Raceway Ipswich , Queensland 13 - 15 Sep One 500 km race David Besnard Simon Wills Ford AU Falcon Stone Brothers Racing Report 10 Bob Jane T - Marts Bathurst 1000 , Mount Panorama Circuit Bathurst , New South Wales 10 - 13 Oct One 1000 km race Mark Skaife Jim Richards Holden VX Commodore Holden Racing Team Report 11 Gillette V8 Supercar Challenge , Surfers Paradise Street Circuit Surfers Paradise , Queensland 25 - 27 Oct Two races Jason Bargwanna Holden VX Commodore Garry Rogers Motorsport 12 Boost Mobile V8 International , Pukekohe Park Raceway Pukekohe , New Zealand 8 - 11 Nov Three races Greg Murphy Holden VX Commodore K - Mart Racing Team Report 13 Betta Electrical V8 Ultimate , Sandown International Raceway Melbourne , Victoria 29 Nov - 1 Dec Two races Marcos Ambrose Ford AU Falcon Stone Brothers Racing Points system ( edit ) Championship points were awarded according to the follow table . Round Event Day Distance 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd Clipsal 500 Sat 250 km 200 160 128 104 88 80 72 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Sun 250 km 200 160 128 104 88 80 72 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Phillip Island Sun 150 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 150 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Eastern Creek Sat 20 min 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 150 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 150 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hidden Valley Sat 20 min 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 5 Canberra 400 Sat 25 laps 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 25 laps 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 50 laps 240 192 154 125 106 96 86 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 43 41 38 36 34 31 29 26 24 22 19 17 14 12 10 7 5 6 VB300 Sat 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 7 Oran Park Sun 150 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 150 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 8 Winton Sun 100 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 9 VIP Petfoods Queensland 500 Sun 500 km 400 320 256 208 176 160 144 128 120 112 104 96 88 80 72 68 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 10 Bob Jane T - Marts 1000 Sun 1000 km 400 320 256 208 176 160 144 128 120 112 104 96 88 80 72 68 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 11 Honda Indy 300 Sat 100 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 100 80 64 52 44 40 36 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 12 Boost Mobile NZ V8 International Sat 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 100 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 13 Sandown V8 Ultimate Sat 150 km 80 64 51 42 35 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sun 300 km 160 128 102 83 70 64 58 51 48 45 42 38 35 32 29 27 26 24 22 21 19 18 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 5 In rounds 9 & 10 points were split equally between drivers sharing the car , each being awarded half the number of tabled points for the round . Championship results ( edit ) Drivers Championship ( edit ) Pos Driver Car Penalty Rd 1 Rd 2 Rd 3 Rd 4 Rd 5 Rd 6 Rd 7 Rd 8 Rd 9 Rd 10 Rd 11 Rd 12 Rd 13 Pts Mark Skaife Holden VX Commodore 0 400 180 240 224 340 109 200 82 Ret 200 9 80 163 2227 Greg Murphy Holden VX Commodore 0 320 16 106 135 125 182 10 108 56 44 115 186 166 1569 Marcos Ambrose Ford AU Falcon 0 128 100 170 110 105 64 132 132 88 24 80 125 240 1498 Jason Bright Holden VX Commodore 20 88 82 49 208 117 208 144 200 Ret 128 66 106 83 1459 5 Todd Kelly Holden VX Commodore 0 108 144 89 118 266 77 Ret 144 56 44 100 157 42 1345 6 Steven Richards Holden VX Commodore 0 216 13 66 103 165 52 116 60 160 160 88 79 32 1310 7 Craig Lowndes Ford AU Falcon 0 208 24 139 32 195 56 60 8 80 Ret 144 50 55 1051 8 David Besnard Ford AU Falcon 0 22 54 62 88 159 122 54 58 200 Ret 30 30 109 988 9 Russell Ingall Holden VX Commodore 0 96 34 45 24 157 42 88 70 160 160 Ret 67 30 973 10 Garth Tander Holden VX Commodore 0 160 49 119 73 58 42 58 84 128 Ret 69 19 26 885 11 Tony Longhurst Ford AU Falcon 0 102 76 44 35 109 69 52 16 18 80 60 62 69 792 12 John Bowe Ford AU Falcon 0 92 41 70 38 122 93 24 58 60 34 25 34 88 779 13 Jason Bargwanna Holden VX Commodore 0 116 Ret 36 66 70 61 5 35 128 Ret 144 49 55 765 14 Steven Johnson Ford AU Falcon 0 120 60 53 40 138 18 8 6 44 Ret 56 26 57 626 15 Brad Jones Ford AU Falcon 0 54 25 38 68 87 71 5 56 60 34 8 73 42 621 16 Rick Kelly Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret 57 39 21 0 49 50 58 Ret 104 11 115 70 574 17 Neil Crompton Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret 39 55 38 71 67 64 37 80 Ret 32 65 21 569 18 Larry Perkins Holden VX Commodore 30 92 40 33 37 47 19 36 72 88 38 64 32 568 19 Jason Richards Holden VT Commodore Holden VX Commodore 0 60 8 39 24 125 39 23 23 22 52 52 36 41 544 20 Simon Wills Ford AU Falcon Holden VX Commodore 0 34 39 26 28 38 40 34 200 52 5 496 21 Steve Ellery Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret 20 44 38 23 37 72 13 40 60 26 37 68 478 22 Paul Weel Ford AU Falcon 0 44 34 18 32 20 40 Ret 88 24 43 56 68 468 23 Mark Larkham Ford AU Falcon 0 92 14 32 52 63 14 21 14 52 30 23 26 31 464 24 Glenn Seton Ford AU Falcon 0 30 60 35 67 19 38 52 19 Ret Ret 17 32 49 418 25 Cameron McLean Ford AU Falcon 0 18 DNQ 17 27 49 57 14 32 36 64 34 37 19 404 26 Paul Radisich Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret 100 67 22 26 26 35 16 44 Ret 58 Ret 398 27 Craig Baird Holden VX Commodore 0 48 42 20 36 93 22 16 32 Ret 20 24 15 12 380 28 Cameron McConville Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret 78 42 28 31 69 20 16 Ret 36 38 15 375 29 John Faulkner Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret Ret 83 8 96 35 31 14 Ret 56 15 13 14 365 30 Rodney Forbes Ford AU Falcon 0 70 Ret 14 9 33 11 35 48 40 16 24 36 337 31 Anthony Tratt Ford AU Falcon 0 54 DNQ DNQ 27 58 15 27 24 48 30 36 321 32 Max Wilson Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret 15 32 45 16 53 9 19 Ret Ret 32 63 35 319 33 Jim Richards Holden VX Commodore 0 104 200 304 34 Tomas Mezera Holden VX Commodore 0 DNQ DNQ 104 128 232 35 Paul Morris Holden VX Commodore 0 16 DNQ DNQ 13 40 64 20 17 14 Ret 6 190 36 Greg Ritter Ford AU Falcon 0 DNQ 36 64 72 13 185 37 Paul Dumbrell Holden VX Commodore 0 72 88 160 38 Alan Jones Ford AU Falcon 0 64 72 136 39 Nathan Pretty Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret 104 104 40 Tony Scott Ford AU Falcon 0 36 64 100 40 Luke Youlden Ford AU Falcon 0 40 60 100 42 Matthew White Ford AU Falcon 0 DNQ 18 80 Ret 98 44 Neal Bates Ford AU Falcon 0 48 40 88 45 Dean Canto Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret Ret 52 34 86 46 Will Power Ford AU Falcon 0 52 30 82 47 Paul Stokell Ford AU Falcon 0 24 48 9 81 48 Steve Owen Ford AU Falcon 0 DNQ 10 28 32 70 48 Wayne Wakefield Holden VX Commodore 0 26 23 7 14 Ret 70 50 Wayne Gardner Ford AU Falcon 0 36 DNQ 26 DNS 62 51 Dale Brede Ford AU Falcon 0 28 32 60 51 John Cleland Ford AU Falcon 0 32 28 60 51 Tim Leahey Ford AU Falcon 0 32 28 60 54 Rick Bates Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret 56 56 55 Stephen White Holden VX Commodore 0 32 DNQ 11 43 56 Dugal McDougall Holden VX Commodore 0 DNQ 24 DNQ 9 8 Ret Ret 41 57 Christian D'Agostin Holden VX Commodore 0 16 22 38 58 Warren Luff Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret 36 36 59 Greg Crick Ford AU Falcon 0 DNQ 34 Ret 34 59 Phillip Scifleet Ford AU Falcon 0 34 Ret 34 61 Geoff Full Ford AU Falcon 0 30 Ret 30 61 Mark Porter Ford AU Falcon 0 30 Ret 30 63 Jamie Whincup Holden VX Commodore 0 26 Ret 26 63 Max Dumesny Holden VX Commodore 0 26 26 63 Ron Searle Holden VT Commodore 0 26 26 63 Jamie Miller Holden VT Commodore 0 26 26 67 David Krause Holden VX Commodore 0 22 22 67 John McIntyre Holden VX Commodore 0 22 22 69 Peter Brock Holden VX Commodore 0 20 20 69 Andrew Miedecke Holden VT Commodore 0 20 20 69 Tony Quinn Holden VT Commodore 0 20 20 72 Michael Simpson Ford AU Falcon 0 18 18 72 Kevin Mundy Ford AU Falcon 0 18 18 74 Daryl Beattie Holden VX Commodore 0 16 Ret 16 Andy Priaulx Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret Ret Yvan Muller Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret Ret Mark Noske Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret Ret Alan Gurr Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret Ret Owen Kelly Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret DNS Allan Grice Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret Peter Doulman Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret Andrew Jones Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret Matthew Coleman Ford AU Falcon 0 Ret Tyler Mecklem Holden VX Commodore 0 Ret Ross Halliday Ford AU Falcon 0 DNQ DNS Bob McDonald Holden VX Commodore 0 DNS Trevor Ashby Holden VX Commodore 0 DNQ Paul Romano Holden VX Commodore 150 32 14 DNQ 22 12 12 - 58 Pos Driver Car Penalty Rd 1 Rd 2 Rd 3 Rd 4 Rd 5 Rd 6 Rd 7 Rd 8 Rd 9 Rd 10 Rd 11 Rd 12 Rd 13 Pts Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish ( NC ) Purple Retired ( Ret ) Red Did not qualify ( DNQ ) Did not pre-qualify ( DNPQ ) Black Disqualified ( DSQ ) White Did not start ( DNS ) Withdrew ( WD ) Race cancelled ( C ) Blank Did not participate ( DNP ) Excluded ( EX ) Champion Team of the Series ( edit ) Champion Team of the Series was won by the Holden Racing Team , which was awarded the title as the team of the winning driver . Champion manufacturer of the Series ( edit ) Champion Manufacturer of the Series was won by Holden Limited , which was awarded the title as the manufacturer with the most round wins . See also ( edit ) 2002 V8 Supercar season References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Natsoft results for the VIP Petfoods Queensland 500 lists car 76 as a Holden Commodore VS , however an image accompanying the race report on page 24 of Australian Auto Action , 18 - 24 September 2002 shows the car to be a Holden Commodore VT . ^ Jump up to : Sporting Rules Retrieved on 21 November 2011 Jump up ^ racing.natsoft.com.au ^ Jump up to : 2002 V8 SUPERCAR AWARD WINNERS at www.motorsportworld.com.au Retrieved on 21 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Gala Award Winners , 2011 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , page 149 External links ( edit ) Official V8 Supercar site 2002 Drivers Championship Points Standing at www.v8supercar.com.au 2002 Natsoft Racing Results Archive ( hide ) Australian Touring Car Racing Australian Touring Car Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Shell Championship Series 1999 2000 2001 V8 Supercar Championship Series 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 International V8 Supercars Championship 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Supercars Championship 2017 2018 Dunlop Super2 Series Australian Super Touring Championship V8 Touring Car National Series Bathurst 1000 Sandown 500 List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar champions List of Australian Touring Car Championship races Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_V8_Supercar_Championship_Series&oldid=787405734 '' Categories : Supercars Championship seasons 2002 in V8 Supercars Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 06 : 12 . About Wikipedia | who won the supercar drivers championship in 2002 | [
"The 2002 V8 Supercar Championship Series was an Australian based motor racing series for V8 Supercars. It began on 15 March 2002 at the Adelaide Street Circuit and ended on 1 December at Sandown International Raceway after 13 rounds. It was the fourth V8 Supercar Championship Series but the first to carry that name, previous championships having been contested as the \"Shell Championship Series\". The winner of the Drivers Championship, Mark Skaife, was also awarded the 43rd Australian Touring Car Championship."
] | [
"Mark Skaife"
] |
6521417119941445481 | Pray for the Wicked Tour | Pray for the Wicked tour - wikipedia Pray for the Wicked tour Pray For The Wicked Tour Tour by Panic ! at the Disco Associated album Pray for the Wicked Start date July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) End date March 30 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 30 ) Legs No. of shows 57 in North America 13 in Europe 5 in Oceania 4 Asia 79 total Panic ! at the Disco concert chronology Death of a Bachelor Tour ( 2016 - 17 ) Pray for the Wicked Tour ( 2018 -- 19 ) The Pray for the Wicked Tour is a concert tour by Panic ! at the Disco , in support of the group 's sixth studio album Pray for the Wicked ( 2018 ) . The tour began in Minneapolis on July 11 , 2018 , and is set to conclude in Manchester on March 30 , 2019 . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Set list 3 Tour dates 4 References Background and development ( edit ) On March 21 , 2018 , the band released the latest music video for `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' and a new single `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' . With the release came the announcement of a summer tour . ARIZONA and Hayley Kiyoko were announced as the opening acts . Set list ( edit ) The following setlist was obtained from the concert held on July 17 , 2018 , at the United Center in Chicago , Illinois . It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Hey Look Ma , I Made It '' `` LA Devotee '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Golden Days '' `` Casual Affair '' `` Vegas Lights '' `` Dancing 's Not a Crime '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' / `` Dying in LA '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Nicotine '' `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( Cyndi Lauper cover ) `` High Hopes '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` King of the Clouds '' `` Crazy = Genius '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( Queen cover ) `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' Encore `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` Victorious '' Tour dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Opening act ( s ) North America July 11 , 2018 Minneapolis United States Target Center ARIZONA Hayley Kiyoko July 13 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse July 14 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena July 15 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena July 17 , 2018 Chicago United Center July 18 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena July 20 , 2018 Uniondale Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum July 21 , 2018 Baltimore Royal Farms Arena July 22 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena N / A July 24 , 2018 New York City United States Madison Square Garden ARIZONA Hayley Kiyoko July 25 , 2018 Boston TD Garden July 27 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center July 28 , 2018 Raleigh PNC Arena July 29 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena July 31 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center August 1 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena August 3 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center August 4 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center August 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center August 7 , 2018 Denver Pepsi Center August 8 , 2018 Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena August 10 , 2018 Seattle KeyArena August 11 , 2018 Vancouver Canada Rogers Arena August 12 , 2018 Portland United States Moda Center August 14 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center August 15 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center August 17 , 2018 Glendale Gila River Arena August 18 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena Europe August 25 , 2018 Reading England Little John 's Farm N / A August 26 , 2018 Bramham Bramham Park Oceania October 6 , 2018 Sydney Australia Qudos Bank Arena N / A October 9 , 2018 Adelaide AEC Theatre October 11 , 2018 Brisbane Riverstage October 13 , 2018 Melbourne Hisense Arena October 16 , 2018 Auckland New Zealand Spark Arena Asia October 20 , 2018 Manila Philippines Mall of Asia Arena N / A October 22 , 2018 Tokyo Japan Zepp Tokyo October 23 , 2018 Shinkiba Studio Coast October 25 , 2018 Osaka Zepp Osaka Bayside North America November 17 , 2018 Mexico City Mexico Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez N / A January 10 , 2019 Buffalo United States KeyBank Center Two Feet January 12 , 2019 Laval Canada Place Bell January 13 , 2019 Manchester United States SNHU Arena January 15 , 2019 Albany Times Union Center January 16 , 2019 Brooklyn Barclays Center January 18 , 2019 Newark Prudential Center January 19 , 2019 Providence Dunkin ' Donuts Center January 20 , 2019 Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena January 22 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center January 23 , 2019 Charlottesville John Paul Jones Arena January 25 , 2019 Nashville Bridgestone Arena January 26 , 2019 Cincinnati U.S. Bank Arena January 27 , 2019 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum January 29 , 2019 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena January 30 , 2019 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena February 1 , 2019 Omaha CenturyLink Center Omaha February 2 , 2019 Kansas City Sprint Center February 4 , 2019 Rosemont Allstate Arena February 5 , 2019 St. Louis Enterprise Center February 6 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum February 8 , 2019 Austin Frank Erwin Center February 9 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center February 12 , 2019 Albuquerque Tingley Coliseum February 14 , 2019 Anaheim Honda Center February 15 , 2019 Inglewood The Forum February 16 , 2019 San Diego Valley View Casino Center February 19 , 2019 Oakland Oracle Arena February 20 , 2019 Sacramento Golden 1 Center Europe March 14 , 2019 Offenbach Germany Stadthalle Offenbach TBA March 15 , 2019 Berlin Columbiahalle March 16 , 2019 Düsseldorf Mitsubishi Electric Halle March 18 , 2019 Amsterdam Netherlands AFAS Live March 19 , 2019 Paris France Zénith Paris March 21 , 2019 Antwerp Belgium Lotto Arena March 24 , 2019 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro March 25 , 2019 Cardiff Wales Motorpoint Arena Cardiff March 26 , 2019 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham March 28 , 2019 London The O Arena March 30 , 2019 Manchester Manchester Arena Festivals and other miscellaneous performances This concert is a part of the `` Reading Festival '' This concert is a part of the `` Leed Festival '' This concert is a part of `` Corona Capital References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tour '' . Panic ! At the Disco 's Official Website . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce massive U.S. tour '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Talamine , Bobby ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Review of Panic ! At The Disco from the United Center in Chicago '' . JBTV . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Erica ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco announce ' Pray for the Wicked ' with massive tour '' . AXS . Anschutz Entertainment Group . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Condran , Ed ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` For Arizona , opening for Panic ! at the Disco is like coming full circle '' . The News & Observer . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hayley Kiyoko 's Dating Advice for Girls Who Like Girls '' . Elle . Hearst Communications . July 23 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Reading & Leeds Festival 2018 : Headliners and full line up '' . NME . TI Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sources for tour dates in Australia : Williams , Tom ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announce 2018 All - Ages Australian Tour '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . `` Panic ! at the Disco to return to NZ in October '' . Stuff . Fairfax New Zealand . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sources for tour dates in Asia : `` Panic ! at the Disco returns to Manila for concert '' . ABS - CBN News . ABS - CBN Corporation . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Perreault , Olivia ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announces New Dates for ' Pray For The Wicked ' Tour '' . TicketNews . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` En el Corona 2018 Nine inch nails , está de vuelta '' ( In Corona 2018 Nine inch nails , is back ) . El Exprés ( in Spanish ) . June 10 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Shanté ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Announce Additional Pray for the Wicked Tour Dates , Including International Shows '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frometa , RJ ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` TWO FEET DEBUTS ' HURT PEOPLE ' FEATURING MADISON LOVE '' . Vents Magazine . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Laura ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` August Bank Holiday things to do and events in Surrey 2018 '' . Surrey Live . Reach plc . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Claire ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Leeds Festival 2018 : everything you need to know about the line - up , performance schedule and how to get tickets '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Johnston Press . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Revelan cartel del Festival Corona Capital 2018 '' ( Reveal poster of the Corona Capital Festival 2018 ) . Radio Fórmula ( in Spanish ) . Grupo Fórmula . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Pray for the Wicked Live albums ... Live in Chicago All My Friends We 're Glorious Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` New Perspective '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` High Hopes '' Other songs `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' `` King of the Clouds '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Pray for the Wicked Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins Cite error : There are < ref group = lower - alpha > tags or ( ( efn ) ) templates on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = lower - alpha ) ) template or ( ( notelist ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pray_for_the_Wicked_Tour&oldid=857122037 '' Categories : 2018 concert tours 2019 concert tours Panic ! at the Disco Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is touring with panic at the disco | [
"\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act(s)\n\n\nNorth America[4]\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\nMinneapolis\n\nUnited States\n\nTarget Center\n\nA R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n\nJuly 14, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n\nJuly 20, 2018\n\nUniondale\n\nNassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nBaltimore\n\nRoyal Farms Arena\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\nN/A[a]\n\n\nJuly 24, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nUnited States\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\nA R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko\n\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n\nJuly 27, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n\nJuly 28, 2018\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n\nJuly 29, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n\nAugust 1, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n\nAugust 7, 2018\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\n\nAugust 10, 2018\n\nSeattle\n\nKeyArena\n\n\nAugust 11, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Arena\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nUnited States\n\nModa Center\n\n\nAugust 14, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n\nAugust 15, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n\nAugust 17, 2018\n\nGlendale\n\nGila River Arena\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n\nEurope[7]\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018[A]\n\nReading\n\nEngland\n\nLittle John's Farm\n\nN/A\n\n\nAugust 26, 2018[B]\n\nBramham\n\nBramham Park\n\n\nOceania[8]\n\n\nOctober 6, 2018\n\nSydney\n\nAustralia\n\nQudos Bank Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nAdelaide\n\nAEC Theatre\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018\n\nBrisbane\n\nRiverstage\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nMelbourne\n\nHisense Arena\n\n\nOctober 16, 2018\n\nAuckland\n\nNew Zealand\n\nSpark Arena\n\n\nAsia[9]\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nManila\n\nPhilippines\n\nMall of Asia Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nTokyo\n\nJapan\n\nZepp Tokyo\n\n\nOctober 23, 2018\n\nShinkiba Studio Coast\n\n\nOctober 25, 2018\n\nOsaka\n\nZepp Osaka Bayside\n\n\nNorth America[10][11]\n\n\nNovember 17, 2018[C]\n\nMexico City\n\nMexico\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nN/A\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nBuffalo\n\nUnited States\n\nKeyBank Center\n\nTwo Feet[12]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nLaval\n\nCanada\n\nPlace Bell\n\n\nJanuary 13, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nUnited States\n\nSNHU Arena\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n\nJanuary 16, 2019\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBarclays Center\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nProvidence\n\nDunkin' Donuts Center\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nCapital One Arena\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2019\n\nCharlottesville\n\nJohn Paul Jones Arena\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2019\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nCincinnati\n\nU.S. Bank Arena\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2019\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2019\n\nGrand Rapids\n\nVan Andel Arena\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2019\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n\nFebruary 1, 2019\n\nOmaha\n\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2019\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n\nFebruary 4, 2019\n\nRosemont\n\nAllstate Arena\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2019\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n\nFebruary 6, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n\nFebruary 8, 2019\n\nAustin\n\nFrank Erwin Center\n\n\nFebruary 9, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2019\n\nAlbuquerque\n\nTingley Coliseum\n\n\nFebruary 14, 2019\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n\nFebruary 15, 2019\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n\nFebruary 16, 2019\n\nSan Diego\n\nValley View Casino Center\n\n\nFebruary 19, 2019\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n\nFebruary 20, 2019\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n\nEurope\n\n\nMarch 14, 2019\n\nOffenbach\n\nGermany\n\nStadthalle Offenbach\n\nTBA\n\n\nMarch 15, 2019\n\nBerlin\n\nColumbiahalle\n\n\nMarch 16, 2019\n\nDüsseldorf\n\nMitsubishi Electric Halle\n\n\nMarch 18, 2019\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nAFAS Live\n\n\nMarch 19, 2019\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nZénith Paris\n\n\nMarch 21, 2019\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nLotto Arena\n\n\nMarch 24, 2019\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n\nMarch 25, 2019\n\nCardiff\n\nWales\n\nMotorpoint Arena Cardiff\n\n\nMarch 26, 2019\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n\nMarch 28, 2019\n\nLondon\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n\nMarch 30, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n",
"\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act(s)\n\n\nNorth America[4]\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\nMinneapolis\n\nUnited States\n\nTarget Center\n\nA R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n\nJuly 14, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n\nJuly 20, 2018\n\nUniondale\n\nNassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nBaltimore\n\nRoyal Farms Arena\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\nN/A[a]\n\n\nJuly 24, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nUnited States\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\nA R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko\n\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n\nJuly 27, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n\nJuly 28, 2018\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n\nJuly 29, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n\nAugust 1, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n\nAugust 7, 2018\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\n\nAugust 10, 2018\n\nSeattle\n\nKeyArena\n\n\nAugust 11, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Arena\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nUnited States\n\nModa Center\n\n\nAugust 14, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n\nAugust 15, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n\nAugust 17, 2018\n\nGlendale\n\nGila River Arena\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n\nEurope[7]\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018[A]\n\nReading\n\nEngland\n\nLittle John's Farm\n\nN/A\n\n\nAugust 26, 2018[B]\n\nBramham\n\nBramham Park\n\n\nOceania[8]\n\n\nOctober 6, 2018\n\nSydney\n\nAustralia\n\nQudos Bank Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nAdelaide\n\nAEC Theatre\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018\n\nBrisbane\n\nRiverstage\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nMelbourne\n\nHisense Arena\n\n\nOctober 16, 2018\n\nAuckland\n\nNew Zealand\n\nSpark Arena\n\n\nAsia[9]\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nManila\n\nPhilippines\n\nMall of Asia Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nTokyo\n\nJapan\n\nZepp Tokyo\n\n\nOctober 23, 2018\n\nShinkiba Studio Coast\n\n\nOctober 25, 2018\n\nOsaka\n\nZepp Osaka Bayside\n\n\nNorth America[10][11]\n\n\nNovember 17, 2018[C]\n\nMexico City\n\nMexico\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nN/A\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nBuffalo\n\nUnited States\n\nKeyBank Center\n\nTwo Feet[12]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nLaval\n\nCanada\n\nPlace Bell\n\n\nJanuary 13, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nUnited States\n\nSNHU Arena\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n\nJanuary 16, 2019\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBarclays Center\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nProvidence\n\nDunkin' Donuts Center\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nCapital One Arena\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2019\n\nCharlottesville\n\nJohn Paul Jones Arena\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2019\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nCincinnati\n\nU.S. Bank Arena\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2019\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2019\n\nGrand Rapids\n\nVan Andel Arena\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2019\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n\nFebruary 1, 2019\n\nOmaha\n\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2019\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n\nFebruary 4, 2019\n\nRosemont\n\nAllstate Arena\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2019\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n\nFebruary 6, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n\nFebruary 8, 2019\n\nAustin\n\nFrank Erwin Center\n\n\nFebruary 9, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2019\n\nAlbuquerque\n\nTingley Coliseum\n\n\nFebruary 14, 2019\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n\nFebruary 15, 2019\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n\nFebruary 16, 2019\n\nSan Diego\n\nValley View Casino Center\n\n\nFebruary 19, 2019\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n\nFebruary 20, 2019\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n\nEurope\n\n\nMarch 14, 2019\n\nOffenbach\n\nGermany\n\nStadthalle Offenbach\n\nTBA\n\n\nMarch 15, 2019\n\nBerlin\n\nColumbiahalle\n\n\nMarch 16, 2019\n\nDüsseldorf\n\nMitsubishi Electric Halle\n\n\nMarch 18, 2019\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nAFAS Live\n\n\nMarch 19, 2019\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nZénith Paris\n\n\nMarch 21, 2019\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nLotto Arena\n\n\nMarch 24, 2019\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n\nMarch 25, 2019\n\nCardiff\n\nWales\n\nMotorpoint Arena Cardiff\n\n\nMarch 26, 2019\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n\nMarch 28, 2019\n\nLondon\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n\nMarch 30, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n",
"\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act(s)\n\n\nNorth America[4]\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\nMinneapolis\n\nUnited States\n\nTarget Center\n\nA R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n\nJuly 14, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n\nJuly 20, 2018\n\nUniondale\n\nNassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nBaltimore\n\nRoyal Farms Arena\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\nN/A[a]\n\n\nJuly 24, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nUnited States\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\nA R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko\n\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n\nJuly 27, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n\nJuly 28, 2018\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n\nJuly 29, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n\nAugust 1, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n\nAugust 7, 2018\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\n\nAugust 10, 2018\n\nSeattle\n\nKeyArena\n\n\nAugust 11, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Arena\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nUnited States\n\nModa Center\n\n\nAugust 14, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n\nAugust 15, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n\nAugust 17, 2018\n\nGlendale\n\nGila River Arena\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n\nEurope[7]\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018[A]\n\nReading\n\nEngland\n\nLittle John's Farm\n\nN/A\n\n\nAugust 26, 2018[B]\n\nBramham\n\nBramham Park\n\n\nOceania[8]\n\n\nOctober 6, 2018\n\nSydney\n\nAustralia\n\nQudos Bank Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nAdelaide\n\nAEC Theatre\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018\n\nBrisbane\n\nRiverstage\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nMelbourne\n\nHisense Arena\n\n\nOctober 16, 2018\n\nAuckland\n\nNew Zealand\n\nSpark Arena\n\n\nAsia[9]\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nManila\n\nPhilippines\n\nMall of Asia Arena\n\nN/A\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018\n\nTokyo\n\nJapan\n\nZepp Tokyo\n\n\nOctober 23, 2018\n\nShinkiba Studio Coast\n\n\nOctober 25, 2018\n\nOsaka\n\nZepp Osaka Bayside\n\n\nNorth America[10][11]\n\n\nNovember 17, 2018[C]\n\nMexico City\n\nMexico\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nN/A\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nBuffalo\n\nUnited States\n\nKeyBank Center\n\nTwo Feet[12]\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nLaval\n\nCanada\n\nPlace Bell\n\n\nJanuary 13, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nUnited States\n\nSNHU Arena\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n\nJanuary 16, 2019\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBarclays Center\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nProvidence\n\nDunkin' Donuts Center\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nCapital One Arena\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n\nJanuary 23, 2019\n\nCharlottesville\n\nJohn Paul Jones Arena\n\n\nJanuary 25, 2019\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nCincinnati\n\nU.S. Bank Arena\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2019\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n\nJanuary 29, 2019\n\nGrand Rapids\n\nVan Andel Arena\n\n\nJanuary 30, 2019\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n\nFebruary 1, 2019\n\nOmaha\n\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n\n\nFebruary 2, 2019\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n\nFebruary 4, 2019\n\nRosemont\n\nAllstate Arena\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2019\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n\nFebruary 6, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n\nFebruary 8, 2019\n\nAustin\n\nFrank Erwin Center\n\n\nFebruary 9, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n\nFebruary 12, 2019\n\nAlbuquerque\n\nTingley Coliseum\n\n\nFebruary 14, 2019\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n\nFebruary 15, 2019\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n\nFebruary 16, 2019\n\nSan Diego\n\nValley View Casino Center\n\n\nFebruary 19, 2019\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n\nFebruary 20, 2019\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n\nEurope\n\n\nMarch 14, 2019\n\nOffenbach\n\nGermany\n\nStadthalle Offenbach\n\nTBA\n\n\nMarch 15, 2019\n\nBerlin\n\nColumbiahalle\n\n\nMarch 16, 2019\n\nDüsseldorf\n\nMitsubishi Electric Halle\n\n\nMarch 18, 2019\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nAFAS Live\n\n\nMarch 19, 2019\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nZénith Paris\n\n\nMarch 21, 2019\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nLotto Arena\n\n\nMarch 24, 2019\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n\nMarch 25, 2019\n\nCardiff\n\nWales\n\nMotorpoint Arena Cardiff\n\n\nMarch 26, 2019\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n\nMarch 28, 2019\n\nLondon\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n\nMarch 30, 2019\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n"
] | [
"A R I Z O N A",
"Hayley Kiyoko",
"Two Feet"
] |
-3706722948517933518 | Mamma Mia! (film) | Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) Mamma Mia ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Phyllida Lloyd Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Catherine Johnson Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Meryl Streep Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Dominic Cooper Amanda Seyfried Christine Baranski Music by Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Relativity Media Littlestar Productions Playtone Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) ( Leicester Square ) July 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) July 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) ( Germany ) July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $615.7 million Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Mamma Mia ! The Movie ) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name , also written by Johnson , which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA , including the title song , with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson . The film features an ensemble cast , including Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Julie Walters , Dominic Cooper , Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski . The plot follows a young bride - to - be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding , each one with the possibility of being her father . The film was an international co-production between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and was co-produced by Relativity Media , Playtone and Littlestar Productions . Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos , Greece from August to September 2007 . The film was distributed by Universal Pictures . Mamma Mia ! held its world premiere on June 30 , 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4 , 2008 in Stockholm , Sweden , with Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance . The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom , on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the musical numbers and production values , but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers , in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård . Nonetheless , the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , was released on July 20 , 2018 , with much of the main cast returning . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father . Sophie 's mother Donna , who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel , is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates , wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham - Leigh , and reveals her bafflement at her daughter 's desire to get married . Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya . The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room . She does n't reveal that she believes one of them is her father , but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations . She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she `` so often '' favorably speaks . They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie 's secret . Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers , demanding they leave . She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie . Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders . Sophie finds the men aboard Bill 's yacht , and they sail around Kalokairi , telling stories of Donna 's carefree youth . Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy , but loses her nerve . Sky and Sophie sing to each other , but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party . At Sophie 's bachelorette party , Donna , Tanya , and Rosie perform . When Sam , Bill , and Harry arrive , Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone . While her girlfriends dance with the men , Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great - aunt Sofia . Sophie guesses she must be Sofia 's namesake . She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding . Sophie 's happiness is short - lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away . Sophie , overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three `` fathers '' , faints . In the morning , Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men . Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night , but Rosie interrupts them . Donna confronts Sophie , believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped . Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother 's mistakes . Sam accosts Donna , concerned about Sophie getting married so young . Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other . Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night . Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help . He reacts angrily to Sophie 's deception and she turns to her mother for support . As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding , their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie 's childhood . Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant . Sophie asks Donna to give her away . As the bridal party walks to the chapel , Sam intercepts Donna , who reveals the pain she felt over losing him . Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays . Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men . Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married , he did not go through with it , but returned to find Donna with another man . The men do not want paternity confirmed , each agreeing to be one - third of a father for Sophie . She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world . Sam proposes to Donna . She accepts and they are married . At the reception , Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill . The couples proclaim their love . Sophie and Sky sail away . Cast ( edit ) ABBA appeared together with the film 's cast in 2008 . ( Left to right : Benny Andersson , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Meryl Streep , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , Christine Baranski , Colin Firth , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Judy Craymer , Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper ) Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan , Sophie 's mother , owner of the hotel Villa Donna . Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 20 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's possible father and an architect . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee . Philip Michael as Pepper , Sky 's best man who likes Tanya ; a bartender Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros Ashley Lilley as Ali , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Rachel McDowall as Lisa , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Enzo Squillino as Gregoris , one of Donna 's employees . Niall Buggy as Father Alex , the wedding priest . Chris Jarvis as Eddie , a friend of Sky and Pepper . Cameo appearances and uncredited roles Benny Andersson as `` Dancing Queen '' piano player Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god Rita Wilson as Greek goddess Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 7 , 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally , respectively . The recording was produced by Benny Andersson . The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film , including a hidden track . The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25 , 2008 . `` I Have a Dream '' -- Sophie `` Honey , Honey '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Money , Money , Money '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Mamma Mia '' -- Donna `` Chiquitita '' -- Rosie , Tanya and Donna `` Dancing Queen '' -- Tanya , Rosie and Donna `` Our Last Summer '' -- Harry , Bill , Sam , Sophie and Donna `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' -- Sky and Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Voulez - Vous '' -- Donna , Sam , Tanya , Rosie , Harry , Bill , Sky , Ali , Lisa and Pepper `` The Name of the Game '' -- Sophie `` SOS '' -- Sam and Donna `` Does Your Mother Know '' -- Tanya and Pepper `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' -- Donna and Sophie `` The Winner Takes It All '' -- Donna `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' -- Sam and Donna `` When All Is Said and Done '' -- Sam and Donna `` Take a Chance on Me '' -- Rosie , Bill , Tanya , Pepper and Harry `` Waterloo '' -- Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry , Sky and Sophie `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie Featured in the film , but omitted from the soundtrack album . Included in the soundtrack album , but omitted from the film . Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track . Production ( edit ) The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia ! . Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos ( during August / September 2007 ) , and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece . On Skopelos , Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film 's main location site . The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach , but removed both set pieces after production wrapped . A complete set for Donna 's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there . Real trees were utilised for the set , watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing . The part of the film where Brosnan 's character , Sam , leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd 's Building on Lime Street in the City of London . He dashes down the escalators and through the porte - cochere , where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity . The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos The Fernando , Bill Anderson 's yacht ( actually a ketch ) in the film was the Tai - Mo - Shan built in 1934 by H.S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards . Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child , and as an adult , she previously sang in several films , including Postcards from the Edge , Silkwood , Death Becomes Her , and A Prairie Home Companion . She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia ! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001 , when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9 / 11 . Release ( edit ) Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere , most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere , where Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget , Stockholm , owned by Andersson , on July 4 , 2008 . It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986 . Home Media ( edit ) In November 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the fastest - selling DVD of all time in the UK , according to Official UK Charts Company figures . It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release , breaking the previous record ( held by Titanic ) by 560,000 copies . By the end of 2008 , the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK , with one in every four households owning a copy ( over 5 million copies sold ) . The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies . In the United States , the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release . By December 31 , 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the best - selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million , against a production budget of $52 million . It became the highest grossing live - action musical of all time , until it was surpassed by Bill Condon 's Beauty and the Beast in 2017 . It was also the highest - grossing movie directed by a woman , until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman in 2017 . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2008 internationally ( i.e. , outside North America ) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America ( the US and Canada ) with $144.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Mamma Mia ! has grossed £ 69.2 million as of January 23 , 2009 , and is the ninth highest - grossing film of all time at the UK box office . The film opened at # 1 in the U.K , taking £ 6.6 million on 496 screens . It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks , narrowly keeping Pixar 's WALL - E from reaching # 1 in its second week . When released on July 3 in Greece , the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the Greek box office . The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada , and $27.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office , behind The Dark Knight . At the time , it made Mamma Mia ! the record - holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical , surpassing Hairspray 's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods . Critical response ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan 's singing was heavily panned by critics On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like ' You Can Dance ' the whole 90 minutes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . BBC Radio 5 Live 's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film , despite describing the experience as ' the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke ' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative , giving it one star , and expressed a `` need to vomit '' . Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was `` so base , so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle , it 's amazing it was n't made for men '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together : `` Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame , but I have a sneaking suspicion I 'll go to see it again anyway . '' Angie Errigo of Empire said it was `` cute , clean , camp fun , full of sunshine and toe tappers . '' The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews . Variety stated that `` some stars , especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep , seem better suited for musical comedy than others , including Brosnan and Skarsgård . '' Brosnan , especially , was savaged by many critics : his singing was compared to `` a water buffalo '' ( New York Magazine ) , `` a donkey braying '' ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and `` a wounded raccoon '' ( The Miami Herald ) , and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he `` looks physically pained choking out the lyrics , as if he 's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera 's eye . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards February 15 , 2009 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director , Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17 , 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2009 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won Golden Reel Awards February 21 , 2009 Best Sound Editing -- Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis , Martin Lowe , Robert Houston Won Grammy Awards February 8 , 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards February 14 , 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won MTV Movie Awards May 31 , 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated National Movie Awards September 8 , 2008 Best Musical Mamma Mia ! Won Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated Colin Firth Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 7 , 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Cast Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Song from a Soundtrack `` Mamma Mia '' Won Rembrandt Awards March 9 , 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won Best International Actress Won Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won Satellite Awards December 14 , 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Because of the film 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , the co-chairman of Universal Studios , said that it would take a while , but there would be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . It was announced that Seyfried , Cooper , Streep , Firth and Brosnan would be returning . In July 2017 , Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! -- Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FLAMIN - Page not found '' . 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 45 ' Teak Ketch 1933 . Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole '' . Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole . Sandeman Yacht Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tai - Mo - Shan '' . Coburg Yacht Brokers website . Coburg Yacht Brokers . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep , speaking on ' Abba : The Mamma Mia Story ' , ITV Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ABBA återförenades på röda mattan ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' breaks U.K. DVD record '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` MAMMA MIA ! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nyheterna - tv4.se '' . nyheterna.se . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UK all time top grossing films '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Mia reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia '' . BBC Radio 5 live . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Mamma Mia ! Culture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIEBOB : Mama Mia '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Angie Errigo ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Review Movie '' . gb : Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight -- Mamma Mia ! -- The Exiles '' . Nymag.com . New York Magazine Movie Review . 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia , ' here we go again -- this time on screen '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene . `` Mamma Mia ! ( PG - 13 ) * * Â1⁄2 Singing ! And dancing ! Not much of a story ! Who cares ! ? ! MiamiHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Out of tune Reviews '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` ACE Eddie Noms Announced '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations in 2009 '' . Film Awards -- BAFTA. 2009 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Awards 2008 '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Empire Awards 2009 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` 29th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Annual Grammy Awards -- 2008 '' . grammy.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2009 IFTA Irish Film & Television Academy Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Veronica ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia wins at National Movie Awards '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Past Nominees & Winners : 2009 '' . PCAvote.com . Sycamore Productions . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ van Oosten , Jasper ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Oorlogswinter en Mamma Mia ! winnen Film1 Rembrandt Awards '' . Film1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners ; 2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . The International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver 's Lily James '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Louise FitzGerald , Melanie Williams : Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon . I.B. Tauris , 2013 , ISBN 9781848859425 External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! on IMDb Mamma Mia ! at AllMovie Mamma Mia ! at Box Office Mojo Mamma Mia ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mamma Mia ! at Metacritic ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_(film)&oldid=855683099 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films ABBA 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic musical films American films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films British films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films Greek - language films Films about weddings Films based on musicals Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in hotels Films set in Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in California Films shot in Greece Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Jukebox musical films Universal Pictures films Mamma Mia ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year was the original mama mia movie | [
"Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, also written by Johnson, which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA, including the title song, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film features an ensemble cast, including Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski. The plot follows a young bride-to-be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding, each one with the possibility of being her father. The film was an international co-production between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and was co-produced by Relativity Media, Playtone and Littlestar Productions.\n"
] | [
"2008"
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2258290033481889103 | Yellowstone National Park | Yellowstone National Park - wikipedia Yellowstone National Park Jump to : navigation , search `` Yellowstone '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yellowstone ( disambiguation ) . Yellowstone National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone Location of Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park ( the US ) Show map of Wyoming Show map of the US Show all Location United States Park County , Wyoming Teton County , Wyoming Gallatin County , Montana Park County , Montana Fremont County , Idaho Coordinates 44 ° 36 ′ N 110 ° 30 ′ W / 44.600 ° N 110.500 ° W / 44.600 ; - 110.500 Coordinates : 44 ° 36 ′ N 110 ° 30 ′ W / 44.600 ° N 110.500 ° W / 44.600 ; - 110.500 Area 2,219,791 acres ( 8,983.18 km ) Established March 1 , 1872 ( 1872 - March - 01 ) Visitors 4,116,524 ( in 2017 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Official website UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Natural Criteria vii , viii , ix , x Designated 1978 ( 2nd session ) Reference no . 28 Region The Americas Endangered 1995 -- 2003 Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming , Montana , and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1 , 1872 . Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world . The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful geyser , one of its most popular features . It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is the most abundant . It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion . Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years . Aside from visits by mountain men during the early - to - mid-19th century , organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s . Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior , the first being Columbus Delano . However , the U.S. Army was subsequently commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30 - year period between 1886 and 1916 . In 1917 , administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service , which had been created the previous year . Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance , and researchers have examined more than a thousand archaeological sites . Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles ( 8,983 km ) , comprising lakes , canyons , rivers and mountain ranges . Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high - elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera , the largest supervolcano on the continent . The caldera is considered an active volcano . It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years . Half of the world 's geothermal features are in Yellowstone , fueled by this ongoing volcanism . Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone . The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the largest remaining nearly - intact ecosystem in the Earth 's northern temperate zone . In 1978 , Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Hundreds of species of mammals , birds , fish , and reptiles have been documented , including several that are either endangered or threatened . The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants . Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the contiguous United States . Grizzly bears , wolves , and free - ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States . Forest fires occur in the park each year ; in the large forest fires of 1988 , nearly one third of the park was burnt . Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities , including hiking , camping , boating , fishing and sightseeing . Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls . During the winter , visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Park creation 1.2 Later history 1.3 Heritage and Research Center 2 Geography 3 Geology 3.1 History 3.2 Geysers and the hydrothermal system 3.3 Earthquakes 4 Biology and ecology 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 Forest fires 6 Climate 7 Recreation 8 Legal jurisdiction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Detailed pictorial map from 1904 The park contains the headwaters of the Yellowstone River , from which it takes its historical name . Near the end of the 18th century , French trappers named the river Roche Jaune , which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name Mi tsi a-da - zi ( `` Yellow Rock River '' ) . Later , American trappers rendered the French name in English as `` Yellow Stone '' . Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , the Native American name source is unclear . The human history of the park begins at least 11,000 years ago when Native Americans began to hunt and fish in the region . During the construction of the post office in Gardiner , Montana , in the 1950s , an obsidian projectile point of Clovis origin was found that dated from approximately 11,000 years ago . These Paleo - Indians , of the Clovis culture , used the significant amounts of obsidian found in the park to make cutting tools and weapons . Arrowheads made of Yellowstone obsidian have been found as far away as the Mississippi Valley , indicating that a regular obsidian trade existed between local tribes and tribes farther east . By the time white explorers first entered the region during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 , they encountered the Nez Perce , Crow , and Shoshone tribes . While passing through present day Montana , the expedition members heard of the Yellowstone region to the south , but they did not investigate it . In 1806 , John Colter , a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , left to join a group of fur trappers . After splitting up with the other trappers in 1807 , Colter passed through a portion of what later became the park , during the winter of 1807 -- 1808 . He observed at least one geothermal area in the northeastern section of the park , near Tower Fall . After surviving wounds he suffered in a battle with members of the Crow and Blackfoot tribes in 1809 , Colter described a place of `` fire and brimstone '' that most people dismissed as delirium ; the supposedly imaginary place was nicknamed `` Colter 's Hell '' . Over the next 40 years , numerous reports from mountain men and trappers told of boiling mud , steaming rivers , and petrified trees , yet most of these reports were believed at the time to be myth . After an 1856 exploration , mountain man Jim Bridger ( also believed to be the first or second European American to have seen the Great Salt Lake ) reported observing boiling springs , spouting water , and a mountain of glass and yellow rock . These reports were largely ignored because Bridger was a known `` spinner of yarns '' . In 1859 , a U.S. Army Surveyor named Captain William F. Raynolds embarked on a two - year survey of the northern Rockies . After wintering in Wyoming , in May 1860 , Raynolds and his party -- which included naturalist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden and guide Jim Bridger -- attempted to cross the Continental Divide over Two Ocean Plateau from the Wind River drainage in northwest Wyoming . Heavy spring snows prevented their passage , but had they been able to traverse the divide , the party would have been the first organized survey to enter the Yellowstone region . The American Civil War hampered further organized explorations until the late 1860s . Ferdinand V. Hayden ( 1829 -- 1887 ) American geologist who convinced Congress to make Yellowstone a National Park in 1872 . The first detailed expedition to the Yellowstone area was the Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition of 1869 , which consisted of three privately funded explorers . The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake . The members of the Folsom party kept a journal and based on the information it reported , a party of Montana residents organized the Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition in 1870 . It was headed by the surveyor - general of Montana Henry Washburn , and included Nathaniel P. Langford ( who later became known as `` National Park '' Langford ) and a U.S. Army detachment commanded by Lt. Gustavus Doane . The expedition spent about a month exploring the region , collecting specimens and naming sites of interest . A Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges , who had been a member of the Washburn expedition , proposed that the region should be set aside and protected as a national park ; he wrote detailed articles about his observations for the Helena Herald newspaper between 1870 and 1871 . Hedges essentially restated comments made in October 1865 by acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher , who had previously commented that the region should be protected . Others made similar suggestions . In an 1871 letter from Jay Cooke to Ferdinand V. Hayden , Cooke wrote that his friend , Congressman William D. Kelley had also suggested `` Congress pass a bill reserving the Great Geyser Basin as a public park forever '' . Park creation ( edit ) See also : Expeditions and the protection of Yellowstone ( 1869 -- 1890 ) Ferdinand V. Hayden 's map of Yellowstone National Park , 1871 In 1871 , eleven years after his failed first effort , Ferdinand V. Hayden was finally able to explore the region . With government sponsorship , he returned to the region with a second , larger expedition , the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 . He compiled a comprehensive report , including large - format photographs by William Henry Jackson and paintings by Thomas Moran . The report helped to convince the U.S. Congress to withdraw this region from public auction . On March 1 , 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant signed The Act of Dedication law that created Yellowstone National Park . Hayden , while not the only person to have thought of creating a park in the region , was its first and most enthusiastic advocate . He believed in `` setting aside the area as a pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people '' and warned that there were those who would come and `` make merchandise of these beautiful specimens '' . Worrying the area could face the same fate as Niagara Falls , he concluded the site should `` be as free as the air or Water . '' In his report to the Committee on Public Lands , he concluded that if the bill failed to become law , `` the vandals who are now waiting to enter into this wonder - land , will in a single season despoil , beyond recovery , these remarkable curiosities , which have required all the cunning skill of nature thousands of years to prepare '' . Hayden and his 1871 party recognized Yellowstone as a priceless treasure that would become rarer with time . He wished for others to see and experience it as well . Eventually the railroads and , some time after that , the automobile would make that possible . The Park was not set aside strictly for ecological purposes ; however , the designation `` pleasure ground '' was not an invitation to create an amusement park . Hayden imagined something akin to the scenic resorts and baths in England , Germany , and Switzerland . THE ACT OF DEDICATION AN ACT to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public park . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming ... is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement , occupancy , or sale under the laws of the United States , and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people ; and all persons who shall locate , or settle upon , or occupy the same or any part thereof , except as hereinafter provided , shall be considered trespassers and removed there from ... Approved March 1 , 1872 . Signed by : ULYSSES S. GRANT , President of the United States . SCHUYLER COLFAX , Vice-President of the United States and President of the Senate . JAMES G. BLAINE , Speaker of the House . ( 1870 ) Portrait of Nathaniel P. Langford , the first superintendent of the park There was considerable local opposition to the Yellowstone National Park during its early years . Some of the locals feared that the regional economy would be unable to thrive if there remained strict federal prohibitions against resource development or settlement within park boundaries and local entrepreneurs advocated reducing the size of the park so that mining , hunting , and logging activities could be developed . To this end , numerous bills were introduced into Congress by Montana representatives who sought to remove the federal land - use restrictions . After the park 's official formation , Nathaniel Langford was appointed as the park 's first superintendent in 1872 by Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano . Langford served for five years but was denied a salary , funding , and staff . Langford lacked the means to improve the land or properly protect the park , and without formal policy or regulations , he had few legal methods to enforce such protection . This left Yellowstone vulnerable to poachers , vandals , and others seeking to raid its resources . He addressed the practical problems park administrators faced in the 1872 Report to the Secretary of the Interior and correctly predicted that Yellowstone would become a major international attraction deserving the continuing stewardship of the government . In 1874 , both Langford and Delano advocated the creation of a federal agency to protect the vast park , but Congress refused . In 1875 , Colonel William Ludlow , who had previously explored areas of Montana under the command of George Armstrong Custer , was assigned to organize and lead an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park . Observations about the lawlessness and exploitation of park resources were included in Ludlow 's Report of a Reconnaissance to the Yellowstone National Park . The report included letters and attachments by other expedition members , including naturalist and mineralogist George Bird Grinnell . Great Falls of the Yellowstone `` , U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories ( 1874 -- 1879 ) Photographer : William Henry Jackson Grinnell documented the poaching of buffalo , deer , elk , and antelope for hides . `` It is estimated that during the winter of 1874 -- 1875 , not less than 3,000 buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk , and the antelope nearly as much . '' As a result , Langford was forced to step down in 1877 . Having traveled through Yellowstone and witnessed land management problems first hand , Philetus Norris volunteered for the position following Langford 's exit . Congress finally saw fit to implement a salary for the position , as well as to provide a minimal funding to operate the park . Norris used these funds to expand access to the park , building numerous crude roads and facilities . In 1880 , Harry Yount was appointed as a gamekeeper to control poaching and vandalism in the park . Yount had previously spent decades exploring the mountain country of present - day Wyoming , including the Grand Tetons , after joining F V. Hayden 's Geological Survey in 1873 . Yount is the first national park ranger , and Yount 's Peak , at the head of the Yellowstone River , was named in his honor . However , these measures still proved to be insufficient in protecting the park , as neither Norris , nor the three superintendents who followed , were given sufficient manpower or resources . Fort Yellowstone , formerly a U.S. Army post , now serves as park headquarters . The Northern Pacific Railroad built a train station in Livingston , Montana , connecting to the northern entrance in the early 1880s , which helped to increase visitation from 300 in 1872 to 5,000 in 1883 . Visitors in these early years faced poor roads and limited services , and most access into the park was on horse or via stagecoach . By 1908 visitation increased enough to attract a Union Pacific Railroad connection to West Yellowstone , though rail visitation fell off considerably by World War II and ceased around the 1960s . Much of the railroad line was converted to nature trails , among them the Yellowstone Branch Line Trail . Thomas Moran painted Tower Creek , Yellowstone , while on the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 During the 1870s and 1880s Native American tribes were effectively excluded from the national park . Under a half - dozen tribes had made seasonal use of the Yellowstone area , but the only year - round residents were small bands of Eastern Shoshone known as `` Sheepeaters '' . They left the area under the assurances of a treaty negotiated in 1868 , under which the Sheepeaters ceded their lands but retained the right to hunt in Yellowstone . The United States never ratified the treaty and refused to recognize the claims of the Sheepeaters or any other tribe that had used Yellowstone . The Nez Perce band associated with Chief Joseph , numbering about 750 people , passed through Yellowstone National Park in thirteen days during late August 1877 . They were being pursued by the U.S. Army and entered the national park about two weeks after the Battle of the Big Hole . Some of the Nez Perce were friendly to the tourists and other people they encountered in the park ; some were not . Nine park visitors were briefly taken captive . Despite Joseph and other chiefs ordering that no one should be harmed , at least two people were killed and several wounded . One of the areas where encounters occurred was in Lower Geyser Basin and east along a branch of the Firehole River to Mary Mountain and beyond . That stream is still known as Nez Perce Creek . A group of Bannocks entered the park in 1878 , alarming park Superintendent Philetus Norris . In the aftermath of the Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 , Norris built a fort to prevent Native Americans from entering the national park . Ongoing poaching and destruction of natural resources continued unabated until the U.S. Army arrived at Mammoth Hot Springs in 1886 and built Camp Sheridan . Over the next 22 years the army constructed permanent structures , and Camp Sheridan was renamed Fort Yellowstone . On May 7 , 1894 , the Boone and Crockett Club , acting through the personality of George G. Vest , Arnold Hague , William Hallett Phillips , W.A. Wadsworth , Archibald Rogers , Theodore Roosevelt , and George Bird Grinnell were successful in carrying through the Park Protection Act , which saved the Park . The Lacey Act of 1900 provided legal support for the officials prosecuting poachers . With the funding and manpower necessary to keep a diligent watch , the army developed their own policies and regulations that permitted public access while protecting park wildlife and natural resources . When the National Park Service was created in 1916 , many of the management principles developed by the army were adopted by the new agency . The army turned control over to the National Park Service on October 31 , 1918 . In 1898 , the naturalist John Muir described the park as follows : `` However orderly your excursions or aimless , again and again amid the calmest , stillest scenery you will be brought to a standstill hushed and awe - stricken before phenomena wholly new to you . Boiling springs and huge deep pools of purest green and azure water , thousands of them , are plashing and heaving in these high , cool mountains as if a fierce furnace fire were burning beneath each one of them ; and a hundred geysers , white torrents of boiling water and steam , like inverted waterfalls , are ever and anon rushing up out of the hot , black underworld . '' Later History ( edit ) Park Superintendent Horace M. Albright and dinner guests , 1922 . The feeding of `` tame '' black bears was popular with tourists in the early days of the park , but led to 527 injuries between 1931 and 1939 . By 1915 , 1,000 automobiles per year were entering the park , resulting in conflicts with horses and horse - drawn transportation . Horse travel on roads was eventually prohibited . The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , a New Deal relief agency for young men , played a major role between 1933 and 1942 in developing Yellowstone facilities . CCC projects included reforestation , campground development of many of the park 's trails and campgrounds , trail construction , fire hazard reduction , and fire - fighting work . The CCC built the majority of the early visitor centers , campgrounds and the current system of park roads . During World War II , tourist travel fell sharply , staffing was cut , and many facilities fell into disrepair . By the 1950s , visitation increased tremendously in Yellowstone and other national parks . To accommodate the increased visitation , park officials implemented Mission 66 , an effort to modernize and expand park service facilities . Planned to be completed by 1966 , in honor of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service , Mission 66 construction diverged from the traditional log cabin style with design features of a modern style . During the late 1980s , most construction styles in Yellowstone reverted to the more traditional designs . After the enormous forest fires of 1988 damaged much of Grant Village , structures there were rebuilt in the traditional style . The visitor center at Canyon Village , which opened in 2006 , incorporates a more traditional design as well . The Roosevelt Arch is located in Gardiner , Montana at the North Entrance The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake just west of Yellowstone at Hebgen Lake damaged roads and some structures in the park . In the northwest section of the park , new geysers were found , and many existing hot springs became turbid . It was the most powerful earthquake to hit the region in recorded history . In 1963 , after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone , United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks . In a paper known as the Leopold Report , the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective , and recommended management of Yellowstone 's elk population . The wildfires during the summer of 1988 were the largest in the history of the park . Approximately 793,880 acres ( 321,272 ha ; 1,240 sq mi ) or 36 % of the parkland was impacted by the fires , leading to a systematic re-evaluation of fire management policies . The fire season of 1988 was considered normal until a combination of drought and heat by mid-July contributed to an extreme fire danger . On `` Black Saturday '' , August 20 , 1988 , strong winds expanded the fires rapidly , and more than 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ; 230 sq mi ) burned . The expansive cultural history of the park has been documented by the 1,000 archeological sites that have been discovered . The park has 1,106 historic structures and features , and of these Obsidian Cliff and five buildings have been designated National Historic Landmarks . Yellowstone was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26 , 1976 , and a UN World Heritage Site on September 8 , 1978 . The park was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1995 to 2003 due to the effects of tourism , infection of wildlife , and issues with invasive species . In 2010 , Yellowstone National Park was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters Program . Justin Ferrell explores three moral sensibilities that motivated activists in dealing with Yellowstone . First came the utilitarian vision of maximum exploitation of natural resources , characteristic of developers in the late 19th century . Second was the spiritual vision of nature inspired by the Romanticism and the transcendentalists in the mid-19th century . The twentieth century saw the biocentric moral vision that focuses on the health of the ecosystem as theorized by Aldo Leopold , which led to the expansion of federally protected areas and to the surrounding ecosystems . Heritage and research Center ( edit ) The Heritage and Research Center is located at Gardiner , Montana , near the north entrance to the park . The center is home to the Yellowstone National Park 's museum collection , archives , research library , historian , archeology lab , and herbarium . The Yellowstone National Park Archives maintain collections of historical records of Yellowstone and the National Park Service . The collection includes the administrative records of Yellowstone , as well as resource management records , records from major projects , and donated manuscripts and personal papers . The archives are affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration . Geography ( edit ) See also : Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park , Waterfalls in Yellowstone National Park , and Plateaus of Yellowstone National Park Official Park Map Approximately 96 percent of the land area of Yellowstone National Park is located within the state of Wyoming . Another three percent is within Montana , with the remaining one percent in Idaho . The park is 63 miles ( 101 km ) north to south , and 54 miles ( 87 km ) west to east by air . Yellowstone is 2,219,789 acres ( 898,317 ha ; 3,468.420 sq mi ) in area , larger than the states of Rhode Island or Delaware . Rivers and lakes cover five percent of the land area , with the largest water body being Yellowstone Lake at 87,040 acres ( 35,220 ha ; 136.00 sq mi ) . Yellowstone Lake is up to 400 feet ( 120 m ) deep and has 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . At an elevation of 7,733 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level , Yellowstone Lake is the largest high altitude lake in North America . Forests comprise 80 percent of the land area of the park ; most of the rest is grassland . The Continental Divide of North America runs diagonally through the southwestern part of the park . The divide is a topographic feature that separates Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water drainages . About one third of the park lies on the west side of the divide . The origins of the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers are near each other but on opposite sides of the divide . As a result , the waters of the Snake River flow to the Pacific Ocean , while those of the Yellowstone find their way to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico . Aerial view , 3D computer generated image The park sits on the Yellowstone Plateau , at an average elevation of 8,000 feet ( 2,400 m ) above sea level . The plateau is bounded on nearly all sides by mountain ranges of the Middle Rocky Mountains , which range from 9,000 to 11,000 feet ( 2,700 to 3,400 m ) in elevation . The highest point in the park is atop Eagle Peak ( 11,358 feet or 3,462 metres ) and the lowest is along Reese Creek ( 5,282 feet or 1,610 metres ) . Nearby mountain ranges include the Gallatin Range to the northwest , the Beartooth Mountains in the north , the Absaroka Range to the east , and the Teton Range and the Madison Range to the southwest and west . The most prominent summit on the Yellowstone Plateau is Mount Washburn at 10,243 feet ( 3,122 m ) . Yellowstone National Park has one of the world 's largest petrified forests , trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials . This ash and other volcanic debris are believed to have come from the park area itself . This is largely because Yellowstone is actually a massive caldera of a supervolcano . There are 290 waterfalls of at least 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in the park , the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at 308 feet ( 94 m ) . Three deep canyons are located in the park , cut through the volcanic tuff of the Yellowstone Plateau by rivers over the last 640,000 years . The Lewis River flows through Lewis Canyon in the south , and the Yellowstone River has carved two colorful canyons , the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone in its journey north . Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal areas of Yellowstone , Yellowstone Caldera , and Supervolcano History ( edit ) Columnar basalt near Tower Falls ; large floods of basalt and other lava types preceded mega-eruptions of superheated ash and pumice Yellowstone is at the northeastern end of the Snake River Plain , a great U-shaped arc through the mountains that extends from Boise , Idaho some 400 miles ( 640 km ) to the west . This feature traces the route of the North American Plate over the last 17 million years as it was transported by plate tectonics across a stationary mantle hotspot . The landscape of present - day Yellowstone National Park is the most recent manifestation of this hotspot below the crust of the Earth . The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest volcanic system in North America . It has been termed a `` supervolcano '' because the caldera was formed by exceptionally large explosive eruptions . The magma chamber that lies under Yellowstone is estimated to be a single connected chamber , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) long , 18 miles ( 29 km ) wide , and 3 to 7 miles ( 5 to 12 km ) deep . The current caldera was created by a cataclysmic eruption that occurred 640,000 years ago , which released more than 240 cubic miles ( 1,000 km3 ) of ash , rock and pyroclastic materials . This eruption was more than 1,000 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . It produced a caldera nearly five eighths of a mile ( 1 km ) deep and 45 by 28 miles ( 72 by 45 km ) in area and deposited the Lava Creek Tuff , a welded tuff geologic formation . The most violent known eruption , which occurred 2.1 million years ago , ejected 588 cubic miles ( 2,450 km3 ) of volcanic material and created the rock formation known as the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and created the Island Park Caldera . A smaller eruption ejected 67 cubic miles ( 280 km3 ) of material 1.3 million years ago , forming the Henry 's Fork Caldera and depositing the Mesa Falls Tuff . Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America , falling many hundreds of miles away . The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species , primarily in North America . Wooden walkways allow visitors to closely approach the Grand Prismatic Spring . A subsequent caldera - forming eruption occurred about 160,000 years ago . It formed the relatively small caldera that contains the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake . Since the last supereruption , a series of smaller eruptive cycles between 640,000 and 70,000 years ago , has nearly filled in the Yellowstone Caldera with 80 different eruptions of rhyolitic lavas such as those that can be seen at Obsidian Cliffs and basaltic lavas which can be viewed at Sheepeater Cliff . Lava strata are most easily seen at the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , where the Yellowstone River continues to carve into the ancient lava flows . The canyon is a classic V - shaped valley , indicative of river - type erosion rather than erosion caused by glaciation . Each eruption is part of an eruptive cycle that climaxes with the partial collapse of the roof of the volcano 's partially emptied magma chamber . This creates a collapsed depression , called a caldera , and releases vast amounts of volcanic material , usually through fissures that ring the caldera . The time between the last three cataclysmic eruptions in the Yellowstone area has ranged from 600,000 to 800,000 years , but the small number of such climactic eruptions can not be used to make an accurate prediction for future volcanic events . Geysers and the hydrothermal System ( edit ) Old Faithful Geyser erupts approximately every 91 minutes . The most famous geyser in the park , and perhaps the world , is Old Faithful geyser , located in Upper Geyser Basin . Castle Geyser , Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin . The park contains the largest active geyser in the world -- Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin . A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone . Of these , an average of 465 are active in a given year . Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether . Half the geothermal features and two - thirds of the world 's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone . Steamboat Geyser is the world 's largest active geyser . In May 2001 , the U.S. Geological Survey , Yellowstone National Park , and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory ( YVO ) , a partnership for long - term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field , for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region . In 2003 , changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin . New fumaroles were observed , and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures . Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features ; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally . This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past . Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption , since they may have developed long ago , and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts . On March 10 , 2004 , a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion . This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004 . In 2006 , it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome -- areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement -- had risen at a rate of 1.5 to 2.4 inches ( 3.8 to 6.1 cm ) per year from mid -- 2004 through 2006 . As of late 2007 , the uplift has continued at a reduced rate . These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region . Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future . However , these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system . Earthquakes ( edit ) Main terraces of Mammoth Hot Springs Yellowstone experiences thousands of small earthquakes every year , virtually all of which are undetectable to people . There have been six earthquakes with at least magnitude 6 or greater in historical times , including the 7.5 ‐ magnitude Hebgen Lake earthquake which occurred just outside the northwest boundary of the park in 1959 . This quake triggered a huge landslide , which caused a partial dam collapse on Hebgen Lake ; immediately downstream , the sediment from the landslide dammed the river and created a new lake , known as Earthquake Lake . Twenty - eight people were killed , and property damage was extensive in the immediate region . The earthquake caused some geysers in the northwestern section of the park to erupt , large cracks in the ground formed and emitted steam , and some hot springs that normally have clear water turned muddy . A 6.1 ‐ magnitude earthquake struck inside the park on June 30 , 1975 , but damage was minimal . For three months in 1985 , 3,000 minor earthquakes were detected in the northwestern section of the park , during what has been referred to as an earthquake swarm , and has been attributed to minor subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera . Beginning on April 30 , 2007 , 16 small earthquakes with magnitudes up to 2.7 occurred in the Yellowstone Caldera for several days . These swarms of earthquakes are common , and there have been 70 such swarms between 1983 and 2008 . In December 2008 , over 250 earthquakes were measured over a four - day span under Yellowstone Lake , the largest measuring a magnitude of 3.9 . In January 2010 , more than 250 earthquakes were detected over a two - day period . Seismic activity in Yellowstone National Park continues and is reported hourly by the Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey . On March 30 , 2014 , a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck almost the very middle of Yellowstone near the Norris Basin at 6 : 34 am ; reports indicated no damage . This was the largest earthquake to hit the park since February 22 , 1980 . Biology and Ecology ( edit ) Main articles : Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Meadow in Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is the centerpiece of the 20 million acre / 31,250 square - mile ( 8,093,712 ha / 80,937 km ) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , a region that includes Grand Teton National Park , adjacent National Forests and expansive wilderness areas in those forests . The ecosystem is the largest remaining continuous stretch of mostly undeveloped pristine land in the contiguous United States , considered the world 's largest intact ecosystem in the northern temperate zone . With the successful wolf reintroduction program , which began in the 1990s , virtually all the original faunal species known to inhabit the region when white explorers first entered the area can still be found there . Flora ( edit ) Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park . Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native . Of the eight conifer tree species documented , Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80 % of the total forested areas . Other conifers , such as Subalpine Fir , Engelmann Spruce , Rocky Mountain Douglas - fir and Whitebark Pine , are found in scattered groves throughout the park . As of 2007 , the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust ; however , this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west . In Yellowstone , about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus , compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana . Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees . The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century , but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk . Yellowstone sand verbena are endemic to Yellowstone 's lakeshores . There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified , most of which bloom between the months of May and September . The Yellowstone sand verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone . It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates , making the sand verbena an enigma . The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake , well above the waterline . In Yellowstone 's hot waters , bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals . These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth . Flies and other arthropods live on the mats , even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters . Initially , scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur . In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen . Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme ( Taq polymerase ) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process . The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem . Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases . In 2016 , researchers from Uppsala University reported the discovery of a class of thermophiles , Hadesarchaea , in Yellowstone 's Culex Basin . These organisms are capable of converting carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and oxygen . Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources . Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation , such as near roads and at major tourist areas , they have also spread into the backcountry . Generally , most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying , both of which are time consuming and expensive . Fauna ( edit ) Main articles : Animals of Yellowstone , Birds of Yellowstone National Park , Wolf reintroduction , History of wolves in Yellowstone , Yellowstone Park Bison Herd , Small mammals of Yellowstone National Park , Fishes of Yellowstone National Park , and Amphibians and reptiles of Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone is widely considered to be the finest megafauna wildlife habitat in the lower 48 states . There are almost 60 species of mammals in the park , including the gray wolf , coyote , the threatened Canadian lynx , and grizzly bears . Other large mammals include the bison ( often referred to as buffalo ) , black bear , elk , moose , mule deer , white - tailed deer , mountain goat , pronghorn , bighorn sheep , and cougar . American bison The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the largest public herd of American bison in the United States . The relatively large bison populations are a concern for ranchers , who fear that the species can transmit bovine diseases to their domesticated cousins . In fact , about half of Yellowstone 's bison have been exposed to brucellosis , a bacterial disease that came to North America with European cattle that may cause cattle to miscarry . The disease has little effect on park bison , and no reported case of transmission from wild bison to domestic livestock has been filed . However , the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) has stated that bison are the `` likely source '' of the spread of the disease in cattle in Wyoming and North Dakota . Elk also carry the disease and are believed to have transmitted the infection to horses and cattle . Bison once numbered between 30 and 60 million individuals throughout North America , and Yellowstone remains one of their last strongholds . Their populations had increased from less than 50 in the park in 1902 to 4,000 by 2003 . The Yellowstone Park bison herd reached a peak in 2005 with 4,900 animals . Despite a summer estimated population of 4,700 in 2007 , the number dropped to 3,000 in 2008 after a harsh winter and controversial brucellosis management sending hundreds to slaughter . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America . The other three herds are the Henry Mountains bison herd of Utah , at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and in Elk Island National Park in Alberta . Elk mother nursing her calf . To combat the perceived threat of brucellosis transmission to cattle , national park personnel regularly harass bison herds back into the park when they venture outside of the area 's borders . During the winter of 1996 -- 97 , the bison herd was so large that 1,079 bison that had exited the park were shot or sent to slaughter . Animal rights activists argue that this is a cruel practice and that the possibility for disease transmission is not as great as some ranchers maintain . Ecologists point out that the bison are merely traveling to seasonal grazing areas that lie within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem that have been converted to cattle grazing , some of which are within National Forests and are leased to private ranchers . APHIS has stated that with vaccinations and other means , brucellosis can be eliminated from the bison and elk herds throughout Yellowstone . A reintroduced wolf in Yellowstone National Park Starting in 1914 , in an effort to protect elk populations , the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to be used for the purposes of `` destroying wolves , prairie dogs , and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry '' on public lands . Park Service hunters carried out these orders , and by 1926 they had killed 136 wolves , and wolves were virtually eliminated from Yellowstone . Further exterminations continued until the National Park Service ended the practice in 1935 . With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 , the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed . After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone , the coyote then became the park 's top canine predator . However , the coyote is not able to bring down large animals , and the result of this lack of a top predator on these populations was a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna . By the 1990s , the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves . In a controversial decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( which oversees threatened and endangered species ) , northwestern wolves imported from Canada were reintroduced into the park . Reintroduction efforts have been successful with populations remaining relatively stable . A survey conducted in 2005 reported that there were 13 wolf packs , totaling 118 individuals in Yellowstone and 326 in the entire ecosystem . These park figures were lower than those reported in 2004 but may be attributable to wolf migration to other nearby areas as suggested by the substantial increase in the Montana population during that interval . Almost all the wolves documented were descended from the 66 wolves reintroduced in 1995 -- 96 . The recovery of populations throughout the states of Wyoming , Montana and Idaho has been so successful that on February 27 , 2008 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population from the endangered species list . Black bear and cub in the Tower - Roosevelt area An estimated 600 grizzly bears live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , with more than half of the population living within Yellowstone . The grizzly is currently listed as a threatened species , however the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced that they intend to take it off the endangered species list for the Yellowstone region but will likely keep it listed in areas where it has not yet recovered fully . Opponents of delisting the grizzly are concerned that states might once again allow hunting and that better conservation measures need to be implemented to ensure a sustainable population . Black bears are common in the park and were a park symbol due to visitor interaction with the bears starting in 1910 . Feeding and close contact with bears has not been permitted since the 1960s to reduce their desire for human foods . Yellowstone is one of the few places in the United States where black bears can be seen coexisting with grizzly bears . Black bear observations occur most often in the park 's northern ranges and in the Bechler area which is in the park 's southwestern corner . Elk Population figures for elk are in excess of 30,000 -- the largest population of any large mammal species in Yellowstone . The northern herd has decreased enormously since the mid ‐ 1990s ; this has been attributed to wolf predation and causal effects such as elk using more forested regions to evade predation , consequently making it harder for researchers to accurately count them . The northern herd migrates west into southwestern Montana in the winter . The southern herd migrates southward , and the majority of these elk winter on the National Elk Refuge , immediately southeast of Grand Teton National Park . The southern herd migration is the largest mammalian migration remaining in the U.S. outside of Alaska . Pronghorn are commonly found on the grasslands in the park . In 2003 the tracks of one female lynx and her cub were spotted and followed for over 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Fecal material and other evidence obtained were tested and confirmed to be those of a lynx . No visual confirmation was made , however . Lynx have not been seen in Yellowstone since 1998 , though DNA taken from hair samples obtained in 2001 confirmed that lynx were at least transient to the park . Other less commonly seen mammals include the mountain lion and wolverine . The mountain lion has an estimated population of only 25 individuals parkwide . The wolverine is another rare park mammal , and accurate population figures for this species are not known . These uncommon and rare mammals provide insight into the health of protected lands such as Yellowstone and help managers make determinations as to how best to preserve habitats . Eighteen species of fish live in Yellowstone , including the core range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout -- a fish highly sought by anglers . The Yellowstone cutthroat trout has faced several threats since the 1980s , including the suspected illegal introduction into Yellowstone Lake of lake trout , an invasive species which consume the smaller cutthroat trout . Although lake trout were established in Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. Government stocking operations in 1890 , it was never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage . The cutthroat trout has also faced an ongoing drought , as well as the accidental introduction of a parasite -- whirling disease -- which causes a terminal nervous system disease in younger fish . Since 2001 , all native sport fish species caught in Yellowstone waterways are subject to a catch and release law . Yellowstone is also home to six species of reptiles , such as the painted turtle and Prairie rattlesnake , and four species of amphibians , including the Boreal Chorus Frog . 311 species of birds have been reported , almost half of which nest in Yellowstone . As of 1999 , twenty - six pairs of nesting bald eagles have been documented . Extremely rare sightings of whooping cranes have been recorded , however only three examples of this species are known to live in the Rocky Mountains , out of 385 known worldwide . Other birds , considered to be species of special concern because of their rarity in Yellowstone , include the common loon , harlequin duck , osprey , peregrine falcon and the trumpeter swan . Forest fires ( edit ) See also : Yellowstone fires of 1988 and 1988 -- 89 North American drought Fire in Yellowstone National Park As wildfire is a natural part of most ecosystems , plants that are indigenous to Yellowstone have adapted in a variety of ways . Douglas - fir have a thick bark which protects the inner section of the tree from most fires . Lodgepole Pines -- the most common tree species in the park -- generally have cones that are only opened by the heat of fire . Their seeds are held in place by a tough resin , and fire assists in melting the resin , allowing the seeds to disperse . Fire clears out dead and downed wood , providing fewer obstacles for lodgepole pines to flourish . Subalpine Fir , Engelmann Spruce , Whitebark Pine , and other species tend to grow in colder and moister areas , where fire is less likely to occur . Aspen trees sprout new growth from their roots , and even if a severe fire kills the tree above ground , the roots often survive unharmed because they are insulated from the heat by soil . The National Park Service estimates that in natural conditions , grasslands in Yellowstone burned an average of every 20 to 25 years , while forests in the park would experience fire about every 300 years . About thirty - five natural forest fires are ignited each year by lightning , while another six to ten are started by people -- in most cases by accident . Yellowstone National Park has three fire lookout towers , each staffed by trained fire fighters . The easiest one to reach is atop Mount Washburn , which has interpretive exhibits and an observation deck open to the public . The park also monitors fire from the air and relies on visitor reports of smoke and / or flames . Fire towers are staffed almost continuously from late June to mid-September -- the primary fire season . Fires burn with the greatest intensity in the late afternoon and evening . Few fires burn more than 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , and the vast majority of fires reach only a little over an acre ( 0.5 ha ) before they burn themselves out . Fire management focuses on monitoring dead and down wood quantities , soil and tree moisture , and the weather , to determine those areas most vulnerable to fire should one ignite . Current policy is to suppress all human caused fires and to evaluate natural fires , examining the benefit or detriment they may pose on the ecosystem . If a fire is considered to be an immediate threat to people and structures , or will burn out of control , then fire suppression is performed . Wildfire in Yellowstone National Park produces a pyrocumulus cloud . In an effort to minimize the chances of out of control fires and threats to people and structures , park employees do more than just monitor the potential for fire . Controlled burns are prescribed fires which are deliberately started to remove dead timber under conditions which allow fire fighters an opportunity to carefully control where and how much wood is consumed . Natural fires are sometimes considered prescribed fires if they are left to burn . In Yellowstone , unlike some other parks , there have been very few fires deliberately started by employees as prescribed burns . However , over the last 30 years , over 300 natural fires have been allowed to burn naturally . In addition , fire fighters remove dead and down wood and other hazards from areas where they will be a potential fire threat to lives and property , reducing the chances of fire danger in these areas . Fire monitors also regulate fire through educational services to the public and have been known to temporarily ban campfires from campgrounds during periods of high fire danger . The common notion in early United States land management policies was that all forest fires were bad . Fire was seen as a purely destructive force and there was little understanding that it was an integral part of the ecosystem . Consequently , until the 1970s , when a better understanding of wildfire was developed , all fires were suppressed . This led to an increase in dead and dying forests , which would later provide the fuel load for fires that would be much harder , and in some cases , impossible to control . Fire Management Plans were implemented , detailing that natural fires should be allowed to burn if they posed no immediate threat to lives and property . A crown fire approaches the Old Faithful complex on September 7 , 1988 . 1988 started with a wet spring season although by summer , drought began moving in throughout the northern Rockies , creating the driest year on record to that point . Grasses and plants which grew well in the early summer from the abundant spring moisture produced plenty of grass , which soon turned to dry tinder . The National Park Service began firefighting efforts to keep the fires under control , but the extreme drought made suppression difficult . Between July 15 and 21 , 1988 , fires quickly spread from 8,500 acres ( 3,400 ha ; 13.3 sq mi ) throughout the entire Yellowstone region , which included areas outside the park , to 99,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ; 155 sq mi ) on the park land alone . By the end of the month , the fires were out of control . Large fires burned together , and on August 20 , 1988 , the single worst day of the fires , more than 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ; 230 sq mi ) were consumed . Seven large fires were responsible for 95 % of the 793,000 acres ( 321,000 ha ; 1,239 sq mi ) that were burned over the next couple of months . A total of 25,000 firefighters and U.S. military forces participated in the suppression efforts , at a cost of 120 million dollars . By the time winter brought snow that helped extinguish the last flames , the fires had destroyed 67 structures and caused several million dollars in damage . Though no civilian lives were lost , two personnel associated with the firefighting efforts were killed . Contrary to media reports and speculation at the time , the fires killed very few park animals -- surveys indicated that only about 345 elk ( of an estimated 40,000 -- 50,000 ) , 36 deer , 12 moose , 6 black bears , and 9 bison had perished . Changes in fire management policies were implemented by land management agencies throughout the United States , based on knowledge gained from the 1988 fires and the evaluation of scientists and experts from various fields . By 1992 , Yellowstone had adopted a new fire management plan which observed stricter guidelines for the management of natural fires . Climate ( edit ) Winter scene in Yellowstone Yellowstone climate is greatly influenced by altitude , with lower elevations generally found to be warmer year - round . The record high temperature was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) in 2002 , while the coldest temperature recorded is − 66 ° F ( − 54 ° C ) in 1933 . During the summer months of June to early September , daytime highs are normally in the 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) range , while night time lows can go to below freezing ( 0 ° C ) especially at higher altitudes . Summer afternoons are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms . Spring and fall temperatures range between 30 and 60 ° F ( − 1 and 16 ° C ) with nights in the teens to single digits ( − 5 to − 20 ° C ) . Winter in Yellowstone is accompanied by high temperatures usually between zero and 20 ° F ( − 20 to − 5 ° C ) and nighttime temperatures below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) for most of the winter . Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable and ranges from 15 inches ( 380 mm ) annually near Mammoth Hot Springs , to 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) in the southwestern sections of the park . The precipitation of Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain to the west that was , in turn , formed by Yellowstone itself . Snow is possible in any month of the year , but most common between November and April , with averages of 150 inches ( 3,800 mm ) annually around Yellowstone Lake , to twice that amount at higher elevations . Tornadoes in Yellowstone are rare ; however , on July 21 , 1987 , the most powerful tornado recorded in Wyoming touched down in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger - Teton National Forest and hit Yellowstone National Park . Called the Teton -- Yellowstone tornado , it was classified as an F4 , with wind speeds estimated at between 207 and 260 miles per hour ( 333 and 418 km / h ) . The tornado left a path of destruction 1 to 2 miles ( 1.6 to 3.2 km ) wide , and 24 miles ( 39 km ) long , and leveled 15,000 acres ( 6,100 ha ; 23 sq mi ) of mature pine forest . The climate at Yellowstone Lake is classified as subarctic ( Dfc ) , according to Köppen - Geiger climate classification , while at the park headquarters the classification is humid continental ( Dfb ) . ( show ) Climate data for Yellowstone Lake , elev . 7,870 feet ( 2,399 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 61 ( 16 ) 65 ( 18 ) 78 ( 26 ) 83 ( 28 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 83 ( 28 ) 72 ( 22 ) 63 ( 17 ) 48 ( 9 ) 92 ( 33 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 24.4 ( − 4.2 ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 51.9 ( 11.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 24.3 ( − 4.3 ) 46.4 ( 8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 18.0 ( − 7.8 ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 13.8 ( − 10.1 ) 5.0 ( − 15 ) 20.8 ( − 6.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 42 ( − 41 ) − 26 ( − 32 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) − 43 ( − 42 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.65 ( 41.9 ) 1.61 ( 40.9 ) 1.80 ( 45.7 ) 1.78 ( 45.2 ) 2.47 ( 62.7 ) 2.25 ( 57.2 ) 1.62 ( 41.1 ) 1.60 ( 40.6 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 1.18 ( 30 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 1.63 ( 41.4 ) 20.90 ( 530.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 34.3 ( 87.1 ) 30.4 ( 77.2 ) 25.6 ( 65 ) 21.4 ( 54.4 ) 8.1 ( 20.6 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 9.9 ( 25.1 ) 30.9 ( 78.5 ) 30.5 ( 77.5 ) 193.7 ( 492 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 16.8 14.0 13.7 11.6 11.5 14.4 11.0 10.8 9.7 8.8 13.1 15.6 151 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 16.2 13.4 12.6 9.5 4.4 0.9 0 0 1.1 5.8 12.6 14.9 91.4 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : The Weather Channel ( Records ) ( show ) Climate data for Yellowstone Park Headquarters , elev . 6,230 feet ( 1,899 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 52 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 66 ( 19 ) 78 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 92 ( 33 ) 82 ( 28 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 33.4 ( 0.8 ) 40.8 ( 4.9 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 37.7 ( 3.2 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 12.0 ( − 11.1 ) 13.0 ( − 10.6 ) 20.1 ( − 6.6 ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 34.8 ( 1.6 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 29.4 ( − 1.4 ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 11.3 ( − 11.5 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 0 ( − 18 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 27 ( − 33 ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 0.95 ( 24.1 ) 1.30 ( 33 ) 2.06 ( 52.3 ) 1.95 ( 49.5 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 1.06 ( 26.9 ) 1.14 ( 29 ) 1.28 ( 32.5 ) 1.03 ( 26.2 ) 0.81 ( 20.6 ) 14.41 ( 366 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 11.1 ( 28.2 ) 8.5 ( 21.6 ) 10.4 ( 26.4 ) 8.0 ( 20.3 ) ( 5.6 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.0 ( 10.2 ) 9.4 ( 23.9 ) 10.2 ( 25.9 ) 64.4 ( 163.6 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.8 9.0 9.1 9.7 12.8 13.3 9.9 8.9 8.2 8.4 9.8 10.2 119.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.0 7.1 6.4 4.8 1.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 2.6 7.2 8.3 45.9 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : Western Regional Climate Center ( extremes 1894 -- present ) Recreation ( edit ) Main articles : Trails of Yellowstone National Park and Angling in Yellowstone National Park Union Pacific Railroad brochure promoting travel to park ( 1921 ) Yellowstone ranks among the most popular national parks in the United States . Since the mid-1960s , at least 2 million tourists have visited the park almost every year . Average annual visitation increased to 3.5 million during the ten - year period from 2007 to 2016 , with a record of 4,257,177 recreational visitors in 2016 . July is the busiest month for Yellowstone National Park . At peak summer levels , 3,700 employees work for Yellowstone National Park concessionaires . Concessionaires manage nine hotels and lodges , with a total of 2,238 hotel rooms and cabins available . They also oversee gas stations , stores and most of the campgrounds . Another 800 employees work either permanently or seasonally for the National Park Service . Park service roads lead to major features ; however , road reconstruction has produced temporary road closures . Yellowstone is in the midst of a long term road reconstruction effort , which is hampered by a short repair season . In the winter , all roads aside from the one which enters from Gardiner , Montana , and extends to Cooke City , Montana , are closed to wheeled vehicles . Park roads are closed to wheeled vehicles from early November to mid April , but some park roads remain closed until mid-May . The park has 310 miles ( 500 km ) of paved roads which can be accessed from five different entrances . There is no public transportation available inside the park , but several tour companies can be contacted for guided motorized transport . In the winter , concessionaires operate guided snowmobile and snow coach tours , though their numbers and access are based on quotas established by the National Park Service . Facilities in the Old Faithful , Canyon and Mammoth Hot Springs areas of the park are very busy during the summer months . Traffic jams created by road construction or by people observing wildlife can result in long delays . Old Faithful Inn The National Park Service maintains 9 visitor centers and museums and is responsible for maintenance of historical structures and many of the other 2,000 buildings . These structures include National Historical Landmarks such as the Old Faithful Inn built from 1903 to 1904 and the entire Fort Yellowstone -- Mammoth Hot Springs Historic District . An historical and educational tour is available at Fort Yellowstone which details the history of the National Park Service and the development of the park . Campfire programs , guided walks and other interpretive presentations are available at numerous locations in the summer , and on a limited basis during other seasons . Camping is available at a dozen campgrounds with more than 2,000 campsites . Camping is also available in surrounding National Forests , as well as in Grand Teton National Park to the south . Backcountry campsites are accessible only by foot or by horseback and require a permit . There are 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) of hiking trails available . The park is not considered to be a good destination for mountaineering because of the instability of volcanic rock which predominates . Visitors with pets are required to keep them on a leash at all times and are limited to areas near roadways and in `` frontcountry '' zones such as drive in campgrounds . Around thermal features , wooden and paved trails have been constructed to ensure visitor safety , and most of these areas are handicapped accessible . The National Park Service maintains a year - round clinic at Mammoth Hot Springs and provides emergency services throughout the year . Hunting is not permitted , though it is allowed in the surrounding national forests during open season . Fishing is a popular activity , and a Yellowstone Park fishing license is required to fish in park waters . Many park waters are fly fishing only and all native fish species are catch and release only . Boating is prohibited on rivers and creeks except for a 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) stretch of the Lewis River between Lewis and Shoshone Lake , and it is open to non-motorized use only . Yellowstone Lake has a marina , and the lake is the most popular boating destination . Vintage photo of human - habituated bears seeking food from visitors . In the early history of the park , visitors were allowed , and sometimes even encouraged , to feed the bears . Visitors welcomed the chance to get their pictures taken with the bears , who had learned to beg for food . This led to numerous injuries to humans each year . In 1970 , park officials changed their policy and started a vigorous program to educate the public on the dangers of close contact with bears , and to try to eliminate opportunities for bears to find food in campgrounds and trash collection areas . Although it has become more difficult to observe bears in recent years , the number of human injuries and deaths has taken a significant drop and visitors are in less danger . The eighth recorded bear - related death in the park 's history occurred in August 2015 . Other protected lands in the region include Caribou - Targhee , Gallatin , Custer , Shoshone and Bridger - Teton National Forests . The National Park Service 's John D. Rockefeller , Jr . Memorial Parkway is to the south and leads to Grand Teton National Park . The famed Beartooth Highway provides access from the northeast and has spectacular high altitude scenery . Nearby communities include West Yellowstone , Montana ; Cody , Wyoming ; Red Lodge , Montana ; Ashton , Idaho ; and Gardiner , Montana . The closest air transport is available by way of Bozeman , Montana ; Billings , Montana ; Jackson ; Cody , Wyoming , or Idaho Falls , Idaho . Salt Lake City , 320 miles ( 510 km ) to the south , is the closest large metropolitan area . Legal jurisdiction ( edit ) Street map of Yellowstone National Park at the northwest corner of Wyoming The entire park is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming , making it the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state ( Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming ) . Law professor Brian C. Kalt has argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of the park ( and that it would be difficult to do so for a crime committed solely in the lightly populated Montana portion ) . One defendant , who was accused of a wildlife - related crime in the Montana portion of the park , attempted to raise this argument but eventually pleaded guilty , with the plea deal including his specific agreement not to raise the issue in his appeal . See also ( edit ) North America portal Bibliography of Yellowstone National Park List of national parks of the United States List of Yellowstone National Park - related articles Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Yellowstone - Teton Clean Energy Coalition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone , the First National Park '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Statutes at Large , Vol. 17 , Chap. 24 , pp. 32 -- 33 . `` An Act to set apart a certain Tract of Land lying near the Head - waters of the Yellowstone River as a public Park . '' ( S. 392 ) `` . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biosphere Reserve Information -- United States -- Yellowstone '' . UNESCO -- MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory . UNESCO . August 17 , 2000 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Facts '' . National Park Service . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone , History and Culture '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the National Park Service ( NPS ) '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions About Yellowstone Volcanic History '' . United States Geological Survey , Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Geothermal Features and How They Work '' . National Park Service . February 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Schullery , Paul . `` The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem '' . Our Living Resources . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , James S. , Jr . ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` History of Yellowstone as a Place Name '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : A Brief History of the Park '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lahren , Larry ( 2006 ) . Homeland : An archaeologist 's view of Yellowstone Country 's past . Cayuse Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 9789251 - 0 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Janetski , Joel C. ( 1987 ) . Indians in Yellowstone National Park . Salt Lake City , Utah : University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 724 - 7 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Lewis and Clark Era ( 1805 -- 1814 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Fur Trade Era ( 1818 -- 42 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kenneth H. ( 1976 ) . `` Enchanted Enclosure - Historic Roads in the National Park System - Chapter 2 - The Raynolds Expedition of 1860 '' . Historical Division , Office of the Chief Of Engineers , United States Army . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 1975 ) . `` The Exploring Era ( 1851 -- 63 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Folsom Party ( 1869 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` Cornelius Hedges '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History & Culture '' . General Grant National Memorial . National Park Service . July 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Marlene Deahl Merrill ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Yellowstone and the Great West : Journals , Letters , and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition . U of Nebraska Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8289 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marlene Deahl Merrill ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Yellowstone and the Great West : Journals , Letters , and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8289 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chittenden , Hiram Martin . The Yellowstone National Park - Historical and Descriptive . Cincinnati : Stewart and Kidd Co. pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Olin Dunbar ( 2010 ) . Enlarge Image Nathaniel Pitt Langford : The Vigilante , the Explorer , the Expounder and First Superintendent of the Yellowstone Park . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 177 - 37550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dilsaver , Lary M. ; William Wyckoff ( May 2005 ) . `` The Political Geography of National Parks '' . The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 74 , No. 2 . University of California Press : 237 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Wuerthner , 11 - 15 - 07 , George ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` NREPA : Local Interests and Conservation History '' . George Wuerthner 's On the Range . NewWest . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the year 1872 '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Punke , Michael ( 2007 ) . Last Stand : George Bird Grinnell , the Battle to Save the Buffalo , and the Birth of the New West . Smithsonian Books . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 089782 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Administrations of Nathaniel Langford and Philetus Norris '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griske , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Diaries of John Hunton . Heritage Books . pp. 121 , 122 . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 3804 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griske , op . cit. , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Merchant , Carolyn ( 2002 ) . The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History . Columbia University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11232 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Chittenden , Hiram Martin ( 1895 ) . The Yellowstone National Park : historical and descriptive . The R. Clarke Company . pp. 111 -- 122 . OCLC 3015335 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Dayton ; Ken Burns ( 2009 ) . The National Parks : America 's Best Idea . Alred A. Knopf . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26896 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Nez Perce Creek '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The United States Army Takes Control of Yellowstone National Park 1886 -- 1906 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grinnell , George Bird ( 1910 ) . The History of the Boone and Crockett Club . New York City : Forest and Stream Publishing Company . pp. 10 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The National Park Service in Yellowstone National Park 1917 -- 1929 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( April 1898 ) . `` The Yellowstone National Park '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Fisher Smith ( June 7 , 2016 ) . Engineering Eden . Crown / Archetype . p. 37 . ISBN 9780307454263 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Redinger , `` The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Development of Glacier and Yellowstone Parks , 1933 -- 1942 , '' Pacific Northwest Forum , 1991 , Vol. 4 Issue 2 , pp 3 -- 17 Jump up ^ Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mission 66 in Yellowstone National Park 1941 -- 1965 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allaback , Sarah ( 2000 ) . `` Mission 66 Visitor Centers '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canyon Area NPS Visitor Facilities '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Largest Earthquake in Montana '' . Historic Earthquakes . U.S. Geological Survey . January 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leopold , A. Starker ; et al. ( 1963 ) . `` The Goal of Park Management in the United States '' . Wildlife Management in the National Parks . National Park Service . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wildland Fire in Yellowstone '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Patry , Marc ; Bassett , Clare ; Leclerq , Benedicte ( March 11 -- 13 , 2003 ) . `` The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 2nd World Heritage Forest Meeting . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Quarter Introduced '' . United States Mint . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Justin Farrell , The Battle for Yellowstone : Morality and the Sacred Roots of Environmental Conflict ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Heritage and Research Center '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park Archives '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliated Archives '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snake River Plain '' . U.S. Geological Survey . March 12 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oskin , Becky ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Yellowstone 's Volcano Bigger Than Thought '' . LiveScience . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming , Idaho , and Montana '' . U.S. Geological Survey . August 27 , 2001 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . / ^ Jump up to : `` Tracking Changes in Yellowstone 's Restless Volcanic System '' . U.S. Geological Survey . January 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcanic History of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bindeman , Ilya N. ( June 2006 ) . `` The Secrets of Supervolcanoes '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Questions About Future Volcanic Activity '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeff . `` How many geysers are found in Yellowstone ? '' Program and Abstracts , The 11th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . October 8 -- 10 , 2012 , Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel , Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming . Jump up ^ Lundquist , Laura . `` Dormant Yellowstone geyser erupts . '' The Bozeman Daily Chronicle , August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . World Heritage Sites . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . April 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Changes in Thermal Activity at Norris Geyser Basin Provide Opportunity to Study Hydrothermal System '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . March 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Stories About the Yellowstone Volcanic System '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone Continue '' . Inland Park News . December 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Wu - Lung Chang ; Lee Siegel ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone rising : Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate '' . Press release , University of Utah Public Relations . EurekAlert ! ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lowenstern , Jake ( June 2005 ) . `` Truth , fiction and everything in between at Yellowstone '' . Geotimes . American Geologic Institute . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` More Than A Dozen Earthquakes Shake Yellowstone '' . KUTV News . May 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2008 '' . Yellowstone Volcanic Observatory . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone hit by swarm of earthquakes '' . Denver Post . January 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes -- US '' Yellowstone Region `` . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 4.8 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Yellowstone National Park '' . Liberty Voice . March 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Katherine . `` Whitebark Pine '' . Our Living Resources . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Presence Of Wolves Allows Aspen Recovery In Yellowstone '' . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are the Bloomin ' Wildflowers ? '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . February 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Sand Verbena '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . July 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Microbes In Colorful Yellowstone Hot Springs Fueled By Hydrogen , CU - Boulder Researchers Say '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . January 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellowstone Thermophiles Conservation Project '' . World Foundation for Environment and Development . April 27 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker , Brett J. ; Saw , Jimmy H. ; Lind , Anders E. ; Lazar , Cassandra Sara ; Hinrichs , Kai - Uwe ; Teske , Andreas P. ; Ettema , Thijs J.G. ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Genomic inference of the metabolism of cosmopolitan subsurface Archaea , Hadesarchaea '' . Nature Microbiology. 1 ( 3 ) : 16002 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.2 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Matt ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of the underworld microbes Hadesarchaea discovered living on toxic gas deep below Yellowstone hot springs '' . IB Times . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exotic Vegetation Management in Yellowstone National Park '' ( PDF ) . Nature and Science . National Park Service . February 1 , 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison '' . Brucellosis . Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Bison '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . August 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Prettyman , Brett ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Moving Bison '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defenders of Wildlife '' . A Yellowstone Chronology . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 Interagency Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Nez Perce Tribe , National Park Service , Montana Fish , Wildlife & Parks , Idaho Fish and Game , and USDA Wildlife Services . 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Final Rule Designating the Northern Rocky Mountain Population of Gray Wolf as a Distinct Population Segment and Removing This Distinct Population Segment From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mott , Maryann ( July 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bald Eagle , Grizzly : U.S. Icons Endangered No More ? '' . National Geographic News . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2006 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Bears '' . National Park Service . March 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Bear Information Continued '' . National Park Service . April 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 2007 Winter Count of Northern Yellowstone Elk '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Potter , Tiffany ( April 13 , 2004 ) . `` Reproduction of Canada Lynx Discovered in Yellowstone '' . Nature : Year in Review . National Park Service . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lions '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Marquis , Amy Leinbach ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' . National Parks . National Parks Conservation Association . 80 ( 3 ) : 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . April 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellowstone Lake Crisis : Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1995 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kendall , W.C. ( 1915 ) . The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park . Washington D.C. : Department of Commerce , Bureau of Fisheries . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Habitats : Wetlands and Wildlife '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Species '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Species of Special Concern '' . National Park Service . July 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fire Ecology '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park : Mount Washburn '' . Backpacker Magazine . Cruz Bay Publishing , Inc . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Lookouts '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Facts '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Monitoring '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prescribed Fire '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather '' . National Park Service . December 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Severe Weather '' . Wyoming Climate Office . March 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WY Lake Yellowstone '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Yellowstone Lake , Wyoming '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WY Yellowstone PK Mammoth '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Park , Wyoming '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Annual Visitation Statistics '' . Yellowstone National Park . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Yellowstone becoming hotter vacation spot '' . CNN Travel . August 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Road Construction Delays and Closures '' . National Park Service . April 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Operating Hours & Seasons '' . National Park Service . April 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Services in Yellowstone '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hiking in the Park '' . National Park Service . August 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations Regarding Pets '' . National Park Service . July 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Information Every Visitor Needs to Know '' . National Park Service . March 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . April 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Yellowstone National Park Fishing Regulations Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Boating in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . September 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bear Inflicted Human Injuries and Fatalities in Yellowstone '' . U.S. National Park Service . January 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directions '' . National Park Service . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian C. Kalt , The Perfect Crime , 93 Geo . L.J. 675 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` The perfect place for the perfect crime '' . trib.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Belderrain , 309 F. App'x 259 ( 10th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Brian C. Kalt , Tabloid Constitutionalism , 96 Geo . L.J. 1971 ( 2008 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYellowstone National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage U.S. Geological Survey Photographic Library Yellowstone National Park Official site Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park from the Library of Congress The short film A Visit to Yellowstone National Park ( c. 1932 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Four Seasons of Yellowstone ( 1970 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Fantastic Yellowstone ( 1997 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust ( 46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber ) Yellowstone 360 degree panoramic video National Geographic Channel The Act of Dedication BYU Larsen Yellowstone collection , one of the largest libraries of Yellowstone materials , at L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library , Brigham Young University Yellowstone National Park -- History and people Historic events and personalities from Yellowstone National Park Expeditions Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 Explorers Robert Adams Jr . Jim Bridger John Colter Lt. Gustavus C. Doane Truman C. Everts Warren Angus Ferris Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden Nathaniel P. Langford Alexander Ross ( fur trader ) Osborne Russell Cyrus Thomas Henry D. Washburn Photographers , artists and illustrators Heinrich C. Berann Albert Bierstadt Frank Jay Haynes William Henry Jackson Thomas Moran Park management Mission 66 Horace M. Albright Harry W. Child Harry W. Frantz Harlan Kredit Herbert Maier John W. Meldrum Philetus Norris Robert Reamer Harry Yount Military administration Henry Tureman Allen Lloyd Milton Brett Frazier Boutelle Dan Christie Kingman Hiram M. Chittenden Samuel Baldwin Marks Young Wilber Elliott Wilder Fort Yellowstone Events History of the National Park Service History of wolves in Yellowstone Teton -- Yellowstone tornado 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake Yellowstone fires of 1988 List of Yellowstone National Park related articles Media related to People associated with Yellowstone National Park at Wikimedia Commons Protected areas of Wyoming Federal National Parks : Grand Teton Yellowstone National Monuments : Devils Tower Fossil Butte National Historic Sites : Fort Laramie National Historic Trails : California Trail Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express National Wildlife Refuges : Bamforth Cokeville Meadows Hutton Lake Mortenson Lake Pathfinder Seedskadee National Elk Refuge Jackson National Fish Hatchery National Recreation Areas : Bighorn Canyon Flaming Gorge ( USFS ) National Forests : Ashley Bighorn Bridger - Teton Medicine Bow - Routt Shoshone Caribou - Targhee National Grasslands : Thunder Basin Wilderness Areas : Absaroka - Beartooth Bridger Cloud Peak Encampment River Fitzpatrick Gros Ventre Huston Park Jedediah Smith North Absaroka Platte River Popo Agie Savage Run Teton Washakie Winegar Hole State State Parks : Bear River Boysen Buffalo Bill Curt Gowdy Edness K. Wilkins Glendo Guernsey Hawk Springs Hot Springs Keyhole Seminoe Sinks Canyon State Historical Sites : Ames Monument Connor Battlefield Fort Bridger Fort Fetterman Fort Fred Steele Fort Phil Kearny Granger Stage Station Governors ' Mansion Independence Rock Legend Rock Medicine Lodge Names Hill Oregon Trail Ruts Piedmont Charcoal Kilns Point of Rocks Stage Station Register Cliff South Pass City Trail End Pioneer Memorial Museum Territorial Park County County Parks : Ayres Natural Bridge Wyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites ( web ) Protected areas of Montana Federal National Parks Glacier Yellowstone National Monuments Little Bighorn Battlefield Pompeys Pillar ( BLM ) Upper Missouri River Breaks ( BLM ) National Battlefield Big Hole National Historical Parks & Historic Sites Grant - Kohrs Ranch NHS Nez Perce NHP National Historic & Scenic Trails Lewis and Clark NHT Nez Perce NHT Continental Divide NST Pacific Northwest NST National Recreation Area Bighorn Canyon National Wildlife Refuges Benton Lake Black Coulee Bowdoin Charles M. Russell Creedman Coulee Hailstone Halfbreed Lake Hewitt Lake Lake Mason Lake Thibadeau Lamesteer Lee Metcalf Lost Trail Medicine Lake National Bison Range Ninepipe Pablo Red Rock Lakes Swan River UL Bend War Horse National Forests Beaverhead Bitterroot Custer Flathead Gallatin Helena Kootenai Lewis and Clark Lolo National Wilderness Absaroka - Beartooth Anaconda - Pintler Bear Trap Canyon Bob Marshall Cabinet Mountains Gates of the Mountains Great Bear Lee Metcalf Medicine Lake Mission Mountains Rattlesnake Red Rock Lakes Scapegoat Selway - Bitterroot UL Bend Welcome Creek National Wild & Scenic Rivers Flathead Missouri State State Parks Ackley Lake Anaconda Smoke Stack Bannack Beaverhead Rock Beavertail Hill Big Arm Black Sandy Brush Lake Chief Plenty Coups Clark 's Lookout Cooney Council Grove Elkhorn Finley First Peoples Buffalo Jump Fort Owen Frenchtown Pond Giant Springs Granite Ghost Town Greycliff Prairie Dog Town Hell Creek Lake Elmo Lake Mary Ronan Lewis and Clark Logan Lone Pine Lost Creek Madison Buffalo Jump Makoshika Medicine Rocks Missouri Headwaters Painted Rocks Parker Homestead Pictograph Cave Pirogue Island Placid Lake Rosebud Battlefield Salmon Lake Sluice Boxes Smith River Spring Meadow Lake Thompson Falls Tongue River Reservoir Tower Rock Travelers ' Rest Wayfarers West Shore Whitefish Lake Wild Horse Island Yellow Bay State Forests Clearwater Coal Creek Lincoln Lubrecht Experimental Forest Stillwater Sula Swan River Thompson River Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Island Aunt Molly Badlands Beartooth Beckman Big Lake Blackfoot - Clearwater Blackleaf Blue Eyed Nellie Bowdoin Buffalo Head Park Bull River Calf Creek Canyon Creek Canyon Ferry Dodson Creek Dodson Dam Dome Mountain Ear Mountain Elk Island F Island Flathead Lake Flathead River Fleecer Mountain Fox Lake Freezout Lake Fresno Reservoir Fresno Tailwater Gallatin Garrity Mountain Grant Marsh Gravelly - Blacktail Haymaker Hinsdale Horseshoe Lake Howard Valley Isaac Homestead Judith River Kootenai / Falls Kootenai / West Kootenai / Woods Ranch Lake Helena Lost Creek Lower Stillwater Lake Madison - Bear Creek Madison - Wall Creek Milk River Mount Haggin Mount Jumbo Mount Silcox Nevada Lake Ninepipe North Swan Valley CE Pablo Ray Kuhns Robb - Ledford Rookery Roundhom Sanders Seven Sisters Silver Gate Silver Run Smith River Sun River Swan Lake Thompson - Fisher CE Three Mile Threemile Vandalia War Dance Island Warm Springs Protected areas of Idaho Federal National Parks Yellowstone National Historic Sites & Historical Parks Minidoka NHS Nez Perce NHP National Monuments Craters of the Moon Hagerman Fossil Beds National Forests Bitterroot Boise Caribou - Targhee Clearwater Coeur d'Alene Idaho Panhandle Kaniksu Kootenai Nez Perce Payette Salmon - Challis Sawtooth St. Joe Wallowa -- Whitman Wasatch - Cache National Grasslands Curlew National Recreation Areas Hells Canyon Sawtooth National Wildlife Refuges Bear Lake Camas Deer Flat Grays Lake Kootenai Minidoka Oxford Slough Waterfowl Production Area National Conservation Areas Snake River Birds of Prey Wilderness Areas Big Jacks Creek Bruneau -- Jarbidge Rivers Craters of the Moon Frank Church -- River of No Return Gospel Hump Hells Canyon Hemingway -- Boulders Jim McClure -- Jerry Peak Little Jacks Creek North Fork Owyhee Owyhee River Pole Creek Sawtooth Selway - Bitterroot Cecil D. Andrus -- White Clouds State State Parks Bear Lake Bruneau Dunes Castle Rocks City of Rocks Coeur d'Alene Parkway Dworshak Eagle Island Farragut Harriman Hells Gate Henrys Lake Heyburn Lake Cascade Lake Walcott Land of the Yankee Fork Lucky Peak Massacre Rocks McCroskey Old Mission Ponderosa Priest Lake Round Lake Thousand Springs Three Island Crossing Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes Winchester Lake Wildlife Management Areas Big Cottonwood Billingsley Creek Blackfoot River Boise River Boundary Creek Camas Prairie Centennial Marsh Carey Lake Cartier Slough Cecil D. Andrus C.J. Strike Coeur d'Alene River Craig Mountain Deer Parks Farragut Fort Boise Georgetown Summit Hagerman Market Lake McArthur Lake Montour Montpelier Mud Lake Niagara Springs Payette River Pend Oreille Portneuf Red River St. Maries Sand Creek Snow Peak Sterling Tex Creek Other Central Idaho Dark Sky Reserve Idaho Department of Parks & Recreation ( website ) National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Gateway Arch Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada State of Idaho Boise ( capital ) Topics Index Bibliography Geography Government Delegations Governors History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Seal of Idaho Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boise metropolitan area Cache Valley Central Idaho Columbia River Plateau Eastern Idaho Great Basin Inland Empire Magic Valley North Central Idaho Idaho Panhandle Palouse Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Wasatch Range Wood River Valley Yellowstone Larger cities Boise Nampa Meridian Idaho Falls Pocatello Caldwell Coeur d'Alene Twin Falls Lewiston Post Falls Rexburg Moscow Eagle Smaller cities Kuna Ammon Chubbuck Mountain Home Hayden Blackfoot Garden City Jerome Burley Counties Ada Adams Bannock Bear Lake Benewah Bingham Blaine Boise Bonner Bonneville Boundary Butte Camas Canyon Caribou Cassia Clark Clearwater Custer Elmore Franklin Fremont Gem Gooding Idaho Jefferson Jerome Kootenai Latah Lemhi Lewis Lincoln Madison Minidoka Nez Perce Oneida Owyhee Payette Power Shoshone Teton Twin Falls Valley Washington State of Montana Helena ( capital ) Topics Index Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Montana Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone State of Wyoming Cheyenne ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Governors Delegations History People State symbols Radio stations Seal of Wyoming Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Black Hills Grand Teton Great Basin Powder River Country Red Desert Yellowstone Cities Buffalo Casper Cheyenne Cody Douglas Evanston Gillette Green River Jackson Lander Laramie Powell Rawlins Riverton Rock Springs Sheridan Torrington Worland Counties Albany Big Horn Campbell Carbon Converse Crook Fremont Goshen Hot Springs Johnson Laramie Lincoln Natrona Niobrara Park Platte Sheridan Sublette Sweetwater Teton Uinta Washakie Weston VIAF : 137822900 ISNI : 0000 0001 2166 7865 GND : 4119196 - 1 SUDOC : 03581523X BNF : cb13338376q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_National_Park&oldid=831887364 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Yellowstone National Park National parks in Wyoming National parks in Montana National parks in Idaho National parks of the Rocky Mountains Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Regions of Wyoming History of the Rocky Mountains History of Wyoming Geysers of Wyoming Hot springs of Wyoming Hot springs of Teton County , Wyoming Landforms of Park County , Wyoming Landforms of Teton County , Wyoming Protected areas of Fremont County , Idaho Protected areas of Gallatin County , Montana Protected areas of Park County , Montana Protected areas of Park County , Wyoming Protected areas of Teton County , Wyoming Protected areas established in 1872 1872 establishments in the United States 1870s establishments in Wyoming Territory Civilian Conservation Corps in Wyoming Civilian Conservation Corps in Montana Civilian Conservation Corps in Idaho Biosphere reserves of the United States World Heritage Sites in the United States Yellowstone Caldera Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Hidatsa - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 17 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ok google what state is yellowstone national park in | [
"Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872.[4][5] Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world.[6] The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular features.[7] It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion."
] | [
"Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho"
] |
-5593072791214304882 | Stanley Cup playoffs | Stanley Cup playoffs - wikipedia Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup playoffs Current season , competition or edition : 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Sport Hockey Founded 1927 No. of teams 16 Most recent champion ( s ) Washington Capitals ( 1 ) Most titles Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) TV partner ( s ) Canada Sportsnet / TVA Sports United States NBC / NHL Network / Univision Official website Stanley Cup Playoffs The Stanley Cup playoffs ( French : Les séries éliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley ) is an elimination tournament in the National Hockey League consisting of four rounds of best - of - seven series . Eight teams from each of the two conferences qualify for the playoffs based on regular season points totals . The final round is commonly known as the Stanley Cup Finals , which sees the two conference champions play for the Stanley Cup . The NHL has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion . Its playoff system has changed over the years , from the league 's inception in 1917 when ownership of the Stanley Cup was shared between different leagues , to when the NHL took over the Cup in 1926 , to the current setup today . Contents 1 Current format 2 History 2.1 NHL takes control of Stanley Cup 2.2 Original Six era 2.3 Expansion era 2.4 NHL - WHA merger 2.5 Divisional playoffs 2.6 Conference playoffs 2.7 Return to divisional playoffs 3 Traditions and trends 4 Postseason appearances 4.1 Appearances by active teams 5 NHL Playoff Results 5.1 1918 -- 1927 5.2 1927 -- 1942 5.3 1942 -- 1967 5.4 1968 -- 1979 5.5 1979 -- 1991 5.6 1991 -- 2004 5.7 2005 -- 2017 5.8 2018 6 See also 7 References Current format ( edit ) # 88 - Nate Schmidt of the Washington Capitals skates near the Stanley Cup playoffs logo during their May 10 , 2017 game against the Pittsburgh Penguins See also : NHL Conference Finals The Stanley Cup playoffs consists of four rounds of best - of - seven series . Each series is played in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , meaning the team with home - ice advantage hosts games one , two , five , and seven , while their opponent hosts games three , four , and six . Games five , six , and seven are only played if needed . Eight teams in each conference qualify for the playoffs . In the playoff series format instituted in 2014 , the first , second , and third place team in each of the four divisions qualify for the playoffs automatically . Two additional teams from each conference , regardless of divisional alignment , also qualify for the playoffs by having the highest point totals out of the remaining teams in the conference . These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards . Since there is no attention paid to divisional alignment with the wild cards , it is possible for one division in each conference to have five teams in the postseason while the other has just three . In the First Round , the teams are split into two separate brackets by division . Each bracket consists of the top three divisional qualifiers and one of the wild cards . The lower seeded wild card plays against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card plays against the other division winner , and both wild cards are de facto # 4 seeds . The other two series match the second and third place teams from the divisions . The winners of both First Round series advance to the Second Round . The reseeding in the previous format , which ensured the top seed would play the lowest remaining seed , was discarded . The winners of these series advance to the Conference Finals and the two Conference Final winners move on to the Stanley Cup Finals . In the first two rounds , the higher - seeded team has home - ice advantage ( regardless of point record ) . Thereafter , it goes to the team with the better regular season record ( regardless of seeding ) ; in the case of a tie , the league 's standard tiebreaking procedure is applied . The team with home - ice advantage hosts games one , two , five , and seven , while the opponent hosts games three , four , and six ( games five through seven are played if necessary ) . Any ties in the standings at the end of the regular season are broken using the following protocols : The greater number of games won . Starting in the 2010 -- 11 NHL season , shootout wins are not included in the tie - breaking procedure . The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs . If two clubs are tied , and have not played an equal number of home games against each other , the points earned in the first game played in the city that had the extra game are not included . If more than two clubs are tied , the higher percentage of available points earned in games among those clubs , and not including any `` odd '' games , are used to determine the standing . The greater differential between goals for and against during the entire regular season . If two clubs are still tied on non-shootout wins , points earned between the tied clubs and regular season goal differential , a one - game playoff is played under Stanley Cup playoff rules . History ( edit ) The National Hockey League has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion , generally opening up its playoff games to a much larger number of teams , including those with a losing regular season record in some years ( the most recent being the seventh and eighth seeded San Jose Sharks and Edmonton Oilers , respectively , in 1999 ) . From the NHL 's inception until 1920 , both NHL and Pacific Coast Hockey Association teams were eligible for the Stanley Cup . The NHL 's regular season was divided into two halves , with the top team from each half moving on to the league finals , which was a two - game total goals series in 1918 and a best - of - seven series in 1919 . In 1920 , the Ottawa Senators were automatically declared the league champion when the team had won both halves of the regular season . The two halves format was abandoned the next year , and the top two teams faced off for the NHL championship in a two - game total goals series . At the time , the NHL champion would later face the winners of the PCHA and , from 1921 , the Western Canada Hockey League in further rounds in order to determine the Stanley Cup champion . During this time , as the rules of the NHL and those of the western leagues differ ( the main difference being that NHL rules allowed five skaters while the western leagues allowed six ) , the rules for each game in the Stanley Cup Finals alternated between those of the NHL and the western leagues . Before the WCHL competed for the Stanley Cup , the Cup championship series a best - of - five series . Following the involvement of the WCHL , one league champion was given a bye straight to the finals ( a best - of - three affair starting in 1922 ) , while the other two competed in a best - of - three semifinal . As travel expenses were high during these times , it was often the case that the NHL champions were sent west to compete . In a dispute between the leagues in 1923 about whether to send one or both western league champions east , the winner of the PCHA / WCHL series would proceed to the Stanley Cup Finals , while the loser of the series would face the NHL champion , both series being best - of - three . In 1924 the NHL playoffs expanded from two to three teams ( with the top team getting a bye to the two - game total goal NHL finals ) , but because the first - place Hamilton Tigers refused to play under this format , the second and third place teams played for the NHL championship in a two - game total goals affair . The Stanley Cup Finals returned to a best - of - five format the same year . NHL takes control of Stanley Cup ( edit ) With the merger of the PCHA and WCHL in 1925 and the merged league 's collapse in 1926 , the NHL took de facto control of the Stanley Cup . While the Cup would not be formally deeded to the league until 1947 , from 1926 onward the NHL playoffs and the Stanley Cup playoffs are considered synonymous . The NHL was subsequently divided into the Canadian and American divisions for the 1927 -- 28 season . For 1927 , six teams qualified for the playoffs , three from each division , with the division semifinals and finals being a two - game total goals affair , and the Stanley Cup Finals becoming a best - of - five series . In 1928 , the playoff format was changed so that the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other ( i.e. the division winners played each other , the second place teams play each other , and likewise for the third place teams ) . The first place series was a best - of - five affair , with the winner proceeding to the best - of - three Stanley Cup Finals , while the others were a two - game total goals series . The winner of the second and third place series played each other in a best - of - three series , with the winner earning the other berth to the Stanley Cup Finals . This format had a slight modification the following year , where the semifinal series became a two - game total goals affair and the Stanley Cup Finals became a best - of - five series . The two - game total goals format was abolished in 1937 , with those series being changed to best - of - three affairs . Original six era ( edit ) The 1930s saw the reduction of teams from ten to seven , and with it an end to the Canadian and American divisions . The Stanley Cup playoffs saw the first - and second - place teams play against each other in a best - of - seven series for one berth in the Stanley Cup Finals , while the third - to sixth - place teams battled in a series of best - of - three matches for the other berth ( with the third - place team taking on the fourth - place team , and the fifth - place team against the sixth - place team ) . In 1939 , the Stanley Cup Finals became a best - of - seven series , the format still used today . The 1942 -- 43 season saw the removal of the New York Americans , leaving six remaining teams ( known today as the `` Original Six '' ) . From 1943 to 1967 , all playoff matchups were best - of - seven affairs . The first and third - place teams played in one semifinal , while the second and fourth - place teams played in the other semifinal , with the semifinal winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals . During this time , Detroit Red Wings fans often threw an octopus onto the ice as a good luck charm , as eight wins were required to win the Stanley Cup . Expansion era ( edit ) The 1967 expansion saw the number of teams double from six to 12 in the 1967 -- 68 season , and with it the creation of the Western and Eastern divisions . The playoff format remained largely the same , with all series remaining best - of - seven , and the division champions battling for the Stanley Cup . The 1970 -- 71 season , because of fan demand , brought forth the first inter-conference playoff matchup outside of the Stanley Cup Finals since the pre-war expansion , which had the winner of the second - place versus fourth - place matchup in one conference take on the winner of the first - versus third - place matchup in the other conference for a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . The following year had one minor change to its playoff format : a stronger team would face a weaker opponent . Thus , instead of a first - place versus third - place and a second versus fourth - place matchup in the first round , the first round had the first - place versus the fourth and the second versus the third - place . This practice of having stronger teams facing weaker opposition has continued to the present day . The 1974 -- 75 season saw another change to the playoff system to accommodate a league that had expanded to 18 teams in two conferences and four divisions . Under this system , 12 teams qualified for the playoffs . The top team from each division would earn a bye to the quarterfinal , while the second - and third - place teams from each division started their playoff run from a best - of - three preliminary round . In each round of the playoffs , the teams remaining were seeded regardless of divisional or conference alignment , with the preliminary - round series being a best - of - three affair while the remainder of the series remained best - of - seven . The 1977 -- 78 season had one minor change in its playoff format : although the second - place finishers from each division would qualify for the preliminary round , the four playoff spots reserved for the third - place teams were replaced by four wild - card spots -- spots for the four teams with the highest regular - season point total that did not finish first or second in their divisions . NHL - WHA merger ( edit ) With the absorption of four teams from the World Hockey Association in the 1979 -- 1980 season , a new playoff system was introduced where 16 of the league 's 21 teams would qualify for postseason play . The four division winners would qualify for the playoffs while twelve wildcard positions rounded out the sixteen teams . At the beginning of each round the teams were seeded based on their regular season point totals , with the preliminary round being a best - of - five series while all other playoff series were best - of - seven . Divisional playoffs ( edit ) The 1981 -- 1982 season brought forth the return of divisional matchups , with the top four teams from each division qualifying for the playoffs . Division champions would be determined , followed by the Conference champions , who would meet in the Stanley Cup Finals . The division semifinals was a best - of - five affair until the 1986 -- 87 season , when it became a best - of - seven series , while all other series remained best - of seven . Conference playoffs ( edit ) For the 1993 -- 94 season , the league revamped its playoff structure to become conference - based rather than division - based . Eight teams in each conference qualified for the playoffs . The division first - place teams were seeded first ( the team with the best record in the conference ) and second in the conference playoffs and received home ice advantage for the first two rounds . The next six best teams in each conference also qualified and were seeded third through eighth . All teams played in the first round : first - place versus eighth , second versus seventh , third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth . All series were best - of - seven , but the arrangement of home games was changed for Central and Pacific division teams . Instead of the normal 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 rotation , a series involving teams from both divisions was 2 -- 3 -- 2 , with the higher seeded team having the option of starting play at home or on the road ( ALL teams with home - ice advantage chose to play the default 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 format , from 1995 - 1998 ) . After each round , surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final , then a conference final . The conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals . Home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular - season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals . In 1998 -- 99 , the league was re-organized into two conferences of three divisions apiece , resulting in the playoff format used through 2013 . The qualifiers remained sixteen , but the seeding changed . The three first - place teams in each division qualified and were seeded first through third for the playoffs . Of the other teams in each conference , the top five finishers qualified for the fourth through eighth seedings . All teams played in the first round : first - place versus eighth , second versus seventh , third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth , by those criteria . After each round , surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final , then a conference final . Like the 1994 -- 1998 system , the conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals , and home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular - season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals . Return to divisional playoffs ( edit ) The NHL realigned into a four - division , two - conference system for the 2013 -- 14 season . Under the new postseason system , the top three teams in each division make the playoffs , with two wild - cards in each conference ( for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference ) . The format is division - based , similar to the 1981 -- 82 system . In the First Round , the top - ranked team in the conference plays against the lowest - ranked wild - card , while the other division winner plays against the higher ranked wild - card . The second and third place teams in each division then play each other . The first round winners then meet in the Second Round . The third round will still consist of the Western Conference and Eastern Conference Finals , with those conference winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals . Traditions and trends ( edit ) Compared to other major professional sports leagues , playoff upsets are relatively common in the NHL . According to NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot , this is because the style of competition in the playoffs is different from the regular season : instead of playing different teams every night , the goal is to advance through four best - of - seven playoff series . The Presidents ' Trophy winner may have to go through other playoff clubs who might have a hotter goaltender , a better defensive team , or other players that pose matchup problems . If the regular season champion 's primary success was only outscoring others , they may be out of luck facing goaltenders that can shut them out . And although rare , another aspect is that the NHL leads the other leagues in game seven comebacks . Only four instances has an NHL team been able to come back from being down 0 -- 3 to win a seven - game series : the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs , the 1975 New York Islanders , the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers , and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings . There has been only one such `` reverse sweep '' comeback in the MLB postseason ( the 2004 Boston Red Sox ) and none in the NBA playoffs . It is the reality of the sport . If your particular strength happens to be that you 're really good offensively , and you come up against a hot goaltender and a team that is stout defensively , it might not matter that you were good on a nightly basis scoring goals . And that one particular opponent : you 'll have to beat them four times . NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot explaining the lack of success of Presidents ' Trophy winners winning the Stanley Cup . Despite having more American - based teams than Canadian - based ones throughout much of the NHL 's existence ( dating back to the Original Six era when it was two Canadian clubs to four American ones , and now 7 to 24 since 2017 ) , there have been only two times in league history where none of the Canadian teams qualified for the postseason : 1970 and 2016 . However , the 1993 Montreal Canadiens remain the last Canadian club to go all the way and win the Stanley Cup . The Stanley Cup playoffs MVP award , the Conn Smythe Trophy is based on the entire NHL postseason instead of just the championship game or series , unlike the playoff MVP awards presented in the other major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada ( the Super Bowl MVP , the NBA Finals MVP , and the World Series MVP ) , although in its history the trophy has never been given to someone that was not in the finals . Doug Gilmour and Peter Forsberg , in 1986 and 1999 , respectively , are the only players who have topped the postseason in scoring without making it to the Finals . NHL players have often grown beards when their team is in the playoffs , where they do not shave until their team is eliminated or wins the Stanley Cup . The tradition was started in the 1980s by the New York Islanders , and is often mirrored by the fans , as well . At the conclusion of a playoff series , players and coaches line up and exchange handshakes with their counterparts on the opposing team , and this has been described by commentators as `` one of the great traditions in sports '' . However , there have been rare occasions that individual players have refused to participate , such as Gerry Cheevers who left the ice without shaking hands with any of the Flyers in 1978 , and Billy Smith who avoided handshakes as he was particularly passionate about losses . More recent examples of players refusing the handshake include the 1996 playoffs when several Detroit Red Wings players protested the dirty hit by the Colorado Avalanche 's Claude Lemieux , and in the 2008 playoffs when Martin Brodeur refused to shake Sean Avery 's hand after Avery screened him in an earlier game . It is common among players to never touch or hoist the Prince of Wales Trophy ( Eastern Conference champion ) or Clarence S. Campbell Bowl ( Western Conference champion ) after they have won the conference finals ; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting . There have been six recent exceptions to this -- Scott Stevens of the Devils in 2000 and 2003 ; Sidney Crosby of the Penguins in 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 ; and Alex Ovechkin of the Capitals in 2018 . In five of these occurrences , their teams went on to win the Stanley Cup . In recent years , the captain of the winning team poses ( usually looking solemn ) with the conference trophy , and sometimes , the entire team poses as well . There are many traditions and anecdotes associated with the championship trophy , the Stanley Cup . Because the Ice Hockey World Championships are held in the same time period as the Stanley Cup playoffs , the only NHL players who can participate in the former are those on NHL teams that have been eliminated from Stanley Cup contention . This policy has been in place since a 1977 agreement between the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation , which allowed Team Canada to field a team in the World Championships after an - eight year absence . Postseason appearances ( edit ) Correct as of 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Appearances by active teams ( edit ) Team Appearances Montreal Canadiens 86 Boston Bruins 71 Toronto Maple Leafs 67 Detroit Red Wings 64 Chicago Blackhawks 62 New York Rangers 59 St. Louis Blues 41 Philadelphia Flyers 39 Pittsburgh Penguins 33 Dallas Stars 31 Buffalo Sabres 29 Los Angeles Kings 30 Calgary Flames 28 Vancouver Canucks 27 Washington Capitals 28 New York Islanders 24 Colorado Avalanche 23 New Jersey Devils 23 Edmonton Oilers 21 Arizona Coyotes 19 San Jose Sharks 19 Ottawa Senators 16 Carolina Hurricanes 13 Anaheim Ducks 14 Nashville Predators 11 Tampa Bay Lightning 10 Minnesota Wild 9 Florida Panthers 5 Columbus Blue Jackets Winnipeg Jets Vegas Golden Knights Jump up ^ Includes postseason appearances in the National Hockey Association prior to the formation of the NHL in 1917 . The NHA , the predecessor league of the NHL , also competed for the Stanley Cup . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 -- 68 through to 1992 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Flames ( 1972 -- 73 through to 1979 -- 80 ) . ^ Jump up to : Does not include appearances in the World Hockey Association / Avco Trophy playoffs . Per the conditions of the NHL -- WHA merger , the NHL does not officially recognize the WHA history , playoffs and records . Furthermore , during its existence , no WHA champion competed for the Stanley Cup . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Quebec Nordiques ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1994 -- 95 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Colorado Rockies ( 1976 -- 77 through to 1981 -- 82 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for the original Winnipeg Jets ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1995 -- 96 ) . Jump up ^ The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . The NHL officially treats them as two separate franchises . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Hartford Whalers ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1996 -- 97 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Thrashers ( 1999 -- 2000 through to 2010 -- 11 ) . NHL playoff results ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled NHL playoff results . ( Discuss ) ( May 2018 ) 1918 -- 1927 ( edit ) Prior to 1927 the NHL playoff champion did not receive the Stanley Cup . In most years the winning team was awarded the O'Brien Trophy but from 1915 through 1926 the NHA / NHL champion would play the PCHA / WHL champion for the Stanley Cup . The results outlined here are only those between NHL teams and do not include any Stanley Cup Finals series before 1927 . For the first four years the NHL playoffs entailed the best team from the first half of the season playing a two games against the best team from the second half . The winner was the team that scored the most combined goals . There were no NHL playoffs in 1920 because Ottawa had the best record in both halves and was declared the NHL champion . Starting in 1921 the NHL scrapped the half - season scheme and had the teams with the top two records play for the league title . In 1926 the league introduced a two - game semifinal series for the second - and third - best teams to play for entry into the final against the regular season champion . The following year , with 10 teams in the league , the NHL expanded the playoffs to include six teams . The winners of the Canadian and American divisions would earn byes into the semifinal round while the remaining four would start in the quarterfinals . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Montreal Canadiens 5 6 Toronto Arenas Toronto St. Patricks Ottawa Senators 5 6 7 8 Montreal Wanderers Quebec Bulldogs Hamilton Tigers Boston Bruins Montreal Maroons New York Americans Pittsburgh Pirates Chicago Black Hawks Detroit Cougars New York Rangers ^ Jump up to : The Toronto team began as the ' Arena Athletic Club ' before settling on Arenas then changed their name to the St. Patricks and eventually became the Toronto Maple Leafs . ^ Jump up to : The Quebec Athletic Club moved to Hamilton after one season in the NHL . Jump up ^ After the NHL dropped Hamilton as a franchise the expansion New York Americans signed all of Hamilton 's players but the two teams are considered distinct . 1927 -- 1942 ( edit ) The playoff format was altered slightly in 1929 , having the two division winners play one another in the semifinal rather than the winners of the quarterfinal round . Because the NHL took charge of the NHL finals became a best - of series as the Stanley cup championship had been since 1914 . A year later the Semifinal round became a best - of series with the division winners playing a five game set and the quarterfinal winners facing off in a best - of - three meeting . In 1931 the meeting between quarterfinal winners reverted to a two - game total - goal series and did n't change back for five years . The next year all series became best - of 's and two years after , in 1939 , the league ended the divisional format when the Montreal Maroons suspended operations , leaving the league with only 7 teams . Instead , the top two finishers played one another in a best - of - seven semifinal round while the other four playoff teams played best - of - three series to decide the second finalist . The same year the Stanley Cup finals shifted to a best - of - seven series where it has remained ever since ( as of 2018 ) . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 Montreal Canadiens 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Toronto Maple Leafs 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ottawa Senators 9 10 St. Louis Eagles Boston Bruins 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Montreal Maroons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 New York Americans 5 Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Quakers Chicago Black Hawks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Detroit Cougars Detroit Falcons Detroit Red Wings 5 6 7 8 9 10 New York Rangers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ^ Jump up to : The Senators suspended operations for one season in 1931 and returned the following year . In 1934 the team moved to St. Louis and played for 1 season before disbanding ^ Jump up to : The Pirates moved to Philadelphia and became the Quakers , playing for 1 season before suspending operations ^ Jump up to : The Detroit team began as the Cougars before changing their name to the Falcons in 1930 . After declaring bankruptcy and being bought by James E. Norris they were rechristened as the ' Red Wings ' 1942 -- 1967 ( edit ) With only six teams in the league the quarterfinal round was ended and the top four finishers made the playoffs . All playoff series became best - of - sevens with the # 1 and # 3 teams playing in one semifinal while the # 2 and # 4 seeds met in the other . This arrangement remained unchanged the entire 25 - year duration of the ' Original Six ' era . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Out of Playoffs Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Montreal Canadiens 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Toronto Maple Leafs 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Boston Bruins 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Chicago Black Hawks 12 13 14 Detroit Red Wings 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 New York Rangers 16 17 Team 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Montreal Canadiens 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Toronto Maple Leafs 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Boston Bruins 26 27 28 Chicago Black Hawks 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Detroit Red Wings 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 New York Rangers 18 19 20 21 22 1968 -- 1979 ( edit ) When the league doubled its size in 1967 they also doubled the number of playoff teams , reintroducing the quarterfinals but keeping the 1 - vs - 3 style that existed for the previous quarter - century and keeping all series as best - of - sevens . In 1971 the league altered the semifinals to pit east teams against west teams and followed that by rearranging the first round to have the top seeds play the bottom seeds in intra-conference series . Once they league 's size swelled to 18 teams an additional four teams received bids into the postseason . Starting in 1975 the division winners received byes into the second round while the remaining eight teams started in a best - of - three preliminary round with the top seed facing the lowest seed . After the opening round all teams were reseeded for the quarterfinals and semifinals regardless of their division or conference . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 Montreal Canadiens 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Toronto Maple Leafs 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Boston Bruins 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Chicago Black Hawks 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Detroit Red Wings 33 34 New York Rangers 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 Los Angeles Kings 5 6 7 8 Minnesota North Stars 5 6 Oakland Seals California Golden Seals Cleveland Barons Philadelphia Flyers 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 6 St. Louis Blues 5 6 7 8 9 Buffalo Sabres 5 6 Vancouver Canucks Atlanta Flames 5 New York Islanders 5 Kansas City Scouts Colorado Rockies Washington Capitals Jump up ^ The team started the 1967 season as the ' California Seals ' but changed their name to ' Oakland ' in November Jump up ^ Charles O. Finley bought Oakland in 1970 and promptly changed both the team name and their colors but kept the franchise in the same city Jump up ^ After years of financial struggle the Seals moved to Cleveland and became the Barons , reviving the name of the once - successful AHL team . The NHL 's Barons only lasted two seasons before merging with the Minnesota North Stars Jump up ^ Despite being a new franchise and one of the only professional teams in the area the Scouts could only last two seasons in Kansas City before relocating to Denver 1979 -- 1991 ( edit ) When the WHA folded in 1979 four teams were absorbed into the NHL . With 21 teams the NHL expanded the playoffs once more to include 16 with all teams starting in the preliminary round which was increased to a best - of - five series . Teams were seeded regardless of their conference or division 1 through 16 and reseeded after the first two rounds . Starting in 1982 the NHL split the playoffs into eastern - and western - conference with each conference providing 8 teams where it has remained since ( as of 2018 ) . Furthermore the NHL had the first two round being played within each division , granting the four regions one entry each into the conference finals . The divisional semifinals were expanded to seven - game - series in 1987 . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 Montreal Canadiens 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Toronto Maple Leafs 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Boston Bruins 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Chicago Blackhawks 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Detroit Red Wings 35 36 37 38 39 40 New York Rangers 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Los Angeles Kings 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Minnesota North Stars 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Philadelphia Flyers 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pittsburgh Penguins 7 8 9 10 11 St. Louis Blues 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Buffalo Sabres 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vancouver Canucks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Atlanta Flames 6 Calgary Flames 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 New York Islanders 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Colorado Rockies New Jersey Devils Washington Capitals 5 6 7 8 9 Edmonton Oilers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hartford Whalers 5 6 7 Quebec Nordiques 5 6 7 Winnipeg Jets 5 6 7 8 Jump up ^ The Flames moved to Calgary in 1980 after years of flagging attendance Jump up ^ Arthur Imperatore Sr. bought the Rockies in 1978 with the intent of moving them to New Jersey but those plans were shelved due to the lack of a suitable arena . Colorado would eventually relocate to the Garden State with John McMullen as the owner 1991 -- 2004 ( edit ) The NHL added nine franchises from 1991 to 2000 while an additional four moving to new cities ( three of those teams were WHA alumni ) Despite the increase in league size the NHL playoffs remained static at 16 teams . The league did , however , change the format by dropping the divisional rounds in 1994 with the division winners receiving the top two seeds and the rest being sorted according to their records . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Montreal Canadiens 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Toronto Maple Leafs 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Boston Bruins 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Chicago Blackhawks 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Detroit Red Wings 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 New York Rangers 43 44 45 46 47 Los Angeles Kings 18 19 20 21 22 23 Minnesota North Stars 17 Dallas Stars 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Philadelphia Flyers 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Pittsburgh Penguins 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 St. Louis Blues 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Buffalo Sabres 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Vancouver Canucks 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Calgary Flames 18 19 20 21 22 New York Islanders 16 17 18 19 20 New Jersey Devils 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Washington Capitals 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Edmonton Oilers 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hartford Whalers 8 Carolina Hurricanes 9 10 11 Quebec Nordiques 8 9 Colorado Avalanche 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Winnipeg Jets 9 10 11 Phoenix Coyotes 12 13 14 15 16 San Jose Sharks 5 6 7 8 Ottawa Senators 5 6 7 8 Tampa Bay Lightning Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Florida Panthers Nashville Predators Atlanta Thrashers Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild Jump up ^ Minnesota telegraphed their move when they began wearing new uniforms without a reference to the ' north ' part of their nickname in 1992 - 93 ^ Jump up to : In consecutive years three of the four former WHA teams moved to new locales . Of those three Colorado , the franchise with the most success , has not threatened another relocation in the succeeding years ( as of 2018 ) 2005 -- 2017 ( edit ) After the NHL lockout in 2004 - 05 that saw the cancellation of the first Stanley Cup final in 86 years The league went through another stable period where no new franchises were added . The playoffs as well were mostly consistent throughout the period . Only one change occurred ; beginning with the 2014 playoffs the league returned to 4 divisions with the top three teams in each division making the playoffs and the two teams in each conference with the best record receiving ' wild card ' spots . The better wild card team would play the lesser division champion for each conference and vice versa . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals First Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Montreal Canadiens 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Toronto Maple Leafs 65 66 Boston Bruins 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Chicago Blackhawks 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Detroit Red Wings 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 New York Rangers 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Los Angeles Kings 24 25 26 27 28 29 Dallas Stars 27 28 29 30 31 Philadelphia Flyers 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Pittsburgh Penguins 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 St. Louis Blues 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Buffalo Sabres 26 27 28 29 Vancouver Canucks 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Calgary Flames 23 24 25 26 27 28 New York Islanders 21 22 23 24 New Jersey Devils 17 18 19 20 21 22 Washington Capitals 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Edmonton Oilers 20 21 Carolina Hurricanes 12 13 Colorado Avalanche 16 17 18 19 Arizona Coyotes 17 18 19 San Jose Sharks 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ottawa Senators 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Tampa Bay Lightning 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim Ducks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Florida Panthers 5 Nashville Predators 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atlanta Thrashers Winnipeg Jets Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild 5 6 7 8 2018 ( edit ) The NHL added Vegas as the first expansion team in 17 years for the 2017 - 18 season . Though no adjustment occurred as far as the playoffs were concerned , the league also approved an ownership group to make a bid for a 32nd team to be located in Seattle . If approved , the team would not begin play until the 2021 - 22 season . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals First Round Out of Playoffs Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 2018 Montreal Canadiens Toronto Maple Leafs 67 Boston Bruins 72 Chicago Blackhawks Detroit Red Wings New York Rangers Los Angeles Kings 30 Dallas Stars Philadelphia Flyers 39 Pittsburgh Penguins 33 St. Louis Blues Buffalo Sabres Vancouver Canucks Calgary Flames New York Islanders New Jersey Devils 23 Washington Capitals 28 Edmonton Oilers Carolina Hurricanes Colorado Avalanche 20 Arizona Coyotes San Jose Sharks 20 Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning 10 Anaheim Ducks 14 Florida Panthers Nashville Predators 11 Winnipeg Jets Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild 9 Vegas Golden Knights See also ( edit ) List of NHL playoff series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stanley Cup Playoffs format , qualification system '' . NHL.com . March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Playoffs format , qualification system '' . NHL.com. April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Playoff Formats : 1917 to date '' . NHL.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Dave ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book ( 2009 ed . ) . Dan Diamond Associates . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dan Rosen ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Realignment plan approved by Board of Governors '' . NHL.com . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ; Hackel , Stu ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` First - Round Upsets Common in N.H.L '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Darren Eliot ( April 7 , 2010 ) . Inside Report : Presidents ' Trophy to curse Caps ? . SI.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dave ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Woe Canada . No playoffs this year north of border '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Warnsby ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bruins win Stanley Cup '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved Feb 5 , 2012 . The Canucks were n't going to become the first Canadian - based team since the 1992 - 93 Montreal Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup with such little production . Jump up ^ Ryan Kennedy ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Wooly Bullies '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbara Sullivan ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` One team , one goal , no razors '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Analyst ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` NHL Playoff Traditions : Why the NHL Is the Most Celebrated League '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DropYourGloves.com ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Colin ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Sean Avery gets best of New Jersey Devils in New York Rangers ' 3 - 0 victory '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , it 's tradition , but players should have a choice - NHL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Phil ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` NHL.com -- Ice Age : Having another trophy in mind '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ( Sep 4 , 2012 ) . Team Canada 1972 : The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series . McClelland & Stewart . Thus , the only professionals who could participate were those on NHL teams that did not make the playoffs or were eliminated quickly Jump up ^ Barnes , John ( 2010 ) . The Law of Hockey . Butterworths & Company . p. 83 . Since 1977 , Canada has competed at the annual IIHF competition mainly using players from teams that have been eliminated from the NHL play - offs Jump up ^ Duplacey , James ( 1998 ) . Total Hockey : The official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League . Total Sports . p. 506 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 7114 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Record Book '' . NHL Official Guide & Record Book 2015 . Triumph Books . October 2014 . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1629370118 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time NHL Results '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Cup '' . HHOF.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 487 . Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven 1910s 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2018 -- 19 season List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup_playoffs&oldid=851701341 '' Categories : National Hockey League Stanley Cup Stanley Cup playoffs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing French - language text Articles to be split from May 2018 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 01 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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9055761705751950437 | Nashville (season 6) | Nashville ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Nashville ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Nashville ( season 6 ) Starring Hayden Panettiere Clare Bowen Chris Carmack Charles Esten Jonathan Jackson Sam Palladio Lennon Stella Maisy Stella Kaitlin Doubleday Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network CMT Original release January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Nashville episodes The sixth and final season of the American television drama series Nashville , created by Callie Khouri , premiered on January 4 , 2018 , on CMT . The season will consist of 16 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 Ratings - TVLand 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) In April 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a sixth season , with a 16 - episode order . In an interview following the fifth season finale , Marshall Herskovitz confirmed that actor Jeffrey Nordling would return as Jessie Caine 's ex-husband Brad and that the new season would see the introduction of two new characters . Filming began on September 27 , 2017 . Five new major recurring cast members were announced in November 2017 . On November 17 , 2017 , it was confirmed that it would be the series 's final season . The sixth season premiere was available on Hulu in the evening hours of December 19 , 2017 , and removed 24 hours later . Episodes air an hour and two hours later on the Paramount Network and TV Land , following the initial airing on CMT . TVLand discontinued reruns of the series after episode five . The season , like season five , will be aired in two parts with the final eight episodes airing in the summer. The final eight episodes will return on June 7 and the series will wrap on July 26 , 2018 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Nashville cast members Regular ( edit ) Hayden Panettiere as Juliette Barnes Charles Esten as Deacon Claybourne Clare Bowen as Scarlett O'Connor Sam Palladio as Gunnar Scott Chris Carmack as Will Lexington Jonathan Jackson as Avery Barkley Lennon Stella as Maddie Conrad Maisy Stella as Daphne Conrad Kaitlin Doubleday as Jessie Caine Jeffrey Nordling as Brad Maitland Recurring ( edit ) Ed Amatrudo as Glenn Goodman Kourtney Hansen as Emily Andi Rayne and Nora Gill as Cadence Barkley David Alford as Bucky Dawes Josh Stamberg as Darius Jake Etheridge as Sean Rainee Lyleson as Alannah Nic Luken as Jonah Ford Dylan Arnold as Twig Ilse DeLange as Ilse de Witt Mia Maestro as Rosa Ronny Cox as Gideon Guest ( edit ) Cameron Scoggins as Zach Welles Rhiannon Giddens as Hallie Jordan Elaina Smith as herself Nancy O'Dell as herself Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nashville episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 109 `` New Strings '' Timothy Busfield Scott Saccoccio December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) ( online ) January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) ( CMT ) 0.87 Maddie has been invited to play a concert on New Year 's Eve and a singer named Jonah Ford is also on the guest list . Juliette has been planning her new album launch which will kick off with a performance at the Bridgestone Arena . She has been given a second chance at Highway 65 but audience members start holding up signs and booing her . She tells them off and explains that if they knew the real her they would not like her before walking off stage . During a trip away with Avery , she runs into Darius , who says he is someone on her journey . Juliette is awake at 2AM , and finds a commercial of Darius talking about giving up addictions , and allowing access to your kingdom . Glenn tells Juliette that Darius tried to contact her at 2AM . She accuses Darius of stalking her , he refutes that it was fate ; he recognizes the pain in her and wants to help her change her life . Scarlett tells Maddie she misses who she was . Zach encourages Deacon to date . Juliette meets Darius who says he does not run a cult , but a way to help the mind . On New Year 's Eve , Gunnar tries to perform but freezes and gets help from Will . Juliette goes on radio , and announces she struggles with depression , and is cancelling her tour / album . Juliette calls Darius and tells him `` I 'm ready '' . 110 `` Second Chances '' Mike Binder Jesse Zwick January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) 0.78 Scarlett tells Deacon to ask Jessie out and he does . Maddie is upset Jonah has not texted her back right away . Will wants to sing with Gunnar again . Juliette tells Avery she is getting help from Darius . She then goes to build a house with Darius ' coherent philosophy and is told to give the community 30 % of her salary . Scarlett says she does not miss Gunnar , but does not want to sing anymore . Juliette spends the night with Darius ' people . Daphne talks to Jake about their parents dating . Will and Gunnar take Avery to a venue and make them perform with him ; they all have fun and want it to be a regular gig . Deacon and Jessie 's date does not go well , but they end up kissing . Darius tells Juliette she has to leave her family and her career because she can not be truly happy . Scarlett says she wants to help people away from music . Juliette comes home and looks blankly at Avery . 111 `` Jump Then Fall '' Allan Arkush Savannah Dooley January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 0.73 Zach tells Deacon he 's leaving to pursue a senate bid . Juliette forces Avery to meet Darius . Deacon and Jessie talk about their relationship status and how to tell their kids when Daphne runs into them . Maddie parties and sings with Jonah and his entourage . The papparazi ambushes Maddie and Jonah and stirs up emotions . Darius makes Juliette feel bad about singing . Will has a problem performing when he tries to hookup with someone , which is later diagnosed as a result of him taking steroids . The doctor tells him to stop taking them , but he does n't even when he gets caught by Gunnar . Avery tries to tell Juliette he does n't think Darius is good for her , but she does n't want to hear it . Scarlett talks to Jessie about her and Deacon 's relationship . Daphne tells Maddie she hates Jessie and Deacon dating because it means Rayna is really gone . Scarlett sees a commercial for equine therapy that helps troubled teens . Deacon and Jessie go on a date , while Daphne sings her feelings . 112 `` That 's My Story '' Lily Mariye Geoffrey Nauffts January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 0.80 Scarlett wants to be a part of equine therapy . Daphne has to dissect a frog with Jake . Bucky wants to manage the guys ' band , and he gives them a slot at Winterfest . Juliette tells Avery she wants to change her life . Jake insults Deacon offending Daphne ; she later tells Maddie which prompts Maddie to bring up her taking Deacon to court . Juliette goes to Darius ' headquarters and hears people crying hysterically behind closed doors , Darius tells her it is the next stage called witnessing . He has her flashback to her childhood where she sees stacks of money , sees an old man , and Jolene . She eventually has to stop . Scarlett has trouble at the horse farm , where she meets Sean . Avery tells Deacon Juliette is acting like a friend he had who got involved in a cult and was changed forever . Juliette flashes back with Darius and the cult again , and it is revealed that Jolene was paid for men to rape Juliette . Deacon encourages Will , Gunnar , and Avery to stop fighting and play music . Jessie and Deacon bond . Darius tells Juliette she 'll never be the same again once it is all over . 113 5 `` Where the Night Goes '' Devon Gummersall Liberty Godshall February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 0.72 Deacon and Jessie go on a date , and afterwards things get serious but they realize they need protection , so Deacon is later seen buying condoms . The guys realize they need a girl for the band and they eventually find Alannah . Juliette tells Avery her whole life would have been different if not for her rape , including her relationship . Jonah 's ex makes a diss track about Maddie . Darius tells Juliette she is a narcissist who never needed her fame , Avery , or her kid , and that she needs to give back by attending an outreach program in Bolivia and that her daily life ca n't dilute her awakening . Gunnar wants to date Alannah . Avery does n't want Juliette to go to Bolivia , but she wo n't change her mind . Maddie and Jonah fight and Maddie later talks with Deacon about him . Juliette tells Avery she does n't need him to save her . Deacon and Jessie try to have sex but Deacon breaks down crying . He says the girls seem to be doing fine , so he thinks that means he should move on , but he ca n't . Juliette wakes up in the middle of the night , tells Avery he deserves someone normal and they kiss . Deacon tells Jessie not to give up on him and that he feels close to her . Avery wakes up the next day and Juliette is gone , Cadence is by herself , no Juliette . He looks around but she is gone , he calls her but it goes straight to voicemail - she has left for Bolivia without telling him . 114 6 `` Beneath Still Waters '' Dan Lerner Troy Putney February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 0.66 Daphne struggles to accept Deacon and Jessie 's relationship ; the new edition to the boys ' band becomes a hit ; Gunnar falls back into old habits ; Scarlett takes an interest in a veteran undergoing equine therapy . 115 7 `` Ca n't Help But Wonder Where I 'm Bound '' Allan Arkush Tim Olshefski February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 0.71 Maddie is going to Miami with Jonah . Bucky tells the group that reporters want to talk to Alannah alone , but she denies them and says the reporters have to talk to the whole band . Maddie and Jonah make it to Miami with Twig . Deacon and Jessie go to an open house show and tell to watch Daphne and Jake perform . Avery and Cadence are at the airport to pick up Juliette , but she 's not there . Avery ca n't find Juliette and when he calls the cult headquarters in Bolivia , they are n't any help . They just tell him Juliette is safe , they ca n't say anything else , and that she can call him whenever she 'd like . Brad causes tension between Jessie , Deacon , and the kids . Gunnar tries to find out more about Alannah from her . The band and Alannah give an interview , but they only care about asking Alannah about her life and talking to her ; Brad tries to poach her . Daphne sees a commercial for an American Idol-esque show , and she wants to join it , but Deacon says they have better plans for her when she 's ready . The teens pull out some drugs , Maddie does n't want any , but they force Twig to have some . Deacon tells Avery he should go get her . Deacon and Jessie have sex . Will is exercising and collapses . Avery finally sees Juliette . She says she chose not to call him , and that she 's not herself anymore , but she 's now more herself than she 's ever been . She goes on to say she ca n't have anything to do with him or her old life until she fills the hole in her heart . Avery tries to take her home , but she yells and say she 's not coming home . Avery gets on his knees begging her to come back with him , and she says she 's already made her decision . Avery gets up , hurt , now realizing who Juliette is , and walks out . 116 8 `` Sometimes You Just Ca n't Win '' TBA Scott Saccoccio February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 0.80 Daphne auditions for a singing competition . Scarlett invites Sean to see live music and he has a breakdown , but later calms down when singing by himself . Avery tells Deacon that he and Juliette are done , and he no longer cares about her anymore . Brad tries to send Jake to boarding school , which causes stress between Jessie and Deacon . Brad tries to forcibly take him away , but Deacon pushes him against the wall , and Brad tells him he just assaulted him . The Lost Highways get invited to perform on The Chew , but halfway through the performance , Will collapses . As the EMTS work on him , Gunnar , in tears , realizes and says `` he has no pulse '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` New Strings '' January 4 , 2018 0.2 0.87 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Second Chances '' January 11 , 2018 0.1 0.78 0.4 1.09 0.5 1.87 `` Jump Then Fall '' January 18 , 2018 0.1 0.73 0.3 0.89 0.4 1.62 `` That 's My Story '' January 25 , 2018 0.2 0.80 0.2 1.03 0.4 1.84 5 `` Where the Night Goes '' February 1 , 2018 0.1 0.72 0.3 1.01 0.4 1.73 6 `` Beneath Still Waters '' February 8 , 2018 0.1 0.66 0.3 0.99 0.4 1.65 7 `` Ca n't Help But Wonder Where I 'm Bound '' February 15 , 2018 0.1 0.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Sometimes You Just Ca n't Win '' February 22 , 2018 0.2 0.80 TBD TBD TBD TBD Ratings - TVLand ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` New Strings '' January 4 , 2018 0.1 0.36 `` Second Chances '' January 11 , 2018 0.1 0.37 `` Jump Then Fall '' January 18 , 2018 N / A N / A `` That 's My Story '' January 25 , 2018 0.1 0.35 5 `` Where the Night Goes '' February 1 , 2018 0.1 0.31 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' To End : Season 6 On CMT Will Be Country Drama Series ' Last '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nashville Sets Season 6 Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosthof , Mariella ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` When Does ' Nashville ' Season 6 Premiere ? The Show Is Doing Well On Its New Network '' . Romper.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Liz ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nashville Renewed for Season 6 -- but There 's a Catch '' . TV Guide.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Nellie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' Finale : EP Marshall Herskovitz On Tonight 's Twists , Season 6 & That Kiss '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amatrudo , Ed . `` Nashville production date '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville - Season 6 Premiere - Available to Watch ( US Only ) + Poll '' . spoilertv.com . December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full episodes and TV Listings - Zap2it.com '' . Zap2it.com . September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2018/02/nashville-season-six-episode-seven-cant.html Jump up ^ http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2018/02/nashville-season-six-will-be-aired-in.html Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/22/nashville-series-finale-date-preview/ ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Nashville ' grows by 400 percent in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Alienist ' doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 29 - Feb. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Nashville on IMDb Nashville on Facebook ( hide ) Nashville Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Rayna Jaymes Juliette Barnes Discography Albums The Music of Nashville : Season 1 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 1 , Volume 2 The Music of Nashville : Season 2 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 2 , Volume 2 Christmas with Nashville The Music of Nashville : Season 3 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 3 , Volume 2 The Music of Nashville : Season 4 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 4 , Volume 2 The Music of Nashville : Season 5 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 5 , Volume 2 Singles `` Telescope '' `` Shotgun '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashville_(season_6)&oldid=827470501 '' Categories : Nashville ( 2012 TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are there in season 6 of nashville | [
"The sixth and final season of the American television drama series Nashville, created by Callie Khouri, premiered on January 4, 2018, on CMT.[1][2] The season will consist of 16 episodes.[3]"
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-5190201618293029625 | Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show) | Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) - Wikipedia Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) This article is about the original UK version . For the international franchise , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Titlecard for the 2018 , 20th Anniversary series of Who Wants to be a Millionaire Created by David Briggs Steve Knight Mike Whitehill Presented by Chris Tarrant Jeremy Clarkson Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Nick Magnus ( 2007 -- 14 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 31 No. of episodes 599 ( as of 11 May 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) David Briggs Location ( s ) Elstree Studios ( 1998 -- 2014 ) MediaCityUK ( 2018 -- present ) Running time 30 -- 75 minutes Production company ( s ) Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 10 ) Victory Television ( 2011 -- 14 ) Stellify Media ( 2018 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 16 : 9 ( 1999 -- 2014 , 2018 -- present ) Original release Original series : 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) Revived series : 5 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) -- Present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? is a British quiz show , created and produced by David Briggs , and made for the ITV network . The show 's format , devised by Briggs , sees contestants taking on multiple - choice questions , based upon general knowledge , winning a cash prize for each question they answer correctly , with the amount offered increasing as they take on more difficult questions . To assist each contestant who takes part , they are given three lifelines to use , may walk away with the money they already have won if they wish not to risk answering a question , and are provided with a safety net that grants them a guaranteed cash prize if they give an incorrect answer , provided they reach a specific milestone in the quiz . The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes , from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014 , and was presented by Chris Tarrant . Over the course of its run , the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £ 1 million , and faced a number of controversies during its run , including an attempt to defraud the show of its top prize by a contestant . The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years , changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result , and later incorporating a time limit . Four years after the original series ended , ITV unveiled a revived series , created by Stellify Media , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . The revived format , based upon the original design , was presented by Jeremy Clarkson , and broadcast in 2018 , from 5 -- 11 May . The gameshow became one of the most significant shows in British popular culture , ranking 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes . Its success led to the programme being exported to many other countries , all of which follow the same general format , though with some versions including unique differences in gameplay and lifelines provided . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Original series 1.3 Revival 1.4 Top prize winners 2 Format 2.1 Auditioning 2.2 Game Rules 2.3 Lifelines 3 Series overview 4 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 5 Controversies 5.1 Incorrect answer to question accepted 5.2 Schedule rigging allegation 5.3 Ambiguous question 5.4 Ingram cheating scandal 5.5 Phone - a-Friend 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) UK presenters of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chris Tarrant ( 1998 -- 2014 ) Jeremy Clarkson ( 2018 - ) Creation ( edit ) The creation of the game show was led by David Briggs , assisted by Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had helped him before with creating a number of promotional games for Chris Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio . The basic premise for the show was a twist on the conventional game - show genre of the time , with a focus towards the setup used in radio quizzes , in that the programme would have one contestant taking on the game and answering questions , but with the ability to pull out at any time , to have certain points in the quiz where , once passed , they could have a set prize given to them if they should give a wrong answer , and be provided with special forms of assistance during their game . During the design phase , the show was given the working title of `` Cash Mountain '' , before Briggs decided upon using the name of the song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , as the show 's finalised title . After presenting their idea to ITV , the broadcaster gave the green - light for production to begin on a series . The set designed for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , who focused the design towards making contestants feel uncomfortable , creating an atmosphere of tension similar to movie thriller . The design was in stark contrast to the design of sets made for more typical game shows , which are designed to make contestants feel more at ease . Walmsley 's design feature a central stage made primarily with Plexiglas , with a huge dish underneath covered in mirror paper , onto which two slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs were chosen for use by both the contestant and the host , each having an LG computer monitor directly facing each that would be used to display questions and other pertinent information . The rest of the set featured seating spaced out around the main stage in a circle , with breaks in them to allow movement of people on and off the set . The lighting rig used for the set was designed so as to allow only the lights to switch from illuminating the entire set , to focusing on the host and contestant on the main stage when a game was underway , but to include special lighting effects when the contestant reached higher cash prize amounts . His overall conception would eventually prove to be a success , becoming one of the most reproduced scenic designs in television history . The music provided for the show was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' composition for the game show helped with Briggs ' tense game design , by providing the necessary drama and tension . Unlike other game show musical scores , the music provided for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was designed to be played throughout the entire episode of the show . The Strachans main theme for the game show was inspired from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets . For the main game of the show , the pair designed the music to feature three variations , with the second and third compositions focused on emphasising the increased tension of the game - as a contestant made progress to higher cash amounts , the pitch of the music was increased by a semitone for each subsequent question . On Game Show Network 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . Original series ( edit ) With the show created , ITV assigned Chris Tarrant as its host , and set its premiere to 4 September 1998 . The programme was assigned a timeslot of one hour , to provide room for three commercial breaks , with episodes produced by production company Celador . Originally , the show was broadcast on successive evening for around ten days , before the network modified its broadcast schedule to air it within a primetime slot on Saturday evenings , with occasional broadcasts on Tuesday evenings . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? proved a ratings hit , pulling in average viewing figures of up to 19 million during its broadcast in 1999 , though such figures often occurred when the programme was allocated to a half - hour timeslot ; by 2003 , the viewing figures declined to an average of around 8 million viewers . Over the course of his time presenting the game show , Tarrant developed a number of notable catchphrases , including `` Is that your final answer ? '' , and `` But we do n't want to give you that '' , with the latter often used to emphasise his wish to see contestants continue on and win more money . Since its launch , several individuals made claims over the origins of the format or elements of it , with each accusing Celador of breaching their copyrights . In three cases , the matters could not be proven by the claimants - in 2002 , Mike Bull , a Southampton - based journalist , was given an out - of - court settlement when he claimed the authorship of lifelines was his work , though with a confidentiality clause attached ; in 2003 , Syndey resident John J. Leonard made claims in that the show 's format was based on one he had made of a similar nature , but without the concept of lifelines ; in 2004 , Alan Melville was given an out - of - court settlement after he claimed that the opening phrase `` Who wants to be a millionaire ? '' had been taken from document he sent to Granada Television , concerning his idea for a game show based on the lottery . One of most significant claims Celador received against them was from John Bachini . In 2002 , he started legal proceedings against the production company , ITV , and five individuals who had claimed they had created Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , stating that the idea from the show was taken from several elements he had created - a board game format he conceived in 1981 ; a two - page TV format , known as Millionaire , made in 1990 ; and the telephone mechanics for a TV concept he created in 1990 , BT Lottery . In his claim , Bachini stated that he submitted documents for his TV concepts to Paul Smith , from a sister company of Celador 's , in March 1995 and again in January 1996 , and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV , also in January 1996 , accusing both of using roughly 90 % of the format for Millionaire in the pilot for the game show , including the use of twenty questions , lifelines and safety nets , although the lifelines were conceived under different names - Bachini claimed that he never coined the phrase `` phone - a-friend '' that Briggs designed in his format . In response to this claim , Celdaor made a counter-claim that the franchise originated from the basic format idea conceived by Briggs . The defendants in the claim took Bachini to a summary hearing , but lost their right to have his claim dismissed . Although Bachini won the right to go to trial , he was unable to after the hearing due to serious illness . Celador eventually settled the matter with him out - of - court . In March 2006 , Celador began procedures to sell the format of the show and all UK episodes , as part of their first step towards the sale of their formats divisions . The purchase of both assets was made by Dutch company 2waytraffic , which were then passed on to Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008 when it acquired 2waytraffic . As the original series progress , variations of the format were created , and screened as special episodes , including celebrity editions , games featuring couples as contestants , and episodes themed around special events such as Mother 's Day . From April 2011 , only celebrity contestants appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays , events and other notable moments , such as the end of a school term . However , in 2012 , three special episodes , entitled `` The People Play '' , were broadcast for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July , - they featured standard contestants , with viewers at home allowed to play along . The special was used three more times in 2013 , once on 7 May , and twice more on 21 May , before the special 's format was discontinued . On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant announced that after fifteen years of hosting the programme , he would be leaving Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , which consequently led ITV to axe the programme once his contract was finished ; no more specials would be filmed after this announcement , leaving only those made before it to be aired as the final episodes . After a few more celebrity editions of the game show , Tarrant hosted his final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . Revival ( edit ) In 2018 , ITV revived the show for a new series , as part of its 20th anniversary commemorations of the programme . On 23 February , the broadcast put out a casting call for contestants who would appear on the game show . On 9 March , Jeremy Clarkson was confirmed as the new host of the show . On 13 April , the trailer for the revival premiered on ITV and confirmed that the show would return in May for a week long run , with it later confirmed on 25 April , that the show would begin airing from 5 May . Top prize winners ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners Over the course of the programme 's broadcast history , it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £ 1 million . They include : Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel , a cash - strapped garden designer at the time . On 20 November 2000 , she became the first contestant to win the top prize , and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original . Following her success , Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show , Eggheads . David Edwards , a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire . On 21 April 2001 , he became the first man to win the top prize . Following his success , Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead ? , in 2008 and 2009 respectively , but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads . Robert Kempe Brydges , an Oxford - educated banker from Holland Park , London . On 29 September 2001 , he became the third person to win the show 's top prize . Pat Gibson , a multiple world champion Irish quiz player . On 24 April 2004 , he became the fourth person to win the top prize , and is the only person in the show 's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact . Ingram Wilcox , a British quiz enthusiast . On 23 September 2006 , he became the fifth person to win the top prize , and is to date , the most recent person to answer the show 's final question . Format ( edit ) Auditioning ( edit ) Members of the public wishing to apply for the game show are provided with four options to choose form - calling / texting a premium - rate number ; submitting an application via the show 's ITV website , using a system of £ 1 `` credits '' ; taking part in a casting audition , held at various locations around the UK . Once an application is made , production staff select an episode 's contestants through a combination of random selection , and a potential contestant 's ability to answer a set of test questions based on general knowledge . Game rules ( edit ) A contestant being asked a question about pop music on the show . Once a contestant has auditioned for a part on the programme and filming takes place , they undertake a preliminary round entitled `` Fastest Finger First '' - the group of contestants seeking a chance to take on the main game of the show , must answer a single question correctly , but do so faster than their opponents . Initially , the round required contestants to provide the correct answer to a question , but from the second series onwards , they are tasked with putting four answers in the correct order stated within the question ( i.e. earliest to latest ) . The contestant who answers a question correctly and in the fastest time , moves on towards playing the main game ; in the event that no - one answers the question correctly , a new question is given , while if two or more contestants give the correct answer in the same amount of time , they undergo a tiebreaker question to determine who takes on the main game . This round is primarily used to determine the new contestant for the main game , and can often be used more than once in an episode . After completing the preliminary round , the contestant now begins taking on the main game , tackling a series of increasingly difficult question , which offering increasingly high sums of money , up to the top prize of £ 1 million . The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from list of generated questions based on general knowledge , with each consisting of four answers to chose from . While undertaking questions , the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time , and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong , but had reached a designated cash value during their game , they left with that amount as their prize . Unlike other game shows , if a contestant is unsure about a question they are facing , they are allowed to leave the game at that point with the cash amount they had managed to win by that stage . While the initial questions are generally easy , the subsequent ones after it require the contestant to confirm that their answer / decision is final by the host , at which point it is locked in and can not be reversed . As a rule , the host is not shown the correct answer , until a contestant has given their answer . If an episode is reaching the end of its allotted , an audio cue is triggered to highlight this ; contestants still playing the main game are left to wait until filming for the next episode begins to continue , though this is not the case for special editions of the show , such as celebrity episodes . Over the course of the show 's history on British television , the format of the programme was altered in a number of aspects , mainly towards the setup of questions and the payout structure used in the game show , along with minor tweaks and changes in other aspects : Between 1998 and 2007 , the format focused on contestants answering 15 questions , with two safety nets placed at £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 respectively , and the use of three standard lifelines . The payout structure during these years was focused as follows : £ 100 - > £ 200 - > £ 300 - > £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 4,000 - > £ 8,000 - > £ 16,000 - > £ 32,000 - > £ 64,000 - > £ 125,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 Between 2007 and 2014 , the number of questions was reduced to 12 . This alteration led to the second safety net being assigned to a new cash value , £ 50,000 , and the payout structure being changed as a result : £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 5,000 - > £ 10,000 - > £ 20,000 - > £ 50,000 - > £ 75,000 - > £ 150,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 In 2010 , the format was further changed in three factors . The first was the discontinuation of the preliminary round , meaning new contestants were selected by production staff before a new run of the main game was played . The second was the inclusion of a fourth lifeline . The third was adoption of the time - limit format from the US Version , but with some differences - the time limit was active for the first seven questions - 15 seconds for the first two questions , and 30 seconds for the other five - and if a contestant ran out of time , it was treated as an incorrect answer and thus affected their winnings , though time was briefly paused when a lifeline is used by the contestant . For the revived series in 2018 , the format returned to that used between 1998 -- 2007 , including the payout structure , but with one noticeable difference . Apart from the use of a brand new , fourth lifeline , the series included a new rule in which upon reaching £ 1,000 , the contestant would be asked before each subsequent question if they would like to set the cash prize for that question as their second safety net , with it offered up to £ 500,000 . Lifelines ( edit ) During a contestant 's game , they may make use of a set of lifelines to provide assistance on a question . Throughout the course of the show 's history , these lifelines involve the following : 50 / 50 : Two random incorrect answers are eliminated , leaving the correct answer and one incorrect answer , thus granting the contestant a 50 / 50 chance of answering a question correctly . Phone a Friend : The contestant calls one of their friends , and has 30 seconds to read the question and the possible answers to them . The friend uses the leftover time to offer an answer . Since 2018 , a member of the production team accompanies the friend to prevent cheating . Ask the Audience : Audience members use keypads to vote on what they believe to be the correct answer to the question . The percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant , after this vote . Switch ( 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 14 ) : The computer replaces one question with another of the same monetary value . Any lifelines already used on the original question are not reinstated . From 2010 to 2014 , this lifeline was earned after the contestant answered seven questions correctly . Ask the Host ( 2018 ) : The contestant asks the host to help provide an answer on a question . No time limit is associated with the lifeline , while , in addition to standard rules , the host has no contact with outside sources to help them . Series overview ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 4 September 1998 25 December 1998 11 1 January 1999 13 January 1999 13 5 March 1999 16 March 1999 12 3 September 1999 14 September 1999 13 5 5 November 1999 26 December 1999 18 6 16 January 2000 22 January 2000 7 7 26 March 2000 1 May 2000 13 8 7 September 2000 6 January 2001 55 9 8 January 2001 26 April 2001 45 10 4 September 2001 29 December 2001 43 11 5 January 2002 9 April 2002 55 12 31 August 2002 28 December 2002 19 13 4 January 2003 31 May 2003 21 14 30 August 2003 27 December 2003 21 15 3 January 2004 5 June 2004 23 16 18 September 2004 25 December 2004 16 17 1 January 2005 11 June 2005 24 18 17 September 2005 31 December 2005 11 19 7 January 2006 8 July 2006 27 20 9 September 2006 6 January 2007 13 21 10 March 2007 28 July 2007 17 22 18 August 2007 30 October 2007 11 23 1 January 2008 3 June 2008 19 24 16 August 2008 31 January 2009 18 25 13 June 2009 20 December 2009 20 26 13 April 2010 8 June 2010 8 27 3 August 2010 23 December 2010 11 28 2 April 2011 19 December 2011 6 29 3 January 2012 20 December 2012 11 30 1 January 2013 11 February 2014 11 31 5 May 2018 11 May 2018 7 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the `` Walkaway Text Game '' . The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question , if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got , by choosing the letters ' A , B , C or D ' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number . The viewer who answered the question won £ 1,000 by having their entries selected randomly . On 9 September 2006 , there were some changes . The competition stayed the same but this time , they played it before some commercial breaks . A question to which the contestant had given their final answer , but the correct answer had not yet been revealed , was offered as a competition to viewers . Entry was via SMS text message at a cost of £ 1 per entry , and the competition ran through the commercial break , after which the answer was revealed and the game continued . One viewer who answered the question correctly won £ 1,000 . The text game ended on 28 July 2007 . Controversies ( edit ) Incorrect answer to question accepted ( edit ) In March 1999 , the Daily Mirror published a report that accused the show of allowing a contestant , Tony Kennedy , to win a question by giving an incorrect answer . During Kennedy 's game , when he had reached the £ 64,000 question , he was asked `` Theoretically , what is the minimum number of strokes with which a tennis player can win a set ? '' , and given four possible answers - twelve , twenty four , thirty six , and forty eight . Kennedy calculated that a player would need four shots to win a game , with six games in a set , giving an answer of twenty four , but the newspaper reported that this was incorrect , stating that a tennis player could win a game without playing a shot - if their opponent double - faulted on every serve , and the player aced each of their own serves , it would allow them to win with just 12 strokes . Based on their findings , the production staff acknowledged the mistake and apologised for it , but allowed Kennedy to keep the prize money he won by the end of his game . Schedule rigging allegation ( edit ) When Judith Keppel 's victory as the first UK jackpot winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was announced by ITV on the day of that the corresponding episode was to be broadcast , several allegations were made that Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC 's expected high ratings for the finale of One Foot in the Grave . Richard Wilson , the lead star on the sitcom , was quoted in particular for saying that the broadcaster had `` planned '' the win , adding `` it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor 's last moments on earth . '' David Renwick , writer of the sitcom , voiced annoyance that the episode would draw away interest from the sitcom 's finale , believing that a leaked press release on ITV 's announcement had been `` naked opportunism '' , and it `` would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way '' , pointing out that it `` killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme '' , but that `` television is all about ratings '' . Richard Webber 's account , in his 2006 book , cites `` unnamed BBC sources '' as those who `` questioned the authenticity of Keppel 's victory '' . The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show , of a similar nature , to the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) . In response , ITV expressed distress to the allegations , claiming that it `` undermined viewers ' faith in the programme . '' Leslie Hill , the chairman of ITV , wrote to Sir Christopher Bland , the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC , to complain about the issue . The corporation apologised , saying that any suggestion of ' rigging ' `` did not represent the official view of the BBC '' , while the ITC 's investigation cleared the programme of any wrongdoing . Ambiguous question ( edit ) On 11 February 2006 , celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children 's Hospice . Having reached the final question of the quiz , they were asked `` Translated from the Latin , what is the motto of the United States ? '' , to which the Bowens answered with `` In God , We Trust '' , only to learn that the question 's correct answer was `` One Out of Many '' - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum . However , Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de-facto motto of the United States , it was never legally declared as such ; In God , We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956 , although is not translated from any form of Latin . Following this revelation , the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question , with their original winnings reinstated ; the couple chose not to risk the new question , and left with £ 500,000 for their charity . Ingram cheating scandal ( edit ) Main article : Charles Ingram - Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? scandal Charles Ingram and his wife Diana . Both had previously made appearances on the show , before Charles ' controversial game in September 2001 . In September 2001 , British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , joined by his wife Diana , and a close friend and college lecturer , Tecwen Whittock . After the first day of filming , the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £ 1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording , on 10 September - for each question he faced , the correct answer would be signalled to Ingram by a cough made by Whittock ; Ingram would differentiate the way he received this to avoid making the scheme too obvious , such as reading aloud all four answers , or dismissing an answer and then choosing it again later . Although the scheme proved successful , by the time he had reached the final questions , production staff off - stage had become suspicious over the amount of background noise being made by Whittock 's coughing , while noting that Ingram seemed to show no specialist knowledge of any subjects he faced with each questions . After the second day of recording ended , the production staff ordered an immediate investigation on the grounds that cheating had occurred , suspending the broadcast of both episodes that had been filmed . Ingram was subsequently informed that he was being investigated for cheating and would not receive his winnings . While reviewing the recording , production staff began to see a pattern between Whittock 's coughing , and Ingram 's unusual behaviour when he answered questions ; at one point , they noticed Ingram gave an answer when Diana had coughed after he read it aloud . By this point , Celador was convinced that cheating had occurred , and the matter was handed over to police . Both the Ingrams and Whittock were charged with `` procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception '' , and taken to Southwark Crown Court in 2003 . During the four - week long trial , the Prosecution provided evidence towards the charges , which included a recording of Ingram 's second day on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , pager telephone records for a previous scheme the group intended to use , before deeming it too complicated - a system of four pagers intended to be hidden on Ingram 's body , in which a pager 's vibrations signalled the correct answer - and testimony from one of the production staff and a `` Fastest Finger '' contestant attending the recording , Larry Whitehurst . Although the Defence provided evidence claiming Whittock 's coughing was a result of dust allergies and a hay fever he was suffering from , and Whittock himself testified against the accusations , the Prosecution refuted these claims with their evidence , including footage that showed Whittock stopped coughing when he became a contestant after Ingram . On 7 April 2003 , the group were found guilty , with all three given suspended prison sentences and fines , with the Ingrams later ordered to pay legal costs within two months of the trial 's conclusion . On 24 July 2003 , the British Army ordered Charles Ingram to resign his commission as a Major , in the wake of the trial . In the aftermath of the trial , the scandal became the subject of a documentary entitled Millionaire : A Major Fraud , presented by Martin Bashir and broadcast on 21 April 2003 , with a follow - up two weeks later entitled Millionaire : The Final Answer . The documentary featured excerpts from the recording that had been enhanced for the Ingrams ' trial , footage of the actions made by Ingram 's wife in the audience , and interviews with production staff and some of the contestants who had been present during the recording . None of the defendants in the case took part , with Ingram later describing Major Fraud and a subsequent programme of the matter , shown on ITV2 , as `` one of the greatest TV editing con tricks in history '' . Chess grandmaster James Plaskett later wrote an essay arguing in favour of the group 's innocence ; journalists Bob Woffinden , and Jon Ronson , each wrote a piece influenced by this essay , with Woffinden collaborating with Plaskett on a book entitled Bad Show : The Quiz , The Cough , The Millionaire Major , published in 2015 , arguing that Ingram 's appearance on the show coinciding with Whittock 's was `` chance '' . A play based upon the events of the scandal was written by James Graham , entitled Quiz , and was performed from 3 November 2017 to 9 December 2017 , before being performed in the West End from 31 March 2018 to 16 June 2018 . Phone - a-friend ( edit ) The Phone - a-Friend lifeline provided multiple instances of controversy during the show 's run . A 2002 edition of the Daily Mail reported that many contestants had selected strangers who were `` contacts among the quizzing fraternity '' to act as their Phone - a-Friends . Specifically , game show champion Daphne Fowler was approached by a man she had not previously met and asked if she would be his lifeline in exchange for £ 200 . Fowler refused , adding : `` I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won , so if I helped him get from £ 32,000 to £ 64,000 I would expect to get £ 16,000 . '' The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme . In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings . The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland . Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999 ; he estimates those contestants to have won around £ 5,000,000 . The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation , with Burgess stating : `` The show knows about me and these types of syndicates , but they cover it up to keep the show going . '' An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003 . Paul Smith , the Managing Director of Celador Productions , stated : `` We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing , and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure . We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system . '' Since then , the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on - air . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? Episode 7 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( 4 June 2008 ) . `` Sony Pictures acquires 2waytraffic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This summer , Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? will once again be going live , but this time with the Great British public in the hotseat ! '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it was time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . itv.com. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson replaces Chris Tarrant on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . BBC News . 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` ITV releases trailer for Jeremy Clarkson 's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . ) , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Fourth Millionaire ' is millionaire ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2001 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Millionaire ' quiz show aims to broaden appeal '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth contestant wins ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Nadia . `` The man who won a million '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THANKS A MILLION ... WE 'RE BOTH WINNERS ; EXCLUSIVE : Couple each scoop TV prize '' . Free Online Library . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part one '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? returns to ITV this Saturday with brand new twists '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110713070556/http://millionaire.itv.com/viewergame.php?howtoplay=1 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Millionaire -- Walkaway Game '' . itv.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows.com . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webber 2006 , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Judd , Terri ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` BBC apologises for ' Millionaire ' dirty tricks slur '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Casey & Calvert 2008 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Dyja 2002 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : `` TV designer 's second shot at £ 1m '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Charles Ingram has been found guilty of cheating his way to the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BBC News . 7 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2823407.stm Millionaire 's route to the top prize Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2964675.stm Millionaire cheats left ' devastated ' ^ Jump up to : Innes , John ( 7 March 2003 ) . `` Pager plot too risky for TV quiz '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contestant ' spotted Millionaire coughs ' '' . BBC News . 11 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part two '' . The Guardian . London . 19 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3092357.stm Millionaire cheat sacked by Army Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ronson , Jon ( 17 July 2006 ) . `` Are the Millionaire three innocent ? '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Levi ( 17 January 2015 ) . `` ' Coughing Major ' was INNOCENT of cheating on Who Wants to be a Millionaire , says new book '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz '' . Chichester Festival Theatre . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz the Play by James Graham Official West End Website '' . 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Woffinden ; Plaskett , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Conlan , Tara ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` I 'll phone a stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phoney a Friend '' . Sunday Mirror. 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz syndicate leader denies wrongdoing '' . crewechronicle.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire syndicate is probed '' . northamptonchron.co.uk. 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Casey , Bernadette ; Calvert , Ben ( 2008 ) . Television Studies : The Key Concepts ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37149 - 0 . Dyja , Eddie , ed. ( 2002 ) . BFI Film and Television Handbook 2002 . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 904 - 8 . Webber , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Complete One Foot in the Grave . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 7357 - 2 . Woffinden , Bob ; Plaskett , James ( 2015 ) . Bad Show : The Quiz , the Cough , the Millionaire Major . Bojangles Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9930755 - 2 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? at UKGameshows.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(UK_game_show)&oldid=850370485 '' Categories : 1998 British television programme debuts 1990s British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows Films shot at Elstree Studios ITV game shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television English - language television programs Television series revived after cancellation Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-623914333482912509 | Disinvestment from South Africa | Disinvestment from South Africa - Wikipedia Disinvestment from South Africa The campaign gained prominence in the mid-1980s on university campuses in the US . The debate headlined the October 1985 issue ( above ) of Vassar College 's student newspaper . Disinvestment ( or divestment ) from South Africa was first advocated in the 1960s , in protest of South Africa 's system of apartheid , but was not implemented on a significant scale until the mid-1980s . The disinvestment campaign , after being realized in federal legislation enacted in 1986 by the United States , is credited by some as pressuring the South African Government to embark on negotiations ultimately leading to the dismantling of the Apartheid system . Contents 1 United Nations campaigns 1.1 Attempts to persuade British policymakers 1.2 Steadfast rejection by the West 1.3 1970s 2 United States campaign ( 1977 -- 1989 ) 2.1 The Sullivan Principles ( 1977 ) 2.2 Achieving critical mass ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 2.3 University campuses 2.3. 1 Michigan State University 2.3. 2 Columbia University 2.3. 3 Smith College 2.3. 4 Harvard University 2.3. 5 University of California 2.3. 6 Gettysburg College 2.4 States and cities 2.5 Federal involvement 2.5. 1 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 2.5. 2 Budget Reconciliation Act 2.5. 3 Further legislative efforts 3 Effects on South Africa 3.1 Economic effects 4 Anti-apartheid opposition 5 Outside criticism 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 References 9 External links United Nations campaigns ( edit ) International opposition to apartheid in South Africa Campaigns ( show ) Academic boycott Sporting boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Free South Africa Movement International anti-apartheid music Instruments and legislation ( show ) 1962 UN Resolution 1761 1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention 1977 Gleneagles Agreement 1977 Sullivan principles 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act Organisations ( show ) Anti-Apartheid Movement Artists United Against Apartheid Commonwealth of Nations Halt All Racist Tours Organisation of African Unity TransAfrica UN Special Committee against Apartheid Conferences ( show ) 1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions 1978 World Conference against Racism UN Security Council Resolutions ( show ) Resolution 134 ( Sharpeville massacre ) Resolution 181 ( voluntary arms embargo ) Resolution 191 ( sanctions feasibility ) Resolution 282 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Resolution 418 ( mandatory arms embargo ) Resolution 435 ( South - West Africa ceasefire ) Resolution 591 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Other aspects ( show ) Elimination of Racism Day `` Biko '' ( song ) Activists Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Equity television programming ban Rugby union and apartheid In November 1962 , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 , a non-binding resolution establishing the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid and called for imposing economic and other sanctions on South Africa . All Western nations were unhappy with the call for sanctions and as a result boycotted the committee . Following this passage of this resolution the UK - based Anti-Apartheid Movement spearheaded the arrangements for an international conference on sanctions to be held in London in April 1964 . According to Lisson , `` The aim of the Conference was to work out the practicability of economic sanctions and their implications on the economies of South Africa , the UK , the US and the Protectorates . Knowing that the strongest opposition to the application of sanctions came from the West ( and within the West , Britain ) , the Committee made every effort to attract as wide and varied a number of speakers and participants as possible so that the Conference findings would be regarded as objective . '' The conference was named the International Conference for Economic Sanctions Against South Africa . This conference , Lisson writes , established the necessity , the legality and the practicability of internationally organised sanctions against South Africa , whose policies were seen to have become a direct threat to peace and security in Africa and the world . Its findings also pointed out that in order to be effective , a programme of sanctions would need the active participation of Britain and the US , who were also the main obstacle to the implementation of such a policy . Attempts to persuade British policymakers ( edit ) The conference was not successful in persuading Britain to take up economic sanctions against South Africa though . Rather , the British government `` remained firm in its view that the imposition of sanctions would be unconstitutional ' because we do not accept that this situation in South Africa constitutes a threat to international peace and security and we do not in any case believe that sanctions would have the effect of persuading the South African Government to change its policies ' '' . The AAM tried to make sanctions an election issue in the 1964 General Election in Britain . Candidates were asked to state their position on economic sanctions and other punitive measures against the South African government . Most candidates who responded answered in the affirmative . After the Labour Party sweep to power though , commitment to the anti-apartheid cause dissipated . In short order , Labour Party leader Harold Wilson told the press that his Labour Party was `` not in favour of trade sanctions partly because , even if fully effective , they would harm the people we are most concerned about - the Africans and those white South Africans who are having to maintain some standard of decency there '' . Even so , Lisson writes that the `` AAM still hoped that the new Labour Government would be more sensitive to the demands of public opinion than the previous Government . '' But by the end of 1964 , it was clear that the election of the Labour Party had made little difference in the governments overall unwillingness to imposing sanctions . Steadfast rejection by the West ( edit ) Lisson summarizes the situation at the UN in 1964 : At the UN , Britain consistently refused to accept that the situation in South Africa fell under Chapter VII of the ( United Nations ) Charter . Instead , in collaboration with the US , it worked for a carefully worded appeal on the Rivonia and other political trials to try to appease Afro - Asian countries and public opinion at home and abroad ; by early 1965 the issue of sanctions had lost momentum . According to Lisson , Britain 's rejection was premised on its economic interests in South Africa , which would be put at risk if any type of meaningful economic sanctions were put in place . 1970s ( edit ) In 1977 , the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 418 . An oil embargo was introduced on 20 November 1987 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted a voluntary international oil embargo . United States campaign ( 1977 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) The Sullivan Principles ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sullivan Principles Knight writes that anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. found that Washington was unwilling to get involved in economically isolating South Africa . The movement responded by organized lobbying of individual businesses and institutional investors to end their involvement with or investments in the apartheid state as a matter of corporate social responsibility . This campaign was coordinated by several faith - based institutional investors eventually leading to the creation of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility . An array of celebrities , including singer Paul Simon , also participated . The key instrument of this campaign was the so - called Sullivan Principles , authored by and named after the Rev. Dr. Leon Sullivan . Leon Sullivan was an African - American preacher in Philadelphia who , in 1977 , was also a board member of the corporate giant General Motors . At that time , General Motors was the largest employer of blacks in South Africa . The principles required that the corporation ensure that all employees are treated equally and in an integrated environment , both in and outside the workplace , and regardless of race , as a condition of doing business . These principles directly conflicted with the mandated racial discrimination and segregation policies of apartheid - era South Africa , thus making it impossible for businesses adopting the Sullivan Principles to continue doing business there . While the anti-Apartheid movement lobbied individual businesses to adopt and comply with the Sullivan Principles , the movement opened an additional front with the institutional investors . Besides advocating that institutional investors withdraw any direct investments in South African - based companies , anti-Apartheid activists also lobbied for the divestment from all U.S. - based companies having South African interests who had not yet themselves adopted the Sullivan Principles . The institutional investors such as public pension funds were the most susceptible to these types of lobbying efforts . Public companies with South Africa interests were thus confronted on two levels : First , shareholder resolutions were submitted by concerned stockholders who , admitted , posed more of a threat to the often - cherished corporate reputations than to the stock price . Second , the companies were presented with the significant financial threat whereby one or more of their major institutional investors decides to withdraw their investments . Achieving critical Mass. ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Part of a series on Apartheid Events ( show ) 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street bombing Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre Organisations ( show ) ANC APLA IFP AWB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council People ( show ) P.W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F.W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela - Mandela Mac Maharaj D.F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H.F. Verwoerd B.J. Vorster Jacob Zuma Places ( show ) Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South - West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas Related topics ( show ) Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign Rhodes Must Fall South African Police Music in the movement against apartheid Category The disinvestment campaign in the United States , which had been in existence for quite some years , gained critical mass following the Black political resistance to the 1983 South African constitution which included a `` complex set of segregated parliaments '' . Richard Knight writes : In a total rejection of apartheid , black South Africans mobilized to make the townships ungovernable , black local officials resigned in droves , and the government declared a State of Emergency in 1985 and used thousands of troops to quell `` unrest '' . Television audiences throughout the world were to watch almost nightly reports of massive resistance to apartheid , the growth of a democratic movement , and the savage police and military response . The result of the widely televised South African response was `` a dramatic expansion of international actions to isolate apartheid , actions that combined with the internal situation to force dramatic changes in South Africa 's international economic relations '' . University campuses ( edit ) Students organized to demand that their universities `` divest '' , meaning that the universities were to cease investing in companies that traded or had operations in South Africa . At many universities , many students and faculty protested in order to force action on the issue . The first organized Anti-Apartheid Organization on University Campuses in the United States was CUAA founded at the University of California Berkeley by Ramon Sevilla . Sevilla was a principal organizer that had support from Nelson Mandela , with whom Sevilla was in communication while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island in South Africa as well as with The African National Congress ( the ANC ) . Some of the most effective actions in support of the divestment of investments of U.S. companies doing business in South Africa took place between the years of 1976 and 1985 , as Sevilla travelled throughout the American Continent and Europe gathering support for the overthrow of the South African Apartheid Government , which also led to his arrest at U.C. Berkeley on several occasions in the successful effort to force the University of California to divest all of their investments in companies doing business in South Africa , which also became the driving force for divestment worldwide in all companies doing business in the country of Apartheid South Africa . For example , in April 1986 , 61 students were arrested after building a shantytown in front of the chancellor 's office at UC Berkeley , Ramon Sevilla Chair CUAA . As a result of these organized `` divestment campaigns '' , the boards of trustees of several prominent universities voted to divest completely from South Africa and companies with major South African interests . The first of these was Hampshire College in 1977 . These initial successes set a pattern which was later repeated and many more campuses across the country . Activism surged in 1984 on the wave of public interest created by the wide television coverage of the then recent resistance efforts of the black South Africans . Overall , according to Knight 's analysis , the numbers year over year for educational institutions fully or partially divesting from South Africa were : 1984 Number of institutions divesting 53 128 155 Michigan State University ( edit ) The anti-Apartheid disinvestment campaign on campuses began on the West coast and Midwest in 1977 at Michigan State University and Stanford University . It had some early successes in 1978 at Michigan State University , which voted total divestiture , at Columbia University ; and the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Following the Michigan State University divestiture in 1978 , in 1982 , the State of Michigan Legislature and Governor voted for divestiture by all of the more than 30 State of Michigan colleges and universities , an action later struck down as unconstitutional by the Michigan Court of Appeals in response to a suit against the Act by the University of Michigan . Columbia University ( edit ) The initial Columbia divestment , focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime . It followed a year long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the University in 1977 . Broadly backed by a diverse array of student groups and many notable faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held numerous teach - ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa . Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business . Smith College ( edit ) Smith College , in Northampton , Mass. , which is connected to Hampshire College in Amherst , Mass. , through the Five College Consortium engaged with divesting from South Africa several years later . In the spring semester of 1986 students at Smith College protested the Board of Trustee 's decision not to fully divest the college 's endowment from companies in South Africa . Student protests included a sit - in in College Hall , the main administrative office which included nearly 100 students sleeping in over night on 24 February 1986 . The next day students staged a full blockade of the building , not allowing any staff into the building and anticipating arrest , though the President of the college at the time , Mary Maples Dunn , refused to have the students arrested . Students of Smith College blocking the entrance to College Hall in 1986 as an act of protest urging the Board of Trustees to divest the college 's endowment from South Africa A comprehensive list of the demands they made throughout the demonstration was published on 28 February 1986 , at 8 : 30 am . The `` Women at College Hall '' agreed to end the blockade if The Board of Trustees agreed to `` issue a statement of intent to deliberate again , with a quorum , the issue of divestment '' before Spring Break , and that the Investor Responsibility Committee would meet with representatives from the South African Task Force , the Ethical Investment Committee , and students from the Divestment Committee to look at `` a restructuring of the investment policy '' . Students also demanded that the Board of Trustees `` recognize the need for more dialogue with the Smith College community '' and that they act on this with more meetings and transparency . In relation to the action , students demanded that a required teach - in be conducted to educate the college and the Board of Trustees on divestment , South African apartheid , and the College Hall Occupation , in addition , a booklet would be compiled by the demonstrators that would be distributed to the college to educate the community on the movement . They also demanded that the president grant amnesty to anyone who directly or indirectly participated in the occupation . On 1 March 1986 , the protest ended when negotiations with administrators led to an agreement that the trustees would re-evaluate their decision , a mandatory teach - in would be held , and amnesty would be granted to anyone involved in the demonstration . After student pressures , Smith College voted to divest all $39 million in stocks that they held in companies working in South Africa by 31 October 1988 . Harvard University ( edit ) Harvard University only undertook a partial `` divestment '' from South Africa and only after significant resistance . Adam Soften and Aln Wirzbicki give this description : Throughout the 1980s , Harvard professors for the most part avoided involvement with South Africa in protest of apartheid , and then president Derek C. Bok was a vocal supporter of work by the U.S. to prompt reform in South Africa . But the University was slow to pull its own investments out of companies doing business in South Africa , insisting that through its proxy votes , it could more effectively fight apartheid than by purging stocks from its portfolio . But after a decade of protests , Harvard did adopt a policy of selective divestment , and by the end of the 1980s was almost completely out of South Africa . University of California ( edit ) University of California , in contrast to the limited action undertaken by Harvard , authorized the withdrawal of three billion dollars worth of investments from the apartheid state . Nelson Mandela stated his belief that the University of California 's massive divestment was particularly significant in abolishing white - minority rule in South Africa . Gettysburg College ( edit ) In 1989 , after a three - year review by the Gettysburg College Board of Trustees and a five - month campaign by the Salaam Committee -- a campus group made up of students and faculty -- the college voted to divest $5.4 million from companies connected to South Africa . States and cities ( edit ) Boycott - Contaminated with apartheid - South African goods - 12 inch sticker used by activists , from the collection of the Library of Congress In addition to campuses , anti-apartheid activists found concerned and sympathetic legislators in cities and states . Several states and localities did pass legislation ordering the sale of such securities , most notably the City and County of San Francisco , which passed legislation on June 5 , 1978 not to invest `` in corporations and banks doing business in or with South Africa '' . The result was that `` by the end of 1989 26 states , 22 counties and over 90 cities had taken some form of binding economic action against companies doing business in South Africa '' . Many public pension funds connected to these local governments were legislated to disinvestment from South African companies . These local governments also exerted pressure via enacting selective purchasing policies , `` whereby cities give preference in bidding on contracts for goods and services to those companies who do not do business in South Africa '' . Federal involvement ( edit ) The activity at the state and city level set the stage for action at the federal level . Comprehensive anti-apartheid Act ( edit ) Main article : Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act This began when the Senate and House of Representatives presented Ronald Reagan with the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 which had been introduced by Congressman Ronald Dellums , supported by the members of the Congressional Black Caucus in the House , and piloted through the House by Congressman Howard Wolpe , chairman of the House Africa Subcommittee . Ronald Reagan responded by using his veto , but surprisingly and , in testament to the strength of the anti-Apartheid movement , the Republican controlled Senate overrode his veto . Knight gives this description the act : The Act banned new U.S. investment in South Africa , sales to the police and military , and new bank loans , except for the purpose of trade . Specific measures against trade included the prohibition of the import of agricultural goods , textiles , shellfish , steel , iron , uranium and the products of state - owned corporations . The results of the act were mixed in economic terms according to Knight : Between 1985 and 1987 , U.S. imports from South Africa declined 35 % , although the trend reverses in 1988 when imports increased by 15 % . Between 1985 and 1998 , U.S. exports to South Africa increased by 40 % . Knight attributes some of the increase in imports in 1988 to lax enforcement of the 1986 Act citing a 1989 study by the General Accounting Office . Knight writes that a `` major weakness of the Act is that it does little to prohibit exports to South Africa , even in such areas as computers and other capital goods '' . Budget Reconciliation Act ( edit ) A second federal measure introduced by Representative Charles Rangel in 1987 as an amendment to the Budget Reconciliation Act halted the ability of U.S. corporations from attaining tax reimbursements for taxes paid in South Africa . The result was that U.S. corporations operating in South Africa were subject to double taxation . According to Knight : The sums of money involved are large . According to the Internal Revenue Service , taxes involved in 1982 were $211,593,000 on taxable income of $440,780,000 . The U.S. Chamber of Commerce in South Africa has estimated that the measure increases the tax bill for U.S. companies from 57.5 % to 72 % of profits in South Africa . Further legislative efforts ( edit ) An additionally and much harsher sanctions bill was passed by the House of Representatives ( Congress ) in August 1988 . This bill mandated `` the withdrawal of all U.S. companies from South Africa , the sale by U.S. residents of all investments in South African companies and an end to most trade , except for the import of certain strategic minerals '' . In the end , the bill did n't become law as was n't able to pass the Senate . ( In the United States legislative system a bill must be passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives before it can be signed into law by the President . ) Even so , the fact that such a harsh bill made any progress at all through the legislature `` alerted both the South African government and U.S. business that significant further sanctions were likely to be forthcoming '' if the political situation in South Africa remained unchanged . Effects on South Africa ( edit ) Economic effects ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of South Africa § Sanctions Four exchange control stamps in a South African passport from the mid-1980s allowing the passport holder to take a particular amount of currency out of the country . Exchange controls such as these were imposed by the South African government to restrict the outflow of capital from the country . While post-colonial African countries had already imposed sanctions on South Africa in solidarity with the Defiance Campaign , these measures had little effect because of the relatively small economies of those involved . The disinvestment campaign only impacted South Africa after the major Western nations , including the United States , got involved beginning in mid-1984 . From 1984 onwards , according to Knight , because of the disinvestment campaign and the repayment of foreign loans , South Africa experienced considerable capital flight . The net capital movement out of South Africa was : R9. 2 billion in 1985 R6. 1 billion in 1986 R3. 1 billion in 1987 R5. 5 billion in 1988 The capital flight triggered a dramatic decline in the international exchange rate of the South African currency , the rand . The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12 - 15 % per year . The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital . Knight writes that `` in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill . Under exchange control , South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand , which is traded at a 20 % to 40 % discount compared to the commercial rand . This means companies that disinvest get significantly fewer dollars for the capital they withdraw . '' Anti-apartheid opposition ( edit ) While disinvestment , boycotts and sanctions aimed at the removal of the apartheid system , there was also considerable opposition from within the anti-apartheid movement within South Africa coming from both black and white leaders . Mangosuthu Buthelezi , Chief Minister of KwaZulu and leading black figure slammed sanctions , stating that `` They can only harm all the people of Southern Africa . They can only lead to more hardships , particularly for the blacks . '' Well known anti-apartheid opposition MPs Helen Suzman and Harry Schwarz also strongly opposed moves to disinvest from South Africa . Both politicians of the Progressive Federal Party , they argued that disinvestment would cause further economic hardships for black people , which would ultimately worsen the political climate for negotiations . Suzman described them as `` self defeating , wrecking the economy and do not assist anybody irrespective of race '' . Schwarz also argued that `` Morality is cheap when someone else is paying . '' Outside criticism ( edit ) Many criticised disinvestment because of its economic impact on ordinary black South Africans , such as British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , who described sanctions and disinvestment as `` the way of poverty , starvation and destroying the hopes of the very people -- all of them -- whom you wish to help . '' John Major , then her Foreign Secretary , said disinvestment would `` feed white consciences outside South Africa , not black bellies within it '' , although in 2013 , he said that the Conservative Government led by Margaret Thatcher was wrong to oppose tougher sanctions against South Africa during the apartheid era . Many conservatives opposed the disinvestment campaign , accusing its advocates of hypocrisy for not also proposing that the same sanctions be leveled on either the Soviet Union or the People 's Republic of China . Libertarian Murray Rothbard also opposed this policy , asserting that the most - direct adverse impact of the boycott would actually be felt by the black workers in that country , and the best way to remedy the problem of apartheid was by promoting trade and the growth of free market capitalism in South Africa . Ronald Reagan , who was the President of the United States during the time the disinvestment movement was at its peak , also opposed it , instead favoring a policy of `` constructive engagement '' with the Pretoria government . Further reading ( edit ) `` For U.S. Firms in South Africa , The Threat of Coercive Sullivan Principles '' . Heritage Foundation . 12 November 1984 . `` On ' Constructive Engagement ' in South Africa '' . The MIT Tech. 105 ( 47 ) . 5 November 1985 . `` The Choice for U.S. Policy in South Africa : Reform or Vengeance '' . Heritage Foundation . 25 July 1986 . Misconceptions about U.S. policy toward South Africa . US Department of State Bulletin . September 1986 . Richard Knight . Chapter : `` Sanctions , Disinvestment , and U.S. Corporations in South Africa '' . Sanctioning Apartheid ( Africa World Press ) . 1990 . `` Disinvestment from South Africa : They Did Well by Doing Good '' . Contemporary Economic Policy . XV ( 1 ) : 76 - 86 . January 1997 . Robert Kinloch Massie , Loosing the Bonds , The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years , Doubleday , New York , 1997 See also ( edit ) Anti-Apartheid Movement Academic boycotts of South Africa Disinvestment Economic history of South Africa Socially responsible investing Disinvestment from Iran Disinvestment from Israel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fergusson Years : Vassar , 1986 - 2006 '' Archived 28 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Vassar College Libraries Archives & Special Collections . Poughkeepsie , NY . 2006 . Jump up ^ See the debate in Nature : `` Boycott of Israel ? It worked for South Africa '' , Steven Rose and Hilary Rose , Nature , volume 417 , p. 221 ( 2002 ) and the response `` Did an academic boycott help to end apartheid ? '' , George Fink , Nature , Volume 417 , Issue 6890 , p. 690 ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : Arianna Lisson , `` The Anti-Apartheid Movement , Britain and South Africa : Anti-Apartheid Protest vs Real Politik '' Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , PhD Dissertation , 15 September 2000 Jump up ^ `` Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa & International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa '' . United Nations General Assembly . 1987 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Knight . Chapter : `` Sanctions , Disinvestment , and U.S. Corporations in South Africa '' . Sanctioning Apartheid ( Africa World Press ) , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Around the Nation ; 61 Arrested at Berkeley in Protest of Apartheid '' . The New York Times . AP . 1986 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schutt , Randy . `` A Powerful and Inspiring Campaign : A Short History of SCRIP 's Efforts to End Stanford University 's Support of South African Apartheid in 1977 '' . Vernal Education Project . 1998 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ D. ( pseudonym ) , Bob . `` Students Organize Against Stanford 's Investment Policy '' . Grapevine . Volume 5 , Number 6 . Palo Alto , Calif . June 1977 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . ( 1985 ) . The Anti-Apartheid Act of 1985 . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 213 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively '' . The New York Times . 1978 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ David Rosenberg ( 1978 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government '' . Columbia Spectator . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mary Alice McDonaugh ( 1977 - 03 - 03 ) . `` 400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post ; Anthony Lewis of the Times also blasts former Secretary '' . Columbia Spectator . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Demonstration at Columbia '' . New York Daily News . 1978 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Student Sit - in at Columbia '' . New York Post . 1978 - 05 - 02 -- via Getty Images . Jump up ^ `` Clark , Smith Decide to Divest '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith College Archives . `` College Hall Occupation Oral History Project '' . 5 College Archives and Manuscript Collections. Smith College Archives . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AROUND THE NATION ; Smith College to End South Africa Investments '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A CONFLICTED RELATIONSHIP : Harvard supported South Africa through investments , but partially divested under protest Archived 7 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . in Harvard Honors Nelson Mandela Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Adam A. Sofen and Alan E. Wirzbicki . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ White , Lauren ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` 1990 : Students Take Action to Protest Apartheid '' . Jump up ^ Milk , Harvey ( 2012 ) . The Harvey Milk Interviews : In His Own Words . Vince Emery Productions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725898 - 8 - 8 . , p. 328 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Press Conference ending visit to Zimbabwe '' , 30 March 1989 Jump up ^ British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 , Kevin Theakston Routledge , 2004 , page 190 Jump up ^ `` Sir John Major : Margaret Thatcher 's government was wrong to oppose South Africa sanctions '' , The Independent , 10 December 2013 Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray . `` The Crusade Against South Africa '' . Making Economic Sense . Chapter 90 . Auburn , AL : Mises Institute , 1995 . Online Edition , Accessed 19 November 2009 . External links ( edit ) African Activist Archive - more than 7,000 documents , posters , T - shirts , buttons , photos , video , and memories of activism in the U.S. to support the struggles of African peoples against apartheid , colonialism , and social injustice , 1950s - 1990s . Also includes a directory of African activist organizations across the U.S. Documenting the U.S. Solidarity Movement : With reflections on the sanctions and divestment campaigns U.S. Economic Involvement with Apartheid South Africa An Analysis of U.S. Disinvestment from South Africa : Unity , Rights , and Justice Black South African Opinion on Disinvestment The Crusade Against South Africa Inkatha Freedom Party - Inkatha and the disinvestment campaign Economy of South Africa By province Western Cape Gauteng Natural resources Mining industry Coal Agriculture Whaling Industry Automotive industry Services Banks Gambling Tourism Ecotourism LGBT tourism Telecommunications Nuclear power Power stations Economic history Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush Great Depression Disinvestment Affirmative action Black Economic Empowerment Broad - Based Black Economic Empowerment Qualifying Small Enterprises Scorecard Exempted Micro Enterprises Macroeconomics National Treasury Taxation South African rand Reserve Bank Consumer price index Provinces by HDI Misc . 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( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons , ending an era . The Dallas Cowboys 2017 season was the subject of the third season of Amazon 's sports documentary series All or Nothing . The series is produced by NFL Films. . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only . ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey . ) In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 , 2007 , 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush 1 Dalton Sturm 3 Mike White Running backs 46 Jordan Chunn 21 Ezekiel Elliott 44 Darius Jackson 49 Jamize Olawale FB 36 Bo Scarbrough 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 10 Tavon Austin RB 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 81 K.D. Cannon 13 Michael Gallup 17 Allen Hurns 2 Ricky Jeune 14 Lance Lenoir 19 Mekale McKay 18 Marchie Murdock 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 89 Blake Jarwin 86 Dalton Schultz 87 Geoff Swaim 84 David Wells Offensive linemen 63 Jake Campos T 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 61 Korren Kirven T 73 Joe Looney C / G 69 Damien Mama G / C 60 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T 67 Dustin Stanton G 52 Connor Williams G / T Defensive linemen 74 Dorance Armstrong Jr . DE 93 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 76 Kony Ealy DE 94 Randy Gregory DE 56 Datone Jones DT / DE 65 Austin Larkin DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 62 Joby Saint Fleur DE 99 Charles Tapper DE 51 Jihad Ward DT 64 Antwaun Woods DT Linebackers 59 Chris Covington OLB 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 43 Joel Lanning MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 42 Eric Pinkins OLB / SS 41 Kyle Queiro OLB / SS 54 Jaylon Smith OLB / MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 55 Leighton Vander Esch MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 20 Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones CB / FS 37 Kam Kelly CB / FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Donovan Olumba CB 23 Tyree Robinson FS / CB 28 Jameill Showers SS / FS 26 Duke Thomas CB 40 Charvarius Ward CB 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / CB Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 47 Scott Daly LS 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 96 Maliek Collins DT ( Active / PUP ) 95 David Irving DT / DE ( Did Not Report ) 16 Cedrick Wilson Jr . WR ( IR ) Rookies in italics Roster updated August 4 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 90 Active , 2 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front office Owner / president / general manager -- Jerry Jones COO / executive vice president / director of player personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior director of football operations / football administration -- Todd Williams Director of salary cap & player contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice president player personnel -- Will McClay Senior executive , college scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of college scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of pro scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant director of college scouting -- Chris Hall Director of football research -- Tom Robinson Head coaches Head coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running backs -- Gary Brown Wide receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant wide receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive line -- Paul Alexander Assistant offensive line -- Marc Colombo Offensive assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator / defensive line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive backs / passing game coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive assistant -- Ken Amato Special teams coaches Special teams coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant special teams -- Doug Colman Support staff Director of advance scouting & special projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and conditioning Director of strength and conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant strength and conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching staff and management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for him and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . NFL Enterprises , LLC . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . Jump up ^ `` All or Nothing '' . NFL . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . 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"Dallas Cowboys\n Current season\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]First season: 1960Play in AT&T StadiumArlington, TexasHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The StarFrisco, Texas\n\n \nLogoWordmarkLeague/conference affiliations\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\nCurrent uniform\nTeam colors\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n\n Mascot\nRowdyPersonnelOwner(s)\nJerry JonesCEO\nStephen JonesPresident\nJerry JonesGeneral manager\nJerry JonesHead coach\nJason GarrettTeam history\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\nTeam nicknames\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\nChampionships\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nPlayoff appearances (32)\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nHome fields\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n"
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"Texas Stadium"
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-3190288578687914879 | One Ring | One Ring - wikipedia One Ring Jump to : navigation , search `` Ring - bearer '' and `` The One Ring '' redirect here . For the attendant in a wedding ceremony , see Page boy ( wedding attendant ) . For the role - playing game , see The One Ring Roleplaying Game . This Middle - earth - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The One Ring Artist 's unofficial representation of the One Ring Plot element from the Lord of the Rings franchise First appearance The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Created by J.R.R. Tolkien Genre Fantasy In - story information Type Magical ring Function Invisibility Power augmentation Will domination Control over other Rings of Power Specific traits and abilities Plain gold ring ; glowing inscription appears when ring is placed in flames Affiliation Sauron Isildur Déagol Sméagol / Gollum Bilbo Baggins Frodo Baggins Samwise Gamgee Celebrimbor The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 55 ) . It is described in an earlier story , The Hobbit ( 1937 ) , as a magic ring of invisibility . In the sequel , The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character , with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility : it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win dominion over Middle - earth . The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Description 1.2 Appearance 1.2. 1 Inscription 1.3 Ring - bearers 1.4 Internal history 1.5 Powers 1.6 Fate of the Ring - bearers 2 Symbolism 3 Adaptations 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Literature ( edit ) In The Lord of the Rings and the posthumously published The Silmarillion , Tolkien provides a detailed internal development from the forging of the Ring to its destruction . In the fictional context of Middle - earth , these events take place during several thousand years in the Second and Third Age of Arda . Description ( edit ) The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth . In disguise as Annatar , or `` Lord of Gifts '' , he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power . He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom . Sauron intended it to be the most powerful of all Rings , able to rule and control those who wore the others . Since the other Rings were themselves powerful , Sauron was obliged to place much of his own power into the One to achieve his purpose . Creating the Ring simultaneously strengthened and weakened Sauron 's power . On the one hand , as long as Sauron had the Ring , he could control the power of all the other Rings , and thus he was significantly more powerful after its creation than before ; and putting such a great portion of his own power into the Ring ensured Sauron 's continued existence so long as the Ring existed . On the other hand , by binding his power within the Ring , Sauron became dependent on it -- without it , his power was significantly diminished . Appearance ( edit ) The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold , but it was impervious to damage . It could be destroyed only by throwing it into the pit of the volcanic Mount Doom where it was originally forged . Unlike other rings , the One Ring was not susceptible to dragon fire . Like some lesser rings forged by the Elves as `` essays in the craft '' -- but unlike the other Rings of Power -- the One Ring bore no gem . Its identity could be determined by a little - known but simple test : when placed in a fire , it displayed a fiery Tengwar inscription in the Black Speech of Mordor , with two lines from a rhyme of lore describing the Rings : Three Rings for the Elven - kings under the sky , Seven for the Dwarf - lords in their halls of stone , Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die , One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie . One Ring to rule them all , One Ring to find them , One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie . The lines inscribed on the Ring ( in boldface above ) were pronounced by Sauron when he forged the Ring . The Elven smiths heard him chanting them , and thereupon became aware of his purpose and took off their own Rings to foil his plan . A person wearing the Ring would enter a shadowy world revealing the physical world from a different aspect , from which physical objects were harder to see . The wearer was mostly invisible to ordinary beings , such as Men , but highly visible to the Nazgûl . The Ring dimmed the wearer 's sight , while at the same time sharpening the other senses . The enigmatic Tom Bombadil appeared to be unaffected by the Ring and to have some power over it ; when he wore the Ring , it did not make him invisible , and Frodo could not become invisible to him by wearing the Ring . Also , Tom played with the Ring like a conjurer borrowing someone 's watch for a trick , seemingly making it disappear and reappear . The Ring slowly but inevitably corrupted its bearer , regardless of the bearer 's initial intent . For this reason the Wise , including Gandalf , Elrond , and Galadriel , refused to wield it themselves , but determined instead that it should be destroyed . The corrupting power of the ring was apparently stronger on individuals more inclined to evil and selfishness : it took almost immediate hold of the greedy Sméagol as soon as he saw it , and corrupted Boromir after a few months of near proximity , while its effects were only starting to be seen in the well - meaning Bilbo after his sixty years ' possession . The Ring had the ability to change size . As well as adapting to fingers of varying size , from Sauron 's to Frodo 's , it sometimes suddenly expanded to escape from its wearer . Inscription ( edit ) The words of the ring - inscription are in Black Speech , a language devised by Sauron and used in the land of Mordor . The inscription reflects the One Ring 's power to control the other Rings of Power . The writing uses Elvish letters ( tengwar ) , in a mode ( i.e. orthography ) adapted to the Black Speech . Normally the One Ring appeared perfectly plain and featureless , but when heated its inscription appeared in fiery letters . A drawing of the inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appears in Book I , Chapter 2 of The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . Gandalf speaks the words in Black Speech in Book II , Chapter 2 , `` The Council of Elrond '' : Ash nazg durbatulûk , ash nazg gimbatul , Ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum - ishi krimpatul . Translated , the words mean : One ring to rule them all , one ring to find them , One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them . When Isildur took the Ring from Sauron 's hand , it was burning hot , so the letters were legible . Isildur was able to transcribe the inscription before it faded as the Ring cooled . This transcription survived in a document Isildur left in Gondor before marching north to the Gladden Fields , where he was killed and the Ring lost . Gandalf learned of the Ring 's inscription when he read Isildur 's account . When Gandalf subsequently heated the ring that Bilbo Baggins had left to Frodo , the inscription reappeared . The wizard then had no doubt that Frodo 's ring was the One Ring . When Gandalf recited the inscription in Black Speech at the Council of Elrond , everyone trembled : The change in the wizard 's voice was astounding . Suddenly it became menacing , powerful , harsh as stone . A shadow seemed to pass over the high sun , and the porch for a moment grew dark . All trembled , and the Elves stopped their ears . The first Ballantine paperback edition of The Fellowship of the Ring printed the inscription upside - down . Some recent editions accidentally omit the first half of the translation in Book I , Chapter 2 . This error was corrected in the 50th Anniversary edition . Ring - bearers ( edit ) The term Ring - bearer is used in The Lord of the Rings to describe a person who has possessed the One Ring . The term is also used to refer to bearers of other Rings of Power . In The Lord of the Rings , Frodo Baggins was appointed Ring - bearer by the Council of Elrond in Rivendell . His task was to carry the One Ring from Rivendell to the Crack of Doom in Mordor and to destroy it before Sauron or his servants could recover it . During this journey , Frodo 's companion Samwise Gamgee also carried the ring briefly while Frodo was held captive in the Tower of Cirith Ungol . Near the onset of this journey the Ring was handled also by Tom Bombadil , upon whom the Ring had no apparent effect , and by Gandalf , who cast it into Frodo 's fireplace to verify that it was the One Ring . Frodo inherited the Ring from his uncle Bilbo Baggins . In Tolkien 's earlier novel , The Hobbit , Bilbo found the Ring in the caverns beneath the Misty Mountains . It had been lost in the caverns by Gollum , who used the invisibility it conferred to hunt orcs to eat . Gollum , a hobbit previously known as Sméagol , had kept the Ring for hundreds of years . He had murdered his friend Déagol to get the Ring shortly after Déagol found it in the river Anduin . Many centuries earlier the Ring had betrayed Isildur and fallen from his finger into the Anduin as he was eluding orcs -- who killed him when he became visible . Isildur in turn had cut the Ring from the hand of Sauron , who had made the Ring and let much of his power flow into it . Sauron was the Ring 's true master , and the only being who could bend it completely to his will . Though Déagol and Gandalf had handled the Ring , the only individuals ever to wear it were Sauron , Isildur , Sméagol / Gollum , Bilbo , Frodo , Tom Bombadil , and Samwise . None but Bilbo , Frodo , and Samwise are actually called `` Ring - bearers '' in any of Tolkien 's works . As Ring - bearers , they were granted passage to the Undying Lands , though Sam lived in the Shire for many years after the departure of Bilbo and Frodo before making the journey himself . Internal history ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of Arda After its original forging ( about S.A. 1600 ) Sauron waged the War of the Elves and Sauron against the Elves and all who opposed him . Sauron invaded and destroyed Eregion , and killed Celebrimbor , the maker of the three rings of the Elves . However , King Tar - Minastir of Númenor sent a great fleet to Middle - earth , and with this aid Gil - galad destroyed Sauron 's army and forced Sauron to return to Mordor . In S.A. 3261 , Ar - Pharazôn , the last and most powerful king of Númenor , landed at Umbar at the head of an immense army to do battle with Sauron . The sheer size and might of the Númenórean army was enough to force Sauron 's armies to flee . Sauron surrendered to Ar - Pharazôn and was taken back to Númenor as a prisoner . Tolkien , in a letter written in 1958 ( # 211 ) wrote that the surrender was both `` voluntary and cunning '' so he could gain access to Númenor . Sauron was able to use the Númenóreans ' fear of death as a way to turn them against the Valar , and manipulate them into worshipping his master , Morgoth , and performing human sacrifice . Although Sauron 's body was destroyed in the Fall of Númenor , his spirit was able to travel back to Middle - earth and wield the One Ring in his renewed war against the Last Alliance of Elves and Men between S.A. 3429 and 3441 . Tolkien emphasized that Sauron used his ring in Númenor to gain complete control over its people ; and while Sauron 's body perished in the Fall , the Ring somehow made it back to Middle - earth . Tolkien wrote , `` I do not think one need boggle at this spirit carrying off the One Ring , upon which his power of dominating minds now largely depended . '' ( letter # 211 ) . Sauron was killed again by Gil - galad and Elendil at the end of the Last Alliance . The Ring was cut from Sauron 's hand by Elendil 's son , Isildur , on the slopes of Mount Doom . Though counselled to destroy the Ring , he was swayed by its power and kept it safe instead , `` as weregild for my father , and my brother '' . A few years later , Isildur was ambushed by orcs by the River Anduin near the Gladden Fields ; he put on the Ring to escape , but it slipped from his finger as he swam across the river , and , suddenly visible , he was killed by the orcs . Since the Ring indirectly caused Isildur 's death , it was known in Gondorian lore as `` Isildur 's Bane '' . The Ring remained hidden on the river bed for almost two and a half millennia , until it was discovered on a fishing trip by a Stoor hobbit named Déagol . His friend and relative Sméagol , who had gone fishing with him , was immediately ensnared by the Ring 's power and demanded that Déagol give it to him as a `` birthday present '' ; when Déagol refused , Sméagol strangled him and took it for himself . The Ring corrupted his body and mind , turning him into the creature known as Gollum . The Ring , which Sauron had endowed with a will of its own , manipulated Gollum into hiding in a cave under the Misty Mountains near Mirkwood , where Sauron was beginning to resurface . There Gollum remained for nearly 500 years , until the Ring tired of him and fell off his finger as he was hunting an orc . As is told in The Hobbit , Bilbo found the Ring shortly afterward while lost in the tunnels near Gollum 's lair . When The Hobbit was written , Tolkien had not yet conceived of the Ring 's sinister history . Thus , in the first edition of The Hobbit , Gollum offers to surrender the Ring to Bilbo as a reward for winning the Riddle Game . When Tolkien revised the nature of the Ring for The Lord of the Rings , he realized that the Ring 's grip on Gollum would never permit him to give it up willingly . Tolkien therefore revised the second edition of The Hobbit : after losing the Riddle Game to Bilbo , Gollum went to get his `` Precious '' ( as he always called it ) so he could kill and eat Bilbo , but flew into a rage when he found the Ring missing . Deducing from Bilbo 's last question -- `` What have I got in my pocket ? '' -- that Bilbo had found the Ring , Gollum chased him through the caves , not realizing that the hobbit had discovered the Ring 's powers of invisibility and was following him to the cave 's exit . Bilbo escaped Gollum and the goblins by remaining invisible , but when he rejoined Gandalf and the dwarves he was travelling with , he decided not to tell them that the Ring had made him invisible . In fact he told them a story that closely followed the first edition of The Hobbit : that Gollum had given him the Ring and showed him the way out . Gandalf was not convinced and later forced the real story from Bilbo ; he was thus immediately suspicious of the Ring . Gollum eventually left the Misty Mountains to track down and reclaim the Ring . He wandered for decades , and was drawn to Mordor , where he was captured by Sauron 's forces . He was interrogated by Sauron himself , who learned that the Ring had been found and was currently held by one `` Baggins '' in the land of `` Shire '' . In T.A. 3001 , the Ring was beginning to strain Bilbo , leaving him feeling `` stretched - out and thin '' , and so he decided to leave the Shire , intending to pass the Ring to his adopted heir Frodo Baggins . He briefly gave in to the Ring 's power , even calling it `` my precious '' ; alarmed , Gandalf spoke harshly to his old friend to persuade him to give it up , which Bilbo eventually did , becoming the first Ringbearer to surrender it willingly . By this time Sauron had regained much of his power , and the Dark Tower in Mordor had been rebuilt . Gollum , released from Mordor , was captured by Gandalf and Aragorn , and from him Gandalf learned that Sauron now knew where to find the Ring . To prevent Sauron from reclaiming his Ring , Frodo and eight other companions set out from Rivendell for Mordor in an attempt to destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom . During the quest , Frodo gradually became more and more susceptible to the Ring 's power , and feared that it was going to corrupt him . When he and his faithful companion Samwise Gamgee discovered Gollum on their trail and `` tamed '' him into guiding them to Mordor , Frodo began to feel a strange bond with the wretched , treacherous creature , while Gollum warmed to Frodo 's kindness and made at least some effort to keep his promise . Gollum eventually gave in to the Ring 's temptation , however , and betrayed them to the spider Shelob . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam bore the Ring himself for a short time and experienced the temptation it induced ; he wore it briefly twice , but never succumbed to it . Sam rescued Frodo from a band of orcs at the Tower of Cirith Ungol . The hobbits , followed by Gollum , eventually arrived at Mount Doom , where Frodo was overcome by the Ring 's power and claimed it for himself . At that moment , however , Gollum attacked him and bit off his finger , taking back the Ring . Gollum was too close to the edge : as he gloated over his prize he fell into the fires of Mount Doom , taking the Ring with him , thus destroying it and Sauron 's power . Powers ( edit ) The Ring 's primary power was control of the other Rings of Power and domination of the wills of their users . The Ring also conferred power to dominate the wills of other beings whether they were wearing Rings or not -- but only in proportion to the user 's native capacity . In the same way , it amplified any inherent power its owner possessed . A mortal wearing the Ring became effectively invisible except to those able to perceive the non-physical world , with only a thin , shaky shadow discernible in the brightest sunlight . The Ring would also extend the life of a mortal possessor indefinitely by preventing natural aging . Gandalf explained that it does not `` grant new life '' , but that the possessor merely `` continues '' until life becomes unbearably wearisome . However , the Ring could not protect its bearer from destruction ; Gollum perished in the Crack of Doom while in possession of the Ring , and even Sauron himself could not preserve his body from destruction during the downfall of Númenor . Likewise , the Ring could not protect its bearer from physical harm ; Frodo was seriously injured by the Witch - king on Weathertop , and lost a finger when Gollum bit it off -- on both occasions while wearing the Ring . Sauron himself suffered the death of his physical body at the hands of Gil - galad and Elendil while wearing the Ring . Like the Nine Rings , the One Ring could physically corrupt mortals who wear it for extended periods of time , eventually transforming them into wraiths . Hobbits were more resistant to this process than Men : Gollum , who possessed the ring for five - hundred years did not become wraith - like because he did not wear the ring often after taking it to the tunnels of the Misty Mountains . The Ring might also have given its wielder the ability to read minds , as Galadriel suggested to Frodo when he wondered why he could not read the thoughts of others as she did . Within the land of Mordor where it was forged , the Ring 's power increased so significantly that even without wearing it the bearer could draw upon it , and could acquire an aura of terrible power . When Sam encountered an orc in the Tower of Cirith Ungol while holding the Ring , he appeared to the orc as a powerful warrior cloaked in shadow `` ( holding ) some nameless menace of power and doom . '' The orc was so terrified that it fled . Similarly at Mount Doom , when Frodo and Sam were attacked by Gollum , Frodo grabbed the Ring and appeared as `` a figure robed in white ... ( that ) held a wheel of fire . '' Frodo told Gollum `` in a commanding voice '' that `` If you touch me ever again , you shall be cast yourself into the Fire of Doom , '' a statement fulfilled when Gollum fell into Mount Doom with the Ring . Although the Ring was certainly invoked with this statement , it is unclear whether Frodo was prophesying ( Frodo had previously seen less sinister visions while in possession of the Ring ) , or if Frodo was actively laying a curse upon Gollum . As the Ring contained a large part of Sauron 's power , it was endowed with a malevolent sentience of sorts . While separated from Sauron , the Ring would strive to return to him by manipulating its bearer to claim ownership of it , or by abandoning the bearer at an opportune moment . For example , it slipped from Isildur 's finger during the ambush at Gladden Fields ; moments later he was killed by orcs , leaving the Ring 's whereabouts unknown to Sauron 's enemies . It also slipped off Gollum 's finger when the time was right for it to be brought back into the world at large . Warned by Bilbo of the Ring 's tendency to slip off , Frodo carried the Ring on a chain . To master all of the Ring 's capabilities , a Ring wielder would need a disciplined and well - trained mind , a strong will , and great native power . Those with weaker minds , such as Hobbits and lesser Men , would gain little benefit from the Ring , let alone realize its full potential . Even for someone with the necessary strength , it would have taken time to master the Ring 's power to the point where he was strong enough to overthrow Sauron . The prospect of mastery is the main appeal that the Ring holds for those who come in contact with it . The Ring appears as a symbol of hope , offering the power to defeat Sauron and bring peace to the world . Yet in the end , its inherent malevolence would twist its bearer into another Dark Lord as evil as Sauron , regardless of one 's intentions at the outset . Despite its power , the Ring did not render its bearer omnipotent . Three times Sauron suffered military defeat while bearing the Ring , first by Gil - galad in the War of Sauron and the Elves , again by Ar - Pharazôn when Númenórean power so overawed his armies that they deserted him , and again at the end of the Second Age with his personal defeat by Gil - galad and Elendil . Tolkien indicates , however , that such a defeat would not have been possible in the waning years of the Third Age , when the strength of the free peoples was greatly diminished . There were no remaining heroes of the stature of Gil - galad , Elendil , or Isildur ; the strength of the Elves was fading and they were departing to the Blessed Realm ; the Dwarves had been driven out of Moria and would have been unwilling to concentrate their strength in any event ; and the Númenórean kingdoms had either declined or been destroyed , and had few allies . Fate of the Ring - bearers ( edit ) Of the several bearers of the One Ring , three were still alive following the Ring 's destruction , the hobbits Bilbo Baggins , Frodo Baggins , and Samwise Gamgee . Bilbo , having borne the Ring longest of the three , had reached a very advanced age for a hobbit . Frodo suffered both physical and psychological scars from his strenuous quest to destroy the Ring . Samwise , having only briefly kept the Ring , was affected the least and simply carried on a normal life following the Ring 's destruction . In consideration of the trials the Ring - bearers had endured , special dispensation was granted them by the Valar to travel to the Undying Lands , where it was hoped they could find rest and healing . At the close of The Return of the King , Bilbo and Frodo embark for the voyage to the West along with Galadriel , Elrond , and many of their folk , as well as Gandalf . Near the end of his life , Samwise is also said to have been taken to the Undying Lands , after living in the Shire for many years and raising a large family . Tolkien emphasized that the restorative sojourn of the Ring - bearers in the Undying Lands would not have been permanent . As mortals , subject to the Gift of Men , they would eventually die and leave the world of Eä . Symbolism ( edit ) Tolkien wrote the following about the idea behind the One Ring : `` I should say that it was a mythical way of representing the truth that potency ( or perhaps potentiality ) if it is to be exercised , and produce results , has to be externalized and so as it were passes , to a greater or lesser degree , out of one 's direct control . '' ( Letter # 211 , 1958 ) . Tolkien always strongly held that The Lord of the Rings was not allegorical , particularly in reference to political events of his time such as World War II or the Cold War . At the same time he conceded `` applicability '' as being within the `` freedom '' of the reader , and indeed many people have been inclined to view the One Ring as a symbol or metaphor . The notion of a power too great for humans to safely possess is an evocative one , and already in the 1930s there were technologies available to suggest the idea . By the time the work was published , though not when most of it was written , the existence of nuclear power and nuclear weapons were common knowledge , and the Ring was often taken as symbolic of them . The effect of the Ring and its physical and spiritual after - effects on Bilbo and Frodo are obsessions that have been compared with drug addiction ; actor Andy Serkis who played Gollum in the film trilogy cited drug addiction as an inspiration for his performance . Parallels have been drawn between the literary device of Tolkien 's Cursed Ring and the titular ring in Richard Wagner 's Der Ring des Nibelungen . Tolkien dismissed critics ' direct comparisons to Wagner , telling his publisher , `` Both rings were round , and there the resemblance ceases . '' According to Humphrey Carpenter 's biography of Tolkien , the author held Wagner 's interpretation of the relevant Germanic myths in contempt . In the contrary sense , some critics hold that Tolkien 's work borrows so liberally from Wagner that Tolkien 's work exists in the shadow of Wagner 's . Others , such as Tom Shippey and Gloriana St. Clair , attribute the resemblances to the fact that Tolkien and Wagner have created homologue works based in the same sources . However , Shippey and other researchers have written on an intermediary position , stating that both the authors , indeed , used the same source materials but that Tolkien was , in fact , indebted to some of the original developments , insights and artistic uses made upon those sources that first appeared in Wagner , and sought to improve upon them . Adaptations ( edit ) The One Ring in Peter Jackson 's films . In the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings , the Nazgûl chant the Ring - inscription ; it is also recited by them in part during Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit , specifically during the film The Battle of the Five Armies . In The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , the wearer of the Ring is always portrayed as moving through a shadowy realm where everything is distorted . In the book , neither Bilbo Baggins nor Frodo Baggins ever mentioned anything about this while using the Ring , but when Sam puts on the Ring at the end of The Two Towers he does experience something similar to this . Sam never wore the Ring on screen in Jackson 's films . The actual Ring for the movies was designed and created by Jens Hansen Gold & Silversmith in Nelson , New Zealand , and was based on a simple wedding ring . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Ring of Gyges Ring of the Nibelung Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' , p. 287 -- 288 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Letter 131 '' , p. 153 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien , The Lord of the Rings , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , p. 61 ( Houghton Mifflin , 50th Anniversary Edition , Boston & New York , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ JRR Tolkien : The Lord of the Rings . George Allen & Unwin , London , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 823087 - 1 . Page 60 . Jump up ^ For example , The Fellowship of the Ring , ISBN 0 - 618 - 00222 - 7 , from the Houghton - Mifflin boxed paperback set of 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 131 pg 152 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 246 pg 332 Jump up ^ Letters , Number 246 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 203 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 226 Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis BBC interview '' . BBC News . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Alex Ross , `` The Ring and the Rings > Wagner vs Tolkien '' , The New Yorker , December 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 229 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle - earth , page 296 Jump up ^ `` CMU Libraries : Book : Tolkien 's Cauldron '' . Shelf1.library.cmu.edu. 2001 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - Tolkien Studies - Roots and Branches : Selected Papers on Tolkien ( review ) '' . Muse.jhu.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roots and Branches References ( edit ) Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Bilbo 's Last Song Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Ring&oldid=841937047 '' Categories : Fictional elements introduced in 1937 Magic objects Middle - earth rings and jewels Fictional gemstones and jewelry Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Tolkien articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Interlingua Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 02 : 34 . 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5684960373587415807 | And Then There Were None | And Then There Were None - wikipedia And Then There Were None Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the book . For other uses , see And Then There Were None ( disambiguation ) . And Then There Were None Cover of first UK 1939 edition by Stephen Bellman with original title Author Agatha Christie Original title Ten Little Niggers Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Mystery , crime , psychological thriller Publisher Collins Crime Club Publication date 6 November 1939 Pages 272 Preceded by Murder Is Easy Followed by Sad Cypress Website And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie , widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write . It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 , as Ten Little Niggers , after the British blackface song , which serves as a major plot point . The US edition was not released until December 1939 ; its American reprints and adaptations were all retitled And Then There Were None , after the last five words in the nursery rhyme `` Ten Little Indians '' . It is Christie 's best - selling novel ; with more than 100 million copies sold , it is also the world 's best - selling mystery and one of the best - selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the seventh best - selling title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Plot summary 3 Current published version of the rhyme 4 Characters 5 History of the publication 's title 5.1 English - language versions 5.2 Foreign language versions 6 Literary significance and reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film 7.2 Radio 7.3 Stage 7.4 Television 7.5 Other media 7.6 Timeline of adaptations 8 Parodies , references and related works 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) In the novel , a group of people are lured into coming to an island under different pretexts , e.g. , offers of employment , to enjoy a late summer holiday , or to meet old friends . All have been complicit in the deaths of other human beings , but either escaped justice or committed an act that was not subject to legal sanction . The guests and two servants who are present are `` charged '' with their respective `` crimes '' by a gramophone recording after dinner the first night , and informed that they have been brought to the island to pay for their actions . They are the only people on the island , and can not escape due to the distance from the mainland and the inclement weather , and gradually all ten are killed in turn , each in a manner that seems to parallel the deaths in the nursery rhyme . Nobody else seems to be left alive on the island by the time of the apparent last death . A confession , in the form of a postscript to the novel , unveils how the killings took place and who was responsible . Plot summary ( edit ) On a hot , early August day sometime in the late 1930s , eight people arrive on a small , isolated island off the Devon coast of England . Each appears to have an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances , such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday . They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers , the butler and cook / housekeeper , who state that their hosts , Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen , whom they have not yet met in person , have not arrived , but left instructions , which strikes all the guests as odd . A framed copy of a nursery rhyme , `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( called `` Ten Little Indians '' or `` Ten Little Soldiers '' in later editions ) , hangs in every guest 's room , and ten figurines sit on the dining room table . After supper , a gramophone ( or `` phonograph '' ) record is played ; it contains a recording that describes each visitor in turn , accuses each of having committed murder but escaping justice , and then asks if any of `` the accused '' wishes to offer a defence . All but Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard deny the charges , and Miss Brent refuses to discuss the matter . They discover that none of them actually knows the Owens and conclude that the name `` U.N. Owen '' is shorthand for `` Unknown '' . In the aftermath of the recording , Marston finishes his drink and immediately dies from cyanide poisoning . The remaining guests notice that one of the ten figurines is now broken , and the nursery rhyme appears to reflect the manner of death ( `` One choked his little self and then there were nine '' ) . The next morning , Mrs Rogers ' corpse is found in her bed ; she had died in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate . By lunchtime , General MacArthur is found dead , from a heavy blow to his head . Two more figurines are found to be broken , and again the deaths parallel the rhyme . Miss Brent , who had refused to speak with the men present , relates the account of the gramophone charge against her to Vera Claythorne , who later tells the others . A search for `` Mr Owen '' shows that nobody else is on the island except the remaining seven . The island is a `` bare rock '' with no hiding places , and no one could have arrived or left ; thus , they uncomfortably conclude that any one of the seven remaining persons is the killer . Justice Wargrave leads the group in determining that as of yet , none of them can definitively be ruled out as the murderer . The next morning , Rogers is found dead while chopping wood , and after breakfast , Miss Brent is found dead in the kitchen , where she had been left alone after complaining of feeling unwell ; she had been injected with potassium cyanide via a hypodermic needle . Wargrave then suggests searching all the rooms , and any potentially dangerous items they can think of are locked up . Lombard 's gun is missing from his room . When Vera goes upstairs to take a bath , she is shocked by the touch and smell of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams ; the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room . Wargrave , however , is still downstairs . The others find him seated , immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge . Wargrave is examined briefly by Dr Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead . That night , Lombard appears surprised when he finds his gun returned to his room . Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail . He then discovers Armstrong is absent from his room , and the remaining three guests conclude that Armstrong must be the killer . Vera , Blore , and Lombard decide to stay together at all times . In the morning , they unsuccessfully attempt to signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight . Blore then decides to return to the house for food by himself -- the others are not hungry -- and is killed by a heavy bear - shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera 's window sill , crushing his skull . Vera and Lombard are now confident that Armstrong is the killer . However , shortly afterwards , the duo come upon Armstrong 's body washed up on the beach , which they do not immediately recognize due to decomposition . They realize that Armstrong could not have killed Blore . Panicked , each concludes the other must be the killer , overlooking that neither had the opportunity as they were together on the beach and when they found Blore 's body . Quickly regaining her composure , Vera suggests moving the doctor 's body past the shore , but this is a pretext . She manages to lift Lombard 's gun . When Lombard lunges at her to get it back , she shoots him dead . She returns to the house in a shaken dreamlike state , relieved to be alive . She finds a noose and chair arranged in her room , and a strong smell of the sea . With visions of her former lover , Hugo , urging her on , in a post-traumatic state , she adjusts the noose and kicks the chair out from under her . Two Scotland Yard officials are puzzled by the identity of U.N. Owen . Although they can ostensibly reconstruct the deaths from Marston to Wargrave with the help of the victims ' diaries and a coroner 's careful report , they are forced to conclude that `` U.N. Owen '' was one of the victims , but are unable to determine which one . They note that the chair on which Vera stood to hang herself had been set back upright , indicating that someone -- presumably the killer -- was still alive on the island after her suicide . Postscript from the Killer In a postscript , a fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets ; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings , which is then sent to Scotland Yard . It is not clear how long after the killings the bottle was discovered . In the confession , Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder , but is morally limited to victims who are themselves guilty and deserving of such an end . He explains how he tricked the gullible Dr. Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would supposedly give him the freedom to help the group identify the killer , and also explains that after Vera died , he replaced the chair in her room neatly against the wall . Finally , he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests ' diaries . Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery , he acknowledges in the missive a `` pitiful human '' need for recognition , hence the confession . He also describes how his first chronological victim was actually Isaac Morris , the sleazy lawyer and drugs trafficker who anonymously purchased the island and arranged the invitations on his behalf . Morris was poisoned before Wargrave departed for the island . Wargrave 's intention is that when the police arrive they will find ten bodies , with evidence that someone had been alive after each death , but nobody else on the island , and no way to trace the killer through his invitations or preparations . He states that , although there are three clues that could guide the police to the correct killer , he is confident they will be unable to do so and that the mystery will remain unsolved until the confession is retrieved . Current published version of the rhyme ( edit ) Main article : Ten Little Indians Ten little Soldier Boys went out to dine ; One choked his little self and then there were nine . Nine little Soldier Boys sat up very late ; One overslept himself and then there were eight . Eight little Soldier Boys travelling in Devon ; One said he 'd stay there and then there were seven . Seven little Soldier Boys chopping up sticks ; One chopped himself in halves and then there were six . Six little Soldier Boys playing with a hive ; A bumblebee stung one and then there were five . Five little Soldier Boys going in for law ; One got in Chancery and then there were four . Four little Soldier Boys going out to sea ; A red herring swallowed one and then there were three . Three little Soldier Boys walking in the zoo ; A big bear hugged one and then there were two . Two little Soldier Boys sitting in the sun ; One got frizzled up and then there was one . One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went out and hanged himself and then there were none . Characters ( edit ) The following details of the characters are based on the original novel . Backstories , backgrounds , and names vary with differing international adaptations , based on censorship , cultural norms , etc . Anthony James Marston , a handsome but amoral and irresponsible young man , killed two young children ( John and Lucy Combes ) while driving recklessly , for which he felt no real remorse and accepted no personal responsibility , complaining only that his driving licence had been suspended as a result . He was the first island victim , poisoned with potassium cyanide slipped into his drink while the guests were listening to the gramophone recording . ( `` One choked his little self ... '' ) Mrs Ethel Rogers , the cook / housekeeper and Thomas Rogers ' wife , described as a pale and ghost - like woman who walks in mortal fear . She was dominated by her bullying husband , who coerced her into agreeing to withhold the medicine of a former employer ( Miss Jennifer Brady , an elderly spinster ) in order that they might collect an inheritance they knew she had left them in her will . Mrs Rogers was haunted by the crime for the rest of her life , and was the second victim , dying in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate in her brandy . ( `` One overslept himself ... '' ) General John Gordon Macarthur , a retired World War I war hero , who sent his late wife 's lover ( a younger officer , Arthur Richmond ) to his death by assigning him to a mission where it was practically guaranteed he would not survive . Leslie Macarthur had mistakenly put the wrong letters in the envelopes on one occasion when she wrote to both men at the same time . The general accepts that no one will leave the island alive , which he tells Vera Claythorne . Shortly thereafter , he is bludgeoned while left alone sitting along the shore . ( `` One said he 'd stay there ... '' ) Thomas Rogers , the butler and Ethel Rogers ' husband . He dominated his weak - willed wife , and they killed their former elderly employer by withholding her medicine , causing the woman to die from heart failure , thus inheriting the money she bequeathed them in her will . Despite his wife 's death , Rogers was still serving the others . In that capacity , he was killed when bludgeoned with an axe as he cut firewood in the woodshed . ( `` One chopped himself in halves ... '' ) Emily Caroline Brent , an elderly , religiously rigid , socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints . Years earlier , she had dismissed her young maid , Beatrice Taylor , for becoming pregnant out of wedlock . Beatrice , who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason , drowned herself , which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin . She refuses to discuss the matter with the gentlemen , telling them , `` I have always acted in accordance with the dictates of my conscience . I have nothing with which to reproach myself . '' Later , she confides what happened regarding Beatrice Taylor to Vera Claythorne , who tells the others shortly before Miss Brent is found dead herself . She was sedated with chloral hydrate in her coffee , leaving her disorientated , before being injected in the neck with potassium cyanide while left alone in the kitchen , with one of Dr Armstrong 's hypodermic syringes . The murderer also put a bee into the room . ( `` A bumblebee stung one ... '' ) Dr Edward George Armstrong , a Harley Street doctor , responsible for the death of a patient , Louisa Mary Clees , after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier . Armstrong is asked by Justice Wargrave to help fake his death , on the pretext that this will leave the judge free to find the killer , but is fooled in doing so -- while rendezvousing with the judge at night on a rocky cliff , the judge asks him if he sees a cave . When Armstrong looks , he is pushed by the other man into the sea , and is killed . ( `` A red herring swallowed one ... '' ) . His body goes missing for a while , leading the others to believe that he is the killer , but his corpse washes ashore at the end of the novel , sparking the final confrontation between Vera Claythorne and Philip Lombard in which the latter is killed . William Henry Blore , a former police inspector and now a private investigator , was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang , which resulted in an innocent man , James Landor , being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment . Landor , who had a wife and young child , died shortly afterwards in prison . Using the alias `` Davis '' and claiming to have arrived from South Africa , as he was instructed to do , he is on the island for `` security work '' . His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording . He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording , but later privately admits the truth to Lombard . He was crushed by a bear - shaped clock dropped from Vera 's bedroom window onto the terrace below . ( `` A big bear hugged one ... '' ) Philip Lombard , a soldier of fortune . Literally down to his last square meal , he comes to the island with a loaded revolver , as suggested by his invitation letter . Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen , after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths . He and Marston are the only guests to openly and immediately confirm that the accusations against them are true ; neither feels any remorse . ( `` Story 's quite true ! I left ' em ! Matter of self - preservation . We were lost in the bush . I and a couple of other fellows took what food there was and cleared out ... Not quite the act of a pukka sahib , I 'm afraid . But self - preservation 's a man 's first duty . And natives do n't mind dying , you know . They do n't feel about it as Europeans do . '' ) Lombard fulfilled the ninth referenced verse of the rhyme , shot to death on the beach by Vera , ( `` One got frizzled up ... '' ) who believed him to be the murderer . Of all the `` guests '' he is the only one to theorize that `` U.N. Owen '' might be Wargrave , but the others reject this and it does him no good . He and Vera are the only guests not killed by Justice Wargrave . Technically he is the 8th person to die out of the ten guests . Vera Elizabeth Claythorne , a cool , efficient , resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third - rate girls ' school . She has largely worked at secretarial jobs ever since her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge , Cyril Hamilton , whom she intentionally allowed to swim out to sea -- as the child had wanted to do , but had theretofore been denied as too dangerous -- and drowned . She did this so her lover , Cyril 's uncle , Hugo Hamilton , could become the family heir , inherit the estate and marry her , which had been their original plan before Cyril 's birth changed things . She swam out to sea to `` save '' Cyril to make it seem he had disobeyed her -- as she had consistently told him it was too dangerous -- but knowing she would not arrive in time . Her plan backfired when Hugo , who loved his nephew , abandoned her after he somehow sensed what she had done . Hugo , ironically , did become the heir but has become a miserable drunkard . On a fateful transatlantic journey , he met Wargrave and , inebriated , told the judge , `` I 've known a murderess -- known her , I tell you ( confides Hugo ) ... Women are fiends -- absolute fiends -- you would n't think a girl like that -- a nice straight jolly girl -- you would n't think she 'd do that , would you ? That she 'd take a kid out to sea and let it drown -- you would n't think a woman could do a thing like that ? '' Wargrave was able to trace Vera with this information , and lure her to the island . In the penultimate scene of the novel , she manages to take Lombard 's gun , and shoot him dead in what she believed was self - defence . She returns to the house , relieved she has survived . When she goes to her room , she finds a readied noose , complete with chair beneath it , suspended from a hook hanging from the ceiling . She , in what Wargrave , hidden from her sight , describes first hand as a post-traumatic state , sees and hears Hugo , her former lover , encouraging her . She adjusts the noose round her neck and kicks the chair away , fulfilling the rhyme 's final verse ( `` One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went and hanged himself and then there were none . '' ) Justice Lawrence John Wargrave , a retired judge , known as a `` hanging judge '' for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases . Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton , a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman , and sentencing him to death unfairly . However , as the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard , new evidence after Seton 's execution proved he was unmistakably guilty . He admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to cause death , but felt bound only to indulge it with guilty persons , and a lifelong wish to create a masterpiece of a mystery . Finding himself terminally ill , he creates a game in which , as island owner `` U.N. Owen '' ( i.e. , `` Unknown '' ) , he entices to an island various people who have been responsible for the deaths of other people , but escaped justice , through a third party agent , Isaac Morris , in order to be a murderer himself , and kill his `` guests '' in a way that would leave an almost - unsolvable mystery . After the deaths , he arranges the island so that each death appears to have a survivor . However out of what he admits is a `` pitiful human need '' for recognition , he also writes a confession , which he throws in the sea , and leaves to chance whether it will be found . His final act is to shoot himself in a way that matches the description of his death in some of the other guests ' diaries , by using a rubber cord and handkerchief wrapped around the gun when he shoots himself in the head ; the elastic will separate and attract no attention , and the gun and cloth will recoil a sufficient distance from him to avoid any suspicion of the true circumstances by the police . Isaac Morris is an unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island ( under the name `` U.N. Owen '' ) , arrange the gramophone recording , and make various necessary arrangements on his behalf , including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard , to whom he gave some money to get by ( with the promise of more to come ) and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island ( a fateful proposition , without which events could not have developed as they did to make Wargrave 's gambit successful ) . Morris 's is actually the first death chronologically , as he died before the guests arrived on the island . Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities . The victim by chance was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave . A hypochondriac , he trusted `` Mr Owen '' sufficiently to accept the latter 's lethal cocktail of pills , assured they would improve his health , although Wargrave would have had to get rid of him in any event . Fred Narracott , the boatman who delivered the guests to the island . After doing so , he does not appear again in the story , although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who , sensing something seriously amiss , returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed , before he was scheduled to do , and found the bodies . Maine speculates that it was the normalcy and ordinariness of the guests that convinced Narracott to do so and ignore his orders to dismiss any signals requesting help . Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine , two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in the epilogue . In their conversation , which takes place an unspecified amount of time after the events of the book ( but before Wargrave 's confession is found ) , they attempt to reason out the events of the case , but are dumbfounded and unable to solve the mystery . The name Legge is a symbolic name , because , in Italian , it means Law . History of the publication 's title ( edit ) English - language versions ( edit ) Cover of first US 1940 edition with current title for all English - language versions . The novel was originally published in 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously , in the United Kingdom and the United States . In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers , in book and newspaper serialized formats . The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939 . All of the instalments carried an illustration by `` Prescott '' with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story . The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions . The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence . In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None , again in both book and serial formats . Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK , due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture , where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture , and because of the pejorative connotations of the original blackface rhyme . The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May ( Volume 211 , Number 47 ) to 1 July 1939 ( Volume 212 , Number 1 ) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh , and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd , Mead and Company for $2 . In the original UK novel all references to `` Indians '' or `` Soldiers '' were originally `` Nigger '' , including the island 's name , the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors , and the ten figurines . ( In Chapter 7 , Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of `` our black brothers '' , which is understandable only in the context of the original name . ) The word `` nigger '' was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century , and therefore the book 's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book , as did the 1945 motion picture . The book and its adaptations have since been released under various new names since the original publication , including Ten Little Indians ( 1946 play , Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book ) , Ten Little Soldiers and -- the most widely used today -- And Then There Were None . UK editions continued to use the work 's original title until the 1980s ; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback . English language editions and titles Christie , Agatha ( November 1939 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Collins Crime Club . OCLC 152375426 . Hardback , 256 pp. ( First edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( January 1940 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 1824276 . Hardback , 264 pp. ( First US edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Pocket Books ( Pocket number 261 ) . Paperback , 173 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1947 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Pan Books ( Pan number 4 ) . Paperback , 190 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1958 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Penguin Books ( Penguin number 1256 ) . Paperback , 201 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1963 ) . And Then There Were None . London : Fontana . OCLC 12503435 . Paperback , 190 pp . ( The 1985 reprint was the first UK publication of the novel under the title And Then There Were None . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . OCLC 29462459 . ( First publication of novel as Ten Little Indians . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Washington Square Press . Paperback , teacher 's edition . Christie , Agatha ( 1977 ) . Ten Little Niggers ( Greenway ed . ) . London : Collins Crime Club . ISBN 0 - 00 - 231835 - 0 . Collected works , Hardback , 252 pp. ( Except for reprints of the 1963 Fontana paperback , this was one of the last English - language publications of the novel under the title Ten Little Niggers . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1980 ) . The Mysterious Affair at Styles ; Ten Little Niggers ; Dumb Witness . Sydney : Lansdowne Press . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1453 - 5 . ( Late use of the original title in an Australian edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1986 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 55222 - 8 . ( Last publication of novel under the title Ten Little Indians . ) Foreign language versions ( edit ) The original title ( Ten Little Niggers ) still survives in a few foreign - language versions of the novel , such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета , and was used in other languages for a time , for example in the Dutch publication until the 18th edition of 1994 . The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign - language versions , for example in Spanish , Greek , Serbian , Romanian , French and Hungarian , as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят ( Desyat Negrityat ) . In 1999 , the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik ( And Then There Were None ) mid-run . Non-English translations and titles Language Title English translation Arabic عشرة عبيد صغار ( Eshrt eubayd sghar ) ثم لم يبق منهم أحد ( thumm lm yabq minhum ahd ) جزيرة الموت ( jazirat almwt ) عشرة زنوج صغار ( eshrt zunuj saghar ) Ten Young Slaves And Then There Were None Isle of Death Ten Little Negroes Basque Eta ez zen alerik ere geratu And Then There Were None Bengali রইলো না আর কেউ ( Ra'ilō nā āra kē'u ) And Then There Were None Bosnian Deset malih crnaca Ten Little Negroes Breton Dek morian bihan Ten Little Negroes Bulgarian Десет малки негърчета ( Deset malki negŭrcheta ) Ten Little Negroes Catalan Deu negrets Ten Little Negroes Chinese 無人 生還 ( Wú rén shēng huán ) 一個 都 不 留 ( Yī gè dōu bù liú ) No One Survived None is Left Croatian Deset malih crnaca Ten Little Negroes Czech Deset malých černoušků Ten Little Negroes Danish En af os er morderen One of Us is the Killer Dutch Tien kleine negertjes En toen waren er nog maar ... Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were Only ... Estonian Kümme väikest neegrit ( 1994 edition ) Ja ei jäänud teda ka ( 2008 edition ) Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Finnish Eikä yksikään pelastunut ( 1940 , 2004 ) Kymmenen pientä neekeripoikaa ( 1968 ) And None Survived Ten Little Negro Boys French Dix Petits Nègres Ten Little Negroes Galician Dez negriños Ten Little Negroes Georgian და აღარავინ დარჩა And Then There Were None German Das letzte Wochenende ( 1944 ) Zehn kleine Negerlein ( 1982 ) Und dann gab 's keines mehr ( 2003 ) Last Weekend Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Greek Δέκα μικροί νέγροι ( Déka mikrí négri ) Ten Little Negroes Hebrew עשרה כושים קטנים ( asara kushim ktanim ) Ten Little Negroes Hungarian Tíz kicsi néger Ten Little Negroes Icelandic Tíu litlir negrastrákar Ten Little Negro Boys Indonesian Sepuluh Anak Negro Lalu Semuanya Lenyap Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Italian Dieci piccoli indiani E non ne rimase nessuno Ten Little Indians And Then There Were None Japanese そして 誰 もい なくなっ た ( Soshite dare mo i naku natta ) And Then There Were None Kannada ಗಾಜಿನ ಮನೆ ( Gaajina Mane ) The Glass House Korean 그리고 아무도 없었다 ( Geurigo amudo eobs - eossda ) And Then There Were None Latvian Desmit mazi nēģerēni Ten Little Negroes Macedonian Десетте мали црнци ( Desette mali crnci ) Ten Little Negroes Malayalam ഒടുവില് ആരും അവശേഷിച്ചില്ല ( Oduvil Aarum Avasheshichilla ) No One Survived in the End Malaysian Sepuluh Budak Hitam Ten Black Children Norwegian Ti små negerbarn Og dermed var det ingen Ten Little Negro Children And Then There Were None Persian ده بچه زنگی Ten Negro Children Polish Dziesięciu murzynków I nie było już nikogo Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Portuguese ( European ) Convite para a Morte As Dez Figuras Negras Invitation to Death Ten Black Figures Portuguese ( Brazilian ) E Não Sobrou Nenhum O Caso dos Dez Negrinhos O Vingador Invisível And Then There Were None The Case of the Ten Little Negroes The Invisible Avenger Romanian Zece negri mititei Ten Little Negroes Russian Десять негритят ( Desyat ' negrityat ) Ten Little Negroes Serbian Десет малих црнаца ( Deset malih crnaca ) Ten Little Negroes Slovak A neostal ani jeden And Then There Were None Slovenian Deset zamorčkov ( 1967 ) In potem ni bilo nikogar več ( 2006 ) Bilo jih je deset ( 2016 ) Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None There Were Ten of Them Spanish Y no quedó ninguno Diez Negritos And No One Remained Ten Little Negroes Swedish Tio små negerpojkar ( 1940 ) Och så var de bara en ( 2008 ) Ten Little Negro Boys And Then They Were Only One Tamil பிறகு அங்கு ஒருவர் கூட இல்லை ( Piragu angu oruvar kooda illai ) And Then There Were None Telugu మరియు అప్పుడు ఎవరూ దేర్ వర్ And Then There Were None Thai ฆาตกรรม ยก เกาะ ( RTGS : Khattakam yok ko ) Murders on the Island Turkish On Küçük Zenci Ten Little Negroes Ukrainian І не лишилось жодного And Then There Were None Urdu اور پھر کوئی بی نہیں رہا ! And Then There Were None Vietnamese Mười người da đen nhỏ Ten Little Black People Literary significance and reception ( edit ) And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie 's best - known mysteries , widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written . Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939 , Maurice Percy Ashley stated , `` If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders ... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full - length novel . Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer '' , he continued . `` It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly . '' Many other reviews were also complimentary ; in The New York Times Book Review ( 25 February 1940 ) , Isaac Anderson detailed the set - up of the plot up to the point where `` the voice '' accuses the ten `` guests '' of their past crimes or sins , which have all resulted in the deaths of other human beings , and then said , `` When you read what happens after that you will not believe it , but you will keep on reading , and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading . The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating . It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written , and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory . We are referring , of course , to mysteries that have logical explanations , as this one has . It is a tall story , to be sure , but it could have happened . '' Such was the quality of Christie 's work on this book that many compared it to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) . For instance , an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said , `` Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie , but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending . With And Then There Were None ... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising ... is , indeed , considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level . '' Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings . Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observer 's issue of 5 November 1939 which began , `` No wonder Agatha Christie 's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance . We will refrain , however , from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best , most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written . We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly , as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody , and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure . '' After stating the set - up of the plot , Richardson concluded , `` Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie 's baleful form . Her plot may be highly artificial , but it is neat , brilliantly cunning , soundly constructed , and free from any of those red - herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work . '' Robert Barnard , a recent critic , concurred with the reviews , describing the book as `` Suspenseful and menacing detective - story - cum - thriller . The closed setting with the succession of deaths is here taken to its logical conclusion , and the dangers of ludicrousness and sheer reader - disbelief are skillfully avoided . Probably the best - known Christie , and justifiably among the most popular . '' The original title of the mystery ( Ten Little Niggers ) has long been abandoned as offensive in English - speaking countries and a number of others . Some critics have opined that Christie 's original title and the setting on `` Nigger Island '' ( later changed to `` Indian Island '' and `` Soldier Island '' , variously ) may be integral to the work . These aspects of the novel , argues Alison Light , `` could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling ' otherness ' , a place where revelations about the ' dark side ' of the English would be appropriate . '' Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness , `` Christie 's location is both more domesticated and privatized , taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery . If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears , it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment . '' In the `` Binge ! '' article of Entertainment Weekly Issue # 1343 - 44 ( 26 December 2014 -- 3 January 2015 ) , the writers picked And Then There Were None as an `` EW favorite '' on the list of the `` Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Adaptations ( edit ) And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie . Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story , such as using Christie 's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island . Film ( edit ) There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel , some comedic . Examples include : And Then There Were None ( 1945 film ) , René Clair 's cinema adaptation , was a successful US production Ten Little Indians ( 1965 film ) , is George Pollock 's cinema adaptation Gumnaam ( 1965 , translation : Unknown or Anonymous ) is an Indian suspense thriller film adaptation Nadu Iravil ( 1970 , translation : In the middle of the night ) , a Tamil adaptation directed by Sundaram Balachander And Then There Were None ( 1974 film ) , the first English - language colour version , directed by Peter Collinson Desyat ' Negrityat ( 1987 , Десять негритят , Eng : `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Stanislav Govorukhin 's Russian adaptation keeps intact Christie 's grim storyline and ending . Ten Little Indians , a 1989 American version directed by Alan Birkinshaw Aduthathu ( 2012 ) is a Tamil adaptation Aatagara ( 2015 ) is a Kannada film adaptation Radio ( edit ) The BBC broadcast `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( 1947 ) , adapted by Ayton Whitaker , first aired as a Monday Matinee on the BBC Home Service on 27 December 1947 and as Saturday Night Theatre on the BBC Light Programme on 29 December . On 13 November 2010 , as part of its Saturday Play series , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 90 - minute adaptation written by Joy Wilkinson . The production was directed by Mary Peate and featured , among others , Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave , Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne , Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard , John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong , and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent . In this production , which is extremely faithful to the novel , the rhyme is `` Ten Little Soldier Boys '' . Stage ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) And Then There Were None ( 1943 play ) is Christie 's adaptation of the story for the stage . She and the producers agreed that audiences might not flock to a tale with such a grim ending as the novel , nor would it work well dramatically as there would be no one left to tell the story . Thus , she reworked the ending for Lombard and Vera to be innocent of the crimes of which they were accused , survive , and fall in love with each other . Some of the names were also changed , e.g. , General Macarthur became General McKenzie ( possibly due to the real - life General Douglas MacArthur 's then playing a prominent role in the ongoing World War II ) . And Then There Were None ( 1944 play ) , Dundee Repertory Theatre Company was given special permission to restore the original ending of the novel . The company first performed a stage adaptation of the novel in 1944 under its original title . And Then There Were None ( 2005 play ) , On 14 October 2005 , a new version of the play , written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Steven Pimlott , opened at the Gielgud Theatre in London . For this version , Elyot returned to the original story , restoring the nihilism of the original . Television ( edit ) Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television . There have been three different British adaptations : two by the BBC ( in 1949 and 2015 ) , and an ITV adaptation in 1959 . And Then There Were None ( miniseries ) ( airdates 26 -- 28 December 2015 ) , is a BBC One adaptation based on the original novel . This was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the original novel . On 25 and 26 March , 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして 誰 もい なくなっ た ( Soshite daremo inakunatta ) , a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei ( 長坂 秀佳 ) of the original story set in modern times . Other media ( edit ) The novel has been the inspiration for several video games . For the Apple II , Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980 . On the PC , The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None in 2005 , the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels . In February 2008 , it was ported to the Wii console . The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book . The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott ( brother of Fred Naracott , who is involved in a newly created subplot ) , who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled . This allows for alternate , more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne . All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different . And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009 , adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq . Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book , created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría , and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado . Timeline of adaptations ( edit ) type Title Year Notes Film And Then There Were None 1945 American film and first cinema adaptation . Produced & directed by René Clair . TV Ten Little Niggers 1949 BBC television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Niggers 1959 ITV television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Indians 1959 NBC television production ( IMDb ) Film Ten Little Indians 1965 British film and second cinema adaptation . Directed by George Pollock and produced by Harry Alan Towers ; Pollock had previously handled four Miss Marple films starring Margaret Rutherford . Set in a mountain retreat in Austria . Film ( loosely based ) Gumnaam 1965 Uncredited Hindi film adaptation , which adds the characteristic `` Bollywood '' elements of comedy , music and dance to Christie 's plot . TV Zehn kleine Negerlein 1969 West German television production ( IMDb ) Film ( loosely based ) 5 bambole per la luna d'agosto 1970 Italian film ( directed by Mario Bava ) Film And Then There Were None English language film by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers . First English - language color film version of the novel , based on a screenplay by Towers ( writing as `` Peter Welbeck '' ) , who co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film . Set at a grand hotel in the Iranian desert . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) Télé Liban TV series directed by Jean Fayyad , TV Adaptation by Latifeh Moultaka . ( Facebook Page ) Film Desyat ' negrityat Десять негритят ( `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Russian film version produced / directed by Stanislav Govorukhin , notable for being the first cinema adaptation to keep the novel 's original plot and grim ending . Film Ten Little Indians British film , produced by Harry Towers and directed by Alan Birkinshaw , set on safari in the African savannah . Film ( loosely based ) Identity 2003 Horror film with same starting settings Film ( loosely based ) Mindhunters Suspense - thriller film with a similar premise Sound novel Umineko no Naku Koro Ni Umineko no Naku Koro Ni Chiru 2007 -- 2010 A series of Japanese sound novels which borrows the book 's premise and sets the reader on a quest to discover the identity behind the crimes , and whether it is human or not . TV ( loosely based ) Harper 's Island 2009 13 episode mini-series with the same premise Film ( loosely based ) Devil film by M. Night Shyamalan adapts this story 's basic structure and final plot twist to the confines of an elevator Film ( loosely based ) The Incite Mill Japanese suspense - thriller film based on the premise of the story . Overt references are made to the story within the film . Film ( loosely based ) Game 2011 Bollywood thriller inspired by the story Film ( loosely based ) Aduthathu 2012 Tamil movie TV ( loosely based ) Whodunnit ? 2013 A Reality TV Gameshow Created by Anthony E. Zuiker . Film ( loosely based ) Asach Eka Betavar 2013 Marathi movie Film ( loosely based ) Sabotage 2014 an American action thriller / crime drama film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger . Film ( loosely based ) TEN 2014 Surrealist intrigue murder mystery . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) 2014 MTV Lebanon television production ( MTV ) Film ( loosely based ) Aatagaara 2015 Kannada movie directed by K.M. Chaitanya produced by Dwarkish TV And Then There Were None 2015 BBC One miniseries broadcast on three consecutive nights , directed by Craig Viveiros and adapted by Sarah Phelps . Similar to book , although not identical , with changes to backstories and actual murders on the island . TV Soshite Daremo Inakunatta 2017 Japanese TV Asahi miniseries broadcast on two consecutive nights , directed by Seiji Izumi and adapted by Hideka Nagasaka . ( TV Asahi ) Parodies , references and related works ( edit ) In 1930 , The Ninth Guest by Owen Davis , premiered on Broadway . Its plot ( and that of the 1934 film based on the play ) strongly matches that of Christie 's novel , including a recorded voice announcing to the invitees that their sins will be visited upon them by death . Davis 's play was based on the novel The Invisible Host , by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning ( also 1930 ) , both of which predated Christie 's novel by nine years . The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film , A Study in Scarlet , predates the publication of Ten Little Indians and follows a strikingly similar plot ; it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint : `` Six little Indians ... bee stung one and then there were five '' ; the film predates the novel by six years . Though it is a Sherlock Holmes movie , the movie bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle 's original story of the same name . In this case , the rhyme refers to `` Ten Little Fat Boys '' . The author of the movie 's screenplay , Robert Florey , `` doubted that ( Christie ) had seen A Study in Scarlet , but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her '' . Several parodies have been made . As early as autumn 1942 , `` World 's Finest Comics '' ( # 7 , Fall Issue ) had a Superman story by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster called `` The Eight Doomed Men '' which used Christie 's basic structure and even borrowed a number of her victim 's backgrounds , although Superman intervened to rescue half of the intended victims and the killer 's motivation was changed to specific revenge . Siegel and Shuster anticipated the 1966 film by moving the locale to a mountain cabin and tossed in a Zeppelin - like dirigible -- one location not yet used in adaptations of the story . Another parody , the 1976 Broadway musical Something 's Afoot , stars Tessie O'Shea as a female sleuth resembling Miss Marple . Something 's Afoot takes place in a remote English estate , where six guests have been invited for the weekend . The guests , as well as three servants and a young man who claims to have wandered innocently onto the estate , are then murdered one by one , several in full view of the audience , with the murderer 's surprise identity revealed at the end . For an encore , the murdered cast members perform a song , `` I Owe It All to Agatha Christie '' . In the 1967 The Avengers episode `` The Superlative Seven '' John Steed is invited to a costume party aboard a chartered aeroplane . The aeroplane is being flown by remote control . Steed and the six other fancy - dressed guests , who are specialists in various combat styles , eventually land on a deserted island where they are informed that one of them is a trained assassin trying to kill them all . When the first murder is committed , Steed observes `` Looks as though his back was broken '' . To which an off - screen protagonist responds , over a speaker , `` Quite right , Mr Steed . And then there were six '' . CSI : Crime Scene Investigation based an episode of the show 's second season under the same name focusing on a gang of armed robbers stealing from casinos outside the Las Vegas metropolitan area with each criminal killing a member of the gang to keep more of the proceeds . The animated US sitcom Family Guy loosely parodied the novel in the 2010 episode And Then There Were Fewer in which a number of previously regular characters were killed off . The 1998 anime film Case Closed : The Fourteenth Target is a combination of this story , with intended victims invited to a secluded island and the murderer hiding amongst them , and Christie 's Hercule Poirot novel The A.B.C. Murders . The sixth game of the Touhou Project series Embodiment of Scarlet Devil contains references to the Christie novel in the Extra boss , such as the title of the music being played called `` U.N Owen Was Her ? '' , an attack named `` And Then There Were None '' and also dialogues quoting the book . The season 2 finale of the Australian TV show Miss Fisher 's Murder Mysteries ( `` Murder under the Mistletoe '' , 2013 ) mirrors the plot of Christie 's novel . Guests stranded in a secluded mansion are murdered one by one according to the circumstances described in the `` 12 Days of Christmas . '' Like in the Christie novel , the guests soon realize that the murderer must be among them , but the culprit escapes detection by means of a bluff involving one of the corpses . The episode follows the 1965 film Ten Little Indians in re-imagining the island as a snowed - in inaccessible chalet . In Anthony Horowitz 's detective series , The Diamond Brothers , the case I Know What You Did Last Wednesday pays homage to And Then There Were None ; protagonist Nick Diamond accompanies his brother Tim to a school reunion on a lonely island where the various guests start dying in a manner that reflects back to a subject that they came first in at school ( the person who came first in chemistry is poisoned , the one who came first in geography is crushed by a globe , etc . ) , with the killer revealed at the conclusion to be a former schoolfriend who came second in everything . Sierra 's Laura Bow adventure game has a similar plot , inspired by the novel , where some ( although innocent ) people are murdered by a serial killer who is also found dead before their true identity is revealed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None '' . HarperCollins . ^ Jump up to : `` HarderCollins article on their adaptation '' . HarperCollins UK . 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 727532 - 8 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Ten Little Indian Boys '' . The Observer. 5 November 1939 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peers , C. ; Spurrier , A. ; Sturgeon , J. ( 1999 ) . Collins Crime Club -- A checklist of First Editions ( 2nd ed . ) . Dragonby Press . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 871122 - 13 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pendergast , Bruce ( 2004 ) . Everyman 's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie . Victoria , BC : Trafford Publishing . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 2304 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Tribute to Agatha Christie -- The Classic Years : 1940 -- 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Helen ; Dorfman , Marjorie ; Fons , Mary ; Hawkins , Deborah ; Hintz , Martin ; Lundgren , Linnea ; Priess , David ; Clark Robinson , Julia ; Seaburn , Paul ; Stevens , Heidi ; Theunissen , Steve ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` 21 Best - Selling Books of All Time '' . Editors of Publications International , Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : The Crime Club . pp. 31 -- 32 . Original nursery rhyme access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None : A Mystery Play in Three Acts . Samuel French . This line is sometimes replaced by One got left behind and then there were seven . Jump up ^ Note : In some versions the ninth verse reads Two little Soldier boys playing with a gun / One shot the other and then there was One . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( March 2008 ) . And Then There Were None . Harper - Collins . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074683 - 4 . Jump up ^ Holdings at the British Library ( Newspapers -- Colindale ) ; Shelfmark NPL LON LD3 / NPL LON MLD3 . ^ Jump up to : British National Bibliography for 1985 . British Library ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7123 - 1035 - 5 Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Cumulative Book List for 1977 . J. Whitaker and Sons Ltd. 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 85021 - 105 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` '' Zece negri mititei '' si `` Crima din Orient Express '' , azi cu `` Adevarul '' '' ( in Romanian ) . Adevarul.ro. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dix petits nègres , nouvelle édition : Livres : Agatha Christie '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie : Desať malých černoškov / ... a napokon nezostal už nik '' . Snd.sk . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Maurice Percy Ashley ( November 11 , 1939 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 658 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Isaac ( February 25 , 1940 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The New York Times Book Review . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . Toronto Daily Star . March 16 , 1940 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Robert ( 1990 ) . A Talent to Deceive -- an appreciation of Agatha Christie ( Revised ed . ) . Fontana Books . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 637474 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Light , Alison ( 1991 ) . Forever England : Femininity , Literature , and Conservatism Between the Wars . Routledge . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01661 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Binge ! Agatha Christie : Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1343 - 44 ) : 32 -- 33 . 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Author of incredible reach '' . The Hindu . 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie e il cinema : un amore mai sbocciato del tutto '' ( in Italian ) . Comingsoon.it. 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aatagara is not a remake '' . Bangalore Mirror. 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1263 ) . 26 December 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Stage production of And Then There Were None at Dundee Rep '' . nls.uk . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC TV ( 20 August 1949 ) . `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1348 ) . p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` And Then There Were None to air on BBC1 on Boxing Day 2015 '' . Radio Times . 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 , Episode 20 ' Ten Little Niggers ' '' . Play of the Week . ITV . January 13 , 1959 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None in Japan '' . Agatha Christie . Agatha Christie Limited . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` そして 誰 もい なくなっ た '' . TV Asahi ( in Japanese ) . TV Ashi . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peká Editorial website Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Russell ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The Incite Mill : 7 Day Death Game '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aduthathu Movie Review '' . behindwoods.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Ashach Eka Betavar ' takes you on a mystery filled journey '' . marathimovieworld.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Loksatta Live ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Marathi Movie Trailer : Ashach Eka Betavar '' . YouTube . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Owen . The Ninth Guest : A Mystery Melodrama In Three Acts , Samuel French & Co. , 1932 Jump up ^ Taves , Brian . Robert Florey , the French Expressionist . New Jersey : Scarecrow Press , 1987 , p. 152 ; ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1929 - 5 Jump up ^ Taves ( 1987 ) , p. 153 Jump up ^ The Avengers -- The Superlative Seven on IMDb Jump up ^ At 28'38 '' into the episode ( Kult TV DVD KLT21002B ) . External links ( edit ) And Then There Were None at the official Agatha Christie website Spark Notes for novel E-book at Archive.org And Then There Were None BBC Television show official website Works by Agatha Christie Universe Characters Hercule Poirot Miss Marple Tommy and Tuppence Ariadne Oliver Arthur Hastings Superintendent Battle Chief Inspector Japp Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Colonel Race Lady Eileen `` Bundle '' Brent Sir Henry Clithering Raymond West Miss Felicity Lemon Countess Vera Rossakoff Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M ? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty 's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man 's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram 's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant 's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter 's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot 's Early Cases Miss Marple 's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider 's Web Verdict The Unexpected Guest Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp 's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come , Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography Book Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Private View '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_None&oldid=826517033 '' Categories : 1939 British novels Novels by Agatha Christie Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the 1930s Novels set in Devon British novels adapted into films Collins Crime Club books Novels set on islands British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into radio programs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2017 All articles needing style editing Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 58 . 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1289317297579142141 | Metallic bonding | Metallic bonding - wikipedia Metallic bonding Jump to : navigation , search Types of radii Atomic radius Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius Van der Waals radius Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons ( in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons ) and positively charged metal ions . It may be described as the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions ( cations ) . Metallic bonding accounts for many physical properties of metals , such as strength , ductility , thermal and electrical resistivity and conductivity , opacity , and luster . Metallic bonding is not the only type of chemical bonding a metal can exhibit , even as a pure substance . For example , elemental gallium consists of covalently - bound pairs of atoms in both liquid and solid state -- these pairs form a crystal lattice with metallic bonding between them . Another example of a metal -- metal covalent bond is mercurous ion ( Hg 2 + Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The nature of metallic bonding 2.1 In 2D 2.2 In 3D 2.3 Electron deficiency and mobility 3 Metallic radius 4 Strength of the bond 5 Solubility and compound formation 6 Localization and clustering : from bonding to bonds 7 Optical properties 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As chemistry developed into a science it became clear that metals formed the large majority of the periodic table of the elements and great progress was made in the description of the salts that can be formed in reactions with acids . With the advent of electrochemistry , it became clear that metals generally go into solution as positively charged ions and the oxidation reactions of the metals became well understood in the electrochemical series . A picture emerged of metals as positive ions held together by an ocean of negative electrons . With the advent of quantum mechanics , this picture was given more formal interpretation in the form of the free electron model and its further extension , the nearly free electron model . In both of these models , the electrons are seen as a gas traveling through the lattice of the solid with an energy that is essentially isotropic in that it depends on the square of the magnitude , not the direction of the momentum vector k . In three - dimensional k - space , the set of points of the highest filled levels ( the Fermi surface ) should therefore be a sphere . In the nearly free correction of the model , box - like Brillouin zones are added to k - space by the periodic potential experienced from the ( ionic ) lattice , thus mildly breaking the isotropy . The advent of X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis made it possible to study the structure of crystalline solids , including metals and their alloys , and the construction of phase diagrams became accessible . Despite all this progress , the nature of intermetallic compounds and alloys largely remained a mystery and their study was often empirical . Chemists generally steered away from anything that did not seem to follow Dalton 's laws of multiple proportions and the problem was considered the domain of a different science , metallurgy . The almost - free electron model was eagerly taken up by some researchers in this field , notably Hume - Rothery , in an attempt to explain why certain intermetallic alloys with certain compositions would form and others would not . Initially his attempts were quite successful . His idea was to add electrons to inflate the spherical Fermi - balloon inside the series of Brillouin - boxes and determine when a certain box would be full . This indeed predicted a fairly large number of observed alloy compositions . Unfortunately , as soon as cyclotron resonance became available and the shape of the balloon could be determined , it was found that the assumption that the balloon was spherical did not hold at all , except perhaps in the case of caesium . This reduced many of the conclusions to examples of how a model can sometimes give a whole series of correct predictions , yet still be wrong . The free - electron debacle showed researchers that the model assuming that the ions were in a sea of free electrons needed modification , and so a number of quantum mechanical models such as band structure calculations based on molecular orbitals or the density functional theory were developed . In these models , one either departs from the atomic orbitals of neutral atoms that share their electrons or ( in the case of density functional theory ) departs from the total electron density . The free - electron picture has , nevertheless , remained a dominant one in education . The electronic band structure model became a major focus not only for the study of metals but even more so for the study of semiconductors . Together with the electronic states , the vibrational states were also shown to form bands . Rudolf Peierls showed that , in the case of a one - dimensional row of metallic atoms , say hydrogen , an instability had to arise that would lead to the breakup of such a chain into individual molecules . This sparked an interest in the general question : When is collective metallic bonding stable and when will a more localized form of bonding take its place ? Much research went into the study of clustering of metal atoms . As powerful as the concept of the band structure proved to be in the description of metallic bonding , it does have a drawback . It remains a one - electron approximation to a multitudinous many - body problem . In other words , the energy states of each electron are described as if all the other electrons simply form a homogeneous background . Researchers like Mott and Hubbard realized that this was perhaps appropriate for strongly delocalized s - and p - electrons but for d - electrons , and even more for f - electrons the interaction with electrons ( and atomic displacements ) in the local environment may become stronger than the delocalization that leads to broad bands . Thus , the transition from localized unpaired electrons to itinerant ones partaking in metallic bonding became more comprehensible . The nature of metallic bonding ( edit ) The combination of two phenomena gives rise to metallic bonding : delocalization of electrons and the availability of a far larger number of delocalized energy states than of delocalized electrons . The latter could be called electron deficiency . In 2d ( edit ) Graphene is an example of two - dimensional metallic bonding . Its metallic bonds are similar to aromatic bonding in benzene , naphthalene , anthracene , ovalene , and so on . In 3d ( edit ) Metal aromaticity in metal clusters is another example of delocalization , this time often in three - dimensional entities . Metals take the delocalization principle to its extreme and one could say that a crystal of a metal represents a single molecule over which all conduction electrons are delocalized in all three dimensions . This means that inside the metal one can generally not distinguish molecules , so that the metallic bonding is neither intra - nor intermolecular . ' Nonmolecular ' would perhaps be a better term . Metallic bonding is mostly non-polar , because even in alloys there is little difference among the electronegativities of the atoms participating in the bonding interaction ( and , in pure elemental metals , none at all ) . Thus , metallic bonding is an extremely delocalized communal form of covalent bonding . In a sense , metallic bonding is not a ' new ' type of bonding at all , therefore , and it describes the bonding only as present in a chunk of condensed matter , be it crystalline solid , liquid , or even glass . Metallic vapors by contrast are often atomic ( Hg ) or at times contain molecules like Na held together by a more conventional covalent bond . This is why it is not correct to speak of a single ' metallic bond ' . The delocalization is most pronounced for s - and p - electrons . For caesium it is so strong that the electrons are virtually free from the caesium atoms to form a gas constrained only by the surface of the metal . For caesium , therefore , the picture of Cs ions held together by a negatively charged electron gas is not too inaccurate . For other elements the electrons are less free , in that they still experience the potential of the metal atoms , sometimes quite strongly . They require a more intricate quantum mechanical treatment ( e.g. , tight binding ) in which the atoms are viewed as neutral , much like the carbon atoms in benzene . For d - and especially f - electrons the delocalization is not strong at all and this explains why these electrons are able to continue behaving as unpaired electrons that retain their spin , adding interesting magnetic properties to these metals . Electron deficiency and mobility ( edit ) Metal atoms contain few electrons in their valence shells relative to their periods or energy levels . They are electron deficient elements and the communal sharing does not change that . There remain far more available energy states than there are shared electrons . Both requirements for conductivity are therefore fulfilled : strong delocalization and partly filled energy bands . Such electrons can therefore easily change from one energy state into a slightly different one . Thus , not only do they become delocalized , forming a sea of electrons permeating the lattice , but they are also able to migrate through the lattice when an external electrical field is imposed , leading to electrical conductivity . Without the field , there are electrons moving equally in all directions . Under the field , some will adjust their state slightly , adopting a different wave vector . As a consequence , there will be more moving one way than the other and a net current will result . The freedom of conduction electrons to migrate also give metal atoms , or layers of them , the capacity to slide past each other . Locally , bonds can easily be broken and replaced by new ones after the deformation . This process does not affect the communal metallic bonding very much . This gives rise to metals ' typical characteristic phenomena of malleability and ductility . This is particularly true for pure elements . In the presence of dissolved impurities , the defects in the lattice that function as cleavage points may get blocked and the material becomes harder . Gold , for example , is very soft in pure form ( 24 - karat ) , which is why alloys of 18 - karat or lower are preferred in jewelry . Metals are typically also good conductors of heat , but the conduction electrons only contribute partly to this phenomenon . Collective ( i.e. , delocalized ) vibrations of the atoms known as phonons that travel through the solid as a wave , contribute strongly . However , the latter also holds for a substance like diamond . It conducts heat quite well but not electricity . The latter is not a consequence of the fact that delocalization is absent in diamond , but simply that carbon is not electron deficient . The electron deficiency is an important point in distinguishing metallic from more conventional covalent bonding . Thus , we should amend the expression given above into : Metallic bonding is an extremely delocalized communal form of electron deficient covalent bonding . Metallic radius ( edit ) Metallic radius is defined as one - half of the distance between the two adjacent metal ions in the metallic lattice . This radius depends on the nature of the atom as well as its environment -- specifically , on the coordination number ( CN ) , which in turn depends on the temperature and applied pressure . When comparing periodic trends in the size of atoms it is often desirable to apply so - called Goldschmidt correction , which converts the radii to the values the atoms would have if they were 12 - coordinated . Since metallic radii are always biggest for the highest coordination number , correction for less dense coordinations involves multiplying by x , where 0 < x < 1 . Specifically , for CN = 4 , x = 0.88 ; for CN = 6 , x = 0.96 , and for CN = 8 , x = 0.97 . The correction is named after Victor Goldschmidt who obtained the numerical values quoted above . The radii follow general periodic trends : they decrease across the period due to increase in the effective nuclear charge , which is not offset by the increased number of valence electrons . The radii also increase down the group due to increase in principal quantum number . Between rows 3 and 4 , the lanthanide contraction is observed -- there is very little increase of the radius down the group due to the presence of poorly shielding f orbitals . Strength of the bond ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The atoms in metals have a strong attractive force between them . Much energy is required to overcome it . Therefore , metals often have high boiling points , with tungsten ( 5828 K ) being extremely high . A remarkable exception are the elements of the zinc group : Zn , Cd , and Hg . Their electron configuration ends in ... ns and this comes to resemble a noble gas configuration like that of helium more and more when going down in the periodic table because the energy distance to the empty np orbitals becomes larger . These metals are therefore relatively volatile , and are avoided in ultra-high vacuum systems . Otherwise , metallic bonding can be very strong , even in molten metals , such as Gallium . Even though gallium will melt from the heat of one 's hand just above room temperature , its boiling point is not far from that of copper . Molten gallium is therefore a very nonvolatile liquid thanks to its strong metallic bonding . The strong bonding of metals in the liquid form demonstrates that the energy of a metallic bond is not a strong function of the direction of the metallic bond ; this lack of bond directionality is a direct consequence of electron delocalization , and is best understood in contrast to the directional bonding of covalent bonds . The energy of a metallic bond is thus mostly a function of the amount of electrons which surround the metallic atom , as exemplified by the Embedded atom model . This typically results in metals assuming relatively simple , close - packed crystal structures , such as FCC , BCC , and HCP . Given high enough cooling rates and appropriate alloy composition , metallic bonding can occur even in glasses with an amorphous structure . Much biochemistry is mediated by the weak interaction of metal ions and biomolecules . Such interactions and their associated conformational change has been measured using dual polarisation interferometry . Solubility and compound formation ( edit ) Metals are insoluble in water or organic solvents unless they undergo a reaction with them . Typically this is an oxidation reaction that robs the metal atoms of their itinerant electrons , destroying the metallic bonding . However metals are often readily soluble in each other while retaining the metallic character of their bonding . Gold , for example , dissolves easily in mercury , even at room temperature . Even in solid metals , the solubility can be extensive . If the structures of the two metals are the same , there can even be complete solid solubility , as in the case of electrum , the alloys of silver and gold . At times , however , two metals will form alloys with different structures than either of the two parents . One could call these materials metal compounds , but , because materials with metallic bonding are typically not molecular , Dalton 's law of integral proportions is not valid and often a range of stoichiometric ratios can be achieved . It is better to abandon such concepts as ' pure substance ' or ' solute ' is such cases and speak of phases instead . The study of such phases has traditionally been more the domain of metallurgy than of chemistry , although the two fields overlap considerably . Localization and clustering : from bonding to bonds ( edit ) The metallic bonding in complicated compounds does not necessarily involve all constituent elements equally . It is quite possible to have an element or more that do not partake at all . One could picture the conduction electrons flowing around them like a river around an island or a big rock . It is possible to observe which elements do partake , e.g. , by looking at the core levels in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ) spectrum . If an element partakes , its peaks tend to be skewed . Some intermetallic materials e.g. do exhibit metal clusters , reminiscent of molecules and these compounds are more a topic of chemistry than of metallurgy . The formation of the clusters could be seen as a way to ' condense out ' ( localize ) the electron deficient bonding into bonds of a more localized nature . Hydrogen is an extreme example of this form of condensation . At high pressures it is a metal . The core of the planet Jupiter could be said to be held together by a combination of metallic bonding and high pressure induced by gravity . At lower pressures however the bonding becomes entirely localized into a regular covalent bond . The localization is so complete that the ( more familiar ) H gas results . A similar argument holds for an element like boron . Though it is electron deficient compared to carbon , it does not form a metal . Instead it has a number of complicated structures in which icosahedral B clusters dominate . Charge density waves are a related phenomenon . As these phenomena involve the movement of the atoms towards or away from each other , they can be interpreted as the coupling between the electronic and the vibrational states ( i.e. the phonons ) of the material . A different such electron - phonon interaction is thought to cause a very different result at low temperatures , that of superconductivity . Rather than blocking the mobility of the charge carriers by forming electron pairs in localized bonds , Cooper - pairs are formed that no longer experience any resistance to their mobility . Optical properties ( edit ) The presence of an ocean of mobile charge carriers has profound effects on the optical properties of metals . They can only be understood by considering the electrons as a collective rather than considering the states of individual electrons involved in more conventional covalent bonds . Light consists of a combination of an electrical and a magnetic field . The electrical field is usually able to excite an elastic response from the electrons involved in the metallic bonding . The result is that photons are not able to penetrate very far into the metal and are typically reflected . They bounce off , although some may also be absorbed . This holds equally for all photons of the visible spectrum , which is why metals are often silvery white or grayish with the characteristic specular reflection of metallic luster . The balance between reflection and absorption determines how white or how gray they are , although surface tarnish can obscure such observations . Silver , a very good metal with high conductivity is one of the whitest . Notable exceptions are reddish copper and yellowish gold . The reason for their color is that there is an upper limit to the frequency of the light that metallic electrons can readily respond to , the plasmon frequency . At the plasmon frequency , the frequency - dependent dielectric function of the free electron gas goes from negative ( reflecting ) to positive ( transmitting ) ; higher frequency photons are not reflected at the surface , and do not contribute to the color of the metal . There are some materials like indium tin oxide ( ITO ) that are metallic conductors ( actually degenerate semiconductors ) for which this threshold is in the infrared , which is why they are transparent in the visible , but good mirrors in the IR . For silver the limiting frequency is in the far UV , but for copper and gold it is closer to the visible . This explains the colors of these two metals . At the surface of a metal resonance effects known as surface plasmons can result . They are collective oscillations of the conduction electrons like a ripple in the electronic ocean . However , even if photons have enough energy they usually do not have enough momentum to set the ripple in motion . Therefore , plasmons are hard to excite on a bulk metal . This is why gold and copper still look like lustrous metals albeit with a dash of color . However , in colloidal gold the metallic bonding is confined to a tiny metallic particle , preventing the oscillation wave of the plasmon from ' running away ' . The momentum selection rule is therefore broken , and the plasmon resonance causes an extremely intense absorption in the green with a resulting beautiful purple - red color . Such colors are orders of magnitude more intense than ordinary absorptions seen in dyes and the like that involve individual electrons and their energy states . See also ( edit ) Bonding in solids Metal aromaticity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metallic bonding . chemguide.co.uk Jump up ^ Metal structures . chemguide.co.uk Jump up ^ Chemical Bonds . chemguide.co.uk Jump up ^ PHYSICS 133 Lecture Notes Spring , 2004 Marion Campus . physics.ohio-state.edu Jump up ^ If the electrons were truly free , their energy would only depend on the magnitude of their wave vector k , not its direction . That is in k - space , the Fermi level should form a perfect sphere . The shape of the Fermi level can be measured by cyclotron resonance and is never a sphere , not even for caesium , see : Okumura , K. & Templeton , I.M. ( 1965 ) . `` The Fermi Surface of Caesium '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 287 ( 1408 ) : 89 -- 104 . Bibcode : 1965RSPSA. 287 ... 89O . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1965.0170 . JSTOR 2415064 . Jump up ^ Electron deficiency is a relative term : it means fewer than half of the electrons needed to complete the next noble gas configuration . For example , lithium is electron deficient with respect to neon , but electron - rich with respect to the previous noble gas , helium . Jump up ^ Shriver and Atkins ' Inorganic Chemistry . Oxford University Press . 2010 . pp. 74 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923617 - 6 . Jump up ^ Daw , Murray S. ; Foiles , Stephen M. ; Baskes , Michael I. ( 1993 ) . `` The embedded - atom method : a review of theory and applications '' . Materials Science Reports . 9 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 251 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / 0920 - 2307 ( 93 ) 90001 - U . Jump up ^ Brewer , Scott H. ; Franzen , Stefan ( 2002 ) . `` Indium Tin Oxide Plasma Frequency Dependence on Sheet Resistance and Surface Adlayers Determined by Reflectance FTIR Spectroscopy '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 106 ( 50 ) : 12986 -- 12992 . doi : 10.1021 / jp026600x . ( hide ) Chemical bonds Intramolecular ( strong ) Covalent By symmetry Sigma ( σ ) Pi ( π ) Delta ( δ ) Phi ( φ ) By multiplicity 1 ( single ) 2 ( double ) 3 ( triple ) 4 ( quadruple ) 5 ( quintuple ) 6 ( sextuple ) Miscellaneous Agostic Bent Coordinate ( dipolar ) Pi backbond Charge - shift Hapticity Conjugation Hyperconjugation Antibonding Resonant Electron deficiency 3c -- 2e 4c -- 2e Hypercoordination 3c -- 4e Aromaticity möbius super sigma homo spiro σ - bishomo spherical Y - Metallic Metal aromaticity Ionic Intramolecular ( weak ) van der Waals forces London dispersion Hydrogen Low - barrier Resonance - assisted Symmetric Dihydrogen bonds C -- H O interaction Noncovalent other Mechanical Halogen Chalcogen Aurophilicity Intercalation Stacking Cation -- pi Anion -- pi Salt bridge Intermolecular ( weak ) van der Waals forces London dispersion Hydrogen Low - barrier Resonance - assisted Symmetric Dihydrogen bonds C -- H O interaction Noncovalent other Mechanical Halogen Chalcogen Aurophilicity Intercalation Stacking Cation -- pi Anion -- pi Salt bridge GND : 4169574 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metallic_bonding&oldid=821159209 '' Categories : Chemical bonding Metals Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 19 : 29 . 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-1468559676107832070 | Gulf of Mexico | Gulf of Mexico - wikipedia Gulf of Mexico Jump to : navigation , search Gulf of Mexico Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico Location American Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ; - 90 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Coordinates : 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ° N 90 ° W / 25 ; - 90 ( Gulf of Mexico ) River sources Rio Grande , Mississippi River Ocean / sea sources Atlantic Ocean , Caribbean Sea Basin countries United States Mexico Cuba Max . width 1,500 km ( 932.06 mi ) Surface area 1,550,000 km ( 600,000 sq mi ) Settlements Houston , New Orleans , Tampa , Havana , Campeche , Mobile , Gulfport , Tampico , Key West Galveston harbor by Verner Moore White Ship and oil rigs in the Gulf The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish : Golfo de México ) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean , largely surrounded by the North American continent . It is bounded on the northeast , north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States , on the southwest and south by Mexico , and on the southeast by Cuba . The U.S. states of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north , which are often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts , or sometimes the `` south coast '' , in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the `` north coast . '' One of the gulf 's seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin . The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics . The Gulf 's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles ( 1,500 km ; 930 mi ) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments . It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba , and with the Caribbean ( with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea ) via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba . With the narrow connection to the Atlantic , the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges . The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km ( 615,000 sq mi ) . Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters . The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters ( 550 quadrillion Imperial gallons , 660 quadrillion US gallons , 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Geology 3 History 3.1 European exploration 4 Shipwrecks 5 Geography 5.1 2006 earthquake 5.2 Maritime boundary delimitation agreements 6 Biota 7 Pollution 7.1 Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill 7.2 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill 7.3 Minor oil spills 7.3. 1 Brutus oil spill 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as follows : A line leaving Cape Catoche Light ( 21 ° 37 ′ N 87 ° 04 ′ W / 21.617 ° N 87.067 ° W / 21.617 ; - 87.067 ) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba , through this island to the meridian of 83 ° W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas ( 24 ° 35'N ) , along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal ( 82 ° 35'W ) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay , all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf . Geology ( edit ) Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico The consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico , is that prior to the Late Triassic , the Gulf of Mexico did not exist . Before the Late Triassic , the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land , which included continental crust that now underlies Yucatán , within the middle of the large supercontinent of Pangea . This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north - central Mexico , through the Marathon Uplift in West Texas and the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma , and to Alabama where it linked directly to the Appalachian Mountains . It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea . As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox , this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment . Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea . The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea , including sutures where the Laurentia , South American , and African plates collided to create it . First , there was a Late Triassic - Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds . Second , as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time , continental crust was stretched and thinned . This thinning created a broad zone of thick transitional crust , which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting , and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust , which is half the typical thickness , 35 kilometers , of normal continental crust . It was at this time that tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean . This flooded the subsiding basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico . While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin , the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt and associated anhydrite evaporites . Initially , during the Late Jurassic , continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea - floor spreading and formation of oceanic crust occurred . At this point , sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased . During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous , the basin occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling and subsidence of the crust underlying it . The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching , cooling , and loading . Initially , the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about 5 -- 7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust . Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it , the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened . Later , loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the Mesozoic and all of the Cenozoic further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10 -- 20 km below sea level . Particularly during the Cenozoic , thick clastic wedges built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico . To the east , the stable Florida platform was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time . The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous . After both platforms were submerged , the formation of carbonates and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas . Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms , and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in a compressive deformation episode , the Laramide Orogeny , which created the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico . In 2002 geologist Michael Stanton published a speculative essay suggesting an impact origin for the Gulf of Mexico at the close of the Permian , which could have caused the Permian -- Triassic extinction event . However , Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this hypothesis as having any credibility . Instead they overwhelmingly accept plate tectonics , not an asteroid impact , as having created the Gulf of Mexico as illustrated by papers authored by Kevin Mickus and others . This hypothesis is not to be confused with the Chicxulub Crater , a large impact crater on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatán Peninsula . Today , the Gulf of Mexico has the following 7 main areas : Gulf of Mexico basin , which contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise , the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain , and the Mississippi Cone . Northeast Gulf of Mexico , which extends from a point east of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi to the eastern side of Apalachee Bay . South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope , which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the Straits of Florida and includes the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas . Campeche Bank , which extends from the Yucatán Straits in the east to the Tabasco -- Campeche Basin in the west and includes Arrecife Alacran . Bay of Campeche , which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz . Western Gulf of Mexico , which is located between Veracruz to the south and the Rio Grande to the north . Northwest Gulf of Mexico , which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande . History ( edit ) European exploration ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fishing boats in Biloxi Graph showing the overall water temperature of the Gulf between Hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Although Katrina cooled waters in its path by up to 4 ° C , they had rebounded by the time of Rita 's appearance . Although Christopher Columbus was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans , the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico . Instead , Columbus sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and Hispaniola . The first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497 . He followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba . In his letters , Vespucci described this trip , and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain , a famous world map , depicting Cuba as an island , was produced . In 1506 , Hernán Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba , receiving a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his effort . In 1510 , he accompanied Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar , an aide of the governor of Hispaniola , in his expedition to conquer Cuba . In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization . In 1517 , Francisco Hernández de Córdoba discovered the Yucatán Peninsula . This was the first European encounter with an advanced civilization in the Americas , with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the Old World ; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have gold . All of this encouraged two further expeditions , the first in 1518 under the command of Juan de Grijalva , and the second in 1519 under the command of Hernán Cortés , which led to the Spanish exploration , military invasion , and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the Conquest of Mexico . Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work : he died in 1517 , the year of his expedition , as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage , and disappointed in the knowledge that Diego Velázquez had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán . In 1523 , Ángel de Villafañe sailed toward Mexico City , but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of Padre Island , Texas , in 1554 . When word of the disaster reached Mexico City , the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent Villafañe marching overland to find the treasure - laden vessels . Villafañe traveled to Pánuco and hired a ship to transport him to the site , which had already been visited from that community . He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado ( a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado ) , commander of the salvage operation , when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22 , 1554 . The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure . This loss , in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico , gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways . As a result , the expedition of Tristán de Luna y Arellano was sent and landed at Pensacola Bay on August 15 , 1559 . On December 11 , 1526 , Charles V granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States , known as the Narváez expedition . The contract gave him one year to gather an army , leave Spain , be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each , and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast . On April 7 , 1528 , they spotted land north of what is now Tampa Bay . They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of . Sometime during these two days , one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast , but nothing else is known of it . In 1697 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana which the English coveted . Iberville 's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24 , 1698 . On January 25 , 1699 , Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola founded by the Spanish ; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island , later renamed Dauphin Island . He cast anchor between Cat Island and Ship Island ; and on February 13 , 1699 , he went to the mainland , Biloxi , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville . On May 1 , 1699 , he completed a fort on the north - east side of the Bay of Biloxi , a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs , Mississippi . This fort was known as Fort Maurepas or Old Biloxi . A few days later , on May 4 , Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , as second in command to the French commandant . Shipwrecks ( edit ) The Mardi Gras shipwreck around the early - 19th century about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet ( 1220 meters ) of water . She is believed to have been a privateer or trader . The shipwreck , whose real identity remains a mystery , lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company ( OGGC ) . In May 2007 , an expedition , led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service ( now BOEM ) , was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum . As part of the project educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM , Texas A&M University , the Florida Public Archaeology Network and Veolia Environmental produced a one - hour HD documentary about the project , short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition . Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck documentary . On July 30 , 1942 the Robert E. Lee , captained by William C. Heath , was torpedoed by the German submarine U-166 . She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the # 3 hold , vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines , the radio compartment and the steering gear . After the attack she was under escort by the USS PC - 566 , captained by LCDR Herbert G. Claudius , en route to New Orleans . The USS PC - 566 began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact , sinking the U-166 . The badly damaged Robert E. Lee first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack . One officer , nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost . Ironically the passengers aboard the Robert E. Lee were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats . The wreck 's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the U-166 . The German submarine U-166 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on December 6 , 1940 at the Seebeckwerft ( part of Deutsche Schiff - und Maschinenbau AG , Deschimag ) at Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) as yard number 705 , launched on November 1 , 1941 and commissioned on March 23 , 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans - Günther Kuhlmann . After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla , U-166 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front - line service on June 1 , 1942 . The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling 7,593 gross register tons ( GRT ) . She was sunk on July 30 , 1942 in Gulf of Mexico . In 2001 the wreck of U-166 was located in 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water , less than two miles from where it had attacked the Robert E. Lee . An archaeological survey of the seafloor prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren . The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat . Geography ( edit ) Gulf beach near Sabine Pass The Mississippi River Watershed is the largest drainage basin of the Gulf of Mexico Watershed . Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico The shaded relief map of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean area . The Gulf of Mexico 's eastern , northern , and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , and Texas . The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) , receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states . The Gulf 's southwestern and southern shores lie along the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Veracruz , Tabasco , Campeche , Yucatán , and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo . The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles ( 2,805 km ) . On its southeast quadrant the Gulf is bordered by Cuba . It supports major American , Mexican and Cuban fishing industries . The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler , nutrient - enriched waters from the deep by a process known as upwelling , which stimulates plankton growth in the euphotic zone . This attracts fish , shrimp , and squid . River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone . The Gulf Stream , a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known , originates in the gulf , as a continuation of the Caribbean Current - Yucatán Current - Loop Current system . Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate , and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche . The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico . Additionally , the gulf 's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets . A number of rivers empty into the gulf , most notably the Mississippi River and Rio Grande in the northern gulf , and the Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers in the southern gulf . The land that forms the gulf 's coast , including many long , narrow barrier islands , is almost uniformly low - lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach . The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a passive margin . The continental shelf is quite wide at most points along the coast , most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas . The shelf is exploited for its oil by means of offshore drilling rigs , most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche . Another important commercial activity is fishing ; major catches include red snapper , amberjack , tilefish , swordfish , and various grouper , as well as shrimp and crabs . Oysters are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds . Other important industries along the coast include shipping , petrochemical processing and storage , military use , paper manufacture , and tourism . The gulf 's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . In the Atlantic , a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake ( warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation ) . However , the Gulf is shallower ; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm . The Gulf is considered aseismic ; however , mild tremors have been recorded throughout history ( usually 5.0 or less on the Richter magnitude scale ) . Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust . 2006 earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake On September 10 , 2006 , the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center reported that a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred about 250 miles ( 400 km ) west - southwest of Anna Maria , Florida , around 10 : 56 AM EDT . The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida in the Southeastern United States . There were no reports of damage or injuries . Items were knocked from shelves and seiches were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida . The earthquake was described by the USGS as an intraplate earthquake , the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region . According to the September 11 , 2006 issue of The Tampa Tribune , earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952 , recorded in Quincy , 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Tallahassee Maritime boundary delimitation agreements ( edit ) Cuba and Mexico : Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas ( with map ) , of July 26 , 1976 . Cuba and United States of America : Maritime boundary agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba , of December 16 , 1977 . Mexico and United States of America : Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary , of November 23 , 1970 ; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean ) , of May 4 , 1978 , and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) , of June 9 , 2000 . On December 13 , 2007 , Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( CLCS ) regarding the extension of Mexico 's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles . Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law , UNCLOS , and bilateral treaties with the United States , in accordance with Mexico 's domestic legislation . On March 13 , 2009 , the CLCS accepted Mexico 's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 NM into the Western Polygon . Since this would extend Mexico 's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States , however , Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims . Places adjacent to Gulf of Mexico Texas United States Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Mexico Tamaulipas Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Veracruz Mexico Tabasco Campeche Yucatán Quintana Roo Cuba Caribbean Biota ( edit ) Various biota include chemosynthetic communities near cold seeps and nonchemosynthetic communities such as bacteria and other micro -- benthos , meiofauna , macrofauna , and megafauna ( larger organisms such as crabs , sea pens , crinoids , and demersal fish and cetaceans including endangered ones ) are living in the Gulf of Mexico . Recently , resident Bryde 's whales within the gulf were classified as an endemic , unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world . The Gulf of Mexico yields more finfish , shrimp , and shellfish annually than the south and mid-Atlantic , Chesapeake , and New England areas combined . The Smithsonian Institution Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . In Congressional testimony , Dr. Jonathan Coddington , Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History , provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map . The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service ( renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement ) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil / gas explorations . Since 1979 , the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History . Pollution ( edit ) Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico The major environmental threats to the Gulf are agricultural runoff and oil drilling . There are frequent `` red tide '' algae blooms that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore . This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast , from the Florida Keys to north of Pasco County , Florida . The Gulf contains a hypoxic dead zone that runs east - west along the Texas - Louisiana coastline . In July 2008 , researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008 , the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near Galveston , Texas , to near Venice , Louisiana . It is now about 8,000 square miles ( 21,000 km ) , nearly the record . Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems , which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen . Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result . An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61 % males to 39 % females in hypoxic Gulf sites . This was compared with a 52 % to 48 % male - female ratio found in reference sites , showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones . There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf . These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems . Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Ixtoc I and Ixtoc I oil spill In June 1979 , the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion , which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped . This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 . Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Deepwater Horizon explosion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill On April 20 , 2010 , the Deepwater Horizon oil platform , located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles ( 64 km ) off the Louisiana coast , suffered a catastrophic explosion ; it sank a day - and - a-half later . It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment , to avoid environmental problems . Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked , by April 24 , it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels ( 160 m ) of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead , about 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) below the surface on the ocean floor . On April 29 , the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels ( 790 m ) per day , five times the original estimate , were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead . The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface , posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands , and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen . Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be `` employing booms , skimmers , chemical dispersants and controlled burns '' to combat the oil spill . By May 1 , 2010 , the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway , but hampered by rough seas and the `` tea like '' consistency of the oil . Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable . On May 27 , 2010 , The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day ( 790 m / d ) to 12,000 -- 19,000 barrels per day ( 3,000 m / d ) an increase from earlier estimates . On July 15 , 2010 , BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days . In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7 bn settlement with the US government , the states of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi and Texas , as well as 400 local authorities . To date BP 's cost for the clean - up , environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 bn . Minor oil spills ( edit ) According to the National Response Center , the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year . Brutus oil spill ( edit ) On May 12 , 2016 , a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell 's Brutus oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil . This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of Port Fourchon , Louisiana , according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement . See also ( edit ) Cantarell Field Brine pool Charlotte Harbor Estuary , Florida Gulf Coast Gulf of Mexico Foundation Hypoxia Jack 2 ( a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico ) Orca Basin Outer Continental Shelf Territorial evolution of the Caribbean US Gulf of Mexico Protraction areas Atwater Valley East Cameron Eugene Island Garden Banks Green Canyon Keathley Canyon Mississippi Canyon Sigsbee Escarpment South Marsh Island Walker Ridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.deepseawaters.com/Gulf_of_Mexico.htm Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico '' . Geographic Names Information System . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Huerta , A.D. , and D.L. Harry ( 2012 ) Wilson cycles , tectonic inheritance , and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin . Geosphere. 8 ( 1 ) : GES00725. 1 , first published on March 6 , 2012 , doi : 10.1130 / GES00725. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico '' . epa.gov . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , A. ( 1991 ) Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador , ed. , p. 389 - 444 , The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America , v. J. , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . ^ Jump up to : Stern , R.J. , and W.R. Dickinson ( 2010 ) The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin . Geosphere. 6 ( 6 ) : 739 -- 754 . Jump up ^ Van Arsdale , R.B. ( 2009 ) Adventures Through Deep Time : The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes . Special Paper no . 455 , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . 107 pp . Jump up ^ Cox , R.T. , and R.B. Van Arsdale ( 2002 ) The Mississippi Embayment , North America : a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event . Journal of Geodynamics. 34 : 163 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Zell , P. , Stinnesbeck , W. , Beckmann , S. , ( 2016 ) . `` Late Jurassic aptychi from the La Caja Formation of northeastern Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 68 : 515 -- 536 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Buffler , R.T. , 1991 , Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin , in D. Goldthwaite , ed. , pp. 1 -- 15 , Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology , New Orleans Geological Society , New Orleans , Louisiana . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , W.E. , 2008 , Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin. in K.J. Hsu , ed. , pp. 505 -- 549 , The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada , Sedimentary Basins of the World . v. 5 , Elsevier , The Netherlands . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , D.S. , R.T. Buffler , and R.H. Pilger , Jr. , 1991 , The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador , ed. , pp. 53 -- 72 , The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America , v. J. , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . ^ Jump up to : gulfbase.org Jump up ^ Stanton , M.S. , 2002 , Is the Gulf 's Origin Heaven Sent ? AAPG Explorer ( Dec. 2002 ) American Association of Petroleum Geologists . Tulsa Oklahoma . Jump up ^ Mickus , K. , R.J. Stern2 , G.R. Keller , and E.Y. Anthony ( 2009 ) Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast . Journal of Geology . v. 37 , p. 387 - 390 . Jump up ^ Kevin Knight ( 2009 ) . `` Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FPAN Home '' . Florida Public Archaeology . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck '' . Nautilus Productions . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary '' . MUA . Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Robert E. Lee '' . German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` U-166 '' . German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico '' . gomr.mms.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Warren , Robert A. Church . `` The Discovery of U -- 166 : Rewriting History with New Technology '' ( PDF ) . Offshore Technology Conference . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Watershed '' . EPA.gov . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : March 16 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amante , C. and B.W. Eakins , 2009 . ETOPO1 1 Arc - Minute Global Relief Model : Procedures , Data Sources and Analysis . NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC - 24 . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5C8276M ( access date : March 18 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Water Program Guidance : FY 2005 '' . epa.gov . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warm Waters Provide Fuel for Potential Storms '' . NASA Earth Observatory . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Gulf of Mexico '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Central Florida Feels Quake '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Observer News ^ Jump up to : United States Geological Survey , September 11 , 2006 Archived October 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Attempt to Extend its Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Serves as a Model for the International Community , Mexican Law Review , Volume V , Number 2 , Jan. -- June 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region ( November 2006 ) . `` Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales : 2007 -- 2012 . Western Planning Area Sales 204 , 207 , 210 , 215 , and 218 . Central Planning Area Sales 205 , 206 , 208 , 213 , 216 , and 222 . Draft Environmental Impact Statement . Volume I : Chapters 1 -- 8 and Appendices '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , Minerals Management Service , Gulf of Mexico OCS Region , New Orleans. page 3 - 27 -- 3 - 34 PDF Archived March 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Rosel E.P. . Corkeron P ... Engleby L ... Epperson D ... Mullin D.K. . Soldevilla S.M. . Taylor L.B.. 2016 . STATUS REVIEW OF BRYDE 'S WHALES ( BALAENOPTERA EDENI ) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - SEFSC - 692 Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Smithsonian Holdings to Aid Researchers in the Gulf '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coddington , Jonathan ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Testimony to the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs , Oceans and Wildlife ; Committee on Natural Resources ; U.S. House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . ( Smithsonian Ocean Portal ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach , `` A ' Dead Zone ' in The Gulf of Mexico : Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size '' , Washington Post , July 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ Thomas , Peter ; Md Saydur Rahman ( 2012 ) . `` Extensive Reproductive Disruption , Ovarian Masculinization and Aromatase Suppression in Atlantic Croaker in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 279 ( 1726 ) : 28 -- 38 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0529 . ^ Jump up to : Donn , Jeff ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Gulf home to 27,000 abandoned wells '' . Burlington , Vermont : Burlington Free Press . pp. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Burning oil rig sinks , setting stage for spill ; 11 still missing '' , by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Well from sunken rig leaking oil '' , by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ; Kaufman , Leslie ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Race to plug leaking oil well off La . spurs new tactics '' , by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History ; Drilling Postponed '' , by Marianne Lavelle , National Geographic , May 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ed Crooks , Christopher Adams , . `` BP : Into uncharted waters '' . ft.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chow , Lorraine . `` Shell Oil Spill Dumps Nearly 90,000 Gallons of Crude Into Gulf '' . EcoWatch . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Mexico . Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck `` Mexico , Gulf of '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Mexico , Gulf of '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida United States Geological Survey The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe written by Thomas Kitchin , 1778 , in which Kitchin discusses , in chapter 1 , why the Gulf should have been called the `` West Indian Sea . 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-5139432784542797906 | Industrial Revolution in the United States | Industrial Revolution in the United States - wikipedia Industrial Revolution in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The Industrial Revolution involved a shift in the United States from manual labor - based industry to more technical and machine - based manufacturing which greatly increased the overall production and economic growth of the United States , signifying a shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy widely accepted to have been a result of Samuel Slater 's introduction of British Industrial methods in textile manufacturing to the United States , and necessitated by the War of 1812 . Samuel Slater - `` Father of the American Industrial Revolution '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 The First Industrial Revolution 3 Effects of the First Industrial Revolution 4 See also 5 References Origins ( edit ) See also : Economic History of the United States and Samuel Slater As Western Europe began industrializing in the late 1700s and early 1800s , the United States remained agrarian in nature and resource processing in its few semi-industrial pursuits , however , as demand for U.S. resources increased , canals and railroads became extremely important to economic growth due to sparse population particularly in areas where resources were rich such as in the Western frontier . This made it necessary for the U.S. to expand its technological capabilities , which led to an Industrial Revolution reaching American shores as entrepreneurs competed and learned from each other to develop better technology , fundamentally and permanently altering the U.S. economy , thrusting it into the new age of industrialization . The `` Father of the American Industrial Revolution '' , Samuel Slater , was born in Belper , Derbyshire , England on June 9 , 1768 , and began working at a cotton mill from age 10 . He learned that Americans were interested in the Industrial Revolution 's new techniques , but since exporting such designs were illegal in England , he memorized as much as he could and departed for New York in 1789 illegally . Moses Brown , a leading Rhode Island industrialist , attempted to operate a mill with a 32 - spindle frame in Pawtucket , but he could n't . It was at that time that Slater offered his services , promising to replicate British designs for Brown and , after an initial investment by Brown to Slater to fulfill initial requirements , the mill successfully opened in 1793 being the first water - powered roller spinning textile mill in the Americas . By 1800 , Slater 's mill had been duplicated by many other entrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques more and more popular , which brought him the name `` Father of the American Industrial Revolution '' by Andrew Jackson in the U.S. , but also the name `` Slater the Traitor '' by many in Great Britain who felt he betrayed them to the Americans . The First Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Boston Manufacturing Company , Waltham , Massachusetts . See also : Results of the War of 1812 , Industrialisation , and Lowell System Famed Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell memorized the designs of British textile machines in 1810 and realized that , during the War of 1812 , demand for domestic finished cloth increased as imports were drastically cut through embargoes . When he returned to the United States , he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company , which employed the famed Lowell system as a response to poor working conditions in England , initially employing many women . His company was massively successful and extremely productive , especially because his competitors continued to use labor - intensive methods while he employed the mechanized spinning jenny and the water frame . The systems developed by the Boston Manufacturing Company and Lowell himself , such as vertical integration and mass production , found replicas across the country as the United States began to recognize the need for economic independence and industrial development in the wake of the Embargo Act of 1807 , which highlighted the country 's long - term reliance on the British Empire for trade in important refined resources . Since it became clear the U.S. had relied too heavily on foreign refinement of resources , entrepreneurs such as Oliver Evans , Robert Fulton , and Matthias W. Baldwin capitalized on this mostly new industry and mechanized refinement and transportation , thereby drastically increasing the economic independence of the United States for resource refinement and fueling the war effort against Britain . The Financial Sector also saw increased support during the war , once the charter of the First Bank of the United States ' charter expired in 1811 , it became clear that the U.S. Government would have trouble financing the war without it , which lead to the ultimate renewal of the bank by President James Madison in 1816 . There were 3 separate incidents of financial downturn in the early 19th century : the Embargo Act of 1807 , the Depression of 1818 - 21 and the Panic of 1837 , each requiring the financial sector to employ new strategies to deal with large - scale financial downturn never before seen in the United States in the fashion presented during that period . Effects of the First Industrial Revolution ( edit ) See also : Second Industrial Revolution and Technological and industrial history of the United States The Industrial Revolution permanently altered the U.S. economy and set the stage for the United States to dominate technological change and growth in the Second Industrial Revolution in its Gilded Age . The American System ( economic plan ) gave way to new economic thought such as the classical school of economics which assisted in the growth of trade and commerce , but this time with the U.S. as a much larger exporter than importer , which would continue until the late Cold War era with the drastic increase in imports from China . The Industrial Revolution also saw a decrease in the rampancy of labor shortages which characterized the U.S. economy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . This was because there was a `` transportation revolution '' that happened in the same period , which was massively important due to the sheer size and low population density of the U.S. at the time , connecting population centers such as through the Wilderness Road and the Erie Canal , coupled with the development of Steamboats and Rail transport , allowing for the phenomenon of urbanization to begin which increased the labor force available around larger cities such as New York City and Chicago , ameliorating the classic American labor shortages of the time . This also allowed for the quicker movement of resources and goods around the country , drastically increasing trade efficiency and output , while allowing for an extensive transport base for the U.S. to grow from in the Second Industrial Revolution . See also ( edit ) List of mill towns in Massachusetts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Industrial Revolution in the United States - Primary Source Set Teacher Resources - Library of Congress '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Significant Events of the American Industrial Revolution '' . About.com Education . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Chandler Jr. , Alfred D. ( 1993 ) . The Visible Hand : The Management Revolution in American Business . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674940529 Jump up ^ `` The First American Factories ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Heath , Neil . `` Samuel Slater : American hero or British traitor ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Edwin J ( 1994 ) . `` American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 '' . Ohio State University Press Publications . Jump up ^ Vatter , Harold G. ; Walker , John F. ; Alperovitz , Gar ( June 1995 ) . `` The onset and persistence of secular stagnation in the U.S. economy : 1910 -- 1990 , Journal of Economic Issues '' . Jump up ^ Habakkuk , H.J. ( 1962 ) . American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century . London , U.K. , New York , USA : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521094474 Jump up ^ Eugene S. Ferguson , Oliver Evans , Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution ( Hagley Museum & Library , 1980 ) . The Industrial Revolution Themes Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry Invention Iron Machinery , Manufacturing Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles , Water power Workforce People / groups Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard , John Kay ( flying shuttle ) John Kay ( spinning frame ) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery Samuel Slater John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt Places Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway Invention / technology Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson 's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine Social impact Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the Co-operative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare Reference History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom - related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power Category Commons History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_States&oldid=823500139 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Industry in the United States Industrial history of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the industrial revolution start in america | [] | [] |
-9160951868335373233 | Indian Rebellion of 1857 | Indian rebellion of 1857 - Wikipedia Indian rebellion of 1857 Jump to : navigation , search `` Sepoy Mutiny '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sepoy Mutiny ( disambiguation ) . Indian Rebellion of 1857 A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion Date 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months ) Location India Result British victory Suppression of the revolt Formal end of the Mughal empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown ) Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Gwalior Factions Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa Followers of Birjis Qadra Oudh Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh Followers of Drig Narayan Singh British Empire Kingdom of Nepal Kingdom of Tibet East India Company 21 Princely States : Ajaigarh Alwar Bharathpur Bhopal Bijawar Bikaner Bundi Hyderabad Jaipur Jaora Jodhpur Kapurthala Jammu and Kashmir Kendujhar Nabha Patiala Rampur Rewa Sirmur Sirohi Udaipur Mysore Travancore Commanders and leaders Bakht Khan † Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Nana Sahib Tatya Tope Rani Lakshmibai † Begum Hazrat Mahal Nawab Mehar Polo Bahadur Birjis Qadr Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 ) George Anson ( d . May 1857 ) Patrick Grant Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 ) John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana Casualties and losses at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 . Indian Rebellion of 1857 1st Lucknow 1st Cawnpore Badli - ki - Serai Delhi Chinhat Aong Arrah Agra Najafgarh 2nd Cawnpore 2nd Lucknow Central India Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India in 1857 -- 58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . It is known by many names , including the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and India 's First War of Independence . The rebellion began on 12 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 miles northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859 . The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions , including invasive British - style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . Many Indians did rise against the British ; however , very many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides ; on British officers and civilians ( including women and children ) by the rebels , and on the rebels and their supporters ( sometimes including entire villages ) by British reprisals . The cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation . After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels very quickly reached Delhi , whose 81 - year - old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , they declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels had also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well . With help from reinforcements , Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857 , and Delhi by the end of September . However , it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi , Lucknow , and especially the Awadh countryside . Other regions of Company controlled India -- the Bengal Presidency , the Bombay Presidency and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm . In the Punjab , the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support . The large princely states , Hyderabad , Mysore , Travancore , and Kashmir , as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana , did not join the rebellion , serving the British , in the Governor - General Lord Canning 's words , as `` breakwaters in a storm . '' In some regions , most notably in Awadh , the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence . However , the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system . Even so , the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian - and British Empire history . It led to the dissolution of the East India Company , and forced the British to reorganize the army , the financial system , and the administration in India , through passage of the Government of India Act 1858 . India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj . On 1 November 1858 , Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians , which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision , promised rights similar to those of other British subjects . In the following decades , when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming , Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen 's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 East India Company 's expansion in India 2 Causes of the rebellion 2.1 The Enfield Rifle 2.2 Civilian disquiet 2.3 The Bengal Army 3 Onset of the Rebellion 4 Mangal Pandey 4.1 Unrest during April 1857 4.2 Meerut 4.3 Delhi 5 Supporters and opposition 6 The Revolt 6.1 Initial stages 6.2 Delhi 6.3 Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) 6.4 Lucknow 6.5 Jhansi 6.5. 1 Indore 6.6 Other regions 6.6. 1 Punjab 6.6. 2 Bihar 6.6. 3 Bengal and Tripura 6.6. 4 Gujarat 6.7 British Empire 7 Aftermath 7.1 Deathtoll and atrocities 7.2 Reaction in Britain 7.3 Reorganisation 7.4 Military reorganisation 7.5 Awards 8 Nomenclature 9 Historiography 10 150th anniversary 11 In popular culture 11.1 Films 11.2 Theatre 11.3 Literature 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Citations 15 References 15.1 Text - books and academic monographs 15.2 Articles in journals and collections 15.3 Historiography and memory 15.4 Other histories 15.5 First person accounts and classic histories 15.6 Tertiary sources 15.7 Fictional and narrative literature 16 External links East India Company 's expansion in India ( edit ) Main article : Company rule in India India in 1765 and 1805 showing East India Company - governed territories in pink . India in 1837 and 1857 showing East India Company - governed territories in pink Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612 , and earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes , its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India . The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar , when the East India Company army defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . After his defeat , the emperor granted the Company the right to the `` collection of Revenue '' in the provinces of Bengal , Bihar , and Odisha , known as `` Diwani '' to the Company . The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; later , the Anglo - Mysore Wars ( 1766 -- 1799 ) and the Anglo - Maratha Wars ( 1772 -- 1818 ) led to control of even more of India . In 1806 , the Vellore Mutiny was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both Hindu and Muslim sepoys . After the turn of the 19th century , Governor - General Wellesley began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories . This was achieved either by subsidiary alliances between the Company and local rulers or by direct military annexation . The subsidiary alliances created the princely states of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs . Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state . The border dispute between Nepal and British India , which sharpened after 1801 , had caused the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 -- 16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence . In 1854 , Berar was annexed , and the state of Oudh was added two years later . For practical purposes , the Company was the government of much of India . Causes of the rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time , rather than any single event . The sepoys were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the Company 's army . Just before the rebellion , there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army , compared to about 50,000 British . The forces were divided into three presidency armies : Bombay , Madras , and Bengal . The Bengal Army recruited higher castes , such as Rajputs and Bhumihar , mostly from the Awadh and Bihar regions , and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855 . In contrast , the Madras Army and Bombay Army were `` more localized , caste - neutral armies '' that `` did not prefer high - caste men . '' The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion . Two sepoy officers ; a private sepoy , 1820s In 1772 , when Warren Hastings was appointed India 's first Governor - General , one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the Company 's army . Since the sepoys from Bengal -- many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar -- were now suspect in British eyes , Hastings recruited farther west from the high - caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar , a practice that continued for the next 75 years . However , in order to forestall any social friction , the Company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals . Consequently , these soldiers dined in separate facilities ; in addition , overseas service , considered polluting to their caste , was not required of them , and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals . `` This encouragement of high caste ritual status , however , left the government vulnerable to protest , even mutiny , whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives . '' Stokes argues that `` The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact . '' After the annexation of Oudh ( Awadh ) by the East India Company in 1856 , many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites , as landed gentry , in the Oudh courts , and from the anticipation of any increased land - revenue payments that the annexation might bring about . Other historians have stressed that by 1857 , some Indian soldiers , interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent , were convinced that the Company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity . Although earlier in the 1830s , evangelicals such as William Carey and William Wilberforce had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform , such as the abolition of sati and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows , there is little evidence that the sepoys ' allegiance was affected by this . However , changes in the terms of their professional service may have created resentment . As the extent of the East India Company 's jurisdiction expanded with victories in wars or annexation , the soldiers were now expected not only to serve in less familiar regions , such as in Burma , but also to make do without the `` foreign service '' remuneration that had previously been their due . A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the General Service Enlistment Act of 25 July 1856 . As noted above , men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service . Specifically , they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march . Governor - General Lord Dalhousie saw this as an anomaly , since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six `` General Service '' battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required . As a result , the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma , readily accessible only by sea , and China had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies . As signed into effect by Lord Canning , Dalhousie 's successor as Governor - General , the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service . However , serving high - caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them , as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service . There were also grievances over the issue of promotions , based on seniority . This , as well as the increasing number of European officers in the battalions , made promotion slow , and many Indian officers did not reach commissioned rank until they were too old to be effective . The Enfield rifle ( edit ) The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new Enfield P - 53 rifle . These rifles , which fired Minié balls , had a tighter fit than the earlier muskets , and used paper cartridges that came pre-greased . To load the rifle , sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder . The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include tallow derived from beef , which would be offensive to Hindus , and pork , which would be offensive to Muslims . At least one Company official pointed out the difficulties this may cause : unless it be proven that the grease employed in these cartridges is not of a nature to offend or interfere with the prejudices of caste , it will be expedient not to issue them for test to Native corps . However , in August 1856 , greased cartridge production was initiated at Fort William , Calcutta , following a British design . The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co . By January , rumours were abroad that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat . Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high - caste sepoy and a low - caste labourer at Dum Dum . The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge , he had himself lost caste , although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum . There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people , and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour , as it apparently did . The Company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled . On 27 January , Colonel Richard Birch , the Military Secretary , ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease , and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture `` they may prefer '' . A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge was torn with the hands and not bitten . This however , merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified . Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges , which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper , was impregnated with grease . In February , a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours . Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper `` being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing '' , said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease , and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds . Civilian disquiet ( edit ) The civilian rebellion was more multifarious . The rebels consisted of three groups : the feudal nobility , rural landlords called taluqdars , and the peasants . The nobility , many of whom had lost titles and domains under the Doctrine of Lapse , which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs , felt that the Company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance . Rebel leaders such as Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi belonged to this group ; the latter , for example , was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband 's heir . In other areas of central India , such as Indore and Saugar , where such loss of privilege had not occurred , the princes remained loyal to the Company , even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled . The second group , the taluqdars , had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of Oudh . As the rebellion gained ground , the taluqdars quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost , and paradoxically , in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty , did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers , many of whom joined the rebellion , to the great dismay of the British . It has also been suggested that heavy land - revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders , and providing ultimately a reason to rebel ; money lenders , in addition to the Company , were particular objects of the rebels ' animosity . The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution , even in areas of north - central India that were no longer under British control . For example , the relatively prosperous Muzaffarnagar district , a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme , and next door to Meerut , where the upheaval began , stayed relatively calm throughout . Charles Canning , the Governor - General of India during the rebellion . Lord Dalhousie , the Governor - General of India from 1848 to 1856 , who devised the Doctrine of Lapse . Lakshmibai , the Rani of Maratha - ruled Jhansi , one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse . Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor , crowned Emperor of India , by the Indian troops , he was deposed by the British , and died in exile in Burma `` Utilitarian and evangelical - inspired social reform '' , including the abolition of sati and the legalisation of widow remarriage were considered by many -- especially the British themselves -- to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being `` interfered with '' , with the ultimate aim of conversion . Recent historians , including Chris Bayly , have preferred to frame this as a `` clash of knowledges '' , with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the `` insults to women '' , the rise of `` low persons under British tutelage '' , the `` pollution '' caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional astrological authorities . European - run schools were also a problem : according to recorded testimonies , anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction , stories were chosen that would `` bring contempt '' upon Indian religions , and because girl children were exposed to `` moral danger '' by education . The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians . The official Blue Books , East India ( Torture ) 1855 -- 1857 , laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 , revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians . The economic policies of the East India Company were also resented by many Indians . The Bengal Army ( edit ) Each of the three `` Presidencies '' into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies . Of these , the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest . Unlike the other two , it recruited heavily from among high - caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims . The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal army , whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments . The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society . In the early years of Company rule , it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army , which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Brahmins and Rajputs of the Bihar and Awadh regions . These soldiers were known as Purbiyas . By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards , the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted . The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life . Their pay was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed , the soldiers no longer received extra pay ( batta or bhatta ) for service there , because they were no longer considered `` foreign missions '' . The junior European officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers , in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors . In 1856 , a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the Company , which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas . Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits , the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well . A high - caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire , and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution . Onset of the rebellion ( edit ) Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857 Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion . On 26 February 1857 the 19th Bengal Native Infantry ( BNI ) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat , which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities . Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground , but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery , and cancelled the next morning 's parade . Mangal Pandey ( edit ) Main article : Mangal Pandey On 29 March 1857 at the Barrackpore parade ground , near Calcutta , 29 - year - old Mangal Pandey of the 34th BNI , angered by the recent actions of the East India Company , declared that he would rebel against his commanders . Informed about Pandey 's behaviour Sergeant - Major James Hewson went to investigate , only to have Pandey shoot at him . Hewson raised the alarm . When his adjutant Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest , Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh 's horse instead . General John Hearsey came out to the parade ground to investigate , and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of `` religious frenzy '' . He ordered the Indian commander of the quarter guard Jemadar Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey , but the Jemadar refused . The quarter guard and other sepoys present , with the single exception of a soldier called Shaikh Paltu , drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey . Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack . After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion , Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life , by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe . He managed only to wound himself . Court - martialled on 6 April , he was hanged two days later . The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 22 April . The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill - feelings towards its superiors , particularly after this incident . Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of havildar in the Bengal Army , but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed . Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh . The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians . Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge . Unrest during April 1857 ( edit ) During April , there was unrest and fires at Agra , Allahabad and Ambala . At Ambala in particular , which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice , it was clear to General Anson , Commander - in - Chief of the Bengal Army , that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent . Despite the objections of the civilian Governor - General 's staff , he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth . However , he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and , rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble , he then proceeded to Simla , the cool `` hill station '' where many high officials spent the summer . Although there was no open revolt at Ambala , there was widespread arson during late April . Barrack buildings ( especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges ) and European officers ' bungalows were set on fire . Meerut ( edit ) `` The Sepoy revolt at Meerut , '' from the Illustrated London News , 1857 An 1858 photograph by Felice Beato of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed At Meerut , a large military cantonment , 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British - manned guns . The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot . Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known , on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael - Smyth , the unsympathetic commanding officer of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry , ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills . All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges . On 9 May , the remaining 85 men were court martialled , and most were sentenced to 10 years ' imprisonment with hard labour . Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years ' imprisonment . The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles . As they were marched off to jail , the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them . The next day was Sunday . Some Indian soldiers warned off - duty junior European officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force , but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action . There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself , with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire . In the evening , most European officers were preparing to attend church , while many of the European soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut . The Indian troops , led by the 3rd Cavalry , broke into revolt . European junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels . European officers ' and civilians ' quarters were attacked , and four civilian men , eight women and eight children were killed . Crowds in the bazaar attacked the off - duty soldiers there . About 50 Indian civilians , some officers ' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers , were also killed by the sepoys . The sepoys freed their 85 imprisoned comrades from the jail . Some sepoys ( especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry ) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt . Some officers and their families escaped to Rampur , where they found refuge with the Nawab . The British historian Philip Mason notes that it was inevitable that most of the sepoys and sowars from Meerut should have made for Delhi on the night of 10 May . It was a strong walled city located only forty miles away , it was the ancient capital and present seat of the Mughal Emperor and finally there were no British troops in garrison there in contrast to Meerut . No effort was made to pursue them . Delhi ( edit ) Early on 11 May , the first parties of the 3rd Cavalry reached Delhi . From beneath the windows of the King 's apartments in the palace , they called on him to acknowledge and lead them . Bahadur Shah did nothing at this point , apparently treating the sepoys as ordinary petitioners , but others in the palace were quick to join the revolt . During the day , the revolt spread . European officials and dependents , Indian Christians and shop keepers within the city were killed , some by sepoys and others by crowds of rioters . The Flagstaff Tower , Delhi , where the European survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857 ; photographed by Felice Beato There were three battalion - sized regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed in or near the city . Some detachments quickly joined the rebellion , while others held back but also refused to obey orders to take action against the rebels . In the afternoon , a violent explosion in the city was heard for several miles . Fearing that the arsenal , which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition , would fall intact into rebel hands , the nine British Ordnance officers there had opened fire on the sepoys , including the men of their own guard . When resistance appeared hopeless , they blew up the arsenal . Six of the nine officers survived , but the blast killed many in the streets and nearby houses and other buildings . The news of these events finally tipped the sepoys stationed around Delhi into open rebellion . The sepoys were later able to salvage at least some arms from the arsenal , and a magazine two miles ( 3 km ) outside Delhi , containing up to 3,000 barrels of gunpowder , was captured without resistance . Many fugitive European officers and civilians had congregated at the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge north of Delhi , where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations . When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming , they made their way in carriages to Karnal . Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot . Some were helped by villagers on the way ; others were killed . The next day , Bahadur Shah held his first formal court for many years . It was attended by many excited sepoys . The King was alarmed by the turn events had taken , but eventually accepted the sepoys ' allegiance and agreed to give his countenance to the rebellion . On 16 May , up to 50 Europeans who had been held prisoner in the palace or had been discovered hiding in the city were killed by some of the King 's servants under a peepul tree in a courtyard outside the palace . Supporters and opposition ( edit ) Troops of the Native Allies by George Francklin Atkinson , 1859 . States during the rebellion The news of the events at Delhi spread rapidly , provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts . In many cases , it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder . Learning of the fall of Delhi by telegraph , many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves , their families and servants to places of safety . At Agra , 160 miles ( 260 km ) from Delhi , no less than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the Fort . The haste with which many civilians left their posts encouraged rebellions in the areas they left , although others remained at their posts until it was clearly impossible to maintain any sort of order . Several were murdered by rebels . The military authorities also reacted in disjointed manner . Some officers trusted their sepoys , but others tried to disarm them to forestall potential uprisings . At Benares and Allahabad , the disarmings were bungled , also leading to local revolts . Although rebellion became widespread , there was little unity among the rebels . While Bahadur Shah Zafar was restored to the imperial throne , there was a faction that wanted the Maratha rulers to be enthroned also , and the Awadhis wanted to retain the powers that their Nawab used to have . There were calls for jihad by Muslim leaders like Maulana Fazl - e-Haq Khairabadi and the millenarian Ahmadullah Shah , which were taken up by Muslims , particularly artisans , which caused the British to think that the Muslims were the main force behind this event . The Mughal emperor , Bahadur Shah , resisted these calls for jihad because , it has been suggested , he feared outbreaks of communal violence . In Awadh , Sunni Muslims did not want to see a return to Shiite rule , so they often refused to join what they perceived to be a Shia rebellion . However , some Muslims , like the Aga Khan I , supported the British . The British rewarded him by formally recognising his title . Although most of the mutinous sepoys in Delhi were Hindus , a significant proportion of the insurgents were Muslims . The proportion of ghazis grew to be about a quarter of the local fighting force by the end of the siege and included a regiment of suicide ghazis from Gwalior who had vowed never to eat again and to fight until they met certain death at the hands of British troops . In Thana Bhawan , the Sunnis declared Haji Imdadullah their Ameer . In May 1857 , the Battle of Shamli took place between the forces of Haji Imdadullah and the British . The Sikhs and Pathans of the Punjab and North - West Frontier Province supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi . Historian John Harris has asserted that the Sikhs wanted to avenge the annexation of the Sikh Empire eight years earlier by the Company with the help of Purbiyas ( ' Easterners ' ) , Biharis and those from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh who had formed part of the East India Company 's armies in the First and Second Anglo - Sikh Wars . He has also suggested that Sikhs felt insulted by the attitude of sepoys who , in their view , had beaten the Khalsa only with British help ; they resented and despised them far more than they did the British . The Sikhs feared reinstatement of Mughal rule in northern India because they had been persecuted heavily in the past by the Mughal dynasty . Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers , circa 1860 . Sikh support for the British resulted from grievances surrounding sepoys ' perceived conduct during and after the Anglo - Sikh Wars . Firstly , many Sikhs resented that Hindustanis / Purbiyas in service of the Sikh state had been foremost in urging the wars , which lost them their independence . Sikh soldiers also recalled that the bloodiest battles of the war , Chillianwala and Ferozeshah , were won by British troops , and they believed that the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet them in battle . These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit - making civil posts in Punjab . In 1857 , the Bengal Army had 86,000 men , of which 12,000 were European , 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha . There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether , 40,160 European soldiers and 5,362 officers . Fifty - four of the Bengal Army 's 74 regular Native Infantry Regiments mutinied , but some were immediately destroyed or broke up , with their sepoys drifting away to their homes . A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny . In total , only twelve of the original Bengal Native Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied . The Bengal Army also consisted of 29 irregular cavalry and 42 irregular infantry regiments . Of these , there was a substantial contingent from the recently annexed state of Awadh , which mutinied en masse . Another large contingent from Gwalior also mutinied , even though that state 's ruler supported the British . The remainder of the irregular units were raised from a wide variety of sources and were less affected by the concerns of mainstream Indian society . Some irregular units actively supported the Company : three Gurkha and five of six Sikh infantry units , and the six infantry and six cavalry units of the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force . On 1 April 1858 , the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the Company was 80,053 . However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North - West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion . The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments , whilst the Madras army had none at all , although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal . Nonetheless , most of southern India remained passive , with only intermittent outbreaks of violence . Many parts of the region were ruled by the Nizams or the Mysore royalty , and were thus not directly under British rule . The revolt ( edit ) Initial stages ( edit ) Fugitive British officers and their families attacked by mutineers . An etching of Nynee Tal ( today Nainital ) and accompanying story in the Illustrated London News , August 15 , 1857 , describing how the resort town in the Himalayas served as a refuge for British families escaping from the rebellion of 1857 in Delhi and Meerut . Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India . Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will . In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries , their name still carried great prestige across northern India . Civilians , nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance . The emperor issued coins in his name , one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status . The adhesion of the Mughal emperor , however , turned the Sikhs of the Punjab away from the rebellion , as they did not want to return to Islamic rule , having fought many wars against the Mughal rulers . The province of Bengal was largely quiet throughout the entire period . The British , who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously , were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Zafar 's call for war . Initially , the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces , and captured several important towns in Haryana , Bihar , the Central Provinces and the United Provinces . When European troops were reinforced and began to counterattack , the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control . Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as Bakht Khan , whom the Emperor later nominated as commander - in - chief after his son Mirza Mughal proved ineffectual , for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes . Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders , but others were self - interested or inept . In the countryside around Meerut , a general Gurjar uprising posed the largest threat to the British . In Parikshitgarh near Meerut , Gurjars declared Choudhari Kadam Singh ( Kuddum Singh ) their leader , and expelled Company police . Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force , estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000 . Bulandshahr and Bijnor also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively . Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between Meerut and Delhi participated in the revolt , in some cases with support from Jullundur , and it was not until late July that , with the help of local Jats , the British managed to regain control of the area . Attack of the mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow , 30 July 1857 The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Gurjars and Ranghars ( Muslim rajpoots ) proved the `` most irreconcilable enemies '' of the British in the Bulandshahr area . Mufti Nizamuddin , a renowned scholar of Lahore , issued a Fatwa against the British forces and called upon the local population to support the forces of Rao Tula Ram . Casualties were high at the subsequent engagement at Narnaul ( Nasibpur ) . After the defeat of Rao Tula Ram on 16 November 1857 , Mufti Nizamuddin was arrested , and his brother Mufti Yaqinuddin and brother - in - law Abdur Rahman ( alias Nabi Baksh ) were arrested in Tijara . They were taken to Delhi and hanged . Having lost the fight at Nasibpur , Rao Tula Ram and Pran Sukh Yadav requested arms from Russia , which had just been engaged against Britain in the Crimean War . Delhi ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Delhi Massacre of officers by insurgent cavalry at Delhi The British were slow to strike back at first . It took time for troops stationed in Britain to make their way to India by sea , although some regiments moved overland through Persia from the Crimean War , and some regiments already en route for China were diverted to India . It took time to organise the European troops already in India into field forces , but eventually two columns left Meerut and Simla . They proceeded slowly towards Delhi and fought , killed , and hanged numerous Indians along the way . Two months after the first outbreak of rebellion at Meerut , the two forces met near Karnal . The combined force including two Gurkha units serving in the Bengal Army under contract from the Kingdom of Nepal , fought the main army of the rebels at Badli - ke - Serai and drove them back to Delhi . Assault of Delhi and capture of the Cashmere Gate , 14 September 1857 The Company established a base on the Delhi ridge to the north of the city and the Siege of Delhi began . The siege lasted roughly from 1 July to 21 September . However , the encirclement was hardly complete , and for much of the siege the Company forces were outnumbered and it often seemed that it was the Company forces and not Delhi that were under siege , as the rebels could easily receive resources and reinforcements . For several weeks , it seemed likely that disease , exhaustion and continuous sorties by rebels from Delhi would force the Company forces to withdraw , but the outbreaks of rebellion in the Punjab were forestalled or suppressed , allowing the Punjab Movable Column of British , Sikh and Pakhtun soldiers under John Nicholson to reinforce the besiegers on the Ridge on 14 August . On 30 August the rebels offered terms , which were refused . The Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi in 1858 , damaged in the fighting Mortar damage to Kashmiri Gate , Delhi , 1858 Hindu Rao 's house in Delhi , now a hospital , was extensively damaged in the fighting Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force , and from 7 September , the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels ' artillery . An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the Kashmiri Gate was launched on 14 September . The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties , including John Nicholson . The British commander wished to withdraw , but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers . After a week of street fighting , the British reached the Red Fort . Bahadur Shah Zafar had already fled to Humayun 's tomb . The British had retaken the city . Capture of Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson at Humayun 's tomb on 20 September 1857 The troops of the besieging force proceeded to loot and pillage the city . A large number of the citizens were killed in retaliation for the Europeans and Indian civilians that had been slaughtered by the rebels . During the street fighting , artillery was set up city 's main mosque , neighbourhoods within range were bombarded ; the homes of the Muslim nobility that contained innumerable cultural , artistic , literary and monetary riches destroyed . The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah , and the next day the British agent William Hodson had his sons Mirza Mughal , Mirza Khazir Sultan , and grandson Mirza Abu Bakr shot under his own authority at the Khooni Darwaza ( the bloody gate ) near Delhi Gate . On hearing the news Zafar reacted with shocked silence while his wife Zinat Mahal was content as she believed her son was now Zafar 's heir . Shortly after the fall of Delhi , the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in Agra , and then pressed on to Cawnpore , which had also recently been retaken . This gave the Company forces a continuous , although still tenuous , line of communication from the east to west of India . Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Cawnpore Tatya Tope 's Soldiery A memorial erected ( circa 1860 ) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibighar Well . After India 's Independence the statue was moved to the All Souls Memorial Church , Cawnpore . Albumen silver print by Samuel Bourne , 1860 In June , sepoys under General Wheeler in Cawnpore ( now Kanpur ) rebelled and besieged the European entrenchment . Wheeler was not only a veteran and respected soldier but also married to a high - caste Indian lady . He had relied on his own prestige , and his cordial relations with the Nana Sahib to thwart rebellion , and took comparatively few measures to prepare fortifications and lay in supplies and ammunition . The besieged endured three weeks of the Siege of Cawnpore with little water or food , suffering continuous casualties to men , women and children . On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad . With barely three days ' food rations remaining , the British agreed provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take place in daylight on the morning of the 27th ( the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th ) . Early in the morning of 27 June , the European party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to Allahabad . Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the Company were removed by the mutineers and killed , either because of their loyalty or because `` they had become Christian . '' A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys . After the European party had largely arrived at the dock , which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges , with clear lines of fire , firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew , and caught or were set on fire using pieces of red hot charcoal . The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck . One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped , but later grounded , was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore . Towards the end rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors . After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot . By the time the massacre was over , most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in The Bibighar massacre . Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats : two private soldiers , a lieutenant , and Captain Mowbray Thomson , who wrote a first - hand account of his experiences entitled The Story of Cawnpore ( London , 1859 ) . During his trial , Tatya Tope denied the existence of any such plan and described the incident in the following terms : the Europeans had already boarded the boats and Tatya Tope raised his right hand to signal their departure . That very moment someone from the crowd blew a loud bugle , which created disorder and in the ongoing bewilderment , the boatmen jumped off the boats . The rebels started shooting indiscriminately . Nana Sahib , who was staying in Savada Kothi ( Bungalow ) nearby , was informed about what was happening and immediately came to stop it . Some British histories allow that it might well have been the result of accident or error ; someone accidentally or maliciously fired a shot , the panic - stricken British opened fire , and it became impossible to stop the massacre . The surviving women and children were taken to the Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate 's clerk ( The Bibigarh ) where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh . Overall five men and two hundred and six women and children were confined in The Bibigarh for about two weeks . In one week 25 were brought out dead , from dysentery and cholera . Meanwhile , a Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that the Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by the Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed . After the sepoys refused to carry out this order , two Muslim butchers , two Hindu peasants and one of Nana 's bodyguards went into The Bibigarh . Armed with knives and hatchets they murdered the women and children . After the massacre the walls were covered in bloody hand prints , and the floor littered with fragments of human limbs . The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well . When the 50 - foot ( 15 m ) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of the top , the remainder were thrown into the Ganges . Historians have given many reasons for this act of cruelty . With Company forces approaching Cawnpore and some believing that they would not advance if there were no hostages to save , their murders were ordered . Or perhaps it was to ensure that no information was leaked after the fall of Cawnpore . Other historians have suggested that the killings were an attempt to undermine Nana Sahib 's relationship with the British . Perhaps it was due to fear , the fear of being recognised by some of the prisoners for having taken part in the earlier firings . Photograph entitled , `` The Hospital in General Wheeler 's entrenchment , Cawnpore . '' ( 1858 ) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of European lives in Cawnpore 1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River , where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels . Bibigarh house where European women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found , 1858 . The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built . Samuel Bourne , 1860 . A contemporary image of the massacre at the Satichaura Ghat The killing of the women and children hardened British attitudes against the sepoys . The British public was aghast and the anti-Imperial and pro-Indian proponents lost all their support . Cawnpore became a war cry for the British and their allies for the rest of the conflict . Nana Sahib disappeared near the end of the Rebellion and it is not known what happened to him . Other British accounts state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June , two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar ( but after those at both Meerut and Delhi ) , specifically by Lieutenant Colonel James George Smith Neill of the Madras Fusiliers , commanding at Allahabad while moving towards Cawnpore . At the nearby town of Fatehpur , a mob had attacked and murdered the local European population . On this pretext , Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be killed by hanging . Neill 's methods were `` ruthless and horrible '' and far from intimidating the population , may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt . Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures , though contemporary British sources lionised him and his `` gallant blue caps '' . When the British retook Cawnpore , the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor . They then hanged or `` blew from the cannon '' , the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny , the majority of the sepoy prisoners . Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves , they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time . Lucknow ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Lucknow The interior of the Secundra Bagh , several months after its storming during the second relief of Lucknow . Albumen silver print by Felice Beato , 1858 Very soon after the events in Meerut , rebellion erupted in the state of Awadh ( also known as Oudh , in modern - day Uttar Pradesh ) , which had been annexed barely a year before . The British Commissioner resident at Lucknow , Sir Henry Lawrence , had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound . The Company forces numbered some 1700 men , including loyal sepoys . The rebels ' assaults were unsuccessful , and so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound . Lawrence was one of the first casualties . The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via underground tunnels that led to underground close combat . After 90 days of siege , defended by John Eardley Inglis , numbers of Company forces were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys , 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants . On 25 September a relief column under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and accompanied by Sir James Outram ( who in theory was his superior ) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign , in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles . This became known as ' The First Relief of Lucknow ' , as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves , and so was forced to join the garrison . In October another , larger , army under the new Commander - in - Chief , Sir Colin Campbell , was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November , they evacuated the defended enclave within the city , the women and children leaving first . They then conducted an orderly withdrawal , firstly to Alambagh 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort , then to Cawnpore , where they defeated an attempt by Tatya Tope to recapture the city in the Second Battle of Cawnpore . In March 1858 , Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army , meeting up with the force at Alambagh , this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh . He was aided by a large Nepalese contingent advancing from the north under Jang Bahadur . Campbell 's advance was slow and methodical , with a force under General Outram crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank , the forces drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting shooting on 21 March , there were few casualties to his own troops . This nevertheless allowed large numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh , and Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat , disease and guerrilla actions . Jhansi ( edit ) Main article : Central India Campaign ( 1858 ) Jhansi Fort , which was taken over by rebel forces , and subsequently defended against British recapture by the Rani of Jhansi Jhansi was a Maratha - ruled princely state in Bundelkhand . When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853 , it was annexed to the British Raj by the Governor - General of India under the doctrine of lapse . His widow , Rani Lakshmi Bai , the Rani of Jhansi protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son . When war broke out , Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion . A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in Jhansi Fort , and the Rani negotiated their evacuation . However , when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control ; the Europeans suspected the Rani of complicity , despite her repeated denials . By the end of June 1857 , the Company had lost control of much of Bundelkhand and eastern Rajasthan . The Bengal Army units in the area , having rebelled , marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore . The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves . In September and October 1857 , the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of Datia and Orchha . On 3 February , Sir Hugh Rose broke the 3 - month siege of Saugor . Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator , freeing them from rebel occupation . In March 1858 , the Central India Field Force , led by Sir Hugh Rose , advanced on and laid siege to Jhansi . The Company forces captured the city , but the Rani fled in disguise . After being driven from Jhansi and Kalpi , on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of Gwalior from the Scindia rulers , who were British allies . This might have reinvigorated the rebellion but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city . The Rani died on 17 June , the second day of the Battle of Gwalior , probably killed by a carbine shot from the 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars according to the account of three independent Indian representatives . The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days . In descriptions of the scene of her last battle , she was compared to Joan of Arc by some commentators . Indore ( edit ) Colonel Henry Marion Durand , the then - Company resident at Indore , had brushed away any possibility of uprising in Indore . However , on 1 July , sepoys in Holkar 's army revolted and opened fire on the pickets of Bhopal Cavalry . When Colonel Travers rode forward to charge , Bhopal Cavalry refused to follow . The Bhopal Infantry also refused orders and instead levelled their guns at European sergeants and officers . Since all possibility of mounting an effective deterrent was lost , Durand decided to gather up all the European residents and escape , although 39 European residents of Indore were killed . Other regions ( edit ) Punjab ( edit ) Execution of mutineers at Peshawur What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division , centered on Lahore . It included not only the present - day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan Much of the region had been the Sikh Empire , ruled by Ranjit Singh until his death in 1839 . The kingdom had then fallen into disorder , with court factions and the Khalsa ( the Sikh army ) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar ( court ) . After two Anglo - Sikh Wars , the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 . In 1857 , the region still contained the highest numbers of both European and Indian troops . The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India , which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other . In some garrisons , notably Ferozepore , indecision on the part of the senior European officers allowed the sepoys to rebel , but the sepoys then left the area , mostly heading for Delhi . At the most important garrison , that of Peshawar close to the Afghan frontier , many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander ( the elderly General Reed ) and took decisive action . They intercepted the sepoys ' mail , thus preventing their coordinating an uprising , and formed a force known as the `` Punjab Movable Column '' to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred . When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt , the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment , backed by artillery , on 22 May . This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British . Marble Lectern in memory of 35 British soldiers in Jhelum Jhelum in Punjab saw a mutiny of native troops against the British . Here 35 British soldiers of Her Majesty 's 24th Regiment of Foot ( South Wales Borderers ) were killed by mutineers on 7 July 1857 . Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring , the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . To commemorate this event St. John 's Church Jhelum was built and the names of those 35 British soldiers are carved on a marble lectern present in that church . The final large - scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July , when most of a brigade of sepoys at Sialkot rebelled and began to move to Delhi . They were intercepted by John Nicholson with an equal British force as they tried to cross the Ravi River . After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours , the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island . Three days later , Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the Battle of Trimmu Ghat . The British had been recruiting irregular units from Sikh and Pakhtun communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units , and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the Rebellion , 34,000 fresh levies eventually being raised . At one stage , faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi , the Commissioner of the Punjab ( Sir John Lawrence ) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship . The British Agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified . Referring to the massacre of a retreating British army in 1842 , Herbert Edwardes wrote , `` Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy . Europeans can not retreat -- Kabul would come again . '' In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held , and Dost Mohammed , whose relations with Britain had been equivocal for over 20 years , remained neutral . Lieutenant William Alexander Kerr , 24th Bombay Native Infantry , near Kolapore , July 1857 In September 1858 Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal , head of the Khurrul tribe , led an insurrection in the Neeli Bar district , between the Sutlej , Ravi and Chenab rivers . The rebels held the jungles of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area , besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at Chichawatni . A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege . Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana , who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen . Bihar ( edit ) See also : Siege of Arrah Kunwar Singh , the 80 - year - old Rajput Zamindar of Jagdispur , whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board , instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar . On 25 July , mutiny erupted in the garrisons of Dinapur . Mutinying sepoys from the 7th , 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of Arrah and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men . Mr. Boyle , a British railway engineer in Arrah , had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks . As the rebels approached Arrah , all European residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle 's house . A siege soon ensued -- eighteen civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the Bengal Military Police Battalion under the command of Herwald Wake , the local magistrate , defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels . On 29 July 400 men were sent out from Dinapore to relieve Arrah , but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house , severely defeated , and driven back . On 30 July , Major Vincent Eyre , who was going up the river with his troops and guns , reached Buxar and heard about the siege . He immediately disembarked his guns and troops ( the 5th Fusiliers ) and started marching towards Arrah , disregarding direct orders not to do so . On 2 August , some 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) short of Arrah , the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels . After an intense fight , the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully . On 3 August , Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege . After receiving reinforcements Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur , however Singh had left by the time Eyre 's forces arrived . Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh 's brothers . Bengal and tripura ( edit ) In September 1857 , sepoys took control of the treasury in Chittagong . The treasury remained under rebel control for several days . Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd , 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners . The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the Gurkha regiments . The mutiny also spread to Dacca , the former Mughal capital of Bengal . Residents in the city 's Lalbagh area were kept awake at night by the rebellion . Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in Jalpaiguri to take control of the city 's cantonment . In January 1858 , many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of Hill Tippera . The interior areas of Bengal proper were already experiencing growing resistance to Company rule due to the Muslim Faraizi movement . Gujarat ( edit ) In central and north Gujarat , the rebellion was sustained by land owner Jagirdars , Talukdars and Thakors with the support of armed communities of Bhil , Koli , Pathans and Arabs , unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India . Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission . The Bet Dwarka island , along with Okhamandal region of Kathiawar peninsula which was under Gaekwad of Baroda State , saw a revolt by the Vaghers in January 1858 who , by July 1859 , controlled that region . In October 1859 , a joint offensive by British , Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region . British Empire ( edit ) The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population , sepoy or civilian , took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings . In the Straits Settlements , and Trinidad the annual Hosay processions were banned , riots broke out in penal settlements in Burma , and the Settlements , in Penang the loss of a musket provoked a near riot , and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population . Aftermath ( edit ) `` The Relief of Lucknow '' by Thomas Jones Barker Deathtoll and atrocities ( edit ) The war and its aftermath resulted in the deaths of at least 800,000 people during the rebellion and its aftermath including those resulting from famine and disease . Both combatant sides committed huge numbers of atrocities against civilians . In Oudh alone , 150,000 Indians were estimated to have died during the war , with 100,000 of them being civilians . Places such as Delhi , Allahabad , Kanpur and Lucknow were all met with general massacre after they were recaptured by British forces . Another notable atrocity was carried out by General Neill who massacred thousands of Indian mutineers and Indian civilians suspected of supporting the rebellion . The rebels ' murder of women , children and wounded British soldiers at Cawnpore , and the subsequent printing of the events in the British papers , left many British soldiers seeking revenge . As well as hanging mutineers , the British had some `` blown from cannon , '' ( an old Mughal punishment adopted many years before in India ) , in which sentenced rebels were tied over the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces when the cannons were fired . Most of the British press , outraged by the stories of rape and the killings of civilians and wounded British soldiers , did not advocate clemency of any kind . Governor General Canning ordered moderation in dealing with native sensibilities and earned the scornful sobriquet `` Clemency Canning '' from the press and later parts of the British public . In terms of sheer numbers , the casualties were much higher on the Indian side . A letter published after the fall of Delhi in the `` Bombay Telegraph '' and reproduced in the British press testified to the scale of the Indian casualties : ... All the city 's people found within the walls of the city of Delhi when our troops entered were bayoneted on the spot , and the number was considerable , as you may suppose , when I tell you that in some houses forty and fifty people were hiding . These were not mutineers but residents of the city , who trusted to our well - known mild rule for pardon . I am glad to say they were disappointed . British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh , Lucknow , after its recapture ( steel engraving , late 1850s ) From the end of 1857 , the British had begun to gain ground again . Lucknow was retaken in March 1858 . On 8 July 1858 , a peace treaty was signed and the rebellion ended . The last rebels were defeated in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . By 1859 , rebel leaders Bakht Khan and Nana Sahib had either been slain or had fled . Edward Vibart , a 19 - year - old officer whose parents , younger brothers , and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre , recorded his experience : The orders went out to shoot every soul ... It was literally murder ... I have seen many bloody and awful sights lately but such a one as I witnessed yesterday I pray I never see again . The women were all spared but their screams on seeing their husbands and sons butchered , were most painful ... Heaven knows I feel no pity , but when some old grey bearded man is brought and shot before your very eyes , hard must be that man 's heart I think who can look on with indifference ... Blowing from a gun , 8 September 1857 Some British troops adopted a policy of `` no prisoners '' . One officer , Thomas Lowe , remembered how on one occasion his unit had taken 76 prisoners -- they were just too tired to carry on killing and needed a rest , he recalled . Later , after a quick trial , the prisoners were lined up with a British soldier standing a couple of yards in front of them . On the order `` fire '' , they were all simultaneously shot , `` swept ... from their earthly existence '' . The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies . In The Last Mughal , historian William Dalrymple examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British , at that time , saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny . Reaction in Britain ( edit ) Justice , a print by Sir John Tenniel in a September 1857 issue of Punch The scale of the punishments handed out by the British `` Army of Retribution '' were considered largely appropriate and justified in a Britain shocked by embellished reports of atrocities carried out against British and European civilians by the rebels . Accounts of the time frequently reach the `` hyperbolic register '' , according to Christopher Herbert , especially in the often - repeated claim that the `` Red Year '' of 1857 marked `` a terrible break '' in British experience . Such was the atmosphere -- a national `` mood of retribution and despair '' that led to `` almost universal approval '' of the measures taken to pacify the revolt . Incidents of rape allegedly committed by Indian rebels against European women and girls appalled the British public . These atrocities were often used to justify the British reaction to the rebellion . British newspapers printed various eyewitness accounts of the rape of English women and girls . One such account was published by The Times , regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi . Karl Marx criticized this story as false propaganda , and pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in Bangalore , far from the events of the rebellion , with no evidence to support his allegation . Individual incidents captured the public 's interest and were heavily reported by the press . One such incident was that of General Wheeler 's daughter Margaret being forced to live as her captor 's concubine , though this was reported to the Victorian public as Margaret killing her rapist then herself . Another version of the story suggested that Margaret had been killed after her abductor had argued with his wife over her . During the aftermath of the rebellion , a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been `` dishonored '' at the Bibighar and elsewhere . One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning . The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed , although numbers of European women and children had been killed outright . Long after the political recovery was done , women were the focal point and symbol of any distrust the British had in India . Women 's `` fragile female bodies '' were violated by the mutiny 's incidents of rape and Britain immediately reacted in `` vicious ... reprisals against the local population . '' However , Indian women at the time are still undocumented from the `` official male sources . '' Further research could lend insight to both sides of the situation during the rebellion of 1857 . The term ' Sepoy ' or ' Sepoyism ' became a derogatory term for nationalists , especially in Ireland . Reorganisation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bahadur Shah Zafar ( the last Mughal emperor ) in Delhi , awaiting trial by the British for his role in the Uprising . Photograph by Robert Tytler and Charles Shepherd , May 1858 The proclamation to the `` Princes , Chiefs , and People of India , '' issued by Queen Victoria on November 1 , 1858 . `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects . '' ( p. 2 ) Bahadur Shah was tried for treason by a military commission assembled at Delhi , and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862 , bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end . In 1877 Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India on the advice of Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli . The rebellion saw the end of the East India Company 's rule in India . In August , by the Government of India Act 1858 , the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown . A new British government department , the India Office , was created to handle the governance of India , and its head , the Secretary of State for India , was entrusted with formulating Indian policy . The Governor - General of India gained a new title , Viceroy of India , and implemented the policies devised by the India Office . Some former East India Company territories , such as the Straits Settlements , became colonies in their own right . The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform , trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at Westernization . The Viceroy stopped land grabs , decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service , albeit mainly as subordinates . Essentially the old East India Company bureaucracy remained , though there was a major shift in attitudes . In looking for the causes of the Rebellion the authorities alighted on two things : religion and the economy . On religion it was felt that there had been too much interference with indigenous traditions , both Hindu and Muslim . On the economy it was now believed that the previous attempts by the Company to introduce free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and money - lenders . In consequence the new British Raj was constructed in part around a conservative agenda , based on a preservation of tradition and hierarchy . On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising . In consequence , Indians were drawn into government at a local level . Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had been set , with the creation of a new ' white collar ' Indian elite , further stimulated by the opening of universities at Calcutta , Bombay and Madras , a result of the Indian Universities Act . So , alongside the values of traditional and ancient India , a new professional middle class was starting to arise , in no way bound by the values of the past . Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of November 1858 , in which it is expressly stated , `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects ... it is our further will that ... our subjects of whatever race or creed , be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service , the duties of which they may be qualified by their education , ability and integrity , duly to discharge . '' Acting on these sentiments , Lord Ripon , viceroy from 1880 to 1885 , extended the powers of local self - government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the Ilbert Bill . But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next , creating new elites and confirming old attitudes . The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a white mutiny and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law . In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service . Military reorganisation ( edit ) See also : Pattern 1853 Enfield Captain C Scott of the Gen. Sir . Hope Grant 's Column , Madras Regiment , who fell on the attack of Fort of Kohlee , 1858 . Memorial at the St. Mary 's Church , Madras Memorial inside the York Minster The Bengal army dominated the Indian army before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army . The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers . The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict . The rebellion transformed both the native and European armies of British India . Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857 , only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost . The old Bengal Army had accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle . These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under - utilised by the British and from the minority so - called `` Martial Races '' , such as the Sikhs and the Gurkhas . The inefficiencies of the old organisation , which had estranged sepoys from their British officers , were addressed , and the post-1857 units were mainly organised on the `` irregular '' system . From 1797 until the rebellion of 1857 , each regular Bengal Native Infantry regiment had had 22 or 23 British officers , who held every position of authority down to the second - in - command of each company . In irregular units there were fewer European officers , but they associated themselves far more closely with their soldiers , while more responsibility was given to the Indian officers . The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India . From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units , except for a few mountain batteries . The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century . Awards ( edit ) Victoria Cross Medals were awarded to members of the British Armed Forces and the British Indian Army during the rebellion . The one hundred and eighty two recipients of the Victoria Cross are listed here . Indian Mutiny Medal 290,000 Indian Mutiny Medals were awarded . Clasps were awarded for the siege of Delhi and the siege and relief of Lucknow . Indian Order of Merit A military and civilian decoration of British India , the Indian Order of Merit was first introduced by the East India Company in 1837 , and was taken over by the Crown in 1858 , following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . The Indian Order of Merit was the only gallantry medal available to Native soldiers between 1837 and 1907 . Nomenclature ( edit ) See also : First War of Indian Independence ( term ) There is no universally agreed name for the events of this period . In India and Pakistan it has been termed as the `` War of Independence of 1857 '' or `` First War of Indian Independence '' but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the `` Revolt of 1857 '' . The classification of the Rebellion being `` First War of Independence '' is not without its critics in India . The use of the term `` Indian Mutiny '' is considered by some Indian politicians as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude . Others dispute this interpretation . In the UK and parts of the Commonwealth it is commonly called the `` Indian Mutiny '' , but terms such as `` Great Indian Mutiny '' , the `` Sepoy Mutiny '' , the `` Sepoy Rebellion '' , the `` Sepoy War '' , the `` Great Mutiny '' , the `` Rebellion of 1857 '' , `` the Uprising '' , the `` Mahomedan Rebellion '' , and the `` Revolt of 1857 '' have also been used . `` The Indian Insurrection '' was a name used in the press of the UK and British colonies at the time . Historiography ( edit ) The Mutiny Memorial in Delhi , a monument to those killed on the British side during the fighting . Adas ( 1971 ) examines the historiography with emphasis on the four major approaches : the Indian nationalist view ; the Marxist analysis ; the view of the Rebellion as a traditionalist rebellion ; and intensive studies of local uprisings . Many of the key primary and secondary sources appear in Biswamoy Pati , ed. 1857 Rebellion . Execution of mutineers by blowing from a gun . Thomas Metcalf has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor Eric Stokes ( 1924 -- 1981 ) , especially Stokes ' The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India ( 1978 ) . Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people . Instead , Stokes argues that 1 ) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2 ) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule . Stokes also explores issues of economic development , the nature of privileged landholding , the role of moneylenders , the usefulness of classical rent theory , and , especially , the notion of the `` rich peasant . '' Professor Kim Wagner has the most recent survey of the historiography , and stresses the importance of William Dalrymple 's The Last Mughal : The Fall of a Dynasty , Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui , who translated key Urdu and Shikastah sources and published a selection in Besieged : Voices from Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion , and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico - religious discord amongst the rebels . He did not discover much in the way of proto - nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion . Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism , militarism , and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions . Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut , the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over . Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857 , Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a ' national revolt ' while Lord Palmerston , the Prime Minister , tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a ' mere military mutiny ' . Reflecting this debate , an early historian of the rebellion , Charles Ball , used the word mutiny in his title , but labelled it a ' struggle for liberty and independence as a people ' in the text . Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not , although it is popularly considered to be one in India . Arguments against include : A united India did not exist at that time in political , cultural , or ethnic terms ; The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army , the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments ; 80 % of the East India Company forces were Indian ; Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British ; Many rebel Sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight ; Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals ; The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers ; The revolt was largely limited to north and central India . Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature ; A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule , and against native rulers , often as a result of local internal politics ; The revolt was fractured along religious , ethnic and regional lines . The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion , Sepoys of the 31st Native Infantry . Albumen silver print by Felice Beato , 1857 A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above - mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India 's independence . The reasons advanced are : Even though the rebellion had various causes , most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so , made their way to Delhi to revive the old Mughal empire that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them ; There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as Awadh , Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand . The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion , and it spanned more than one region ; The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions , instead they repeatedly proclaimed a `` country - wide rule '' of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from `` India '' , as they knew it then . ( The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over : Khalq Khuda Ki , Mulk Badshah Ka , Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka -- `` the people belong to God , the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy Commandant '' ) . The objective of driving out `` foreigners '' from not only one 's own area but from their conception of the entirety of `` India '' , signifies a nationalist sentiment ; The mutineers , although some were recruited from outside Oudah , displayed a common purpose . 150th anniversary ( edit ) The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of `` India 's First War of Independence '' . Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra 's `` War of Civilizations '' , a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857 , and `` Recalcitrance '' by Anurag Kumar , one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857 . In 2007 , a group of retired British soldiers and civilians , some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict , attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow . However , fears of violence by Indian demonstrators , supported by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party , prevented the British visitors from visiting the site . Despite the protests , Sir Mark Havelock was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor , General Henry Havelock . In popular Culture ( edit ) Henry Nelson O'Neil 's 1857 painting Eastward Ho ! depicting British soldiers say farewell to their loved ones as they embark on a deployment to India . Films ( edit ) Bengal Brigade -- A 1954 film : at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny . A British officer , Captain Claybourne ( Hudson ) , is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders , but finds that his duty to his men is far from over Shatranj Ke Khilari -- A 1977 Indian film directed by Satyajit Ray , chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857 . The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh , and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th - century India . Junoon ( 1978 film ) -- Directed by Shyam Benegal , it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt . Mangal Pandey : The Rising ( 2005 ) -- Ketan Mehta 's Hindi film chronicles the life of Mangal Pandey . The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 1936 ) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom -- During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace , Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in `` the mutiny '' and Chattar Lal complains , `` It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857 '' . The Last Cartridge , an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India ( 1908 ) -- A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion . Theatre ( edit ) 1857 : Ek Safarnama -- A play by Javed Siddiqui , set during the Rebellion of 1857 and staged at Purana Qila , Delhi . Literature ( edit ) Malcolm X 's autobiography The Autobiography of Malcolm X details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-European world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857 . John Masters 's novel Nightrunners of Bengal , first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India , is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani , itself a fictionalised version of the town of Jhansi . Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time . J.G. Farrell 's 1973 novel The Siege of Krishnapur details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion . George MacDonald Fraser 's 1975 novel Flashman in the Great Game deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion . Two of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories , The Sign of the Four and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man , '' feature events that took place during the Rebellion . Michael Crichton 's 1975 novel The Great Train Robbery mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the Siege of Cawnpore , as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce . The majority of M.M. Kaye 's novel Shadow of the Moon is set between 1856 -- 58 , and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters , who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore ( a fictional town in north India ) . The early chapters of her novel The Far Pavilions take place during the Rebellion , which leads to the protagonist , a child of British ancestry , being raised as a Hindu . Indian writer Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella A Flight of Pigeons is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . It is from this story that the film Junoon was later adapted in 1978 by Shyam Benegal . The 1880 novel The Steam House by Jules Verne takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Jules Verne 's famous character Captain Nemo , originally an Indian prince , fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion ( as stated in Verne 's later novel The Mysterious Island ) . E.M. Forster 's 1924 novel A Passage to India alludes several times to the Mutiny . Flora Annie Steel 's novel On the Face of the Waters ( 1896 ) describes incidents of the Mutiny . The plot of H. Beam Piper 's science fiction novel Uller Uprising is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Rujub , the juggler and In Times of Peril : A tale of India by G.A. Henty are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857 See also ( edit ) India portal Vellore Mutiny Political warfare in British colonial India Bengal Native Infantry Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824 Shahzada Muhammad Hidayat Afshar , Ilahi Bakhsh Bahadur Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The events of 1857 -- 58 in India ( are ) known variously as a mutiny , a revolt , a rebellion and the first war of independence ( the debates over which only confirm just how contested imperial history can become ) ... ( page 63 ) '' Jump up ^ `` '' The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India . '' Jump up ^ `` The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India . '' Jump up ^ Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India , recent scholarship has suggested that the rebellion also reached parts of the east and north . '' Jump up ^ `` What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain . '' Jump up ^ `` Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and their alienation from them ... For all their talk of improvement , the new rulers were as yet able to offer very little in the way of positive inducements for Indians to acquiesce in the rule . '' Jump up ^ `` Many Indians took up arms against the British , if for very diverse reasons . On the other hand , a very large number actually fought for the British , while the majority remained apparently acquiescent . Explanations have therefore to concentrate on the motives of those who actually rebelled . '' Jump up ^ The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense . Two great cities , Delhi and Lucknow , were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British . Where the countryside resisted , as in parts of Awadh , villages were burnt . Mutineers and their supporters were often killed out of hand . British civilians , including women and children , were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments . '' Jump up ^ `` The south , Bengal , and the Punjab remained unscathed , ... '' Jump up ^ `` ... it was the support from the Sikhs , carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo - Sikh wars , and the disinclination of the Bengali intelligentsia to throw in their lot with what they considered a backward Zamindar revolt , that proved decisive in the course of the struggle . Jump up ^ `` ( they ) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order . '' Jump up ^ `` The events of 1857 -- 58 in India , ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of British imperialism as a whole . '' Jump up ^ `` Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framework that would govern the politics of religion in colonial India for the next century ... It promised civil equality for Indians regardless of their religious affiliation , and state non-interference in Indians ' religious affairs . Although the Proclamation lacked the legal authority of a constitution , generations of Indians cited the Queen 's proclamation in order to claim , and to defend , their right to religious freedom . '' ( page 23 ) Jump up ^ The proclamation to the `` Princes , Chiefs , and People of India , '' issued by Queen Victoria on November 1 , 1858 . `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects . '' ( p. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858 , she ( Queen Victoria ) and Prince Albert intervened in an unprecedented fashion to turn the proclamation of the transfer of power into a document of tolerance and clemency ... they ... insisted on the clause that stated that the people of India would enjoy the same protection as all subjects of Britain . Over time , this royal intervention led to the Proclamation of 1858 becoming known in the Indian subcontinent as ' the Magna Carta of Indian liberties ' , a phrase which Indian nationalists such as Gandhi later took up as they sought to test equality under imperial law '' ( pages 38 -- 39 ) Jump up ^ `` In purely legal terms , ( the proclamation ) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike . But as is too often the case with noble statements of faith , reality fell far short of theory , and the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles . ( page 76 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Ignoring ... the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858 , Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Indians a greater control over their own affairs . Under these circumstances , it was not long before the seed - idea of nationalism implanted by their reading of Western books began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Gurkhas by W. Brook Northey , John Morris . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1577 - 8 . Page 58 ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , The Last Moghul , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Peers 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Marshall 2007 , p. 197 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Williams , Chris ( 2006 ) , A Companion to 19th - Century Britain , John Wiley & Sons , p. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5679 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Bose & Jalal 2003 , pp. 88 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Marriott , John ( 2013 ) , The other empire : Metropolis , India and progress in the colonial imagination , Manchester University Press , p. 195 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 061 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Bender , Jill C. ( 2016 ) , The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 48345 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Bayly 1990 , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Bandyopadhyay 2004 , pp. 169 -- 172 , Brown 1994 , pp. 85 -- 87 , and Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 100 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , pp. 85 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , P.J. ( 2001 ) , `` 1783 -- 1870 : An expanding empire '' , in P.J. Marshall ( ed ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 50 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00254 - 7 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Spear 1990 , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 177 , Bayly 2000 , p. 357 ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Bayly 1990 , pp. 194 -- 197 ^ Jump up to : Adcock , C.S. ( 2013 ) , The Limits of Tolerance : Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom , Oxford University Press , pp. 23 -- 25 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 999543 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Miles ( 2016 ) , `` The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George '' , in Aldrish , Robert ; McCreery , Cindy ( ed ) , Crowns and Colonies : European Monarchies and Overseas Empires , Manchester University Press , pp. 38 -- 39 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5261 - 0088 - 7 CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Peers , Douglas M. ( 2013 ) , India Under Colonial Rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Routledge , p. 76 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 88286 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Embree , Ainslie Thomas ; Hay , Stephen N. ; Bary , William Theodore De ( 1988 ) , `` Nationalism Takes Root : The Moderates '' , Sources of Indian Tradition : Modern India and Pakistan , Columbia University Press , p. 85 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 06414 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks Project '' . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1 May 1994 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0025611696 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Claude . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . p. 271 . Jump up ^ `` When the Vellore sepoys rebelled '' . 6 August 2006 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ Ludden 2002 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Ludden , David . India and South Asia : A Short History . OneWorld . Jump up ^ to Mazumder , Rajit K. ( 2003 ) , The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab , Delhi : Permanent Black , pp. 7 -- 8 , ISBN 81 - 7824 - 059 - 9 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Eric Stokes ( February 1973 ) . `` The first century of British colonial rule in India : social revolution or social stagnation ? '' . Past & Present . Oxford University Press . 58 : 136 -- 160 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 58.1. 136 . 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Wagner ( 2010 ) , The great fear of 1857 : rumours , conspiracies and the making of the Indian Mutiny , Peter Lang , ISBN 9781906165277 The only troops to be armed with the Enfield rifle , and hence the greased cartridges , were the British HM 60th Rifles stationed at Meerut Jump up ^ Sir John William Kaye ; George Bruce Malleson ( 1888 ) , Kaye 's and Malleson 's history of the Indian mutiny of 1857 -- 8 , London : W.H. Allen & Co , p. 381 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1980 , p. 63 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 53 Jump up ^ David 2007 , p. 292 Jump up ^ M. Edwardes , Red Year : The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( London : Cardinal , 1975 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 54 Jump up ^ David 2007 , p. 293 Jump up ^ G.W. 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( 2004 ) , The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopaedia of British Military , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 925 - 6 , OCLC 54778450 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1980 , p. 358,428 Jump up ^ Essential Histories , the Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 79 Jump up ^ Lachmi Bai Rani of Jhansi , the Jeanne d'Arc of India ( 1901 ) , White , Michael ( Michael Alfred Edwin ) , 1866 , New York : J.F. Taylor & Company , 1901 Jump up ^ `` Biographies '' . Jump up ^ A history of the Sepoy war in India , 1857 -- 1858 -- John William Kaye ( sir . ) -- Google Books , Books.google.com , 1876 , retrieved 17 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Project Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ Charles Allen , Soldier Sahibs , p. 276 Jump up ^ Charles Allen , Soldier Sahibs , pp. 290 -- 293 Jump up ^ Hibbert , The Great Mutiny , p. 163 Jump up ^ Charles Allen , Soldier Sahibs , p. 283 Jump up ^ Dr Surendra Nath Sen , pages 343 -- 344 Eighteen Fifty - Seven , Ministry of Information , Government of India 1957 Jump up ^ The revolt in Hindustan 1857 -- 59 -- Evelyn Wood , Sir Evelyn i.e. Henry Evelyn Wood -- Google Boeken , Books.google.com , 1908 , retrieved 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert Vicars ( 1858 ) . Indian Mutiny . Brief Narrative of the Defence of the Arrah Garrison . London : W. Thacker & Co . Jump up ^ John Sergeant 's Tracks of Empire , BBC4 programme . Jump up ^ Halls , John James ( 1860 ) . Two months in Arrah in 1857 . London : Longman , Green , Longman and Roberts . ^ Jump up to : `` Supplement to The London Gazette , October 13 , 1857 '' ( 22050 ) . 13 October 1857 . pp. 3418 -- 3422 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sieveking , Isabel Giberne ( 1910 ) . A turning point in the Indian mutiny . London : David Nutt . Jump up ^ The Sepoy Revolt . A Critical Narrative -- Google Books , Books.google.com , ISBN 9781402173066 , retrieved 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ John Cassell 's Illustrated history of England -- William Howitt , John Cassell -- Google Boeken , Books.google.com , 1864 , retrieved 17 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong City -- Banglapedia '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857 '' . 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramanlal Kakalbhai Dharaiya ( 1970 ) . Gujarat in 1857 . Gujarat University . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Achyut Yagnik ( 24 August 2005 ) . Shaping Of Modern Gujarat . Penguin Books Limited . pp. 105 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 185 - 7 . Jump up ^ Campbell , James Macnabb ( 1896 ) . James Macnabb Campbell , ed . History of Gujarát . Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency . Volume I. Part II . GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES , 1857 -- 1859 . The Government Central Press . pp. 447 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , CM ' Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1827 ' in Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society , 1970 , 43 , 1 , P100 Jump up ^ Straits Times , 23 August 1857 Jump up ^ Arnold , D ( 1983 ) ' White colonization and labour in nineteenth - century India ' , Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 11 , P144 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chopra , P.N. ( 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of India . 3 . Sterling Publishers . p. 118 . ISBN 9788120725065 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Heather Streets ( 2004 ) . Martial Races : The Military , Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture , 1857 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press . pp. 39 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6962 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sahib : The British Soldier in India 1750 -- 1914 Richard Holmes HarperCollins 2005 Jump up ^ Punch , 24 October 1857 ^ Jump up to : Herbert , C. ( 2008 ) , War of No Pity : The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma , Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Dalrymple , The Last Moghul , pp. 374 Jump up ^ Dalrymple 2006 Jump up ^ Chakravarty , G. ( 2004 ) , The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Judd , D. ( 2005 ) , The Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Beckman , Karen Redrobe ( 2003 ) , Vanishing Women : Magic , Film , and Feminism , Duke University Press , pp. 33 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3074 - 1 Jump up ^ David 2003 , pp. 220 -- 222 Jump up ^ The Friend of India reprinted in South Australian Advertiser , 2 October 1860 Jump up ^ David , Saul . The Indian Mutiny . pp. 257 -- 258 . ISBN 0 - 141 - 00554 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tuson , Penelope ( May -- June 1998 ) . `` Mutiny narratives and the imperial feminine : European women 's accounts of the rebellion in India in 1857 '' . Women 's Studies International Forum . Elsevier . 21 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 303 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 5395 ( 98 ) 00023 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bender , J.C. , `` Mutiny or freedom fight '' , in Potter , S.J. , Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain , Dublin : Four Courts Press , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajit K. Mazumder , The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab . ( Delhi , Permanent Black , 2003 ) , 11 . Jump up ^ Bickers , Robert A. ; R.G. Tiedemann ( 2007 ) , The Boxers , China , and the World , Rowman & Littlefield , p. 231 ( at p. 63 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5395 - 8 Jump up ^ W.Y. Carman , page 107 Indian Army Uniforms -- Infantry , Morgan - Grampian London 1969 Jump up ^ Philip Mason , page 238 `` A Matter of Honour '' , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 Jump up ^ Philip Mason , page 319 `` A Matter of Honour '' , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 Jump up ^ Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859 Jump up ^ `` Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837 '' . p. 60 . Jump up ^ First Indian War of Independence 8 January 1998 Jump up ^ A number of dispossessed dynasts , both Hindu and Muslim , exploited the well - founded caste - suspicions of the sepoys and made these simple folk their cat 's paw in gamble for recovering their thrones . The last scions of the Delhi Mughals or the Oudh Nawabs and the Peshwa , can by no ingenuity be called fighters for Indian freedom Hindusthan Standard , Puja Annual , 195 p. 22 referenced in the Truth about the Indian mutiny article by Dr Ganda Singh Jump up ^ In the light of the available evidence , we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of careful planning , nor were there any master - minds behind it . As I read about the events of 1857 , I am forced to the conclusion that the Indian national character had sunk very low . The leaders of the revolt could never agree . They were mutually jealous and continually intrigued against one another ... In fact these personal jealousies and intrigues were largely responsible for the Indian defeat. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Surendranath Sen : Eighteen Fifty - seven ( Appx . X & Appx . XV ) Jump up ^ > Hasan 1998 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Nanda 1965 , p. 701 Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian History -- British Period -- First war of Independence '' . Jump up ^ `` Il ya cent cinquante ans , la révolte des cipayes '' . 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ German National Geographic article Jump up ^ The Empire , Sydney , Australia , 11 July 1857 , or Taranaki Herald , New Zealand , 29 August 1857 Jump up ^ Michael Adas , `` Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857 -- 58 , '' Journal of Asian History , 1971 , Vol. 5 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 19 Jump up ^ It includes essays by historians Eric Stokes , Christopher Bayly , Rudrangshu Mukherjee , Tapti Roy , Rajat K. Ray and others . Biswamoy Pati ( 2010 ) , The 1857 Rebellion , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780198069133 Jump up ^ For the latest research see Crispin Bates , ed. , Mutiny at the Margins : New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 : Volume I : Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Thomas R. Metcalf , `` Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India . '' Journal of Asian Studies 39 # 1 ( 1979 ) : 111 -- 119 . Jump up ^ M. Farooqui , trans ( 2010 ) Besieged : voices from Delhi 1857 Penguin Books Jump up ^ Kim A. Wagner , `` The Marginal Mutiny : The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857 , '' History Compass 9 / 10 ( 2011 ) : 760 -- 766 , quote p 760 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2011. 00799. x Jump up ^ See also Kim A. Wagner ( 2010 ) , The Great Fear Of 1857 : Rumours , Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising , Peter Lang , p. 26 , ISBN 9781906165277 Jump up ^ Sabbaq Ahmed , `` Ideology and Muslim militancy in India : Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion . '' ( PhD Dissertation , Victoria University of Wellington ( NZ ) , 2015 ) . online Jump up ^ The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma by Christopher Herbert , Princeton University Press , Princeton 2007 Jump up ^ The History of the Indian Mutiny : Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India by Charles Ball , The London Printing and Publishing Company , London , 1860 Jump up ^ V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence . The Indian War of Independence : 1857 ( Bombay : 1947 ( 1909 ) ) . Most historians have seen his arguments as discredited , with one venturing so far as to say , ' It was neither first , nor national , nor a war of independence . ' Eric Stokes has argued that the rebellion was actually a variety of movements , not one movement . The Peasant Armed ( Oxford : 1980 ) . See also S.B. Chaudhuri , Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 1857 -- 1859 ( Calcutta : 1957 ) Jump up ^ The Indian Mutiny , Spilsbury Julian , Orion , 2007 Jump up ^ S&T magazine issue 121 ( September 1988 ) , page 20 Jump up ^ The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly , Bijnor , Moradabad , and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom . '' R.C. Majumdar : Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 ( page 2303 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Sitaram Yechury . The Empire Strikes Back Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Hindustan Times . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UK India Mutiny ceremony blocked '' . BBC News . 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Ram Dutt ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` Briton visits India Mutiny grave '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` A little peek into history '' . The Hindu . India . 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Train Robbery ( 1st ed . ) . Ballantine Books . 1975 . pp. 272 -- 275 , 278 , 280 . References ( edit ) Text - Books and Academic monographs ( edit ) Alavi , Seema ( 1996 ) , The Sepoys and the Company : Tradition and Transition 1770 -- 1830 , Oxford University Press , p. 340 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563484 - 5 . Anderson , Clare ( 2007 ) , Indian Uprising of 1857 -- 8 : Prisons , Prisoners and Rebellion , New York : Anthem Press , p. 217 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 249 - 9 . Bandyopadhyay , Sekhara ( 2004 ) , From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India , New Delhi : Orient Longman , p. 523 , ISBN 81 - 250 - 2596 - 0 . Bayly , Christopher Alan ( 1988 ) , Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 230 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25092 - 7 . Bayly , Christopher Alan ( 2000 ) , Empire and Information : Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India , c 1780 -- 1870 , Cambridge University Press , p. 412 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57085 - 9 . Bose , Sugata ; Jalal , Ayesha ( 2004 ) , Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Routledge , p. 253 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 30787 - 2 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) , Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 480 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 873113 - 2 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) , Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde , UK : History Press , p. 496 , ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harris , John ( 2001 ) , The Indian Mutiny , Ware : Wordsworth Editions , p. 205 , ISBN 1 - 84022 - 232 - 8 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) , The Great Mutiny : India 1857 , London : Allen Lane , p. 472 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 004752 - 2 . Jain , Meenakshi ( 2010 ) , Parallel Pathways : Essays On Hindu - Muslim Relations ( 1707 - 1857 ) , Delhi : Konark , ISBN 978 - 8122007831 . Judd , Denis ( 2004 ) , The Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press , xiii , 280 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280358 - 1 . Keene , Henry George ( 1883 ) , Fifty - Seven . Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army , London : W.H. Allen , p. 145 . Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A History of India ( 4th ed . ) , London : Routledge , xii , 448 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32920 - 5 . Leasor , James ( 1956 ) , The Red Fort , London : W. Lawrie , p. 377 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 034200 - 4 . Ludden , David ( 2002 ) , India And South Asia : A Short History , Oxford : Oneworld , xii , 306 , ISBN 1 - 85168 - 237 - 6 . Majumdar , R.C. ; Raychaudhuri , H.C. ; Datta , Kalikinkar ( 1967 ) , An Advanced History of India ( 3rd ed . ) , London : Macmillan , p. 1126 . Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) , A History of Modern India 1480 -- 1950 , London : Anthem , p. 607 , ISBN 1 - 84331 - 152 - 6 . Marshall , P.J. ( 2007 ) , The Making and Unmaking of Empires : Britain , India , and America c. 1750 -- 1783 , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Pp. 400 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922666 - 0 Metcalf , Barbara D. ; Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) , A Concise History of Modern India ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 337 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 68225 - 8 . Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 1990 ) , The Aftermath of Revolt : India , 1857 -- 1870 , New Delhi : Manohar , p. 352 , ISBN 81 - 85054 - 99 - 1 . Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 1997 ) , Ideologies of the Raj , Cambridge University Press , p. 256 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58937 - 1 . Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( 2002 ) , Awadh in Revolt 1857 -- 1858 : A Study of Popular Resistance ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Anthem , ISBN 1 - 84331 - 075 - 9 . Palmer , Julian A.B. ( 1966 ) , The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857 , Cambridge University Press , p. 175 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 05901 - 1 . Peers , Douglas M. ( 2013 ) , India Under Colonial Rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 88286 - 2 Ray , Rajat Kanta ( 2002 ) , The Felt Community : Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism , Oxford University Press , p. 596 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565863 - 9 . Robb , Peter ( 2002 ) , A History of India , Basingstoke : Palgrave , p. 344 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 69129 - 6 . Roy , Tapti ( 1994 ) , The politics of a popular uprising : Bundelkhand 1857 , Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 291 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563612 - 0 . Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Stanley , Peter ( 1998 ) , White Mutiny : British Military Culture in India , 1825 -- 1875 , London : Hurst , p. 314 , ISBN 1 - 85065 - 330 - 5 . Stein , Burton ( 2001 ) , A History of India , New Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 432 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565446 - 3 . Stokes , Eric ( 1980 ) , The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India , Cambridge University Press , p. 316 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29770 - 2 . Stokes , Eric ; Bayly , C.A. ( ed . ) ( 1986 ) , The Peasant Armed : The Indian Revolt of 1857 , Oxford : Clarendon , p. 280 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 821570 - 3 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Taylor , P.J.O. ( 1997 ) , What really happened during the mutiny : a day - by - day account of the major events of 1857 -- 1859 in India , Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 323 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 564182 - 5 . Wolpert , Stanley ( 2004 ) , A New History of India ( 7th ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 530 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516678 - 7 . Articles in journals and collections ( edit ) Alam Khan , Iqtidar ( May -- June 2013 ) , `` The Wahabis in the 1857 Revolt : A Brief Reappraisal of Their Role '' , Social Scientist , 41 ( 5 / 6 ) : 15 -- 23 , JSTOR 23611115 Alavi , Seema ( February 1993 ) , `` The Company Army and Rural Society : The Invalid Thanah 1780 -- 1830 '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 27 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 178 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00016097 , JSTOR 312880 Baker , David ( 1991 ) , `` Colonial Beginnings and the Indian Response : The Revolt of 1857 -- 58 in Madhya Pradesh '' , Modern Asian Studies , 25 ( 3 ) : 511 -- 543 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00013913 , JSTOR 312615 Blunt , Alison ( July 2000 ) , `` Embodying war : British women and domestic defilement in the Indian `` Mutiny '' , 1857 -- 8 `` , Journal of Historical Geography , 26 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 428 , doi : 10.1006 / jhge. 2000.0236 English , Barbara ( February 1994 ) , `` The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 142 : 169 -- 178 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 142.1. 169 , JSTOR 651200 Hasan , Farhat ; Roy , Tapti ( 1998 ) , `` Review of Tapti Roy , The Politics of a Popular Uprising , OUP , 1994 '' , Social Scientist , 26 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 151 , doi : 10.2307 / 3517586 Klein , Ira ( July 2000 ) , `` Materialism , Mutiny and Modernization in British India '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 34 ( 3 ) : 545 -- 580 , JSTOR 313141 Lahiri , Nayanjot ( June 2003 ) , `` Commemorating and Remembering 1857 : The Revolt in Delhi and Its Afterlife '' , World Archaeology , Taylor & Francis , 35 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 60 , doi : 10.1080 / 0043824032000078072 , JSTOR 3560211 Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( August 1990 ) , `` ' Satan Let Loose upon Earth ' : The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 128 : 92 -- 116 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 128.1. 92 , JSTOR 651010 Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( February 1994 ) , `` The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 : Reply '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 142 : 178 -- 189 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 142.1. 178 , JSTOR 651201 Nanda , Krishan ( September 1965 ) , The Western Political Quarterly , 18 ( 3 ) , University of Utah on behalf of the Western Political Science Association , pp. 700 -- 701 . Roy , Tapti ( February 1993 ) , `` Visions of the Rebels : A Study of 1857 in Bundelkhand '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 27 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 228 ( Special Issue : How Social , Political and Cultural Information Is Collected , Defined , Used and Analyzed ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00016115 , JSTOR 312882 Stokes , Eric ( December 1969 ) , `` Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India : A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , 12 ( 4 ) : 606 -- 627 , doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00010554 , JSTOR 2638016 Washbrook , D.A. ( 2001 ) , `` India , 1818 -- 1860 : The Two Faces of Colonialism '' , in Porter , Andrew , Oxford History of the British Empire : The Nineteenth Century , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 395 -- 421 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman ( 2008 ) , `` 1857 ki Jung - e Azadi main Khandan ka hissa '' , Hayat Karam Husain ( 2nd ed . ) , Aligarh / India : Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences , pp. 253 -- 258 , OCLC 852404214 Historiography and memory ( edit ) Bates , Crispin , ed . Mutiny at the Margins : New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 ( 5 vol . SAGE Publications India , 2013 -- 14 ) . online guide ; With illustrations , maps , selected text and more . Chakravarty , Gautam . The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination ( Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) . Deshpande , Prachi . `` The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive : Lakshmibai , Jhansi , and 1857 . '' journal of Asian studies 67 # 3 ( 2008 ) : 855 -- 879 . Erll , Astrid . `` Re-writing as re-visioning : Modes of representing the ' Indian Mutiny'in British novels , 1857 to 2000 . '' European Journal of English Studies 10.2 ( 2006 ) : 163 -- 185 . online Frykenberg , Robert E. ( 2001 ) , `` India to 1858 '' , in Winks , Robin , Oxford History of the British Empire : Historiography , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 194 -- 213 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924680 - 7 Pati , Biswamoy ( 12 -- 18 May 2007 ) . `` Historians and Historiography : Situating 1857 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 42 ( 19 ) : 1686 -- 1691 . JSTOR 4419570 . Perusek , Darshan ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Subaltern Consciousness and the Historiography of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 '' . NOVEL : A Forum on Fiction . Duke University Press . 25 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 1345889 . JSTOR 1345889 . Wagner , Kim A. ( October 2011 ) . `` The Marginal Mutiny : The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857 '' . History Compass. 9 ( 10 ) : 760 -- 766 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2011. 00799. x . Other histories ( edit ) Dalrymple , William ( 2006 ) , The Last Mughal , Viking Penguin , ISBN 0 - 670 - 99925 - 3 David , Saul ( 2003 ) , The Indian Mutiny : 1857 , London : Penguin Books , Pp. 528 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 100554 - 8 David , Saul ( 2007 ) , Victoria 's Wars , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 00555 - 3 Mishra , Amaresh. 2007 . War of Civilisations : The Long Revolution ( India AD 1857 , 2 Vols . ) , ISBN 978 - 81 - 291 - 1282 - 8 Ward , Andrew . Our Bones Are Scattered . New York : Holt & Co. , 1996 . First person accounts and classic histories ( edit ) Anderson , Clare . The Indian Uprising of 1857 -- 8 : Prisons , Prisoners , and Rebellion . London , 2007 . Barter , Captain Richard The Siege of Delhi . Mutiny memories of an old officer , London , The Folio Society , 1984 . Campbell , Sir Colin . Narrative of the Indian Revolt . London : George Vickers , 1858 . Collier , Richard . The Great Indian Mutiny . New York : Dutton , 1964 . Forrest , George W. A History of the Indian Mutiny , William Blackwood and Sons , London , 1904 . ( 4 vols ) Fitchett , W.H. , B.A. , LL. D. , A Tale of the Great Mutiny , Smith , Elder & Co. , London , 1911 . Inglis , Julia Selina , Lady , 1833 -- 1904 , The Siege of Lucknow : a Diary , London : James R. Osgood , McIlvaine & Co. , 1892 . Online at A Celebration of Women Writers . Innes , Lt. General McLeod : The Sepoy Revolt , A.D. Innes & Co. , London , 1897 . Kaye , John William . A History of the Sepoy War In India ( 3 vols ) . London : W.H. Allen & Co. , 1878 . Kaye , Sir John & Malleson , G.B. : The Indian Mutiny of 1857 , Rupa & Co. , Delhi , ( 1st edition 1890 ) reprint 2005 . Khan , Syed Ahmed ( 1859 ) , Asbab - e Baghawat - e Hind , Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt , Allahabad , 1873 Malleson , Colonel G.B. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 . New York : Scribner & Sons , 1891 . Marx , Karl & Freidrich Engels . The First Indian War of Independence 1857 -- 1859 . Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 1959 . Pandey , Sita Ram , From Sepoy to Subedar , Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram , a Native Officer of the Bengal Native Army , Written and Related by Himself , trans . Lt. Col. Norgate , ( Lahore : Bengal Staff Corps , 1873 ) , ed . James Lunt , ( Delhi : Vikas Publications , 1970 ) . Raikes , Charles : Notes on the Revolt in the North - Western Provinces of India , Longman , London , 1858 . Roberts , Field Marshal Lord , Forty - one Years in India , Richard Bentley , London , 1897 Forty - one years in India at Project Gutenberg Russell , William Howard , My Diary in India in the years 1858 - 9 , Routledge , London , 1860 , ( 2 vols . ) Sen , Surendra Nath , Eighteen fifty - seven , ( with a foreword by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ) , Indian Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Delhi , 1957 . Thomson , Mowbray ( Capt . ) , The Story of Cawnpore , Richard Bentley , London , 1859 . Trevelyan , Sir George Otto , Cawnpore , Indus , Delhi , ( first edition 1865 ) , reprint 2002 . Wilberforce , Reginald G , An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny , Being the Personal Reminiscences of Reginald G. WIlberforce , Late 52nd Infantry , Compiled from a Diary and Letters Written on the Spot London : John Murray 1884 , facsimile reprint : Gurgaon : The Academic Press , 1976 . Tertiary sources ( edit ) `` Indian Mutiny . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Online . http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/342/91.html . 23 March 1998 . `` Lee - Enfield Rifle . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 23 March 1998 . Fictional and Narrative literature ( edit ) Conan Doyle , Arthur . The Sign of the Four , featuring Sherlock Holmes , originally appearing in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine 1890 . Farrell , J.G. The Siege of Krishnapur . New York : Carroll & Graf , 1985 ( orig. 1973 ; Booker Prize winner ) . Fenn , Clive Robert . For the Old Flag : A Tale of the Mutiny . London : Sampson Low , 1899 . Fraser , George MacDonald . Flashman in the Great Game . London : Barrie & Jenkins , 1975 . Grant , James . First Love and Last Love : A Tale of the Mutiny . New York : G. Routledge & Sons , 1869 . Kaye , Mary Margaret . Shadow of the Moon . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1979 . Kilworth , Garry Douglas . Brothers of the Blade : Constable & Robinson , 2004 . Leasor , James . Follow the Drum . London : Heinemann , 1972 , reissued James Leasor Ltd , 2011 . Masters , John . Nightrunners of Bengal . New York : Viking Press , 1951 . Raikes , William Stephen . 12 Years of a Soldier 's Life In India . Boston : Ticknor and Fields , 1860 . Julian Rathbone , The Mutiny . Rossetti , Christina Georgina . `` In the Round Tower at Jhansi , 8 June 1857 . '' Goblin Market and Other Poems. 1862 . Anurag Kumar . Recalcitrance : a novel based on events of 1857 -- 58 in Lucknow . Lucknow : AIP Books , Lucknow 2008 . Stuart , V.A. The Alexander Sheridan Series : # 2 : 1964 . The Sepoy Mutiny ; # 3 : 1974 . Massacre at Cawnpore ; # 4 : 1974 . The Cannons of Lucknow ; 1975 . # 5 : The Heroic Garrison . Reprinted 2003 by McBooks Press . ( Note : # 1 -- Victors & Lords deals with the Crimean War . ) Valerie Fitzgerald `` Zemindar '' : 1981 Bodley Head . historic novel . Frédéric Cathala , 1857 , KDP , 2017 , historical novel . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Library resources about Indian Rebellion of 1857 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Detailed Map : The revolt of 1857 -- 1859 , Historical Atlas of South Asia , Digital South Asia Library , hosted by the University of Chicago Development of Situation - January to July 1857 -- Maj ( Retd ) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN from WASHINGTON DC defencejounal.com The Indian Mutiny BritishEmpire.co.uk Karl Marx , New York Tribune , 1853 -- 1858 , The Revolt in India marxists.org Preceded by Second Anglo - Sikh War Indo - British conflicts Succeeded by Hindu German Conspiracy Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who called the revolt of 1857 as national revolt | [
"Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut, the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over. Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857, Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a 'national revolt' while Lord Palmerston, the Prime Minister, tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a 'mere military mutiny'.[195] Reflecting this debate, an early historian of the rebellion, Charles Ball, used the word mutiny in his title, but labelled it a 'struggle for liberty and independence as a people' in the text.[196] Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not,[197] although it is popularly considered to be one in India. Arguments against include:"
] | [
"Benjamin Disraeli"
] |
-1234392194229742057 | List of Presidents of the United States by home state | List of presidents of the United states by home state - wikipedia List of presidents of the United states by home state Jump to : navigation , search These lists give the states of primary affiliation and of birth for each President of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth places 2 Presidential birthplace and early childhood historic sites 3 States of primary affiliation 4 References 5 External links Birth Places ( edit ) Twenty - one states claim the distinction of being the birthplace of a president . One president 's birth state is in dispute ; North and South Carolina ( British colonies at the time ) both lay claim to Andrew Jackson , who was born in 1767 , in the Waxhaw region along their common border . Jackson himself considered South Carolina as his birth state . Born on December 5 , 1782 , Martin Van Buren was the first president born an American citizen ( and not a British subject ) . The term Virginia dynasty is sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five U.S. presidents were from Virginia . The number of presidents born per state , counting Jackson as being from South Carolina , are : One : Arkansas , California , Connecticut , Georgia , Hawaii , Illinois , Iowa , Kentucky , Missouri , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and South Carolina Two : North Carolina , Texas , and Vermont Four : Massachusetts Five : New York Seven : Ohio Eight : Virginia Note : Dates of birth sort by month and day = Colony , pre -- 1776 , rather than state . Birth Order President Date of birth Birthplace State of birth In office George Washington 02 - 22 February 22 , 1732 Westmoreland County virga ! Virginia 01 ! ( 1st ) April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 John Adams 10 - 30 October 30 , 1735 Braintree Massaa ! Massachusetts 02 ! ( 2nd ) March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 Thomas Jefferson 04 - 13 April 13 , 1743 Shadwell virgb ! Virginia 03 ! ( 3rd ) March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 James Madison 03 - 16 March 16 , 1751 Port Conway virgc ! Virginia 04 ! ( 4th ) March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 5 James Monroe 04 - 28 April 28 , 1758 Monroe Hall virgd ! Virginia 05 ! ( 5th ) March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 6 John Quincy Adams 07 - 11 July 11 , 1767 Braintree Massab ! Massachusetts 06 ! ( 6th ) March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 7 Andrew Jackson 03 - 15 March 15 , 1767 Waxhaws Region Sou ! South / North Carolina 07 ! ( 7th ) March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 8 Martin Van Buren 12 - 05 December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook New York 08 ! ( 8th ) March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 9 William Henry Harrison 02 - 09 February 9 , 1773 Charles City County virge ! Virginia 09 ! ( 9th ) March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 10 John Tyler 03 - 29 March 29 , 1790 Charles City County virgg ! Virginia 10 ! ( 10th ) April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 11 James K. Polk 11 - 02 November 2 , 1795 Pineville North Carolina 11 ! ( 11th ) March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 12 Zachary Taylor 11 - 24 November 24 , 1784 Barboursville virgf ! Virginia 12 ! ( 12th ) March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 13 Millard Fillmore 01 - 07 January 7 , 1800 Summerhill New York 13 ! ( 13th ) July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 14 Franklin Pierce 11 - 23 November 23 , 1804 Hillsborough New Hampshire 14 ! ( 14th ) March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 15 James Buchanan 04 - 23 April 23 , 1791 Cove Gap Pennsylvania 15 ! ( 15th ) March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 16 Abraham Lincoln 02 - 12 February 12 , 1809 Sinking ! Sinking Spring Kentucky 16 ! ( 16th ) March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 17 Andrew Johnson 12 - 29 December 29 , 1808 Raleigh North Carolina 17 ! ( 17th ) April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 18 Ulysses S. Grant 04 - 27 April 27 , 1822 Point Pleasant Ohio 18 ! ( 18th ) March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 10 - 04 October 4 , 1822 Delaware Ohio 19 ! ( 19th ) March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 20 James A. Garfield 11 - 19 November 19 , 1831 Moreland Hills Ohio 20 ! ( 20th ) March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 21 Chester A. Arthur 10 - 05 October 5 , 1829 Fairfield Vermont 21 ! ( 21st ) September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 22 Grover Cleveland 03 - 18 March 18 , 1837 Caldwell New Jersey 22 ! ( 22nd ) March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 23 Benjamin Harrison 08 - 20 August 20 , 1833 North Bend Ohio 23 ! ( 23rd ) March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 24 Grover Cleveland 03 - 18 March 18 , 1837 Caldwell New Jersey 24 ! ( 24th ) March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 25 William McKinley 01 - 29 January 29 , 1843 Niles Ohio 25 ! ( 25th ) March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 26 Theodore Roosevelt 10 - 27 October 27 , 1858 New York City New York 26 ! ( 26th ) September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 27 William H. Taft 09 - 15 September 15 , 1857 Cincinnati Ohio 27 ! ( 27th ) March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 28 Woodrow Wilson 12 - 28 December 28 , 1856 Staunton virgh ! Virginia 28 ! ( 28th ) March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 29 Warren G. Harding 11 - 02 November 2 , 1865 Blooming Grove Ohio 29 ! ( 29th ) March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 30 Calvin Coolidge 07 - 04 July 4 , 1872 Plymouth Vermont 30 ! ( 30th ) August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 31 Herbert Hoover 08 - 10 August 10 , 1874 West Branch Iowa 31 ! ( 31st ) March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt 01 - 30 January 30 , 1882 Hyde Park New York 32 ! ( 32nd ) March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 33 Harry S. Truman 05 - 08 May 8 , 1884 Lamar Missouri 33 ! ( 33rd ) April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 10 - 14 October 14 , 1890 Denison Texas 34 ! ( 34th ) January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 35 John F. Kennedy 05 - 29 May 29 , 1917 Brookline Massachusetts 35 ! ( 35th ) January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 36 Lyndon B. Johnson 08 - 27 August 27 , 1908 Stonewall Texas 36 ! ( 36th ) November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 37 Richard Nixon 01 - 09 January 9 , 1913 Yorba Linda California 37 ! ( 37th ) January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 38 Gerald Ford 07 - 14 July 14 , 1913 Omaha Nebraska 38 ! ( 38th ) August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 39 Jimmy Carter 10 - 01 October 1 , 1924 Plains Georgia 39 ! ( 39th ) January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 40 Ronald Reagan 02 - 06 February 6 , 1911 Tampico Illinois 40 ! ( 40th ) January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 41 George H.W. Bush 06 - 12 June 12 , 1924 Milton Massachusetts 41 ! ( 41st ) January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 42 George W. Bush 07 - 06 July 6 , 1946 New Haven Connecticut 43 ! ( 43rd ) January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 43 Bill Clinton 08 - 19 August 19 , 1946 Hope Arkansas 42 ! ( 42nd ) January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 44 Barack Obama 08 - 04 August 4 , 1961 Honolulu Hawaii 44 ! ( 44th ) January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 45 Donald J. Trump 06 - 14 June 14 , 1946 Jamaica , Queens New York 45 ! ( 45th ) January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Presidential Birthplace and early childhood Historic sites ( edit ) The birthplaces and early childhood residences of many U.S. presidents have been preserved or replicated . In instances where a physical structure is absent , a monument or roadside marker has been erected to denote the site 's historic significance . All sites in the table below are listed in the National Register of Historic Places . A dramatic shift in childbirth from home to hospital occurred in the United States in the early 20th century ( mid -- 1920s to 1940 ) . Reflective of this trend , all presidents born after World War II ( Bill Clinton and every president since ) have been born in a hospital , not a private residence . President Image Historic site George Washington 01 ! George Washington Birthplace National Monument , Colonial Beach , Virginia John Adams 02 ! John Adams Birthplace , Quincy , Massachusetts James Madison 03 ! Belle Grove Plantation , Port Conway , Virginia James Monroe 04 ! James Monroe Family Home Site , Colonial Beach , Virginia John Quincy Adams 05 ! John Quincy Adams Birthplace , Quincy , Massachusetts William Henry Harrison 06 ! Berkeley Plantation , Charles City County , Virginia John Tyler 07 ! Greenway Plantation , Charles City County , Virginia James Buchanan 07.5 ! Buchanan 's Birthplace State Park , Cove Gap , Pennsylvania James K. Polk 08 ! President James K. Polk Historic Site , Pineville , North Carolina Franklin Pierce 08 ! Franklin Pierce Homestead , Hillsborough , New Hampshire Abraham Lincoln 09 ! Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park , Hodgenville , Kentucky Ulysses S. Grant 10 ! Grant Birthplace , Point Pleasant , Ohio Chester A. Arthur 11 ! Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site , Fairfield , Vermont Grover Cleveland 12 ! Grover Cleveland Birthplace , Caldwell , New Jersey William McKinley 13 ! McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center , Niles , Ohio Woodrow Wilson 14 ! Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library , Staunton , Virginia William Howard Taft 15 ! William Howard Taft National Historic Site , Cincinnati , Ohio Theodore Roosevelt 16 ! Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site , New York City , New York Calvin Coolidge 17 ! Calvin Coolidge Homestead District , Plymouth , Vermont Herbert Hoover 18 ! Herbert Hoover National Historic Site , West Branch , Iowa Franklin D. Roosevelt 19 ! Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site , Hyde Park , New York Harry S. Truman 20 ! Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site , Lamar , Missouri Dwight D. Eisenhower 21 ! Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site , Denison , Texas Lyndon B. Johnson 22 ! Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park , Stonewall , Texas Ronald Reagan 23 ! Birthplace of Ronald Reagan , Tampico , Illinois Richard Nixon 24 ! Birthplace of Richard Nixon , Yorba Linda , California Gerald R. Ford 25 ! Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens , Omaha , Nebraska John F. Kennedy 26 ! John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site , Brookline , Massachusetts Bill Clinton 27 ! President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site , Hope , Arkansas Washington J. Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe Jackson J.Q. Adams W.H. Harrison Van Buren Taylor Tyler Buchanan Polk Fillmore Pierce A. Johnson Lincoln Grant Hayes Arthur Garfield B. Harrison Cleveland McKinley Wilson Taft T. Roosevelt Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Reagan Nixon Ford G.H.W. Bush Carter G.W. Bush Clinton Obama Trump Birthplaces of U.S. Presidents States of primary affiliation ( edit ) A list of U.S. Presidents including the state with which each was primarily affiliated , due to residence , professional career , and electoral history . This is not necessarily the state in which the president was born . Nineteen Presidents ( denoted with an asterisk ) primarily resided in states other than their respective birth states , which are listed above . State # Presidents ( in order of presidency ) New York 7 Martin Van Buren ( 8 ) , Millard Fillmore ( 13 ) , Chester A. Arthur * ( 21 ) , Grover Cleveland * ( 22 , 24 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( 26 ) , Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 32 ) , Donald Trump ( 45 ) Ohio 6 William Henry Harrison * ( 9 ) , Rutherford B. Hayes ( 19 ) , James A. Garfield ( 20 ) , William McKinley ( 25 ) , William Howard Taft ( 27 ) , Warren G. Harding ( 29 ) Virginia 5 George Washington ( 1 ) , Thomas Jefferson ( 3 ) , James Madison ( 4 ) , James Monroe ( 5 ) , John Tyler ( 10 ) Massachusetts John Adams ( 2 ) , John Quincy Adams ( 6 ) , Calvin Coolidge * ( 30 ) , John F. Kennedy ( 35 ) California Herbert Hoover * ( 31 ) , Richard Nixon ( 37 ) , Ronald Reagan * ( 40 ) Tennessee Andrew Jackson * ( 7 ) , James K. Polk * ( 11 ) , Andrew Johnson * ( 17 ) Texas Lyndon B. Johnson ( 36 ) , George H.W. Bush * ( 41 ) , George W. Bush * ( 43 ) Illinois Abraham Lincoln * ( 16 ) , Ulysses S. Grant * ( 18 ) , Barack Obama * ( 44 ) Arkansas Bill Clinton ( 42 ) Georgia Jimmy Carter ( 39 ) Indiana Benjamin Harrison * ( 23 ) Kansas Dwight D. Eisenhower * ( 34 ) Kentucky Zachary Taylor * ( 12 ) Michigan Gerald Ford * ( 38 ) Missouri Harry S. Truman ( 33 ) New Hampshire Franklin Pierce ( 14 ) New Jersey Woodrow Wilson * ( 28 ) Pennsylvania James Buchanan ( 15 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collings , Jeffrey ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Old fight lingers over Old Hickory 's roots '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : The Washington Post Company . Jump up ^ Glass , Andrew ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Van Buren slips into coma , July 21 , 1862 '' . Arlington County , Virginia : Politico . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahles , Dick ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` Bush 's Birthplace ? It 's Deep in the Heart of ... New Haven '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site : History & Culture '' . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html Jump up ^ Thomasson , Melissa A. ; Treber , Jaret ( January 2008 ) . `` From home to hospital : The evolution of childbirth in the United States , 1928 - 1940 '' . Explorations in Economic History . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Elsevier . 45 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2007.07. 001 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) American Presidents Sites - Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary from the National Park Service ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state&oldid=843512426 '' Categories : Lists relating to the United States presidency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the first five presidents were not from virginia | [] | [] |
5236593116552268341 | Volcanology of Iceland | Volcanology of Iceland - wikipedia Volcanology of Iceland Jump to : navigation , search The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17 , 2014 , and ended on February 27 , 2015 , is Bárðarbunga . The volcano in Iceland that erupted in May 2011 is Grímsvötn . Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland Volcanology of Iceland includes a high concentration of active volcanoes due to Iceland 's location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge , a divergent tectonic plate boundary , and also due to its location over a hot spot . The island has 30 active volcanic systems , of which 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in AD 874 . Of these 30 active volcanic systems , the most active / volatile is Grímsvötn . Over the past 500 years , Iceland 's volcanoes have erupted a third of the total global lava output . The most fatal volcanic eruption of Iceland 's history was the so - called Skaftáreldar ( fires of Skaftá ) in 1783 - 84 . The eruption was in the crater row Lakagígar ( craters of Laki ) southwest of Vatnajökull glacier . The craters are a part of a larger volcanic system with the subglacial Grímsvötn as a central volcano . Roughly a quarter of the Icelandic nation died because of the eruption . Most died not because of the lava flow or other direct effects of the eruption , but from indirect effects , including changes in climate and illnesses in livestock in the following years caused by the ash and poisonous gases from the eruption . The 1783 eruption in Lakagígar is thought to have erupted the largest quantity of lava from a single eruption in historic times . The eruption under Eyjafjallajökull ( `` glacier of Eyjafjöll '' ) in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks ; however this volcano is minor in Icelandic terms . In the past , eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruption of the larger volcano Katla , but after the 2010 eruption no signs of an imminent eruption of Katla were seen . The eruption in May 2011 at Grímsvötn under the Vatnajökull glacier sent thousands of tonnes of ash into the sky in a few days , raising concerns of a repeat of the travel chaos seen across northern Europe . The craters of Grábrók Contents ( hide ) 1 Bárðarbunga 2014 -- 2015 2 Structure of lava fields 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Bárðarbunga 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 -- 2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga The eruption series that started on August 17 , 2014 , under the Bárðarbunga system started with an extremely heavy earthquake swarm followed by clusters of volcanic activity that went on for an extended period . This resulted in multiple lava fountain eruptions in Holuhraun . Lava flow was between 250 and 350 cubic meters per second and came from a dyke over 40 km long . There was very limited ash output from this eruption unlike numerous glacial eruptions which are common in Iceland . The primary concern with this eruption was the large plumes of sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) in the atmosphere which adversely affected breathing conditions across Iceland , depending on wind direction . Structure of lava fields ( edit ) Pahoehoe lava fields in Iceland The smooth flowing basaltic lava pāhoehoe is in Iceland called helluhraun . It forms rather flat surfaces that are quite easy to pass . A lava field in Iceland On the other hand , there is less flowing lava , ʻaʻā , on Iceland called apalhraun . The loose , broken , sharp , spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow . See also ( edit ) Lists of volcanoes Geography of Iceland List of volcanoes in Iceland Geothermal power in Iceland Surtsey Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thordarson , Th ; Hoskuldsson , A ( 2008 ) . `` Postglacial Volcanism in Iceland '' . Jokull. 58 : 197 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Gudmundsson , Magnus Tumi ; Larsen , G ; Hoskuldsson , A ; Gylfason , A.G. ( 2008 ) . `` Volcanic Hazards in Iceland '' . Jokull. 58 : 251 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Waugh , David ( 2002 ) . Geography : An Integrated Approach . United Kingdom : Nelson Thornes . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 444706 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mark Sappenfield , `` Iceland 's Eyjafjallajökull volcano is nothing to ' Angry Sister ' Katla '' Christian Science Monitor , April 18 , 2010 ( accessed 24 November 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ljós norðan jökuls : Töldu annað gos hafið '' . http://www.ruv.is/ . RÚV . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ See e.g. http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 Institute of Earth Sciences , University of Iceland : Bardarbunga 2014 Jump up ^ See also Icelandic media RÚV : http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-still-strong Received Sept. 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Lidén , Eva ( 1994 ) . `` Geologi - så bildades Island '' . Kall ökensand och varma källor . En bok om Island ( in Swedish ) . Båstad : Föreningen Natur och Samhälle i Norden . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 91 - 85586 - 07 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Photos of the Grímsvötn ( 2004 ) and Eyjafjallajökull ( 2010 ) eruptions ( Fred Kamphues ) Map : active volcanoes of the world Icelandic Video Archive Volcano Discovery : Iceland ( hide ) Iceland articles History By topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Monarchy Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianisation Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars Great Recession Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Extremities Fjords Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Regions Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT history LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna ( currency ) Outvasion Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Languages Religion Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanology_of_Iceland&oldid=791845126 '' Categories : Volcanism of Iceland Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español 日本 語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time a volcano erupted in iceland | [
"The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015, is Bárðarbunga."
] | [
"started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015"
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-1666034754143670304 | (I've Had) The Time of My Life | ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life - wikipedia ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Single by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia Released September 1987 Format 7 '' single 12 '' maxi cassette CD single Recorded Length 4 : 47 ( LP and single version ) 6 : 46 ( extended version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola Donald Markowitz Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd Music video `` ( I 've Had ) The Time Of My Life '' on YouTube Alternative cover 7 '' - U.S. `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Awards 5 Cover versions and samples 6 Formats and track listings 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 50,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . cria.ca . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=800206733 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 02 : 33 . 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-6818708409110450472 | Smoking in Canada | Smoking in Canada - wikipedia Smoking in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Smoking in Canada is banned in indoor public spaces and workplaces ( including restaurants , bars , and casinos ) , by all territories and provinces , and by the federal government . As of 2010 , legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent , despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction . Notable variations between the jurisdictions include : whether , and in what circumstances ventilated smoking rooms are permitted ; whether , and up to what distance away from a building is smoking banned outside of a building ; and , whether smoking is banned in private vehicles occupied by children . Some municipalities have bylaws restricting smoking further than the applicable national / provincial / territorial legislation . The federal government 's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses , such as airports . Smoking rooms are not permitted . As of 2015 , 13 % of Canadians smoke . Contents ( hide ) 1 Smoking bans 1.1 Alberta 1.2 British Columbia 1.3 Manitoba 1.4 New Brunswick 1.5 Newfoundland and Labrador 1.6 Nova Scotia 1.7 Ontario 1.8 Prince Edward Island 1.9 Québec 1.10 Saskatchewan 1.11 Northwest Territories 1.12 Nunavut 1.13 Yukon 2 See also 3 References Smoking bans ( edit ) Alberta ( edit ) Alberta banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces , including within 5 metres of doors , windows , and intakes , on 1 January 2008 . A tobacco display ban ( or `` powerwall '' ) law requiring shop owners to keep tobacco sales out of sight was implemented 1 July 2008 . As of 1 January 2009 , cigarette sales in Alberta have been banned in all stores containing a pharmacy as well as post-secondary institutions . It is an offence for a minor to possess or consume tobacco products with fines starting at $100 . It is also illegal to sell to minors . Retailers who sell tobacco products to minors are subject to a fine of $3,000 for the individual sales person ( plus an additional fine of $50,000 for the business ) . As of 2015 , 15.8 % of Alberta residents smoke . As of November 14 , 2014 it has been illegal to smoke in a vehicle with children under the age of 16 . British Columbia ( edit ) British Columbia banned smoking in all public spaces and workplaces including , as of March 2008 , within a 6 - metre radius of doors , open windows and air intakes . Additionally , all commercial displays of tobacco visible to people under the age of 19 was banned in public areas under the same legislation . As of March 2008 , ventilated smoking rooms are only permitted in nursing homes and care facilities . Smoking in a motor vehicle when a passenger is 16 years or under , regardless of the use of windows or sunroofs to vent smoke , is prohibited by section 231.1 of the Motor Vehicle Act . The smoking ban does not apply to hotel rooms , though many have private bans on the practice . As of 2015 , 10.2 % of British Columbia residents smoke , the lowest of any province . Manitoba ( edit ) Manitoba banned smoking in all workplaces and enclosed public spaces on October 1 , 2004 . Specially ventilated rooms are not allowed in bars and restaurants . A law banning retail displays of tobacco and heavily restricting promotion and advertising of tobacco and tobacco - related products came into effect on 15 October 2005 . An act banning smoking in vehicles when children under 16 are present became law July 15 , 2010 and applies to all lighted tobacco products . As of 2015 , 14.8 % of Manitoba residents smoke . New Brunswick ( edit ) New Brunswick banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in October 2004 . Ventilated smoking rooms are not permitted . Since 1 January 2009 , tobacco products can not be displayed prominently in stores . Since 1 January 2010 . the ban was expanded to include vehicles with children under 16 present . As of 2015 , 14.2 % of New Brunswick residents smoke . Newfoundland and Labrador ( edit ) Newfoundland and Labrador banned smoking within public places such as day cares , schools , taxis , hospitals , retail stores , and recreational facilities in 1994 . From 1994 to 2002 public places , such as food establishments , bars and bingo halls , and workplaces could allow smoking in designated smoking areas or rooms . In 2002 , through an amendment to the Smoke - free Environment Act , smoking was banned in food establishments , shopping malls , transportation terminals , hotel / motel common areas , games arcades , public libraries and boys and girls clubs . In 2005 , smoking was banned in all public spaces and workplaces , under the province 's Smoke - Free Environment Act , including licensed liquor establishments and bingo halls . Enclosed , ventilated smoking rooms are permitted only in psychiatric facilities and long term care facilities . Sales of tobacco are prohibited in places such as in retail stores that have a pharmacy , on university and college campuses , or recreational facilities . Smoking in a motor vehicle , when a person under the age of 16 is present , became illegal in 2011 . As of 2015 , 18.5 % of Newfoundland and Labrador residents smoke , the highest of any province . Nova Scotia ( edit ) Nova Scotia banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces on 1 December 2006 . Ventilated smoking rooms are permitted in nursing homes and care facilities . Tobacco products can not be displayed prominently in stores . On 1 April 2008 , smoking in a car with passengers under 19 inside became illegal . Minors are prohibited from possessing tobacco products . As of 2015 , 17.8 % of Nova Scotia residents smoke . Ontario ( edit ) Ontario banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in 2006 under the Smoke Free Ontario Act . In 2008 , a ban on retail displays of tobacco was implemented . Since 21 January 2009 , smoking is banned in all vehicles if anyone under the age of 16 is present . As of 1 January 2015 , smoking is prohibited province - wide on all bar and restaurant patios and within a 20 - meter radius of all playgrounds and sports fields . Tobacco sales are prohibited on college and university campuses . As of January 1 2018 , hospital properties must be 100 % smoke - free Many Ontario municipalities ( cities , counties and regions ) have passed smoke - free bylaws that are stricter than the provincial Smoke Free Ontario Act , such as City of Toronto , City of Ottawa , Region of Niagara , Region of Peel , City of Hamilton , and City of Barrie . For example , as of 2 April 2012 in Ottawa , smoke free regulations prohibit smoking on all municipal properties , including parks , playgrounds , beaches , sports fields , fruit and vegetable markets and outdoor areas around City facilities . Outdoor restaurant and bar patios and terraces are also smoke free . Smoking has also been prohibited on all public transit ( OC Transpo ) properties including station platforms , since 2007 . Fines for non-compliance range from $305 to $5000 as per the Provincial Offences Act . Hamilton banned smoking on all municipal properties , including parks , playgrounds , beaches , sports fields on 31 May 2012 . Any person who contravenes a provision of this By - law is guilty of an offence and upon conviction is liable to a maximum fine of $10,000.00 . In Toronto , Municipal Code prohibits smoking within 9 meters of an entrance or exit of any building used by the public . Smoking is also prohibited in all public squares and within 9 meters of park amenities such as playgrounds , sports fields , skate parks , ski hills , picnic areas , swimming pools , theatre space , splash pads , washrooms , beaches , park zoos and farms , and service waiting lines . In Ontario , where more than one regulation , act or bylaw exists , the one that is the most restrictive of smoking prevails . As of 2015 , 11.3 % of Ontario residents smoke . Prince Edward Island ( edit ) Prince Edward Island banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in 2003 . Ventilated smoking rooms are only allowed in long - term care facilities . As of 2015 , 12.9 % of Prince Edward Island residents smoke . Quebec ( edit ) Quebec banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces , such as offices , hospitals , restaurants and bars on 31 May 2006 . Smoking is banned within a 9m radius of the entrances of social services institutions such as hospitals , community centres , CEGEP , colleges and universities . Smoking is banned on the properties of elementary and high schools . The province eliminated designated smoking rooms in 2008 . The law was amended by Bill 44 in November 2015 . The sale of electronic cigarettes is regulated like tobacco , including restrictions on advertising . ID requirements for tobacco sales are stricter and fines are increased . It is prohibited to sell flavoured tobacco products , including menthol . All public organizations , such as hospitals and post-secondary education institutions , must adopt a smoke - free and smoking cessation policy and report to the government . Since May 26 , 2016 , smoking and e-cigarettes are banned on restaurant and bar patios and terraces , playgrounds and sports fields , including a 9 m ( 30 ft ) radius . Smoking in a vehicle with children under 16 is also prohibited . As of November 2016 , smoking was banned within a 9 m ( 30 ft ) radius of all doors , windows and air intakes of any building open to the public . Standardized warning label sizes was applied to all tobacco packages . As of 2015 , 14.2 % of Quebec residents smoke . Saskatchewan ( edit ) Saskatchewan banned smoking in public places on 1 January 2005 and banned smoking in workplaces on 31 May 2009 . The province reinstated tobacco display ban ( 2005 ) requires shop owners to keep tobacco sales out of sight . There are fines of up to $10 000 for violation of the Tobacco Control Act which bans smoking in all public areas , indoor and outdoor , including clubs for veterans . Since 1 October 2010 , smoking is prohibited if there are children under 16 years of age in the vehicle . As of 2015 , 16.9 % of Saskatchewan residents smoke . Northwest territories ( edit ) The Northwest Territories banned smoking in public places and workplaces on 1 May 2004 . Nunavut ( edit ) Nunavut banned smoking in public spaces and workplace , including within three metres of entrances and exits to those buildings , on 1 May 2004 . As of 2014 , 62 % of Nunavut residents smoke , the highest of any territory . Yukon ( edit ) The Yukon banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces on 15 May 2008 . It was the last of the provinces and territories to implement a ban . See also ( edit ) Smoking cessation programs in Canada Tobacco - Free Pharmacies in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ Smoke Free Alberta News & Information Jump up ^ http://www.smokefreealberta.com/news__information/bill_45.html Jump up ^ http://calsun.canoe.ca/News/Alberta/2008/12/23/7834776-sun.html ^ Jump up to : Barbara von Tigerstrom , `` Public Health '' in Jocelyn Downie et al. , eds. , Canadian Health Law and Policy ( Canada : LexisNexis , 2007 - updated 2014 ) at 502 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Health -- Province of British Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Control Program '' . Ministry of Health , Province of British Columbia . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Non-Smokers Health Protection Act '' . Manitoba . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Control & Cessation -- Questions & Answers for Retailers '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Highway Traffic Amendment Act ( Promoting Safer and Healthier Conditions in Motor Vehicles ) '' . Manitoba . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ Department of Health and Community Services - Smoke - Free Environments Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ SNL1993 CHAPTER T - 4.1 TOBACCO CONTROL ACT Jump up ^ Changes to the Smoke - Free Environment Act 2005 Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm ^ Jump up to : In Depth : Smoking CBC News Jump up ^ Nova Scotia bans smoking in cars with children as of April 1 21 March 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Smoke - Free Ontario '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2014/11/07/ontario_to_ban_smoking_on_restaurant_patios_sports_fields.html Jump up ^ https://www.ontario.ca/page/smoke-free-ontario Jump up ^ http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/public-health/healthy-living/smoke-free-regulations . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislation -- Live Tobacco - Free -- Healthy Lifestyle -- City of Toronto '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/T_0_01/T0_01_A.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/res/news-nouvelles/ban-interdiction-public-eng.php Jump up ^ Assemblee nationale du Quebec http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-44-41-1.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ ( 1 ) CBC News Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ Canada - no-smoke.org Jump up ^ Public Smoking Bans by Province and Territory - Factsheets Jump up ^ `` Smokers , by sex , provinces and territories ( Percent ) '' . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . 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-8187534067228187702 | Maynard G. Krebs | Maynard G. Krebs - wikipedia Maynard G. Krebs Maynard G. Krebs ( Bob Denver , right ) , Dobie Gillis ( Dwayne Hickman , left ) , and one of Dobie 's `` many loves '' , Yvette LeBlanc ( Danielle De Metz ) , in a still from the Dobie Gillis episode `` Parlez - Vous English '' , originally aired December 27 , 1960 . Maynard G. Krebs is the `` beatnik '' sidekick of the title character in the U.S. television sitcom The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis , which aired on CBS from 1959 to 1963 . The Krebs character , portrayed by actor Bob Denver , begins the series as a stereotypical beatnik , with a goatee , `` hip '' ( slang ) language , and a generally unkempt , bohemian appearance . His abhorrence of conventional social forms is signified by comical reactions to three words : `` work '' , `` marriage '' , and `` police '' . For example , whenever the word `` work '' is mentioned , even in passing , he yelps `` Work ? ! '' and jumps with fear or even faints . He serves as a foil to the well - groomed , well - dressed , strait - laced Dobie , and the contrast between the two friends provides much of the humor of the series . Among the memorable phrases uttered in the series is Gillis ' regular comment , `` Good stuff , Maynard , '' which long - preceded its use in the Malt - O - Meal commercial from the early 1980s that so many reference as the phrase 's origin . By the third season of Dobie Gillis , Maynard becomes less of the stereotypical beatnik and more a free soul who `` does his own thing , '' as he might say -- including collecting tinfoil or petrified frogs , seeing the old Endicott Building get torn down and going to see the movie The Monster That Devoured Cleveland , which perpetually ran at the Central City Bijou throughout the entire series run . In one episode , he invites Dobie to accompany him to a double - feature of the film and its sequel , Son of the Monster that Devoured Cleveland . Maynard may be described as the prototype of the late - 1960s hippie . Many of the later episodes center around Maynard , with Dobie more of an observer , but always as narrator . The series lasted four years , but its popularity extended into the 1990s and 2000s as channels like Nick at Nite and Me - TV re-broadcast it for new generations . Maynard 's middle name is Walter , named for his aunt . The `` G '' is silent , he would explain . Reception ( edit ) In 1999 , TV Guide ranked Maynard G. Krebs number 22 on its ' 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time ' list . In popular culture ( edit ) Maynard G. Krebs became a well - known figure in American popular culture . In an episode of The Simpsons , Homer Simpson yelled , `` Take that , Maynard G. Krebs ! '' as he imagined himself riding a hydrogen bomb after it was dropped from a plane to blow up beatniks in a scene that parodied Dr. Strangelove . Krebs was also referenced in an episode of Family Guy , `` Tales Of A Third Grade Nothing , '' as an insult by an out - of - touch Frank Sinatra , Jr. towards a young DJ at a nightclub . The series inspired the creators of Scooby - Doo , whose four human characters were modeled from characters on the series , with Shaggy Rogers being inspired by Maynard . Krebs appeared in the novel Gilligan 's Wake , where Gilligan believed himself to be Krebs . ( On their respective shows , both Krebs and Gilligan were portrayed by actor Bob Denver . ) Krebs is mentioned in a song called `` Cobwebs '' by the American singer - songwriter Loudon Wainwright III . In the song , Krebs ( along with Jack Kerouac ) is blamed for starting the vogue of using the word `` like '' . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Interview with Sheila James Kuehl ( Digital ) . Archive of American Television . 2013 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Homer the Vigilante '' . snpp.com . Archived from the original on 1997 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Jinkies ! The Mysterious Origins of ' Scooby - Doo ' '' . TV Legends Revealed . spinoff.comicbookresources.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynard_G._Krebs&oldid=821888185 '' Categories : The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis characters Television sidekicks Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 05 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the saying good stuff maynard come from | [] | [] |
7435311770990018790 | David Morrissey | David Morrissey - wikipedia David Morrissey Jump to : navigation , search David Morrissey Morrissey at the Phoenix Comicon , May 2015 David Mark Morrissey ( 1964 - 06 - 21 ) 21 June 1964 ( age 53 ) Kensington , Liverpool , England Nationality British Occupation Actor , film director , film producer , screenwriter Years active 1982 -- present Spouse ( s ) Esther Freud ( m . 2006 ) Children David Mark Morrissey ( born 21 June 1964 ) is an English actor , director , producer and screenwriter . At the age of 18 , he was cast in the television series One Summer ( 1983 ) . After making One Summer , Morrissey attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , then acted with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre for four years . Throughout the 1990s , Morrissey often portrayed policemen and soldiers , though he took other roles such as Bradley Headstone in Our Mutual Friend ( 1998 ) and Christopher Finzi in Hilary and Jackie ( 1998 ) . More film parts followed , including roles in Some Voices ( 2000 ) and Captain Corelli 's Mandolin ( 2001 ) , before he played the critically acclaimed roles of Stephen Collins in State of Play ( 2003 ) and Gordon Brown in The Deal ( 2003 ) . The former earned him a Best Actor nomination at the British Academy Television Awards and the latter won him a Best Actor award from the Royal Television Society . In the years following those films , he had roles in `` The Reaping '' ( 2007 ) opposite Hillary Swank , Sense and Sensibility ( 2008 ) , Red Riding ( 2009 ) , Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) and Centurion ( 2010 ) and produced and starred in the crime drama Thorne ( 2010 ) . Morrissey returned to the stage in 2008 for a run of Neil LaBute 's In a Dark Dark House and played the title role in the Liverpool Everyman 's production of Macbeth in 2011 . He then starred in the British crime film Blitz , playing a morally dubious reporter in contact with the eponymous cop killer . The following year , he portrayed the Governor in AMC television series The Walking Dead as a series regular in the third and fourth seasons and the fifth season in a guest role . The British Film Institute describes Morrissey as being considered `` one of the most versatile English actors of his generation '' , and he is noted for his meticulous preparation for and research into the roles he plays . Morrissey has directed short films and the television dramas Sweet Revenge ( 2001 ) and Passer By ( 2004 ) . His feature debut , Do n't Worry About Me , premiered at the 2009 London Film Festival and was broadcast on BBC television in March 2010 . In 2014 he appeared in The 7.39 , another television drama . Morrissey was awarded an honorary doctorate by Edge Hill University in July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.1. 1 1980s 2.1. 2 1990s 2.1. 3 2000s 2.1. 4 2010s 2.2 Filmmaking 3 Personal life 4 Filmography and awards 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Morrissey was born in the Kensington area of Liverpool , the son of Joe , a cobbler , and Joan , who worked for Littlewoods . He was their fourth child , following brothers Tony and Paul , and sister Karen Lane . The family lived at 45 Seldon Street , in the Kensington district of Liverpool . For National Museums Liverpool 's Eight Hundred Lives project , Morrissey wrote that the house had been in his family since around the turn of the 20th century . His grandmother had been married there and his mother was born there . In 1971 , the family moved to a larger , modern house on the new estates at Knotty Ash , and Seldon Street was later demolished . As a child , Morrissey was greatly interested in film , television and Gene Kelly musicals . After seeing a broadcast of Kes on television , he decided to become an actor . At his primary school , St Margaret Mary 's School , he was encouraged by a teacher named Miss Keller , who cast him as the Scarecrow in a school production adapted from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz when he was 11 years old . Keller left the school soon after , leaving Morrissey without encouragement . His secondary school , De La Salle School , had no drama classes and was the sort of place where Morrissey thought the fear of bullying dissuaded pupils from participating in lessons . On the advice of a cousin , Morrissey joined the Everyman Youth Theatre . For the first couple of weeks , he was quite shy and did not join in the workshops . When he eventually participated , he appeared in the youth theatre 's production of Fighting Chance , a play about the riots in Liverpool . He went to the theatre on Tuesday and Wednesday nights . By the age of 14 , Morrissey was one of two youth theatre members who sat on the board of the Everyman Theatre . Ian Hart , with whom he had been friends since the age of five , was one of his contemporaries , as were Mark and Stephen McGann and Cathy Tyson . Morrissey became friends with the McGann brothers , who introduced him to their brother Paul when Paul was on a break from studies at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) . When Morrissey was 15 years old , his father developed a terminal blood disorder . He was ill for some time and eventually died of a haemorrhage at the age of 54 in the family home . After leaving school at the age of 16 , Morrissey joined a Wolverhampton theatre company , where he worked on sets and costumes . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) David Morrissey at a 2013 Walking Dead event 1980s ( edit ) In 1982 , Morrissey auditioned for One Summer , a television series by Willy Russell for Yorkshire Television and Channel 4 about two Liverpool boys who run away to Wales one summer . Russell had been attached to the Everyman for many years , and Morrissey had seen him while he was working behind the bar downstairs from the theatre , though the two had never been introduced . Morrissey went to at least eight auditions , and in one read for the part of Icky opposite Paul McGann , who was reading for Billy . McGann , five years older than Morrissey , believed that he was too old to be playing the part of 16 - year - old Billy , and stepped back from the production , leaving the role to go to Morrissey . Spencer Leigh got the part of Icky and Ian Hart played the supporting role of Rabbit . Russell had a professional disagreement with the director Gordon Flemyng and producer Keith Richardson over the casting of 18 - year - old Morrissey and Leigh ; he believed that the sympathy of 16 - year - olds running away was lost by casting older actors . Russell subsequently had his name removed from the credits of the original broadcast . After filming One Summer for five months , Morrissey went travelling in Kenya with his cousins . When he returned to Britain , One Summer was being broadcast , and he dealt with the new experience of being recognised in public . Morrissey had planned to study at RADA in London , but his colleagues at the Everyman encouraged him not to as he already had his Equity card . His One Summer co-star James Hazeldine convinced him otherwise , and he went to London for a year . He became homesick while there and did not enjoy the way RADA was turning him into a `` bland actor '' . On a visit back to Liverpool he told Paul McGann 's mother that he was considering leaving the college . Back in London , McGann met with him and reassured him that he had been through the same homesickness phase when he first went to RADA . Morrissey continued his studies at RADA and graduated on 1 December 1985 . After a year at RADA , Morrissey went back to Liverpool to perform in WCPC at the Liverpool Playhouse . He then did Le Cid and Twelfth Night with Cheek by Jowl , and spent two years with the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) , principally with director Deborah Warner for whom he played the Bastard in King John in 1988 . He saw the role as a learning opportunity , as he had often wondered at RADA if he would ever have the chance to act in classical theatre . His performance has been described as `` the most contentious characterisation of the production '' ; he received negative critical reaction from Daily Telegraph and Independent critics , but a positive opinion from the Financial Times . In The Guardian , Nicholas de Jongh wrote , `` The Bastard , who has the most complex syntax in early Shakespeare , half defeats David Morrissey . His slurred , sometimes unintelligible diction helps to deflate the Bastard , but his bawling rhetoric strikes as mere sham rather than fierce plain speaking . '' Morrissey also spent time with the National , where he played the title role in Peer Gynt ( 1990 ) . Michael Billington praised the unkempt energy of his performance . During this time , he lived on the housing estate in White City , where he and his flatmates were the frequent victims of burglars . Morrissey 's second television role came in 1987 when he played the 18 - year old chauffeur George Bowman , whose obsession with his employer and lover Alma Rattenbury ( Helen Mirren ) leads him to murder her husband , in an Anglia Television adaptation of Terence Rattigan 's play Cause Célèbre . At the end of the 1980s , Morrissey met director John Madden for the first time . Madden was looking for an actor who could portray an ordinary man who turns out to be a mass murderer , in his film The Widowmaker ( 1990 ) . He knew Morrissey was right for the part in his first audition . The next year , Morrissey appeared as Theseus in an episode of The Storyteller directed by Madden ( `` Theseus and the Minotaur '' , 1991 ) , and as Little John in Robin Hood ( 1991 ) . Robin Hood 's cinema release clashed with that of Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) . The latter , starring Kevin Costner in the title role , was a box office hit and left Morrissey 's version forgotten . Morrissey was out of work in film and television for eight months after it was released . Eventually , he was cast in a leading role as a CID officer in the BBC television drama Clubland ( 1991 ) . He almost lost the role a week into rehearsals when his appendix ruptured . In order to keep the part , and a flat in Crouch End he had just bought , Morrissey performed while still in stitches . 1990s ( edit ) His role in The Widowmaker lead to him being offered and taking many obsessive character roles ; he played police officers in Black and Blue , Framed , Between the Lines and Out of the Blue , and soldier Andy McNab in The One That Got Away ( 1996 ) . Morrissey first met screenwriter Peter Bowker when he played Detective Sergeant Jim Llewyn in the second series of Bowker 's Out of the Blue . In 1994 , he played customs officer Gerry Birch in the first series of The Knock , and Stephen Finney in the six - part ITV series Finney . In Finney , Morrissey assumed the role originated by Sting in Stormy Monday ( Mike Figgis , 1988 ) . He was the first choice for the part and had to learn to play the double bass . Morrissey made his first appearance in a Tony Marchant drama playing Michael Ride in Into the Fire ( 1996 ) , and the following year played the lead role of Shaun Southerns in Marchant 's BBC series Holding On ( 1997 ) . Southerns , a crooked tax inspector , was the first of many `` men in turmoil '' roles for Morrissey , and it earned him a nomination for the Royal Television Society ( RTS ) Programme Award for Best Male Actor the next year . In 1998 , he appeared in Our Mutual Friend alongside Paul McGann . As he was a fan of the book , Morrissey asked director Julian Farino if he could play Eugene Wrayburn , but the role went to McGann . Farino had Morrissey in mind to play schoolmaster Bradley Headstone , a part Morrissey was reluctant to take until he read the script . He studied the role and decided to take it on the basis that the character was unloved and that his motivation by social class causes his mental health problems . His performance was described by a Guardian writer as bringing `` unprecedented depth to a character ( ... ) who is more commonly portrayed as just another horrible Dickens git . '' In the same year , he played Christopher `` Kiffer '' Finzi in Anand Tucker 's Hilary and Jackie . His roles in Our Mutual Friend and Hilary and Jackie were described as his breakthrough roles by Zoe Williams of The Guardian . In 1999 , Morrissey returned to the theatre for the first and last time in nine years to play Pip and Theo in Three Days of Rain ( Robin Lefevre , Donmar Warehouse ) . He continued to take in offers for stage roles , but turned them down because he did not want to be away from his family for long periods . Writing in Time Out , Jane Edwardes suggested that his role as Kiffer in Hilary and Jackie had inspired his casting as Pip in Three Days of Rain as the characters have similarities with each other . Morrissey was attracted to the role because the play began with a long speech and the cast and crew had only two weeks ' rehearsal time . Next , he starred in Some Voices ( 2000 ) , playing Pete . Morrissey researched the character of Pete , a chef , by shadowing the head chef at the Terrace Restaurant in Kensington , London and chopping vegetables in the kitchen for two hours a day . An Independent critic called him `` an instinctive actor who can use his whole body to convey an inner turbulence '' . For his next film role as Nazi Captain Weber in Captain Corelli 's Mandolin ( 2001 ) , Morrissey researched the Hitler Youth and read Gitta Sereny 's biography of Albert Speer , Albert Speer : His Battle with Truth . Like for all of his roles , Morrissey created an extensive back story for Weber to build up the character . 2000s ( edit ) Morrissey returned to television in 2002 playing Franny Rothwell , a factory canteen worker who wants to adopt his dead sister 's son , in an episode of Paul Abbott 's Clocking Off . His performance was described as characteristically powerful in The Independent . He also played tabloid journalist Dave Dewston in the four - part BBC serial Murder , and prison officer Mike in the part - improvised single drama Out of Control . He researched the latter part by shadowing prison officers in a young offenders ' institution for a week . At the beginning of 2003 , he played the role of Richie MacGregor in This Little Life , a television drama about a mother who has to cope with her 16 - week - premature baby . Morrissey researched premature births by speaking to paediatricians at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead . Morrissey 's next major leading role was as Member of Parliament ( MP ) Stephen Collins in Paul Abbott 's BBC serial State of Play ( 2003 ) . Morrissey received the scripts for the first three episodes and was keen to read the last three . They had not been completed when he originally requested them but Abbott told him how Collins ' story concludes . Unsure how to approach the role , Morrissey was advised by his friend , director Paul Greengrass , to get Collins ' job as politician right . Morrissey contacted State of Play producer Hilary Bevan Jones , who set up meetings between Morrissey and select committee members Kevin Barron and Fabian Hamilton . Both politicians educated Morrissey on how difficult it is to commute to London from a constituency outside the capital . Morrissey was also able to shadow Peter Mandelson around the House of Commons for a fortnight . He questioned Mandelson about his job as a cabinet minister but did not ask about his personal life . Mandelson told him about how politics can quickly `` seduce '' MPs who have worked hard to get into Parliament . That same year , he played Gordon Brown in Peter Morgan 's single drama The Deal ( 2003 ) , about a pact made between Brown and Tony Blair ( Michael Sheen ) in 1994 . Unlike his research for the fictional State of Play , Morrissey discovered that no politicians wanted to talk to him for this fact - based drama , so he turned to journalists Jon Snow and Simon Hoggart . He also travelled to Brown 's hometown of Kirkcaldy and immersed himself in numerous biographies of the man , including Ross Wilson 's documentary films on New Labour in the year surrounding the 1997 election . When speaking to many of Brown 's friends to gain insight into his `` private persona '' , Morrissey discovered that Brown was funny , approachable and charming , which were characteristics he did not see in his `` public persona '' . To look like Brown , Morrissey had his hair dyed and permed , and put on 2 stone ( 28 lb / 13 kg ) in body weight in six weeks . The director Stephen Frears originally wanted to cast a Scottish actor as Brown but was persuaded by other production staff to cast Morrissey . His acting in State of Play and The Deal won him considerable acclaim ; he was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his role as Collins but lost to his co-star Bill Nighy . His performance in The Deal was acclaimed by Charlie Whelan , Gordon Brown 's former spin doctor , and Tim Allan , a deputy press secretary of Tony Blair . A BBC News Online writer praised Morrissey 's grasp of Brown 's physical tics in a review that criticised the rest of the film . Morrissey 's performance won the RTS Programme Award for Best Male Actor the next year , this time beating Nighy . The RTS jury wrote of Morrissey , `` The strength of this performance brought to the screen , and to life , all of the characteristics and traits of the man he portrayed in a way that was both credible and convincing . '' In 2009 , Morrissey declined the opportunity to play Brown again in The Special Relationship , Morgan 's third Blair film , as he did not want to get into the mindset of playing Brown for just one scene . Morrissey was eager to play a comic role after starring in these dramas . He subsequently reunited with Peter Bowker for the BBC One musical serial Blackpool , in which he plays Blackpool arcade owner Ripley Holden . Bowker remembered Morrissey from Out of the Blue and wanted to build off the actor 's sense of humour and to cast him against type . Before filming began , Morrissey spent four days in Blackpool talking to the locals and finding out how the arcades worked . His performance was described in the Daily Telegraph as `` a powerful mixture of barely suppressed danger and vulnerable , boyish charm . '' A public poll on bbc.co.uk ranked him the second best actor of 2004 . Morrissey reprised the role in 2006 in the one - off sequel Viva Blackpool ! . He was pleased to revive Ripley after filming dramatic roles since the original serial . The following years saw Morrissey cast in two high - profile feature films ; while filming the Brian Jones biopic Stoned ( 2005 ) , he got an audition for psychiatrist Dr. Michael Glass , the male lead in Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) . He was flown out to Los Angeles for a one - hour screen test with Sharon Stone . Their immediate rapport led to the screen test being extended by another hour and Morrissey 's casting in the role . Morrissey had enjoyed the first film and liked the script for the sequel . He read up on psychiatry and worked out in a gym for the nudity scenes . The film was a box office and critical failure . The Washington Post criticised the film 's focus on Morrissey 's character and called the actor `` overmatched by Stone '' and `` a sad sack '' , and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer called him `` a charisma - challenged non-entity '' . The same Washington Post critic later wrote in the Los Angeles Times that because Morrissey was not a film star , the chemistry between him and Stone had been spoiled . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote that Morrissey had `` the charisma of beige wallpaper '' and that `` the producers could have replaced him halfway through shooting with a handsome mahogany coat rack and nobody would be able to tell the difference '' . The bad reviews depressed Morrissey , and he briefly considered giving up acting , but instead saw the role as a chance to learn . Immediately after filming Basic Instinct 2 , he began work on The Reaping ( 2007 ) in Louisiana , in which he played science teacher Doug Blackwell opposite Hilary Swank . The role had been offered to him quite late in pre-production , and he flew to Baton Rouge the Monday after Basic Instinct 2 wrapped . He took the role because he was a fan of Swank , and Hopkins ' film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) , and he preferred the thriller aspect of the Reaping script above the horror aspect . After a week of filming , production had to be suspended when Hurricane Katrina hit the state . He found the filming schedule quite demanding , particularly the three weeks of night filming and a scene in which his character is attacked by a plague of locusts , most of which were computer - generated in post-production but some were real on camera . The Reaping was released in 2007 and performed badly in cinemas . Despite the failures of both films , Morrissey was grateful that they opened him up to more film offers from Hollywood . In March 2006 , Morrissey filmed a role in The Water Horse : Legend of the Deep ( 2007 ) in New Zealand . While there , he was offered the role of father Danny Brogan in Cape Wrath , an Ecosse Films series about a family being moved on a witness protection scheme to a mysterious village . He signed on to the seven - part series in September 2006 and filmed the series until the end of the year . He relished working on the character 's back story as it confounded the expectations of both him and the audience . The series was broadcast in Britain and America in 2007 . The following year , he played the part of Colonel Brandon in Andrew Davies ' serial Sense and Sensibility . When he first got the script in 2007 , he was unsure if British television needed another Jane Austen adaptation , but he took the role when he saw how Davies had given more screen time to the male characters than they get in the 1995 film adaptation . He also appeared as Thomas Howard , Duke of Norfolk in The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) . He compared Norfolk to bassist Lemmy from Motörhead and researched the role by reading history books and literature from the 16th century . From November 2008 to January 2009 , Morrissey returned to the theatre for the first time in nine years to appear in the Almeida Theatre 's British premiere of Neil LaBute 's In a Dark Dark House . He played Terry , one of two brothers who had been abused as a child , opposite Steven Mackintosh and Kira Sternbach . He took the role because he liked LaBute 's previous play , The Mercy Seat ( 2002 ) . After accepting the part , he researched the character by reading case studies of adults who were abused when they were children . He learned about how they coped with the shame of their abuse , and incorporated those feelings into his acting . He was also able to consult LaBute during rehearsals but avoided asking him exactly how to play Terry . In a Daily Telegraph review that criticised the play , Charles Spencer wrote that Morrissey 's was the best performance `` as the blue - collar older brother who reveals extraordinary depths of grief , damage and forgiveness that finally light up this dark , flawed play . '' Benedict Nightingale of The Times initially believed that Morrissey 's acting was `` a bit stiff , almost as if he was waiting for his cues rather than reacting instantaneously to their content '' but found him more impressive as the play went on . In December 2008 , he appeared alongside his Blackpool co-star David Tennant in `` The Next Doctor '' , the 2008 Christmas special of Doctor Who , playing Jackson Lake , a man who believes he is the Doctor after his mind is affected by alien technology . Morrissey had been asked to appear in the series before but had to turn down the offers due to other commitments . He approached the character like any other dramatic part , and was influenced in his performance by previous Doctor actors William Hartnell , Patrick Troughton and Tom Baker . Secrecy surrounded the exact details of Morrissey 's role in the episode ; until the day of broadcast his character was referred to only as `` the other Doctor '' . This prompted media speculation that Morrissey would be taking over the lead role after Tennant quit , and in October 2008 he was reported as a favourite of bookmakers . He was pleased that the episode was a `` decoy '' for the truth that actor Matt Smith had actually been chosen for the part of the Eleventh Doctor . In September 2009 , he told entertainment website Digital Spy that he would gladly return to the show if asked . In March 2009 , Morrissey appeared as corrupt police detective Maurice Jobson in Red Riding , the Channel 4 adaptation of David Peace 's Red Riding novels . Morrissey already knew the directors of the films , enjoyed reading the script and had either worked with his co-stars on other projects , or wanted to work with them . He liked the flaws in the Jobson character and that he differs from typical vigilante police officers portrayed on television . Morrissey said of Jobson , `` I think he sets out to be a good cop , he tries to do his job well but he gets involved in some corruption and realises that being a ' bit ' corrupt is like being a ' bit ' pregnant . You either are or you 're not . '' He received a Best Actor nomination from the Broadcasting Press Guild for the role . At the end of the year , Morrissey played Bobby Dykins in the John Lennon biopic Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) . As a self - confessed `` Beatles geek '' , Morrissey relished the opportunity to star in the film about Lennon 's childhood . Morrissey was active on screen throughout 2010 . He starred as Theunis Swanepoel , the interrogator of Winnie Madikizela - Mandela , in the BBC single drama Mrs Mandela . His performance was praised by Guardian and Independent critics . The following months saw him star as British Transport Police officer Mal Craig in the second series of BBC One 's Five Days , Roman soldier Bothos in Neil Marshall 's feature Centurion , stalking victim Jan Falkowski in U Be Dead , and Colonel John Arbuthnot in the Agatha Christie 's Poirot adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express . In 2011 and 2013 , he played Murray Devlin in The Field of Blood . 2010s ( edit ) Morrissey returned to a weekly television role at the end of 2010 playing police detective Tom Thorne in Thorne , a six - part television series for Sky1 that was adapted from Mark Billingham 's novels Sleepyhead and Scaredy Cat . After reading Lifeless during his time filming The Water Horse in New Zealand , Morrissey searched the Internet for more information . He found an interview in which Billingham stated his preference for Morrissey to play Thorne should a screen adaptation ever be made . When he returned to England , Morrissey arranged a meeting with Billingham and the two began developing the TV series . Morrissey shadowed officers in the Metropolitan Police 's murder unit during their duties to learn about their jobs . He discovered that the officers felt undervalued in their jobs , and he incorporated these feelings into the series . Sky first broadcast the series on 10 October . Morrissey received approval for the role ; Andrea Mullaney wrote in The Scotsman , `` Morrissey is never less than watchable and he brings a brooding presence to the role of Thorne . '' and Adam Sweeting for The Arts Desk called him `` authentic as the phlegmatic , low - key Thorne . '' Morrissey during a Macbeth intermission in June 2011 In 2011 , Morrissey starred as Robert Carne in South Riding , and played Dunlop in the Lionsgate crime drama feature Blitz . In May 2011 , he returned to the Everyman Theatre to play the eponymous king in Macbeth . Morrissey talked about the role to criminologists , to draw parallels with real - life serial killers , and focused on Macbeth 's status as a war hero and his childless relationship with Lady Macbeth . Morrissey 's performance was commended by Laura Davis in the Liverpool Daily Post , who highlighted his delivery of his lines and portrayal of Macbeth `` ( shifting ) from straight - spined statesman to a fervent slayer '' . Clare Brenan of The Observer offered similar praise but noted that Morrissey 's vocal inflections were sometimes `` flat and rushed '' . Continuing his roles in Shakespeare productions , Morrissey played Northumberland in a BBC Two production of Richard II , broadcast in July 2012 . Morrissey joined the cast of The Walking Dead for its third season in 2012 . He portrays The Governor , a major villain from the graphic novel upon which the series is based . Morrissey read the prequel novel Rise of the Governor to gain insight into the character and his motivations . He also worked with an accent coach and listened to politicians with Southern accents , including Bill Clinton . He returned for the fourth season in 2013 , and made a cameo appearance in 2015 . In 2014 , Morrissey returned to British television in the David Nicholls drama The 7.39 and the three - part serial The Driver , written by Danny Brocklehurst . From 10 September to 10 October Morrissey starred in Hangmen by Martin McDonagh , at the Royal Court Theatre . The play followed Harry Wade , England 's second - best hangman , after the abolition of hanging in Great Britain in 1965 . He is also to appear from October 2017 as Mark Anthony in Julius Caesar at the new Bridge Theatre . Filmmaking ( edit ) `` People like to think it 's a democratic process , but it 's not ; it 's a dictatorship . As an actor I like working with strong directors , and as an actor you 're a ' freak ' with the control taken away . Directing gives you a real appreciation of the difficulties of other people 's jobs . '' -- Morrissey on film direction In the early 1980s , Morrissey developed a filmmaking craft at the Rathbone Theatre Workshop , a Youth Opportunities Programme that taught school - leavers skills for a year . With the workshop , Morrissey shot short silent films on Super 8 , where he was taught by Bert Byron , who introduced him to US Independent and foreign films for the first time . Although the scheme paid £ 23.50 a week and took young people off unemployment benefits , Morrissey reflected in 2009 that many of the participants were just used as lackeys . After his acting career escalated , he started directing because he was aware that , as an actor , he was coming into a project quite late into development and then leaving before post-production , and he wanted to see a film through to the end . Morrissey has said that he prefers to keep acting and directing separate , and would not direct anything he is acting in . His first major project was Something for the Weekend ( 1996 ) , which he wrote and produced . Initially called The Barber Shop , the title was changed to avoid a clash with another film . His directorial debut , the short A Secret Audience , centres on a meeting between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII . His second short , Bring Me Your Love , was based on the short story by Charles Bukowski , and stars Ian Hart as a journalist bringing flowers to his wife in a mental hospital . It was screened in front of Some Voices . An Independent critic wrote that Bring Me Your Love `` holds out great promise '' for Morrissey and an Observer reviewer wrote that it was worth seeing but was not as impressive as A Secret Audience . Bring Me Your Love was produced by Tubedale Films , a studio Morrissey formed with his brother Paul and wife Esther Freud . In 2001 , Morrissey directed Sweet Revenge , a two - part BBC television film starring Paul McGann that got him a BAFTA nomination for Best New Director ( Fiction ) . In 2004 , Morrissey reunited with Tony Marchant to direct the two - part television film Passer By , about a man ( James Nesbitt ) who witnesses an attack on a woman ( Emily Bruni ) but does nothing to stop it . Morrissey was brought onto the project after reading the first draft of Marchant 's script . The script went through five more drafts before being filmed over 30 days . Morrissey developed his directing techniques by watching the directors on films and television series that he acted in ; he took the minor role of Tom Keylock in Stoned so that he could watch Stephen Woolley at work . On 20 July 2007 , Morrissey was given an Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University for contributions to performing arts . In the same year , he made his feature debut directing Do n't Worry About Me , a film about a London boy falling in love with a Liverpool girl . The film was shot on a budget of £ 100,000 on location in Liverpool in September and October 2007 and had its world premiere at the 2009 London Film Festival . Joseph Galliano wrote in The Times that Do n't Worry About Me is `` a very understated film and feels more like European Art Cinema . '' The film was broadcast on BBC Two on 7 March 2010 and released on DVD the next day . In 2009 , Morrissey and Mark Billingham launched the production company Sleepyhead , which produced the Thorne television series . The company was a part of Stagereel , a production house previously set up by Morrissey 's brother Paul . The company bought the rights to adapt the Thorne novels and Morrissey was already developing it to pitch to television channels when Sky made an offer to broadcast it . As of 2010 , Morrissey and Tubedale Films were developing two feature films with financing from the UK Film Council . Morrissey was critical of the Coalition government 's decision to close the UK Film Council , as he believed it was an asset to first - time filmmakers . The organisation 's funding role was taken over by the British Film Institute in 2011 . Personal life ( edit ) Morrissey married his girlfriend of over 13 years , novelist Esther Freud , on 12 August 2006 in a ceremony on Southwold Pier . They met when they were set up at a dinner party held by Morrissey 's Robin Hood co-star Danny Webb , and have since had three children ; Albie , Anna and Gene . His sisters - in - law are Bella Freud and Susie Boyt and his father - in - law was the painter Lucian Freud . In 2009 , Morrissey and a team of filmmakers ran a series of drama workshops for Palestinian refugee children in Beirut , Lebanon , in conjunction with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) . On his return to Britain , Morrissey set up the Creative Arts School Trust ( CAST ) , a charity for the purpose of training teachers and continuing the workshops in Lebanon and elsewhere . Since 2010 , he has been a patron of The SMA Trust , a UK - based charity that funds medical research into the children 's disease spinal muscular atrophy , and the Unity Theatre , Liverpool . Morrissey is a lifelong Liverpool FC fan , having grown up in the city . He is also a supporter of the Labour Party , as well as being a patron of the human rights organisation Reprieve . In August 2014 , Morrissey was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian asking people in Scotland to vote against Scottish independence in the run - up to September 's referendum on that issue . Filmography and Awards ( edit ) Main article : David Morrissey filmography Year Award Title Result Royal Television Society Programme Award Best Male Actor Holding On Nominated 2001 British Academy Television Craft Award New Director ( Fiction ) Sweet Revenge Nominated 2003 Royal Television Society Programme Award Best Male Actor The Deal Won 2003 British Academy Television Award Best Actor State of Play Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Award Best Actor Red Riding Nominated 2011 Liverpool Daily Post Arts Awards Best Actor Macbeth Won 2013 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor The Walking Dead Nominated 2014 Saturn Award Best Guest Star The Walking Dead Nominated Academic honours Honorary Doctorate for contribution to UK Drama , Television and Film Edge Hill University ( 20 July 2016 ) . Honorary Fellowship for contributions to performing arts , Liverpool John Moores University ( 20 July 2007 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jones , Catherine ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Return of Lady Mac '' . Liverpool Echo ( Trinity Mirror North West ) : p. 2 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Morrissey wins Best Actor award from the Royal Television Society '' . Royal Television Society . 16 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BFI London Film Festival : David Morrissey . '' British Film Institute . 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Husband , Stuart ( 24 February 2008 ) . `` The incredible disappearing man '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Telegraph Media Group ) : p. 32 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Galliano , Joseph ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Cutting it . '' The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : pp. 46 -- 47 ( Saturday Review supplement ) . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Andrew ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` 60 Seconds : David Morrissey '' . Metro.co.uk ( Associated Newspapers ) . Retrieved 6 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.edgehill.ac.uk/news/2016/07/edge-hill-reveals-honorary-degree-recipients-ahead-2016-graduations/ ^ Jump up to : Leith , Sam ( 2 November 2004 ) . `` Deep undercover '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Telegraph Media Group ) . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Philby , Charlotte ( 7 June 2008 ) . `` My Secret Life : David Morrissey , Actor , age 43 '' . The Independent ( Independent News & Media ) : p. 9 ( Independent Magazine supplement ) . Jump up ^ Rudd , Alyson ( 5 March 2007 ) . `` It 's Beverly Hills Kop '' . The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : p. 18 ( The Game section ) . Retrieved 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Catherine ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` TV actor Morrissey guest of honour '' . 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Jump up ^ Clark , Steve ( 19 August 1996 ) . `` I could n't get too shirty with thieves '' . Daily Mirror ( MGN ) : p. 1 ( features section ) ( archived at The Free Library . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ) . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( 13 October 1988 ) . `` Sadness , Seduction Ignite ` Mystery ! ' '' . Los Angeles Times ( Tribune Company ) : p. C - 10 . Jump up ^ `` David Morrissey '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 17 December 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 24 January 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : Courtis , Brian ( 27 November 2005 ) . `` Holding all the aces '' . The Sunday Age ( Fairfax Media ) : p. 36 ( Preview section ) . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kingsley , Hilary ( 12 November 1994 ) . `` Introducing the family '' . The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : p . SP / 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` RTS Programme Awards 1997 '' . Royal Television Society . Retrieved 5 June 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Brief Encounter With ... David Morrissey `` . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 6 November 2008 ( archived on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Edwardes , Jane ( 3 -- 10 November 1999 ) . `` Rain Supreme : David Morrissey 's American comeback '' . Time Out London ( Time Out ) : . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Anthony ( 25 August 2000 ) . `` A crazy tale from the naked city '' . The Independent ( Independent News & Media ) : p. 6 ( Film section ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Viner , Brian ( 31 January 2002 ) . `` The Thursday Interview : David Morrissey '' . The Independent ( Independent News & Media ) : p. 7 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Ian ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Telly talk : David plays with politics '' . Manchester Evening News ( M.E.N. Media ) . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Naughtie , James ( 6 September 2003 ) . `` The real deal '' . The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , David . Radio interview with Mark Lawson . Front Row . BBC Radio 4 . 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Pitty , Suzell ( 1 August 2003 ) . `` A done deal '' . Televisual ( Televisual Media UK ) : p. 31 ( archived at AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Johanson , MaryAnn ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` A Chat With Stephen Frears , Director of The Deal '' . film.com ( RealNetworks ) . Retrieved 6 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Frears ( 2003 ) '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by the Wayback Machine on 8 May 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Television Nominations 2003 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 4 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Whelan , Charlie ( 24 September 2003 ) . `` The Deal 's off '' . MediaGuardian ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Allan , Tim ( 25 September 2003 ) . `` Pact or fiction ? '' . The Guardian ( Guardian News & Media ) : p. 6 ( G2 supplement ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Mark ( 29 September 2003 ) . `` The Deal proves unfair to Blair '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` RTS Programme Awards 2003 '' . Royal Television Society . Retrieved 4 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` RTS Programme Award 2003 -- Jury 's Comments '' . Royal Television Society . Retrieved 12 December 2008 ( archived by the Wayback Machine on 7 July 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : McLeod , Pauline ( 4 March 2010 ) . `` David Morrissey : Actor - turned - director finds time to help make world a better place '' . Express.co.uk ( Express Newspapers ) . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pile , Stephen ( 6 November 2004 ) . `` Dark drama in Blackpool 's arcadia '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Telegraph Media Group ) : p. 10 ( Review section ) . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004 : Best Actor '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Hoggart , Paul ( 10 June 2006 ) . `` Viva Lancs Vegas '' . The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : p. 41 ( The Knowledge supplement ) . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Instinct 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( IGN Entertainment , Inc ) . Retrieved 6 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 24 July 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Basic Instinct 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 24 July 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( 31 March 2006 ) . `` ' Basic Instinct 2 ' : A Hammy Plot With A Pickle on the Side '' . The Washington Post ( The Washington Post Company ) : p . C01 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 31 March 2006 ) . `` Stone 's fascinating but ' Basic Instinct 2 ' fails to seduce '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer ( Hearst Newspapers ) : p. 6 ( What 's Happening section ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( 28 April 2006 ) . `` A hit or a miss at the movies ? It 's in the stars '' . Los Angeles Times ( Tribune Company ) : p . E18 . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( 7 October 2007 ) . `` My Year Of Flops Case File No. 73 : Basic Instinct 2 : Risk Addiction '' . The A.V. Club ( The Onion ) . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mr. Disgusting ( Brad Miska ) ( 2 November 2005 ) . `` The Reaping : On Set In Baton Rouge With David Morrissey '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 1 February 2009 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Epstein , Daniel ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` David Morrissey , The Reaping Interview '' . UGO.com . Retrieved 6 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , David ( July 2007 ) . `` David Morrissey 's Cape Wrath Diary : June to August Archived 7 June 2011 at WebCite `` , `` September to October Archived 7 June 2011 at WebCite '' , `` November to December Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Radio Times ( BBC Magazines ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Wrath interviews : David Morrissey ( 2007 ) '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by the Wayback Machine on 13 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Raphael , Amy ( 16 June 2007 ) . `` From Sensibility to Suburbia '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Telegraph Media Group ) : p. 12 ( Arts section ) . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Calvi , Nuala ( 4 December 2008 ) . `` His dark materials '' . The Stage ( The Stage Newspaper ) : pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( 28 November 2008 ) . `` In a Dark Dark House : clunky , with a glimmer of hope '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Telegraph Media Group ) : p. 19 . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Benedict ( 29 November 2008 ) . `` A tale of torment that bears witness to a bitter truth '' . The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : p. 41 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Benjamin ( 6 -- 12 December 2008 ) . `` Who 's Who ? '' . Radio Times ( BBC Magazines ) : pp. 8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Bailey , David ( December 2008 ) . `` Who 's Next ? '' Doctor Who Magazine ( Panini Magazines ) ( 403 ) : pp. 16 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Lisa ( 26 February 2009 ) . `` Not another policeman ! '' . The Northern Echo ( Newsquest ) . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Morrissey : ' I 'd love Doctor Who return ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 September 2009 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Bond , Chris ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` Stars shine in a return journey to the heart of darkness '' . Yorkshire Post ( Yorkshire Post Newspapers ) . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 18 February 2010 ) . `` Broadcasting Press Guild Awards : nominations in full '' . guardian.co.uk ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 18 February 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Catherine ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` I was a Beatles geek even before the film '' . Liverpool Echo ( Trinity Mirror North West ) : p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` Last night 's TV '' . guardian.co.uk ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 28 January 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Viner , Brian ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` At the end of the rainbow '' . The Independent ( Independent News & Media ) : pp. 14 -- 15 ( features section ) . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Sheena ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` ' People do n't read about my private life much in magazines . I 'm happy with that ' '' . Yorkshire Post ( Yorkshire Post Newspapers ) . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rushton , Katherine ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Sky set to take drama from Morrissey indie '' . Broadcast ( Emap Media ) . Retrieved 8 October 2009 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Staff ( 4 September 2010 ) . `` Thorne '' . Western Mail ( Western Mail and Echo ) : p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , David ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` David Morrissey : Macho man cops out '' . Sunday Express ( Express Newspapers ) : pp. 68 -- 69 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mullaney , Andrea ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` TV review : Thorne : Sleepyhead '' . The Scotsman ( The Scotsman Publications ) : p. 46 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sweeting , Adam ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` Single Father , BBC One / Thorne : Sleepyhead , Sky1 '' . The Arts Desk . Retrieved 5 June 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Brown , Helen ( 8 May 2011 ) . `` David Morrissey : Macbeth does n't scare me ... '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Telegraph Media Group ) : p. 20 ( Seven supplement ) . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Laura ( 13 May 2011 ) . `` Theatre Review : Macbeth , starring David Morrissey and Julia Ford , Liverpool Everyman '' . Liverpool Daily Post ( Trinity Mirror North West ) : p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Brenan , Clare ( 15 May 2011 ) . `` Macbeth -- review '' . The Observer ( Guardian News & Media ) : p. 30 ( The New Review section ) . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 29 May 2011 ) . `` Shakespeare gets the starring role in cultural celebration alongside Olympics '' . The Observer ( Guardian News & Media ) : p. 16 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( 24 February 2012 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Governor : David Morrissey '' . The Wrap ( The Wrap News Inc ) . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Meet The Walking Dead 's Evil Governor '' . TV Guide Online . Retrieved 25 August 2012 ( archived by WebCite on 25 August 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( 29 October 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Does the Governor sound like Bill Clinton ? '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Tribune Company ) . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's ' David Morrissey Returning as Series Regular in Season 4 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 April 2013 ( archived by WebCite on 30 April 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` ' Broadchurch ' Olivia Colman , Sheridan Smith for new BBC One drama '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 April 2013 ( archived by WebCite on 30 April 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's David Morrissey to star in BBC One drama The Driver '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/apr/19/karl-marx-comedy-first-season-new-london-bridge-theatre Jump up ^ Staff ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Morrissey on other side of camera '' ( includes audio clip ) . BBC Liverpool News . Retrieved 8 December 2009 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dams , Tim ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` Morrissey on drama producing '' . Televisual ( Televisual Media UK ) . Retrieved 4 June 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fogg , Tom ( July 2001 ) . `` Interview with David Morrissey '' . Netribution . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( 27 August 2000 ) . `` Ray is ill . Chon Wang has no excuse '' . The Observer ( Guardian News & Media ) : p. 10 ( Observer Review supplement ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television Craft Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 4 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wilkie , Shonagh ( 9 October 2007 ) . `` Fellowship for David Morrissey '' . Liverpool John Moores University . Retrieved 7 November 2008 ( archived by WebCite on 7 June 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , David . Television interview with Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley . The One Show . BBC One . 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon and Paul Millar ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Morrissey : ' I 'm angry about Film Council axe ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 June 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 November 2010 ) . `` BFI to take over Film Council funding role '' . BBC News website . Retrieved 4 June 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Greenstreet , Rosanna ( 12 July 2008 ) . `` Q&A : David Morrissey '' . The Guardian ( Guardian News & Media ) : p. 9 ( Weekend supplement ) . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Green , David ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` Celebrity couple tie the knot in Suffolk '' . East Anglian Daily Times ( Archant Regional ) . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McLeod , Pauline ( 12 August 2000 ) . `` Edge of Madness '' . The Times ( Times Newspapers ) : p. 4 ( Metro section ) . Jump up ^ UNRWA ( November 2009 ) . `` What a Drama ! '' . Press release . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Catherine ( 27 August 2010 ) . `` Liverpool actor David Morrissey launches a new creative teaching charity '' . Liverpool Echo ( Trinity Mirror North West ) : p. 5 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities head up the battle to fight SMA '' . The SMA Trust . 21 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 5 June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Comedian made Unity patron '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 8 January 2012 ( archived by WebCite on 8 January 2012 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.theanfieldwrap.com/2011/08/david-morrissey-on-his-life-his-career-and-liverpool-fc/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities ' open letter to Scotland -- full text and list of signatories Politics '' . theguardian.com. 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Laura ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` LDP Arts Awards 2011 -- David Morrissey , The Ladykillers , Zee and Dolly Parton are among the winners '' . Liverpool Daily Post ( Trinity Mirror North West ) : p. 16 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/actor-david-morrissey-receives-honorary-11640005 External links ( edit ) David Morrissey on IMDb Agency CV at Troika Talent David Morrissey at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline David Morrissey on Twitter Creative Arts School Trust ( C.A.S.T. ) Video Webcast with Jason Solomons . In The Director 's Chair. 19 February 2010 . guardian.co.uk ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . `` Do n't Worry About Me + Q&A '' . British Film Institute . 24 February 2010 -- A question - and - answer session with Morrissey and actress Helen Elizabeth about Do n't Worry About Me . ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . 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"David Mark Morrissey[1] (born 21 June 1964) is an English actor, director, producer and screenwriter. At the age of 18, he was cast in the television series One Summer (1983). After making One Summer, Morrissey attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, then acted with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre for four years."
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"David Mark Morrissey"
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7451087353242313813 | Harry Potter and the Cursed Child | Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II Official banner of the 2016 West End production Written by Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , Jack Thorne & John Tiffany ( story ) Characters Harry Potter Albus Severus Potter Scorpius Malfoy Delphini Ginny Weasley - Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger - Weasley Rose Granger - Weasley Draco Malfoy Amos Diggory Cedric Diggory Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Minerva McGonagall Dolores Umbridge Lord Voldemort Original language English Series Harry Potter Subject Harry Potter and his son Albus Severus Potter Genre Fantasy Drama Adventure Setting Wizarding world Official site Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part stage play written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , J.K. Rowling and John Tiffany . Previews of the play began at the Palace Theatre , London on 7 June 2016 , and it officially premiered on 30 July 2016 . In September 2017 , it will start playing at Broadway , in the Lyric Theatre in New York . Its cast will be made up of a similar one to the first year on West - End , with actors including Sam Clemmett , Jamie Parker , Anthony Boyle , Noma Dumezweni and Paul Thornley . The rehearsal script , which was not a novelisation of the play , was published . The story begins nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter , who is about to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards , the London production received a record - breaking eleven nominations and an again record - breaking nine awards , including Best New Play , Best Actor , Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part One 1.2 Part Two 2 Background 3 Production 4 Original cast and principal roles 4.1 Notable West End cast replacements 5 Script publication 5.1 Editions 5.2 Sales 6 Critical reception 6.1 Response within the Harry Potter fandom 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original London Production 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The play 's official summary was released by the publisher ( Pottermore ) on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . Part one ( edit ) Act 1 In the opening scene , set during the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2017 , Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley send their second son , Albus Severus Potter , on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts . Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic , while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of the Daily Prophet . Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger - Weasley , on the train . Hermione is now Minister for Magic , while Ron manages Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley . Albus makes an unlikely friend in Slytherin with Scorpius Malfoy , the son of Harry 's unknown friend Draco Malfoy and Astoria Kolfrey . Surprisingly , Albus is sorted into Slytherin house alongside Scorpius , as all Potters before him were sorted into Gryffindor . Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years , Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents , Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort . In addition , Albus and Harry begin to drift apart , owing to Albus 's struggles with his father 's shadow , and Harry 's uncertainty on how to deal with his son 's issues . Albus also drifts apart from Rose , who he was friends with before meeting Scorpius . Prior to Albus and Scorpius 's fourth year , Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry 's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron . During the fight , Harry accidentally says that he does not love Albus , and Albus spills the potion on the blanket . Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time Turner that allows one to travel back several years into the past , and change history . Simultaneously , Harry 's scar begins to hurt again , causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning . Amos Diggory , who has become old and is cared for by his niece Delphi Diggory , asks Harry to use the Time Turner to prevent Cedric Diggory 's death . After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys , Albus is inspired to do so himself , and convinces Scorpius to help him . The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolly operator , who is revealed to a be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping . The two arrive at St. Oswald 's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire , where Amos lives , and team up with Delphi to steal the Time Turner from Hermione 's office while disguised with Polyjuice Potion . Act 2 Knowing that Cedric 's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry , the boys use the Time Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1995 , and sabotage Cedric during the tournament 's first task in the hope of preventing his victory . Instead , they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Albus was sorted into Gryffindor , and Ron Weasley and Hermione never got together , and thus Rose was never born . Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students , causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor . As a result , Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione , fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball , and eventually became married to her , having a son named Panju . Hermione , in turn , became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts . At around the same time , Harry 's fear that Voldemort may return increases as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort - related nightmares . After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore , he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing McGonagall to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauders ' Map . Albus and Scorpius 's friendship is destroyed , but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry 's old Invisibility Cloak from James , and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry 's request . Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny . Meanwhile , Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time Turner to change Cedric 's fate , this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament 's second task . When Scorpius returns to the present day however , Albus is not with him , and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead and Voldemort rules the wizarding world . Part two ( edit ) Act 3 Scorpius discovers - as a result of his actions - an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows , preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts . With Harry now dead , Albus subsequently never existed , while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a fascist regime . In the new timeline , Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star , helping the staff and students torment Muggle - borns . Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts , and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad lead by Scorpius . Draco Malfoy occupies Harry 's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement , using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters . With help from Ron , Hermione and Severus Snape , now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement , Scorpius is able to use the Time Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline , the alternate Ron , Hermione and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so . Scorpius reunites with Albus , and the two boys are eventually found by their parents , as well as Ron and Hermione . Following these events , Harry scolds Albus for his actions , but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile . Recognizing the danger the Time Turner poses , and deciding their parents will continue to keep it , Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves , but they are joined by Delphi . Scorpius realizes Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline , and she takes them captive , later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline . After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi , they confront Amos , only to discover Delphi is not his niece , but the daughter of Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange . Searching her room , they discover she is following a prophecy that , if fulfilled , would lead to Voldemort 's return . Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament , but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting , and Delphi uses the Time Turner to travel further back in time . She inadvertently takes the boys with her , and destroys the Time Turner to leave them stranded in time . Act 4 Abandoned by Delphi , Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night Harry 's parents were killed , and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort can do so . Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry 's baby blanket , knowing in the present , the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry . Meanwhile , Draco reveals the Time - Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him , but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered . After Harry receives the message from the boys , he and his allies use Draco 's Time Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi . While waiting for Delphi , they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry , ensuring her father 's survival and allowing her to be with him . Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi , and the group subdues her . They allow the murder of Harry 's parents to play out , unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past . After returning to the present day , Delphi is sent to Azkaban Prison . Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts , with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date . Harry and Albus visit Cedric 's grave , with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric 's death . Background ( edit ) In December 2013 , it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year , with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016 . At the time of the announcement , Rowling revealed that the play would `` explore the previously untold story of Harry 's early years as an orphan and outcast '' . The following May , Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project . On 26 June 2015 , the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London 's Palace Theatre . The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , published on 26 June 1997 . On announcing plans for the project , Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel . In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel , Rowling has stated that she `` is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story '' . Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content . On 24 September 2015 , Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts . The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings . On 23 October , it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , and would open at London 's Palace Theatre in July 2016 . The plays principally follow Harry , now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter . As of 22 July , little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June . Production ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a two - part play , was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , John Tiffany and Rowling . Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script but by July 26 , 2016 , the official web site for the play and many others ( including the BBC ) were listing Thorne as the sole script writer . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany with choreography by Steven Hoggett , set design by Christine Jones , costume design by Katrina Lindsay , lighting design by Neil Austin , music by Imogen Heap , and sound design by Gareth Fry . In addition , special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick , with illusions by Jamie Harrison , and musical supervision by Martin Lowe . Previews at the West End Palace Theatre , London began on June 7 , 2016 , with the official opening night for both parts on July 30 , and originally booking until September 18 , 2016 . Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on October 28 , 2015 , with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October . In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production , with the play 's booking period extended to January 2017 . On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until April 30 , 2017 , with a further extension issued the same day to May 27 , 2017 . At opening tickets were priced from £ 30 up to £ 130 for a ticket for both parts , although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £ 3,000 . Ticket resale has been banned by the producers , with tickets no longer valid if sold on . In mid-July 2016 , the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1pm each Friday , releasing 40 for sale on their website for ' some of the best seats ' in the theatre for the lowest price , advertised at £ 20 per part . For example , the `` Friday Forty '' tickets sold on July 29 , 2016 were for performances on August 3 , 5 , 6 , and 7 . The plays are recommended for ages 12 and up . On December 20 , 2015 , initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter , Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley . The casting of the dark - skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion , to which Rowling responded that Hermione 's skin was never specified as white . Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter and Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter . The production features an overall cast of 42 . Deadline reported on May 4 , 2017 that the play will open on Broadway at the Lyric Theatre with an opening date of April 22 , 2018 , with Clemmett , Boyle , Dumezweni , Parker , Thornley and Miller reprising their roles . Original cast and principal roles ( edit ) Character Original West End Cast ( 2016 - 2017 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Current West End Cast ( 2017 - 2018 ) Harry Potter Jamie Parker Jamie Glover Ron Weasley Paul Thornley Thomas Aldridge Hermione Granger Noma Dumezweni Rakie Ayola Ginny Potter Poppy Miller Emma Lowndes Draco Malfoy Alex Price James Howard Albus Severus Potter Sam Clemmett Theo Ancient Scorpius Malfoy Anthony Boyle Samuel Blenkin Rose Granger - Weasley Cherrelle Skeete Helen Aluko Young Hermione Delphi Diggory Esther Smith Annabel Baldwin Craig Bowker Jr . Jeremy Ang Jones James Phoon Moaning Myrtle Annabel Baldwin April Hughes Lily Potter Sr . Polly Chapman Claudia Grant Sarah Miele Vernon Dursley Paul Bentall David Annen Severus Snape Lord Voldemort Rubeus Hagrid Chris Jarman Mark Theodore Sorting Hat Yann Fredericks James Le Lacheur Henry Rundle Petunia Dursley Helena Lymbery Elizabeth Hill Madam Hooch Dolores Umbridge Amos Diggory Barry McCarthy Barry McCarthy Albus Dumbledore Trolley Witch Sandy McDade Sandy McDade Minerva McGonagall Cedric Diggory Tom Milligan Rupert Henderson James Sirius Potter James Potter Sr . Dudley Dursley Jack North Tom Mackley Karl Jenkins Viktor Krum Henry Rundle Bane Nuno Silva Nuno Silva Young Harry Potter Rudi Goodman Alfred Jones Bili Keogh Ewan Rutherford Nathaniel Smith Dylan Standen Jabez Cheeseman Alfred Jones Harrison Noble Ben Roberts Lily Luna Potter Zoe Brough Cristina Fray Christiana Hutchings Phoebe Austen Esme Grace Hope Sizer Ava Palmer Ella Bright Notable West End cast replacements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jamie Glover is to take over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter , while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter . Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley , replacing Paul Thornley , while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger , replacing Noma Dumezweni . Annabel Baldwin , previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi . Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard will play Rose Granger - Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively . Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient - making their professional debut - will play Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter , respectively . The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen , Ruthxjiah Bellenea , Danny Dalton , Leah Haile , Rupert Henderson , Elizabeth Hill , April Hughes , James McGregor , Sarah Miele , Jordan Paris , James Phoon , Henry Rundle , Ged Simmons , Mark Theodore , Gideon Turner and Ed White . Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis , Rosemary Annabella , Phoebe Austen , Annabel Baldwin , Jabez Cheeseman , Morag Cross , Esme Grace , Lowri James , Martin Johnston , Alfred Jones , Barry McCarthy , Sandy McDade , Tom Mackley , Harrison Noble , Ben Roberts , Nuno Silva , Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt . The new cast took over on 24 May , with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May . Script publication ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Special Rehearsal Edition cover Author Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , John Tiffany & Jack Thorne ( story ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy , Drama Published 31 July 2016 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 25 July 2017 ( `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' ) Publisher Little , Brown and Company ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Pottermore ( digital ) Publication date 31 July 2016 Pages 328 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 321 ( `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 338 - 09913 - 3 ( US ) ; 978 - 0 - 7515 - 6535 - 5 ( UK ) Both parts of the stage play 's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II . The first edition , entitled `` Special Rehearsal Edition '' , corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016 , the date of Harry 's birthday in the series and Rowling 's birthday , as well . Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed , an edited version was released on 25 July 2017 , as the `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' . According to CNN , this was the most preordered book of 2016 . Sales ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release . 847,885 copies were sold during the book 's first week of release in the United Kingdom . By June 2017 , the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received extremely positive reviews from critics . Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances , while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series . Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent , the London Evening Standard , The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com . The Telegraph also gave five , although `` there are some quibbles , '' while The Guardian 's Michael Billington awarded four stars . Anthony Boyle 's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim . WhatsOnStage.com wrote that `` Boyle gives a career - making performance , '' while The Wall Street Journal described him as `` the break - out performance . '' Variety 's critic , Matt Trueman , agreed , writing , `` it 's Boyle who really stands out '' , and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings , in the Evening Standard , noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite . Response within the Harry Potter fandom ( edit ) Reviews within the fandom were mixed . Some fans claim that the story diverged from previously established rules of the universe , criticizing the play 's characterization . Some also took issue with the style and plot of the play . These criticisms have led some of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon . Rowling has stated that the play is canon . However , other fans responded positively to the play and its characters , with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular . Notably , the published script was voted Best Fantasy in Good Reads Choice Awards 2016 . Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was `` spot on . '' Others celebrated it as a faithful continuation of the books . Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters , such as Harry and Dumbledore 's . The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London Production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Nominated Best Design Christine Jones Nominated Emerging Talent Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Designer Christine Jones Won Most Promising Newcomer Anthony Boyle Won 2017 WhatsOnStage Awards Best New Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Won Best Supporting Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Won Paul Thornley Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Play Poppy Miller Nominated Noma Dumezweni Won Best Direction John Tiffany Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Nominated Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Video Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Actor Jamie Parker Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Noma Dumezweni Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Anthony Boyle Won Best Costume Design Christine Jones Won Best Set Design Katrina Lindsay Won Best Sound Design Gareth Fry Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Theatre Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Imogen Heap Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Harry Potter The Play . harrypottertheplaylondon.com. 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Begins Previews in London , as Magic Continues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Grice , Elizabeth ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child exclusive cast interview : ' Being a wizard is the best job ever ' '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harrypottertheplay.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's `` Harry Potter '' in Development for West End Stage Premiere `` . Playbill. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter turned into stage play '' . The Guardian . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling confirms new Harry Potter story for the theatre '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling to collaborate on Harry Potter play for West End '' . The Guardian . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a new play by JK Rowling , will hit the West End in 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter theatre show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh Evening News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's The One Thing J.K. Rowling Wants Everyone To Know About The New Harry Potter Play '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to debut in London in 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' : Everything you need to know '' . mashable.com. 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter play will be two - part epic '' . The Independent . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First peek at Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play '' . bbc.co.uk/newsbeat . BBC Newsbeat. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to be split in two '' . The Guardian . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In New Play , Harry Potter Is a Father '' . The New York Times . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ere 's How You Can See ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Without Robbing Gringotts '' . MTV . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - up Harry must juggle working at the Ministry of Magic with being a father to three children , including his youngest Albus . '' . Sky ( United Kingdom ) . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child -- ' It 's extraordinary the story still is n't out ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLORE THE STORY -- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . harrypottertheplaylondon.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child gets five star reviews '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . The play , written by Jack Thorne , is set 19 years after the seventh and final book in the series by JK Rowling . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harry Potter The Play . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Coming Back , This Time on Stage in New Play '' . The New York Times . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Sets London Premiere '' . Playbill. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Play Planned for 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter Play to Open in London Next Year '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' To Open in London 's West End Summer 2016 '' . deadline.com. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter stage play '' . The Scotsman. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to open in London in 2016 , JK Rowling confirms '' . Digital Spy. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage play to premiere in the West End next summer '' . The Stage. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSED CHILD TO BE PRESENTED IN TWO PARTS '' . soniafriedman.com. 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ticket sale : Over 175,000 tickets sell in just eight hours '' . The Independent . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : West End play focuses on Harry 's youngest son '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child run extended to April 2017 as touted tickets go on sale for £ 3,000 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 175,000 tickets for ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' on London 's West End were snapped up in eight hours . '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extended booking dates confirmed for Harry Potter and The Cursed Child general sale '' . Digital Spy. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child extends booking YET AGAIN -- this time to May 2017 '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Stage Show Producers Warn Scalpers That Resold Tix Will Not Fly '' . Playbill. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Friday Forty '' . Palace Theatre . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Questions Answered '' . harrypottertheplay.com . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child announces lead cast '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling shuts down anyone with a problem about Hermione being black on Twitter : ' Frizzy hair is canon ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Responding to ( a small pocket of ) negative discussion of the casting , she tweeted : `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione . '' UPDATE : Hold up , maybe the logic is n't quite so airtight . Jump up ^ `` In ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , ' a Black Actress Will Play Hermione '' . The New York Times . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate . `` There 's nothing confusing about a black actress playing Hermione Granger -- Spectator Blogs '' . Spectator Blogs . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . JK Rowling tweeted this morning that she 'd never specified Hermione 's skin colour in the books Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast photos released '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 - Member Multicultural Cast Revealed for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Playbill. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full casting announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Sets April 22 , 2018 Broadway Opening '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announcement Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London . 2015 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Original Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Trio to Reunite on Broadway ; Additional Casting Announced Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New cast announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London - Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast announced '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to pre-order the Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II script book '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Will Be Published in Book Form '' . Time . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter book coming out in July : the play script '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exciting publishing programme from J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World '' . pottermore.com. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter script the most preordered book of 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ 8 / 3 / 2016 , `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Script Book Sells Over 2 Million Copies in 2 Days '' < http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/harry-potter-cursed-child-script-916817 > . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2017/06/19/how-j-k-rowling-earned-95-million-in-a-year/ Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review : Tailor made for the theatre '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : A magical experience '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review at Palace Theatre '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( Palace Theatre ) '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a magical show with a strong emotional core -- review '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review -- duel of dark and light carried off with dazzling assurance '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Parts One and Two ' Review : The Spell of Friendship '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` West End Review : ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/a43367/harry-potter-and-the-cursed-child-review/ Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/why-harry-potter-and-the-cursed-child-disappointed_us_57a2c2fce4b0456cb7e1799b Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/harry-potter-cursed-child-reactions-2016-7 Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` The story of # CursedChild should be considered canon , though . @ jackthorne , John Tiffany ( the director ) and I developed it together . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Allison ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Why a Harry Potter and the Cursed Child film may or may not work '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-fantasy-books-2016 Jump up ^ Haysom , Sam . `` 15 thoughts I had while reading ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://itsmusicalphan24601.tumblr.com/post/157072300373/time-travel-in-harry-potter Jump up ^ https://bounding-heart.tumblr.com/post/159672748068/the-boy-who-lived Jump up ^ `` How Harry Potter & The Cursed Child Continues Harry 's Story '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what fans are saying about the new ' Harry Potter ' play that just premiered in London '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Official website Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on Twitter Harry Potter and The Cursed Child A selection of reviews of Harry Potter and The Cursed Child by WellRead Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Epub Review Review of Softcopy ( Epub ) At EpubEbooks Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Music Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Other The Cursed Child Pottermore The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood See also Harry Potter cast Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Blue / Orange ( 2001 ) Jitney ( 2002 ) Vincent in Brixton ( 2003 ) The Pillowman ( 2004 ) The History Boys ( 2005 ) On the Shore of the Wide World ( 2006 ) Blackbird ( 2007 ) A Disappearing Number ( 2008 ) Black Watch ( 2009 ) The Mountaintop ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Collaborators ( 2012 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2013 ) Chimerica ( 2014 ) King Charles III ( 2015 ) Hangmen ( 2016 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child&oldid=801282007 '' Categories : 2016 plays British plays Fantasy theatre Harry Potter books J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Laurence Olivier Award - winning plays Plays set in the 20th century Plays set in the 21st century Plays set in England Plays set in Scotland Time travel literature West End plays Works based on Harry Potter Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-1548217664888567731 | Hey Jude | Hey Jude - wikipedia Hey Jude For other uses , see Hey Jude ( disambiguation ) . `` Hey Jude '' A-side label of original UK release Single by the Beatles B - side `` Revolution '' Released 26 August 1968 Format 7 - inch Recorded 31 July -- 1 August 1968 , Trident Studios , London Genre Rock pop rock Length 7 : 11 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968 `` Hey Jude '' ( 1968 ) Hey Jude1968 `` Get Back '' ( 1969 ) Get Back 1969 Alternative cover 1982 reissue Music video `` Hey Jude '' on YouTube `` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes . `` Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records . More than seven minutes in length , it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts . It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States , the longest for any Beatles single . `` Hey Jude '' tied the `` all - time '' record , at the time , for the longest run at the top of the US charts . The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2013 , Billboard named it the 10th `` biggest '' song of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Production 2.1 Abbey Road rehearsals 2.2 Trident Studios recording 2.3 Mixing 3 Composition and structure 4 Release 5 Promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Awards and accolades 8 Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia 9 Cover versions and performances 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 All - time charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) In May 1968 , John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated after John 's affair with Yoko Ono . The following month , Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and John 's son , Julian , at Kenwood , the family 's home in Weybridge . Cynthia had been part of the Beatles ' social circle since before the band 's rise to fame in 1963 ; McCartney later said he found it `` a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life . '' Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney 's surprise visit : `` I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed ' Hey Jude ' in the car . I will never forget Paul 's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us . '' I started with the idea `` Hey Jules , '' which was Julian , do n't make it bad , take a sad song and make it better . Hey , try and deal with this terrible thing . I knew it was not going to be easy for him . I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... -- Paul McCartney , 1997 The song 's original title was `` Hey Jules '' , and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents ' separation . McCartney later said , `` I knew it was not going to be easy for him '' , and that he changed the name to `` Jude '' `` because I thought that sounded a bit better '' . According to music journalist Chris Hunt , in the weeks after writing the song , McCartney `` test ( ed ) his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse . And that meant everyone . '' On 30 June , after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band 's rendition of his instrumental `` Thingumybob '' , in Yorkshire , McCartney stopped at a village in Bedfordshire and performed `` Hey Jude '' at a local pub . He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single `` I 'm the Urban Spaceman '' , in London , and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same . Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys -- soon to be known as Badfinger and , like the Black Dyke Mills Band , an early signing to the Beatles ' new record label Apple Records -- later recalled that on their first day in the studio , McCartney `` gave us a full concert rendition of ' Hey Jude ' '' . When introducing the composition to Lennon , McCartney assured him that he would `` fix '' the line `` the movement you need is on your shoulder '' , reasoning that `` it 's a stupid expression ; it sounds like a parrot . '' Lennon replied : `` You wo n't , you know . That 's the best line in the song . '' McCartney retained the phrase ; he later said of his subsequent live performances of the song : `` that 's the line when I think of John , and sometimes I get a little emotional during that moment . '' If you think about it ... Yoko 's just come into the picture . He 's saying . `` Hey , Jude -- Hey , John . '' I know I 'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it , but you can hear it as a song to me ... Subconsciously , he was saying , Go ahead , leave me . On a conscious level , he did n't want me to go ahead . -- John Lennon , 1980 Although McCartney originally wrote `` Hey Jude '' for Julian , John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him . In a 1980 interview , Lennon stated that he `` always heard it as a song to me '' and contended that , on one level , McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono 's relationship , while , on another , he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon 's friend and songwriting partner . Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them , including Judith Simons , a journalist with the Daily Express . Still others , including Lennon , have speculated that in the lyrics to `` Hey Jude '' , McCartney 's failing long - term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious `` message to himself '' . McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967 , yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968 ; that same month , Francie Schwartz , an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple , began living with McCartney at his St John 's Wood home . When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono , McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself . Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that `` many of the song 's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love , especially the lines ' you have found her now go and get her ' and ' you 're waiting for someone to perform with . ' '' Music critic and author Tim Riley writes : `` If the song is about self - worth and self - consolation in the face of hardship , the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey . He begins by singing to comfort someone else , finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process , and finally , in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation , he comes to believe in himself . '' Production ( edit ) Abbey Road rehearsals ( edit ) Having earmarked the song for release as a single , the Beatles recorded `` Hey Jude '' during the sessions for their self - titled double album , commonly known as `` the White Album '' . The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time , partly as a result of Ono 's constant presence at Lennon 's side , and also reflective of the four band members ' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation . Author Peter Doggett describes the completed version of `` Hey Jude '' as a song that `` glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group '' . The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights , 29 and 30 July 1968 , with George Martin as their producer . These dates served as rehearsals , however , since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight - track recording machine ( Abbey Road was still limited to four - tracks ) . A take from 29 July , which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a `` jovial '' session , was issued on the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996 . The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music ! However , the film shows only three of the Beatles performing `` Hey Jude '' , as George Harrison remained in the studio control room , with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott . Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions , whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon 's songs of the period . During the rehearsals that day , Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song . Harrison 's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal , which did not fit with McCartney 's conception of the song 's arrangement , and he vetoed it . In a 1994 interview , McCartney said , `` looking back on it , I think , Okay . Well , it was bossy , but it was ballsy of me , because I could have bowed to the pressure . '' Ron Richards , a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios , said McCartney was `` oblivious to anyone else 's feelings in the studio '' , and that he was driven to making the best possible record , at almost any cost . Trident Studios recording ( edit ) The master track for `` Hey Jude '' was recorded at Trident Studios on 31 July . Trident 's founder , Norman Sheffield , recalled that Mal Evans , the Beatles ' aide and former roadie , insisted that some pot plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place `` soft '' , consistent with the band 's wishes . Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session . The line - up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal , Lennon on acoustic guitar , Harrison on electric guitar , and Ringo Starr on drums . The Beatles recorded four takes of `` Hey Jude '' , the first of which was selected as the master . With drums absent for the first 50 seconds of the song , McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break . Starr soon returned -- `` tiptoeing past my back rather quickly '' , in McCartney 's recollection -- and performed his cue perfectly . McCartney added : `` his timing was absolutely impeccable . '' On 1 August , the group carried out overdubs on the basic track , again at Trident . These additions included McCartney 's lead vocal and bass guitar ; backing vocals from Lennon , McCartney and Harrison ; and tambourine , played by Starr . They then added a 36 - piece orchestra over the long coda , scored by Martin . The orchestra consisted of ten violins , three violas , three cellos , two flutes , one contra bassoon , one bassoon , two clarinets , one contra bass clarinet , four trumpets , four trombones , two horns , percussion and two string basses . With the introduction of what musicologist Walter Everett terms the `` bottom - heavy '' orchestral instruments , particularly the string basses , McCartney 's bass part was cut from the start of the coda onwards . According to Norman Sheffield , there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians , some of whom `` were looking down their noses at the Beatles , I think '' . Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding : `` Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not ? '' During the first few takes , McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra 's performance , so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there . The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda . All but one of the musicians complied ( for a double fee ) , with the abstainer reportedly saying , `` I 'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney 's bloody song ! '' Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song ; one of the label 's first signings , Jackie Lomax , also recalled participating . Trident was paid £ 25 per hour by EMI for the `` Hey Jude '' sessions . Sheffield said that the studio earned about £ 1000 in total at the time , but by having the Beatles record there , and in turn raving about the facility , the value was incalculable . The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968 , and Apple artists such as Lomax , Mary Hopkin , Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year . Mixing ( edit ) Scott , Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road . The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI 's equipment . The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick , whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles ' principal recording engineer . Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road , having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer , due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions . A stereo mix of `` Hey Jude '' was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August . Everett writes that the song 's `` most commented - on feature '' is its considerable length , at 7 : 11 . The precedent for issuing such a long track on a single had recently been set by Richard Harris ' hit recording of `` MacArthur Park '' , the composer of which , Jimmy Webb , was a visitor to the studio around this time . According to Webb , Martin admitted to him that `` Hey Jude '' was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of `` MacArthur Park '' . In the song 's final bridge section , at 2 : 58 , the spoken phrase `` Fucking hell ! '' appears . Scott admits that although he was told about it , he could not hear the words originally . Lennon attributed the expletive to McCartney , according to Emerick , who reports Lennon 's comment in his autobiography : `` ' Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word , ' Lennon gleefully crowed , ' but I insisted we leave it in ( at Trident ) , buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard . Most people wo n't ever spot it ... but we 'll know it 's there . ' '' Womack considers that the expletive was actually uttered by Lennon . Malcolm Toft , the mix engineer on the Trident recording , also attributes it to Lennon . In Toft 's recollection , Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when , in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones , he first called out `` Whoa ! '' then , two seconds later , swore as he pulled the headphones off . Composition and structure ( edit ) 1968 sheet music cover ( Maclen Music , Inc. , New York ) `` Hey Jude '' begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano . The patterns he plays are based on three chords : F , C and B ♭ ( I , V and IV ) . The main chord progression is `` flipped on its head '' , in Hertsgaard 's words , for the coda , since the C chord is replaced by E ♭ . Everett comments that McCartney 's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland 's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum , as well as ( with the first change to a B ♭ chord ) suggesting the influence of the Drifters ' 1960 hit `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine . Tim Riley writes that , with the `` restrained tom - tom and cymbal fill '' that introduces the drum part , `` the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord , making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ( ' And any time you feel the pain ' ) . '' At the end of each bridge , McCartney sings a brief phrase ( `` Na - na - na na ... '' ) , supported by an electric guitar fill , before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse . According to Riley , this vocal phrase serves to `` reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside '' . Additional musical details , such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal , are added to sustain interest throughout the four - verse , two - bridge song . The verse - bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes , after which the band leads into a four - minute - long coda , consisting of nineteen rounds of the song 's double plagal cadence . During this coda , the rest of the band , backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals , repeats the phrase `` Na - na - na na '' followed by the words `` hey Jude '' until the song gradually fades out . In his analysis of the composition , musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of `` Hey Jude '' , in that it uses a `` binary form that combines a fully developed , hymn - like song together with an extended , mantra - like jam on a simple chord progression '' . Riley considers that the coda 's repeated chord sequence ( I - ♭ VII - IV - I ) `` answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges '' , since `` The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it . '' This three - chord refrain allows McCartney `` a bedding ... to leap about on vocally '' , so he ad - libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song . In Riley 's estimation , the song `` becomes a tour of Paul 's vocal range : from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse , through the mounting excitement of the song itself , to the surging raves of the coda '' . Release ( edit ) ( The Beatles ) are confident and cheerful and the human condition will be thrilled by the coming results of their willing and enduring Beatle bondage ... they will give all of us new wonders to soothe our pain . -- Derek Taylor , `` Hey Jude '' press release , August 1968 `` Hey Jude '' was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom , backed with `` Revolution '' on the B - side of a 7 - inch single . It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records -- the others being Mary Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , Jackie Lomax 's `` Sour Milk Sea '' , and the Black Dyke Mills Band 's `` Thingumybob '' . In advance of the release date , Apple declared 11 -- 18 August to be `` National Apple Week '' in the UK , and sent gift - wrapped boxes of the records , marked `` Our First Four '' , to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family , and to Harold Wilson , the prime minister at the time . The release was promoted by Derek Taylor , who , in Doggett 's description , `` hyped the first Apple records with typical elan '' . `` Hey Jude '' was the first of the four singles , since it was still designated as an EMI / Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US , but with the Apple Records logo now added . In the US , `` Hey Jude '' was the first Beatles single to be issued in a company sleeve rather than a picture sleeve . Lennon wanted `` Revolution '' to be the A-side of the single , but the other Beatles did not agree . In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone , he said `` Hey Jude '' was worthy of an A-side , `` but we could have had both . '' In 1980 , he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision . The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records , and contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short - lived retail venture , Apple Boutique . `` Hey Jude '' began its sixteen - week run on Britain 's official singles chart on 7 September 1968 , claiming the top spot a week later . It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , which was produced by McCartney . `` Hey Jude '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 13 September ; that same week , NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September , beginning a nineteen - week chart run there . It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks , for three of which , `` Those Were the Days '' held the number - two spot . This was the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one , as well as being the longest - playing single to reach number one . The song was the 16th number - one hit for the band in America , tying Elvis Presley 's record at the time for most number - one songs there . Billboard ranked it as the number - one song for 1968 . In the UK , where `` MacArthur Park '' had failed to top the chart , `` Hey Jude '' remained the longest number - one hit for nearly a quarter of a century . It was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf 's `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' , which ran to 7 : 52 as a single . On 30 November 1968 , NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide . `` Hey Jude '' became the biggest - selling debut release for a record label ever , selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries . In 1999 , it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA , representing four million units shipped in the US . Promotion ( edit ) A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles ' all - night recording session on 7 -- 8 August 1968 . With Apple Boutique having closed a week before , McCartney and his girlfriend , Francie Schwartz , painted Hey Jude / Revolution across its large , whitewashed shop windows . The words were mistaken for anti-Semitic graffiti ( since Jude means `` Jew '' in German ) , leading to complaints from the local Jewish community , and the windows being smashed by passers - by . Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology , McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location -- `` Great opportunity . Baker Street , millions of buses going around ... '' -- and added : `` I had no idea it meant ' Jew ' , but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany , ' Juden Raus ' was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David . I swear it never occurred to me . '' According to Barry Miles , McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month when he said : `` Starvation in India does n't worry me one bit , not one iota ... And it does n't worry you , if you 're honest . You just pose . '' The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay - Hogg to shoot a promotional clip for `` Hey Jude '' , after he had previously directed a clip for `` Paperback Writer '' in 1966 . They settled on the idea of shooting with a live , albeit controlled , audience . In the clip , the Beatles are first seen by themselves , performing the initial chorus and verses , and then are joined by the audience who appear as the last chorus concludes and coda begins ; the audience sings and claps along with the Beatles through the song 's conclusion . Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968 , with McCartney himself designing the set . Tony Bramwell , a friend of the Beatles , later described the set as `` the piano , there ; drums , there ; and orchestra in two tiers at the back . '' The event marked Starr 's return to the group , after McCartney 's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' During his two - week absence , Starr announced that he had left the band . The final edit was a combination of several different takes and included `` introductions '' to the song by David Frost ( who introduced the Beatles as `` the greatest tea - room orchestra in the world '' ) , and Cliff Richard , for their respective , eponymous TV programmes . As shooting wore on , Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay - Hogg if he had the material he needed . After 12 takes , McCartney said , `` I think that 's enough '' , and shooting concluded . It was first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968 , and the clip was later broadcast for the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October . According to Riley , the showing on Frost on Sunday `` kicked ' Hey Jude ' into the stratosphere '' in terms of popularity . Hertsgaard pairs it with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created `` a state of nirvana '' for Beatles fans , in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono 's influence and Apple . The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 , while the three - disc versions of that compilation , titled 1 + , also include an alternate video , with a different introduction and vocal , from the same date . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon the single 's release , Derek Johnson of the NME wrote : `` The intriguing features of ' Hey Jude ' are its extreme length and the 40 - piece orchestral accompaniment -- and personally I would have preferred it without either ! '' While he viewed the track overall as `` a beautiful , compelling song '' , and the first three minutes as `` absolutely sensational '' , Johnson rued the long coda 's `` vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four - bar chorus '' . Time magazine described the coda as `` a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records '' . The same reviewer contrasted `` Hey Jude '' with its B - side , `` Revolution '' , saying that `` The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort '' , due to McCartney `` liltingly exhort ( ing ) a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love '' . Rolling Stone also attributed the song 's meaning as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women : `` to break the old pattern ; to really go through with love '' . Other commentators interpreted `` Hey Jude '' as being directed at Bob Dylan , then semi-retired in Woodstock . Writing in 1971 , Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it `` one of ( McCartney 's ) truest and most forthright love songs '' and was critical of its omission from the album The Beatles . In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that `` Hey Jude '' `` promised great things '' for the ill - conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as `` the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market '' . They noted also that `` the epic proportions of the piece '' encouraged many imitators , yet these other artists `` ( failed ) to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles ' communal feel '' . Among more recent commentators , Alan Pollack admires `` Hey Jude '' as `` such a good illustration of two compositional lessons -- how to fill a large canvas with simple means , and how to use diverse elements such as harmony , bassline , and orchestration to articulate form and contrast . '' Pollack considers that the song 's long coda provides `` an astonishingly transcendental effect '' , while AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger similarly opines : `` What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock ... '' In his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald wrote that the `` pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade - out may be a blemish '' but he praised the song as `` a pop / rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms '' . MacDonald concluded : `` ' Hey Jude ' strikes a universal note , touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired . '' Lennon said the song was `` one of ( McCartney 's ) masterpieces '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , but failed to win any of them . In the 1968 NME Readers ' Poll , `` Hey Jude '' was named the best single of the year , and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for `` A-Side With the Highest Sales '' . In 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked `` Hey Jude '' at number eight on the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , making it the highest - placed Beatles song on the list . Among its many appearances in other best - song - of - all - time lists , VH1 placed it seventh in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year , having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of `` The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time '' . In 1976 , the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine 's `` Top 100 Singles of All Time '' , and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2014 . In January 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' came in third on Channel 4 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Singles '' . The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks `` Hey Jude '' as the 11th - best jukebox single of all time . In 2008 , the song appeared in eighth place on Billboard 's `` All Time Hot 100 Songs '' . In July 2006 , Mojo placed `` Hey Jude '' at number 12 on its list of `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' ( between `` Eleanor Rigby '' and `` Come Together '' ) . On a similar list compiled four years later , Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven . In 2015 , the ITV program The Nation 's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked `` Hey Jude '' in first place . Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia ( edit ) Julian Lennon ( pictured at the John Lennon Peace Monument in 2010 ) bid successfully for the Beatles ' recording notes for the song at an auction in 1996 . Julian Lennon discovered that `` Hey Jude '' had been written for him almost 20 years after McCartney composed the song . He recalled of his and McCartney 's relationship : `` Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit -- more than Dad and I did . We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad . '' In 1996 , Julian paid £ 25,000 for the recording notes to `` Hey Jude '' at an auction . He spent a further £ 35,000 at the auction , buying John Lennon memorabilia . John Cousins , Julian Lennon 's manager , stated at the time : `` He has a few photographs of his father , but not very much else . He is collecting for personal reasons ; these are family heirlooms if you like . '' In 2002 , the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie 's in London . The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £ 80,000 at the auction , which was scheduled for 30 April 2002 . McCartney went to court to stop the auction , claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home . Richard Morgan , representing Christie 's , said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written . The courts decided in McCartney 's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics . They had been sent to Christie 's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier , who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £ 10 in the early 1970s . In the original catalogue for the auction , Julian Lennon had written , `` It 's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you . It still touches me . '' Cover versions and performances ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered , when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman , a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now . A medley of the Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' and `` Hey Jude '' was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley 's 1970 live album On Stage . In 1968 , R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals , with guitar from a young Duane Allman , who recommended the choice to Pickett . Eric Clapton commented , `` I remember hearing ( it ) and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying , ' Who 's that guitar player ? ' ... To this day , I 've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record . It 's the best . '' Pickett commented on the outro that `` people were going crazy '' and session musician Jimmy Johnson said that Allman 's solo `` created Southern rock '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included `` Hey Jude '' in his first polka medley , `` Polkas on 45 '' , from his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney . Paul McCartney sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London . On 4 August 2012 , McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of `` Hey Jude '' while watching cycling at the velodrome . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocal , piano , bass guitar , handclaps George Harrison -- backing vocal , electric guitar , handclaps John Lennon -- backing vocal , acoustic guitar , handclaps Ringo Starr -- backing vocal , drums , tambourine , handclaps Uncredited 36 - piece orchestra -- 10 violins , three violas , three cellos , two double basses , two flutes , two clarinets , one bass clarinet , one bassoon , one contrabassoon , four trumpets , two horns , four trombones , and one percussion instrument ; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon International Chart ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Yugoslavia ( Džuboks ) Year Chart Peak position 1976 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 40 2011 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 2012 Japan Hot 100 Singles 53 France ( SNEP ) 174 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 23 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 35 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank US Billboard Hot 100 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of Top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia Lists of number - one singles ( Austria ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Canada ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 1968 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of UK charts and number - one singles ( 1952 -- 1969 ) List of best - selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffith added that he and his fellow Iveys were `` gobsmacked '' by the performance . Jump up ^ In a 1971 interview with Jonathan Cott , Lennon recalled his and McCartney 's conversation : `` Ah , it 's me ! I said , it 's me ! He says , no it 's me . I said , check , we 're going through the same bit . '' Jump up ^ Produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain , the documentary was released in October 1969 . Jump up ^ Described by Ian MacDonald as `` a tense moment '' , this disagreement between Harrison and McCartney was recalled by the pair in a similar argument they had while filming Let It Be in January 1969 , regarding the lead guitar part on `` Two of Us '' . Partly as a result of McCartney 's criticism , Harrison briefly quit the band on 10 January . Jump up ^ In 2013 McCartney agreed to write the foreword to Sheffield 's book `` Life on Two Legs '' , partly because of his positive experience when recording `` Hey Jude '' . Jump up ^ Writing in his 2006 memoir , Emerick says that `` Obviously something at Trident had been misaligned '' , and the solution for `` Hey Jude '' was to add `` massive amounts of treble equalization '' . Jump up ^ Toft adds : `` because it had been bounced down ( mixed ) with the main vocal , it could not be removed . I just managed to bring the fader down for a split second on the mix to try to lessen the effect . '' Jump up ^ Author John Kruth writes that McCartney might have taken the idea for the closing refrain from Cannibal & the Headhunters ' 1965 hit `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' , the main hook of which is a series of `` extended ' nah nah nah nah nahs ' '' . This band , whom McCartney nicknamed `` the Nah Nah Boys '' , were his choice for the Beatles ' support act on their 1965 US tour . Jump up ^ The catalogue numbers for `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' -- Apple 5722 in the UK and 2276 in the US -- were consistent with the numerical sequencing of the Beatles ' previous releases on Parlophone and Capitol . Apple 's other three debut singles followed a new sequencing , starting with `` Those Were the Days '' , which was issued as Apple 2 and Apple 1801 . Jump up ^ Having told Smith , `` The truth about me is that I 'm pleasantly insincere '' , McCartney said : `` You ca n't pretend to me that an Oxfam ad can reach down into the depths of your soul and actually make you feel for those ( starving ) people -- more , for instance , than you feel about getting a new car . '' Jump up ^ EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians , but it has been established that two of the cellists were Alexander `` Bobby '' Kok and Peter Halling , and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren . 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Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 ... Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beatles : Hey Jude '' . Acclaimed Music . Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 : The 100 best singles '' . ProcolHarum.com. 2006 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AMOA announces top 40 jukebox singles of all time '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 ... BMI. 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . Hey Jude '' . Rolling Stone . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` ' Hey Jude ' voted UK 's favourite Beatles Number One by ITV viewers '' . NME . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon and son finally work it out '' . The Sunday Times . Heyjules.com. 29 September 1996 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Wardell , Jane ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` McCartney In ' Hey Jude ' Battle '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2002 ... CBS News / Associated Press . Jump up ^ Simpson 2004 , pp. 132 , 147 , 212 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Elvis Presley -- On Stage : February 1970 ( Expanded ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher 2016 , pp. 141 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Poe 2008 , pp. 81 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian . `` Eric Clapton 's Favorite R&B Guitar Solo -- Duane Allman Guests on Wilson Pickett 's Cover of `` Hey Jude '' `` . Guitar World . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Weird Al ' Yankovic in 3 - D ( liner ) . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . Scotti Bros. Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Sings ' Hey Jude , ' Pays Tribute To Sir Paul McCartney , The MusiCares Person Of The Year ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Gordon , Bryony ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics : velodrome rocks as Team GB takes home haul of medals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 9 October 1968 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5854 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 49 . 7 December 1968 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hey Jude '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HitParadeItalia - Top10 del 12 Ottobre 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' . Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Beatles - Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Top 50 Singles -- October 1968 '' . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts ( 1st ed . ) . Wellington : Transpress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 44 . 2 November 1968 . p. 73 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 21 , 1968 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 28 September 1968 . p. 33 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 51 . 21 December 1968 . p. 58 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 27 / 11 / 11 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1968 '' . Go - Set . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM 100 Top Singles of 1968 '' . RPM . Vol. 10 no . 19 . 6 January 1969 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` The biggest selling singles of every year revealed ! ( 1952 -- 2011 ) '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 -- 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 ... 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1969 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 6 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1978 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . London : Trewin Copplestone Publishing . ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . Ringo Starr . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 488 - 5 . Cross , Craig ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : Day - by - Day , Song - by - Song , Record - by - Record . Lincoln , NE : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 34663 - 4 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup . New York , NY : It Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 . Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles . New York , NY : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 269 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . Fletcher , Tony ( 2016 ) . In the Midnight Hour : The Life & Soul of Wilson Pickett . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 025296 - 0 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1995 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of The Beatles . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31377 - 2 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Kruth , John ( 2015 ) . This Bird Has Flown : The Enduring Beauty of Rubber Soul Fifty Years On . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61713 - 573 - 6 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lowry , Todd ( 2002 ) . Lennon and McCartney Hits : Keyboard Signature Licks . Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03250 - X . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 1st rev . ed . ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York , NY : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . O'Dell , Chris ( 2009 ) . Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Poe , Randy ( 2008 ) . Skydog : The Duane Allman Story . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61713 - 487 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) . The Beatles : Album By Album , Song By Song , the Sixties and After . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81120 - 0 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : The Studio Equipment and Techniques Used To Create Their Classic Albums . Houston , TX : Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 9 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Schultheiss , Tom ( 1980 ) . A Day in the Life : The Beatles Day - By - Day . Ann Arbor , MC : Pierian Press . ISBN 0 - 87650 - 120 - X . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Sheffield , Norman J. ( 2013 ) . Life on Two Legs . London : Trident Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9575133 - 0 - 3 . Simpson , Paul ( 2004 ) . The Rough Guide to Elvis . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 417 - 7 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` HEY JUDE ( Legal Title ) , BMI Work # 562357 '' . BMI . The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Jude&oldid=846535570 '' Categories : Songs about men 1960s ballads 1968 songs 1968 singles Apple Records singles The Beatles songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Michael Lindsay - Hogg Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Featured articles Use British English from January 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 10 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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7092630498966266400 | Ancient Greece | Ancient Greece - wikipedia Ancient Greece Jump to : navigation , search The Parthenon , a temple dedicated to Athena , located on the Acropolis in Athens , is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks . Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece ( show ) Neolithic Greece Greek Bronze Age ( show ) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Ancient Greece ( show ) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Medieval Greece ( show ) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states Early modern Greece ( show ) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece Modern Greece ( show ) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic History by topic ( show ) Art Constitution Economy Military Names Greece portal Ancient history Preceded by Prehistory Ancient Near East Sumer Egypt Assyria Elam Akkad Babylonia Canaan Israel and Judah Hittite Empire Arzawa Mitanni Minoan Crete Mycenaean Greece Syro - Hittite states Hayasa - Azzi Georgia Anatolia Armenia Neo-Assyrian Empire Urartu Neo-Babylonian Empire Medes Classical antiquity Greece Persia ( Achaemenid ) Hellenism Rome Africa Late Antiquity East Asia China Korea Japan South Asia Indus Valley Vedic period Maha Janapadas Maurya Empire Tamilakam Satavahana Gupta Empire Pre-Columbian Americas Mesoamerica Olmec Maya civilization Teotihuacan Aztec Andean civilizations Chavín culture Moche Inca empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by the Postclassical Era Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th - 9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c. 600 AD ) . Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era . Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece , Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC , ushering in the period of Archaic Greece and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin . This was followed by the period of Classical Greece , an era that began with the Greco - Persian Wars , lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC . Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia , Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea . The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic , which established the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece , and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire . Classical Greek culture , especially philosophy , had a powerful influence on ancient Rome , which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe . For this reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered the cradle of Western civilization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Historiography 3 History 3.1 Archaic period 3.2 Classical Greece 3.3 Hellenistic Greece 3.4 Roman Greece 4 Geography 4.1 Regions 4.2 Colonies 5 Politics and society 5.1 Political structure 5.2 Government and law 5.3 Social structure 5.3. 1 Slavery 5.4 Education 5.5 Economy 5.6 Warfare 6 Culture 6.1 Philosophy 6.2 Literature and theatre 6.3 Music and dance 6.4 Science and technology 6.5 Art and architecture 6.6 Religion and mythology 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Chronology Further information : Timeline of ancient Greece Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC ( around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer ) and ended in the 6th century AD . Classical Antiquity in Greece was preceded by the Greek Dark Ages ( c. 1200 -- c. 800 BC ) , archaeologically characterised by the protogeometric and geometric styles of designs on pottery . Following the Dark Ages was the Archaic Period , beginning around the 8th century BC . The Archaic Period saw early developments in Greek culture and society which formed the basis for the Classical Period . After the Archaic Period , the Classical Period in Greece is conventionally considered to have lasted from the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 . The period is characterized by a style which was considered by later observers to be exemplary , i.e. , `` classical '' , as shown in the Parthenon , for instance . Politically , the Classical Period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century , but displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC , before power shifted to Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the League of Corinth led by Macedon . This period saw the Greco - Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon . Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period ( 323 -- 146 BC ) , during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East . This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest . Roman Greece is usually considered to be the period between Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC and the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire in AD 330 . Finally , Late Antiquity refers to the period of Christianization during the later 4th to early 6th centuries AD , sometimes taken to be complete with the closure of the Academy of Athens by Justinian I in 529 . Historiography Main article : Greek historiographers The Victorious Youth ( c. 310 BC ) , is a rare , water - preserved bronze sculpture from ancient Greece . The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in proper historiography , while earlier ancient history or proto - history is known by much more circumstantial evidence , such as annals or king lists , and pragmatic epigraphy . Herodotus is widely known as the `` father of history '' : his Histories are eponymous of the entire field . Written between the 450s and 420s BC , Herodotus ' work reaches about a century into the past , discussing 6th century historical figures such as Darius I of Persia , Cambyses II and Psamtik III , and alluding to some 8th century ones such as Candaules . Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides , Xenophon , Demosthenes , Plato and Aristotle . Most of these authors were either Athenian or pro-Athenian , which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than those of many other cities . Their scope is further limited by a focus on political , military and diplomatic history , ignoring economic and social history . History Further information : History of Greece Archaic period Main article : Archaic period in Greece Dipylon Vase of the late Geometric period , or the beginning of the Archaic period , c. 750 BC . Political geography of ancient Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods In the 8th century BC , Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization . Literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script forgotten , but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet , modifying it to create the Greek alphabet . Objects with Phoenician writing on them may have been available in Greece from the 9th century BC , but the earliest evidence of Greek writing comes from graffiti on Greek pottery from the mid-8th century . Greece was divided into many small self - governing communities , a pattern largely dictated by Greek geography : every island , valley and plain is cut off from its neighbors by the sea or mountain ranges . The Lelantine War ( c. 710 -- c. 650 BC ) is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period . It was fought between the important poleis ( city - states ) of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea . Both cities seem to have suffered a decline as result of the long war , though Chalcis was the nominal victor . A mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century BC , shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC . This seems to have introduced tension to many city - states . The aristocratic regimes which generally governed the poleis were threatened by the new - found wealth of merchants , who in turn desired political power . From 650 BC onwards , the aristocracies had to fight not to be overthrown and replaced by populist tyrants . This word derives from the non-pejorative Greek τύραννος tyrannos , meaning ' illegitimate ruler ' , and was applicable to both good and bad leaders alike . A growing population and a shortage of land also seem to have created internal strife between the poor and the rich in many city - states . In Sparta , the Messenian Wars resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians , beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC , an act without precedent in ancient Greece . This practice allowed a social revolution to occur . The subjugated population , thenceforth known as helots , farmed and labored for Sparta , whilst every Spartan male citizen became a soldier of the Spartan Army in a permanently militarized state . Even the elite were obliged to live and train as soldiers ; this commonality between rich and poor citizens served to defuse the social conflict . These reforms , attributed to Lycurgus of Sparta , were probably complete by 650 BC . Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century BC , again resulting in civil strife . The Archon ( chief magistrate ) Draco made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC ( hence `` draconian '' ) , but these failed to quell the conflict . Eventually the moderate reforms of Solon ( 594 BC ) , improving the lot of the poor but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power , gave Athens some stability . By the 6th century BC several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs : Athens , Sparta , Corinth , and Thebes . Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control , and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well . Rapidly increasing population in the 8th and 7th centuries BC had resulted in emigration of many Greeks to form colonies in Magna Graecia ( Southern Italy and Sicily ) , Asia Minor and further afield . The emigration effectively ceased in the 6th century BC by which time the Greek world had , culturally and linguistically , become much larger than the area of present - day Greece . Greek colonies were not politically controlled by their founding cities , although they often retained religious and commercial links with them . The emigration process also determined a long series of conflicts between the Greek cities of Sicily , especially Syracuse , and the Carthaginians . These conflicts lasted from 600 BC to 265 BC when the Roman Republic entered into an alliance with the Mamertines to fend off the hostilities by the new tyrant of Syracuse , Hiero II and then the Carthaginians . This way Rome became the new dominant power against the fading strength of the Sicilian Greek cities and the Carthaginian supremacy in the region . One year later the First Punic War erupted . In this period , there was huge economic development in Greece , and also in its overseas colonies which experienced a growth in commerce and manufacturing . There was a great improvement in the living standards of the population . Some studies estimate that the average size of the Greek household , in the period from 800 BC to 300 BC , increased five times , which indicates a large increase in the average income of the population . In the second half of the 6th century BC , Athens fell under the tyranny of Peisistratos and then of his sons Hippias and Hipparchos . However , in 510 BC , at the instigation of the Athenian aristocrat Cleisthenes , the Spartan king Cleomenes I helped the Athenians overthrow the tyranny . Afterwards , Sparta and Athens promptly turned on each other , at which point Cleomenes I installed Isagoras as a pro-Spartan archon . Eager to prevent Athens from becoming a Spartan puppet , Cleisthenes responded by proposing to his fellow citizens that Athens undergo a revolution : that all citizens share in political power , regardless of status : that Athens become a `` democracy '' . So enthusiastically did the Athenians take to this idea that , having overthrown Isagoras and implemented Cleisthenes 's reforms , they were easily able to repel a Spartan - led three - pronged invasion aimed at restoring Isagoras . The advent of the democracy cured many of the ills of Athens and led to a ' golden age ' for the Athenians . Classical Greece Main article : Classical Greece Early Athenian coin , depicting the head of Athena on the obverse and her owl on the reverse -- 5th century BC Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco - Persian Wars . Delian League ( `` Athenian Empire '' ) , immediately before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC In 499 BC , the Ionian city states under Persian rule rebelled against the Persian - supported tyrants that ruled them . Supported by troops sent from Athens and Eretria , they advanced as far as Sardis and burnt the city down , before being driven back by a Persian counterattack . The revolt continued until 494 , when the rebelling Ionians were defeated . Darius did not forget that the Athenians had assisted the Ionian revolt , however , and in 490 he assembled an armada to conquer Athens . Despite being heavily outnumbered , the Athenians -- supported by their Plataean allies -- defeated the Persian forces at the Battle of Marathon , and the Persian fleet withdrew . Ten years later , a second invasion was launched by Darius ' son Xerxes . The city - states of northern and central Greece submitted to the Persian forces without resistance , but a coalition of 31 Greek city states , including Athens and Sparta , determined to resist the Persian invaders . At the same time , Greek Sicily was invaded by a Carthaginian force . In 480 BC , the first major battle of the invasion was fought at Thermopylae , where a small force of Greeks , led by three hundred Spartans , held a crucial pass into the heart of Greece for several days ; at the same time Gelon , tyrant of Syracuse , defeated the Carthaginian invasion at the Battle of Himera . The Persians were defeated by a primarily Athenian naval force at the Battle of Salamis , and in 479 defeated on land at the Battle of Plataea . The alliance against Persia continued , initially led by the Spartan Pausanias but from 477 by Athens , and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean . During this period of campaigning , the Delian league gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire , as Athens ' growing naval power enabled it to compel other league states to comply with its policies . Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450 BC , after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454 BC , and the death of Cimon in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450 . While Athenian activity against the Persian empire was ending , however , conflict between Sparta and Athens was increasing . Sparta was suspicious of the increasing Athenian power funded by the Delian League , and tensions rose when Sparta offered aid to reluctant members of the League to rebel against Athenian domination . These tensions were exacerbated in 462 , when Athens sent a force to aid Sparta in overcoming a helot revolt , but their aid was rejected by the Spartans . In the 450s , Athens took control of Boeotia , and won victories over Aegina and Corinth . However , Athens failed to win a decisive victory , and in 447 lost Boeotia again . Athens and Sparta signed the Thirty Years ' Peace in the winter of 446 / 5 , ending the conflict . Despite the peace of 446 / 5 , Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s , and in 431 war broke out once again . The first phase of the war is traditionally seen as a series of annual invasions of Attica by Sparta , which made little progress , while Athens were successful against the Corinthian empire in the north - west of Greece , and in defending their own empire , despite suffering from plague and Spartan invasion . The turning point of this phase of the war usually seen as the Athenian victories at Pylos and Sphakteria . Sparta sued for peace , but the Athenians rejected the proposal . The Athenian failure to regain control at Boeotia at Delium and Brasidas ' successes in the north of Greece in 424 , improved Sparta 's position after Sphakteria . After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas , the strongest objectors to peace on the Athenian and Spartan sides respectively , a peace treaty was agreed in 421 . The peace did not last , however . In 418 an alliance between Athens and Argos was defeated by Sparta at Mantinea . In 415 Athens launched a naval expedition against Sicily ; the expedition ended in disaster with almost the entire army killed . Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse , Athens ' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league , while at the same time Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side . Initially the Athenian position continued to be relatively strong , winning important battles such as those at Cyzicus in 410 and Arginusae in 406 . However , in 405 the Spartans defeated Athens in the Battle of Aegospotami , and began to blockade Athens ' harbour ; with no grain supply and in danger of starvation , Athens sued for peace , agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan - led Peloponnesian League . Greece thus entered the 4th century BC under a Spartan hegemony , but it was clear from the start that this was weak . A demographic crisis meant Sparta was overstretched , and by 395 BC Athens , Argos , Thebes , and Corinth felt able to challenge Spartan dominance , resulting in the Corinthian War ( 395 -- 387 BC ) . Another war of stalemates , it ended with the status quo restored , after the threat of Persian intervention on behalf of the Spartans . The Spartan hegemony lasted another 16 years , until , when attempting to impose their will on the Thebans , the Spartans were defeated at Leuctra in 371 BC . The Theban general Epaminondas then led Theban troops into the Peloponnese , whereupon other city - states defected from the Spartan cause . The Thebans were thus able to march into Messenia and free the population . Deprived of land and its serfs , Sparta declined to a second - rank power . The Theban hegemony thus established was short - lived ; at the Battle of Mantinea in 362 BC , Thebes lost its key leader , Epaminondas , and much of its manpower , even though they were victorious in battle . In fact such were the losses to all the great city - states at Mantinea that none could establish dominance in the aftermath . The weakened state of the heartland of Greece coincided with the Rise of Macedon , led by Philip II . In twenty years , Philip had unified his kingdom , expanded it north and west at the expense of Illyrian tribes , and then conquered Thessaly and Thrace . His success stemmed from his innovative reforms to the Macedonian army . Phillip intervened repeatedly in the affairs of the southern city - states , culminating in his invasion of 338 BC . Decisively defeating an allied army of Thebes and Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea ( 338 BC ) , he became de facto hegemon of all of Greece , except Sparta . He compelled the majority of the city - states to join the League of Corinth , allying them to him , and preventing them from warring with each other . Philip then entered into war against the Achaemenid Empire but was assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis early on in the conflict . Alexander the Great , son and successor of Philip , continued the war . Alexander defeated Darius III of Persia and completely destroyed the Achaemenid Empire , annexing it to Macedon and earning himself the epithet ' the Great ' . When Alexander died in 323 BC , Greek power and influence was at its zenith . However , there had been a fundamental shift away from the fierce independence and classical culture of the poleis -- and instead towards the developing Hellenistic culture . Alexander Mosaic , National Archaeological Museum , Naples . Hellenistic Greece Main articles : Wars of Alexander the Great and Hellenistic period The major Hellenistic realms included the Diadochi kingdoms : Kingdom of Ptolemy I Soter Kingdom of Cassander Kingdom of Lysimachus Kingdom of Seleucus I Nicator Epirus Also shown on the map : Greek colonies Carthage ( non-Greek ) Rome ( non-Greek ) The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC . The kingdom of Pergamon occupied some of this area . Not shown : Indo - Greeks . The Hellenistic period lasted from 323 BC , which marked the end of the wars of Alexander the Great , to the annexation of Greece by the Roman Republic in 146 BC . Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture , which remained essentially unchanged until the advent of Christianity , it did mark the end of Greek political independence . During the Hellenistic period , the importance of `` Greece proper '' ( that is , the territory of modern Greece ) within the Greek - speaking world declined sharply . The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively . The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city - states . It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration , particularly of the young and ambitious , to the new Greek empires in the east . Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria , Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander 's wake , as far away as what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan , where the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo - Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC . After the death of Alexander his empire was , after quite some conflict , divided among his generals , resulting in the Ptolemaic Kingdom ( based upon Egypt ) , the Seleucid Empire ( based on the Levant , Mesopotamia and Persia ) and the Antigonid dynasty based in Macedon . In the intervening period , the poleis of Greece were able to wrest back some of their freedom , although still nominally subject to the Macedonian Kingdom . The city - states within Greece formed themselves into two leagues ; the Achaean League ( including Thebes , Corinth and Argos ) and the Aetolian League ( including Sparta and Athens ) . For much of the period until the Roman conquest , these leagues were usually at war with each other , and / or allied to different sides in the conflicts between the Diadochi ( the successor states to Alexander 's empire ) . The Antigonid Kingdom became involved in a war with the Roman Republic in the late 3rd century . Although the First Macedonian War was inconclusive , the Romans , in typical fashion , continued to make war on Macedon until it was completely absorbed into the Roman Republic ( by 149 BC ) . In the east the unwieldy Seleucid Empire gradually disintegrated , although a rump survived until 64 BC , whilst the Ptolemaic Kingdom continued in Egypt until 30 BC , when it too was conquered by the Romans . The Aetolian league grew wary of Roman involvement in Greece , and sided with the Seleucids in the Roman - Syrian War ; when the Romans were victorious , the league was effectively absorbed into the Republic . Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon , it was also soon defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 146 BC , bringing an end to the independence of all of Greece . Roman Greece Main article : Roman Greece Further information : Byzantine Greece The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth . Macedonia became a Roman province while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia 's prefect ; however , some Greek poleis managed to maintain a partial independence and avoid taxation . The Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133 BC . Athens and other Greek cities revolted in 88 BC , and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general Sulla . The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further , until Augustus organized the peninsula as the province of Achaea in 27 BC . Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire , as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco - Roman . The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy , and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome . Geography Regions Main article : Regions of ancient Greece Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece and adjacent `` barbarian '' lands . The territory of Greece is mountainous , and as a result , ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions each with its own dialect , cultural peculiarities , and identity . Regionalism and regional conflicts were a prominent feature of ancient Greece . Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains , or on coastal plains , and dominated a certain area around them . In the south lay the Peloponnese , itself consisting of the regions of Laconia ( southeast ) , Messenia ( southwest ) , Elis ( west ) , Achaia ( north ) , Korinthia ( northeast ) , Argolis ( east ) , and Arcadia ( center ) . These names survive to the present day as regional units of modern Greece , though with somewhat different boundaries . Mainland Greece to the north , nowadays known as Central Greece , consisted of Aetolia and Acarnania in the west , Locris , Doris , and Phocis in the center , while in the east lay Boeotia , Attica , and Megaris . Northeast lay Thessaly , while Epirus lay to the northwest . Epirus stretched from the Ambracian Gulf in the south to the Ceraunian mountains and the Aoos river in the north , and consisted of Chaonia ( north ) , Molossia ( center ) , and Thesprotia ( south ) . In the northeast corner was Macedonia , originally consisting Lower Macedonia and its regions , such as Elimeia , Pieria , and Orestis . Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon , the Argead kings of Macedon started to expand into Upper Macedonia , lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West , beyond the Axius river , into Eordaia , Bottiaea , Mygdonia , and Almopia , regions settled by Thracian tribes . To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north , the Thracians to the northeast , and the Illyrians , with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict , to the northwest . Chalcidice was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world , while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the Aegean , in Anatolia . Colonies See also : Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul , Magna Graecia , and List of Greek cities in Thrace and Dacia Greek cities & colonies c. 550 BC . During the Archaic period , the population of Greece grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land ( according to one estimate , the population of ancient Greece increased by a factor larger than ten during the period from 800 BC to 400 BC , increasing from a population of 800,000 to a total estimated population of 10 to 13 million ) . From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion , settling colonies in all directions . To the east , the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first , followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace , the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea . Eventually Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present day Ukraine and Russia ( Taganrog ) . To the west the coasts of Illyria , Sicily and Southern Italy were settled , followed by Southern France , Corsica , and even northeastern Spain . Greek colonies were also founded in Egypt and Libya . Modern Syracuse , Naples , Marseille and Istanbul had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae ( Συρακούσαι ) , Neapolis ( Νεάπολις ) , Massalia ( Μασσαλία ) and Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) . These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long - distance trading networks between the Greek city - states , boosting the economy of ancient Greece . Politics and society Political structure Further information : History of citizenship § Ancient Greece Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred relatively independent city - states ( poleis ) . This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies , which were either tribal or kingdoms ruling over relatively large territories . Undoubtedly the geography of Greece -- divided and sub-divided by hills , mountains , and rivers -- contributed to the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece . On the one hand , the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were `` one people '' ; they had the same religion , same basic culture , and same language . Furthermore , the Greeks were very aware of their tribal origins ; Herodotus was able to extensively categorise the city - states by tribe . Yet , although these higher - level relationships existed , they seem to have rarely had a major role in Greek politics . The independence of the poleis was fiercely defended ; unification was something rarely contemplated by the ancient Greeks . Even when , during the second Persian invasion of Greece , a group of city - states allied themselves to defend Greece , the vast majority of poleis remained neutral , and after the Persian defeat , the allies quickly returned to infighting . Thus , the major peculiarities of the ancient Greek political system were firstly , its fragmentary nature , and that this does not particularly seem to have tribal origin , and secondly , the particular focus on urban centers within otherwise tiny states . The peculiarities of the Greek system are further evidenced by the colonies that they set up throughout the Mediterranean Sea , which , though they might count a certain Greek polis as their ' mother ' ( and remain sympathetic to her ) , were completely independent of the founding city . Inevitably smaller poleis might be dominated by larger neighbors , but conquest or direct rule by another city - state appears to have been quite rare . Instead the poleis grouped themselves into leagues , membership of which was in a constant state of flux . Later in the Classical period , the leagues would become fewer and larger , be dominated by one city ( particularly Athens , Sparta and Thebes ) ; and often poleis would be compelled to join under threat of war ( or as part of a peace treaty ) . Even after Philip II of Macedon `` conquered '' the heartlands of ancient Greece , he did not attempt to annex the territory , or unify it into a new province , but simply compelled most of the poleis to join his own Corinthian League . Government and law Main article : Ancient Greek law Inheritance law , part of the Law Code of Gortyn , Crete , fragment of the 11th column . Limestone , 5th century BC Initially many Greek city - states seem to have been petty kingdoms ; there was often a city official carrying some residual , ceremonial functions of the king ( basileus ) , e.g. , the archon basileus in Athens . However , by the Archaic period and the first historical consciousness , most had already become aristocratic oligarchies . It is unclear exactly how this change occurred . For instance , in Athens , the kingship had been reduced to a hereditary , lifelong chief magistracy ( archon ) by c. 1050 BC ; by 753 BC this had become a decennial , elected archonship ; and finally by 683 BC an annually elected archonship . Through each stage more power would have been transferred to the aristocracy as a whole , and away from a single individual . Inevitably , the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many poleis . In many cities a tyrant ( not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies ) , would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will ; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power . In a system wracked with class conflict , government by a ' strongman ' was often the best solution . Athens fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century . When this tyranny was ended , the Athenians founded the world 's first democracy as a radical solution to prevent the aristocracy regaining power . A citizens ' assembly ( the Ecclesia ) , for the discussion of city policy , had existed since the reforms of Draco in 621 BC ; all citizens were permitted to attend after the reforms of Solon ( early 6th century ) , but the poorest citizens could not address the assembly or run for office . With the establishment of the democracy , the assembly became the de jure mechanism of government ; all citizens had equal privileges in the assembly . However , non-citizens , such as metics ( foreigners living in Athens ) or slaves , had no political rights at all . After the rise of the democracy in Athens , other city - states founded democracies . However , many retained more traditional forms of government . As so often in other matters , Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece , ruled through the whole period by not one , but two hereditary monarchs . This was a form of diarchy . The Kings of Sparta belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids , descendants respectively of Eurysthenes and Procles . Both dynasties ' founders were believed to be twin sons of Aristodemus , a Heraclid ruler . However , the powers of these kings were held in check by both a council of elders ( the Gerousia ) and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings ( the Ephors ) . Social structure Fresco of dancing Peucetian women in the Tomb of the Dancers in Ruvo di Puglia , 4th - 5th century BC Only free , land owning , native - born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city - state . In most city - states , unlike the situation in Rome , social prominence did not allow special rights . Sometimes families controlled public religious functions , but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government . In Athens , the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth . People could change classes if they made more money . In Sparta , all male citizens were called homoioi , meaning `` peers '' . However , Spartan kings , who served as the city - state 's dual military and religious leaders , came from two families . Slavery Main article : Slavery in ancient Greece Gravestone of a woman with her slave child - attendant , c. 100 BC Slaves had no power or status . They had the right to have a family and own property , subject to their master 's goodwill and permission , but they had no political rights . By 600 BC chattel slavery had spread in Greece . By the 5th century BC slaves made up one - third of the total population in some city - states . Between forty and eighty per cent of the population of Classical Athens were slaves . Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize . However , unlike Western culture , the Ancient Greeks did not think in terms of race . Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers , and even poor families might have owned a few slaves . Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves . Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard . Unlike in Rome , freedmen did not become citizens . Instead , they were mixed into the population of metics , which included people from foreign countries or other city - states who were officially allowed to live in the state . City - states legally owned slaves . These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families , living on their own and performing specialized tasks . In Athens , public slaves were trained to look out for counterfeit coinage , while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple 's deity and Scythian slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions . Sparta had a special type of slaves called helots . Helots were Messenians enslaved during the Messenian Wars by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay . Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as hoplites . Their masters treated them harshly ( every Spartiate male had to kill a helot as a rite of passage ) , and helots often resorted to slave rebellions . Education This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Education in ancient Greece Mosaic from Pompeii depicting Plato 's academy For most of Greek history , education was private , except in Sparta . During the Hellenistic period , some city - states established public schools . Only wealthy families could afford a teacher . Boys learned how to read , write and quote literature . They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service . They studied not for a job but to become an effective citizen . Girls also learned to read , write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household . They almost never received education after childhood . Boys went to school at the age of seven , or went to the barracks , if they lived in Sparta . The three types of teachings were : grammatistes for arithmetic , kitharistes for music and dancing , and Paedotribae for sports . Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a paidagogos , a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day . Classes were held in teachers ' private houses and included reading , writing , mathematics , singing , and playing the lyre and flute . When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports such as wrestling , running , and throwing discus and javelin . In Athens some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture , sciences , music , and the arts . The schooling ended at age 18 , followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years . A small number of boys continued their education after childhood , as in the Spartan agoge . A crucial part of a wealthy teenager 's education was a mentorship with an elder , which in a few places and times may have included pederastic love . The teenager learned by watching his mentor talking about politics in the agora , helping him perform his public duties , exercising with him in the gymnasium and attending symposia with him . The richest students continued their education by studying with famous teachers . Some of Athens ' greatest such schools included the Lyceum ( the so - called Peripatetic school founded by Aristotle of Stageira ) and the Platonic Academy ( founded by Plato of Athens ) . The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called Paideia . Economy Main articles : Economy of ancient Greece , Agriculture of ancient Greece , and Slavery in ancient Greece At its economic height , in the 5th and 4th centuries BC , ancient Greece was the most advanced economy in the world . According to some economic historians , it was one of the most advanced preindustrial economies . This is demonstrated by the average daily wage of the Greek worker which was , in terms of wheat , about 12 kg . This was more than 3 times the average daily wage of an Egyptian worker during the Roman period , about 3.75 kg . Warfare Main articles : Ancient Greek warfare and Army of Macedon Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting , on an ancient kylix , 5th century BC At least in the Archaic Period , the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece , with many competing city - states , increased the frequency of conflict but conversely limited the scale of warfare . Unable to maintain professional armies , the city - states relied on their own citizens to fight . This inevitably reduced the potential duration of campaigns , as citizens would need to return to their own professions ( especially in the case of , for example , farmers ) . Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer . When battles occurred , they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive . Casualties were slight compared to later battles , rarely amounting to more than 5 % of the losing side , but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front . The scale and scope of warfare in ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the Greco - Persian Wars . To fight the enormous armies of the Achaemenid Empire was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city - state . The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of city - states ( the exact composition changing over time ) , allowing the pooling of resources and division of labor . Although alliances between city - states occurred before this time , nothing on this scale had been seen before . The rise of Athens and Sparta as pre-eminent powers during this conflict led directly to the Peloponnesian War , which saw further development of the nature of warfare , strategy and tactics . Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta , the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale , and allowed the diversification of warfare . Set - piece battles during the Peloponnesian war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on attritionary strategies , naval battle and blockades and sieges . These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society . Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece . It had over 200 triremes each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship . The city could afford such a large fleet -- it had over 34,000 oars men -- because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves . Culture The stadium of ancient Olympia , home of the Ancient Olympic Games Philosophy Main article : Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry . In many ways , it had an important influence on modern philosophy , as well as modern science . Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers , to medieval Muslim philosophers and Islamic scientists , to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment , to the secular sciences of the modern day . Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Greeks . Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations , such as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians , has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization . Some of the well - known philosophers of ancient Greece were Plato and Socrates , among others . They have aided in information about ancient Greek society through writings such as The Republic , by Plato . Literature and theatre Main articles : Ancient Greek literature , Ancient Greek comedy , and Theatre of ancient Greece The theatre of Epidauros , 4th century BC A scene from the Iliad : Hypnos and Thanatos carrying the body of Sarpedon from the battlefield of Troy ; detail from an Attic white - ground lekythos , ca . 440 BC . The earliest Greek literature was poetry , and was composed for performance rather than private consumption . The earliest Greek poet known is Homer , although he was certainly part of an existing tradition of oral poetry . Homer 's poetry , though it was developed around the same time that the Greeks developed writing , would have been composed orally ; the first poet to certainly compose their work in writing was Archilochus , a lyric poet from the mid-seventh century BC . tragedy developed , around the end of the archaic period , taking elements from across the pre-existing genres of late archaic poetry . Towards the beginning of the classical period , comedy began to develop -- the earliest date associated with the genre is 486 BC , when a competition for comedy became an official event at the City Dionysia in Athens , though the first preserved ancient comedy is Aristophanes ' Acharnians , produced in 425 . Like poetry , Greek prose had its origins in the archaic period , and the earliest writers of Greek philosophy , history , and medical literature all date to the sixth century BC . Prose first emerged as the writing style adopted by the presocratic philosophers Anaximander and Anaximenes -- though Thales of Miletus , considered the first Greek philosopher , apparently wrote nothing . Prose as a genre reached maturity in the classical era , and the major Greek prose genres -- philosophy , history , rhetoric , and dialogue -- developed in this period . The Hellenistic period saw the literary epicentre of the Greek world move from Athens , where it had been in the classical period , to Alexandria . At the same time , other Hellenistic kings such as the Antigonids and the Attalids were patrons of scholarship and literature , turning Pella and Pergamon respectively into cultural centres . It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings , and especially the Museum at Alexandria , which ensured that so much ancient Greek literature has survived . The Library of Alexandria , part of the Museum , had the previously - unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek . Almost all of the surviving non-technical Hellenistic literature is poetry , and Hellenistic poetry tended to be highly intellectual , blending different genres and traditions , and avoiding linear narratives . The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed -- while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance , in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately . At the same time , Hellenistic poets began to write for private , rather than public , consumption . With Octavian 's victory at Actium in 31 BC , Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature , as important Greek authors such as Strabo and Dionysius of Halicarnassus came to Rome . The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the `` long second century '' from approximately 80 AD to around 230 AD . This innovation was especially marked in prose , with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both dating to this period . Music and dance Main article : Music of ancient Greece Music was present almost universally in Greek society , from marriages and funerals to religious ceremonies , theatre , folk music and the ballad - like reciting of epic poetry . There are significant fragments of actual Greek musical notation as well as many literary references to ancient Greek music . Greek art depicts musical instruments and dance . The word music derives from the name of the Muses , the daughters of Zeus who were patron goddesses of the arts . Science and technology Main articles : List of Graeco - Roman geographers , Greek astronomy , Greek mathematics , Ancient Greek medicine , and Ancient Greek technology The Antikythera mechanism was an analog computer from 150 -- 100 BC designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects . Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of mathematics , including the basic rules of geometry , the idea of formal mathematical proof , and discoveries in number theory , mathematical analysis , applied mathematics , and approached close to establishing integral calculus . The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians , including Pythagoras , Euclid , and Archimedes , are still used in mathematical teaching today . The Greeks developed astronomy , which they treated as a branch of mathematics , to a highly sophisticated level . The first geometrical , three - dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus . Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis . In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric system . Archimedes in his treatise The Sand Reckoner revives Aristarchus ' hypothesis that `` the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , while the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle '' . Otherwise , only fragmentary descriptions of Aristarchus ' idea survive . Eratosthenes , using the angles of shadows created at widely separated regions , estimated the circumference of the Earth with great accuracy . In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus of Nicea made a number of contributions , including the first measurement of precession and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of apparent magnitudes . The Antikythera mechanism , a device for calculating the movements of planets , dates from about 80 BC , and was the first ancestor of the astronomical computer . It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete . The device became famous for its use of a differential gear , previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century , and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts , comparable to a clock made in the 18th century . The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens , accompanied by a replica . The ancient Greeks also made important discoveries in the medical field . Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine . He is referred to as the `` father of medicine '' in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine . This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece , establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with ( notably theurgy and philosophy ) , thus making medicine a profession . Art and architecture Main articles : Ancient Greek art and Ancient Greek architecture The Temple of Hera at Selinunte , Sicily The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day , particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture . In the West , the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models . In the East , Alexander the Great 's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek , Central Asian and Indian cultures , resulting in Greco - Buddhist art , with ramifications as far as Japan . Following the Renaissance in Europe , the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists . Well into the 19th century , the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world . Religion and mythology Main articles : Religion in ancient Greece , Hellenistic religion , and Greek mythology Mount Olympus , home of the Twelve Olympians Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes , the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices . The main Greek gods were the twelve Olympians , Zeus , his wife Hera , Poseidon , Ares , Hermes , Hephaestus , Aphrodite , Athena , Apollo , Artemis , Demeter , and Dionysus . Other important deities included Hebe , Hades , Helios , Hestia , Persephone and Heracles . Zeus 's parents were Cronus and Rhea who also were the parents of Poseidon , Hades , Hera , Hestia , and Demeter . Legacy Further information : Classics The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language , politics , educational systems , philosophy , science , and the arts . It became the Leitkultur of the Roman Empire to the point of marginalizing native Italic traditions . As Horace put it , Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis / intulit agresti Latio ( Epistulae 2.1. 156f . ) `` Captive Greece took captive her uncivilised conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic Latium . '' Via the Roman Empire , Greek culture came to be foundational to Western culture in general . The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek culture directly , without Latin intermediation , and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance . A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the Neoclassicism movement in 18th - and 19th - century Europe and the Americas . See also Ancient Greece portal Outline of ancient Greece Regions of ancient Greece Outline of ancient Rome Outline of ancient Egypt Outline of classical studies Regions in Greco - Roman antiquity Classical demography History of science in classical antiquity Toynbee 's law of challenge and response . References Notes Jump up ^ Carol G. Thomas ( 1988 ) . Paths from ancient Greece . BRILL . pp. 27 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08846 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Maura Ellyn ; Maura McGinnis ( 2004 ) . Greece : A Primary Source Cultural Guide . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3999 - 2 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Kimberly D. Pelle ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wayne C. Thompson ; Mark H. Mullin . Western Europe , 1983 . Stryker - Post Publications . p. 337 . for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ... Jump up ^ Osborne , Robin ( 2009 ) . Greece in the Making : 1200 -- 479 BC . London : Routledge . p. xvii . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Shapiro 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hadas , Moses ( 1950 ) . A History of Greek Literature . Columbia University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 01767 - 7 . Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 1995 ) . Greek and Roman historians : information and misinformation . Routledge , 1995 . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robin ( 2009 ) . Greece in the Making : 1200 -- 479 BC ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sealey , Raphael ( 1976 ) . A history of the Greek city states , ca . 700 -- 338 B.C. University of California Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22667 - 3 . Jump up ^ Slavoj Žižek ( 18 April 2011 ) . Living in the End Times . Verso . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 702 - 3 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` tyrant -- Definitions from Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Holland T. Persian Fire p 69 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Holland T. Persian Fire p 131 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 126 -- 7 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 128 -- 9 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 131 -- 3 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 134 -- 6 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 137 -- 8 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 137 -- 41 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 198 -- 9 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , pp. 202 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , pp. 186 -- 9 Jump up ^ Martin 2013 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Hornblower 2011 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Alexander 's Gulf outpost uncovered . BBC News . August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Ancient History : The fourth century B.C. edited by D.M. Lewis et al. IES Edwards , Cambridge University Press , D.M. Lewis , John Boardman , Cyril John Gadd , Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 23348 - 8 , pp. 723 -- 724 . Jump up ^ Population of the Greek city - states Archived March 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holland , T. Persian Fire , Abacus , pp. 363 -- 370 ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Holland T. Persian Fire , p94 ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 Jump up ^ Slavery in Ancient Greece . Britannica Student Encyclopædia . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell ( 2010 ) . The History of White People . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04934 - 3 . Jump up ^ Angus Konstam : `` Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece '' , pp. 94 -- 95 . Thalamus publishing , UK , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 904668 - 16 - X Jump up ^ W. Schiedel , `` Real slave prices and the relative cost of slave labor in the Greco - Roman world '' , Ancient Society , vol. 35 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Power 2016 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Kirk 1985 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Kirk 1985 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Power 2016 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Handley 1985 , p. 355 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 79 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 81 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 79 Jump up ^ McGlew 2016 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Mori 2016 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , p. 542 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , p. 542 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , pp. 542 -- 3 Jump up ^ Mori 2016 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Mori 2016 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Bulloch 1985 , p. 543 Jump up ^ Bowersock 1985 , pp. 642 -- 3 Jump up ^ König 2016 , p. 113 Jump up ^ König 2016 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Pedersen , Early Physics and Astronomy , pp. 55 -- 6 Jump up ^ Pedersen , Early Physics and Astronomy , pp. 45 -- 7 Jump up ^ Grammaticos , P.C. ; Diamantis , A. ( 2008 ) . `` Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine , Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus '' . Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine . 11 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 4 . PMID 18392218 . Jump up ^ Hippocrates , Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 . Microsoft Corporation . Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding H. ( 1966 ) . History of Medicine . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Nuland , Sherwin B. ( 1988 ) . Doctors . Knopf . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55130 - 3 . Bibliography Bowersock , G.W. ( 1985 ) . `` The literature of the Empire '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Bulloch , A.W. ( 1985 ) . `` Hellenistic Poetry '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Handley , E.W. ( 1985 ) . `` Comedy '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Hornblower , Simon ( 2011 ) . The Greek World : 479 -- 323 BC ( 4 ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . Kirk , G.S. ( 1985 ) . `` Homer '' . In Easterling , P.E. ; Knox , Bernard M.W. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . König , Jason ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Roman World '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Martin , Thomas R. ( 2013 ) . Ancient Greece : From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times ( 2 ed . ) . New Haven : Yale University Press . McGlew , James ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Classical Age of Greece '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Mori , Anatole ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Hellenistic World '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . Power , Timothy ( 2016 ) . `` Literature in the Archaic Age '' . In Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greece . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ancient Greece . The Canadian Museum of Civilization -- Greece Secrets of the Past Ancient Greece website from the British Museum Economic history of ancient Greece The Greek currency history Limenoscope , an ancient Greek ports database The Ancient Theatre Archive , Greek and Roman theatre architecture Illustrated Greek History , Dr. Janice Siegel , Department of Classics , Hampden -- Sydney College , Virginia Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts Sciences Architecture ( Greek Revival architecture ) Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music ( Musical system ) Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera ( Olympia ) Parthenon Samothrace Zeus ( Olympia ) Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal Classical antiquity by region Europa Graecia Italia Gallia Dacia Thracia Illyria Hispania Britannia Germania Asia Scythia Anatolia Syria Arabia Africa Libya Aegyptus Carthage Igbo - Ukwu Ancient Greek and Roman wars Ancient Greece Trojan War First Messenian War Second Messenian War Lelantine War Greek -- Punic Wars ( Sicilian Wars ) Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League Samian War Peloponnesian War Corinthian War First / Second / Third Sacred War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Wars of the Diadochi Lamian War Chremonidean War Cleomenean War Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) Cretan War Aetolian War War against Nabis Maccabean Revolt Roman Republic Roman -- Latin wars ( First Latin War ( Battle of Lake Regillus ) Second Latin War ) Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First Second Third ) Macedonian Wars ( Illyrian First Macedonian Second Macedonian Seleucid Third Macedonian Fourth Macedonian ) Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Roman Servile Wars ( First Second Third ) Social War ( 90 -- 88 BC ) Sulla 's civil wars ( First Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First Second Third ) Gallic Wars Julius Caesar 's civil war Augustus ' rise to power ( Battle of Mutina Liberators ' civil war Sicilian revolt Perusine War ( Fulvia 's civil war ) Final War of the Roman Republic ) Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Marcomannic Alemannic Gothic Visigothic ) Conquest of Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Four Emperors Jewish wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Wars against Persia Third - 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2001995827731802841 | Model Secondary School for the Deaf | Model Secondary school for the Deaf - wikipedia Model Secondary school for the Deaf Jump to : navigation , search The Model Secondary School ( MSSD ) is a residential four - year high school for deaf and hard - of - hearing students located on the Gallaudet University campus in Washington , D.C. . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus and student body 3 References 4 See also History ( edit ) The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15 , 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 694 ) . In May 1969 , the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf ( MSSD ) at the College . MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus . MSSD provides a tuition - free comprehensive day and residential four - year high school program for deaf and hard of hearing students from the United States and its territories . MSSD is fully accredited by two organizations : Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf MSSD is a demonstration school of the Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center . Their Belief and Mission Statements can be viewed at the Clerc Center website . Campus and student body ( edit ) The school is tuition - free and open only to residents of the United States and its territories . The school enrollment ranges from 160 to 180 students . Students are typically between ages 14 and 21 . The majority of new students begin in the fall semester , but students are also admitted in the spring . An array of support services are available to all MSSD students , including a new signer program , communication support services , audiological services , counseling services , social work services , psychological services , and health services . MSSD students are expected to graduate ready for the challenges of adult life . Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 76 ° 59 ′ 21.6 '' W / 38.90750 ° N 76.989333 ° W / 38.90750 ; - 76.989333 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.perceptions4people.org/component/content/article/55-general/118-model-secondary-school-for-the-deaf-laurent-clerc-national-deaf-.html Jump up ^ http://www.gallaudet.edu/mssd.html Jump up ^ Clerc Center Jump up ^ About MSSD See also ( edit ) The Model Secondary School ( website ) District of Columbia High Schools District of Columbia Public Schools Zoned schools Anacostia Ballou Cardozo Education Campus Coolidge Dunbar Eastern Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Woodson Closed Spingarn High School Magnet / alternative schools Benjamin Banneker Academic Bell Multicultural Duke Ellington School of the Arts McKinley Technology School Without Walls District of Columbia Public Charter School Board Charter schools Washington Latin Public Charter School Independent schools Secular private British International School of Washington Emerson Preparatory School The Field School Georgetown Day School Maret School Model Secondary School for the Deaf Russian Embassy School in Washington , D.C. Washington International School Religious Archbishop Carroll High School Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School Gonzaga College High School National Cathedral School Sidwell Friends School St. Albans School St. Anselm 's Abbey School St. John 's College High School This list is incomplete . The international schools of France and Germany are in the State of Maryland and the international school of Saudi Arabia is in Virginia , outside of the District of Columbia 's boundaries . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model_Secondary_School_for_the_Deaf&oldid=801255561 '' Categories : Private high schools in Washington , D.C. Independent School League Educational institutions established in 1969 1969 establishments in Washington , D.C. Schools for the deaf in the United States Gallaudet University Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 16 : 40 . About Wikipedia | when was model secondary school for the deaf founded | [
"The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89-694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus."
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"October 15, 1966"
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-7808012064113090379 | You're the Cream in My Coffee | You 're the Cream in My Coffee - Wikipedia You 're the Cream in My Coffee Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 're the Cream in My Coffee '' Song Published 1928 Composer ( s ) Ray Henderson Lyricist ( s ) Buddy G. DeSylva Lew Brown `` You 're the Cream in My Coffee '' 1928 recording featuring Annette Hanshaw Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` You 're the Cream in My Coffee '' is a popular song . It was published in 1928 . The music was written by Ray Henderson , the lyrics by Buddy G. DeSylva and Lew Brown and appears in the Broadway musical Hold Everything ! and is featured in the Warner Brothers film version of the musical in 1930 . The song was recorded by Annette Hanshaw and by Parker Gibbs with Ted Weems in 1928 . The song was later recorded by Les Brown , Chris Connor ( with the Jerry Wald Orchestra ) , the Ray Conniff Singers , and many others . Marlene Dietrich sang the song in her screen test for The Blue Angel , her breakthrough role . She later recorded the song on her album `` Dietrich in Rio '' in 1959 . The song provided a backdrop for the 1980 television play Cream in My Coffee by English dramatist Dennis Potter . This song was used as the theme song for The Mrs Bradley Mysteries in 2000 and it was recorded by BBC Records and sung by Graham Dalby and The Grahamophones in a re-creation of Jack Hylton 's 1928 version . The song was also recorded by Seth MacFarlane on his debut album , Music Is Better Than Words In addition , it is sung in the musical Good News by Coach Bill Johnson in his romantic pursuit of a female colleague . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ray Henderson '' `` Songwriters Hall of Fame - ASCAP '' Jump up ^ Lax , Roger & Smith , Frederick The Great Song Thesaurus Oxford University Press 1989 Jump up ^ `` Marlene Dietrich -- Dietrich In Rio ( Recorded In Rio De Janeiro ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Desmond Carrington with The Music Goes Round '' `` BBC Radio '' Ruth Etting Singles `` Thinking of You '' `` ' Deed I Do '' `` It All Depends on You '' `` Back in Your Own Back Yard '' `` Ramona '' `` Happy Days and Lonely Nights '' `` Sonny Boy '' `` Love Me or Leave Me '' `` You 're the Cream in My Coffee '' `` Glad Rag Doll '' `` Mean to Me '' `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' `` More Than You Know '' `` Ten Cents a Dance '' `` Exactly Like You '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Guilty '' `` Good Night , Sweetheart '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' Related articles Martin `` Moe '' Snyder Ziegfeld Follies Love Me or Leave Me Book : Ruth Etting This pop standards - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_the_Cream_in_My_Coffee&oldid=839490078 '' Categories : 1928 songs 1920s jazz standards Songs from musicals Songs with music by Ray Henderson Songs with lyrics by Buddy DeSylva Songs with lyrics by Lew Brown Pop standard stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | annette hanshaw you're the cream in my coffee | [] | [] |
7472766385249316536 | Doggerland | Doggerland - wikipedia Doggerland Jump to : navigation , search Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland ( c. 10,000 BC ) , which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe Doggerland was an area now beneath the southern North Sea that connected Great Britain to continental Europe during and after the last glacial period . It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6,500 -- 6,200 BC . Geological surveys have suggested that it stretched from Britain 's east coast to the Netherlands and the western coasts of Germany and the peninsula of Jutland . It was probably a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period , although rising sea levels gradually reduced it to low - lying islands before its final submergence , possibly following a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide . The archaeological potential of the area had first been identified in the early 20th century , but interest intensified in 1931 when a fishing trawler operating east of the Wash dragged up a barbed antler point that was subsequently dated to a time when the area was tundra . Vessels have dragged up remains of mammoth , lion and other animals , as well as a few prehistoric tools and weapons . Doggerland was named after the Dogger Bank , which in turn was named after the 17th century Dutch fishing boats called doggers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Disappearance 3 Discovery and investigation by archaeologists 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Formation ( edit ) Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland from Weichselian glaciation until the current situation . Until the middle Pleistocene , Britain was a peninsula of Europe , connected by the massive chalk Weald -- Artois Anticline across the Straits of Dover . During the Anglian glaciation , approximately 450,000 years ago , an ice sheet filled much of the North Sea , with a large proglacial lake in the southern part fed by the Rhine , Scheldt and Thames river systems . The catastrophic overflow of this lake carved a channel through the anticline , leading to the formation of the Channel River , which carried the combined Scheldt and Thames to the Atlantic . This probably created the potential for Britain to become isolated from the continent during periods of high sea level , although some scientists argue that the final break did not occur until a second ice - dammed lake overflowed during the MIS 8 or MIS6 glaciations , around 340,000 or 240,000 years ago . During the most recent glaciation of the Last Glacial Maximum , which ended around 18,000 years ago , the North Sea and much of the British Isles were covered with glacial ice and the sea level was about 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower . Subsequently , the climate became warmer and during the Late Glacial Maximum around 12,000 BC Britain , as well as much of the North Sea and English Channel , was an expanse of low - lying tundra . Evidence , including the contours of the present seabed , indicates that after the first main Ice Age , the watershed between the North Sea and English Channel extended east from East Anglia then south - east to the Hook of Holland , rather than across the Strait of Dover . The Seine , Thames , Meuse , Scheldt and Rhine rivers joined and flowed west along the English Channel as a wide slow river before eventually reaching the Atlantic Ocean . At about 10,000 BC the north - facing coastal area of Doggerland had a coastline of lagoons , saltmarshes , mudflats and beaches as well as inland streams , rivers , marshes and lakes . It may have been the richest hunting , fowling and fishing ground in Europe in the Mesolithic period . One big river system found by 3D seismic survey , undertaken by the Birmingham `` North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project , '' was the `` Shotton River '' , which drained the south - east part of the Dogger Bank hill area into the east end of the Outer Silver Pit lake . It is named after Birmingham geologist Frederick William Shotton . Disappearance ( edit ) The red line marks Dogger Bank , which is most likely a moraine formed in the Pleistocene As ice melted at the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age , sea levels rose and the land began to tilt in an isostatic adjustment as the huge weight of ice lessened . Doggerland eventually became submerged , cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC . The Dogger Bank , an upland area of Doggerland , remained an island until at least 5000 BC . Key stages are now believed to have included the gradual evolution of a large tidal bay between eastern England and Dogger Bank by 9000 BC and a rapid sea - level rise thereafter , leading to Dogger Bank becoming an island and Great Britain becoming physically disconnected from the continent . A recent hypothesis postulates that much of the remaining coastal land was flooded by a megatsunami around 6200 BC , caused by a submarine landslide off the coast of Norway known as the Storegga Slide . This suggests : `` that the Storegga Slide tsunami would have had a catastrophic impact on the contemporary coastal Mesolithic population ... Britain finally became separated from the continent and in cultural terms , the Mesolithic there goes its own way . '' A study published in 2014 suggested that the only remaining parts of Doggerland at the time of the Storegga Slide were low - lying islands , but supported the view that the area had been abandoned at about the same time as the tsunamis . Another view speculates that the Storegga tsunami devastated Doggerland but then ebbed back into the sea , and that later Lake Agassiz ( in North America ) burst releasing so much fresh water that sea levels over about two years rose to flood much of Doggerland and make Britain an island . Discovery and investigation by archaeologists ( edit ) Woolly mammoth skull discovered by fishermen in the North Sea , at Celtic and Prehistoric Museum , Ireland The prehistoric existence of what is now known as Doggerland was established in the late 19th century . H.G. Wells referred to the concept in his short story A Story of the Stone Age of 1897 , set in `` a time when one might have walked dryshod from France ( as we call it now ) to England , and when a broad and sluggish Thames flowed through its marshes to meet its father Rhine , flowing through a wide and level country that is under water in these latter days , and which we know by the name of the North Sea ... Fifty thousand years ago it was , fifty thousand years if the reckoning of geologists is correct '' , though most of the action seems to occur in what is now Surrey and Kent , but stretching out to Doggerland . The remains of plants brought to the surface from Dogger Bank were studied in 1913 by paleobiologist Clement Reid , and the remains of animals and worked flints from the Neolithic period had also been found . In his book The Antiquity of Man of 1915 , anatomist Sir Arthur Keith discussed the archaeological potential of the area . In 1931 , the trawler Colinda hauled up a lump of peat whilst fishing near the Ower Bank , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) east of Norfolk . The peat was found to contain a barbed antler point , possibly used as a harpoon or fish spear , 220 millimetres ( 8.5 in ) long , which dated from between 4,000 and 10,000 BC when the area was tundra . Interest was reinvigorated in the 1990s by Bryony Coles , who named the area `` Doggerland '' ( `` after the great banks in the southern North Sea '' ) and produced speculative maps of the area . Although she recognised that the current relief of the southern North Sea seabed is not a sound guide to the topography of Doggerland , this topography has more recently begun to be reconstructed more authoritatively using seismic survey data obtained from oil exploration . Between 2003 and 2007 a team at the University of Birmingham led by Vince Gaffney and Ken Thomson mapped around 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) of the Early Holocene landscape , using seismic data provided for research by Petroleum Geo - Services , as part of the work of the University of Birmingham North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project . The results of this study were published as a technical monograph and a popular book on the history and archaeology of Doggerland Early Holocene landscape features mapped by the North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project . A skull fragment of a Neanderthal , dated at over 40,000 years old , was recovered from material dredged from the Middeldiep , some 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) off the coast of Zeeland , and exhibited in Leiden in 2009 . In March 2010 it was reported that recognition of the potential archaeological importance of the area could affect the future development of offshore wind farms . In July 2012 , the results of study of Doggerland by the universities of Birmingham , St Andrews , Dundee , and Aberdeen , including artefacts survey results , were displayed at the Royal Society summer exhibition in London . Richard Bates of St Andrews University said : We have speculated for years on the lost land 's existence from bones dredged by fishermen all over the North Sea , but it 's only since working with oil companies in the last few years that we have been able to re-create what this lost land looked like ... We have now been able to model its flora and fauna , build up a picture of the ancient people that lived there and begin to understand some of the dramatic events that subsequently changed the land , including the sea rising and a devastating tsunami . Since 2015 , the University of Bradford 's project Europe 's Lost Frontiers project has continued mapping the prehistoric landscapes of Doggerland and has used this these data to direct a programme of extensive coring of marine palaeochannels . Sediment from the cores has provided sedimentary DNA as well as conventional environmental data and these will be used in a major computational modelling programme replicating colonisation of the submerged landscape . In popular culture ( edit ) The `` Mammoth Journey '' episode of the BBC television programme Walking with Beasts is partly set on the dry bed of the southern North Sea . The area featured in a 2007 episode of the Channel 4 Time Team ( specials ) documentary series called `` Britain 's Drowned World '' . The first chapter of Edward Rutherfurd 's novel Sarum describes the flooding of Doggerland . Science fiction author Stephen Baxter 's Northland trilogy is set in an alternative timeline in which Doggerland ( Northland in the books ) is never inundated . The opening song of Ian Anderson 's 2014 album , Homo Erraticus , is titled `` Doggerland , '' and provides a first person narrative from the point of view of the prehistoric people who might have lived there . See also ( edit ) Maglemosian culture Outburst flood Viking Bergen Island Weald -- Artois Anticline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Doggerland Project '' , University of Exeter Department of Archaeology ^ Jump up to : Patterson , W , `` Coastal Catastrophe '' ( paleoclimate research document ) , University of Saskatchewan Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Rincon , Paul ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Prehistoric North Sea ' Atlantis ' hit by 5m tsunami '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Mihai , Andrei ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Doggerland -- the land that connected Europe and the UK 8000 years ago '' . ZME Science . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pettitt , Paul ; White , Mark ( 2012 ) . The British Palaeolithic : Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World . Abingdon , UK : Routledge . pp. 98 -- 102 , 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 67455 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : University of Sussex , School of Life Sciences Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , C1119 Modern human evolution , Lecture 6 , slide 23 ^ Jump up to : Vincent Gaffney , `` Global Warming and Lost Lands : Understanding the Effects of Sea Level Rise '' Jump up ^ Stride , A.H ( January 1959 ) . `` On the origin of the Dogger Bank , in the North Sea '' . Geological Magazine . 96 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 34 . doi : 10.1017 / S0016756800059197 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Scarre , Chris ( 2005 ) . The Human Past : World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies . London : Thames & Hudson . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28531 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bernhard Weninger et al. , The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami , Documenta Praehistorica XXXV , 2008 Jump up ^ Britain 's Stone Age Tsunami , Channel 4 , 8 to 9 pm , Thursday 30 May 2013 Jump up ^ Online text ^ Jump up to : Keith , Arthur ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` 3 '' . The Antiquity of Man . Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 41 . ISBN 81 - 7041 - 977 - 8 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : B.J. Coles . `` Doggerland : a speculative survey ( Doggerland : une prospection spéculative ) '' , Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , ISSN 0079 - 497X , 1998 , vol. 64 , pp. 45 -- 81 ( 3 p. 1 / 4 ) Jump up ^ North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project Jump up ^ Laura Spinney , `` The lost world : Doggerland '' Jump up ^ Vincent L. Gaffney ; Kenneth Thomson ; Simon Fitch , eds. ( 2007 ) . Mapping Doggerland : The Mesolithic Landscapes of the Southern North Sea . Archaeopress . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905739 - 14 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vincent Gaffney , Simon Fitch , David Smith , Europe 's Lost World : The rediscovery of Doggerland , University of Birmingham , 2009 Jump up ^ Palarch : Spectacular discovery of first - ever Dutch Neanderthal Fossil skull fragment unveiled by Minister Plasterk in National Museum of Antiquities , 15 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` Stone Age could complicate N. Sea wind farm plans '' , Reuters , 23 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : BBC News , `` Hidden Doggerland underworld uncovered in North Sea '' , 3 July 2012 . Accessed 4 July 2012 Jump up ^ App , Team . `` Lost Frontiers ( Lost Frontiers ) Home page - Lost Frontiers An Erc Research Project team / club based in University of Bradford , United Kingdom . Team App '' . Lost Frontiers . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sarah Knapton ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` British Atlantis : archaeologists begin exploring lost world of Doggerland '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heritage Action Further reading ( edit ) Coles , B.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Doggerland : a Speculative Survey '' . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society . 64 : 45 -- 81 . doi : 10.1017 / S0079497X00002176 . Gaffney , V. ; Thomson , K. ; Fitch , S. , eds. ( 2007 ) . Mapping Doggerland : The Mesolithic Landscapes of the Southern North Sea . https://www.academia.edu/2480682/Mapping_Doggerland_the_Mesolithic_Landscapes_of_the_Southern_North_Sea : Archaeopress . Gaffney , Vincent ; Fitch , Simon ; Smith , David ( 2009 ) . Europe 's Lost World : The Rediscovery of Doggerland . Council for British Archaeology . ISBN 1 - 902771 - 77 - X . Moffat , Alistair ( 2005 ) . Before Scotland : The Story of Scotland Before History . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05133 - 7 . Discussed in depth in chapters 2 -- 4 . Morelle , Rebecca ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Evidence of ancient ' geological Brexit ' revealed '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Spinney , Laura ( December 2012 ) . Robert Clark ( photog . ) ; Alexander Maleev ( illus . ) . `` The Lost World of Doggerland '' . National Geographic . 222 ( 6 ) : 132 -- 143 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doggerland . `` Hunting for DNA in Doggerland , an Ancient Land Beneath the North Sea '' , Elizabeth Preston , Wired , 27 November 2015 `` The moment Britain became an island '' , Megan Lane , BBC News , 15 February 2011 `` North Sea Paleolandscapes '' , Institute for Archaeology and Antiquity , University of Birmingham Britain 's ' Atlantis ' found `` North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Framework ( NSPRMF ) 2009 '' , English Heritage , 2009 `` The Doggerland project '' , Professor Bryony Coles , University of Exeter . Includes hypothesised map of Doggerland in the early Holocene . CGI images ( 2 stills and a movie ) of a Mesolithic camp beside the Shotton River `` Das rekonstruierte Doggerland '' ( `` Doggerland reconstructed '' ) , computer generated images of a Doggerland landscape , 19 August 2008 , Der Spiegel ( in German ) `` Hidden Doggerland underworld uncovered in North Sea '' , BBC News , 3 July 2012 Europe 's Lost Frontiers 2013 European Heritage Prize awarded to M. Daniel Thérond and Professor Vincent Gaffney # Mapping Doggerland : the Mesolithic Landscapes of the southern North Sea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doggerland&oldid=826809146 '' Categories : Mesolithic Europe Historical geology History of the North Sea Ice ages Continental shelves of Europe Geology of the North Sea Stone Age Europe Quaternary Europe Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did britain become separated from the continent | [
"Doggerland was an area now beneath the southern North Sea that connected Great Britain to continental Europe during and after the last glacial period. It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6,500–6,200 BC. Geological surveys have suggested that it stretched from Britain's east coast to the Netherlands and the western coasts of Germany and the peninsula of Jutland.[1] It was probably a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period,[2] although rising sea levels gradually reduced it to low-lying islands before its final submergence, possibly following a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide.[3]"
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"6,500–6,200 BC"
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120406831282211322 | Get Out | Get Out - wikipedia Get Out This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Get Out ( disambiguation ) . Get Out Theatrical release poster Directed by Jordan Peele Produced by Sean McKittrick Jason Blum Edward H. Hamm Jr . Jordan Peele Written by Jordan Peele Starring Daniel Kaluuya Allison Williams Bradley Whitford Caleb Landry Jones Stephen Root Lakeith Stanfield Catherine Keener Music by Michael Abels Cinematography Toby Oliver Edited by Gregory Plotkin Production company Blumhouse Productions Monkeypaw Productions QC Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) ( Sundance ) February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.5 million Box office $255.2 million Get Out is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Jordan Peele in his directorial debut . It stars Daniel Kaluuya as Chris , a black man who uncovers a disturbing secret when he meets the family of his white girlfriend ( Allison Williams ) . Bradley Whitford , Caleb Landry Jones , Stephen Root , Lakeith Stanfield , and Catherine Keener co-star . Get Out premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 24 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures . Critics praised its screenplay , direction , Kaluuya 's and Williams performance and satirical themes , and it was chosen by the National Board of Review , the American Film Institute and Time magazine as one of the top 10 films of the year . The film was also a box office success , grossing $255 million worldwide on a $4.5 million budget . It turned a net profit of $124 million , becoming the tenth most profitable film of 2017 and one of the most profitable horror films in recent years . Get Out received numerous accolades . At the 90th Academy Awards , it won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Actor for Kaluuya . It also earned five nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , two at the 75th Golden Globe Awards ( Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Comedy or Musical for Kaluuya ) and two at the 71st British Academy Film Awards ( Best Actor in a Leading Role for Kaluuya and Best Original Screenplay ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Alternative endings 3.2 Soundtrack 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Possible sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) African - American photographer Chris Washington reluctantly agrees to meet the family of his white girlfriend , Rose Armitage . During their drive to the family 's countryside estate , they hit a deer and report the incident . The white policeman asks for Chris 's identification even though he was not driving , but Rose intervenes and the incident goes unrecorded . At the house , Rose 's parents , neurosurgeon Dean and hypnotherapist Missy , and her brother Jeremy make discomfiting comments about black people . Chris witnesses strange behavior from the estate 's black workers , housekeeper Georgina and groundskeeper Walter . Unable to sleep , Chris goes outside to smoke and sees Walter sprinting through the grounds while Georgina prowls the house . Missy talks Chris into a hypnotherapy session , ostensibly to cure his smoking addiction . In a trance , he recounts the death of his mother in a hit - and - run when he was a child , about which he feels guilty , and sinks into a void Missy calls the `` sunken place '' . He awakens believing he had a nightmare but realizes cigarettes now revolt him . Walter confirms that Chris was in Missy 's office . Georgina unplugs his phone , draining his battery , though she claims it was an accident . Dozens of wealthy white people arrive for the Armitages ' annual get - together . They take an interest in Chris , admiring his physique or expressing admiration for black figures such as Tiger Woods . Jim Hudson , a blind art dealer , takes particular interest in Chris 's photography skills . Chris meets another black man , Logan King , who acts strangely and is married to a much older white woman . Chris calls his friend , a black TSA agent named Rod Williams , about the hypnosis and the strange behavior at the house . Chris tries to inconspicuously photograph Logan with his phone to send to Rod , but his flash goes off ; Logan becomes hysterical , yelling at Chris to `` get out '' . The others restrain him and Dean claims Logan had an epileptic seizure . Away from the house , Chris persuades Rose that they should leave , while Dean holds an auction with a photo of Chris , which Jim Hudson wins . Chris sends the photo of Logan to Rod ; Rod recognizes Logan as Andre Hayworth , who has been missing for months . Suspecting a conspiracy , Rod goes to the police , but they deride him . While he packs to leave , Chris finds photos of Rose in prior relationships with black men , contradicting her claim that Chris is her first black boyfriend ; the collection also includes pictures of Rose with Walter and Georgina . Chris is blocked from leaving the estate by the Armitage family , including Rose . He tries to attack Jeremy , but Missy hypnotizes him into unconsciousness . He awakens strapped to a chair in the basement . A video presentation featuring Rose 's grandfather Roman explains that the family transplants the brains of white people into black bodies ; the consciousness of the host remains in the `` sunken place '' , watching what is happening but powerless to change anything . Hudson tells Chris he wants his body so he can gain Chris 's sight and artistic talents . Chris plugs his ears with cotton stuffing pulled from the chair , blocking the hypnosis . When Jeremy comes to collect him for the surgery , Chris bludgeons him with a croquet ball and impales Dean on the antlers of a deer mount . After fatally stabbing Missy and beating Jeremy to death , he drives away in Jeremy 's car , but hits Georgina . Remembering his own mother 's death , he carries Georgina into the car , but she is possessed by Rose 's grandmother Marianne ; she attacks him and he crashes , killing her . An armed Rose apprehends him with Walter , possessed by Roman . Chris awakens Walter with his phone flash . Walter takes Rose 's rifle and shoots her and then himself . Wounded , Rose attempts to shoot Chris ; Chris begins to strangle her but stops . Rod arrives in a TSA car and rescues Chris , leaving Rose to bleed to death in the road as Chris and Rod leave . Cast ( edit ) Daniel Kaluuya as Chris Washington Zailand Adams as 11 - year - old Chris Allison Williams as Rose Armitage Catherine Keener as Missy Armitage Bradley Whitford as Dean Armitage Caleb Landry Jones as Jeremy Armitage Stephen Root as Jim Hudson Lakeith Stanfield as Andre Hayworth / Logan King Lil Rel Howery as Rod Williams Erika Alexander as Detective Latoya Marcus Henderson as Walter / Roman Armitage Betty Gabriel as Georgina / Marianne Armitage Richard Herd as Roman Armitage Writer - director Jordan Peele voices the sounds made by the wounded deer , and narrates a UNCF commercial . Production ( edit ) Get Out is Jordan Peele 's directorial debut . Get Out is the directorial debut of Jordan Peele , who had previously worked in comedy , including the sketch show Key & Peele . He felt the horror and comedy genres are similar in that `` so much of it is pacing , so much of it ( hinges on ) reveals '' , and that comedy gave him `` something of a training '' for the film . The Stepford Wives ( 1975 ) provided inspiration , about which Peele said , `` it 's a horror movie but has a satirical premise . '' As the film deals with racism , Peele has stated that the story is `` very personal '' , although he noted that `` it quickly veers off from anything autobiographical . '' Peele was introduced to producer Sean McKittrick by comedy partner Keegan - Michael Key in 2013 . `` I was shooting a movie with Keegan - Michael Key . He said , ' You got ta meet Jordan , he 's a horror fanatic and he has all these ideas . ' Jordan and I met for coffee in New Orleans . He said , ' Here 's one you 'll never want to make , ' and he pitched me the whole story . I 'd never seen that movie before . It fascinated me . So I said right at the table , ' Okay , I 'm going to buy this pitch and pay you to write it . ' I think he was a little shocked . '' Peele wrote the first draft of the script in two months . The lead actors , Daniel Kaluuya and Allison Williams , were cast in November 2015 , with other roles cast between December 2015 and February 2016 . `` That party sequence is why I really wanted to do this film , because I 've been to that party , '' Kaluuya told The Los Angeles Times . `` Jordan told me that he had always pictured me as Rose because Peter Pan or Marnie would make it easier for people to trust me , '' Williams noted . `` I was looking for a role that would weaponize everything that people take for granted about me . So I instantly signed on to it . '' Principal photography began on February 16 , 2016 . Shooting took place in Fairhope , Alabama , for three weeks , followed by Barton Academy and in the Ashland Place Historic District in midtown Mobile , Alabama . Principal photography ended in 23 days . The film was partially shot at Barton Academy , a historic Greek Revival school building in Mobile , Alabama . The scene where Rose drinks milk while looking at potential future victims was conceived shortly before shooting . The music used in the scene , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life , '' was intended to reflect Rose 's childishness . Peele was worried about the film 's chances of success , telling the Los Angeles Times , `` What if white people do n't want to come see the movie because they 're afraid of being villainized with black people in the crowd ? What if black people do n't want to see the movie because they do n't want to sit next to a white person while a black person is being victimized on - screen ? '' Alternative endings ( edit ) In the original ending , Chris is arrested by the police while trying to strangle Rose . Instead of rescuing Chris , Rod meets him in jail and asks him for information about the Armitage family to investigate , but Chris insists that he stopped them and everything is fine . Peele intended this ending to reflect the realities of racism . By the time production had begun , however , several high - profile police shootings of black people had made discussion , in Peele 's words , `` more woke '' . After gauging reception at test screenings , he decided the film needed a happy ending , and that having a moment where the audience believes Chris is about to be arrested would preserve the intended reaction . Peele considered several other endings , some of which are included on the DVD and Blu - ray release . In one ending , Rod breaks into the estate , finds Chris , and calls his name , but Chris responds , `` I assure you , I do n't know who you 're talking about . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Michael Abels composed the film 's score , which Peele wanted to have `` distinctly black voices and black musical references . '' This proved to be a challenge , as Peele found that African - American music typically has what he termed `` at the very least , a glimmer of hope to it . '' At the same time , Peele also wanted to avoid having a voodoo motif . The final score features Swahili voices as well as a blues influence . `` Sikiliza Kwa Wahenga '' is a Swahili phrase that translates to `` listen to ( your ) ancestors , '' which indicates to the listener , `` something bad is coming . Run . '' `` The words are issuing a warning to Chris , '' Peele said . `` The whole idea of the movie is ' Get out ! ' -- it 's what we 're screaming at the character on - screen . '' The song `` Redbone '' by Childish Gambino appears at the movie 's beginning . Other songs in the film include `` Run Rabbit Run '' by Flanagan and Allen and `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes . Themes ( edit ) The Guardian wrote , `` The thing Get Out does so well -- and the thing that will rankle with some viewers -- is to show how , however unintentionally , these same people can make life so hard and uncomfortable for black people . It exposes a liberal ignorance and hubris that has been allowed to fester . It 's an attitude , an arrogance which in the film leads to a horrific final solution , but in reality , leads to a complacency that is just as dangerous . '' Peele said about the film , `` The real thing at hand here is slavery ... It 's some dark shit . '' The film also depicts the lack of attention on missing black Americans compared to missing white females . Slate 's Damon Young stated the film 's premise was `` depressingly plausible ... Although black people only comprise 13 percent of America 's population , they are 34 percent of America 's missing , a reality that exists as the result of many racial and socioeconomic factors rendering black lives demonstratively less valuable than the lives ( of ) our white counterparts . '' Peele wrote Rose as a subversion of the white savior trope , and in particular films where most white characters are evil but one is good . Peele and Williams stated that Rose behaved like a teenager as her emotional development was delayed . Williams believed that Rose was not a victim of indoctrination , hypnotism or Stockholm syndrome , but simply evil . After Rose 's intentions are revealed , her previous `` soft and welcoming '' appearance becomes a `` vision of cold , meticulous elitism '' , with hunting jodhpurs , a white dress shirt , and a `` sleek ponytail '' ; she hangs photographs of her ex-partners on her wall like hunting trophies . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Get Out grossed $176 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $255 million , against a production budget of $4.5 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $124.8 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the 10th most profitable release of 2017 . In North America , Get Out was released on February 24 , 2017 , alongside Collide and Rock Dog , and was expected to gross $20 -- 25 million from 2,773 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.8 million from Thursday night previews and $10.8 million on its first day . It went on to open for $33.4 million , finishing first at the box office . Thirty - eight percent of the film 's opening - weekend audience was African American , while 35 % was white , with Georgia being its most profitable market . In its second weekend , the film finished in second at the box office behind new release Logan ( $88.4 million ) , grossing $28.3 million , for a drop of 15.4 % . Horror films tend to drop at least 60 % in their second weekend , so this was above average . In its third weekend , the film grossed $21.1 million , dropping just 25 % from its previous week , and finished third at the box office behind newcomer Kong : Skull Island and Logan . In March 2017 , three weeks after its release , Get Out crossed the $100 million mark domestically , making Peele the first black writer - director to do so with his debut movie . On April 8 , 2017 , the film became the highest - grossing film domestically directed by a black filmmaker , beating out F. Gary Gray 's Straight Outta Compton , which grossed $162.8 million domestically in 2015 . Gray reclaimed the record two weeks later when The Fate of the Furious grossed $173.3 million on its fourteenth day of release on April 27 . Domestically , Get Out is also the highest - grossing debut film based on an original screenplay in Hollywood history , beating the two - decade - long record of 1999 's The Blair Witch Project ( $140.5 million ) . By the end of March , Los Angeles Times had declared the film 's success a `` cultural phenomenon '' noting that in addition to its box office success , `` moviegoers have shared countless ' sunken place ' Internet memes and other Get Out - inspired fan art across social media . '' Josh Rottenberg , the editor of the piece , attributed the film 's success to the fact that it was released `` at one of the most politically charged moments in memory . '' Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 99 % based on 306 reviews , and an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Funny , scary , and thought - provoking , Get Out seamlessly weaves its trenchant social critiques into a brilliantly effective and entertaining horror / comedy thrill ride . '' It is one of ten films to earn a 99 % ( six other films ) or 100 % ( three films ) rating with 100 or more reviews ( it held a 100 % approval rating after the first 139 reviews on the site were registered ) . It was also the highest rated wide release of 2017 on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has an average weighted score of 84 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave an 84 % overall positive score and a 66 % `` definite recommend '' . Richard Roeper gave the film 31⁄2 stars , saying : `` the real star of the film is writer - director Jordan Peele , who has created a work that addresses the myriad levels of racism , pays homage to some great horror films , carves out its own creative path , has a distinctive visual style -- and is flat - out funny as well . '' Keith Phipps of Uproxx praised the cast and Peele 's direction , saying , `` That he brings the technical skill of a practiced horror master is more of a surprise . The final thrill of Get Out -- beyond the slow - building sense of danger , the unsettling atmosphere , and the twisty revelation of what 's really going on -- is that Peele 's just getting started . '' Mike Rougeau of IGN gave the film 9 / 10 , and wrote , `` Get Out 's whole journey , through every tense conversation , A-plus punchline and shocking act of violence , feels totally earned . And the conclusion is worth each uncomfortable chuckle and moment of doubt . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave Get Out 3.5 / 4 , and called it a `` jolt - a-minute horrorshow laced with racial tension and stinging satirical wit . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes said the film captured the zeitgeist and called it a `` modern American horror classic . '' Conversely , film critic Armond White of the National Review gave a negative review , referring to the film as a `` Get - Whitey movie '' and stating that it `` ( reduces ) racial politics to trite horror - comedy ... it 's an Obama movie for Tarantino fans . '' New York Observer critic Rex Reed included the film on his list of 10 Worst Films of 2017 , and later stated in a CBS Sunday Morning interview , `` I did n't care if all the black men are turned into robots . '' A writer on Sunday Morning 's website noted that Reed appeared mistaken on what the film was about , something that Reed has also been accused of over other films . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Get Out At the 90th Academy Awards , the film earned four nominations : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Actor for Daniel Kaluuya . Peele became the third person ( after Warren Beatty and James L. Brooks ) to earn Best Picture , Director and Screenplay nominations for a debut film , and the first black winner for Best Original Screenplay ( and fourth overall nominated , after John Singleton , Spike Lee , and Suzanne de Passe ) . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , Get Out received two nominations : Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Comedy or Musical for Daniel Kaluuya . The film also received nominations at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards , 49th NAACP Image Awards , and 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , among others . It won Best Foreign International Film at the British Independent Film Awards . At the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards on Mar. 3 , 2018 , Jordan Peele won the Best Director Award and the film won Best Picture . Only films with total budgets less than $20 million are eligible for the awards . Possible Sequel ( edit ) In an interview with website The Playlist , Peele stated that he has ideas for a sequel and was open to making one . See also ( edit ) The Stepford Wives Society Rosemary 's Baby Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner The Skeleton Key The Thing on the Doorstep List of black films of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Get Out ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Andy ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Peele Responding To ' Get Out ' Fan Theories Is As Funny As You 'd Expect '' . HuffPost . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott . `` Jordan Peele Talks ' Get Out ' And His Love For Horror Movies '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Maria ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Key & Peele Star Talks About His Upcoming Horror Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ; Harris , Hunter ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` The First Great Movie of the Trump Era '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Allison Williams To Star In Jordan Peele 's Horror Movie ' Get Out ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Daniel Kaluuya Lands Male Lead In Jordan Peele Horror Pic ' Get Out ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Catherine Keener Gets In ' Get Out ' For Jordan Peele '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Jack McBrayer , Danny Pudi & Joe Manganiello Work Blue In ' Smurfs ' Sequel ; Betty Gabriel Joins ' Get Out ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Keith Stanfield Joins Jordan Peele Horror Pic ' Get Out ' : Emily Blunt In Talks For ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Peele on ' Get Out , ' the horror film about racism that Obama would love '' . The Los Angeles Times . 2018 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 2 / 19 / 16 : Rian Johnson Rolls Cameras on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' , Chris Pratt & Zoe Saldana Start ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . SSN Insider . February 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Michelle ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` Allison Williams , star of ' Girls , ' raves about Fairhope after filming movie there '' . Press - Register . AL.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Jordan Peele explains ' Get Out 's ' creepy milk scene , ponders the recent link between dairy and hate . '' Los Angeles Times . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved on March 21 , 2018 . `` She and Peele even coined a name for Rose 's true self . `` We started to refer to her as Ro Ro , '' Williams said . ( ... ) '' and `` '' Oh my God . Well , I intended that , '' he joked of the uncannily prescient timing to milk 's sudden surge in popularity with white supremacists . '' ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh . `` Jordan Peele on how ' Get Out ' defied the odds to become a full - blown cultural phenomenon '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Peele 's ' Get Out ' Almost Had a Much More Bleak Ending '' . Slash Film . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Get Out Filmmakers Explain Why They Changed The Ending '' . Collider . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paschal , Nicholas ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Peele Reveals ' Get Out ' Has Alternate Ending '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pulliam - Moore , Charles ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The hidden Swahili message in ' Get Out ' the country needs to hear '' . Splinter News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Caity . `` Jordan Peele on the Most Terrifying Horror Story : Being Black in America '' . GQ . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Peele Explains Why Childish Gambino 's ' Redbone ' Was Perfect for ' Get Out ' '' . HipHopDX.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bakare , Lanre ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out : the film that dares to reveal the horror of liberal racism in America '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Brandon ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Giant Leap Forward of Jordan Peele 's ' Get Out ' '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Damon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Disturbing Truth That Makes Get Out Depressingly Plausible '' . Browbeat ( blog ) . Slate . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Day ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Director Jordan Peele On Divisiveness , Black Identity & The `` White Savior '' `` . Deadline Hollywood , Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . With the character of Rose ( Allison Williams ) , the audience expects to see her come out as the white savior to save Chris , ( ... ) He takes a beat and jokes , `` Sometimes all white people are evil -- sometimes -- but not all the time . '' Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ; Hunter Harris ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` The First Great Movie of the Trump Era '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Williams : My instinct is that Rose ( ... ) would she keep doing this ? '' and he said , `` Yeah . '' Jump up ^ Branigan , Anne ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Why 2017 Was the Year of Rose Armitage '' . The Root . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Deadline 's 2017 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament Gets Underway : No. 10 ' Get Out ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Audiences Plan To Get Into ' Get Out ' -- Weekend B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal / Blumhouse 's ' Get Out ' Now Grabbing A $30 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Logan 's $85.3 M Debut Breaks Records For Wolverine Series & Rated R Fare ; Beats ' Fifty Shades ' & ' Passion Of The Christ ' '' , Deadline Hollywood , retrieved March 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong ' Beats His Chest On Saturday : Weekend Opening Now At $61 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Renshaw , David ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out Is Now The Highest Grossing live - action Debut Film Based On An Original Screenplay In History '' . TheFader.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mims , Sergio ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Is Now the Highest Grossing Film Domestically by a Black Director ( But Not for Long ) '' . ShadowAndAct.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Is a Horror Hit & Still Has 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Get Out ' earns its laughs while honoring horror traditions '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Peele 's ' Get Out ' Uses 21st Century Racism To Make A Masterful Horror Movie '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rougeau , Mike ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out Review '' . IGN . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out Review : Scares Meet Racially Charged Satire in Instant Horror Classic '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Jordan Peele 's ' Get Out ' Is a New Horror Classic '' . Forbes . February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Peele 's Get Out a Trite Get - Whitey Movie '' . National Review . February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rex Reed 's 10 Best Movies and 10 Worst Movies of 2017 '' . Observer . December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rex-reed-a-bold-faced-name-life/ Jump up ^ `` OSCAR NOMINEES '' . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Peele makes Oscars history with Get Out nominations '' . Consequence of Sound . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Vanity Fair Editors ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 SAG Awards Nominations : See the Full List '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter Editors ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lady Macbeth ' Leads British Independent Film Awards Nominations -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/awards/2018/03/03/independent-spirit-awards-2018-winners-list/ Jump up ^ Rooney , Matt ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Peele already has an idea where a Get Out 2 could go '' . Joblo.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Liao , Shannon ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Get Out now has its own online class about black horror '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Get Out ( film ) Official website Get Out on IMDb Get Out at the TCM Movie Database Get Out at AllMovie Get Out at Box Office Mojo Get Out at Metacritic Get Out at Rotten Tomatoes Jordan Peele Director Get Out ( 2017 ) Writer only Keanu ( 2016 ) Producer only BlacKkKlansman ( 2018 ) Television Key & Peele ( 2012 -- 15 ) The Last O.G. ( 2018 -- present ) Lorena ( TBA ) Lovecraft Country ( TBA ) The Twilight Zone ( TBA ) Related articles Monkeypaw Productions Keegan - Michael Key Chelsea Peretti Awards for Get Out Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film 2000 - 2009 The Hurricane ( 2000 ) Love & Basketball ( 2001 ) Training Day ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) Out of Time ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 , drama ) Lightning in a Bottle ( 2005 , comedy / musical ) Crash ( 2006 ) Dreamgirls ( 2007 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) no awards in 2009 2010 - present Precious ( 2010 ) Night Catches Us ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Creed ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Get Out ( 2018 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Sci - Fi / Horror Movie Looper ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Ex Machina ( 2015 ) Arrival ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Horror The Descent ( 2006 ) Hostel ( 2007 ) 28 Weeks Later ( 2008 ) Eden Lake ( 2009 ) Let the Right One In ( 2010 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2011 ) Kill List ( 2012 ) The Woman in Black ( 2013 ) The Conjuring ( 2014 ) The Babadook ( 2015 ) The Hallow ( 2016 ) The Witch ( 2017 ) Get Out ( 2018 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Film After Hours ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) River 's Edge ( 1987 ) Stand and Deliver ( 1988 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Short Cuts ( 1993 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) Leaving Las Vegas ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Apostle ( 1997 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Election ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Precious ( 2009 ) Black Swan ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Out&oldid=843448419 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s psychological horror films 2010s satirical films African - American films American films American horror films American comedy horror films American horror thriller films American psychological horror films American satirical films Blumhouse Productions films Body swapping in films Directorial debut films Films about couples Films about interracial romance Films about racism Films about suburbia Films produced by Jason Blum Films shot in Alabama Universal Pictures films Brain transplantation in fiction Best Horror Empire Award winners Independent Spirit Award for Best Film winners Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 06 : 50 . 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-6759565913862798751 | Volkswagen Beetle | Volkswagen Beetle - wikipedia Volkswagen Beetle This article is about the original Volkswagen Beetle . For the 1997 -- 2010 car , see Volkswagen New Beetle . For the car produced from 2011 , see Volkswagen Beetle ( A5 ) . Volkswagen Type 1 Overview Manufacturer Volkswagen Also called `` Beetle '' / `` Super Beetle '' `` Bug '' / `` Superbug '' `` Käfer '' `` Type 1 '' `` 1302 '' Production 1938 -- 2003 : 21,529,464 built ( 15,444,858 in Germany , incl . 330,251 Cabriolets ) ( 3,350,000 in Brazil ) Assembly Germany : Wolfsburg Germany : Hanover Germany : Emden Germany : Ingolstadt Germany : Osnabrück Australia : Melbourne Belgium : Brussels Brazil : São Bernardo do Campo Finland : Heinola Indonesia : Jakarta Ireland : Dublin Malaysia : Shah Alam Mexico : Puebla New Zealand : Auckland Nigeria : Lagos Philippines : Manila South Africa : Uitenhage Venezuela : Valencia Yugoslavia : Sarajevo Body and chassis Class Subcompact , economy car Body style 2 - door saloon 2 - door convertible Layout RR layout Powertrain Engine 1100 cc H4 1200 cc H4 1300 cc H4 1500 cc H4 1600 cc H4 Transmission 4 - speed manual transaxle 4 - speed semi-automatic , Saxomat ( from 1961 ) 3 - speed semi-automatic , Autostick ( 1967 -- 76 ) Wheelbase 2,400 mm ( 94.5 in ) Length 4,079 mm ( 160.6 in ) Width 1,539 mm ( 60.6 in ) Curb weight 800 -- 840 kg ( 1,760 -- 1,850 lb ) Chronology Successor Volkswagen Golf ( direct successor 1974 ) Volkswagen Gol ( as successor in Latin America ) Volkswagen New Beetle ( as successor in design ) The Volkswagen Beetle -- officially the Volkswagen Type 1 , informally in Germany the Käfer ( German , `` beetle '' ) and in parts of the English - speaking world the Bug -- is a two - door , five - passenger , rear - engine economy car that was manufactured and marketed by German automaker Volkswagen ( VW ) from 1938 until 2003 . The need for a people 's car ( Volkswagen in German ) , its concept and its functional objectives , was formulated by the leader of Nazi Germany , Adolf Hitler , who wanted a cheap , simple car to be mass - produced for his country 's new road network . Lead engineer Ferdinand Porsche and his team took until 1938 to finalise the design . The influence on Porsche 's design of other contemporary cars , such as the Tatra V570 , and the work of Josef Ganz remains a subject of dispute . The result was the first Volkswagen , and one of the first rear - engined cars since the Brass Era . With 21,529,464 produced , the Beetle is the longest - running and most - manufactured car of a single platform ever made . Although designed in the 1930s , the Beetle was only produced in significant numbers starting from 1945 ( non-military mass production had been put on hold during the Second World War ) , when the model was internally designated the Volkswagen Type 1 , and marketed simply as the Volkswagen ( or `` People 's Car '' ) . Later models were designated Volkswagen 1200 , 1300 , 1500 , 1302 , or 1303 , the former three indicating engine displacement , the latter two derived from the type number . The model became widely known in its home country as the Käfer ( German for `` beetle '' , cognate with English chafer ) and was later marketed under that name in Germany , and as the Volkswagen in other countries . For example , in France it was known as the Coccinelle ( French for ladybug ) . The original 25 hp Beetle was designed for a top speed around 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , which would be a viable speed on the Reichsautobahn system . As Autobahn speeds increased in the postwar years , its output was boosted to 36 , then 40 hp , the configuration that lasted through 1966 and became the `` classic '' Volkswagen motor . The Beetle ultimately gave rise to variants , including the Karmann Ghia , Type 2 , and external coach builders . The Beetle marked a significant trend , led by Volkswagen , Fiat , and Renault , whereby the rear - engine , rear - wheel - drive layout increased from 2.6 percent of continental Western Europe 's car production in 1946 to 26.6 percent in 1956 . Over time a trend towards front - wheel drive would come to dominate the European small - car market . In 1974 , Volkswagen 's own front - wheel drive Golf model succeeded the Beetle . In 1994 , Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One , a `` retro '' - themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Beetle , and in 1998 introduced the `` New Beetle '' , built on the contemporary Golf platform with styling recalling the original Type 1 . It remained in production through 2010 , and was succeeded in 2011 by the more aggressively styled Beetle ( A5 ) , which was also more reminiscent of the original Beetle . In the 1999 Car of the Century competition , to determine the world 's most influential car in the 20th century , the Type 1 came fourth , after the Ford Model T , the Mini , and the Citroën DS . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 `` The People 's Car '' 1.2 Development 1.3 Factory 1.4 Wartime production 1.5 Post-war production and boom 1.6 Decline 1.7 Worldwide end of production 2 Prototypes 2.1 Diesel 3 Design 4 Evolution and design changes 4.1 Beetle cabriolet 4.2 1950 -- 1959 models 4.3 1960 -- 1969 models 4.4 1970 -- 1979 models 5 Influences 6 Introduction to international markets 6.1 Ireland 6.2 United Kingdom 6.3 Japan 6.4 Vietnam 7 International production 7.1 Brazil 7.2 Southern Rhodesia 7.3 Mexico 7.4 Australia 7.5 South Africa 8 Motorsport 8.1 Drag racing 8.2 Formula Vee 8.3 Uniroyal Fun Cup 8.4 Rally and Rallycross 8.5 Trans - Am Series 8.6 Armstrong 500 8.7 Baja 1000 8.8 Beetle Challenge 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Ferdinand Porsche . `` The people 's car '' ( edit ) Model of the 1932 Porsche Type 12 , Nuremberg Museum of Industrial Culture Type 32 prototype , developed for NSU ( Autostadt ZeitHaus , Wolfsburg ) Scale model of the W30 prototype The originating concept behind the first Volkswagen , the company , and its name , is the notion of a people 's car -- a car affordable and practical enough for common people to own . Hence the name , which is literally `` people 's car '' in German , pronounced ( ˈfɔlksvaːɡən ) ) . Although the Volkswagen was mainly the brainchild of Ferdinand Porsche and Adolf Hitler , the idea is much older than Nazism , and existed since mass - production of cars was introduced . Contrary to the United States , where the Ford Model T had become the first car to motorize the masses , contributing to household car ownership of about 33 % in 1920 and some 46 % in 1930 , in the early 1930s , the German auto industry was still mostly limited to luxury models , and few Germans could afford anything more than a motorcycle : one German out of 50 owned a car . In April 1934 , Hitler gave the order to Porsche to develop a Volkswagen . The epithet Volks - literally , `` people 's - '' had been applied to other Nazi - sponsored consumer goods as well , such as the Volksempfänger ( `` people 's radio '' ) . In May 1934 , at a meeting at Berlin 's Kaiserhof Hotel , Chancellor Hitler insisted on a basic vehicle that could transport two adults and three children at 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) while not using more than 7 litres of fuel per 100 km ( 32 mpg US / 39 mpg UK ) . The engine had to be powerful enough for sustained cruising on Germany 's new Autobahnen . Everything had to be designed to ensure parts could be quickly and inexpensively exchanged . The engine had to be air - cooled because , as Hitler explained , not every country doctor had his own garage . ( Ethylene glycol antifreeze was only just beginning to be used in high - performance liquid - cooled aircraft engines . In general , water in radiators would freeze unless the vehicle was kept in a heated building overnight or drained and refilled each morning . ) The `` People 's Car '' would be available to citizens of Germany through a savings scheme , or Sparkarte ( savings booklet ) , at 990 Reichsmark , about the price of a small motorcycle . ( The average weekly income was then around 32RM . ) Development ( edit ) KdF Propaganda : `` A family playing by a river with a KdF - Wagen and radio receiver '' Ferdinand Porsche developed the Type 12 , or `` Auto für Jedermann '' ( car for everybody ) for Zündapp in 1931 . Porsche already preferred the flat - four engine , and selected a swing axle rear suspension ( invented by Edmund Rumpler ) , while Zündapp insisted on a water - cooled five - cylinder radial engine . In 1932 three prototypes were running ; all were lost during World War II , the last in a bombing raid in Stuttgart in 1945 . The Zündapp prototypes were followed by the Porsche Type 32 , designed in 1933 for NSU Motorenwerke AG , another motorcycle company . The Type 32 was similar in design to the Type 12 , but it had a flat - four engine . NSU discontinued car manufacturing , and the Type 32 was abandoned at the prototype stage . Initially designated Type 60 by Porsche , the design team included Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe . In October 1935 , the first two Type - 60 prototypes , known as cars V1 , a sedan , and V2 , a convertible ( V for Versuchswagen , or `` test car '' ) , were ready . In 1936 testing began of three further V3 prototypes , built in Porsche 's Stuttgart shop . A batch of thirty W30 development models , produced for Porsche by Daimler - Benz , underwent 1,800,000 mi ( 2,900,000 km ) of further testing in 1937 . All cars had the distinctive round shape and the air - cooled , rear - mounted engine . Included in this batch was a rollback soft top called the Cabrio Limousine . A further batch of 44 VW38 pre-production cars produced in 1938 introduced split rear windows ; both the split window and the dash were retained on production Type 1s until 1953 . The VW38 cars were followed by another batch of 50 VW39 cars , completed in July 1939 . The car was designed to be as simple as possible mechanically . The air - cooled 25 hp ( 19 kW ) 995 cc ( 60.7 cu in ) motor 's built - in oil cooler , and the flat - four engine configuration 's superior performance was also effective for the German Afrika Korps in Africa 's desert heat . The suspension design used compact torsion bars instead of coil or leaf springs . The Beetle is nearly airtight and will briefly float . Factory ( edit ) On 26 May 1938 , Hitler laid the cornerstone for the Volkswagen factory in Fallersleben . He gave a speech , in which he named the car Kraft - durch - Freude - Wagen ( `` Strength Through Joy Car '' , usually abbreviated to KdF - Wagen ) . The name refers to Kraft durch Freude ( ' Strength Through Joy ' ) , the official leisure organization of Nazi Germany . The model village of Stadt des KdF - Wagens was created near Fallersleben in Lower Saxony in 1938 for the benefit of the workers at the newly built factory . Volkswagen had only just started small scale production , building about 210 Beetles , when civilian production was halted at the start of the war . Except for two military prototype units , these KdF sedans were allocated to military officers as personal cars . Hitler was given the very first convertible Beetle built in 1938 . Both 704cc and 984cc air - cooled engines were fitted in these early units . The first volume - produced versions of the car 's running - gear and chassis were military vehicles , the Type 82 Kübelwagen ( approximately 52,000 built ) and the amphibious Type 128 and 166 Schwimmwagen ( about 14,000 built ) . Wartime production ( edit ) Front view of a Wehrmacht Typ 82E in dunkelgelb Pictures like these have led to years of rumours that Beetles served with the Afrika Corps further perpetuated by a Model Kit box . No beetle served in North Africa . The closest they got was a pre-war publicity drive to Afghanistan explaining some desert pictures ( of civilian beetles ) , however the 82E was in fact used only after the war by serving English Army Officers and staff of the re-opened factory . A handful of KdF - Wagens were produced , primarily for the Nazi elite from 1941 to 1944 , as the Typ 60 . The factory also built the Kübelwagen ( Typ 82 ) , Schwimmwagen ( Typ 166 ) , and a handful of other variants , as Wehrmacht combat vehicles . It produced small numbers of Kommandeurswagen ( Typ 87 ) , with a Typ 1 body mounted on a four - wheel drive Schwimmwagen chassis ; the fenders were widened to accommodate Kronprinz all - terrain tires ( reminiscent of the later Baja Bugs ) . Kommandeurswagen were produced up to 1944 , when all production was halted because of heavy damage to the factory from Allied air raids . Much of the essential equipment had already been moved to underground bunkers for protection , which let production resume quickly after hostilities ended . Due to gasoline shortages late in the war , a few `` Holzbrenner '' Beetles were built , powered by pyrolysis gas producers located under the front hood . Postwar production and boom ( edit ) 1949 Type 1 split - window ( known as a `` pretzel '' among enthusiasts , `` split '' or `` splitty '' ) was commonly used to describe transporters of the era . 1949 Type 1 interior In occupied Germany , the Allies followed the Morgenthau plan to remove all German war potential by complete or partial pastoralization . As part of this , in the Industrial plans for Germany , the rules for which industry Germany was to be allowed to retain were set out . German car production was set at a maximum of 10 % of the 1936 car production numbers . Mass production of civilian VW cars did not start until post-war occupation . The Volkswagen factory was handed over by the Americans to British control in 1945 ; it was to be dismantled and shipped to Britain . However , no British car manufacturer was interested in the factory ; an official report included the phrases `` the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor - car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise . '' The factory survived by producing cars for the British Army instead . Allied dismantling policy changed in late 1946 to mid-1947 , although heavy industry continued to be dismantled until 1951 . In March 1947 , Herbert Hoover helped change policy by stating There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a `` pastoral state '' . It can not be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it . The re-opening of the factory is largely accredited to British Army officer Major Ivan Hirst . Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory , which the Americans had captured . His first task was to remove an unexploded bomb that had fallen through the roof and lodged itself between some pieces of irreplaceable production equipment ; if the bomb had exploded , the Beetle 's fate would have been sealed . Knowing Germany needed jobs and the British Army needed vehicles , Hirst persuaded the British military to order 20,000 cars , and by March 1946 the factory was producing 1,000 cars a month ( in Army khaki , under the name Volkswagen Type 1 ) , which Hirst said `` was the limit set by the availability of materials '' . During this period , the car reverted to its original name of Volkswagen and the town was renamed Wolfsburg . The first 1,785 Type 1s were made in 1945 . The jeweled one - millionth Type 1 Following the British Army - led restart of production and Hirst 's establishment of sales network and exports to Netherlands , former Opel manager ( and formerly a detractor of the Volkswagen ) Heinz Nordhoff was appointed director of the Volkswagen factory in 1949 . Under Nordhoff , production increased dramatically over the following decade , with the one - millionth car coming off the assembly line by 1955 . During this post-war period , the Beetle had superior performance in its category with a top speed of 115 km / h ( 71 mph ) and 0 -- 100 km / h ( 0 -- 62 mph ) in 27.5 seconds with fuel consumption of 6.7 l / 100 km ( 36 mpg ) for the standard 25 kW ( 34 hp ) engine . This was far superior to the Citroën 2CV , which was aimed at a low speed / poor road rural peasant market , and Morris Minor , designed for a market with no motorways or freeways ; it was even competitive with more advanced small city cars like the Austin Mini . In Small Wonder , Walter Henry Nelson wrote : The engine fires up immediately without a choke . It has tolerable road - handling and is economical to maintain . Although a small car , the engine has great elasticity and gave the feeling of better output than its small nominal size . There were other , less - numerous models , as well . The Hebmüller cabriolet ( officially Type 14A ) , a sporty two - seater , was built between 1949 and 1953 ; it numbered 696 . The Type 18A , a fixed - top cabriolet , was produced by Austro - Tatra as a police and fire unit ; 203 were assembled between January 1950 and March 1953 . The chassis became a technological and parts donor to Volkswagen Type 2 ( also known as Bulli ) and external coachbuilders such as Rometsch , Dannenhauer & Stauss , Wilhelm Karmann , Enzmann , Beutler , Ghia - Aigle , Hebmüller & Söhne , Drews , Wendler . On 17 February 1972 Beetle No. 15,007,034 was produced , surpassing total production of the previous record holder , the Ford Model T. By 1973 , total production was over 16 million , and by 23 June 1992 , over 21 million had been produced . Decline ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four views . Though extremely successful in the 1960s , experiencing its greatest sales growth in North America between 1960 and 1965 , the Beetle was increasingly faced with stiff competition from more modern designs globally . The Japanese had refined rear - wheel - drive , water - cooled , front - engine , small cars including the Datsun 510 and Toyota Corona , whose sales in the North American market grew rapidly at the expense of Volkswagen in the late 1960s . Honda introduced the N600 , based on the space - efficient transverse - engine , front - wheel - drive layout of the original Austin Mini , to the North American market in late 1969 , and upgraded the model to the Honda Civic in 1972 . The Japanese `` big three '' would soon dominate compact auto sales in North America . In 1971 Ford introduced its Pinto , which had some market impact as a low cost alternative . As the 1960s came to a close , Volkswagen faced increasingly stiff competition from European cars as well . The Beetle was faced with competition from new designs like the Fiat 127 and Renault 5 , and more robust designs based on the Austin Mini layout such as the Superminis . German competitors , Ford and Opel also enjoyed strong sales of modern smaller cars like the Ford Escort and Opel Kadett . Volkswagen 's attempts to boost the power of their air - cooled motor to meet the demands of higher highway speeds in the late 1960s , then comply with new pollution control regulations , caused problems for reliability and fuel efficiency that impaired the reputation of the aging design . Safety issues with the Beetle came under increasing scrutiny , culminating in the 1972 release of a rather scathing report . During the early 1970s , sales of the Beetle in Europe and North America plummeted . VW introduced other models to supplement the Beetle throughout the 1960s ; the Type 3 , Type 4 , and the NSU - based and larger K70 . None of these models , aimed at more upscale markets , achieved the level of success of the Beetle . The over-reliance on a single model , now in decline , meant that Volkswagen was in financial crisis by 1974 . It needed German government funding to produce the Beetle 's replacement . Production lines at Wolfsburg switched to the new water - cooled , front - engined , front - wheel - drive Golf designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro in 1974 , sold in North America at the time as the `` Rabbit '' . The Golf eventually became Volkswagen 's most successful model since the Beetle . It was periodically redesigned over its lifetime , with only a few components carried over between generations , entering its seventh generation in 2012 ; the Beetle had only minor refinements of its original design . The Golf did not kill Beetle production , nor did the smaller Polo which was launched a year later . Production of the Beetle continued in smaller numbers at other German factories until 19 January 1978 , when mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico : markets where low operating cost was an important factor . After this shift in production , sales in Europe did not stop , but became very low . Beetle sedans were produced for U.S. markets until July 1977 and for European markets until 1985 , with other companies continuing to import cars produced in Mexico after 1985 . The Beetle convertible / Cabriolet ended production ( as 1979 models ) on January 31 , 1980 . The last Beetle was produced in Puebla , Mexico , in July 2003 . The final batch of 3,000 Beetles were sold as 2004 models and badged as the Última Edición , with whitewall tires , a host of previously discontinued chrome trim , and the choice of two special paint colors taken from the New Beetle . Production in Brazil ended in 1986 , then started again in 1993 and continued until 1996 . The Beetle outlasted most other cars which had adopted the rear - engine , air - cooled layout such as those by Subaru , Fiat , and General Motors . Porsche 's 356 series which originally used some Volkswagen - sourced parts , continued to use the classic rear - engine layout ( which later became water cooled ) in the Porsche 911 996 series , which remains competitive in the second decade of the 21st century . Worldwide end of production ( edit ) `` Última Edición '' ( Final Edition ) in Aquarius Blue ( 2003 ) By 2002 , over 21 million Type 1s had been produced , but by 2003 , annual production had dropped to 30,000 from a peak of 1.3 million in 1971 . VW announced the end of production in June 2003 , citing decreasing demand , and the final original Type 1 VW Beetle ( No. 21,529,464 ) rolled off the production line at Puebla , Mexico , on 30 July 2003 , 65 years after its original launch . This last Beetle , nicknamed El Rey ( Spanish for `` The King '' after a legendary Mexican song by José Alfredo Jiménez ) was delivered to the company 's museum in Wolfsburg , Germany . To celebrate the occasion , Volkswagen marketed a final , special series of 3,000 Beetles marketed as `` Última Edición '' ( Final Edition ) in light blue ( Aquarius Blue ) or beige ( Harvest Moon Beige ) . Each car included the 1.6 engine , whitewall tires , a CD player with four speakers , chrome bumpers , trim , hub caps and exterior mirrors , a Wolfsburg emblem above the front trunk 's handle , chrome glove box badge , body coloured wheels , tinted glass , a rear parcel shelf , and VW Última Edición plaque . A mariachi band serenaded production of the last car . In Mexico , there was an advertising campaign as a goodbye for the Beetle . In one of the ads was a very small parking space on the street , and many big cars tried to use it , but could not . After a while , a sign appears in that parking space saying : `` Es increíble que un auto tan pequeño deje un vacío tan grande '' ( It is incredible that a car so small can leave such a large void ) . Another depicted the rear end of a 1954 Beetle ( the year Volkswagen was established in Mexico ) in the left side of the ad , reading `` Erase una vez ... '' ( Once upon a time ... ) and the last 2003 Beetle in the right side , reading `` Fin '' ( The end ) . There were other ads with the same nostalgic tone . Engine : Fuel - injected ( Bosch Digifant ) four - cylinder horizontally opposed , 1,584 cc , 50 hp ( 37 kW ) , 98.1 N ⋅ m ( 72.4 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2,200 rpm , three - way catalytic converter Rated fuel mileage : 32.5 mpg ( 7.2 L / 100 km ; 39.0 mpg ) Max cruising speed : 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) Brakes : front disc , rear drum Passengers : Five Tank : 40 L ( 11 US gal ; 9 imp gal ) Colours : Aquarius blue , Harvest Moon beige . Prototypes ( edit ) Diesel ( edit ) In 1951 , Volkswagen prototyped a 1.3 L diesel engine . Volkswagen made only two of these naturally aspirated , air - cooled boxer diesel engines , and installed one engine in a Type 1 and another in a Type 2 . The diesel Beetle was time tested on the Nürburgring and achieved 0 -- 100 km / h ( 0 -- 62 mph ) in 60 seconds . Design ( edit ) Illustration of the Beetle 's engine air cooling and exhaust systems The Beetle featured a rear - located , rear - wheel drive , air - cooled four - cylinder , boxer engine in a two - door bodywork featuring a flat front windscreen , accommodating four passengers and providing luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seat -- and offering a coefficient of drag of 0.41 ; to this relatively good CD , the also streamlined rear of car was of help . The bodywork attached with eighteen bolts to its nearly flat chassis which featured a central structural tunnel . Front and rear suspension featured torsion bars along with front stabilizer bar -- providing independent suspension at all wheels . Certain initial features were subsequently revised , including mechanical drum brakes , split - window rear windows , mechanical direction - indicators and the non-synchronized gearbox . Other features , including its distinctive overall shape , endured . In fact , the Beetle was prized for its seemingly unchanged appearance and `` marketed to American consumers as the anti-GM and Ford : ' We do not believe in planned obsolescence . We do n't change a car for the sake of change . ' '' Its engine , transmission , and cylinder heads were constructed of light alloy . An engine oil cooler ( located in the engine fan 's shroud ) ensured optimal engine operating temperature and long engine life , optimized by a thermostat that bypassed the oil cooler when the engine was cold . Later models of the carburetor featured an automatic choke . Engine intake air passed through a metallic filter , while heavier particles were captured by an oil bath . After 1960 , steering featured a hydraulic damper that absorbed steering irregularities . Indicative of the car 's utilitarian design , the interior featured painted metal surfaces , a metal dash consolidating instruments in a single , circular binnacle , adjustable front seats , a fold - down rear seat , optional swing - out rear windows , front windows with pivoting vent windows , heating via air - to - air exchange manifolds operating off the engine 's heat , and a windshield washer system that eschewed the complexity and cost of an additional electric pump and instead received its pressurization from the car 's spare tire ( located in the front luggage compartment ) which was accordingly overinflated to accommodate the washer function . Throughout its production , VW marketed the Beetle with a four - speed manual transmission . From 1961 ( and almost exclusively in Europe ) , VW offered an optional version of the Saxomat semi-automatic transmission : a regular 4 - speed manual transaxle coupled to an electromagnetic clutch with a centrifugal clutch used for idle . Subsequently , ( beginning in 1967 in Europe and 1968 in the United States ) , VW offered an optional semi-automatic transmission ( marketed as Automatic Stick Shift and also called AutoStick , ) which was a 3 - speed manual coupled to an electro - pneumatic clutch and torque converter . While the overall appearance of the Beetle changed little over its life span , it received over 78,000 incremental changes during its production . Evolution and design changes ( edit ) Beetle cabriolet ( edit ) 1960 VW 1200 Cabriolet It was in 1948 that Wilhelm Karmann first bought a VW Beetle sedan and converted it into a four - seated convertible . The Beetle Cabriolet began production in 1949 by Karmann in Osnabrück . After successfully presenting it at VW in Wolfsburg , production started in 1949 . The convertible was more than a Beetle with a folding top . To compensate for the strength lost in removing the roof , the sills were reinforced with welded U-channel rails , a transverse beam was fitted below the front edge of the rear seat cushion , and the side cowl - panels below the instrument panel were double - wall . In addition , the lower corners of the door apertures had welded - in curved gussets , and the doors had secondary alignment wedges at the B - pillar . The top was cabriolet - style with a full inner headliner hiding the folding mechanism and crossbars . In between the two top layers was 1 in ( 25 mm ) of insulation . The rear window was tempered safety glass , and after 1968 , heated . Due to the thickness of the top , it remained quite tall when folded . To enable the driver to see over the lowered top , the inside rearview was mounted on an offset pivot . By twisting the mirror 180 degrees on a longitudinal axis , the mirror glass would raise approximately 2 in ( 5.1 cm ) . The convertible was generally more lavishly equipped than the sedan with dual rear ashtrays , twin map pockets , a visor vanity mirror on the passenger side , rear stone shields , and through 1969 , wheel trim rings . Many of these items did not become available on other Beetles until the advent of the optional `` L '' ( Luxus ) Package of 1970 . After a number of stylistic and technical alterations made to the Karmann cabriolet , ( corresponding to the many changes VW made to the Beetle throughout its history ) , the last of 331,847 cabriolets came off the production line on 10 January 1980 . 1950 -- 1959 models ( edit ) 1956 Volkswagen During this period , a myriad of changes were made throughout the vehicle beginning with the availability of hydraulic brakes and a folding fabric sunroof in 1950 . The rear window of the VW Beetle evolved from a divided or `` split '' oval , to a singular oval . The change occurred between October 1952 and March 1953 . Beetles built during this time were known as a `` Zwitter '' , or `` hybrid '' , as they used the split - window bodyshell with oval - model chrome trim , vent windows and dashboard . 1953 models received a redesigned instrument panel . The one - piece `` Pope 's Nose '' combination license plate / brake light was replaced by a smaller flat - bottomed license plate light . The brake light function was transferred to new heart - shaped lamps located in the top of the taillight housings . In 1954 , Volkswagen added 2 mm to the cylinder bore , increasing the displacement from 1,131 ( 1100 ) cc to 1,192 ( 1200 ) cc . This coincided with upgrades to various key components including a redesign of the crankshaft . This increased power from 30 hp ( 22 kW ; 30 PS ) to 36 hp ( 27 kW ; 36 PS ) and improved the engine 's free revving abilities without compromising torque at lower engine speeds . At the same time , compression ratios were progressively raised as , little by little , the octane ratings of available fuel was raised in major markets during the 1950s and 1960s . In 1955 , the separate brake lights were discontinued and were combined into a new larger taillight housing . The traditional VW semaphore turn signals were replaced by conventional flashing directional indicator lamps for North America . For 1956 , the Beetle received what would become one of its more distinctive features , a set of twin chrome tailpipes . Models for North America gained taller bumper guards and tubular overrider bars . For 1958 , the Beetle received a revised instrument panel , and a larger rectangular rear window replaced the previous oval design . 1960 -- 1969 models ( edit ) 1960 models received a front sway bar along with a hydraulic steering damper . For 1961 , significant technical advances occurred in the form of a new engine and transmission . The engine remained at 1200cc but the power increased to 40 hp ( 30 kW ; 41 PS ) primarily due to an increase in compression ratio to 7.1 : 1 . The carburetor received an electric automatic choke and the transmission was now synchronized on all forward gears . The traditional semaphore turn signals were replaced by conventional flashing directional indicators worldwide . The standard model called the TYPE 111 - 112 , continued to use the 36 hp 1200 engine of the old architecture that dates back to Franz Reimspiess original design of 1937 all the way until the end of the 1965 model year . 1965 standard model in 1965 is called the `` A '' sedan . For 1962 , the Beetle received a mechanical fuel level gauge in place of the former fuel tap . The Standard model continued without a gas gauge until the end of the 1965 model year . At the rear , larger tail lights were introduced incorporating a separate amber turn signal section to meet new European standards ( these turn signals remained red in the US market until 1973 ) . The former hand - pump style windscreen washer was replaced by a new design using compressed air . A Schrader valve located on the washer fluid tank allowed the system to be charged at a filling station to the recommended 35 psi ( 2.4 bar ) . 1964 models could be identified by a widened light housing on the engine lid over the rear license plate , however the standard model continued to use the old teardrop style to the end of the 1965 model run . The largest change to date for the Beetle was in 1965 : the majority of the body stampings were revised , which allowed for significantly larger windows . The windshield increased in area by 11 % and was now slightly curved , rather than flat . Door windows increased accordingly by 6 % ( and door vent window edges were canted slightly back ) , rear side windows 17.5 % , and the rear window 19.5 % . The result was a more open , airy , modern look . For 1966 , the big news was an optional new 1300cc 50 hp ( 37 kW ; 51 PS ) engine in lieu of the previous 1200cc engine that had been the sole engine since 1954 . Models so equipped carried a `` 1300 '' badge on the engine lid . The 1300cc engine was standard for North America . For 1967 , a yet - again larger - displacement engine was made available : 1500cc , 53 hp ( 40 kW ; 54 PS ) at 4,200 rpm . 1200 and 1300 engines continued to be available , as many markets based their taxation on engine size . 1500cc Beetles were equipped with front disc brakes and were identified with a `` VW 1500 '' badge on the engine lid . North America received the 1500 engine as standard equipment , but did not receive front disc brakes . These models were identified by a `` Volkswagen '' badge on the engine lid . The rear suspension was significantly revised including a widened track , softer torsion bars and the addition of a unique Z - configuration equalizing torsion spring . On US , UK and Ireland models , the generator output was increased from 180 to 360 watts , and the entire electrical system was upgraded from 6 volts to 12 volts . The clutch disc also increased in size and changes were made to the flywheel . New equipment included a driver 's armrest on the door and locking buttons on both doors . Safety improvements included two - speed windscreen wipers , reversing lights ( in some markets ) , and a driver 's side mirror . In accord with the newly enacted US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108 , North American models received a dual - circuit brake system , the clear glass headlamp covers were deleted ; the headlamps were brought forward to the leading edge of the front fenders , and the sealed - beam units were exposed and surrounded by chrome bezels . ( Throughout the rest of the world markets the 1967 model sold in Europe et al. still retained the older headlights ( including its counterparts in Latin America -- especially the Brazilian market model retaining the pre-1965 bodystyle ) . Another oddity of the 1967 North American market Beetle is the rear bumper overriders ( towel rails ) -- the overriders have a different shape unlike the older models besides the one - year only engine decklid . 1968 Type 1 1968 was a year of major change . The most noticeable of which were the new larger , higher mounted C - section bumpers . At the rear , new larger taillamps were adopted and were able to accommodate reversing lamps , which were previously separate bumper - mounted units . Beetles worldwide received the ' 67 North American style vertical headlamp placement , but with replaceable - bulb headlamps compliant with ECE regulations rather than the US sealed beams . Other improvements were a new outside gas filler with spring - loaded flap , eliminating the need to open the trunk to refuel . The fuel gauge was integrated with the speedometer and was now electrically actuated rather than cable - operated . The windscreen washer was now pressured by the spare tire , which was to be maintained at a pressure of 42 psi ( 2.9 bar ) . A pressure valve in the connecting hose closed airflow to the fluid reservoir if spare tire pressure fell below 30 psi ( 2.1 bar ) , which was above the recommended pressures for the road tires . A ventilation system was introduced , which drew fresh air into the cabin from louvres on the front decklid . For improved shifting , the shift lever was shortened , stiffened and moved rearward by 78 mm ( 3.1 in ) . A number of safety improvements were made in order to comply with new American safety regulations : these included trigger - operated outside door handles , a secondary front hood latch , collapsing steering column , soft vent window latches , rotary glove compartment latch and instrument panel knobs labeled with pictographs . US models received a padded instrument panel that was optional in other markets . To meet North American head restraint requirements , VW developed the industry 's first high - back bucket seat . The Standard model 111 - 112 , called the 1200 `` A '' still used the 1200 engine but for the first time for Europe it came with a 12 volt system . ' 68 -- ' 69 Automatic StickShift badge A new 3 - speed semi-automatic gear box with torque converter and vacuum - operated clutch became available mid-production year . The semi-automatic models received a vastly improved semi-trailing - arm rear suspension ( also known as `` independent rear suspension '' although the earlier swing axle Beetles were also independent ) and eliminated the need for the equalizing torsion spring . This new rear suspension layout would eventually become an option on later models . Beetles equipped with the automatic were identified with a `` VW Automatic '' badge on the engine lid and a matching decal in the rear window . In North America , the badging and decal were later revised to read , `` Automatic Stick Shift '' . For 1969 , the only exterior change was the fuel filler flap no longer had a finger indentation due to a new interior - mounted fuel door release . For North America , the Beetle received a heated rear window , day / night mirror and the semi-trailing , independent suspension with double jointed swing axles as standard equipment . In other markets , manual transmission models retained a swing axle independent suspension which would continue until the end of German Beetle production . 1970 -- 1979 models ( edit ) In 1970 , a new `` L '' ( Luxus ) Package was introduced including , among other items , twin map pockets , dual rear ashtrays , full carpeting , a passenger - side visor vanity mirror , and rubber bumper moldings . The optional 1500 cc engine now came with an engine lid having two rows of cooling louvers , while the convertible 's engine lid gained two additional sets for a total of four . For North America , the 1500 cc engine was enlarged to 1600 cc engine and produced 57 hp ( 43 kW ; 58 PS ) There were two Beetles for the first time in 1971 , the familiar standard Beetle and a new , larger version , different from the windscreen forward . All Beetles received an engine upgrade : the optional 1500 cc engine was replaced by a 1600 cc with twin - port cylinder heads and a larger , relocated oil cooler . The new engine produced 60 hp ( 45 kW ; 61 PS ) . The ventilation system was improved with the original dash - top vents augmented by a second pair aimed directly at the driver and passenger . For the first time the system was a flow - through design with crescent - shaped air exits fitted behind the rear quarter windows . Airflow could be increased via an optional 2 - speed fan . The standard Beetle was now badged as the VW 1300 ; when equipped with the 1600 engine , it was badged 1300 S , to avoided confusion with the Type 3 , which wore VW 1600 badges . The new , larger Beetle was sold as the 1302 / 1302 S , offering nearly 43 % more luggage capacity , up from 140 liters in front to 260 ( remaining at 140 in back ) A new MacPherson strut front suspension was incorporated , similar to what was used in the Type 4 , and the front track was widened . The new suspension layout allowed the spare tire to be positioned flat under the trunk floor . Although the car had to be lengthened slightly to accomplish this , it allowed a reduction in turning radius . To gain additional trunk volume , the under - dash panel was lowered , allowing the fuel tank to be shifted rearward . From the windscreen back the big Beetle was identical to its smaller progenitor , except for having the also new semi-trailing arm rear suspension as standard equipment . Overall , the bigger Beetle was 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) longer , 35 mm ( 1.4 in ) wider , and rode on a 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) - longer wheelbase . Both Beetles were available with or without the L Package . The convertible was now based on the 1302 body . In North America , the 1302 was marketed as the Super Beetle and came only with the L Package and 1600 cc engine . While it lacked the front disc brakes that normally accompanied the larger motor , it was fitted with brake drums that were slightly larger than the standard Beetle . With the Super Beetle being sold as the premium model in North America , the standard Beetle , while retaining the same 1600 cc engine , was stripped of many of its earlier features in order to reduce the selling price . Bright window and running board moldings disappeared , along with the day / night mirror , horn ring , map pocket , locking glove box and miscellaneous other items . 1972 models had an 11 % larger rear window ( 40 mm ( 1.6 in ) taller ) , and the convertible engine lid with four rows of louvres was now used on all Beetles . Inside the vehicle , a four - spoke energy - absorbing steering wheel was introduced , the windshield wiper / washer knob was replaced in favor of a steering column stalk , and intermittent wipers were a new option available in selected markets . An engine compartment socket for the proprietary VW Diagnosis system was also introduced . The rear luggage area was fitted with a folding parcel shelf . A limited - edition Commemorative model was launched in celebration of the Beetle 's passing the record of the Ford Model T as the world 's most - produced automobile . The Commemorative Beetle was a 1302 LS finished in a special Marathon Blue Metallic paint and unique 4.5 x 15 styled steel wheels . In the U.S. , it was marketed as the Super Beetle Baja Champion SE . 1973 1303 / Super Beetle 1973 -- 74 1303 / Super Beetle `` Big '' 1973 models featured significantly enlarged `` elephant foot '' taillamps mounted in reshaped rear fenders . In the engine bay , the oil - bath air cleaner gave way to a dry element filter , and the generator was replaced with an alternator . The 1302 / Super became the 1303 with a new taller wrap - around windscreen . The changes to the cowl and windshield resulted in slight redesign of the front hood . The instrument panel , formerly shared with the standard Beetle , was all - new and incorporated a raised speedometer pod , rocker - style switches and side - window defrosters . The limited - edition GSR ( Gelb - Schwarzer Renner ; German for `` Yellow - Black Racer '' ) was a 1303 S available only in Saturn Yellow paint equipped with special 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) wide sport wheels fitted with 175 / 70 - 15 Pirelli Cinturato CN36 high - performance radial tires . Front and rear deck lids were finished in matte black , as was all exterior trim with the exception of the chrome headlamp bezels . Inside were corduroy and leatherette high - bolstered sport seats and a small diameter three - spoke steering wheel with padded leather rim and a small red VW logo on the bottom spoke . In North America , the GSR was sold as the Super Beetle Sports Bug . The North American model had body - color deck lids and was available in Marathon Blue Metallic in addition to Saturn Yellow . In some markets , the sport wheels ( in both 4.5 - inch and 5.5 - inch widths ) , sport steering wheel and sport seats became available as stand - alone options . For 1974 , North American models received newly required 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) impact bumpers mounted on self - restoring energy absorbers , which added approximately 25 mm ( 0.98 in ) to the car 's overall length . On the Super Beetle , the steering knuckle , and consequently the lower attachment point of the strut , was redesigned to improve handling and stability in the event of a tire blowout . A limited - edition Big Beetle was introduced based on the 1303 LS . Available in unique metallic paint colors , the car featured styled - steel 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) wide sport wheels wrapped in 175 / 70 - 15 tires , corduroy seat inserts , upgraded loop - pile carpet , wood - look instrument panel trim and a padded steering wheel with bright accents . In the North American market , a limited - edition Sun Bug was introduced as a standard Beetle or Super Beetle . Both were finished in metallic gold and featured styled - steel 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) - wide sport wheels . Inside were brown corduroy and leatherette seats , loop - pile carpet , and padded four - spoke deluxe steering wheel . The Super Beetle Sun Bug included a sliding - steel sunroof . In 1975 , front turn indicators were moved from the top of the front fenders down into the bumper . At the rear , the license plate light housing was now molded of plastic with a ribbed top surface . To comply with tightening emission standards , the 1600 cc engine in Japanese and North American markets received Bosch L - Jetronic fuel injection , a derivative of the Bosch D - Jetronic system formerly used in the VW Type 3 and Type 4 . The injected engine received a new muffler and in California a catalytic converter . This necessitated a bulge in the rear apron under the rear bumper and replaced the distinctive twin `` pea shooter '' tailpipes with a single offset pipe , making injected models identifiable at a glance . 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) bumper - equipped North American models retained fender - top front indicators . The 1303 received rack and pinion steering . In North America , the 1303 / Super Beetle sedan was moved upmarket and was now christened La Grande Bug . Similar to the Big Beetle of 1974 , La Grande Bug was available in blue or green metallic paint in the U.S. and blue , green or gold metallic in Canada and was equipped with the same features as the 1974 Sun Bug . Mid-year , the Love Bug was introduced for North America : based on the standard Beetle , it was available only in Phoenix Red or Ravenna Green ( both colors shared with the VW - Porsche 914 ) with all exterior trim finished in matte black . A price leader , the Love Bug retailed for less than a standard Beetle . The `` Volkswagen '' script on the engine lid of all North American Beetles was replaced with a `` Fuel Injection '' badge . In 1976 , the 1303 / La Grande Bug was discontinued , with the larger body continuing only in convertible form . To make up for the loss in North American markets , the standard Beetle was upgraded , regaining some of the features that were removed in 1971 . In addition , the 2 - speed ventilation fan was included , previously available in North America only on the larger Beetle . The automatic stickshift option was discontinued as well . 1977 models received new front seats with separate head restraints . This was the final model year for the Beetle sedan in North America . The convertible was offered in a `` triple white '' Champagne Edition in Alpine White with white top and interior with the padded deluxe steering wheel , tiger maple wood - grain dash trim and 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) wide sport wheels . Approximately 1,000 Champagne Editions were produced . For 1978 , a new Champagne 2nd Edition convertible was launched , available in blue or red metallic paint with white leatherette interior . Features included the 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) wide styled steel sport wheels , AM / FM radio , analog quartz clock , padded deluxe steering wheel and rosewood - grain instrument panel trim . Approximately 1,100 were produced . In 1979 , VW offered an Epilogue Edition of the convertible in triple black with features similar to the 1978 Champagne Edition . This would be the last year of convertible production worldwide as well as the final year for the Beetle in the USA and Canada . Influences ( edit ) Standard Superior First model of the Standard Superior , as introduced at the IAMA in Berlin in 1933 Josef Ganz designed a car , the `` May Bug '' , that is very similar to the Volkswagen Beetle . Hitler saw the car in 1933 at an auto show . There is a strong resemblance to the Standard Superior , an automobile produced from 1933 to 1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrik of Ludwigsburg , Germany , founded by motorcycle maker Wilhelm Gutbrod and unrelated to the Standard Motor Company of England . These small cars were designed according to the patents by Josef Ganz and featured transverse , two - stroke , two - cylinder engines mounted in front of the rear axle . However , Porsche , two years prior to the Standard Superior 's introduction , had developed the Type 12 for Zündapp , already featuring many design similarities with the Volkswagen Beetle . Tatra Tatra V570 prototype ( 1933 ) The Austrian car designer Hans Ledwinka was a contemporary of Porsche working at the Czechoslovakian company Tatra . In 1931 , Tatra built the V570 prototype , which had an air - cooled flat - twin engine mounted at the rear . This was followed in 1933 by a second V570 prototype with a streamlined body similar to that of the Porsche Type 32 . The rear - engine , rear - wheel drive layout was a challenge for effective air cooling , and during development of the much larger V8 engined Tatra T77 in 1933 Tatra registered numerous patents related to air flow into the rear engine compartment . The use of Tatra 's patented air cooling designs later became one of ten issues for which Tatra filed suit against VW . Both Hitler and Porsche were influenced by the Tatras . Hitler was a keen automotive enthusiast , and had ridden in Tatras during political tours of Czechoslovakia . He had also dined numerous times with Ledwinka . After one of these dinners Hitler remarked to Porsche , `` This is the car for my roads '' . From 1933 onwards , Ledwinka and Porsche met regularly to discuss their designs , and Porsche admitted `` Well , sometimes I looked over his shoulder and sometimes he looked over mine '' while designing the Volkswagen . The Tatra T97 of 1936 had a 1,749 cc , rear - located , rear - wheel drive , air - cooled four - cylinder boxer engine . It cost 5,600 RM and accommodated five passengers in its extensively streamlined four - door body , which provided luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seats . It also featured a similar central structural tunnel found in the Beetle . Just before the start of the Second World War , Tatra had ten legal claims filed against VW for infringement of patents . Although Ferdinand Porsche was about to pay a settlement to Tatra , he was stopped by Hitler who said he would `` solve his problem '' . Tatra launched a lawsuit , but this was stopped when Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938 , resulting in the Tatra factory coming under Nazi administration in October 1938 . The T97 , along with the T57 , were ordered by Hitler to be removed from the Tatra display at the 1939 Berlin Autosalon and Tatra was later directed to concentrate on heavy trucks and diesel engines , with all car models , except for the V8 - engined Tatra T87 , being discontinued . The matter was re-opened after World War II and in 1965 Volkswagen paid Ringhoffer - Tatra 1,000,000 Deutsche Marks in an out of court settlement . Fedden On Sept 28 , 1943 , Roy Fedden , most known by his participation in the Bristol Single Sleeve valve engine research , headed by Harry Ricardo , applied for a British patent ' Improvements related to road vehicles ' , granted GB570814 , July 24 , 1945 , describing a 2 - door , rear - engined car , identical in arrangement and look to VW ' Kafer '. ( 1 ) Introduction to International markets ( edit ) Ireland ( edit ) Main article : History of Volkswagen in Ireland Volkswagen began its involvement in Ireland when in 1949 , Motor Distributors Limited , founded by Stephen O'Flaherty secured the franchise for the country at that year 's Paris Motor Show . In 1950 , Volkswagen Beetles started arriving into Dublin packed in crates in what was termed `` completely knocked down '' ( CKD ) form ready to be assembled . The vehicles were assembled in a former tram depot at 162 Shelbourne Road in Ballsbridge . This is now the premises for Ballsbridge Motors which is still a Volkswagen dealer . The first Volkswagen ever assembled outside Germany was built here . This vehicle is now on display at the Volkswagen Museum in Wolfsburg . United kingdom ( edit ) In 1952 , John Colborne - Baber began to import small numbers of Beetles largely to satisfy demand from US Air Force personnel stationed in Kent . Today , Colborne Garages still hold the Volkswagen franchises for Guildford and Walton - on - Thames . In 1953 J. Gilder & Co. Ltd. in Sheffield , began selling Beetles . Jack Gilder had been fascinated by both the design and engineering of the Beetle when he came across one in Belgium during the war . He applied for the franchise as soon as the opportunity presented itself and became Volkswagen 's representative in the North of England . In 2013 the Gilder Group was acquired by JCT600 . Japan ( edit ) The Type 1 was introduced to Japan in 1953 , and was imported by Yanase dealerships in Japan . Its exterior dimensions and engine displacement were in compliance with Japanese Government regulations , which helped sales . Several Japanese vehicles were introduced after the Beetle was sold in Japan , using an air - cooled engine and rear mounting of the engine , such as the Subaru 360 , or an engine installed in the front , like the Honda N360 , the Suzuki Fronte , and the Mitsubishi Minica . Vietnam ( edit ) Nguyen Hoang Hiep , vice chairman of the National Traffic Safety Committee , reported in 2014 that there were 2.1 million vehicles registered in Vietnam . Volkswagen vehicles have been sold in Vietnam through World Auto since 2007 with an average of 100 units sold each year . International production ( edit ) German production of the Beetle took place initially at the parent Wolfsburg plant until the Golf 's introduction in 1974 , later expanding to the newer Emden and Hanover plants . Volkswagen 's takeover of Auto Union in 1964 saw 60,000 cars per year being produced on the Audi assembly lines in Ingolstadt until 1971 . The last German made cars were assembled at Emden in 1978 , after which the Puebla , Mexico plant became the principal source of Beetle production . Other countries produced Beetles from CKD ( complete knockdown kits ) : Ireland , Thailand , Indonesia , South Africa , Australia , Yugoslavia ( city of Sarajevo ) , and Nigeria have assembled Beetles under license from VW . Beetles produced in Mexico and Brazil had several differences : Brazil ( edit ) 1969 Brazilian 1300 Sedan ( Fusca ) Brazilian assembly of the Beetle , where it is called `` Fusca '' , started in 1953 , with parts imported from Germany . By January 1959 the cars were built in the new São Bernardo do Campo plant , although they originally had 60 % German parts content . By the mid-sixties , the cars had 99.93 % Brazilian parts content , with four German parts of a combined value of about one US dollar still being imported . Production continued until 1986 . In 1993 production resumed and continued to 1996 . The Brazilian version retained the 1958 -- 64 body style ( Europe and U.S. version ) with the thick door pillars and smaller side windows . This body style was also produced in Mexico until 1971 . Around 1973 , all Brazilian Beetles ( 1300 and 1500 series ) were updated with the 1968 - up sheet metal , bumpers , and four - lug rims ; although the five - stud rims and `` bugeye '' headlights were produced as late as 1972 ( the base VW 1200 and 1300 manufactured in Brazil was similar to the 1964 European / U.S. 1200 until the 1970 model year but came with vented wheels since the mid-1960s ) . The 1971 and 1972 1300s had the 1964 - era taillights and headlights , fuel tank , but fitted with the 1968 - up raised bumpers . Brazilian CKD kits were shipped to Nigeria between 1975 and 1987 where Beetles were locally assembled . The Brazilian - produced versions have been sold in neighboring South American nations bordering Brazil , including Argentina , Uruguay , and Peru . The Brazilian Type 1s have four different engines : 1,200 cc , 1,300 cc , 1,500 cc , and 1,600 cc . In the 1970s , Volkswagen made the SP - 2 ( derived from the Type 1 pan and the Type 3 powertrain ) with a 1,700 cc engine ( a bored - out 1,600 cc ) . In Brazil , the Type 1 never received electronic fuel injection , instead retaining carburetors ( one or two one - barrels ) throughout its entire life , although the carburetion differs from engines of different years and specification . The production of the air - cooled engine finally ended in 2006 , after more than 60 years . It was last used in the Brazilian version of the VW Bus , called the `` Kombi '' , and was replaced by a 1.4 L water - cooled engine with a front - mounted cooling system . Volkswagen do Brasil engaged in some string pulling in the early sixties when a law requiring taxis to have four doors and five seats was being considered . After proving that the average taxi fare only carried 1.8 passengers and an overall saving of twenty percent for a smaller two - door car , the Brazilian government relented and the law never entered the books . The Fusca proceeded to have a long career as a taxi in urban Brazil . Southern Rhodesia ( edit ) The Volkswagen Type 1 chassis was used as the basis for a mine - protected APC called the Leopard security vehicle and the Pookie demining vehicle , fielded by the Republic of Rhodesia during the Rhodesian Bush War . Mexico ( edit ) 1995 Mexican Volkswagen Beetle , the last model with chrome moldings . In the picture , the 1995 Jeans Limited Edition . The very last Volkswagen Beetle produced , manufactured in Puebla , Mexico , July 30 , 2003 . Main article : Volkswagen Beetle in Mexico Mexican production began in 1955 because of agreements with companies such as Chrysler in Mexico and the Studebaker - Packard Corporation which assembled cars imported in CKD form . In 1964 , they began to be locally produced . These models have the larger windshield , rear window , door and quarter glass starting in 1972 ; and the rear window from 1965 to 1971 German built models was used on the Mexican models from 1972 to 1985 , when it was replaced with the larger rear window used on 1972 and later German built Beetles . This version , after the mid-1970s , saw little change with the incorporation of electronic ignition in 1988 , an anti-theft alarm system in 1990 , a catalytic converter in 1991 ( as required by law ) , as well as electronic Digifant fuel injection , hydraulic valve lifters , and a spin - on oil filter in 1993 . The front turn signals were located in the bumper instead of the Beetle 's traditional placement on top of the front fenders from the 1977 model year on , as they had been on German Beetles sold in Europe from 1975 onwards . Starting in 1995 , the Mexican Beetle included front disc brakes , an alternator instead of a generator , and front automatic seat belts . During the 1995 model year , the chrome moldings disappeared leaving body colored bumpers and black moldings instead on some models . By the start of the 1996 model year , exterior chrome or matt moldings were dropped altogether and Volkswagen de Mexico ( VWdM ) dropped the Sedan 's flow - through ventilation system with all its fittings , notably the exterior crescent - shaped vents behind the rear side windows the same year . In mid-1996 , front drum brakes and fixed front seat belts were re-launched in a new budget version called the `` Volkswagen Sedán City '' , which was sold alongside the upscale version `` Volkswagen Sedán Clásico '' which had front disc brakes , automatic seat belts , right side mirror , velour upholstery , optional metallic colors and wheel covers in matte finish ( also found on some 1980s Beetles and Buses ) . These two versions were sold until mid 1998 . From mid 1998 -- 2003 , The Sedán Clásico was discontinued and the Sedán City lost its prefix and gained disc brakes , automatic seat belts and optional metallic colors . This last version was named the `` Volkswagen Sedán Unificado '' or simply the `` Volkswagen Sedán '' . A Beetle decorated in the Huichol style of beading now on display at the Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City Independent importers continued to supply several major countries , including Germany , France , and the UK until the end of production in 2003 . Devoted fans of the car even discovered a way to circumvent US safety regulations by placing more recently manufactured Mexican Beetles on the floorpans of earlier , US - registered cars . The Mexican Beetle ( along with its Brazilian counterpart ) was on the US DOT 's ( Department of Transportation ) hot list of grey market imports after 1978 as the vehicle did not meet safety regulations . In the Southwest US ( Arizona , California , New Mexico , Texas ) , Mexican Beetles ( and some Brazilian T2c Transporters ) are a fairly common sight since Mexican nationals can legally operate the vehicle in the United States , provided the cars remain registered in Mexico . Some of the Mexican Beetles have been registered in the United States since the 1998 NHTSA amendment granting the 25 - year cutoff where it ( and its Brazilian counterpart including the T2C ) can be legally registered in any of the 50 states ( this means a 1992 or earlier Mexican Beetle as of 2017 can be registered under the current NHTSA 25 - year cutoff exemption ) . The end of production in Mexico can be attributed primarily to Mexican political measures : the Beetles no longer met emission standards for Mexico City , in which the ubiquitous Beetles were used as taxicabs ; and the government outlawed their use as taxicabs because of rising crime rates , requiring only four - door vehicles be used . The last Vocho taxis in Mexico City were retired at the end of 2012 . In addition , Volkswagen ( now Germany 's largest automaker ) has been attempting to cultivate a more upscale , premium brand image , and the humble Beetle clashed with this identity , as seen in the Touareg and Passat luxury vehicles . In the late 1990s consumers strongly preferred more modern cars such as the Mexican Chevy , the Nissan Tsuru , and the Volkswagen Pointer and Lupo . However , demand for the Beetle was relatively high , especially in the 1990s , with the workforce increasing at the start of the decade . The price of the base model ( without even a radio ) was pegged with the official minimum wage , by an agreement between the company and the government . In 1990 it cost US $5,300 . Australia ( edit ) Official importation of the Volkswagen Beetle into Australia began in 1953 , with local assembly operations commencing the following year . Volkswagen Australia was formed in 1957 , and by 1960 locally produced body panels were being used for the first time . When the European Type One body received the larger windows for the 1965 model year , Volkswagen Australia decided not to update , but continued to produce the smaller - windowed bodies , with unique features to the Australian versions . This was due to the limited size of the market and the costs involved in retooling . Australian content had reached almost 95 % by this time . The Australian subsidiary continued to produce the earlier body style until 1967 , when declining sales forced a switch to CKD assembly using imported components the following year . In 1968 , Volkswagen Australia released its own locally designed utilitarian version of the Type 1 , the Volkswagen Country Buggy or Type 197 . The last Australian - assembled Beetle was produced in July 1976 with assembly of other models ending in February 1977 . All Volkswagens for the Australian market have been fully imported since then . South Africa ( edit ) The Beetle was also produced in South Africa at the Uitenhage plant from 31 August 1951 to 1979 . Several features from the Super Beetle were grafted onto the South African Beetle 1600S , such as curved windshield , new dashboard , and larger taillights , while retaining the Beetle chassis and mechanicals . The 1600 model was introduced to South Africa in 1972 ; it was marketed as the cheapest 1.6 - liter car available there . In late 1976 , the sporty SP 1600 Beetle arrived -- this version received bright red , yellow , or silver paint with black stripes , a front spoiler , wide tyres , and a more powerful engine with twin carburettors and a freer flowing exhaust . The interior was also sporty , with red tartan upholstery , a small steering wheel , and lots of matte black . Power crept up to 43 kW ( 58 PS ; 58 hp ) , from 50 PS . Also new for 1977 were rubber bumper strips for all 1600s , and the same taillights with backup lights were now fitted across the range . The bigger - engined model was then phased out around August 1978 , leaving only the 1300 model in production . Motorsport ( edit ) Drag racing ( edit ) The Beetle has been modified for use in drag racing ; its rearward ( RR layout ) weight distribution keeps the weight over the rear wheels , maximizing grip off the starting line . The car 's weight is reduced for a full competition drag Beetle , further improving the grip and also the power - to - weight ratio . Combined with the Beetle 's RR layout , wheelies can be achieved easily , but time `` in the air '' worsens 1 / 4 mile time . To prevent this , `` wheelie bars '' were added . A notable version , campaigned in the USA was the EMPI Inch Pincher . Formula Vee ( edit ) The Beetle is also used as the basis for the Formula Vee open - wheel racing category : specifically , the front suspension crossmember assembly ( the shock absorber mounts are sometimes removed , depending on regulations in the class ) , and the engine and transaxle assembly ( usually the earlier swing - axle type , not the later double - jointed axle ) . In original 1,200 cc Formula Vee spec , upgrades to the cars would only be allowed sparsely , so that the wheels , tires and engines did n't differ very much from the original Beetle . At the end of the 1960s , Vee Beetle engine output on a single carburetor would reach up to 70 BHP ; top speeds would gradually rise to nearly 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) . In this configuration , FV would become one of the most popular entry - level motorsports classes of its time . Later on , double carbs and more extensive modification would be allowed , leading to the more powerful Super Vee class featuring wings for downforce and 123 bhp ( 92 kW ; 125 PS ) engines , which in the end had fairly little in common with the original VW Beetle . Around 2000 , worldwide Vee racing had re-established itself as a 1,200 / 1,300 cc beginner class with wingless cars and VW engines outputting about 60 bhp ( 45 kW ; 61 PS ) , but incorporating more modern chassis and tyres . Uniroyal Fun Cup ( edit ) Volkswagen Beetle - style bodies are fitted to space frame racing chassis , and are used in the Uniroyal Fun Cup , which includes the longest continuous motor - race in the world , the 25 Hours of Spa . It is an affordable entry - level series that gentleman drivers race . Rally and rallycross ( edit ) Especially the Austrian sole distributor Porsche Salzburg ( now Porsche Austria ) seriously entered the Volkswagen in local and European contests in the 1960s and early 1970s . Starting with the VW 1500 , in the mid-1960s the peak of their racing performance was achieved with the VW 1302S and VW 1303S ( known as the Salzburg Rally Beetle ) from 1971 to 1973 . The vehicles were entered in such famous races as TAP ( Portugal ) , Austrian Alpine , Elba , Acropolis etc . Drivers were top performers such as Tony Fall ( GB ) , Guenter Janger ( AUT ) , Harry Källström ( S ) , Achim Warmbold ( D ) , Franz Wurz ( A ) , etc . The engines were highly modified 1600 's delivering 125 hp ( 93 kW ) , later on mated to a Porsche 914 five - speed manual gearbox . Victories were achieved in 1973 on Elba for overall and class , Acropolis for class ( 5th overall ) , Austrian championship 1972 , 1973 January Rallye for overall and class . Rally of 1000 minutes for overall 2nd ( 1st in class ) . The fuel crisis , along with the arrival of the Volkswagen Golf ( Rabbit ) , put an end to the days of unofficially supported rallying in 1974 . All vehicles either used for training or actual racing were sold off to privateers , many kept racing with noticeable results until the early 1980s . Trans - Am series ( edit ) Beetles were used in the Trans - Am Series for the two - litre class from 1966 to 1967 and again in 1972 . Armstrong 500 ( edit ) A Volkswagen won its class in the Armstrong 500 in Australia in both 1962 and 1963 . Baja 1000 ( edit ) Baja Bug - style modified Beetle The Baja 1000 off - road race in the Baja California Peninsula , Mexico includes specific vehicle classes for both standard Beetles and Baja Bugs . These can be seen in the documentary movie Dust to Glory . The classes are : Class 5 : Unlimited Baja Bugs Class 5 - 1600 : 1,600 cc Baja Bugs Class 11 : Stock VW sedans Beetle Challenge ( edit ) The Beetle Challenge is a UK - based circuit racing championship for classic air - cooled Volkswagen Beetles . The general concept is to take any Beetle , of any age or model from the 40s through to 1303s , and with minimal restrictions , allowing parts from various years to be interchanged , and of course the cars being prepared to the MSA safety requirements ( cage , restraints , fire system etc . ) Essentially the cars must be air - cooled Beetles ( any age and parts can be swapped between years and models ) , with a 15 - inch x 6 - inch max wheel size with a control tyre . Engines must be based on a Type 1 case , with no electronic fuel injection or ignition and no forced induction , with an unlimited capacity . Other regulations apply . See also ( edit ) Design portal 1940 KDF - wagen ( Volkswagen Beetle ) tin - plate toy , by the Nuremberg toymaker Georg Fischer , displayed in the Museum der Arbeit , Hamburg , Germany Black Current Cal looker Cal - Style VW Herbie , a famous Volkswagen Beetle . List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1 Meyers Manx Punch buggy Steyr 50 Trabant Volksrod Volkswagen advertising Volksworld ( magazine ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Vienna University of Technology awarded Porsche an honorary doctorate as `` Doktor Ingenieur Honoris Causa '' in 1916 . Jump up ^ `` Car where they can stay two soldiers with a machine gun , or two parents and one child . '' ( Hitler 's orders to Porsche ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full line '' . The samba ( brochure ) . Canada . 1970 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Beetle Sedan and Convertible '' . The samba ( sales brochure ) . US . 1971 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Volkswagens '' , www.clubvw.org.au Retrieved on 26 February 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Super Beetle '' . The Samba ( brochure ) ( in German ) . 1973 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www.thesamba.com Retrieved 5 January 2017 Jump up ^ Oswald , Werner ( 2003 ) . Deutsche Autos 1945 -- 1990 , Band 3 . Stuttgart : Motorbuch . p. 39 . ISBN 3 - 613 - 02116 - 1 . Jump up ^ Teksti Tm ( 2004 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Oi niitä aikoja : Aikamoinen Kupla '' . Tekniikanmaailma.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chips Yap ( 3 January 2007 ) . `` History of Volkswagen in Malaysia '' . PROTO Malaysia . Archived from the original on 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Volkswagen Super Escarabajo ( VE ) '' . Dkarros . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Quattroruote Speciale : Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1967 ( in Italian ) . Milano : Editoriale Domus S.p.A. February 1967 . pp. 296 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` TheSamba.com : : VW Archives - 1970 VW Beetle Sales Brochure '' . www.thesamba.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beetle Sheet '' . ^ Jump up to : Scott Faragher ( 2005 ) . Porsche The Ultimate Guide : Everything You Need to Know About Every Porsche Ever Built . Krause Publications . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87349 - 720 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Wood ( 2003 ) . The Volkswagen Beetle . Osprey Publishing . pp. 3 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tim ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` The Bug Doctor : Former dealership mechanic opened a shop to work on VWs in 1973 and never looked back '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Archived from the original on 4 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BMC 's Mini : The Background story : Part one : The Volkswagen cometh '' . Small Car : 42 -- 47 . January 1965 . Jump up ^ Cobb , James G. ( December 24 , 1999 ) . `` This Just In : Model T Gets Award '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Price , Ryan Lee ( 2003 ) . The VW Beetle : A Production History of the World 's Most Famous Car , 1936 -- 1967 . Penguin . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 55788 - 421 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Real Story Behind The Nazis And Volkswagen -- Jalopnik ^ Jump up to : Mroz , Albert ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Volkswagen Beetle '' . Warfare History Network . Sovereign Media . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Was the Rise of Car Ownership Responsible for the Midcentury Homeownership Boom in the US -- Old Urbanist Jump up ^ Augstein , Rudolf , ed. ( 10 August 1955 ) . `` In König Nordhoffs Reich '' . Der Spiegel . p. 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen Beetle History 1938 to 2003 ( abridged ) '' . Last edition Beetle . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The samba '' . 2003 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of the Beetle -- The Earliest Beginnings pt. 1 '' . Wheelspin . London & Thames Valley VW Club . December 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Chris ( 2003 ) . Birth of the Beetle : the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche . Haynes Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85960 - 959 - 7 . 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Beutler , Ghia Aigle , Joseph Hebmüller & Söhne , Drews , Wendler . Delius Klasing 2007 , ISBN 3 - 768 - 81971 - X Jump up ^ Center for Auto Safety ( 1972 ) . Small on Safety : The designed - in dangers of the Volkswagen . ISBN 978 - 0670652495 . ^ Jump up to : Beetle VIN / Chassis Numbers - TheSamba.com `` Beetle VIN / Chassis Numbers - TheSamba.com '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Am 9 . Juli wird die Produktion des VW Käfer in Mexiko eingestellt ... '' . Auto Motor u . Sport . Heft 13 2003 : Seite 10 . 11 June 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican VW Beetle TV Ad '' . Google . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Diesel Beetle '' . ltv-vwc.org.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Daniel ( 2012 ) . `` From Obsolescence to Sustainability , Back Again , and Beyond '' . Design and Culture . 4 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` Käfer 1200 Limousine ( 1954 -- 1973 ) : Modellpflege '' ( Beetle 1200 sedan ( 1954 -- 1973 ) : Model changes ) . Volkswagen Classic ( in German ) . 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The Beetle : The Chronicles of the People 's Car . Haynes Publishing Group . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Volkswagen of America ( 1988 ) . The Beetle : The Chronicles of the Peoples ' Car . Haynes Publishing . p. 140 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Marathon Beetle - All the VW Beetle Special Editions '' . SE Beetles. 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen logo History '' . TheCarBrands.com. 2 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler stole Beetle design from a Jew '' . Hindustan Times . 16 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ludvigsen , Karl ( 2000 ) . Battle for the Beetle . Cambridge , MA : R. Bentley . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 8376 - 0071 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief History of Tatra '' . UKCar . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tatra oldtimer : T77 '' . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mantle , Jonathan ( 1997 ) , Car Wars , Arcade Jump up ^ Schmarbeck , Wolfgang ( 1997 ) . Hans Ledwinka : Seine Autos - Sein Leben ( in German ) . Graz : H. Weishaupt Verlag . p. 174 . ISBN 3 - 900310 - 56 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brian Carey ( 14 September 2003 ) . `` Motor moguls facing end of an era '' . Sunday Tribune . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Motor Moguls '' . Irish Independent . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . `` Michael and Nigel O'Flaherty '' . Rich List 2003 . UK : Sunday Times . Retrieved 11 June 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Speech by Minister Cowen in Frankfurt '' . Dept of Foreign Affairs . 6 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Volkswagen Timeline '' . Vollkswagen Group UK . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Quang Thong . `` Vietnam sees faster - than - expected growth of motorbikes '' . Thanh Nien . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Volkswagen assemble cars in Vietnam ? '' . Vietnam Net Bridge . VIETNAMNET Bridge . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner , Philip ( 24 July 1971 ) . `` Turner 's Travel ( to Wolfsburg ) '' . Motor : 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Volkswagens of the World ^ Jump up to : `` VW - Tochter : Erfolg mit Fusca '' ( VW - daughter : Fusca success ) . Der Stern ( in German ) . Rudolf Augstein ( 39 ) : 136 . 1966 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ VW - Tochter : Erfolg mit Fusca , p. 137 Jump up ^ Shea , Terry ( June 2012 ) . `` Vochos No Mas '' . Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car . Bennington , VT : Hemmings Motor News . 7 ( 10 ) : 48 . ISSN 1555 - 6867 . Jump up ^ Uhlig , Mark A. ( 20 October 1990 ) . `` Mexico City Journal ; Miss the VW Bug ? It Lives Beyond the Rio Grande '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 1965 - 1969 - Club VeeDub '' . Clubvw.org.au . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Volkswagens , www.clubvw.org.au Retrieved 25 March 2018 ^ Jump up to : Howard , Tony ( December 1976 ) . `` New VWs reflect determinedly cheerful mood '' . SA Motor . Cape Town , South Africa : Scott Publications : 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Cotter '' ( August 1978 ) . Wright , Cedric , ed. `` by the way '' . CAR ( South Africa ) . Vol. 22 no . 7 . Ramsay , Son & Parker ( Pty ) ltd . p. 9 . Jump up ^ VW Beetle drag racing video Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . -- in Norwegian Jump up ^ `` Formula Vee Specifications '' . Formulavee.us . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Beetle Challenge '' . Beetle Challenge . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Hiott , Andrea , Thinking Small : The Long Strange Trip . New York : Random House , 2012 . Nelson , Walter Henry , Small Wonder : The Amazing Story of the Volkswagen , Boston : Little , Brown , 1967 . Rieger , Bernhard , The People 's Car : A Global History of the Volkswagen Beetle . Harvard University Press , 2013 . Ivan Margolius & John G Henry , Tatra - The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka , Dorchester : Veloce , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 845847 - 99 - 9 . Copping , Richard , VW Beetle : The Car of the 20th Century , ISBN 978 - 1 - 901295 - 863 , 2014 . Imseng , Dominik . Ugly Is Only Skin - Deep : The Story of the Ads That Changed the World . Matador , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1785893179 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volkswagen Type 1 . Volkswagen Beetle at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Beetle : From Hitler to Hippies : slideshow by Life History of the Volkswagen Super Beetle Volkswagen passenger cars A marque of the Volkswagen Group Current Cars Ameo Arteon / CC Beetle Bora Fox Gol Golf Jetta Lamando Lavida Santana Passat B8 / Magotan Passat NMS Phideon Polo Up Vento Voyage SUVs / Crossovers Atlas / Teramont CrossFox CrossPolo CrossGolf / Golf AllTrack CrossTouran Passat AllTrack T - Roc Tiguan Touareg Vans Caddy Sharan Suran Touran Pick - up trucks / Utilities Amarok Saveiro Discontinued vehicles Aircooled 181 411 / 412 ( Type 4 ) 1500 / 1600 ( Type 3 ) Beetle ( Type 1 ) Brasília Country Buggy ( Sakbayan ) Hebmüller Cabriolet Karmann Ghia Kommandeurswagen Kübelwagen Schwimmwagen SP2 Voyage Type 18A Type 147 ( Fridolin ) VW - Porsche 914 Watercooled Apollo Citi Golf Corrado Gol Eos Iltis K70 Lupo New Beetle Parati Phaeton Pointer / Logus Routan Saveiro Scirocco Voyage Concept vehicles 1 - Litre / L1 / XL1 Concept Alltrack Concept ARVW Bio Runner BUDD - e Bulli Concept C Coupe GTE Chico Concept A Concept BlueSport Concept D Concept R CrossBlue Concept Cross Coupe concept EcoRacer EDAG Biwak ( New Beetle estate ) GTI Roadster / Supersport Vision Gran Turismo GX3 I.D. I.D. Buzz I.D. Crozz Iroc Microbus Concept Milano Taxi New Beetle Ragster New Compact Coupé Stanley Taigun Concept Touran HyMotion W12 Coupe / Roadster ( Nardò ) VW - based kit - cars / racing cars Polo R WRC Formula Vee Baja Bug Meyers Manx EMPI Imp Engines Petrol engines Discontinued petrol engines G40 / G60 Diesel engines Discontinued diesel engines North American engines Air - cooled engine Wasserboxer Factories Bratislava Chattanooga Transparent Factory Other Emissions scandal 4Motion Advertising Fahrvergnügen AutoMuseum Volkswagen BlueMotion Deutsche Arbeitsfront G - Lader Herbie Platforms Westfalia Camper Volkswagen Passenger Cars , a marque of the Volkswagen Group , car timeline , European market , 1950 -- 1979 -- next '' Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Economy car Beetle ( Type 1 ) Supermini Polo I Derby I Small family car Type 3 Golf I Large family car Type 4 K70 ( NSU ) Passat I Coupé Karmann Ghia Scirocco I Type 34 Karmann Ghia VW - Porsche 914 Utility vehicle Type 181 Kurierwagen / Trekker Deutsche Arbeitsfront ( Founder ) Volkswagen corporate website A marque of the Volkswagen Group Volkswagen Passenger Cars , a marque of the Volkswagen Group , car timeline , North American market , 1950 -- 1979 -- next '' Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Economy Beetle ( Type 1 ) Compact Fastback / Squareback ( Type 3 ) Rabbit I Dasher Mid-size Type 4 K70 ( NSU ) Coupé Karmann Ghia Scirocco I Convertible Beetle Convertible Karmann Ghia Convertible 181 Thing / Safari Van Microbus ( Type 2 - T1 ) Microbus ( Type 2 - T2 ) Deutsche Arbeitsfront ( founder ) Volkswagen corporate website A marque of the Volkswagen Group Volkswagen Group of America , Inc . Volkswagen Group of America corporate website North American Volkswagen engines `` previous -- Volkswagen Passenger Cars , a marque of the Volkswagen Group , car timeline , European market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Economy car Beetle City car Lupo Fox Up Supermini Polo / Derby I Polo / Derby II Polo III Polo IV Polo V Small family car Golf I Golf II Golf III Golf IV Golf V Golf VI Golf VII Jetta I Jetta II Vento Bora Jetta V Jetta VI New Beetle Beetle Large family car Passat I Passat II / Santana Passat III Passat IV Passat V Passat VI Passat VII Passat VIII Passat CC CC Arteon Luxury car Phaeton Coupé Scirocco I Scirocco II Scirocco III Corrado Convertible Golf I Cabriolet Golf III Cabriolet Golf VI Cabriolet New Beetle Cabriolet Beetle Cabriolet Eos Compact MPV Golf Plus Golf Sportsvan Touran I Touran II Large MPV Sharan I Sharan II SUV T - Roc Tiguan I Tiguan II Touareg I Touareg II Deutsche Arbeitsfront ( founder ) A marque of the Volkswagen Group 4motion G40 / G60 Volkswagen Passenger Cars , a marque of the Volkswagen Group , car timeline , South American market , 1980 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Economy car Fusca ( Type 1 ) Fusca ( Type 1 ) up ! 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8057366203415601013 | Geography of South Korea | Geography of South Korea - wikipedia Geography of South Korea Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 36 ° N 128 ° E / 36 ° N 128 ° E / 36 ; 128 Map of South Korea South Korea is located in East Asia , on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass . The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea , lying to the north with 238 kilometres ( 148 mi ) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone . South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres ( 1,499 mi ) of coast line along three seas ; to the west is the Yellow Sea ( known in Korea as West Sea ) , to the south is the East China Sea , and to the east is the Sea of Japan ( known in Korea as East Sea ) . Geographically , South Korea 's land mass is approximately 100,032 square kilometres ( 38,623 sq mi ) . 290 square kilometres ( 110 sq mi ) of South Korea are occupied by water . The approximate coordinates are 37 ° North , 127 ° 30 East . Notable islands include Jeju Island ( Jejudo ) , Ulleung Island ( Ulleungdo ) , and Liancourt Rocks ( Dokdo , known in Japan as Takeshima ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Land area and borders 2 Topography and drainage 3 Climate 4 Resources and land use 5 Environmental concerns 6 References 7 See also Land area and borders ( edit ) Further information : Korean Peninsula Satellite image of South Korea . The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the northeast part of the Asian continental landmass . The Japanese islands of Honshū and Kyūshū are located some 200 km ( 124 mi ) to the southeast across the Korea Strait ; the Shandong Peninsula of China lies 190 kilometers to the west . The west coast of the peninsula is bordered by the Korea Bay to the north and the Yellow Sea and Korea Strait to the south ; the east coast is bordered by the Sea of Japan . The 8,640 - kilometer coastline is highly indented . Some 3,579 islands lie adjacent to the peninsula . Most of them are found along the south and west coasts . The line between the two Korean states was the thirty - eighth parallel of latitude . After the Korean War , the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) formed the boundary between the two . The DMZ is a heavily guarded , 4,000 - meter - wide strip of land that runs along the Demarcation line established by the Korean Armistice Agreement , from the east to the west coasts for a distance of 241 kilometers ( 238 kilometers of that line form the land boundary with North Korea ) . The total land area of the peninsula , including the islands , is 223,170 square kilometers . Some 44.8 percent ( 100 210 square kilometers ) of this total , excluding the area within the DMZ , constitutes the territory of the Republic of Korea . The combined territories of North Korea and South Korea are about the same size as the U.S. state of Minnesota . South Korea alone is about the size of Portugal or Hungary . The largest island , Jeju - do , lies off the southwest corner of the peninsula and has a land area of 1,825 square kilometers . Other important islands include Ulleung and Liancourt Rocks in the Sea of Japan and Ganghwa Island at the mouth of the Han River . Although the eastern coastline of South Korea is generally unindented , the southern and western coasts are jagged and irregular . The difference is caused by the fact that the eastern coast is gradually rising , while the southern and western coasts are subsiding . Topography and drainage ( edit ) Topography of South Korea Earthquake epicenter map in South Korea from Jan 2000 ( M2. 0 or higher ) . Early European visitors to Korea remarked that the land resembled `` a sea in a heavy gale '' because of the large number of successive mountain ranges that crisscross the peninsula . The highest mountains are in North Korea . The highest mountain peak in South Korea is Hallasan ( 1,950 m ) , which is the cone of a volcanic formation constituting Jeju Island . There are three major mountain ranges within South Korea : the Taebaek Mountains , and Sobaek ranges , and the Jiri Massif . Unlike Japan or the northern provinces of China , the Korean Peninsula is geologically stable . There are no active volcanoes ( aside from Baekdu Mountain on the border between North Korea and China , most recently active in 1903 ) , and there have been no strong earthquakes . Historical records , however , describe volcanic activity on Mount Halla during the Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 -- 1392 ) . South Korea has no extensive plains ; its lowlands are the product of mountain erosion . Approximately 30 percent of the area of South Korea consists of lowlands , with the rest consisting of uplands and mountains . The great majority of the lowland area lies along the coasts , particularly the west coast , and along the major rivers . The most important lowlands are the Han River plain around Seoul , the Pyeongtaek coastal plain southwest of Seoul , the Geum River basin , the Nakdong River basin , and the Yeongsan River and the Honam plains in the southwest . A narrow littoral plain extends along the east coast . The Nakdong is South Korea 's longest river ( 521 kilometers ) . The Han River , which flows through Seoul , is 514 kilometers long , and the Geum River is 401 kilometers long . Other major rivers include the Imjin , which flows through both North Korea and South Korea and forms an estuary with the Han River ; the Bukhan , a tributary of the Han that also flows out of North Korea ; and the Somjin . The major rivers flow north to south or east to west and empty into the Yellow Sea or the Korea Strait . They tend to be broad and shallow and to have wide seasonal variations in water flow . In the early part of 20th century and especially the period during and after World War II and the Korean War , much of the existing Korean forests were cut down , which led to problems with flooding and soil erosion . Combination of reforestation efforts ( e.g. Arbor day was celebrated as a national holiday starting in 1949 ) and policies designed to reduce use of firewood as a source of energy ( e.g. restriction of inflow of firewood into Seoul and other major cities starting in 1958 ) helped to spark a recovery in the 1950s . Comprehensive reforestation programs starting in the 1970s and continuing into the late 1990s aided in an acceleration of forest volume increase , and the forest cover reached a peak of 65 % of national land area in 1980 as opposed to a low of 35 % in 1955 . News that North Korea was constructing a huge multipurpose dam at the base of Geumgangsan ( 1,638 m ) north of the DMZ caused considerable consternation in South Korea during the mid-1980s . South Korean authorities feared that once completed , a sudden release of the dam 's waters into the Pukhan River during north - south hostilities could flood Seoul and paralyze the capital region . During 1987 the Geumgangsan Dam was a major issue that Seoul sought to raise in talks with Pyongyang . Though Seoul completed a `` Peace Dam '' on the Pukhan River to counteract the potential threat of Pyongyang 's dam project before the 1988 Olympics , the North Korean project apparently still was in its initial stages of construction in 1990 . Maritime claims : territorial sea : 12 nmi ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) ; between 3 nmi ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) and 12 nmi ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) in the Korea Strait contiguous zone : 24 nmi ( 44.4 km ; 27.6 mi ) exclusive economic zone : 200 nmi ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) continental shelf : not specified Elevation extremes : lowest point : Sea level 0 m highest point : Hallasan 1,950 m Climate ( edit ) South Korea map of Köppen climate classification . Satellite image of Korean Peninsula on 3 January 2010 , before a record snowfall since 1937 in Seoul area Part of the East Asian Monsoon region , South Korea has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons . The movement of air masses from the Asian continent exerts greater influence on South Korea 's weather than does air movement from the Pacific Ocean . Winters are usually long , cold , and dry , whereas summers are short , hot , and humid . Spring and autumn are pleasant but short in duration . Seoul 's mean temperature in January is − 5 to − 2.5 ° C ( 23.0 to 27.5 ° F ) ; in July the mean temperature is about 22.5 to 25 ° C ( 72.5 to 77.0 ° F ) . Because of its southern and seagirt location , Jeju Island has warmer and milder weather than other parts of South Korea . Mean temperatures on Jeju range from 2.5 ° C ( 36.5 ° F ) in January to 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) in July . The country generally has sufficient rainfall to sustain its agriculture . Rarely does less than 750 millimeters ( 29.5 in ) of rain fall in any given year ; for the most part , rainfall is over 1,000 millimeters ( 39.4 in ) . Amounts of precipitation , however , can vary from year to year . Serious droughts occur about once every eight years , especially in the rice - producing southwestern part of the country . About two - thirds of the annual precipitation occurs between June and September . South Korea is less vulnerable to typhoons than Japan , Taiwan , the east coast of China , or the Philippines . From one to three typhoons can be expected per year . Typhoons usually pass over South Korea in late summer , especially in August , and bring torrential rains . Flooding occasionally causes considerable damage , as do landslides , given the country 's generally mountainous terrain . In September 1984 , record floods caused the deaths of 190 people and left 200,000 homeless . This disaster prompted the North Korean government to make an unprecedented offer of humanitarian aid in the form of rice , medicine , clothes , and building materials . South Korea accepted these items and distributed them to flood victims . Graphically the seasons can be represented this way : Month Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Rainfall DRY RAINY / SNOWY Temperature COLD HOT COOL Season Cold Dry Hot Dry Rainy Resources and land Use ( edit ) Natural resources : South Korea produces coal , tungsten , graphite , molybdenum , lead , and has potential for hydropower . Land use : arable land : 15.3 % permanent crops : 2.2 % permanent pasture : 0.6 % forest : 63.9 % other : 18.0 % ( 2011 ) Irrigated land : 8,804 km2 ( 2003 ) Total renewable water resources : 69.7 km Freshwater withdrawal ( domestic / industrial / agricultural ) total : 25.47 km / yr ( 26 % / 12 % / 62 % ) per capita : 548.7 m / yr ( 2003 ) Environmental concerns ( edit ) Natural hazards : There are occasional typhoons that bring high winds and floods . There is also low - level seismic activity , which is common in the southwest . Volcanism : Hallasan ( elev . 1,950 m ) is considered historically active although it has not erupted in many centuries . Earthquake activity is minimal , however , since 2016 there have been two earthquakes over 5.4 magnitude . Environment - current issues : Habitat loss and degradation , especially of wetlands , through coastal reclamation ( e.g. Saemangeum , Shiwa , Song Do , Namyang Bay , Asan Bay , in the south - west , Gwangyang Bay and the Nakdong Estuary ) have caused huge declines in fisheries and of biodiversity . Most riverine wetland in Korea is now threatened by the proposed Grand Korean Waterway project . There are also some problems air pollution in large cities ; as well as water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents . Drift netting is another issue . Environment - international agreements : party to : Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , Antarctic - Marine Living Resources , Antarctic Treaty , Biodiversity , Climate Change , Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution ( MARPOL 73 / 78 ) , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , Whaling signed , but not ratified : none of the selected agreements References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . Jump up ^ Korea 's Geography ( Land , Territory ... ) ^ Jump up to : Bae JS , Joo RW , Kim YS ( 2012 ) . `` Forest transition in South Korea : Reality , path and drivers '' . Land Use Policy . 29 ( 1 ) : 198 -- 207 . doi : 10.1016 / j. landusepol. 2011.06. 007 . Jump up ^ Kim EG , Kim DJ ( 2005 ) . `` Historical Changes and Characteristics of Rehabilitation , Management and Utilization of Forest Resources in South Korea '' . Journal of Mountain Science . 2 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( 30 Sep 1984 ) . `` North Korea Delivers Flood Aid Supplies to the South '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 Feb 2018 . See also ( edit ) Extreme points of South Korea List of national parks of South Korea List of islands of Korea List of lakes of Korea List of rivers of Korea List of mountains in Korea Geography of North Korea List of Korea - related topics Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Climate of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_South_Korea&oldid=838284372 '' Categories : Geography of South Korea Geography of Korea Geography of Asia by country Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Македонски Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the neighboring countries of south korea | [
"South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coast line along three seas; to the west is the Yellow Sea (known in Korea as West Sea), to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is the Sea of Japan (known in Korea as East Sea). Geographically, South Korea's land mass is approximately 100,032 square kilometres (38,623 sq mi).[1] 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of South Korea are occupied by water. The approximate coordinates are 37° North, 127° 30 East. Notable islands include Jeju Island (Jejudo), Ulleung Island (Ulleungdo), and Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo, known in Japan as Takeshima)."
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"North Korea"
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3819817279092855540 | Great Lakes | Great Lakes - wikipedia Great Lakes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Great Lakes of North America . For the African Great Lakes , see African Great Lakes . For the region , see Great Lakes region . For other uses of this term , see Great Lakes ( disambiguation ) . Satellite image of the Great Lakes , April 24 , 2000 Terra MODIS image of the Great Lakes , January 27 , 2005 , showing ice beginning to build up around the shores of each of the lakes , with snow on the ground . Location in North America The Great Lakes ( French : les Grands - Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada -- United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . Consisting of Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron ( or Michigan -- Huron ) , Erie , and Ontario , they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second largest by total volume containing 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94,250 square miles ( 244,106 km ) , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5,439 cubic miles ( 22,671 km ) . Due to their sea - like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area , and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis . The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major highway for transportation , migration and trade , and they are home to a large number of aquatic species . Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade , and some threaten the region 's biodiversity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Bathymetry 1.2 Primary connecting waterways 1.3 Lake Michigan -- Huron 1.4 Other significant bodies of water 1.5 Islands 1.6 Shipping connection to the ocean 1.7 Water levels 2 Name origins 3 Statistics 4 Geology 5 Climate 5.1 Lake effect 6 Ecology 6.1 Fauna 6.2 Flora 6.3 Pollution 7 History 8 Economy 8.1 Shipping 8.2 Drinking water and compact 8.3 Recreation 8.4 Great Lakes passenger steamers 8.5 Shipwrecks 9 Legislation 9.1 Coast Guard live fire exercises 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Geography ( edit ) A map of the Great Lakes Basin showing the five sub-basins within . Left to right they are : Superior ( lavender ) ; Michigan ( cyan / light blue ) ; Huron ( green ) ; Erie ( yellow ) ; Ontario ( blue ) . Though the five lakes reside in separate basins , they form a single , naturally interconnected body of fresh water , within the Great Lakes Basin . The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean . From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River , water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan , southward to Erie , and finally northward to Lake Ontario . The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers , and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands . There are also several thousand smaller lakes , often called `` inland lakes , '' within the basin . The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom , while the surface area of the entire basin ( the lakes and the land they drain ) is about the size of the UK and France combined . Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States ; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada . The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes : Ontario does not border Lake Michigan , and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario . New York and Wisconsin 's jurisdictions extend into two lakes , and the remaining states into one of the lakes . Bathymetry ( edit ) Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Superior Surface area 9,910 sq mi ( 25,700 km ) 23,000 sq mi ( 60,000 km ) 22,300 sq mi ( 58,000 km ) 7,340 sq mi ( 19,000 km ) 31,700 sq mi ( 82,000 km ) Water volume 116 cu mi ( 480 km ) 850 cu mi ( 3,500 km ) 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) 393 cu mi ( 1,640 km ) 2,900 cu mi ( 12,000 km ) Elevation 571 ft ( 174 m ) 577 ft ( 176 m ) 577 ft ( 176 m ) 246 ft ( 75 m ) 600.0 ft ( 182.9 m ) Average depth 62 ft ( 19 m ) 195 ft ( 59 m ) 279 ft ( 85 m ) 283 ft ( 86 m ) 483 ft ( 147 m ) Maximum depth 210 ft ( 64 m ) 748 ft ( 228 m ) 925 ft ( 282 m ) 804 ft ( 245 m ) 1,333 ft ( 406 m ) Major settlements Buffalo , NY Erie , PA Cleveland , OH Lorain , OH Toledo , OH Sandusky , OH Alpena , MI Bay City , MI Owen Sound , ON Port Huron , MI Sarnia , ON Chicago , IL Gary , IN Green Bay , WI Sheboygan , WI Milwaukee , WI Kenosha , WI Racine , WI Muskegon , MI Traverse City , MI Hamilton , ON Kingston , ON Mississauga , ON Oshawa , ON Rochester , NY Toronto , ON Duluth , MN Marquette , MI Sault Ste . Marie , MI Sault Ste . Marie , ON Superior , WI Thunder Bay , ON Relative elevations , average depths , maximum depths , and volumes of the Great Lakes . Notes : The area of each rectangle is proportionate to the volume of each lake . All measurements at Low Water Datum . Source : EPA System profile of the Great Lakes . Great Lakes bathymetry . As the surfaces of Lakes Superior , Huron , Michigan , and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level , while Lake Ontario is significantly lower , and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation , the four upper lakes are commonly called the `` upper great lakes '' . This designation , however , is not universal . Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as `` the lower lakes '' , because they are farther south . Sailors of bulk freighters transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan , Huron , and Superior as the upper lakes . This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as `` down south '' and the others as `` up north '' . Vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered `` upbound '' even though they are sailing toward its effluent current . Primary connecting waterways ( edit ) Chicago on Lake Michigan is in the western part of the lakes megalopolis , and the site of the waterway linking the lakes to the Mississippi River valley Detroit on the Detroit River links the region 's central metropolitan areas . Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the Great Lakes Megalopolis The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man - made alterations and canals . The St. Marys River , including the Soo Locks , connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron . The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron ( which are hydrologically one ) . The St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair . The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie . The Niagara River , including Niagara Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The Welland Canal , bypassing the Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The Saint Lawrence River and the Saint Lawrence Seaway connect Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence , which connects to the Atlantic Ocean . Lake Michigan -- Huron ( edit ) Main article : Lake Michigan -- Huron Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake , called Lake Michigan -- Huron , because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac . The straits are 5 miles ( 8 km ) wide and 120 feet ( 37 m ) deep ; the water levels -- currently at 577 feet ( 176 m ) -- rise and fall together , and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction . Other significant bodies of water ( edit ) Lake Nipigon , connected to Lake Superior by the Nipigon River , is surrounded by sill - like formations of mafic and ultramafic igneous rock hundreds of meters high . The lake lies in the Nipigon Embayment , a failed arm of the triple junction ( centered beneath Lake Superior ) in the Midcontinent Rift System event , estimated at 1,109 million years ago . Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan , located along the south coast of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the east coast of Wisconsin . It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin , the Garden Peninsula in Michigan , and the chain of islands between them , all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Lake Winnebago , connected to Green Bay by the Fox River , serves as part of the Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway and is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the Winnebago Pool . Grand Traverse Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan located on Michigan 's west coast , being one of the largest natural harbors in the Great Lakes . The bay has one large peninsula and one major island known as Power Island . Its namesake is derived from when Jacques Marquette crossed the bay from Norwood to Northport calling it La Grande Traversee . Georgian Bay is an arm of Lake Huron , extending northeast from the lake entirely within Ontario . The bay , along with its narrow westerly extensions of the North Channel and Mississagi Strait , is separated from the rest of the lake by the Bruce Peninsula , Manitoulin Island , and Cockburn Island , all of which were also formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Lake Nipissing , connected to Georgian Bay by the French River , contains two volcanic pipes , which are the Manitou Islands and Callander Bay . These pipes were formed by a violent , supersonic eruption of deep - origin . The lake lies in the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben , a Mesozoic rift valley that formed 175 million years ago . Lake Simcoe , connected to Georgian Bay by the Severn River , serves as part of the Trent -- Severn Waterway , a canal route traversing Southern Ontario between Lakes Ontario and Huron . Lake St. Clair , connected with Lake Huron ( to its north ) by the St. Clair River and with Lake Erie ( to its south ) by the Detroit River , is notable for the fact that Canadian territory along its southern shore ( the city of Windsor and Essex County ) lies south of the adjacent United States territory ( the city of Detroit ) . Although it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario and only rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes , proposals for its official recognition as a Great Lake are occasionally made , which would affect its inclusion in scientific research projects , etc. , designated as related to `` The Great Lakes '' . Islands ( edit ) Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands . The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , the largest island in any inland body of water in the world . The second - largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior . Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves -- for instance , Manitoulin Island 's Lake Manitou is the world 's largest lake located on a freshwater island . Shipping connection to the Ocean ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean - going vessels . However , shifts in shipping to wider ocean - going container ships -- which do not fit through the locks on these routes -- have limited container shipping on the lakes . Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material , and bulk freighters of Seawaymax - size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic . Larger ships are confined to working in the lakes themselves . Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River . Despite their vast size , large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter , interrupting most shipping from January to March . Some icebreakers ply the lakes , keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes . The Great Lakes are also connected by canal to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Illinois River ( from the Chicago River ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee -- Tombigbee Waterway ( a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy . Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , New York ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , New York ) . Water levels ( edit ) In 2009 , the lakes contained 84 % of the surface freshwater of North America ; if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent 's land area , it would reach a depth of 1.5 meters ( 5 feet ) . The source of water levels in the lakes is tied to what was left by melting glaciers when the lakes took their present form . Annually , only about 1 % is `` new '' water originating from rivers , precipitation , and groundwater springs that drain into the lakes . Historically , evaporation has been balanced by drainage , making the level of the lakes constant . While the lake levels have been preserved , intensive human population growth only began in the region in the 20th century and continues today . At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes ' levels : diversion ( the transfer of water to other watersheds ) and consumption ( substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants , resulting in evaporation ) . The water level of Lake Michigan -- Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century , but has nevertheless dropped more than 6 feet from the record high in 1986 to the low of 2013 . One newspaper reported that the long - term average level has gone down about 20 inches because of dredging and subsequent erosion in the St. Clair River . Lake Michigan -- Huron hit all - time record low levels in 2013 ; according to the US Army Corps of Engineers , the previous record low had been set in 1964 . By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches ( 17.5 cm ) more than the `` long term monthly average '' . Name Origins ( edit ) Lake Erie From the Erie tribe , a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan ( long tail ) . Lake Huron The native Wyandot originally referred to the lake by the name karegnondi , a word which has been variously translated as `` Freshwater Sea '' , `` Lake of the Hurons '' , or simply `` lake '' . The first French explorers in the area named the lake after the inhabitants of the area , the Wyandot or `` Hurons '' . Lake Michigan From the Ojibwa word mishi - gami ( great water or large lake ) . Lake Ontario From the Wyandot ( Huron ) word ontarí'io ( lake of shining waters ) . Lake Superior English translation of the French term lac supérieur ( upper lake ) , referring to its position north of Lake Huron . The indigenous Ojibwe call it gichi - gami ( from Ojibwe gichi big , large , great ; gami water , lake , sea . Popularized in French - influenced transliteration as Gitchigumi as in Gordon Lightfoot 's 1976 story song , The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald , or Gitchee Gumee as in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's 1855 epic poem , The Song of Hiawatha ) . Statistics ( edit ) The Great Lakes contained 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water around the year 2000 : 5,472 cubic miles ( 22,810 km ) , or 6.0 × 10 U.S. gallons ( 2.3 × 10 liters ) . This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet ( 2.9 m ) . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world 's fresh water , the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis . The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles ( 244,100 km ) -- nearly the same size as the United Kingdom , and larger than the U.S. states of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , Vermont , and New Hampshire combined . The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles ( 16,900 km ) ; however , the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well - defined measure ( see Coastline paradox ) . Of the total 10,500 miles ( 16,900 km ) of shoreline , Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles ( 8,400 km ) , while the remaining 5,300 miles ( 8,500 km ) are bordered by the United States . Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States , bordering roughly 3,288 miles ( 5,292 km ) of shoreline , followed by Wisconsin ( 820 miles ( 1,320 km ) ) , New York ( 473 miles ( 761 km ) ) , and Ohio ( 312 miles ( 502 km ) ) . Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half - way around the world at the equator . Geology ( edit ) A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes Map of Glacial Lake Algonquin and its Correlatives ( USGS 1915 ) It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago , when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift , which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone . A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior . When a second fault line , the Saint Lawrence rift , formed approximately 570 million years ago , the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie were created , along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River . The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the last glacial period ( the Wisconsin glaciation ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago ) , when the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded . The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater ( see Lake Algonquin and Lake Chicago ) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved , thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today . Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion , some higher hills became Great Lakes islands . The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin . See also Glacial Lake Iroquois and Champlain Sea . Land below the glaciers `` rebounded '' as it was uncovered . Because the glaciers covered some areas longer than others , this glacial rebound occurred at different rates . Climate ( edit ) The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate , Köppen climate classification Dfa ( in southern areas ) and Dfb ( in northern parts ) with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry , cold Arctic systems , mild Pacific air masses from the West , and warm , wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico . The lakes themselves also have a moderating effect on the climate ; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall . Lake effect ( edit ) Main article : Lake - effect snow The location of common lake effect bands on the Great Lakes The most well - known winter effect of the Great Lakes on regional weather is the lake effect in snowfall , which is sometimes very localized . Even late in winter , the lakes often have no icepack in the middle . The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface , which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above . As the slightly warmer , moist air passes over the colder land surface , the moisture often produces concentrated , heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or `` streamers '' . This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges . During freezing weather with high winds , the `` snow belts '' receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern , especially along the eastern shores of the lakes . Snow belts are found in Wisconsin , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York , United States ; and Ontario , Canada . The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree , but not with as large an influence as do large oceans ; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer , then slowly radiate that heat in autumn . They protect against frost during transitional weather , and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland . This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns . This temperature buffering produces areas known as `` fruit belts '' , where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south . For instance , Western Michigan has apple and cherry orchards , and vineyards cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay and Nottawasaga Bay in central Ontario . The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the moderating effect , as does the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario . A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York , as well as in Prince Edward County , Ontario on Lake Ontario 's northeast shore . Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog over medium - sized areas , particularly along the shorelines of the lakes . This is most noticeable along Lake Superior 's shores . The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms , such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954 , and the 2011 Goderich , Ontario tornado , which moved onshore as a tornadic waterspout . In 1996 a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron , dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone . Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer ; these Mesoscale convective complexs or MCCs can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings . These storms mainly occur during the night , and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes , but more often straight - line winds accompanied by intense lightning . Ecology ( edit ) Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem Historically , the Great Lakes , in addition to their lake ecology , were surrounded by various forest ecoregions ( except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded ) . Logging , urbanization , and agriculture uses have changed that relationship . In the early 21st century , Lake Superior 's shores are 91 % forested , Lake Huron 68 % , Lake Ontario 49 % , Lake Michigan 41 % , and Lake Erie , where logging and urbanization has been most extensive , 21 % . Some of these forests are second or third growth ( i.e. they have been logged before , changing their composition ) . At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans , and many more are threatened or endangered . Meanwhile , exotic and invasive species have also been introduced . Fauna ( edit ) See also : Category : Fauna of the Great Lakes region ( North America ) , Category : Fish of the Great Lakes , and Asian carp in North America Lake sturgeon , the largest native fish in the Great Lakes and the subject of extensive commercial fishing in the 19th and 20th centuries is listed as a threatened species The organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes . The deep waters , however , contain organisms found only in deep , cold lakes of the northern latitudes . These include the delicate opossum shrimp ( order mysida ) , the deepwater scud ( a crustacean of the order amphipoda ) , two types of copepods , and the deepwater sculpin ( a spiny , large - headed fish ) . The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing . Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish ; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes . Throughout history , fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments . According to the bi-national ( U.S. and Canadian ) resource book , The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book : `` The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes ( 66,000 long tons ; 74,000 short tons ) ( 147 million pounds ) . '' By 1801 , the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels . In the early 19th century , the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario 's tributaries . Other protective legislation was passed , as well , but enforcement remained difficult . On both sides of the Canada -- United States border , the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied , necessitating more regulatory efforts . Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and lake sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds . The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 % in general fish harvests by 1875 . The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary . Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various whitefish , important because of their culinary desirability and , hence , economic consequence . Moreover , between 1879 and 1899 , reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds ( 11 million kg ) to just over 9 million pounds ( 4 million kg ) . By 1900 , commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually . By 1938 , Wisconsin 's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized , generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers , and hauling 14 million pounds per year . The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs . Since 2000 , the invasive quagga mussel has smothered the bottom of Lake Michigan almost from shore to shore , and their numbers are estimated at 900 trillion . The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the US and Canada working on joint proposals to control it . By the mid-1950s , the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced , with the lamprey deemed largely to blame . This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission . Cliffs at Palisade Head on Lake Superior in Minnesota near Silver Bay . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book ( 1972 ) noted : `` Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery . '' But , water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s , combined with successful salmonid stocking programs , have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery . The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere . Since the 19th century an estimated 160 new species have found their way into the Great Lakes ecosystem ; many have become invasive ; the overseas ship ballast and ship hull parasitism are causing severe economic and ecological impacts . According to the Inland Seas Education Association , on average a new species enters the Great Lakes every eight months . A zebra mussel - encrusted vector - averaging current meter from Lake Michigan . Introductions into the Great Lakes include the zebra mussel , which was first discovered in 1988 , and quagga mussel in 1989 . The mollusks are efficient filter feeders , competing with native mussels and reducing available food and spawning grounds for fish . In addition , the mussels may be a nuisance to industries by clogging pipes . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that the economic impact of the zebra mussel could be about $5 billion over the next decade . The alewife first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th - century canals . By the 1960s , the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan , Huron , and Erie . Periodic mass dieoffs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore ; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan 's biomass , which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s , as high as 90 % . In the late 1960s , the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids , including the native lake trout as well as non-native chinook and coho salmon ; by the 1980s , alewife populations had dropped drastically . The ruffe , a small percid fish from Eurasia , became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior 's Saint Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986 . Its range , which has expanded to Lake Huron , poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery . Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River , the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes . The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons : it preys upon bottom - feeding fish , overruns optimal habitat , spawns multiple times a season , and can survive poor water quality conditions . Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes , such as the spiny waterflea , Bythotrephes longimanus , and the fishhook waterflea , Cercopagis pengoi , potentially having an effect on the zooplankton population . Several species of crayfish have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations . More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive Asian carp out of the area . These fast - growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems . The sea lamprey , which has been particularly damaging to the native lake trout population , is another example of a marine invasive species in the Great Lakes . Invasive species , particularly zebra and quagga mussels , may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron , as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake . Flora ( edit ) See also : Flora of the Great Lakes region , and Index : Trees of the Great Lakes region . Native habitats and ecoregions in the Great Lakes region include : Eastern forest - boreal transition Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests Southern Great Lakes forests Central forest - grasslands transition Upper Midwest forest - savanna transition Western Great Lakes forests Central Canadian Shield forests Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Beech - maple forest Habitats of the Indiana Dunes Plant lists include : List of Michigan flowers List of Minnesota wild flowers List of Minnesota trees Logging Logging of the extensive forests in the Great Lakes region removed riparian and adjacent tree cover over rivers and streams , which provide shade , moderating water temperatures in fish spawning grounds . Removal of trees also destabilized the soil , with greater volumes washed into stream beds causing siltation of gravel beds , and more frequent flooding . Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments . In 1884 , the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste ( chips and sawdust ) had impacted fish populations . Pollution ( edit ) The first U.S. Clean Water Act , passed by a Congressional override after being vetoed by US President Richard Nixon in 1972 , was a key piece of legislation , along with the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s , and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner . Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced . Federal and state regulations control substances like PCBs . The first of 43 `` Great Lakes Areas of Concern '' to be formally `` de-listed '' due to successful cleanup was Ontario 's Collingwood Harbour in 1994 ; Ontario 's Severn Sound followed in 2003 . Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery , as is Ontario 's Spanish Harbour . Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River ( Michigan ) and Waukegan Harbor ( Illinois ) . Until 1970 , mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical , according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration . Within the past ten years mercury has become more apparent in water tests . Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production , and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions . Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water , it forms the compound methyl mercury , which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption . This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types , but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish . Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals , and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region . The amount of raw sewage dumped into the waters was the primary focus of both the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and federal laws passed in both countries during the 1970s . Implementation of secondary treatment of municipal sewage by major cities greatly reduced the routine discharge of untreated sewage during the 1970s and 1980s . The International Joint Commission in 2009 summarized the change : `` Since the early 1970s , the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably . This is a result of significant expenditures to date on both infrastructure and technology , and robust regulatory systems that have proven to be , on the whole , quite effective . '' The commission reported that all urban sewage treatment systems on the U.S. side of the lakes had implemented secondary treatment , as had all on the Canadian side except for five small systems . However , those treatment system upgrades have not , contrary to federal laws in both countries , yet eliminated Combined sewer Overflow events . This describes when older sewerage systems , which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant , are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms . Local sewage treatment authorities then must release untreated effluent , a mix of rainwater and sewage , into local water bodies . While enormous public investments such as the Deep Tunnel projects in Chicago and Milwaukee have greatly reduced the frequency and volume of these events , they have not been eliminated . The number of such overflow events in Ontario , for example , is flat according to the International Joint Commission . Reports about this issue on the U.S. side highlight five large municipal systems ( those of Detroit , Cleveland , Buffalo , Milwaukee and Gary ) as being the largest current periodic sources of untreated discharges into the Great Lakes . Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie , Saginaw Bay , Green Bay , and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan . By the mid-1980s , most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents , resulting in sharp reductions in the frequency and extent of the blooms . In 2013 , news of a garbage patch of plastic pollution in the lakes was reported . History ( edit ) A woodcut of Le Griffon Several Native American tribes inhabited the region since at least 1000 BC , after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation . The peoples of the Great Lakes traded with the Hopewell culture from around 1000 AD , as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region , and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio . The brigantine Le Griffon , which was commissioned by René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , was built at Cayuga Creek , near the southern end of the Niagara River , and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7 , 1679 . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty signed in 1818 , after the War of 1812 and the later Treaty of Washington eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes . Nonetheless , both nations maintain coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes . During settlement , the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight . Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Welland canal opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825 . By 1848 , with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago , direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes . With these two canals an all - inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans . The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants . Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants . After railroads and surface roads developed , the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and , except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships , has now vanished . The immigration routes still have an effect today . Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity , such as Dutch , German , Polish , Finnish , and many others . Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward , many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel , especially in home styles and accent . The Eastland leaving Chicago , ca . 1909 Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks , domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes , such as iron ore , coal and limestone for the steel industry . The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines . It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than try to make steel on the spot . Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes . In the 19th century and early 20th centuries , iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on ( downbound ships ) , and supplies , food , and coal were shipped north ( upbound ) . Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia , and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains , railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie , Pennsylvania and Ashtabula , Ohio . Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently , it has some distinctive vocabulary . Ships , no matter the size , are called boats . When the sailing ships gave way to steamships , they were called steamboats -- the same term used on the Mississippi . The ships also have a distinctive design ( see Lake freighter ) . Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as lakers . Foreign boats are known as salties . One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000 ‐ by ‐ 105 - foot ( 305 - by - 32 - meter ) , 78,850 - long - ton ( 80,120 - metric - ton ) self - unloader . This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side . Today , the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight , and a few larger ships replacing many small ones . During World War II , the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the United States Navy to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes , USS Sable ( IX - 81 ) and USS Wolverine ( IX - 64 ) . Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff . Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on March 6 , 1998 , when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927 . This bill , which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program , contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake . Not coincidentally , this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources . Following a small uproar , the Senate voted to revoke the designation on March 24 ( although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake ) . In the early years of the 21st century , water levels in the Great Lakes were a concern . Researchers at the Mowat Centre said that low levels could cost $19 bn by 2050 . Economy ( edit ) Photograph of Lakes Ontario , Erie and Huron plus the Finger Lakes of upstate New York , June 14 , 2012 , taken aboard the International Space Station , with lake names added Shipping ( edit ) The Great Lakes are today used as a major water transport corridor for bulk goods . The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes ; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans . Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway , and only operate on the Waterway and lakes . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . Drinking water and Compact ( edit ) Main article : Great Lakes Compact The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas . This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to the lakes , who have agreed to the Great Lakes Compact to regulate water supply and use . Recreation ( edit ) Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes . A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including a couple of sailing ships . Sport fishing , commercial fishing , and Native American fishing represent a U.S. $4 billion a year industry with salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout , bass and walleye being major catches . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing , powerboating , and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers ( edit ) Main article : Great Lakes passenger steamers From 1844 through 1857 , palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes . In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence . The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate theses vessels . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Isle Royale , Drummond Island , Pelee Island , Mackinac Island , Beaver Island , Bois Blanc Island ( Ontario ) , Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) , Kelleys Island , South Bass Island , North Manitou Island , South Manitou Island , Harsens Island , Manitoulin Island , and the Toronto Islands . As of 2007 , four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes , two on Lake Michigan : a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan , one on Lake Erie : a boat from Kingsville , Ontario , or Leamington , Ontario , to Pelee Island , Ontario , then onto Sandusky , Ohio , and one on Lake Huron : the M.S. Chi - Cheemaun runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth , Manitoulin Island , operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company . An international ferry across Lake Ontario Rochester , New York , to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005 , but is no longer in operation . Shipwrecks ( edit ) The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel ; storms and reefs are common threats . The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms , in particular in the autumn , from late October until early December . Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes . The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay ( Michigan ) , beneath Lake Huron , near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge . The Lake Superior shipwreck coast from Grand Marais , Michigan , to Whitefish Point became known as the `` Graveyard of the Great Lakes '' . More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior . The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve serves as an underwater museum to protect the many shipwrecks in this area . The first ship to sink in Lake Michigan was Le Griffon , also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes . Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac , it was lost with all hands aboard . Its wreck may have been found in 2004 , but a wreck subsequently discovered in a different location was also claimed in 2014 to be Le Griffon . The largest and last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the SS Edmund Fitzgerald , which sank on November 10 , 1975 , just over 17 miles ( 30 km ) offshore from Whitefish Point on Lake Superior . The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of the Lady Elgin , wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan . In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915 , the SS Eastland rolled over while loading passengers , killing 841 . In August 2007 , the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus , a 420 - foot ( 130 m ) long , century - old ore carrier . Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11 , 1907 , during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior , Wisconsin , to Buffalo , New York . The entire crew of 23 drowned , except one , a man named Charles Pitz , who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours . In June 2008 , deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an `` archaeological miracle '' . There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave . In June 2010 , the L.R. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat the Molly V . The ship sank in October 1898 , probably attempting to rescue a small schooner , the Olive Jeanette , during a terrible storm . There are no plans to raise the ship as it would quickly deteriorate in open air . Still missing are the two last warships to sink in the Great Lakes , the French minesweepers , Inkerman and Cerisoles , which vanished in Lake Superior during a blizzard in 1918 . 78 lives were lost making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes . Related articles List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes Index : Shipwrecks in the Great Lakes Great Storms of the North American Great Lakes Great Lakes Storm of 1913 Legislation ( edit ) Various national , state , provincial , and municipal jurisdictions govern the Great Lakes In 1872 , a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States , and access to Lake Michigan to the Dominion of Canada . The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters , and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources . Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians . Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty . Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns . Under the U.S. `` Water Resources Development Act '' , diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission , which rarely occurs . International treaties regulate large diversions . In 1998 , the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons ( 600,000 m ) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries . Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began . Since that time , the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes - Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement and the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long - distance ones . The agreements strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin . On December 13 , 2005 , the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements , the first of which is between all ten jurisdictions . It is somewhat more detailed and protective , though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court . The second , the Great Lakes Compact , has been approved by the state legislatures of all eight states that border the Great Lakes as well as the U.S. Congress , and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3 , 2008 . The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative , described as `` the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades , '' was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government 's Fiscal Year 2011 budget , and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget . Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups , wetlands and coastline restoration projects , and invasive species - related projects . Coast Guard live fire exercises ( edit ) In 2006 , the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) proposed a plan to designate 34 areas in the Great Lakes , at least 5 mi ( 8 km ) offshore , as permanent safety zones for live fire machine gun practice . In August 2006 , the plan was published in the Federal Register . The USCG reserved the right to hold target practice whenever the weather allowed with a two - hour notice . These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in use . In response to requests from the public , the Coast Guard held a series of public meetings in nine U.S. cities to solicit comment . During these meetings many people voiced concerns about the plan and its impact on the environment . On December 18 , 2006 , the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the entire proposal . Officials said they would look into alternative ammunition , modifying the proposed zones and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan . See also ( edit ) Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Eastern Continental Divide Great Lakes census statistical areas Great Lakes Megalopolis Great Lakes Protection Fund Great Lakes WATER Institute Great Lakes Waterway Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal List of cities on the Great Lakes List of municipalities on the Great Lakes Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge Muskellunge Northern pike Populated islands of the Great Lakes Seiche Snowbelt Sixty Years ' War for control of the Great Lakes Valparaiso Moraine The Great Lakes Book Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waples , James T. ( 2008 ) . `` The Laurentian Great Lakes '' ( PDF ) . North American Continental Margins . Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory : 73 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes -- U.S. EPA '' . Epa.gov . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LUHNA Chapter 6 : Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region '' . Biology.usgs.gov . November 20 , 2003 . 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Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species '' . Great Lakes Commission . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Gobies up , alewives down in Lake Michigan '' . Journal Sentinel . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Predicting Invasive Species in the Great Lakes '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glassner - Shwayder , Katherine ( July 2000 ) . `` Briefing Paper : Great Lakes Nonindigenous Invasive Species '' ( PDF ) . Great Lakes Nonindigenous Invasive Species Workshop . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Carp Risk Assessment for Canada by Fisheries and Oceans Canada '' ( PDF ) . CSAS . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758 '' . USGS . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riley , S.C. ; Roseman , Edward F. ; Nichols , S. Jerrine ; O'Brien , Timothy P. ; Kiley , Courtney S. ; Schaeffer , Jeffrey S. ( 2008 ) . `` Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society . 137 ( 6 ) : 1879 -- 90 . doi : 10.1577 / T07 - 141.1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbiero , R.P. ; Barbiero , Richard P. ; Balcer , Mary ; Rockwell , David C. ; Tuchman , Marc L. ( 2009 ) . `` Recent shifts in the crustacean zooplankton community of Lake Huron '' . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 66 ( 5 ) : 816 -- 828 . doi : 10.1139 / F09 - 036 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Dave ( April 1 , 2004 ) . On the Brink : The Great Lakes in the 21st Century . Michigan State University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87013 - 705 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement '' , Paul Muldoon and Lee Botts , Michigan State University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story . Department of Natural Resources State of Michigan , U.S. ( June 8 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Our Great Lakes '' ( PDF ) . binational.net . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Milestone in Waukegan Harbor PCB Cleanup . Illinois Environmental Protection Agency , U.S. ( Spring 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` Mercury Spills '' . Idph.state.il.us . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Erie Water Quality Past Present and Future '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 14th Biennial Report on Great Lakes Water Quality '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ New Report : Solving Region 's Sewage Crisis Will Create Jobs , Restore Great Lakes Healing Our Waters Coalition . Healthylakes.org ( August 9 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Knud - Hansen , Chris ( February 1994 ) Historical Perspecivie Of The Phosphate Detergent Conflict . Working Paper 94 - 54 . Colorado.edu . Retrieved on December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New Concerns About Plastic Pollution in Great Lakes ' Garbage Patch ' National Geographic . April 2013 . Jump up ^ Woodford , Arthur M. ( 1991 ) . Charting the Inland Seas : A History of the U.S. Lake Survey . Wayne State University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2499 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Peter L. ( 2010 ) . Wedding of the Waters : The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation . W.W. Norton . p. 349 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32795 - 3 . Jump up ^ Danzer , Gerald A. ( 2011 ) . Illinois : A History in Pictures . University of Illinois Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03288 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wharton , George . `` Great Lakes Fleet Page Vessel Feature -- Burns Harbor '' . Boatnerd . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Therese ( 2008 ) . Great Lakes Naval Training Station . Arcadia Publishing . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5193 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lake Champlain , The Sixth Great Lake ? -- Geography -- 03 / 02 / 98 . Geography.about.com ( March 6 , 1998 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( March 25 , 1998 ) . `` Lakes Are Born Great , 5 Sniff , So Upstart Is Ousted -- New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman . `` G + M : `` Creeping up on unsuspecting shores : The Great Lakes '' 28 Jun 2014 `` . Theglobeandmail.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Great Lakes low water levels could cost $19 B by 2050 '' 27 Jun 2014 `` . cbc.ca . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lake Seaway Cargoes - American Great Lakes Ports Association '' . www.greatlakesports.org . Jump up ^ Grover , Velma I. ; Krantzberg , Gail ( 2012 ) . Great Lakes : Lessons in Participatory Governance . CRC Press . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57808 - 769 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Circle Tour '' . Great-lakes.net . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark L. ( 1991 ) . Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes . Wayne State University Press . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2359 - 5 . Jump up ^ Strand , Kathryn Koutsky ; Koutsky , Linda ( 2006 ) . Minnesota Vacation Days : An Illustrated History . Minnesota Historical Society . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87351 - 526 - 9 . Jump up ^ Toast of the Town : The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson . Wayne State University Press . 2005 - 05 - 23 . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2696 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` MS Chi - Cheemaun About Us '' . Ontario Ferries . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse , Frederick ( 1985 , 1998 ) . Lake Superior 's Shipwreck Coast , p. 267 , Avery Color Studios , Gwinn , Michigan , U.S.A. ISBN 0 - 932212 - 43 - 3 Jump up ^ Matile , Roger ( April 11 , 2004 ) `` Has a famed Great Lakes mystery been solved ? '' Archived January 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Ledger - Sentinel , Oswego , Illinois . Jump up ^ France claims historic Great Lakes wreck , Randy Boswell , Canwest News Service , February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Explorer says Griffin shipwreck may be found , Associated Press , June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Century - old shipwreck discovered '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Divers find 1780 British warship '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.R. Doty , ship that sank in Lake Michigan 112 years ago , found largely intact near Milwaukee '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis - St. Paul , Minnesota , . June 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowlus , W. Bruce ( 2010 ) . Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes : The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry . McFarland . pp. 227 , n. 35 . ISBN 9780786486557 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Statute on Great Lakes . Water Diversions . Water Resources Development Act '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . dnr.state.oh.us Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes -- St '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Agreement . Great Lakes - St Lawrence River Basin Water Resources . cglg.org . December 13 , 2005 Jump up ^ Back to Water Conservation . www.greatlakes.org Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Restoration Initiative home page '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Meg ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` Trading shots on bullets '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lydersen , Kari ( December 19 , 2006 ) . `` Coast Guard Target - Practice Plan Misfires '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weisberg , Deborah ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` Fishing : Coast Guard reloads on firing range '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter Annin ( 2006 ) . The Great Lakes Water Wars . Island Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61091 - 077 - 4 . Beltran , R. et al . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book . ( United States Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 23441 - 3 ) . Coon , W.F. and R.A. Sheets . Estimate of Ground Water in Storage in the Great Lakes Basin ( Scientific Investigations Report 2006 - 5180 ) . Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey , 2006 . Helen Hornbeck Tanner ( 1987 ) . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2056 - 0 . Riley , John L. ( 2013 ) The Once and Future Great Lakes Country : An Ecological History ( McGill - Queen 's University Press 516 pages ; traces environmental change in the region since the last ice age . Holling , Holling Clancy Paddle to the Sea ( ISBN 0 - 395 - 15082 - 5 ) , an illustrated children 's book about the Great Lakes and their environment . Beautiful and educational . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Lakes . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Lakes . `` Great Lakes '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` How the Great Lakes Were Built '' . Popular Science Monthly . 49 . June 1896 . Great Lakes website of the Canadian Department of the Environment Great Lakes website of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Binational website of USEPA and Environment Canada for Great Lakes Water Quality Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory website ( an arm of the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ) Great Lakes Information Network , sponsored by the Great Lakes Commission , an official American interstate compact agency . Great Lakes Echo , a publication covering Great Lakes environmental issues Maritime History of the Great Lakes , digital library covering Great Lakes history . Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918 ( hide ) Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties Coordinates : 45 ° 45 ′ N 84 ° 0 ′ W / 45.750 ° N 84.000 ° W / 45.750 ; - 84.000 VIAF : 235462398 GND : 4022167 - 2 NDL : 00562523 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Lakes&oldid=807371273 '' Categories : Great Lakes Eastern Canada Great Lakes region ( U.S. ) Lake groups Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Popular Science Monthly Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are all of the great lakes located | [
"The Great Lakes (French: les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes[1] and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area, and second largest by total volume containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume.[2][3][4] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3).[5] Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas.[6] Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country.[7][8][9][10] The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis.[11]"
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"primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border"
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-62277619881463208 | Michael Corcoran (musician) | Michael Corcoran ( musician ) - wikipedia Michael Corcoran ( musician ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Michael Corcoran Birth name Michael Thomas Corcoran Also known as Backhouse Mike , Ken Lofkoll ( 1972 - 12 - 10 ) December 10 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Origin Malibu , California , U.S. Genres Pop rock , rock , pop , Alternative rock , Twee pop , C86 Occupation ( s ) Sound designer , orchestrator , singer - songwriter , musical arranger , record producer , composer , musician Instruments Vocal , guitar , piano , bass guitar , percussion Years active 1990 -- present Labels Nick Nintendo ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Geffen Backhouse Records Nine Yards Columbia Associated acts Drake Bell Miranda Cosgrove Dr. Luke Josh Peck Amanda Bynes Stewart Copeland Victoria Justice Shane Dawson Elizabeth Gillies Ariana Grande Website Official website Michael Thomas Corcoran ( born December 10 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Backhouse Mike or Ken Lofkoll , is an American musician , singer - songwriter , composer , sound designer , musical arranger , orchestrator , and record producer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Discography 2.1 Production discography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Corcoran formed a songwriting and producing partnership with C.J Abraham called Backhouse Mike & The Super Chris . They started off individually with commercials and sound design projects , and still compose music for commercials and television and film , then began co-writing and co-producing music with Drake Bell , producing his debut album Telegraph and producing and co-writing his sophomore record It 's Only Time . Corcoran also wrote the end credits song for Superhero Movie with Bell . Also , Corcoran wrote and provided the backing vocals to Bell 's 2013 holiday single , `` Christmas Promise '' . Corcoran also performed in Drake Bell 's band , who have appeared on television on Regis and Kelly , Fox 's New Years Celebration , Late Night with Conan O'Brien , and on the DVD Drake Bell Live in Concert ( Universal / Motown ) , filmed live during Drake 's multi-night sold out shows in Mexico , including their national stadium . He departed from the band in May 2010 . Corcoran also arranged the horn section with Zack Hexum for these concerts in Mexico , as stated on the credits of Drake Bell 's in Concert DVD . In addition to his work with Drake Bell , Corcoran has composed and scored over 150 episodes of Nickelodeon programming including : Drake & Josh , Zoey 101 , iCarly , and Victorious , including writing the theme songs for iCarly , Merry Christmas Drake & Josh , Drake & Josh Go Hollywood , Victorious ( with Dr. Luke ) and The Troop ( Written and Produced by Backhouse Mike and The Super Chris ) . In 2013 , he recorded the theme song for Sam & Cat titled `` Just Fine '' . Corcoran also helped score and composed music for the recent `` Twalkin ' '' commercial . Corcoran and The Super Chris have collaborated with : Victoria Justice , Dr. Luke , Nick Hexum , Cindy Almouzni , Alissa Griffith , Alyssa Suede Campbell , Max Gomez , Electrolightz , The Record Life , Elizabeth Gillies , Mavin , Zack Hexum , The Deserters , Miranda Cosgrove , and Taylor Momsen . One of the Backhouse 's greatest moments came when the studio was graced by one of the preeminent geniuses of pop music , The Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson , for the mix of his 2009 release That Lucky Old Sun ( Capitol Records ) . Corcoran mixed Brian Wilson 's `` Lucky Old Sun '' with Brian Wilson and Scott Bennett at The Backhouse Studios . His band ( consisted of lead singer and guitarist Jon Seminara , bassist John Charles Meyer and keyboardist Kimberly Barnett , also called Backhouse Mike ) appeared in an iCarly episode `` iAm Your Biggest Fan '' and the final episode of Zoey 101 , `` Chasing Zoey '' as alternative punk band Backflesh . Their song `` Take Me Back '' appears in the iCarly soundtrack . Discography ( edit ) Production discography ( edit ) Song Performer Credits `` Just Fine '' Backhouse Mike Vocals , co-writer , producer `` 5 Fingaz to the Face '' Victorious cast Co-writer `` Break Me Down '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Do What You Want '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Do n't Preach '' Drake Bell Producer `` Down We Fall '' Drake Bell Producer `` End It Good '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Fallen For You '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Fool The World '' Drake Bell Vocals , co-writer , producer `` Found A Way '' Drake Bell Producer `` Freak the Freak Out '' Victoria Justice Co-writer , co-producer `` Get It Right '' Backhouse Mike Vocals , co-writer , producer `` Hollywood Girl '' Drake Bell Producer `` I Found a Way '' Drake Bell Producer `` I Know '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` In the End '' Drake Bell Producer `` Intro '' Drake Bell Producer `` It 's Only Time '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` L.A. Boyz '' Victoria Justice and Ariana Grande Co-writer `` Leave It All to Me '' Miranda Cosgrove featuring Drake Bell Writer , producer `` Leave It All to Shine '' Miranda Cosgrove and Victoria Justice Co-writer `` Makes Me Happy '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Okay '' Backhouse Mike Vocals , co-writer , producer `` Rusted Silhouette '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Shut Up and Dance '' Victorious Cast Co-writer `` Somehow '' Drake Bell Producer `` Superluv ! '' Shane Dawson Co-writer , co-producer `` Take Me Back '' Backhouse Mike Vocals , writer , producer `` Telegraph '' Drake Bell Producer `` The Countdown '' Victorious Cast Writer , producer `` The Backhouse '' Drake Bell Producer `` Up Periscope '' Drake Bell Co-writer , producer `` Whatever My Love '' Mickey Drummond Writer , producer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Home thebackhouse.net '' . thebackhouse.net . January 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official website Michael Corcoran on IMDb MusicBrainz : 37596bba - 85c3 - 4b36 - a612 - 4c0d77f0fc68 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Corcoran_(musician)&oldid=819924036 '' Categories : 1972 births American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Living people Musicians from Los Angeles Singers from California Songwriters from California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from April 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the sam and cat theme song | [] | [] |
-1364583149848305266 | Baroque orchestra | Baroque Orchestra - wikipedia Baroque Orchestra This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Baroque orchestra is the type of large ensemble for mixed instruments that existed during the Baroque Era of Western Classical music , commonly identified as 1600 -- 1750 . Baroque orchestras are typically much smaller , in terms of the number of performers , than Romantic music era orchestras from the 1800s . Baroque orchestras originated in France where Jean - Baptiste Lully added the newly re-designed hautbois ( oboe ) and transverse flutes to his vingt - quatre violons du Roy ( this translates as `` The twenty - four violins of the King '' ) . As well as violins and woodwinds , the baroque orchestra contained basso continuo instruments such as the theorbo , lute , harpsichord and / or pipe organ . In the Baroque period , the orchestra was not standardised in size . There were large differences in size , instrumentation and playing styles -- and therefore orchestral soundscapes and palettes -- between the various European regions . The ' Baroque orchestra ' ranged from smaller orchestras ( or ensembles ) with one player per part , to larger scale orchestras with many players per part . Examples of the smaller variety were Bach 's orchestras , for example in Koethen where he had access to an ensemble of up to 18 players . Examples of large scale Baroque orchestras would include Corelli 's orchestra in Rome which ranged between 35 and 80 players for day - to - day performances , being enlarged to 150 players for special occasions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early music ensembles in the 2010s 2 Instrumentation 2.1 Baroque orchestra 3 Recordings of baroque music 4 See also 5 References Early music ensembles in the 2010s ( edit ) The term ' Baroque orchestra ' is commonly used in the 2010s to refer to chamber orchestras giving historically informed performances of baroque or classical on period Baroque instruments or replica instruments . The period - instrument revival during the 1970s inspired the development of the first period - instrument baroque orchestras , led by Nikolaus Harnoncourt , Gustav Leonhardt , Frans Bruggen and Terrence Holford . Since the 1970s many baroque orchestras have been formed across Europe , as well as some in North America . Baroque orchestras active in the 2010s include : Academy of Ancient Music American Bach Soloists Apollo 's Fire : The Cleveland Baroque Orchestra Arion Baroque Orchestra , Artistic Director : Claire Guimond , Montreal , Canada Les Arts Florissants The Hague 's Baroque Orchestra : The New Dutch Academy Boston Baroque Bourbon Baroque : Louisville 's Period Instrument Ensemble Atlanta Baroque Orchestra Concerto Italiano Concerto Köln Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment Portland Baroque Orchestra The English Baroque Soloists The English Concert Europa Galante Florilegium Freiburger Barockorchester The Hanover Band Hespèrion XX and Hespèrion XXI Il Giardino Armonico Musica Antiqua Köln Musicians of the King 's Road ( Kuninkaantien muusikot ) New Trinity Baroque Newport Baroque Orchestra Les Paladins Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra Taverner Consort and Players Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra Barocco sempre giovane La Chapelle Rhénane Venice Baroque Orchestra Wrocławska Orkiestra Barokowa Instrumentation ( edit ) Baroque orchestra ( edit ) Woodwinds 2 Flutes 2 Oboes 2 Bassoons Brass 2 Natural horns 2 Natural trumpets Percussion Timpani ( e.g. , Handel 's Messiah ) Keyboards and other chord - playing instruments selected by the ensemble leader Harpsichord Pipe organ Lute Theorbo Strings Violin I Violin II Viola Violoncello Double bass ( and / or bass violones or other low - pitched bowed strings ) Recordings of baroque music ( edit ) Corelli Concerti Grossi Antonio Vivaldi , Pietro Locatelli See also ( edit ) List of early music ensembles , for more Baroque orchestras Orchestra , for history of the orchestra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wade - Matthews , Max and Wendy Thompson . The Encyclopedia of Music . London : Hermes House , 2004 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pannain , Guido . `` Arcangelo Corelli '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroque_orchestra&oldid=842745459 '' Categories : Baroque instruments Chamber orchestras Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which instruments formed the core of the baroque orchestra | [] | [] |
7528155790535252456 | The Big Bang Theory | The Big Bang Theory - Wikipedia The Big Bang Theory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the scientific theory , see Big Bang . For other uses , see Big Bang Theory ( disambiguation ) . `` TBBT '' redirects here . For the Discovery Channel series , see The Big Brain Theory . The Big Bang Theory Genre Sitcom Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Directed by Mark Cendrowski Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 250 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady Eric Kaplan Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 18 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Young Sheldon External links Website The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend and fiancée ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Soft Kitty 4.6 Howard 's mother 4.7 Vanity cards 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Offshoots 10.1 Plagiarized series 10.2 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The show 's pilot episode premiered on September 24 , 2007 . This was the second pilot produced for the show . A different pilot was produced for the 2006 -- 07 television season but never aired . The structure of the original unaired pilot was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the original pilot was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because producers favored songs by other artists , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler , they are now engaged to marry . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself as a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a Ph. D. in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene appeared in the fourth season , as well as astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 24 September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time when their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a Ph. D. in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a Ph. D. in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction Media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long - term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their fifth anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . In the season eleven premiere , Sheldon proposes to Amy and she accepts . Soft Kitty Main article : Soft Kitty In the show , the song Soft Kitty was described by Sheldon as a song sung by his mother when he was ill . Its repeated use in the series popularized the song . A scene depicting the origin of the song in Sheldon 's childhood is depicted in an episode of Young Sheldon , which aired on February 1 , 2018 . It shows Sheldon 's mother Mary singing the song to her son , who is suffering with the flu . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard , in turn , is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 , at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most - watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 , at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid-2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . On January 22 , 2018 , it was announced that Nine had acquired the rights to Season 1 -- 8 . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online Media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . Additionally in Canada , the first six seasons are available for streaming on Bell Media 's CraveTV . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home Media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May 4 The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD at their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for the second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as mini-figures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Offshoots Plagiarized series Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers canceled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive - produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau directed and executive produced the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper Jr. , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . The show 's pilot episode premiered on September 25 , 2017 . Subsequent weekly episodes began airing on November 2 , 2017 following the broadcast of the 237th episode of The Big Bang Theory . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : he begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . References Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Theme -- Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces New 2017 -- 2018 Fall Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 17 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` CBS WINS THE FINAL MONDAY OF THE SEASON IN KEY DEMOS '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 31 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 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Bell Media . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Theorists ' : ' Big Bang Theory ' 's big Belarusian rip - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lorre , Chuck ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Vanity Card # 277 '' . `` The Official Vanity Card Archives '' . Chuck Lorre Productions . Jump up ^ `` STV canceled the pirated show ' The Theorists ' '' . Xaptbir97 . February 18 , 2010 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Theorists ' actors do n't want to stay with a stolen project '' . Xaptbir97. April 28 , 2017 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Metacritic The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) GLOW ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Comedy Series Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Community , season 3 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black , season 1 ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley , season 2 ( 2015 ) Master of None , season 1 ( 2016 ) Silicon Valley , season 3 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series Friends ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) awarded as Choice TV Comedy / Musical Show Hannah Montana ( 2007 -- 09 ) Glee ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2014 -- 15 ) Fuller House ( 2016 -- 17 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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-8509031294788507038 | Martin (name) | Martin ( name ) - wikipedia Martin ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Martin may either be a surname or given name . Martin Saint Martin of Tours Pronunciation English : / ˈmɑːrtɪn , - tən / Czech : ( ˈmarcɪn ) Finnish : ( ˈmɑrtin ) French : ( maʁtɛ̃ ) German : ( ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ) Norwegian : ( ˈmɑʈin ) Serbo - Croatian : ( mǎrtin ) Spanish : ( marˈtin ) Swedish : ( ˈmaʈːɪn ) Gender Male Origin Word / name Latin Meaning `` Of Mars , Warlike , Warrior '' Region of origin Roman Empire Other names Related names Martyn , Martti , Morten , Marten , Maarten , Marta , Martino , Martina , Mark , Marcus , Martin is a common given and family name in many languages . It comes from the Latin name Martinus , which is a late derived form of the name of the Roman god Mars , the protective godhead of the Latins , and therefore the god of war . The meaning is usually rendered in reference to the god as `` of Mars '' , or `` of war / warlike '' ( `` martial '' ) . It has remained a popular given name in Christian times , in honor of Saint Martin of Tours ; it is also the most common French surname . Along with its historic Catholic popularity , it has also been popular among Protestants due to Martin Luther . In addition , African American children are often given the name in honor of Martin Luther King , Jr ... Additionally , many Black Americans have the name Martin as a family name . Also , Martin is a popular first name chosen by Jews . St Martin of Tours , the patron saint of soldiers , leaves the Roman army . St Martin is one of the most familiar and recognizable Roman Catholic saints . The name is a shorter version of the Latin name Martinus . Contents ( hide ) 1 The name Martin in different cultures 1.1 America 1.2 Europe 1.2. 1 Britain 1.2. 2 France 1.2. 3 Estonia 1.2. 4 Hungary 1.2. 5 Ireland 1.2. 6 Portugal 1.2. 7 Scandinavia 1.2. 8 Spain 2 Persons with the name 2.1 Reduplicated name 2.2 Persons with the surname 2.2. 1 Born before 1600 2.2. 2 Born 1600 -- 1699 2.2. 3 Born 1700 -- 1799 2.2. 4 Born 1800 -- 1899 2.2. 5 Born 1900 -- 1949 2.2. 6 Born since 1950 2.2. 7 Living with unknown birth year 2.2. 8 Unknown living or dead with unknown birth year 2.2. 9 Derived surnames 2.3 Given / First name 2.4 Middle name 3 Fictional characters 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The name Martin in different cultures ( edit ) America ( edit ) Martin was the sixteenth most frequently reported surname in the 1990 United States Census , accounting for 0.27 % of the population . Europe ( edit ) Britain ( edit ) England Arms of FitzMartin , feudal barons of Barnstaple in Devon and Lords of Cemais in Wales : Argent , two bars gules Before the Normans arrived in the 11th century , Martin was rare in England . See feudal barony of Barnstaple for the post-Conquest Anglo - Norman family . The surname became common in south of the Thames . Scotland There are several groups of Martins or Macmartins in Scotland . The MacMartins of Letterfinlay appear to have allied themselves to the Clan Cameron in the late 14th century , and finally merged with the Camerons after the Battle of Lochaber in 1429 . The MacMartins , who became a sept of Clan Cameron , are said to have been amongst the most loyal and valuable followers of Cameron of Lochiel . In the Jacobite rising of 1745 , the MacMartins were `` out with '' Lochiel 's regiment . According to the Oxford Companion to Scottish History , the MacMartins of Letterfinlay who were a sept of the Clan Cameron would have seen themselves as distinct within their own lands , but would have also seen themselves as Camerons if operating elsewhere outside of Lochaber . There is a branch of MacMartins from Strathclyde . The Martins in Skye are traditionally associated with Clan Donald , and the Lothians were home to a powerful ' de St Martin ' family from the 12th century . Wales An Anglo - Norman knight named Robert fitz Martin , born in the late 11th century , settled in England 's West Country , on lands inherited from a grandfather , and later participated in the invasions of Wales , where he was awarded the barony of Cemais , located between Fishguard and Cardigan . Robert fitz Martin established the caput of his barony at Nanhyfer or Nevern . Robert 's son William fitz Robert fitz Martin ( born c. 1155 ) inherited the family 's property and re-established family control over Cemais , which had been lost to the Welsh . The senior line became extinct in 1326 , but cadet lines still flourish in Wales and England . France ( edit ) With over 230,000 people holding the surname Martin in France , it is the most common French surname . The origins of its frequency can be attributed to Saint Martin of Tours , who was the most popular French saint , but the reason is not clear . Martin was never a common given name ( Christian name ) in the Middle Ages , unlike Bernard or Thomas ( which were later officialized and became common surnames , nowadays ranking second and third respectively ) . Onomastics have tried to find other reasons for Martin 's popularity , by examining , for example , the repartition of place names , but this explanation also lacks empirical support . It can be a late surname connected with children of orphanages , like Alexandre , which was never a common first name in the Middle Ages but now appears quite frequently as a surname . Martin can represent charity towards orphans . France Belgium ( Wallonia , 2008 ) 1 . Martin 1 . Dubois 2 . Bernard 2 . Lambert 3 . Dubois 3 . Martin 4 . Thomas 4 . Dupont 5 . Robert 5 . Simon However , this list hides strong regional differences in France and the increasing number of foreign names among the French citizens . Table based on births between 1966 and 1990 : Basse - Normandie Alsace Brittany PACA Paris - IdF 1 . Marie 1 . Meyer 1 . Le Gall 1 . Martin 1 . Martin 2 . Martin 2 . Muller 2 . Thomas 2 . Garcia ( Spanish ) 2 . Da Silva ( Port . ) 3 . Jeanne 3 . Schmitt 3 . Le Goff 3 . Martinez ( Spanish ) 3 . Perreira ( Port . ) 4 . Duval 4 . Schneider 4 . Le Roux 4 . Blanc 4 . Petit 5 . Lefèvre 5 . Klein 5 . Martin 5 . Fernandez ( Spanish ) 5 . Dos Santos ( Port . ) 6 . Leroy 6 . Weber 6 . Simon 6 . Lopez ( Spanish ) 6 . Ferreira ( Port . ) 7 . Hébert 7 . Fischer 7 . Tanguy 7 . Roux 7 . Rodrigues ( Port . ) 8 . Guérin 8 . Martin 8 . Hamon 8 . Sanchez ( Spanish ) 8 . Dubois Estonia ( edit ) Martin is a common male name in Estonia . Martin was the most popular male given name throughout the 1990s . The name currently remains as the second most popular male name in Estonia . The name also exists as a surname - With the variations of Martin , Martinsen , Martinson . Hungary ( edit ) Márton , the Hungarian form of the name , is commonly used as both a first name and surname . Ireland ( edit ) Surnames in Ireland are attested from the mid-10th century . Several distinct families featured the name as a surname element . They included Mac Giolla Mhártain , Ó Maol Mhartain , Ó Martain , Ó Máirtín , Mac Máirtín , Mac Máel Martain . Individuals included Echmílid mac Máel Martain ( Bishop of Down to 1202 ) , Giolla Ernain Ó Martain ( Irish poet and Chief Ollam of Ireland , died 1218 ) , and Fearghal Ó Martain , O.E.S.A. ( Bishop of Killala from 1425 to 1432 ) . After the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 , numerous unrelated bearers of the name settled in Ireland . Among the most well - known of the name were one of the Tribes of Galway . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , Martin is written `` Martim '' or Martinho . One famous Martin from Portuguese history is Martim Moniz . Scandinavia ( edit ) Martin is common as a given name in all three Scandinavian countries , and typically appears on the top 20 most popular male names lists in any given year . Martin is exclusively used as a given name in Scandinavia , not as a surname . However , derivative surnames as per Scandinavian naming tradition , such as Martinsen ( in Norway and Denmark ) and Martinsson ( in Sweden ) , are common . Spain ( edit ) Martín , with an accent on the `` i '' and pronounced ( mar ' tin ) ( mar - teen ) is a common given name and is also among the most common surnames in Spain . Its Catalan variant is Martí and in Galician is Martiño . Jewish families in medieval Spain ( Sephardic ) Jews who remained in Spain and agreed to accept Christianity were asked to change their surnames . One of the names taken up by these Jewish conversos ( originally known in Spain as Marranos , but preferred term is ' anusim ' which is Hebrew for `` forced '' ) was `` Martí '' ( also spelled `` Marty '' ) . Sephardic Jews also used Martin or Martinez , as a variation from the Hebrew name Mordecai . Persons with the name ( edit ) Reduplicated name ( edit ) There are persons with Martin as reduplicated name : Martin Martin , a Scottish writer . Persons with the surname ( edit ) Notable people sharing the surname `` Martin '' include : Born before 1600 ( edit ) Robert fitz Martin ( c. 1095 -- c. 1159 ) , Anglo - Norman knight , first Lord of Cemais , Wales Giolla Ernain Ó Martain ( died 1218 ) , chief brehon of law in Ireland Saint Richard Martin ( died 1588 ) , English martyr Richard Martin ( died 1617 ) , Master of the Mint and Lord Mayor of London Richard Martin ( 1570 -- 1618 ) , lawyer and Recorder of London Born 1600 -- 1699 ( edit ) Richard Óge Martyn ( 1602 -- 1648 ) leading member of Confederate Ireland Francis Martin ( priest ) ( 1652 -- 1722 ) , Irish Augustinian Martin Martin ( 1660 -- 1718 ) , Scottish writer and explorer of the Hebrides Richard Martin fitz Oliver ( c. 1602 -- 48 ) , Irish Confederate Sir Roger Martin , 1st Baronet ( 1639 -- 1712 ) , 1st Martin Baronet of Long Melford Sir Roger Martin , 2nd Baronet ( 1667 -- 1742 ) , 2nd Martin Baronet of Long Melford Sir Roger Martin , 3rd Baronet ( 1689 -- 1762 ) , 3rd Martin Baronet of Long Melford John Martin ( 1692 -- 1767 ) , British Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury , 1741 -- 1747 Born 1700 -- 1799 ( edit ) John Martin ( 1724 -- 1794 ) , British Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury , 1754 -- 1761 Joseph Martin ( 1726 -- 1776 ) , British banker and politician James Martin ( 1738 - 1810 ) , British banker and politician Alexander Martin ( 1740 -- 1807 ) , American politician Christian Frederick Martin ( 1796 -- 1873 ) , German guitar builder , founder of C.F. Martin & Company Claude Martin ( 1735 -- 1800 ) , French adventurer , soldier , and founder of three schools Claude Martin Wade ( 1794 -- 1861 ) , British colonel named after the French adventurer Claude Martin George Martin ( Royal Navy officer ) ( 1764 -- 1847 ) , Royal Navy admiral of the fleet John Martin ( painter ) ( 1789 -- 1854 ) , English painter Joseph Martin ( general ) ( 1740 -- 1808 ) , American Revolutionary War officer , explorer , Indian agent , planter Joseph Plumb Martin ( 1760 -- 1850 ) , American Revolutionary War soldier , diarist Joshua L. Martin ( 1799 -- 1856 ) , American politician , Governor of Alabama Luther Martin ( 1748 -- 1826 ) , American politician Sir Mordaunt Martin , 4th Baronet ( 1740 -- 1815 ) , 4th Martin Baronet of Long Melford Pierre Martin ( French Navy officer ) ( 1752 -- 1820 ) , French naval officer and admiral Richard Martin ( Irish politician ) ( 1754 -- 1834 ) , Irish politician and founder of the RSPCA Richard Martin ( cricketer ) ( born 1789 , date of death unknown ) , English cricketer Sir Roger Martin , 5th Baronet ( 1778 -- 1815 ) , 5th Martin Baronet of Long Melford William Martin ( naturalist ) ( 1767 -- 1810 ) , English naturalist and palaeontologist William Charles Linnaeus Martin ( 1798 -- 1864 ) , English naturalist Born 1800 -- 1899 ( edit ) Allen Martin ( 1844 -- 1924 ) , founder of Port Adelaide Grammar School Annie Montgomerie Martin ( 1841 -- 1918 ) , educator in South Australia Arthur Martin - Leake ( 1874 -- 1953 ) , English physician , recipient of the Victoria Cross Augustus Pearl Martin ( 1835 -- 1902 ) , American Civil War artillery officer and mayor of Boston , Massachusetts Bernard F. Martin ( 1845 -- 1914 ) , New York politician Bob Martin ( boxer ) ( 1897 -- 1978 ) , American boxer Celora E. Martin ( 1834 -- 1909 ) , New York lawyer and politician Eamon Martin ( 1961 -- ) Irish Bishop Frank Martin ( composer ) ( 1890 -- 1974 ) , Swiss composer Frederick Townsend Martin ( 1849 -- 1914 ) American author Glenn L. Martin ( 1886 -- 1955 ) , American aviation pioneer , founder of Glenn L. Martin Company Harley A. Martin ( 1880 - 1951 ) , American politician James Martin , II , American Medal of Honor recipient J.P. Martin ( 1880 -- 1966 ) , English Methodist minister and writer Jesse M. Martin ( born before 1900 ) , former Governor of Arkansas John W. Martin ( 1884 -- 1958 ) , American politician , Governor of Florida Joseph Martin ( Canadian politician ) ( 1852 -- 1923 ) , Canadian lawyer and politician Joseph William Martin , Jr. ( 1884 -- 1968 ) , American politician , Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Karlheinz Martin ( 1886 -- 1948 ) , German stage and film director Lewis J. Martin ( 1844 -- 1913 ) , American Democratic Party politician Mary Martin ( missionary ) ( 1892 -- 1975 ) , Irish missionary nun and founder of Medical Missionaries of Mary Paul Sidney Martin ( 1898 or 1899 -- 1974 ) , American archaeologist Peter E. Martin ( 1888 -- 1944 ) , Canadian automobile pioneer ( Ford Motor Company ) Phonney Martin ( 1845 -- 1933 ) , 19th century American professional baseball player Sir Richard Martin , 1st Baronet , of Cappagh ( 1831 -- 1901 ) , Anglo - Irish baronet and privy counsellor Sir Richard Martin , 1st Baronet , of Overbury Court ( 1838 -- 1916 ) , English banker and Liberal Party politician Whitmell P. Martin ( 1867 -- 1929 ) , `` Bull Moose '' and Democratic U.S. representative from Louisiana Selina Martin ( 1882 -- after 1909 ) , Women 's Suffragette from England William Alexander Parsons Martin ( 1827 -- 1916 ) , Protestant missionary in China William Melville Martin ( 1876 -- 1970 ) , Canadian politician William Martin ( architect ) ( 1829 -- 1900 ) , Birmingham architect and partner in Martin & Chamberlain Born 1900 -- 1949 ( edit ) Agnes Martin ( 1912 -- 2004 ) , Canadian painter Alberta Martin ( 1906 -- 2004 ) , Confederate widow Anders Martin - Löf ( born 1940 ) , Swedish mathematician Andrea Martin ( born 1947 ) , Canadian actress and comedian Barney Martin ( 1923 -- 2005 ) , American actor Bernice Fenwick Martin ( 1902 -- 1999 ) , Canadian painter and printmaker Billy Martin ( 1928 -- 1989 ) , American baseball player and manager Bob Martin ( singer ) ( 1922 -- 1998 ) , Austrian singer Bunsom Martin ( 1922 - 2008 ) , Thai medical professional Caleb Martin ( 1924 -- 1994 ) , American football player Charles A. Martin , Southern - African scout leader Charlie Martin ( 1913 -- 1998 ) , English auto driver Christopher Martin - Jenkins ( 1945 -- 2013 ) , British cricket journalist David Martin ( poet ) ( 1915 -- 1997 ) , Australian poet Dean Martin ( 1917 -- 1995 ) , American singer and actor Dee Martin ( born 1949 ) , American football player Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon ( 1921 -- 2008 and born 1924 ) , American feminists and gay - rights activists Denys R. Martin ( before 1920 -- 1970 ) , British officer of the Royal Engineers , philatelist Dick Martin ( artist ) ( 1927 -- 1990 ) , American artist Dick Martin ( comedian ) ( 1922 -- 2008 ) , American comedian Don Martin ( cartoonist ) ( 1931 -- 2000 ) , American cartoonist , MAD Magazine Donald A. Martin ( born 1940 ) , set theorist ( mathematician ) at UCLA Ernest Martin ( theatre director and manager ) ( born 1932 ) , American theatre director and manager Eugene J. Martin ( 1938 -- 2005 ) , American painter F.X. Martin ( 1922 -- 2000 ) , Irish priest and historian Frank Martin ( ice hockey ) ( born 1933 ) , Canadian professional ice hockey player Gene Martin ( born 1947 ) , American baseball player George Martin ( 1926 -- 2016 ) , English producer of The Beatles ' records ( `` 5th Beatle '' ) George R.R. Martin ( born 1948 ) , American science fiction and fantasy writer Glenn Martin ( coach ) ( 1906 -- 1997 ) , American college sports coach Gordon Eugene Martin ( born 1925 ) , American physicist and author Harry S. Martin ( born 1943 ) , American librarian and legal scholar Henno Martin ( 1910 -- 1998 ) , German geologist Illa Martin ( 1900 -- 1988 ) , German dendrologist , botanist , conservationist , and dentist J.C. Martin ( born 1936 ) , American baseball player Jacques Martin ( comics ) ( 1921 -- 2010 ) , French comics creator James Douglas Martin ( born 1918 ) , former U.S. representative from Alabama James G. Martin ( born 1935 ) , former Governor of North Carolina James Martin ( author ) ( born before 1950 ) , computer systems design author Jerome Martin ( Wisconsin politician ) ( 1908 -- 1977 ) , Wisconsin politician Joan Martin ( ? ) , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player ( 1951 season ) John Martin ( dance critic ) , New York Times , active from 1927 Judith Martin ( born 1938 ) , American journalist and etiquette writer ( `` Miss Manners '' ) Knox Martin ( born 1923 ) , American abstract expressionist artist , New York City Malachi Martin ( 1921 -- 1999 ) , Irish Roman Catholic priest and religious author Mardik Martin ( born 1936 ) , American screenwriter of Armenian descent Mary Martin ( 1913 -- 1990 ) , American actress and singer Michael Martin ( philosopher ) ( born 1932 ) , professor emeritus of philosophy at Boston University Michael Martin ( politician ) ( born 1945 ) , Speaker of the House of Commons Mike Martin ( baseball coach ) ( born 1944 ) , American college baseball coach Millicent Martin ( born 1934 ) , English actress and singer Paul Martin ( born 1938 ) , Canadian politician and former Prime Minister of Canada ( 2003 - 2006 ) Paul Joseph James Martin ( 1903 -- 1992 ) , Canadian politician and father of Prime Minister Paul Martin Paul S. Martin ( died 2010 ) , American geoscientist Pauline Martin ( born 1952 ) , Canadian film actress Pauline Martin ( baseball ) ( ? ) , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player ( 1946 season ) Peggy Smith Martin ( 1931 - 2012 ) , American politician Pepper Martin ( 1904 -- 1965 ) , American baseball player Philip Martin ( pianist ) ( born 1947 ) , Irish pianist and composer with Aosdána Philip Martin ( screenwriter ) ( born 1938 ) , British screenwriter Pierre Martin ( politician ) ( born 1943 ) , French politician Quinn Martin ( 1922 -- 1987 ) , American television producer Richard Milton Martin ( 1916 -- 1985 ) , American logician and philosopher Richard Martin ( RKO actor ) ( 1917 -- 1994 ) American actor Richard Frewen Martin ( 1918 -- 2006 ) , British test pilot Richard Martin ( television director ) ( born 1930 ) , British television director Richard Martin ( curator ) ( 1947 -- 1999 ) , fashion historian , author , and curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Costume Institute Rodolfo Martín Villa ( born 1934 ) , Spanish politician Roy O. Martin , Jr. ( 1921 -- 2007 ) , American timber businessman Samuel Martin ( linguist ) ( 1924 -- 2009 ) , linguist ( Korean and Japanese ) and designer of the Yale Romanization for Korean Sheila Martin ( born 1943 ) , wife of former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin Steve Martin ( born 1945 ) , American actor , comedian , musician , and author Strother Martin ( 1919 -- 1980 ) , American actor Sylvia Wene Martin ( born 1930 ) , American bowler Tom Martin ( Texas politician ) ( born 1949 ) , mayor of Lubbock , Texas Tony Martin ( entertainer ) ( 1913 -- 2012 ) , American actor and singer Tony Martin ( farmer ) ( born 1944 ) , English farmer who shot a burglar Tony Martin ( politician ) ( born 1948 ) , Canadian politician Tony Martin ( professor ) ( born 1942 ) , professor at Wellesley College Tyrone G. Martin ( born 1930 ) , American naval historian Valerie Martin ( born 1948 ) , American novelist William McChesney Martin , Jr. ( 1906 -- 1998 ) , Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve William `` Ted '' Martin ( 1911 -- 2004 ) , American mathematician Born since 1950 ( edit ) Andrej Martin ( born 1989 ) , Slovak tennis player Alberto Martín ( born 1978 ) , Spaniard former tennis player Andrew Martin ( 1975 -- 2009 ) , professional wrestler known as Test Ann M. Martin ( born 1955 ) , American author of The Baby - sitters Club series Bent Martin ( born 1943 ) , Danish former footballer and also he is a father of Camilla Billy Martin ( guitarist ) ( born 1981 ) , American guitarist with the band Good Charlotte Billy Martin ( percussionist ) ( born 1963 ) , American jazz drummer with the band Medeski Martin & Wood Camilla Martin ( born 1974 ) , retired Danish badminton player , now TV presenter Charles Martin ( American football ) ( born 1959 -- 2005 ) , professional American football player Charles Martin ( author ) ( born 1969 ) , author from the Southern United States Chris Martin ( born 1977 ) , English singer and composer for the band Coldplay Chris Martin ( baseball ) ( born 1986 ) , American baseball player Chris Martin ( footballer born 1990 ) ( born 1990 ) , English footballer Christy Martin ( boxer ) ( born 1968 ) , world champion woman boxer Clare Martin ( born 1952 ) , Australian politician Craig Martin ( soccer ) ( born 1957 ) , Canadian football ( soccer ) player Curtis Martin ( born 1973 ) , American football player Damian Martin ( born 1984 ) , Australian basketballer Dan Martin ( cyclist ) ( born 1986 ) , Irish road bicycle racer David Martin ( Scottish politician ) ( born 1954 ) , Scottish politician , MEP Demetri Martin ( born 1973 ) , Greek - American comedian Duane Martin ( born 1965 ) , American actor Eric Martin ( singer ) ( born 1960 ) , American musician ( Mr. Big ) Fergus Martin ( born 1955 ) , Irish artist Hans - Peter Martin ( born 1957 ) , Austrian journalist and MEP Jacques Martin ( ice hockey ) ( born 1952 ) , Canadian ice hockey coach James Martin ( English actor ) ( born 1992 ) , British actor formerly starring in the soap opera Eastenders James Martin ( chef ) ( born 1972 ) , British celebrity chef Jamie Martin ( American football ) ( born 1970 ) , American Football player Javier Martín de Villa ( born 1981 ) , Spanish ski mountaineer Jesse Martin ( born 1981 ) , Australian yachtsman Jessica Martin ( actor and comedian ) ( born 1962 ) , British actor and comedian José Miguel González Martín ( born 1963 ) , Spanish football player Josie Martin ( born 1988 ) , American music producer Keith Martin ( politician ) ( born 1960 ) , Canadian physician and politician Kelan Martin ( born 1995 ) , American basketball player Kellie Martin ( born 1975 ) , American actress Ken Martin ( born 1958 ) , American former long - distance runner Ken Martin ( Australian sculptor ) ( born 1952 ) South Australian sculptor , noted for bronze statues Kenyon Martin ( born 1977 ) , American basketball player Kevin Martin ( basketball ) ( born 1983 ) , American basketball player Kim Martin ( born 1986 ) , Swedish female ice hockey goalkeeper Lee Martin ( footballer born February 1968 ) , former Manchester United and Celtic footballer Lee Martin ( footballer born September 1968 ) , former Huddersfield Town and Rochdale footballer Lee Martin ( footballer born 1987 ) , former Manchester United and Rangers footballer Lucas Martin ( born 1968 ) , soccer player Luke Martin ( born 1981 ) , Australian professional basketball player Madeleine Martin ( born 1993 ) , American actress Margaret Martin ( bodybuilder ) ( born 1979 ) , American professional bodybuilder Marialejandra Martín ( born 1964 ) , Venezuelan actress Marilyn Martin ( born 1954 ) , American singer Mark Martin ( born 1959 ) , American stock car racing driver Mark Martin ( cartoonist ) ( born 1956 ) , American cartoonist Mark Martin ( judge ) ( born 1963 ) , American judge Markko Märtin ( born 1975 ) , Estonian rally driver Max Martin ( born 1971 ) , Swedish musician and producer Micheál Martin ( born 1960 ) , Irish politician Michelle Martin ( born 1967 ) , Australian squash player Mike Martin ( politician ) ( born 1952 ) , former Texas politician Noël Martin ( born 1959 ) , Jamaican - English paraplegic , victim of Neo-Nazi attack Pamela Martin ( television reporter ) ( born 1953 ) , American - born Canadian news anchor Pamela Sue Martin ( born 1954 ) , American actress Pat Martin ( born 1955 ) , Canadian New Democratic Party Member of Parliament Patrick Martin ( born 1983 ) , American professional wrestler better known as Alex Shelley Paul Merton ( born 1957 as Paul Martin ) , British actor and comedian Richard Martin ( director ) ( born 1956 ) , Canadian film director Richard Martin ( footballer , born 1962 ) , French football player Richard Martin ( footballer , born 1987 ) , English football player Rick Martin ( 1951 -- 2011 ) born Richard Martin , Canadian ice - hockey player Ricky Martin ( born 1971 ) , Puerto Rican singer Roger Martin ( professor ) ( born 1956 ) , Dean , Rotman School of Management , University of Toronto Roland S. Martin ( born 1968 ) , American journalist Russell Martin ( born 1983 ) , Canadian Major League Baseball player , current catcher for the New York Yankees Tee Martin ( born 1978 ) , American football player and coach Stefan Martin ( born 1986 ) , Australian rules footballer Tisha Campbell - Martin ( born 1968 ) , American actress Todd Martin ( born 1970 ) , American former tennis player Tony Martin ( comedian ) ( born 1964 ) , Australian comedian Tony Martin ( cyclist ) ( born 1985 ) , German road bicycle racer Trayvon Martin ( 1995 -- 2012 ) , American high school student killed in Florida Vincent Martin ( born 1960 ) , English musician ( a.k.a. Vince Clarke of former Depeche Mode , Yazoo member and now synthpop songwriter and keyboardist of Erasure ) Living with unknown birth year ( edit ) Edith T. Martin , American artist and museum professional Jerry Martin ( composer ) , American jazz , New Age and video game composer Ronnie Martin ( Joy Electric ) , American musician , records as Joy Electric Wednesday Martin , American writer Unknown living or dead with unknown birth year ( edit ) Barrie Martin , English footballer Derived surnames ( edit ) They generally mean `` descendant of Martin '' . Marcin , Marcinkiewicz in Polish Martí in Catalan Martínez , Martín in Spanish Martins in Portuguese and Martíns in Galician Martini , Martino , Martin , Martinis , De / Di Martini and De / Di Martino in Italian Martini and Martinaj in Albanian Maarten and Martijn in Dutch Martens in German and Dutch Martinsson in Swedish Martinssen in Danish and Norwegian Mārtiņš in Latvian Martinescu , Marin , Marian in Romanian Martinčič in Slovenian Martinić and Martinčić in Croatian Martinović in Serbian and Croatian Martinec in Czech and Croatian Martínek in Czech Martinev in Russian and Bulgarian Martinov in Bulgarian Márton , Mártonfi and Mártonffy in Hungarian Martinski in several Slavic languages McMartin in Scottish Martyn , Marten and Martinson in English Martynenko , Martyniuk , and Martyniv in Ukrainian Martinavičius , Marcinkevičius , and Martynas in Lithuanian Mac Giolla Mhártain ( Gilmartin , Kilmartin or Martin ) : hereditary chiefs in the barony of Clogher , Co . Tyrone in Ireland and are a branch of the O'Neills Ó Máirtín ( Martin ) : Irish clan Given / first name ( edit ) Those people who are known primarily by the name `` Martin '' are listed below . Martín , nom de guerre of Gaspar García Laviana ( 1941 -- 1978 ) Martin Aagaard ( 1863 -- 1913 ) , Norwegian painter Martin Akakia ( 1500 -- 1551 ) , physician of King Francis I of France Martin Atkins ( born 1959 ) , English drummer Martin Axenrot ( born 1979 ) , current drummer for Opeth Martin Bartenstein ( born 1953 ) , Austrian businessman and politician Martin Bormann ( 1900 -- 1945 ) , a prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Parteikanzlei ( Nazi Party Chancellery ) . Martin Breunig ( born 1992 ) , German basketball player Martin Bridson ( born 1964 ) , Manx mathematician Martin Brodeur ( born 1972 ) , Canadian ice hockey player and Olympic Gold Medal winner Martin Bryant ( born 1967 ) , Australian spree killer who in 1996 murdered 35 people and injured an additional 23 individuals Martin Brundle ( born 1959 ) , English auto racing driver and commentator Martin Buber ( 1878 -- 1965 ) , Israeli philosopher , translator , and educator Martin Bucer ( 1491 -- 1551 ) , Protestant reformer Martín Cáceres ( born 1987 ) , Uruguayan footballer Martin Cattalini ( born 1973 ) , retired Australian basketballer Martin Clunes ( born 1961 ) , British actor Martin Compston ( born 1984 ) , Scottish actor and former professional footballer . Martin Cooper ( inventor ) ( born 1928 ) , American inventor of the mobile phone Martin Eriksson ( born 1965 ) , Swedish musician known as E-Type Martin Damm ( born 1972 ) , Czech tennis player Martin Davis ( born 1958 ) , Blackman 's American comparitot and former tennis player Martin Dzúr ( 1919 -- 1985 ) , Czech army general and defense minister ( 1968 -- 1985 ) Martin Eriksson ( born 1971 ) , Swedish pole vaulter Martin Erat ( born 1981 ) , Czech professional ice hockey player Martin Ferguson ( born 1953 ) , Australian politician Martin Fillo ( born 1986 ) , Czech professional footballer Martin Filipovski ( born 1986 ) , guitarist for Macedonian rock band Next Time Martin Freeman ( born 1971 ) , English actor Martin Frobisher ( c. 1535 - 1594 ) , English privateer , explorer and admiral Martin Gardner ( 1914 -- 2010 ) , American writer on mathematics , magic , science and puzzles Martin Garrix ( born 1996 ) , Dutch musician Martin `` Marty '' Glickman ( 1917 - 2001 ) , American athlete and radio announcer Martin Goodman ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Martin Gore ( born 1961 ) , British singer and songwriter ( Depeche Mode ) Martin Grossman ( 1965 -- 2010 ) , American murderer Martin Guerre ( c. 1524 -- after 1560 ) , French peasant who left his wife , child , and village and returned after an imposter had assumed his place Martin Harris ( swimmer ) ( born 1969 ) , English backstroke swimmer Martin Häusling ( born 1961 ) , German politician Martin Hoberg Hedegaard ( born 1992 ) , Danish singer Martin Heidegger ( 1889 -- 1976 ) , German philosopher Martin Heinrich ( born 1971 ) , American politician and U.S. Senator from New Mexico since 2013 Martin Hengel ( 1926 -- 2009 ) , German theologian Martin van der Horst ( born 1965 ) , Dutch volleyball player Martin Horntveth ( born 1977 ) , Norwegian musician Martin Hurt ( born 1984 ) , Estonian football defender or midfielder Martín Jaite ( born 1964 ) , Argentine former tennis player Martin Johnson ( rugby union ) ( born 1970 ) , English rugby union player Martin Kaalma ( born 1977 ) , Estonian football goalkeeper Martin Kennedy ( disambiguation ) , several people Martin Kippenberger ( 1953 -- 1997 ) , German painter Martin Klein ( wrestler ) ( 1884 -- 1947 ) , Estonian wrestler Martin J. Klein ( 1924 -- 2009 ) , American science historian Martin Kližan ( born 1989 ) , Slovakian tennis player Martin Koopman ( born 1956 ) , Dutch footballer and football manager Martin Kratt ( born 1965 ) , American educational nature show host Martin Kupper ( born 1989 ) , Estonian discus thrower Martin Laurendeau ( born 1964 ) , Canadian former tennis player Martin Lang ( rugby league ) ( born 1975 ) , Australian rugby league footballer Martin Lang ( fencer ) ( born 1949 ) , American Olympic fencer Martin Lawrence ( born 1965 ) , American television and movie actor Martin Lee ( tennis ) ( born 1978 ) , British former tennis player Martin van Leeuwen ( born 1981 ) , Dutch football ( soccer ) player Martin C. Libicki , American academic Martin Lipp ( 1854 -- 1923 ) , Estonian poet Martin Lopez ( born 1978 ) , former drummer for Opeth Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) , the founder of Protestant Christianity Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1929 -- 1968 ) , American civil rights campaigner Martin McGuinness ( 1950 -- 2017 ) , deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland and erstwhile member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army Martin Meehan ( Irish republican ) ( 1945 -- 2007 ) , Sinn Féin politician and erstwhile member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army Martín Méndez ( born 1978 ) , bass player for progressive death metal band Opeth Martin Miller ( actor ) ( 1899 -- 1969 ) , Czech actor Martin Miller ( cricketer ) ( born 1972 ) , English cricketer Martin Miller ( footballer ) ( born 1997 ) , Estonian footballer Martín Mondragón ( born 1953 ) , Mexican long - distance runner Martin Moss ( 1923 -- 2007 ) , retailing director Martin Müürsepp ( born 1974 ) , Estonian professional basketball player Martin Nievera ( born 1962 ) , Filipino singer and songwriter Martin Nürenbach ( died 1780 ) , artist Martin I of Sicily ( c. 1374 -- 1409 ) , ruled 1390 -- 1409 Martin of Aragon ( 1356 -- 1410 ) , ruled 1396 -- 1410 , also Martin II of Sicily , 1409 -- 1410 Martin of Braga ( c. 520 -- 580 ) , archbishop of Braga Martin of Leon ( c. 1130 -- 1203 ) , Spanish saint and Augustinian canon Martin Ødegaard ( born 1998 ) , Norwegian football player Martin Offiah ( born 1966 ) , British rugby league footballer Martin O'Hagan ( 1950 -- 2001 ) , Irish journalist Martin O'Malley ( born 1963 ) , Mayor of Baltimore and Governor of Maryland Martin O'Neill ( disambiguation ) Martin Paasoja ( born 1993 ) , Estonian basketball player Martin Padar ( born 1979 ) , Estonian judoka Martin Petrov ( born 1979 ) , Bulgarian footballer Martin de Porres ( 1579 -- 1639 ) , a Peruvian saint Martin Reed ( born 1978 ) , English footballer Martin Reim ( born 1971 ) , Estonian football midfielder Martin del Rosario ( born 1991 ) , Filipino model and actor Martín Sastre ( born 1976 ) , Uruguayan artist Martin Scharlemann ( born 1948 ) , American mathematician Martin Schenkel ( 1968 -- 2003 ) , Swiss actor and musician Martin Scorsese ( born 1942 ) , American filmmaker Martin Sheen ( born 1940 ) , American actor Martin Silva ( born 1952 ) , Canadian politician and radio personality Martin Sinner ( born 1968 ) , German former tennis player Martin Škrtel ( born 1984 ) , Slovakian football defender Martin St. Louis ( born 1975 ) , Canadian ice hockey player Martin Steele ( born 1962 ) , British middle distance runner Martin Strel ( born 1954 ) , Slovenian marathon swimmer Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 1984 ) , Norwegian cross-country skier Martin Taupau ( born 1990 ) , New Zealand Rugby League player Martin Teffer ( born 1965 ) , Dutch volleyball player and coach Martin Tešovič ( born 1974 ) , Slovak weightlifter Martin Tungevaag ( born 1993 ) , Norwegian DJ Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) , 8th president of the United States of America Martin van Drunen ( born 1966 ) , Dutch death metal vocalist / musician Martín Vassallo Argüello ( born 1980 ) , Argentine tennis player Martin Verkerk ( born 1978 ) , Dutch former tennis player Martin Viiask ( born 1983 ) , Estonian professional basketballer Martin Vunk ( born 1984 ) , Estonian football midfielder Martin Walsh ( film editor ) ( born 1955 ) , Academy Award - winning film editor Martin Gottfried Weiss , ( 1905 -- 1946 ) , SS Commander of German concentration camps executed for war crimes Martin Zijlstra ( 1944 -- 2014 ) , Dutch politician Pope Marinus I ( also known as Pope Martin II ) ( died 884 ) , Pope ( 882 -- 884 ) Pope Marinus II ( also known as Pope Martin III ) ( died 946 ) , Pope ( 942 -- 946 ) Pope Martin I ( died 655 ) , Saint and Pope ( 649 -- 655 ) Pope Martin IV ( c. 1210 -- 1285 ) , Pope ( 1281 -- 1285 ) , born Simon de Brion Pope Martin V ( c. 1368 -- 1431 ) , Pope ( 1417 -- 31 ) , born Odo Colona Saint Marinus ( also known as Martin ) ( died c. 366 ) , the namesake of San Marino Martinus , pen name for Martinus Thomsen ( 1890 -- 1981 ) Middle name ( edit ) Johann Martin Miller ( 1750 -- 1814 ) , German theologian and writer Juan Martín del Potro ( born 1988 ) , Vassallo Argüello 's Argentine compatriot and tennis player Fictional characters ( edit ) Martin family ( All My Children ) , television series characters from the soap opera All My Children Zack , Cody , and Carey Martin are television series characters from the sitcom The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Martin Payne ( played by Martin Lawrence ) , the protagonist of the television sitcom Martin Commander Martin Servaz , the protagonist of the French crime thriller TV series , The Frozen Dead , set in the French Pyrenees town Saint - Martin - de-Comminges See also ( edit ) Martín García ( disambiguation ) Martin Rodriguez ( disambiguation ) Bobby Martin ( disambiguation ) William Martin ( disambiguation ) Martina ( given name ) Martina ( surname ) Martínez ( surname ) All pages with a title containing Martin All pages beginning with `` Martin '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert Dauzat , Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France , Larousse , Paris 1980 . p. 420 . New completed edition by Marie - Thérèse Morlet . Jump up ^ Iain Moncreiffe , Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk , David Hicks ( 1982 ) . The Highland Clans . pp. 48 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 144740 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lynch , Michael . ( 2011 ) . Oxford Companion to Scottish History . p. 95 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923482 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Martin : nom de famille Martin . Nombre et localisation '' . www.linternaute.com . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marianne Mulon , Origine et histoire des noms de famille . Essais d'anthroponymie , éditions errance 2002 . p 137 -- 138 : D'où viennent donc tous ces Martin ( Where do all these Martins come from ? ) . Jump up ^ Noms de famille : les noms de famille les plus portés , l'origine de votre nom de famille ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Noms de famille les plus fréquents en 2008 -- Belgique et Régions ( Top 100 ) '' . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ 89 , Généalogie FRANCE - SWIC / GENEALOGY Paris - 01 53 45 89 . `` LES NOMS DE FAMILLE LES PLUS PORTES EN FRANCE PAR REGION '' . www.geopatronyme.com . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heal lapsel mitu nime '' . 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelly Weiss . The Origin of Jewish Family Names . p. 216 Published by Lang , Peter Publishing , Incorporated. 2002 . External links ( edit ) The Worldwide Family History Society of Martin This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . 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-9198730178896246080 | Over the Garden Wall | Over the Garden Wall - wikipedia Over the Garden Wall Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Over the Garden Wall ( disambiguation ) . Over the Garden Wall Genre Dark fantasy Comedy - drama Adventure Created by Patrick McHale Based on Tome of the Unknown ( 2013 ) Directed by Nick Cross ( art ) Robert Alvarez , Larry Leichliter , Eddy Houchins , and Ken Bruce ( animation ) Nate Cash ( supervising ) Creative director ( s ) Nate Cash ( episodes 1 -- 6 ) Bert Youn ( episodes 7 -- 10 ) Voices of Elijah Wood Collin Dean Melanie Lynskey Christopher Lloyd Jack Jones Samuel Ramey Composer ( s ) The Blasting Company Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Patrick McHale Brian A. Miller and Jennifer Pelphrey ( for Cartoon Network Studios ) Curtis Lelash and Rob Sorcher ( for Cartoon Network ) Producer ( s ) Pernelle Hayes Running time 110 minutes Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) Audio format Stereo ( Original broadcast ) Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release November 3 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) -- November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) External links Website www.cartoonnetwork.com/tv_shows/over-the-garden-wall/video/episodes/index.html Over the Garden Wall is an American animated television miniseries created by Patrick McHale for Cartoon Network . The series centers on two half - brothers who travel across a strange forest in order to find their way home , encountering odd and wonderful things on their journey . The show is based on McHale 's animated short film Tome of the Unknown , which was produced as part of Cartoon Network Studios ' shorts development program . The show features Elijah Wood and Collin Dean as the protagonists Wirt and Greg , and Melanie Lynskey as a bluebird named Beatrice . Over the Garden Wall was broadcast throughout the week of November 3 , 2014 to November 7 , 2014 . The show marked the first miniseries on the network , which commenced its production in March 2014 . McHale first envisioned the show in 2004 , and pitched it to the network in 2006 . After working on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack and Adventure Time , the network expressed interest in McHale pitching a pilot . That pilot became the catalyst for Over the Garden Wall . Production of the show was largely handled in Burbank , California , but many of the show 's storyboard artists worked from other U.S. cities , while the program 's animation was outsourced to South Korea . The series ' environment evokes 19th - and 20th - century Americana , while its digital backgrounds are designed to resemble grisaille paintings . Upon its debut , the series received critical acclaim from television critics , with praise focusing on its mood and characters . In 2015 , the series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . Outside of the series , a one - shot comic book adaptation penned by McHale has been produced , with four further issues commissioned . This was eventually expanded into an ongoing series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Final chapters 2 Production 3 Cast 3.1 Main voices 3.2 Various voices 4 Episodes 4.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 4.2 Miniseries ( 2014 ) 5 Broadcast 6 Music 7 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Critical reception 9 Awards and nominations 10 Comic book adaptation 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows two half - brothers , Wirt and Greg ( voiced by Elijah Wood and Collin Dean respectively ) , who become lost in a strange forest called the Unknown . In order to find their way home , the two must travel across the seemingly supernatural forest with the occasional help of the wandering , mysterious and elderly Woodsman ( Christopher Lloyd ) and Beatrice ( Melanie Lynskey ) , an irritable bluebird who travels with the boys in order to find a woman called Adelaide , who can supposedly undo the curse on Beatrice and her family and show the half - brothers the way home . Wirt , the older brother , is a worry - prone teenager and would rather keep to himself than have to make a decision . His three passions are the clarinet , poetry , and architecture but he keeps this private out of fear of being mocked . On the other hand , Greg , the younger brother , is all about play and being carefree , much to Wirt 's chagrin and the danger to himself and others . Greg carries a frog ( Jack Jones ) , whose name is undetermined and who can communicate only through singing . Stalking the main cast is the Beast ( Samuel Ramey ) , an ancient creature who leads lost souls astray until they lose their hope and willpower and turn into `` Edelwood trees '' . Final chapters ( edit ) In the final two episodes , it is revealed that Wirt and Greg are actually two boys from the modern era . Wirt and Greg 's strange appearance stems from the fact that the night they entered the Unknown was Halloween . Wirt , attempting to take back an embarrassing poetry tape he made for a girl he likes , had followed her to a graveyard scary story gathering before a police officer scared him and Greg into jumping over the cemetery 's garden wall . On the other side of the wall , they landed on train tracks where Greg was almost hit by a train . Wirt pushed them both off a hill into a lake / river in an attempt to save him , knocking them both unconscious in the process and sending them to a Limbo - like realm between life and death . At the end of the last episode , Wirt and Greg wake up in a hospital , with Greg telling a story but being cut off before we can hear what it 's about . As the scene ends , Greg 's frog begins to glow , due to having eaten a magic bell in The Unknown , suggesting that there was at least some physical aspect to the story . The series ends with a slow montage of how Wirt and Greg affected the inhabitants of the Unknown . Production ( edit ) Over the Garden Wall was first envisioned in 2004 with a scarier and more adventure - based storyline . Before working as a storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , artist Patrick McHale pitched the show in 2006 , then known under the title Tome of the Unknown . The series would follow two brothers -- Walter and Gregory -- who , after signing themselves into a Faustian deal with a devil named Old Scratch , journey across the Land of the In - Between to track down the pages of a book of forgotten stories . McHale saw it as `` a possible Halloween special '' , but had trouble adapting the premise with a larger story arc . After his work for Flapjack , McHale moved on to co-develop Adventure Time , where he served as creative director , and subsequently as a writer . The network later asked him if he had interest in developing a pilot , which led to him returning to Tome of the Unknown , polishing it and pitching it again to the network . After creating a pilot episode , Tome of the Unknown : Harvest Melody , McHale and the network settled upon the miniseries format for the ensuing series , as McHale felt that it would lead to `` something that felt higher quality than what we could do with a regular series '' . McHale abandoned the original idea centered around chapters of a mystical tome and the series ' title became Over the Garden Wall . Production for Over the Garden Wall commenced in March 2014 . McHale initially envisioned eighteen chapters in the series , but the episode count was brought to ten to accommodate budget and time constraints . Early drafts of episodes from the show 's pitch bible included a skinless witch character and a villain who carves dice from the bones of kidnapped children , as well a running plot throughout four episodes in which Wirt and Gregory are transformed into animals ( Gregory being a duck and Wirt being `` either a bear or a dog ... Nobody can tell which '' ) . The ten episodes marked the first miniseries on the Cartoon Network . The show features Wood ( reprising his role from the short ) , Lynskey , and Dean as the main voice cast . McHale and his crew tried to maintain a balance between frightening imagery and `` episodes that are just light and funny '' . For the music , McHale drew inspiration from `` classic American , opera singing '' . Nick Cross served as art director and Nate Cash as supervising director ; both worked with McHale alongside storyboard artists located in New York and Chicago . This distance proved difficult for McHale , who found it `` particularly daunting considering the idiosyncratic nature of the production '' . The series ' art was inspired by a variety of sources , including the 1890s McLoughlin Brothers board game Game of Frog Pond , illustrations by Gustave Doré for Cervantes 's Don Quixote , old illustrations for the Hans Christian Andersen story `` The Tinderbox '' , the Cheshire Cat illustration by John Tenniel from Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , and the `` Dogville Comedies '' short films . McHale referenced chromolithography , vintage Halloween postcards , magic lantern slides , and photographs of New England foliage to create the show 's style . Cast ( edit ) Greg and Wirt , two half - brothers who act as the miniseries ' main protagonists , along with Beatrice the bluebird and Greg 's pet frog . Main article : List of Over the Garden Wall characters Main voices ( edit ) Elijah Wood as Wirt Collin Dean as Gregory ( Greg ) Melanie Lynskey as Beatrice Christopher Lloyd as the Woodsman Jack Jones as Greg 's Frog Samuel Ramey as the Beast Various voices ( edit ) Emily Brundige as Sara Mark Bodnar as the North Wind John Cleese as Quincy Endicott ; Adelaide Tim Curry as Auntie Whispers Noureen DeWulf as Pumpkin Gal Frank Fairfield as the Toy Maker Chris Isaak as Enoch Shirley Jones as Beatrice 's Mother Janet Klein as Miss Langtree Thomas Lennon as Jimmy Brown Sam Marin as Mr. Langtree Judah Nelson as the Cloud City Reception Committee Bebe Neuwirth as Margueritte Grey Jerron `` Blind Boy '' Paxton as the Highwayman Cole Sanchez as Jason Funderberker Shannyn Sossamon as Lorna Fred Stoller as Fred the Horse Deborah Voigt as Queen of the Clouds Audrey Wasilewski as the Tavern Keeper Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) Miniseries 10 November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Title Written , storyboarded and directed by Original release date `` Tome of the Unknown : Harvest Melody '' Patrick McHale September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) ( Film festivals ) May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) ( Online ) Wirt and Gregory grow tired of walking , so they borrow a car from a romantic songwriter made of vegetables named John Crops . They travel to a town of dancing vegetable people , unknowingly bringing crows and other dangerous animals along with them , but they manage to escape while John Crops finds a lover . Miniseries ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Written and storyboarded by Story by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` The Old Grist Mill '' Steve Wolfhard , Natasha Allegri , and Zac Gorman Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.19 Wirt and Greg , along with a frog that Greg attempts to name , are lost in a forest and are informed by an old Woodsman that they are lost in the Unknown and warns them of `` The Beast '' . Taking them to his oil mill , Wirt and Greg decide to stay for the night but problems arise when Greg leaves a trail of candy that a wolf , which they mistakenly believe to be the Beast , follows them . `` Hard Times at the Huskin ' Bee '' Bert Youn , Aaron Renier , and Patrick McHale Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.19 Beatrice , a talking bluebird , joins the brothers and their frog after they help her out of a bush . The trio arrive in a strange town , Pottsfield , that appears to be deserted . They find that the town is holding their annual harvest festival in a barn , which is disrupted by their arrival . The residents , who seem to be living pumpkins , sentence the trio to a few hours of manual labour . After being freed , the brothers decide to follow Beatrice to a woman named Adelaide , who she claims can help them get home . `` Schooltown Follies '' Jim Campbell and Laura Park Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.24 Wirt and Beatrice come across a school full of animal students being taught by a human teacher , Miss Langtree . She mistakes them for students and tells them to join the class , which Wirt does . Meanwhile , Greg and some of his new - found animal friends are chased by a gorilla and they hide in the school . Greg cheers everyone up by adding molasses to the potatoes that they 're having for lunch . The next day , a benefit concert is organised for the school , which earns enough money to keep it open . Wirt trips over the gorilla , revealing that it was Miss Langtree 's missing fiancé , Jimmy Brown , stuck in a costume . `` Songs of the Dark Lantern '' Pendleton Ward , Bert Youn , and Steve McLeod Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.24 Wirt and Greg visit a tavern to ask for directions to Adelaide 's house . The tavern people warn the brothers about the Beast and reveal that the creature turns people into trees of oil to burn in his lantern . Wirt steals a talking horse named Fred and finds Beatrice unconscious next to the Woodsman , and Wirt and Greg ride off with her . Meanwhile , the Beast reminds the Woodsman that the flame inside his lantern contains his daughter 's soul , and that he must cut down Edelwood trees so the fire can keep her alive . 5 `` Mad Love '' Natasha Allegri and Zac Gorman Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 1.55 Wirt and Greg claim to be the nephews of the wealthy and eccentric Quincy Endicott so they can steal two cents from him to pay for a ferry that will cross the river . In order to distract him , Greg , Greg 's frog , and Fred convince Quincy to search for a ghost he supposedly saw one night . Beatrice reveals to Wirt she was once human , but she and her family were cursed by a bluebird . She explains that Adelaide is the only one who can change them back . Wirt reveals he has a crush on a girl back home named Sara . The groups reunite and discover that the ghost was in fact Quincy 's neighbour and that their two mansions were actually connected . The two embrace each other and award Greg and Wirt a cent each due to his help . 6 `` Lullaby in Frogland '' Bert Youn and Nick Edwards Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 1.55 Wirt , Greg , Beatrice , and Greg 's frog sneak aboard the ferry , which is filled with clothed frogs . They disguise themselves as a member of the ferry 's band , which soon starts performing , with Wirt reluctantly playing a bassoon . Greg 's frog unexpectedly starts to sing . When they arrive to their destination , Beatrice , who had been acting strangely throughout the ferry ride , tries to convince them to stay in the Unknown and not to visit Adelaide . That night , Beatrice flies away and is unknowingly followed by Wirt and Greg to Adelaide 's house . Beatrice had originally planned to give them both to Adelaide as slaves in exchange for a pair of scissors that would lift the curse off herself and her family , but she had a change of heart as she grew attached to the brothers . Adelaide attempts to capture Wirt and Greg , but is killed by Beatrice . Beatrice attempts to explain the situation , but Wirt is hurt by her betrayal and runs away with Greg . 7 `` The Ringing of the Bell '' Patrick McHale , Bert Youn , and Tom Herpich Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1.19 Greg , Wirt , and Greg 's frog encounter the Woodsman , who warns them that the Beast is ready to claim them . They run from the Woodsman and come across a lonely cottage in which they come across a young girl named Lorna who warns them to hide , as her care - giver Auntie Whispers is coming . Auntie Whispers uses a bell that can control Lorna with its ringing . Auntie Whispers reminds Lorna that she makes her constantly work so that `` she wo n't become wicked '' . The brothers help Lorna to escape by helping her finish her housework early . Just before they leave , Greg and his frog accidentally awaken Auntie Whispers , who warns them to stay away from Lorna or they will be eaten . Lorna suddenly transforms into a horrific demon . Greg shakes his frog , who has eaten Auntie Whispers ' bell , and Wirt commands the demon to leave Lorna 's body and never return . Lorna decides to stay with Auntie Whispers . After leaving Lorna and Auntie Whispers , Wirt begins to lose hope of ever leaving the Unknown , which pleases the Beast who is watching from afar . 8 `` Babes in the Wood '' Mark Bodnar , Jim Campbell , and Bert Youn Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1.19 The brothers and Greg 's frog sail down a lake , where they hear the Beast 's singing , and Greg remains hopeful while Wirt has given up . They reach land and sleep under a tree for the night . Greg has a dream of an angelic cloud city , where he is welcomed by its residents . The festivities are cut short when the North Wind is released and starts destroying the city , but Greg manages to defeat it . The Queen of the Clouds appears to Greg , allowing him one wish as a reward . He wishes to find his way home , but the Queen informs him he can not return home with Wirt as the Beast has already claimed Wirt , who is covered in Edelwood branches . Greg instead wishes to take Wirt 's place , and leaves with the Beast . Wirt awakens and chases after them , but falls through ice and nearly drowns before being saved by a fishing net . 9 `` Into the Unknown '' Cole Sanchez , Vi Nguyen , and Zac Gorman Cole Sanchez , Bert Youn , Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 1.13 Taking place before the events of the first episode , on Halloween , Wirt has just finished making an audio cassette tape for his crush , Sara . He fashions a costume out of an old Santa Claus hat and a marching band cloak . Greg gives the tape to Sara 's friends , who tell Wirt that he should hurry , because another boy , Jason Funderberker , was planning on asking her out at a party that night . Trying to retrieve the tape , they end up at the party . Wirt meets up with Sara , who invites him to go to the graveyard with her and her friends . He declines and tries to get the tape from her jacket . However , Sara comes back for it , leading Wirt and Greg to sneak after her and her friends . At the graveyard , the group is telling ghost stories when Greg tries to cause a distraction for Wirt . A police car pulls up and jokingly tells them off for being in the graveyard , but they take him seriously and run off , with Wirt and Greg scaling a wall at the edge of the graveyard . At the top , Wirt notices Sara finding the tape in her jacket and he panics . They jump off the wall and onto a set of train tracks on the other side . Wirt blames Greg and his stepfather for ruining his life , but Greg pays no attention and picks up a frog in the bushes . A train comes down the tracks , heading straight for them . Wirt and Greg jump out of the way , but roll down a steep hill and into a lake , knocking them both unconscious . Wirt then wakes up after the events of the previous episode , and finds himself in a nest with Beatrice 's family . He thanks them and heads off with Greg 's frog into a snowstorm to look for his brother . 10 `` The Unknown '' Natasha Allegri , Jim Campbell , and Tom Herpich Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 1.13 After leaving Wirt with her family , Beatrice navigates through the storm to find Greg , who she sees performing meaningless tasks for the Beast . She is whisked away by the strong wind and crashes into Wirt , who was wandering in the storm holding Greg 's frog , and leads him to where she last saw Greg . As the sun sets , having used up what little Edelwood he had left , the Woodsman ventures into the woods and finds Greg transforming into a new Edelwood tree . The Woodsman attempts to free Greg before fighting the Beast away from the clearing as Wirt and Beatrice arrive . He asks Wirt to return it for him once he is gone , to which Wirt refuses , and decides to name Greg 's frog `` Jason Funderburker '' to cheer him up as he tries to break the Edelwood branches off . Wirt then sees the Woodsman knocked down at his feet as the Beast appears , offering to keep Greg 's soul alive inside the lantern in exchange for Wirt taking over the Woodsman 's duties in keeping it lit . Wirt is tempted to accept this offer , but he realizes that the flame within the lantern is actually the Beast 's own source of life . After explaining this to everyone in the clearing , Wirt frees Greg and asks for Beatrice to come with them . But she declines as she wants to return home and admit to her family that she is responsible for their curse . Wirt gives Beatrice Adelaide 's magic scissors , which Wirt had kept from their encounter , sheepishly admitting that he had kept them from her out of spite . They head off as the Woodsman , mortified to learn that Edelwood trees grew from the bodies of the lost and that he had never been keeping his daughter alive , resists the Beast 's lies and extinguishes the lantern , ending the Beast 's life once and for all . After Wirt and Beatrice say their goodbyes , Wirt wakes up under the lake and pulls Greg and his frog to the surface , passing out as the police and his friends show up . The brothers are taken by ambulance to the hospital . Wirt wakes up next to Greg , Sara , and her friends . Sara tells Wirt that she had n't listened to the tape yet , as she does n't own a cassette player . Wirt offers for her to listen to it at his house , which she accepts . Back in the Unknown , the Woodsman is sitting on his porch in melancholy when his daughter comes out of his home , having been actually alive the whole time . The other Unknown residents are shown to be living much happier lives as a result of Wirt and Greg 's influence , including Beatrice and her family restored to human form . Greg 's frog plays the piano and sings , and Greg returns the stolen rock back to Mrs. Daniel 's garden . ^ Jump up to : This episode credits the storyboarders separate from the writers ( listed here under Story By for convenience ) Broadcast ( edit ) McHale 's original short , Tome of the Unknown , was screened at the 2014 Santa Barbara International Film Festival , where McHale earned the Bruce Corwin Award for best animated short film . It also received an honorable mention at the 2013 Ottawa International Animation Festival . At the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International , a preview of the show was screened along with various panels for other shows on the network . Episode 2 was previewed at the 2014 New York Comic Con , which McHale and the main cast attended . The show made its premiere on November 3 , 2014 on Cartoon Network , and ran over five consecutive nights . The entirety of it was published on iTunes preceding its broadcast . The series aired on Cartoon Network in Australia from December 15 to 19 , 2014 and on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland from April 6 to 10 , 2015 . Music ( edit ) Over the Garden Wall ( Original Television Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released September 19 , 2017 Genre Jazz , folk Length 53 : 13 Label Cartoon Network Producer The Blasting Company Various melodies and songs based on pre-1950s music are heard throughout the series . Elijah Wood , the voice actor for Wirt , has said that `` if this show were a record , it would be played on a phonograph '' . Songs from the series include `` Into the Unknown '' , its title song , composed by Patrick McHale and sung by Jack Jones ; `` A Courting Song '' , composed by the Petrojvic Blasting Company and performed by Frank Fairfield ; and `` Come Wayward Souls '' , sung by Samuel Ramey as the Beast . No . Title Length 1 . `` Prelude '' 1 : 33 2 . `` Into the Unknown '' 1 : 28 3 . `` You Have Beautiful Eyes '' 1 : 32 4 . `` Pottsfield CM '' 1 : 31 5 . `` Patient is the Night '' 1 : 28 6 . `` Adelaide Parade '' 1 : 39 7 . `` Money for School '' 1 : 17 8 . `` Ms Langtree 's Lament '' 2 : 28 9 . `` Potatoes & Molasses '' 1 : 12 10 . `` Off to Bed '' 1 : 05 11 . `` The Beast is Out There '' 0 : 46 12 . `` The Highwayman '' 0 : 31 13 . `` A Courting Song '' 1 : 22 14 . `` Endicott Manor '' 1 : 02 15 . `` The Journey Begins '' 0 : 52 16 . `` Half - Moon River '' 0 : 57 17 . `` McLaughlin Bros Jug Band '' 0 : 38 18 . `` Over the Garden Wall '' 1 : 46 19 . `` Send Me a Peach '' 2 : 03 20 . `` Adelaide 's Trap '' 2 : 12 21 . `` Like Ships '' 0 : 30 22 . `` More Bones to Sort '' 0 : 51 23 . `` Old North Wind '' 1 : 04 24 . `` Forward , Oneiroi '' 1 : 33 25 . `` The Fight is Over '' 1 : 18 26 . `` Tiny Star '' 1 : 42 27 . `` Old Black Train '' 2 : 15 28 . `` The Old Mill '' 1 : 24 29 . `` Come Wayward Souls '' 1 : 51 30 . `` Potatus et Molassus '' 2 : 23 31 . `` One is a Bird '' 1 : 39 32 . `` Black Train / End Credits '' 0 : 36 33 . `` The Clouded Annals of History - Bonus Track '' 0 : 35 34 . `` Ca n't You See I 'm Lonely - Bonus Track '' 1 : 19 35 . `` Shine On - Bonus Track '' 2 : 19 36 . `` Everything is Nice and Fine - Bonus Track '' 1 : 21 37 . `` Halloween Halftime - Bonus Track '' 2 : 18 38 . `` Two Old Cat - Bonus Track '' 0 : 57 39 . `` The Jolly Woodsman - Bonus Track '' 0 : 48 40 . `` Tome of the Unknown - Bonus Track '' 0 : 16 The majority of the series ' songs have been officially uploaded to YouTube . On the DVD release they can be heard , along with visuals and without dialogue , in a special feature known as the Composer 's Cut . An extended version of the soundtrack , featuring 32 tracks and totaling around 44 minutes in length , was released in the form of a 180 gram vinyl record by Mondo in August 2016 . The extended soundtrack debuted at the San Diego Comic - Con , with a limited 1,000 copies , featuring a cover designed by Sam Wolfe Connelly . The extended vinyl is also available as a webstore exclusive from Mondo . Home Media ( edit ) The animated miniseries was released on DVD in the United States on September 8 , 2015 from Cartoon Network and Warner Home Video . The DVD release took place two months earlier on July 8 in Australia . The DVD features all ten episodes of the show , commentaries , the original pilot , alternate title cards , and deleted animatics . Other extras on the DVD include the Composer 's Cut , an option wherein a viewer can watch the show with only the visuals and the background music ; and the mini-documentary Behind Over the Garden Wall . On April 6 , 2016 Madman Entertainment released the miniseries on Blu - ray exclusively in Australia with the same bonus content as the DVD release . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Over the Garden Wall was critically acclaimed . Preceding its premiere , Patrick Kevin Day of the Los Angeles Times called it `` funny , creepy '' and , from the premise , `` not as simple as it sounds '' . In TV Guide and also before the premiere , Megan Walsh - Boyle felt that the show 's fictional universe `` sounds like a world worth getting lost in '' . Meredith Woerner of io9 called a preview of the show `` amazing '' , `` weird , and cute and great '' , reflecting `` all the things we love about this oddball animation renaissance we are currently living in '' . Conversely , Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew judged from the same preview that the animation was lacking . While not discounting its storytelling , music , and production design , he felt that production skimped on animation ; he was still looking forward to the series . Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was `` a little too folksy and fairy story '' at times , but that its `` contemporary strangeness wins out '' , and concluded that `` it is throughout something to behold '' . Lloyd later wrote that it evoked `` a kind of artisanal quality '' , both in its design and setting , and though the writing felt `` a little too intent on its own folksiness '' , it became more enjoyable throughout . In the New York Times , Mike Hale also felt the writing was sometimes weak and the stories `` perilously thin '' , but concluded that McHale developed an environment worth visiting . Brian Moylan of The Guardian wrote that the visuals were `` absolutely stunning '' , and that the stories contained `` a certain darkness to it that is both mellow and twee at the same time , with a fair amount of anxiety creeping around the edges '' . Brian Lowry of Variety wrote that Garden Wall was `` an admirable experiment '' , but not one to sustain `` the five - night commitment '' , calling it `` slightly mismatched '' while praising a departure from `` the more abrasive characteristic '' of the network 's primetime content . Kevin McDonough of the Illinois Daily Journal criticized some of the writing , but summed it up as `` an ambitious cartoon '' for both younger and older audiences . Jason Bree of the website Agents of Geek called the miniseries `` the greatest thing Cartoon Network has ever produced '' . Kevin Johnson , writing for The A.V. Club , praised the series , giving it an A , saying that `` with such a perfect blend of mood , atmosphere , story , and characterization , Over the Garden Wall 's 10 - episode run will leave you wanting more , but like every great fairy tale , it 's a story that knows when it 's over . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2015 Annie Award Best Animated TV / Broadcast Production for Children 's Audience Over the Garden Wall Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Directing in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Robert Alvarez , Ken Bruce , and Larry Leichliter Nominated Reuben Award TV Animation Patrick McHale Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Outstanding Animated Program Over the Garden Wall Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Nick Cross Won Ottawa International Animation Festival Best Animated Feature Over the Garden Wall Won 2016 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Animated Over the Garden Wall Nominated Comic book adaptation ( edit ) A one - shot comic book adaptation of the show was announced in October 2014 . Produced by KaBoom ! , an imprint of Boom ! Studios , the comic was released on November 5 , 2014 . The comic was supervised by McHale and was produced as an oversized special . The comic was illustrated by Jim Campbell , a writer / storyboard artist on the television series . A special variant cover , by McHale , was also released . The success of the standalone comic led to further issues being commissioned in May 2015 and began to be released in August 2015 . According to Patrick McHale , the comic books would be similar to the one - shot comic , detailing the events that occurred in between certain episodes and will expand on the miniseries . The success of the series of one - shots led to an ongoing series of comics , serving as both a sequel and prequel to the series , rather than telling adventures that happened between episodes . The stories are told parallel , with half the comic detailing Greg returning to mysterious dreamlands in his sleep . The other half chronicles the Woodsman 's daughter , Anna , and how she became lost in the Unknown . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Farrah ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall -- About '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( password - protected ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Farrah ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall -- Characters '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( password - protected ) Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Patrick Kevin ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lost in an animator 's imagination '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . p . D12 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas J. ( Sep 14 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Stars of Animation '' . Animation Magazine : 28 -- 31 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Orders Over the Garden Wall as First Miniseries '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh - Boyle , Megan ( September 1 -- 14 , 2014 ) . `` Toon In '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital : 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Nationals : ESPN Continues Win Streak with ' Monday Night Football ' '' . TV Media Insights . November 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Masterchef Junior ' Lifts Fox '' . TV Media Insights . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' CMA Awards ' Gives ABC Dominant Victory '' . TV Media Insights . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Network Proves Competitive with Broadcast Nets '' . TV Media Insights . November 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS , ABC Share Night 's Top Honors '' . TV Media Insights . November 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Award Winning Films Announced '' . Santa Barbara International Film Festival . February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tito on Ice , Lonely Bones Win Ottawa 's Top Honors '' . Animation Magazine . n.p. Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Teases Over the Garden Wall '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Plans Surprise - Packed NYCC Panel '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Shelli ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Sets Premiere for Miniseries Over the Garden Wall '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the First Episode of Cartoon Network 's Over the Garden Wall '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GET LOST IN THE UNKNOWN OVER THE GARDEN WALL '' ( Press release ) . Sydney : Turner Broadcasting System . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network UK April 2015 Highlights '' . RegularCapital : Cartoon Network International News . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` An Interview With the Folks Behind Cartoon Network 's Over the Garden Wall , Premiering Tonight ! '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Maas , Emily ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Video : Creating the Soundtrack for Cartoon Network 's Over the Garden Wall '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ PenzeyMoog , Caitlin ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Mondo exclusive : An Over The Garden Wall soundtrack is coming in August '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Shiach , Kieran ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Mondo to Debut ' Over the Garden Wall ' Soundtrack Vinyl at San Diego Comic Con ( SDCC 2016 ) '' . Comics Alliance . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Garden Wall Original Television Soundtrack ! '' . Mondo. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network : Over the Garden Wall '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Garden Wall on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ( Creator , Writer ) ( September 8 , 2015 ) . Over the Garden Wall ( television miniseries ) . United States , South Korea : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Over the Garden Wall Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com. 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall Preview Is Crushingly Charming and Batshit Insane '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` 6 - Minute Preview of CN Mini-Series Over the Garden Wall '' . Cartoon Brew . n.p. Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Picks : Powerless , Craft , Who , PuppyCat , Garden Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the ' Wall ' , a land of enchantment '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . p . D3 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` In a World of Whimsy , a Perilous Journey Home '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . C3 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall : slapstick for the kids , existential dread for the adults '' . Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Cartoon Network 's Over The Garden Wall '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDonough , Kevin ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tune in tonight : Grimm tidings on Cartoon Network '' . Daily Journal . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Bree ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall is the Best Thing That the Cartoon Network Has Done - Review '' . Agents of Geek . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Over The Garden Wall '' . The A.V. Club . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 42ND ANNUAL ANNIE AWARDS CATEGORIES AND NOMINEES '' . annieawards.org . Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reuben Awards Winners 2015 Categories '' . The National Cartoonists Society . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners '' ( PDF ) . Television Academy . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas J. ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Roundup : Rig a Zombie , Learn from Stoopid Buddies '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Pat McHale announces ' Over the Garden Wall ' comic book series '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Elle ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` KaBoom Announces Ongoing ' Over the Garden Wall ' Series '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Willsey , Kristiana ( 2016 ) . `` ' All That Was Lost Is Revealed ' : Motifs and Moral Ambiguity in Over the Garden Wall '' . Humanities. 5 ( 3 ) : 51 . doi : 10.3390 / h5030051 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Over the Garden Wall Over the Garden Wall on IMDb Over the Garden Wall at the Big Cartoon DataBase Tome of the Unknown on IMDb Cartoon Network portal Animation portal Television in the United States portal Cartoon portal Cartoon Network original programming Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon ! ( 1995 -- 97 ) Dexter 's Laboratory ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Big Bag ( 1996 -- 98 ) Johnny Bravo ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Cow and Chicken ( 1997 -- 99 ) I Am Weasel ( 1997 -- 2000 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( 1998 ) ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Ed , Edd n Eddy ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Mike , Lu & Og ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Courage the Cowardly Dog ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Sheep in the Big City ( 2000 -- 02 ) Time Squad ( 2001 -- 03 ) Samurai Jack ( 2001 -- 17 ) Grim & Evil ( 2001 -- 02 ) Justice League ( 2001 -- 04 ) Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? 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Let 's Be Heroes ( since 2017 ) Wacky Races ( since 2017 ) Unikitty ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Summer Camp Island See also : Cartoon Network pilots , films and specials Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program 1970s Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1978 ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1979 ) 1980s Carlton Your Doorman ( 1980 ) Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) Ziggy 's Gift ( 1983 ) Garfield on the Town ( 1984 ) Garfield in the Rough ( 1985 ) Garfield 's Halloween Adventure ( 1986 ) Cathy ( 1987 ) A Claymation Christmas Celebration ( 1988 ) Garfield 's Babes and Bullets / DuckTales ( `` Super DuckTales '' ) ( 1989 ) 1990s The Simpsons ( `` Life on the Fast Lane '' ) ( 1990 ) The Simpsons ( `` Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment '' ) / Tale Spin ( `` Plunder & Lightning '' ) ( 1991 ) A Claymation Easter ( 1992 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( `` Robin 's Reckoning : Part I '' ) ( 1993 ) The Roman City ( 1994 ) The Simpsons ( `` Lisa 's Wedding '' ) ( 1995 ) Pinky and the Brain ( `` A Pinky and the Brain Christmas '' ) ( 1996 ) The Simpsons ( `` Homer 's Phobia '' ) ( 1997 ) The Simpsons ( `` Trash of the Titans '' ) ( 1998 ) King of the Hill ( `` And They Call It Bobby Love '' ) / Todd McFarlane 's Spawn ( 1999 ) 2000s Program ( Less Than One Hour ) The Simpsons ( `` Behind the Laughter '' ) ( 2000 ) The Simpsons ( `` HOMR '' ) ( 2001 ) Futurama ( `` Roswell That Ends Well '' ) ( 2002 ) The Simpsons ( `` Three Gays of the Condo '' ) ( 2003 ) Samurai Jack ( `` The Birth of Evil '' ) ( 2004 ) South Park ( `` Best Friends Forever '' ) ( 2005 ) The Simpsons ( `` The Seemingly Never - Ending Story '' ) ( 2006 ) South Park ( `` Make Love , Not Warcraft '' ) ( 2007 ) The Simpsons ( `` Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind '' ) ( 2008 ) South Park ( `` Margaritaville '' ) ( 2009 ) Program ( One Hour or More ) Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2000 ) Allosaurus : A Walking With Dinosaurs Special ( 2001 ) Walking with Prehistoric Beasts ( 2002 ) Chased by Dinosaurs ( 2003 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( Volume 1 : Chapters 1 - 20 ) ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( Volume 2 : Chapters 21 - 25 ) ( 2005 ) Before the Dinosaurs ( 2006 ) Camp Lazlo ( `` Where 's Lazlo ? 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Studios titles American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Cartoon Network original programs 2010s American television miniseries Cartoon Network Studios series and characters Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Animated musical television series Halloween television specials Dark fantasy television series Television series about siblings Package films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with login required references or sources Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 06 : 39 . 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6216041662107808110 | Bit | Bit - wikipedia Bit Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the unit of information . For other uses , see Bit ( disambiguation ) . Units of information bit or shannon ( base 2 ) nat ( base e ) ban , dit or hartley ( base 10 ) qubit ( quantum ) The bit ( a portmanteau of binary digit ) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications . A binary digit can have only one of two values , and may be physically represented with a two - state device . These state values are most commonly represented as either a 0or1 . The two values of a binary digit can also be interpreted as logical values ( true / false , yes / no ) , algebraic signs ( + / − ) , activation states ( on / off ) , or any other two - valued attribute . The correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention , and different assignments may be used even within the same device or program . The length of a binary number may be referred to as its bit - length . In information theory , one bit is typically defined as the uncertainty of a binary random variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability , or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known . In quantum computing , a quantum bit or qubit is a quantum system that can exist in superposition of two classical ( i.e. , non-quantum ) bit values . The symbol for binary digit is either simply bit ( recommended by the IEC 80000 - 13 : 2008 standard ) or lowercase b ( recommended by the IEEE 1541 - 2002 standard ) . A group of eight binary digits is commonly called one byte , but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined . As a unit of information in information theory , the bit has alternatively been called a shannon , named after Claude Shannon , the founder of field of information theory . This usage distinguishes the quantity of information from the form of the state variables used to represent it . When the logical values are not equally probable or when a signal is not conveyed perfectly through a communication system , a binary digit in the representation of the information will convey less than one bit of information . However , the shannon unit terminology is uncommon in practice . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Physical representation 2.1 Transmission and processing 2.2 Storage 3 Unit and symbol 3.1 Multiple bits 4 Information capacity and information compression 5 Bit - based computing 6 Other information units 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean - Baptiste Falcon ( 1732 ) , developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard ( 1804 ) , and later adopted by Semen Korsakov , Charles Babbage , Hermann Hollerith , and early computer manufacturers like IBM . Another variant of that idea was the perforated paper tape . In all those systems , the medium ( card or tape ) conceptually carried an array of hole positions ; each position could be either punched through or not , thus carrying one bit of information . The encoding of text by bits was also used in Morse code ( 1844 ) and early digital communications machines such as teletypes and stock ticker machines ( 1870 ) . Ralph Hartley suggested the use of a logarithmic measure of information in 1928 . Claude E. Shannon first used the word bit in his seminal 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication . He attributed its origin to John W. Tukey , who had written a Bell Labs memo on 9 January 1947 in which he contracted `` binary information digit '' to simply `` bit '' . Interestingly , Vannevar Bush had written in 1936 of `` bits of information '' that could be stored on the punched cards used in the mechanical computers of that time . The first programmable computer , built by Konrad Zuse , used binary notation for numbers . Physical representation ( edit ) A bit can be stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in either of two possible distinct states . These may be the two stable states of a flip - flop , two positions of an electrical switch , two distinct voltage or current levels allowed by a circuit , two distinct levels of light intensity , two directions of magnetization or polarization , the orientation of reversible double stranded DNA , etc . Bits can be implemented in several forms . In most modern computing devices , a bit is usually represented by an electrical voltage or current pulse , or by the electrical state of a flip - flop circuit . For devices using positive logic , a digit value of 1 ( or a logical value of true ) is represented by a more positive voltage relative to the representation of 0 . The specific voltages are different for different logic families and variations are permitted to allow for component aging and noise immunity . For example , in transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) and compatible circuits , digit values 0 and 1 at the output of a device are represented by no higher than 0.4 volts and no lower than 2.6 volts , respectively ; while TTL inputs are specified to recognize 0.8 volts or below as 0 and 2.2 volts or above as 1 . Transmission and processing ( edit ) Bits are transmitted one at a time in serial transmission , and by a multiple number of bits in parallel transmission . A bitwise operation optionally process bits one at a time . Data transfer rates are usually measured in decimal SI multiples of the unit bit per second ( bit / s ) , such as kbit / s . Storage ( edit ) In the earliest non-electronic information processing devices , such as Jacquard 's loom or Babbage 's Analytical Engine , a bit was often stored as the position of a mechanical lever or gear , or the presence or absence of a hole at a specific point of a paper card or tape . The first electrical devices for discrete logic ( such as elevator and traffic light control circuits , telephone switches , and Konrad Zuse 's computer ) represented bits as the states of electrical relays which could be either `` open '' or `` closed '' . When relays were replaced by vacuum tubes , starting in the 1940s , computer builders experimented with a variety of storage methods , such as pressure pulses traveling down a mercury delay line , charges stored on the inside surface of a cathode - ray tube , or opaque spots printed on glass discs by photolithographic techniques . In the 1950s and 1960s , these methods were largely supplanted by magnetic storage devices such as magnetic core memory , magnetic tapes , drums , and disks , where a bit was represented by the polarity of magnetization of a certain area of a ferromagnetic film , or by a change in polarity from one direction to the other . The same principle was later used in the magnetic bubble memory developed in the 1980s , and is still found in various magnetic strip items such as metro tickets and some credit cards . In modern semiconductor memory , such as dynamic random - access memory , the two values of a bit may be represented by two levels of electric charge stored in a capacitor . In certain types of programmable logic arrays and read - only memory , a bit may be represented by the presence or absence of a conducting path at a certain point of a circuit . In optical discs , a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a microscopic pit on a reflective surface . In one - dimensional bar codes , bits are encoded as the thickness of alternating black and white lines . Unit and symbol ( edit ) The bit is not defined in the International System of Units ( SI ) . However , the International Electrotechnical Commission issued standard IEC 60027 , which specifies that the symbol for binary digit should be bit , and this should be used in all multiples , such as kbit , for kilobit . However , the lower - case letter b is widely used as well and was recommended by the IEEE 1541 Standard ( 2002 ) . In contrast , the upper case letter B is the standard and customary symbol for byte . Multiples of bits Decimal Value SI 1000 10 kbit kilobit 1000 10 Mbit megabit 1000 10 Gbit gigabit 1000 10 Tbit terabit 1000 10 Pbit petabit 1000 10 Ebit exabit 1000 10 Zbit zettabit 1000 10 Ybit yottabit Binary Value IEC JEDEC 1024 Kibit kibibit Kbit kilobit 1024 Mibit mebibit Mbit megabit 1024 Gibit gibibit Gbit gigabit 1024 Tibit tebibit - 1024 Pibit pebibit - 1024 Eibit exbibit - 1024 Zibit zebibit - 1024 Yibit yobibit - See also Nibble Byte Orders of magnitude of data Multiple bits ( edit ) Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways . For convenience of representing commonly reoccurring groups of bits in information technology , several units of information have traditionally been used . The most common is the unit byte , coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956 , which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single character of text ( until UTF - 8 multibyte encoding took over ) in a computer and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures . The trend in hardware design converged on the most common implementation of using eight bits per byte , as it is widely used today . However , because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design , the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits . Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size , conventionally named `` words '' . Like the byte , the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design , and is typically between 8 and 80 bits , or even more in some specialized computers . In the 21st century , retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits . The International System of Units defines a series of decimal prefixes for multiples of standardized units which are commonly also used with the bit and the byte . The prefixes kilo ( 10 ) through yotta ( 10 ) increment by multiples of 1000 , and the corresponding units are the kilobit ( kbit ) through the yottabit ( Ybit ) . Information capacity and information compression ( edit ) When the information capacity of a storage system or a communication channel is presented in bits or bits per second , this often refers to binary digits , which is a computer hardware capacity to store binary code ( 0 or 1 , up or down , current or not , etc . ) . Information capacity of a storage system is only an upper bound to the actual quantity of information stored therein . If the two possible values of one bit of storage are not equally likely , that bit of storage will contain less than one bit of information . Indeed , if the value is completely predictable , then the reading of that value will provide no information at all ( zero entropic bits , because no resolution of uncertainty and therefore no information ) . If a computer file that uses n bits of storage contains only m < n bits of information , then that information can in principle be encoded in about m bits , at least on the average . This principle is the basis of data compression technology . Using an analogy , the hardware binary digits refer to the amount of storage space available ( like the number of buckets available to store things ) , and the information content the filling , which comes in different levels of granularity ( fine or coarse , that is , compressed or uncompressed information ) . When the granularity is finer ( when information is more compressed ) , the same bucket can hold more . For example , it is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300 exabytes of hardware digits in 2007 . However , when this storage space is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed , this only represents 295 exabytes of information . When optimally compressed , the resulting carrying capacity approaches Shannon information or information entropy . Bit - based computing ( edit ) Certain bitwise computer processor instructions ( such as bit set ) operate at the level of manipulating bits rather than manipulating data interpreted as an aggregate of bits . In the 1980s , when bitmapped computer displays became popular , some computers provided specialized bit block transfer ( `` bitblt '' or `` blit '' ) instructions to set or copy the bits that corresponded to a given rectangular area on the screen . In most computers and programming languages , when a bit within a group of bits , such as a byte or word , is referred to , it is usually specified by a number from 0 upwards corresponding to its position within the byte or word . However , 0 can refer to either the most or least significant bit depending on the context . Other information units ( edit ) Main article : Units of information Other units of information , sometimes used in information theory , include the natural digit also called a nat or nit and defined as log e ( ≈ 1.443 ) bits , where e is the base of the natural logarithms ; and the dit , ban , or hartley , defined as log 10 ( ≈ 3.322 ) bits . This value , slightly less than 10 / 3 , may be understood because 10 = 1000 ≈ 1024 = 2 : three decimal digits are slightly less information than ten binary digits , so one decimal digit is slightly less than 10 / 3 binary digits . Conversely , one bit of information corresponds to about ln 2 ( ≈ 0.693 ) nats , or log 2 ( ≈ 0.301 ) hartleys . As with the inverse ratio , this value , approximately 3 / 10 , but slightly more , corresponds to the fact that 2 = 1024 ~ 1000 = 10 : ten binary digits are slightly more information than three decimal digits , so one binary digit is slightly more than 3 / 10 decimal digits . Some authors also define a binit as an arbitrary information unit equivalent to some fixed but unspecified number of bits . See also ( edit ) Integer ( computer science ) Primitive data type Trit ( Trinary digit ) Bitstream Entropy ( information theory ) Baud ( bits per second ) Binary numeral system Ternary numeral system Shannon ( unit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Charles E. ( 1980 ) . Coded Character Sets , History and Development . The Systems Programming Series ( 1 ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Publishing Company , Inc. p. x . ISBN 0 - 201 - 14460 - 3 . LCCN 77 - 90165 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of BIT '' . Jump up ^ John B. Anderson , Rolf Johnnesson ( 2006 ) Understanding Information Transmission . Jump up ^ Simon Haykin ( 2006 ) , Digital Communications Jump up ^ `` Units : B '' . ^ Jump up to : Norman Abramson ( 1963 ) , Information theory and coding . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Shannon , Claude . `` A Mathematical Theory of Communication '' ( PDF ) . Bell Labs Technical Journal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bush , Vannevar ( 1936 ) . `` Instrumental analysis '' . Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society . 42 ( 10 ) : 649 -- 669 . doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9904 - 1936 - 06390 - 1 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2008 ) , Guide for the Use of the International System of Units . Online version . Jump up ^ Bemer , Robert William ( 2000 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Why is a byte 8 bits ? Or is it ? '' . Computer History Vignettes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ( ... ) With IBM 's STRETCH computer as background , handling 64 - character words divisible into groups of 8 ( I designed the character set for it , under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz , the man who DID coin the term `` byte '' for an 8 - bit grouping ) . ( ... ) The IBM 360 used 8 - bit characters , although not ASCII directly . Thus Buchholz 's `` byte '' caught on everywhere . I myself did not like the name for many reasons . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Buchholz , Werner ( 1956 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 7 . The Shift Matrix '' . The Link System ( PDF ) . IBM . pp. 5 -- 6 . Stretch Memo No. 39G . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ( ... ) Most important , from the point of view of editing , will be the ability to handle any characters or digits , from 1 to 6 bits long ( ... ) the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60 - bit word , coming from Memory in parallel , into characters , or `` bytes '' as we have called them , to be sent to the Adder serially . The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels . Thus , if a 1 comes out of position 9 , it appears in all six cores underneath . ( ... ) The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits . ( ... ) Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit decimal digits , starting at the right . The 0 - diagonal is pulsed first , sending out the six bits 0 to 5 , of which the Adder accepts only the first four ( 0 - 3 ) . Bits 4 and 5 are ignored . Next , the 4 diagonal is pulsed . This sends out bits 4 to 9 , of which the last two are again ignored , and so on . ( ... ) It is just as easy to use all six bits in alphanumeric work , or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis , or to offset the bytes by any number of bits . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Buchholz , Werner ( February 1977 ) . `` The Word `` Byte '' Comes of Age ... `` . Byte Magazine . 2 ( 2 ) : 144 . ( ... ) The first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing Stretch . A byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six . Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion . Its first use was in the context of the input - output equipment of the 1950s , which handled six bits at a time . The possibility of going to 8 bit bytes was considered in August 1956 and incorporated in the design of Stretch shortly thereafter . The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper `` Processing Data in Bits and Pieces '' by G A Blaauw , F P Brooks Jr and W Buchholz in the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers , June 1959 , page 121 . The notions of that paper were elaborated in Chapter 4 of Planning a Computer System ( Project Stretch ) , edited by W Buchholz , McGraw - Hill Book Company ( 1962 ) . The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows : Byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character , or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input - output units . A term other than character is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code , and different codes may use different numbers of bits ( ie , different byte sizes ) . In input - output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters . ( The term is coined from bite , but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit . ) System / 360 took over many of the Stretch concepts , including the basic byte and word sizes , which are powers of 2 . For economy , however , the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum , and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Blaauw , Gerrit Anne ; Brooks , Jr. , Frederick Phillips ; Buchholz , Werner ( 1962 ) , `` 4 : Natural Data Units '' , in Buchholz , Werner , Planning a Computer System -- Project Stretch ( PDF ) , McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . / The Maple Press Company , York , PA. , pp. 39 -- 40 , LCCN 61 - 10466 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ Bemer , Robert William ( 1959 ) , `` A proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters '' , Communications of the ACM , 2 ( 9 ) : 19 -- 23 , doi : 10.1145 / 368424.368435 Jump up ^ `` The World 's Technological Capacity to Store , Communicate , and Compute Information '' , especially Supporting online material , Martin Hilbert and Priscila López ( 2011 ) , Science ( journal ) , 332 ( 6025 ) , 60 - 65 ; free access to the article through here : martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Amitabha ( 2005 ) . Digital Communication . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 0070591172 . ISBN 9780070591172 . External links ( edit ) Look up bit in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Bit Calculator -- a tool providing conversions between bit , byte , kilobit , kilobyte , megabit , megabyte , gigabit , gigabyte BitXByteConverter -- a tool for computing file sizes , storage capacity , and digital information in various units Units of information Base unit bit Platform - dependent units nibble byte syllable parcel word Platform - independent units unibit ( 1 ) dibit ( 2 ) tribit ( 3 ) quadbit ( 4 ) quartet ( 4 ) sextet ( 6 ) octet ( 8 ) hextet ( 16 ) declet ( 10 ) doublet ( 16 ) quadlet ( 32 ) octlet ( 64 ) hexlet ( 128 ) triad ( 3 ) tetrad ( 4 ) pentad ( 5 ) hexad ( 6 ) heptad ( 7 ) octad ( 8 ) slab ( 12 ) catena ( 24 ) Traditional bit units kilobit megabit gigabit terabit petabit exabit zettabit yottabit Traditional byte units kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte exabyte zettabyte yottabyte IEC bit units kibibit mebibit gibibit tebibit pebibit exbibit zebibit yobibit IEC byte units kibibyte mebibyte gibibyte tebibyte pebibyte exbibyte zebibyte yobibyte Data types Uninterpreted Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array Numeric Arbitrary - precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Double precision Extended precision Half precision Long double Minifloat Octuple precision Quadruple precision Single precision Integer signedness Interval Rational Pointer Address physical virtual Reference Text Character String null - terminated Composite Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive List Object metaobject Option type Product Record Set Union tagged Other Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Top type Type class Unit type Void Related topics Abstract data type Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Protocol interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system See also platform - dependent and independent units of information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit&oldid=799605287 '' Categories : Binary arithmetic Primitive types Data types Units of information Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the two possible values of a bit | [
"The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit)[1] is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.[2] A binary digit can have only one of two values, and may be physically represented with a two-state device. These state values are most commonly represented as either a 0or1."
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"0or1"
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6905125823172539035 | Marks & Spencer | Marks & Spencer - wikipedia Marks & Spencer Jump to : navigation , search `` M&S '' redirects here . This article is about the department store . For other uses , see M&S ( disambiguation ) . Marks & Spencer plc Type Public limited company Traded as LSE : MKS FTSE 100 Component Industry Retail Founded 1884 ; 134 years ago ( 1884 ) Leeds , United Kingdom Founder Sir Michael Marks Thomas Spencer Headquarters London , United Kingdom Area served Worldwide Key people Archie Norman ( Chairman ) Steve Rowe ( CEO ) Revenue £ 10,622.0 million ( 2017 ) Operating income £ 690.6 million ( 2017 ) Net income £ 115.7 million ( 2017 ) Number of employees 84,939 ( 2017 ) Website marksandspencer.com Marks and Spencer plc ( also known as M&S ) is a major British multinational retailer headquartered in the City of Westminster , London . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It specialises in the selling of clothing , home products and luxury food products . M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds . The company also began to sell branded goods like Kellogg 's Corn Flakes in November 2008 . M&S currently has 979 stores across the U.K. including 615 that only sell food products . In 1998 , the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over £ 1 billion , although subsequently it went into a sudden slump , which took the company , its shareholders , who included hundreds of thousands of small investors , and nearly all retail analysts and business journalists , by surprise . In November 2009 , it was announced that Marc Bolland , formerly of Morrisons , would take over as chief executive from executive chairman Stuart Rose in early 2010 ; Rose remained in the role of non-executive chairman until he was replaced by Robert Swannell in January 2011 . In recent years its clothing sales have fallen whilst food sales have increased after the axing of `` St. Michael 's '' naming for their own brand . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Domestic growth 1.3 International expansion 1.4 Financial decline 1.5 Restructuring 1.6 2015 -- 16 store cull 1.7 2017 -- 18 store cull 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Head office locations 2.2 Financial performance 2.3 Social and environmental policy 2.3. 1 `` Look Behind the Label '' 2.3. 2 Charity work 2.4 Senior management 3 Stores 3.1 UK and Ireland 3.2 International 4 Store formats 4.1 Core shops 4.2 M&S Foodhall 4.3 Hospitality 4.4 Home stores 4.5 Outlet stores 4.6 M&S Simply Food 4.7 Online services 5 Product line history 5.1 Per Una 5.2 Old labels 6 Marketing 6.1 New logo 6.2 Your M&S 6.3 High - profile media campaigns 7 Controversies 7.1 Israel 7.2 Comprehensive Spending Review 7.3 Contactless payment issues 7.4 Muslim checkout - staff policy 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Marks and Spencer on Briggate not far from their original branch in Leeds . The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks , a Polish Jew from Słonim ( Marks was born into a Polish - Jewish family , a Polish refugee living in the Russian Empire , now in Belarus ) , and Thomas Spencer , a cashier from the English market town of Skipton in North Yorkshire . On his arrival in England , Marks worked for a company in Leeds , called Barran , which employed refugees ( see Sir John Barran , 1st Baronet ) . In 1884 he met Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst while looking for work . Dewhirst lent Marks £ 5 which he used to establish his Penny Bazaar on Kirkgate Market , in Leeds . Dewhirst also taught him a little English . Dewhirst 's cashier was Tom Spencer , a bookkeeper , whose second wife , Agnes , helped improve Marks ' English . In 1894 , when Marks acquired a permanent stall in Leeds ' covered market , he invited Spencer to become his partner . In 1901 Marks moved to the Birkenhead open market where he amalgamated with Spencer . The pair were allocated stall numbers 11 & 12 in the centre aisle in 1903 , and there they opened the famous Penny Bazaar . The company left Birkenhead Market on 24 February 1923 . The next few years saw Michael Marks and Tom Spencer open market stalls in many locations around the North West of England and move the original Leeds Penny Bazaar to 20 , Cheetham Hill Road , Manchester . Domestic growth ( edit ) Representation of historic store from the 1930s , Bekonscot model village , UK Marks and Spencer , known colloquially as `` Marks and Sparks '' , or `` M&S '' , made its reputation in the early 20th century with a policy of only selling British - made goods ( it started to back down from this policy in the 1990s . ) It entered into long - term relationships with British manufacturers , and sold clothes and food under the `` St Michael '' brand , which was introduced in 1928 . The brand honours Michael Marks . It also accepted the return of unwanted items , giving a full cash refund if the receipt was shown , no matter how long ago the product was purchased , which was unusual for the time . M&S staff raised £ 5,000 to pay for a Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft called The Marksman in 1941 . By 1950 , virtually all goods were sold under the `` St Michael '' label . M&S lingerie , women 's clothes and girls ' school uniform were branded under the `` St Margaret '' label until the whole range of general merchandise became `` St Michael '' . Simon Marks , son of Michael Marks , died in 1964 , after fifty - six years ' service . Israel Sieff , the son - in - law of Michael Marks , took over as chairman and in 1968 , John Salisse became the company Director . A cautious international expansion began with the introduction of Asian food in 1974 . M&S opened stores in continental Europe in 1975 and in Ireland four years later . The company put its main emphasis on quality , including a 1957 stocking size measuring system . For most of its history , it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money . When this reputation began to waver , it encountered serious difficulties . Arguably , M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of ' British Quality Goods ' . The uncompromising attitude towards customer relations was summarised by the 1953 slogan : `` The customer is always and completely right ! '' Energy efficiency was improved by the addition of thermostatically controlled refrigerators in 1963 . M&S began selling Christmas cakes and Christmas puddings in 1958 . In an effort to improve the quality of their Swiss rolls , they hired the food expert Nat Goldberg , who made a major improvement across their entire cake range , which had lost the public 's favour a few years earlier . As a later measure to improve food quality , food labelling was improved and `` sell by dates '' were phased in between 1970 and 1972 . Smoking was banned from all M&S shops in 1959 because of the fire hazards it posed . In 1972 , Marcus Sieff became Chairman , remaining in place until 1984 , and emphasising the importance of good staff relations to the tradition of the store , while extending staff benefits to areas such as restaurants and chiropody . International expansion ( edit ) A Marks & Spencer store in Central , Hong Kong . A Marks & Spencer store in Times Square , Causeway Bay , Hong Kong . M&S opened its first Asian store in Kabul , Afghanistan in 1960 . The company expanded into Canada in 1973 , and at one point had forty - seven stores across Canada . Despite various efforts to improve its image , the chain was never able to move beyond its reputation there as a stodgy retailer , one that catered primarily to senior citizens and expatriate Britons . The shops in Canada were smaller than British outlets , and did not carry the same selection . In the late 1990s , further efforts were made to modernise them and also expand the customer base . Unprofitable locations were closed . Nonetheless , the Canadian operations continued to lose money , and the last 38 shops in Canada were closed in 1999 . Expansion into France began with shops opening in Paris at Boulevard Haussmann and Lyon in 1975 , followed by a second Paris shop at Rosny 2 in 1977 . Further expansion into other French and Belgian cities followed into the 1980s . Although the Paris shops remained popular and profitable , the Western European operation as a whole did not fare as well and eighteen shops were sold in 2001 . However , in April 2011 , M&S changed directions again with an announcement to reopen a store that will not only sell clothing but food as well . In addition the group will also open several food outlets throughout the French capital . The first branch opened on 24 November 2011 at the Champs - Élysées in a ceremony attended by the company 's CEO Marc Bolland , the model Rosie Huntington - Whiteley and the British Ambassador to France , Sir Peter Westmacott . The Daily Mail reported that 1,000 customers queued outside for over 2 hours at the opening of the 1,400 m ( 15,000 sq ft ) store . In 1988 , the company acquired Brooks Brothers , an American clothing company and Kings Super Markets , a US food chain . In 2016 M&S expanded to sell through European marketplace Zalando on their German , French , Dutch , Belgian and Austrian sites with a range of kidswear and lingerie . Financial decline ( edit ) M&S shop in Inverness in 1998 M&S 's profits peaked in the financial year 1997 / 1998 . At the time it was seen as a continuing success story , but with hindsight it is considered that during Sir Richard Greenbury 's tenure as head of the company , profit margins were pushed to untenable levels , and the loyalty of its customers was seriously eroded . The rising cost of using British suppliers was also a burden , as rival retailers increasingly imported their goods from low - cost countries , but M&S 's belated switch to overseas suppliers undermined a core part of its appeal to the public . Another factor was the company 's refusal until 2001 to accept any credit cards except its own chargecard . These factors combined to plunge M&S into a sudden slump , which took the company , its shareholders , who included hundreds of thousands of small investors , and nearly all retail analysts and business journalists , by surprise . The company 's share price fell by more than two thirds , and its profits fell from more than a billion pounds in 1997 and 1998 to £ 145 million in the year ended 31 March 2001 . Marks & Spencer launched an online shopping service in 1999 . In 2001 , with changes in its business focus such as accepting credit cards , the introduction of the `` Per Una '' clothing range designed by George Davies , and a redesign of its underlying business model , profits recovered somewhat . In 2004 , M&S was in the throes of an attempted takeover by Arcadia Group and BHS boss , Philip Green . On 12 July a recovery plan was announced which would involve selling off its financial services business M&S Money to HSBC Bank plc , buying control of the Per Una range , closing the Gateshead Lifestore and stopping the expansion of its Simply Food line of shops . Philip Green withdrew his takeover bid after failing to get sufficient backing from shareholders . In February 2007 , M&S announced the opening of the world 's largest M&S shop outside the UK at Dubai Festival City . On 2 October 2008 , M&S opened its first mainland China shop in Shanghai . Problems with the supply chain for the first few months of opening led Stuart Rose , M&S chairman , to describe failures in `` basic shopkeeping '' . Restructuring ( edit ) Twenty - two unprofitable and minor food stores , such as the ones at Ripon and Balham , were closed in early 2009 as part of a cost cutting measure . In August 2010 , it was confirmed that the Grantham branch of M&S would close , along with two other Lincolnshire branches in Skegness and Scunthorpe due to low sales in these older format stores . The closures were met with protests from the local communities and petitions were signed in support of retaining the stores , although they went ahead . The Retail Knowledge Bank conducted an audit of the company 's brands in August 2010 , and revealed that sales of womenswear were at a 10 - year low . The audit covered both the Limited Collection , Autograph , Autograph Weekend , Classic Collection , Per Una , Portfolio and Indigo . Draper magazine claimed that Per Una was the only clothing brand not at risk of being axed while Marc Bolland considered which brands would be retained . Per Una was planned to stay due to its successful and distinctive flair , but Portfolio and Indigo were planned to go due to poor sales . Both the Limited Collection , Autograph , Autograph Weekend , Classic Collection brands were being considered for the cull during mid-2010 , but were later given a reprieve . On 9 November 2010 , chief executive Marc Bolland revealed plans to strengthen the company 's overall brand image and targeting sales of between £ 800m and £ 1bn for which company will increase capital expenditure to £ 850m to £ 900m over the next three years to fund the plans . The plan also involved the discontinuation of its ' Portfolio ' fashion brand and the sale of electrical products . The company also announced a new marketing strapline , ' Only at M&S ' , and that it would revamp its website . Bolland ordered a new store design in May 2011 , and it was announced that the company would spend around £ 600 million between 2011 and 2014 on its UK stores , involving the launch of a range of different store formats based on the age , affluence and demographics of people in those areas . The design also included the trial of a new in - store `` navigation scheme '' , which followed research showing that shoppers found M&S store layouts confusing and `` difficult to shop ( in ) '' . It also confirmed that the amount of money - off promotions and deals offered would be increased , and that it would replace the Marks & Spencer label on clothing with `` M&S Woman '' and `` M&S Man '' . By 2013 , M&S 's clothing division had an 11 % market share in the UK . In May 2013 saw the launch of the Best of British range as well as the overhaul of Per Una and Indigo . Patrick Bousquet - Chavanne became the new marketing director , succeeding Steven Sharp in July . Mark Bolland also vowed to bring `` quality and style back '' M&S also stated it intended to increase its number of UK suppliers from the 20 it had at the time . In November 2013 , it was revealed that Bill Adderley , founder of homeware chain Dunelm Group , had amassed a £ 250m stake in M&S over the past 18 months . This disclosure was made as stock market rules mean that any holding over 3 per cent share must be made public . On 7 January 2016 it was announced that Marc Bolland , who has been CEO since 2010 would step down on 2 April 2016 , and be replaced by Steve Rowe , head of clothing , and previously head of the food business . 2015 -- 16 store cull ( edit ) Stores identified for closure in July 2015 included Woolwich , Walsall , Erdington , Aldershot ( which was there since 1922 ) , Pontypridd in Wales , Hounslow in west London , and Royal Quays in North Shields , the three full - line stores in Stevenage , Wood Green in north London , and The Fort shopping park in Castle Bromwich and the Simply Food in Castle Bromwich . The Lewisham store also lost a floor . The closures in 2015 also included three traditional food and clothing shops , one Simply Food store and four Outlet stores that sell end - of - season clothing . Some 430 workers were affected by the closures . The cull cost up to £ 200m to implement ; the closure included loss - making stores in European markets such as France , Belgium and the Netherlands as well as outposts in China . 2017 -- 18 store cull ( edit ) Several were smaller stores identified for closure in November 2017 . On 31 January 2018 , fourteen stores were identified for closure . Stores due for closure in April included one of their oldest presences , that in the town centre of Birkenhead . Other stores due for closure , in the same month , were those in Bournemouth , Durham , Fforestfach , Putney and Redditch . Meanwhile , eight other stores were earmarked for closure at a later date , pending consultation ; those in Andover , Basildon , Bridlington , Falmouth , Fareham , Keighley , Stockport and an outlet store in Denton , Greater Manchester . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Head office locations ( edit ) Waterside House , 35 North Wharf Road , London The headquarters of M&S was for a hundred years at Michael House , 55 Baker Street , London . In 2004 the company moved to a new headquarters designed by mossessian & partners at Waterside House , in the new Paddington Basin , London . As well as the main offices in London , there are a number of other head office sites across the UK ; Stockley Park ( IT Services ) , Salford Quays and Spinningfields , Greater Manchester ( Marks & Spencer Shared Services Ltd. which provides human resources , and finance administration ) and Chester ( HSBC 's M&S Money and Retail Customer Services ) . The company has overseas sourcing offices in Malaysia , Hong Kong , Thailand , India , Bangladesh , Turkey , China , Italy , Indonesia and Sri Lanka . Financial performance ( edit ) M&S is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . Financial performance has been as follows : Until 1999 M&S 's financial year ended on 31 March . Since then , the company has changed to reporting for 52 - or 53 - week periods , ending on variable dates . Year ended Turnover ( £ M ) Profit before tax ( £ M ) Net profit ( £ M ) Basic eps ( p ) 1 April 2017 10,622.0 613.8 115.7 7.2 2 April 2016 10,555.4 488.8 404.4 24.9 28 March 2015 10,311.4 600.0 481.7 29.7 29 March 2014 10,309.7 580.4 506.0 32.5 30 March 2013 10,026.8 564.3 458.0 29.2 31 March 2012 9,934.3 658.0 489.6 32.5 2 April 2011 9,740.3 780.6 598.6 38.8 3 April 2010 9,536.6 702.7 523.0 33.5 28 March 2009 9,062.1 706.2 506.8 32.3 29 March 2008 9,022.0 1,129.1 821.0 49.2 31 March 2007 8,588.1 936.7 659.9 39.1 1 April 2006 7,797.7 745.7 520.6 36.4 2 April 2005 7,490.5 505.1 355.0 29.1 3 April 2004 8,301.5 781.6 452.3 24.2 29 March 2003 8,019.1 677.5 480.5 20.7 30 March 2002 8,135.4 335.9 153.0 5.4 31 March 2001 8,075.7 145.5 2.8 0.0 1 April 2000 8,195.5 417.5 258.7 9.0 31 March 1999 8,224.0 546.1 372.1 13.0 31 March 1998 8,243.3 1,155.0 815.9 28.6 31 March 1997 7,841.9 1,129.1 746.6 26.7 31 March 1996 7,233.7 965.8 652.6 455.8 Social and environmental policy ( edit ) `` Look behind the label '' ( edit ) In 2006 , the Look Behind the Label marketing campaign was introduced . The aim of this campaign was to highlight to customers the various ethical and environmentally friendly aspects of the production and sourcing methods engaged in by M&S including : Fairtrade products , sustainable fishing and environmentally friendly textile dyes . All coffee and tea sold in M&S stores is now Fairtrade . In addition , the company offers clothing lines made from Fairtrade cotton in selected departments . At Christmas , the company introduces a range of food products to support the housing charity Shelter . M&S store on Birmingham High Street On 15 January 2007 , M&S launched an initiative , known as `` Plan A '' , to dramatically increase the environmental sustainability of the business within 5 years and expected to cost £ 200 million . The plan covers `` 100 commitments over 5 years to address the key social and environmental challenges facing M&S today and in the future '' with the tag - line `` Because there is no Plan B '' . The commitments span five themes : climate change , waste , sustainable raw materials , ' fair partnership ' and health , with the aim that , by 2012 , it will : Become carbon neutral Send no waste to landfill Extend sustainable sourcing Help improve the lives of people in their supply chain Help customers and employees live a healthier life - style Despite an 18 % fall in the share price in January 2008 , following publication of their latest trading statement , the company confirmed that they would be continuing with the plan , saying that there were ' compelling commercial -- as well as moral -- reasons to do so ' . M&S introduced a reusable hessian bag in 2007 as part of the plan , aiming to reduce the number of plastic bags used within five years . This was followed in May 2008 by the introduction of a 5p charge for standard sized carrier bags used for food purchases ( before this charge became compulsory ) . All profits from the sale of food bags originally went to the charity Groundwork UK ; M&S launched the `` Forever Fish '' campaign in June 2011 and switched funding to that campaign to promote protection of marine wildlife in the UK . In becoming carbon neutral the company has committed to only use carbon offsetting as a last resort , restricted to cases `` where it is required by government or where the technology for green air or road transport will not be available for the foreseeable future '' . As of August 2008 , M&S had three wind turbines in operation , one at Methlick and two near Strichen , generating enough power to supply three stores via the National Grid . In April 2009 the company began purchasing 2.6 TWh of renewable energy ( wind and hydroelectric ) from Npower , enough to power all Marks & Spencer stores and offices in England and Wales . In 2012 the company was awarded European Business Award for the Environment ( Management category ) by the European Union for Plan A . Charity work ( edit ) M&S has sold a wide range of charitable women 's clothes for Breakthrough Breast Cancer for many years and the Ashbourne store collected a total of £ 2,000 for a local Derbyshire hospital 's new ECG machine in 2010 . In 2011 M&S launch Oxfam 's clothes recycling initiative . On 29 July 2015 , the company organised their first ' Spark Something Good ' event as part of the ' Plan A ' initiative . Hundreds of volunteers worked for `` ... 24 hours on 24 projects '' at a variety of charities across the UK . Senior management ( edit ) The following have served as the Chairman of the company since it was founded : 1884 -- 1907 : Michael Marks ( set up first stall in Leeds in 1884 ) 1907 -- 1916 : William Chapman . 1916 -- 1964 : Simon Marks ( Lord Marks ) 1964 -- 1967 : Israel Sieff ( Lord Sieff ) 1967 -- 1972 : Edward Sieff 1972 -- 1984 : Marcus Sieff ( Lord Sieff ) 1984 -- 1991 : Derek Rayner ( Lord Rayner ) 1991 -- 1999 : Sir Richard Greenbury 2000 -- 2004 : Luc Vandevelde 2004 -- 2006 : Paul Myners 2006 -- 2009 : Lord Burns 2009 -- 2010 : Sir Stuart Rose 2011 -- 2017 : Robert Swannell 2017 - present : Archie Norman Stores ( edit ) UK and Ireland ( edit ) M&S White City in Westfield London is one of the company 's largest stores . The largest shop is at Marble Arch , on Oxford Street in London , which has around 16,000 square metres ( 170,000 sq ft ) of shop floor . The second largest is in Cheshire Oaks , Ellesmere Port , which is the largest outside London . The third largest shop is at the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington . In 1999 M&S opened its shop in Manchester 's Exchange Square , which was destroyed in the 1996 Manchester bombing and rebuilt . At re-opening , it was the largest M&S shop with 23,000 m ( 250,000 sq ft ) of retail space , but half was subsequently sold to Selfridges , the company 's second site in Manchester . The smallest branch is an outlet located in the Grainger Market in Newcastle upon Tyne . M&S has opened a number of stores at out of town locations since the trend to build shopping centres away from town centres became popular in the 1980s . The first was at the MetroCentre , Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , which opened in 1986 . Another notable example is the store at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre at Brierley Hill , West Midlands . This store opened on 23 October 1990 shortly after the closure of stores in the nearby town centres of Dudley and West Bromwich ; the Merry Hill store was not originally intended to replace these two town centre stores , but both the Dudley and West Bromwich stores had experienced a downturn in trade as the opening of the Merry Hill store loomed , and both stores were closed on 25 August 1990 . Before Christmas 2006 , twenty - two M&S shops were open for 24 - hour trading including the recently opened new retail park stores at Bolton Middlebrook and at the Abbey Centre , Newtownabbey , Northern Ireland . The company 's website has received criticism for having its prices in Pound sterling and not in euro , and for providing a search for its Irish stores through a `` UK Store Finder '' . The Irish Times pointed out that M&S failed to explain why the company is in a position to deliver goods ordered from its website to Brazil , Argentina , Iraq and Afghanistan but not to Ireland . M&S did not comment . International ( edit ) A Marks & Spencer branch in Athens The company reopened its store in Paris on 24 November 2011 , following the launch of a new French website on 11 October 2011 . In the Philippines there are 18 M&S shops , the largest of which is located in Greenbelt Mall . A new store opened on 17 April 2013 in Kalverstraat in Amsterdam , Netherlands , more than 10 years after closure of the previous store . On 17 September 2013 the British ambassador to the Netherlands , Sir Geoffrey Adams , opened the first Dutch Marks & Spencer Food pilot store at a BP petrol station in Bijleveld beside the A12 motorway . There are over 300 stores in some 40 overseas locations . On 11 November 2013 , Marks & Spencer announced `` that it is set to have about 80 stores open in the region by 2016 as part of its strategy to become a leading international , multichannel retailer '' with partner Reliance Retail . It opened a flagship store in Bandra in Mumbai . M&S sales of lingerie accounts for more than a fifth of the sales in the Indian market , with total lingerie sales increasing by a third during the last six months of 2013 . In May 2014 Marks & Spencer announced that their intention was now to open 100 stores in the country by 2016 . In the Netherlands , as of 2015 , M&S have a supermarket in the expensive Kalverstraat shopping street in Amsterdam , as well as a larger store including clothing in The Hague . A number of BP gas stations in the Western area of the Netherlands include M&S convenience food stores . In 2016 , M&S is due to open a much larger store in Amsterdam , with a direct underground link to a new metro station . Number of Marks & Spencer stores , as of 14 January 2016 . Africa Egypt : 4 Libya : 2 Morocco : 1 Oceania Australia : Online store only . New Zealand : Online store only . Asia India : 58 Hong Kong : 24 Philippines : 24 Saudi Arabia : 22 Thailand : 17 United Arab Emirates : 13 Indonesia : 11 China : 10 Singapore : 9 Malaysia : 8 Kazakhstan : 4 South Korea : 4 Kuwait : 3 Bahrain : 2 Jordan : 2 Macau : 2 Qatar : 2 Azerbaijan : 1 Georgia : 1 Oman : 1 Pakistan : 1 Europe United Kingdom : 852 Turkey : 48 Russia : 37 Greece : 27 Czech Republic : 20 Ireland : 17 Isle of Man : 1 France : 14 Cyprus : 13 Poland : 12 Ukraine : 10 Slovakia : 8 Finland : 6 Hungary : 6 Romania : 6 Croatia : 5 Spain : 5 Malta : 4 Bulgaria : 3 Armenia : 1 Estonia : 2 Netherlands : 2 Belgium : 1 Gibraltar : 1 Guernsey : 3 Jersey : 1 Latvia : 1 Lithuania : 1 Montenegro : 1 Slovenia : 1 Norway : 1 Store formats ( edit ) Core shops ( edit ) A typical example of an un-modernised ' core ' M&S store , located in Kirkcaldy , Fife . However , as of 2012 the store has now been fully refurbished with the so - called `` Light Touch '' re-fit . M&S core shops typically feature a selection of the company 's clothing ranges and an M&S food hall . The range of clothing sold and the space given to it depends on the location and customer demographic ( an example would be that some London shops do not stock the Classic Collection , but stock Limited Collection and a full Autograph range ) . Most core shops feature a Food hall . The current store format was designed by Urban Salon Architects in 2009 . M&S Foodhall ( edit ) An M&S Food Hall in the Sutton , London branch All the St Michael Food hall supermarkets were renamed M&S Food hall when Marks & Spencer dropped the St Michael brand in 2000 . Each M&S Foodhall sells groceries , which are all under the Marks & Spencer brand . However , in 2009 the company began selling a limited range of other brands , such as Coca - Cola and Stella Artois , without reducing the number of M&S goods they sold . This marked the first time in its 125 - year history that Marks & Spencer had sold any brands other than its own . M&S introduced self check - out tills in the food - halls of a small number of trial stores in 2002 . Self check - out was implemented in the general merchandise sections in three trial stores in 2006 . Hospitality ( edit ) Many large shops , such as Lisburn Sprucefield , Westfield , White City , Cribbs Causeway and Newcastle - upon - Tyne , also offer other hospitality outlets , such as a modern Deli Bar ( champagne , canapés , seafood ) , Restaurant ( table service -- the first of which was opened in Newcastle ) M&S Kitchen ( traditional home cooking & lunches ) or Hot Food To Go ( burgers , chips , soups ) . Many of these outlets are run in conjunction with Compass Group under franchise arrangements . Home stores ( edit ) In 2007 , M&S announced that new , dedicated shops for home furnishings were to be launched . Shops have now been opened in Cheltenham in Gloucestershire , Tunbridge Wells in Kent , Lisburn Sprucefield in Northern Ireland and in the Barton Square section of The Trafford Centre , Manchester . Outlet stores ( edit ) As of 2010 , M&S have 50 outlet stores and growth expansion plans for future . The Outlet division offers M&S products with the majority of them discounting at least 30 % from the original selling price . The first of these stores opened at Ashford in Kent in 2000 . Many of the Outlet shops are in locations such as retail parks and outlet centres , though some , including the shop in Woolwich , South London and Newton Abbot , Devon were previously main M&S shops which converted to the Outlet format . Meadow Bank Outlet Store in Edinburgh became the model for all the Marks and Spencer Outlet shop in the early months of 2010 . There are now also stores which combine a mainline M&S store and an Outlet store to create a store which offers both the main current full - price M&S ranges and the discounted Outlet ranges : one such store is at the Lewisham Shopping Centre , where the previously closed upper level of the M&S store was reopened in January 2009 as an Outlet format sub-store ; M&S Simply Food ( edit ) M&S Simply Food in Banstead , Surrey An M&S Food to Go store in Sutton station , Sutton , London M&S launched a convenience format , branded Simply Food in 2001 , with the first stores opening in Twickenham and Surbiton . The stores predominantly sell food but also carry a small selection of general merchandise . A number of these are run under franchise agreements : SSP Group runs the stores at mainline railway stations and airports . Moto has stores at 37 of its motorway service stations . BP has over 120 petrol stations with Simply Food offerings . Orders from M&S accounted for more than half of Uniq 's food product supplies to UK retailers in 2010 after several years service as a major M&S food product supplier . In 2011 it was noted that M&S were operating express pricing ; i.e. , charging more in their Simply Food branches than in regular branches . A spokesperson stated that `` prices are a little higher than at our high street stores but this reflects the fact that these stores are open longer and are highly convenient for customers on the move '' . The Simply Food brand has been phased out in all stand - alone larger stores since the rebrand in 2015 and the stores have now been branded as `` M&S Foodhall . '' Online Services ( edit ) Products could be ordered online since the mid-2000s , in response to Tesco launching their pioneering Tesco.com home shopping delivery service in the early 2000s . Both Tesco , M&S and others are expanding rapidly into this new niche market . The online flower service was accused of unfair trading and using Google to piggy - back advertise on online searches aimed at Interflora online in 2010 . The John Lewis shopping chain beat M&S to the title of the UK 's best high - street website by late 2010 . As of May 2013 , the Republic of Ireland now handles more than 50 % of online trade . Product line history ( edit ) Main article : List of Marks & Spencer brands Marks & Spencer Percy Pigs The company 's ranges include clothing for men , woman and children , as well as home products and food . Within these ranges , M&S use a number of own brands , such as those used within its womenswear division , including Indigo Collection Junior , Indigo Collection and Portfolio . Indigo Collection is aimed at women over 30s , while Portfolio is aimed at those aged over 45 . By 2010 , M&S had 10 sub-brands within womenswear and 6 sub-brands within menswear , following a reduction in brands . Marks & Spencer were selling clothes under the St Margaret and St Michael label by the mid-1950s and launched their school uniforms in the early 1950s , but would be scrapped in the early 2000s as part of the corporate modernisation plan . Within Marks & Spencer 's food ranges , it first pioneered boil - in - the - bag and sachet meals in 1972 . The company also sells main meals , lunches , sweets and other savoury items . It launched its `` Percy Pigs '' sweets in 1995 , and the billionth `` Percy Pig '' sweet was sold by October 2007 . M&S also has an extensive wine and beer range , which was first started in 1973 . In 2006 and 2007 , M&S entered over a hundred of its own wines into two wine competitions , The Decanter World Wine Awards and the International Wine Challenge . Both years , almost every wine won an award , ranging from the 2005 Secano Pinot Noir , Leyda Valley , Chile ( Best Pinot Noir in the world for under £ 10 ) to the Rosada Cava ( Commended ) . M&S 's relatively successful interior design ' Home ' brand was launched in 2005 and featured products like vases , furniture and beds . The children 's online only ' Living the Dream ' range of Lewis Hamilton and Heikki Kovalainen memorabilia and merchandise was launched in September 2009 . Merchandise also relating to fellow racing driver Jenson Button was added to the range during April 2010 . M&S launched its `` Plus Fit '' range for overweight children in selected stores in July 2010 . It has proven to be a popular line . Per Una ( edit ) Per Una 's logo , three hearts `` Per Una '' was launched on 28 September 2001 as a joint venture between M&S and Next founder George Davies with the contribution of Julie Strang . The Per Una brand has been a major success for the company , and in October 2004 , M&S bought the brand in a £ 125 million , two - year service contract with George Davies . Mr Davies was to stay on for at least two years to run the company , with 12 months notice required if he wished to leave . Old labels ( edit ) The `` St Michael '' brand was introduced by Simon Marks in 1928 in honour of his father and co-founder of Marks & Spencer , Michael Marks . By 1950 , virtually all goods were sold under the St Michael brand . M&S lingerie , women 's clothing and girls ' uniform were branded under the St Margaret brand , until the whole range of general merchandise became St Michael . The synthetic fibre Tricell was first used in 1957 and lasted until the 1970s . and another synthetic fibre called Courtelle was first launched , nationally , by Marks & Spencer during 1960 and also lasted well into the 1970s . Machine washable wool first appeared in 1972 and Lycra hosiery first came in during 1986 . M&S launched their own brands of domestic products , such as washing powder and aluminium foil in 1972 , under the brand name of ' House - care ' . The 1996 -- 1997 ' Orient Express Tagged ' brand was the first of numerous new brands , most of which were in feminine and children 's clothes . The ' Orient Express Tagged ' brand was part of the inspiration behind the ' Portfolio ' brand . The men 's Autograph brand was then launched in 2000 and continues to this day . In 2004 , Sir Stuart Rose axed a number of brands including the menswear brand `` SP Clothing '' , the `` View From '' sportswear range , the David Beckham children 's range `` DB07 '' and several food lines as he thought the company 's stock inventory management had become ' too complicated ' . A version of Per Una aimed at teenagers , `` Per Una Due '' , was also discontinued , despite having launched earlier in the year , due to poor sales . The company also began to sell branded goods like Kellogg 's Corn Flakes in November 2008 . Following a review by Marc Bolland in 2011 , M&S confirmed it would begin to reduce the number of branded items on sale , instead offering only those that it did not have an M&S alternative for . Marketing ( edit ) New logo ( edit ) The older logo , used from 2000 to 2007 During the height of the company 's troubles at the beginning of the 21st century , the St Michael brand used as the selling label for all M&S products was discontinued in favour of Marks & Spencer and a new logo in the Optima typeface was introduced and began to appear in place of St Michael on product packaging . The same logo was also applied to store fascias and carrier bags . The St Michael name was subsequently adopted as a ' quality guarantee ' and appeared as the St Michael Quality Promise on the back of food products , on the side of delivery vehicles and on in - store ordering receipts . Your M&S ( edit ) Your M&S promotional logo 2004 -- 2014 . When Steve Sharp joined as marketing director in 2004 , after being hired by new Chief Executive Sir Stuart Rose , he introduced a new promotional brand under the Your M&S banner , with a corresponding logo . High - profile media campaigns ( edit ) Logo 2007 - 2015 M&S has always run newspaper and / or Magazine ads since the early 1950s , but the introduction of some famous stars such as Twiggy and David Jason in various TV ads has helped raise the company 's profile . Twiggy first appeared in 1967 , returning later in 1995 and 2005 . Anne Grierson first featured in adverts during the late 1950s and most of the 1960s . In later years , Erin O'Connor , Myleene Klass , Tanja Nadjila , Peter Kay , David Beckham , Antonio Banderas , Claudia Schiffer , Helena Christensen , Tatjana Patitz , Lisa Snowdon , Dannii Minogue , VV Brown and Carmen Kass have also featured in a few ads , along with many others . John Sergeant , David Jason and Joanna Lumley have either appeared in or voiced over adverts since 2008 . The new look has been instrumental in the company 's recent resurgence , particularly with the success of a new clothing campaign featuring the celebrated model , Twiggy , and younger models associated with the bohemian styles of 2005 -- 6 , and the new TV ad campaign for its food range . These adverts have the tag - line `` This is not just food , this is M&S food '' and feature slow motion , close - up footage of various food products , described in a sultry voice - over by Dervla Kirwan , to an enticing instrumental song -- most notably Fleetwood Mac 's `` Albatross '' as well as Santana 's `` Samba Pa Ti '' , Olly Murs ' `` Busy '' , Groove Armada 's `` At the River '' or Spandau Ballet 's `` True '' . These adverts have been referred to by both fans and critics as being food porn , with a number of other companies copying the idea , such as Aldi and , most recently , Waitrose . The 2009 TV advertising campaign drew complaints , leading to national press coverage , regarding sexism . In 2010 , it was confirmed that Dannii Minogue would be one of the new faces of Marks & Spencer . She filmed her first commercial in South Africa , which featured Cheryl Lynn 's `` Got to Be Real '' , for their Spring campaign that aired on 24 March . Dannii travelled to Miami , Florida in January 2011 to shoot the commercial for M&S for the 2011 Spring collection , prior to her contractual termination . In August 2011 , M&S announced the new faces of their campaigns would be Rosie Huntington - Whiteley , Ryan Reynolds and David Gandy . Marks & Spencer dropped a series of planned television adverts in the July 2011 , featuring Twiggy , Dannii Minogue and VV Brown as it started its corporate image revamp . It confirmed that Twiggy , Lisa Snowden and Jamie Redknapp would return for future advertising . On 31 March 2014 , M&S launched the new iteration of its ' Leading Ladies ' marketing campaign featuring figures including Emma Thompson , Annie Lennox , Rita Ora and Baroness Lawrence . Controversies ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Marks & Spencer has been criticised by pro-Palestinian activists over what they claim is its past support for Zionism , and for fruit trading with Israel . A shop in Brighton was vandalised in 2004 with pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist graffiti . The company states , `` We deal with politicians and officials , in government and opposition . We do not support or align ourselves to political parties and make no political donations '' . Comprehensive spending review ( edit ) See also : 2010 Spending Review In October 2010 , chairman Sir Stuart Rose was a signatory to a controversial letter to The Daily Telegraph which claimed that `` The private sector should be more than capable of generating additional jobs to replace those lost in the public sector , and the redeployment of people to more productive activities will improve economic performance , so generating more employment opportunities '' , despite recent job cuts of 1,000 staff . This prompted calls for a boycott of Marks & Spencer and the companies represented by the other signatories to the letter . Contactless payment issues ( edit ) Some Marks & Spencer customers claim that the chain 's contactless payment terminals have taken money from cards other than the ones intended for payment . Contactless cards are supposed to be within about 4 cm of the front of the terminal to work . M&S investigated the incident and confirmed the new system had been extensively tested and was robust . It had recently rolled out the contactless payments system , provided by Visa Europe , to 644 UK stores . Muslim checkout - staff policy ( edit ) In December 2013 , Marks & Spencer announced that Muslim checkout staff in the UK could refuse to sell pork products or alcohol to customers at their till . The policy was announced after at least one news outlet reported that customers waiting with goods that included pork or alcohol were refused service , and were told by a Muslim checkout worker to wait until another till became available . The policy applied across all 703 UK M&S stores and prompted a strong backlash by customers . A company spokesman subsequently apologised and stated that they will attempt to reassign staff whose beliefs may impact their work to different departments , such as clothing . 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Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Uniq : Brands will drive footfall at M&S , but not in the desserts fixture '' . Foodmanufacture.co.uk. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery shop : How much do you pay in M&S Simply Food ? '' . Confused.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marks & Spencer to open an M&S Foodhall in Bath '' . Bath Chronicle. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Robert ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` M&S online food delivery service will be no piece of cake '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interflora sues Marks & Spencer over Google ad links '' . BBC News . 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bold , Ben ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` John Lewis beats M&S as UK 's best high - street website '' . Marketing magazine . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Marks & Spencer '' . www.marksandspencer.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High on the hog : How Percy Pig came to dominate the sweetie market , and win the nation 's hearts '' . The Independent . London . 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wine : Food & Wine '' . Marks & Spencer . Retrieved 7 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decanter World Wine Awards 2007 '' . Decanter.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pit - stop press ! M&S launches ' Living the Dream ' boyswear collection '' . Lewis Hamilton.com. 17 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` News : Lewis , Heikki and M&S take over Westfields in London '' . Lewis Hamilton.com. 19 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Joe ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` M&S supports clothing range with Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button '' . Marketing magazine . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` M&S launches school - wear for obese kids , sells out '' . Thefamilygp.com . 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Martinson , Jane -- The Guardian , 23 June 2006 ^ Jump up to : Khan , Urmee ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` Supermodel Erin O'Connor told to have cosmetic surgery '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Watch Twiggy in Marks & Spencer 's 125th birthday ad '' . The Guardian . UK . 18 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Kollewe , Julia ( 4 July 2008 ) . `` Food porn for every hedonist in the world '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sexism complaints over Marks and Spencer 's Christmas ad '' . Belfast Telegraph . 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Rawi , Maysa ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` ' I 'm a very happy M&S girl ' : Dannii Minogue announced as new face of High Street chain '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` David Gandy and Ryan Reynolds Join Rosie Huntington - Whiteley for M&S '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 30 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Louisa ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` M&S drops ad featuring Twiggy , Minogue and VV Brown '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Emma Thompson , Annie Lennox and Rita Ora unveiled as Marks & Spencer ' Leading Ladies ' '' . Campaign Live . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boycott Israel Website '' . Boycott-israel.co.uk. 21 September 1941 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brighton Activists deface Marks and Spencer store Jump up ^ Working with Government Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Marks & Spencer Jump up ^ 18 October 2010 Comments ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Osborne 's cuts will strengthen Britain 's economy by allowing the private sector to generate more jobs '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ M&S cuts 1,000 jobs as fashion sales dive , Helen Power and Marcus Leroux , The Times , 6 January 2009 Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm boycotting the 35 businesses who support the cuts , Kate Belgrave '' . Liberalconspiracy.org. 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contactless ' charging errors ' at Marks and Spencer '' . BBC News . 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ; Delmar - Morgan , Alex ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` M&S says Muslim staff may refuse to serve customers pork and alcohol '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ( 21 December 2013 ) . `` Muslim staff at Marks & Spencer can refuse to sell alcohol and pork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` M&S faces furious backlash from customers over Muslim policy '' . Yahoo News . 22 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M&S apology over Muslim alcohol refusal '' . BBC News . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Burns , Paul ( 2008 ) . Corporate Entrepreneurship : Building an Entrepreneurial Organization . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 023 - 054 - 263 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marks & Spencer . 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7256961454296797157 | Waka (canoe) | Waka ( canoe ) - wikipedia Waka ( canoe ) Jump to : navigation , search Waka taua ( war canoes ) at the Bay of Islands , 1827 -- 8 . Waka ( / ˈwɒkə / ; Māori : ( ˈwaka ) ) are Māori watercraft , usually canoes ranging in size from small , unornamented canoes ( waka tīwai ) used for fishing and river travel , to large decorated war canoes ( waka taua ) up to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) long . The earliest archaeological find of a canoe in New Zealand was reported in 2014 . It was found near the Anaweka estuary in a remote part of Tasman and carbon dated to about 1400 . The canoe was constructed in New Zealand , but was a sophisticated canoe , compatible with the style of other Polynesian voyaging canoes at that time . Since the 1970s about eight large double - hulled canoes of about 20 metres have been constructed for oceanic voyaging to other parts of the Pacific but they are made of a blend of modern and traditional materials incorporating features from both ancient Melanesia as well as Polynesia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Waka taua ( war canoes ) 1.1 Waka : traditional construction 1.2 Traditional sails 2 Technology changes 3 Ocean - going canoes 4 Waka ama ( outrigger canoes ) 5 Other materials used 6 Related meanings 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Waka taua ( war canoes ) ( edit ) Waka taua ( in Māori , waka means `` canoe '' and taua means `` army '' or `` war party '' ) are large canoes manned by up to 80 paddlers and are up to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) in length . Large waka , such as Nga Toki Matawhaorua which are usually elaborately carved and decorated , consist of a main hull formed from a single hollowed - out log , along with a carved upright head and tailboard . The gunwale is raised in some by a continuous plank which gives increased freeboard and prevents distortion of the main hull components when used in a rough seas . Sometimes the hull is further strengthened , as in the case of Te Winika , a 200 - year - old design , by a batten or stringer running lengthwise both inside and outside the hull just above the loaded waterline . The resurgence of Māori culture has seen an increase in the numbers of waka taua built , generally on behalf of a tribal group , for use on ceremonial occasions . Traditionally the war canoe was highly tapu ( sacred ) . No cooked food was allowed in the craft and the waka had to be entered over the gunwales , not the bow or stern which were highly decorated with powerful symbols . Canoes were often painted with black or white with black representing death . The main colour was red which stood for tapu . Sometimes a waka would be placed upright as a marker for a dead chief with the curved bottom of the hull carved . Māori told missionaries during the Musket wars that battles between waka took place at sea with the aim being to ram an enemy 's waka amidships at high speed . The ramming vessel would ride up over the gunwale and either force it under water or cause it to roll over . The enemies were either killed , left to drown or captured to be used in cannibal feasts or as slaves if they were female . This description matches the attack on the ship 's boat of Abel Tasman in Golden Bay in 1642 when a Māori catamaran rammed a cock boat and 4 Dutch sailors were killed . Waka : traditional construction ( edit ) During the classic period ( about 1500 to 1770 ) a hapū would select a Totara tree and prepare it years ahead for felling . Totara is a lightweight wood with a high natural oil content that helps prevent rot . This would include the removal of bark from one side of the trunk and the clearing of the ground and the planting of food crops for workers . After chants and prayers the tree would be felled by a combination of fires around the base and chopping with hand adzes . On an especially large tree with aerial roots a stage about 3m high was built of wood . On this was built a framework on which was suspended a giant upside down toki ( axe ) , about 2.5 m long . The long axis of the toki was tied to the cross member of the upper frame work so that it could pivot back and forwards , like a swing . Heavy rocks were tied to each side of the long axis at its lowest point to give momentum . The toki was pulled back and released so that the cutting edge bit into the wood that was weakened by fire . It could take two to three weeks to cut down a large tree in this manner . The head of the tree and branches were removed then the hull was roughly shaped in situ using fire and hand adzes , under the guidance of the chief designer . A stone adze was used by relatively gentle but regular and repeated blows . The head was soaked in water to make the binding swell and hold the stone blade more firmly . Once the shaping was complete , the log of 3 -- 4 tonnes was pulled by teams of men to a stream or river using multiple ropes made from raupō . Some men pulled the waka forward while others restrained it on downhill slopes . Accidents at this stage were apparently common . Saplings were used as skids and rollers over uneven ground . The final shaping was done closer to the papakainga to be nearer to food . A waka could take a year to make if the construction went smoothly , but it could be abandoned if there was an accident or a death of an important person . Such abandoned , uncompleted waka have been found in post-contact times . Most large waka were built in several main interlocking sections and stitched together with flax rope . Small pegs were put in the holes which swelled and sealed when wet . Tree gum could also seal the holes . A large finished waka weighed about three tonnes and could remain in use for many decades . All large waka had names and were objects of pride and admiration . The image above shows a waka taua with unusually high freeboard . A noticeable feature of a loaded waka taua was its very low freeboard of 400 -- 500 mm which made the vessel unseaworthy in all but good weather , despite the presence of one or two young men on board dedicated to bailing . The normal timber used , Totara , is a lightweight native podocarp , which retains its natural oils even when cut down . This prevented the timber opening up and splitting . Angela Ballara noted that they only put to sea when it was fine . One voyage across the stormy Cook Strait , was delayed for a week while the travellers waited for fine weather . The missionary William Williams , son of Henry Williams , noted that the voyage of a waka taua was a leisurely affair due to the requirements of foraging for food and waiting for fine weather . Traditional sails ( edit ) Tasman noted that two of the waka which attacked his ships in Murderers Bay Nelson in December 1642 , had a sail that Tasman referred to as a Tingang sail - a small triangular sail often temporarily hoisted . Later early Europeans from the 1830s onwards gave detailed descriptions of the use , appearance and materials used in Māori sails . Although there were regional variations within New Zealand most sails were temporary and could be hoisted or struck in a few minutes . The roughly triangular sail , usually made from either flax , ti leaves or raupō ( bull rushes ) or a combination , was set about 1 / 3 back from the bow . The raupō sail was much lighter . The mast and yard spars were small diameter , with the yard being thinner , about 5m high long and permanently attached to the sail so the rig was raised as a single unit . Loops were woven into both the luff and the leech of the sail for attachment to the spars . Tanekaha ( Celery Pine ) branches were favoured as it was common , ( as far south as Nelson ) . It was a straight , strong and flexible wood . An added advantage may have been that the wood bled red tannin , a colour strongly favoured by Māori . The head of the triangle sail was the shortest - about 2m and often decorated with tufts of feathers which may have served as wind indicators . The mast was held in place by a forestay , a backstay and 2 side stays . The sheet to control the sail angle led from the top of the yard directly to the sheet handler although early British sailors were critical of the sheet being tied off . The sail was only used down wind as the waka lacked a keel or centre board to prevent leeway therefore preventing windward sailing . Rarely 2 sails of the same size , were used in larger waka . Because of its slim hull the waka could sail at considerable speed down wind . When struck the sail was wrapped around the 2 spars and laid along the centre of the waka thwarts , between the paddlers . Sometimes a pattern was woven into the sail using a different material . The only known example of a traditional waka sail is in the British Museum . Capsizes were not unknown , with the hull being tipped to get rid of water , then bailed out . This type of triangular sail , with straight mast and high angled sprit , is identical to that used in the Marquesan Islands . Although there are references to the use of the Society Island type crescent shaped sail in New Zealand , these appear to have been rare and no examples exist . Technology changes ( edit ) From the arrival of James Cook in 1769 and especially Marion Du Fresne 's longer stay in New Zealand in 1772 , Māori were able to obtain iron and steel which did not exist in pre contact Māori culture . Māori quickly learned the superiority of this material , especially for carving . Māori learnt to ask sailors to sharpen 8 inch long ships nails to a chisel point on a ships wheel in exchange for fish . This period between 1779 and 1820 - the height of the musket wars , has been called the golden age of Māori wood carving Much of the carving was confined to waka taua . During the middle 19th century , from 1835 , the arrival of large numbers of European settlers and ships meant that ship 's boats were far more commonly available and were increasingly used by Māori in preference to waka . In 1839 100 ships visited The Bay of Islands . This was a trend that the missionaries such as Marsden and Williams had noted had begun in the 1830s . The beamier , lighter , ship 's boat was better load carriers with more stability and was sometimes equipped with sails for windward sailing . Use of shipsboats became common as many Māori worked on a wide variety of sealing , whaling and trading sailing vessels , both in New Zealand and in the Pacific . During the Land Wars few waka were used for movement of warriors as when the Waikato campaign started in 1863 the government forces made a point of sinking all the waka they could find on the Waikato River and its tributaries to slow rebel communications . Later , some fine examples of these waka were placed in the Auckland War Memorial Museum . Ocean - going canoes ( edit ) See also Māori migration canoes A waka taua displayed at the Otago Museum , Dunedin Ocean - going waka , whatever their size , could be paddled but achieved their best speeds when propelled by sail . The Polynesian settlers of New Zealand migrated to New Zealand in large waka ; some of these were possibly waka hourua according to legend , double - hulled vessels . The names and stories associated with those waka were passed on in oral history ( kōrero o mua ) but dates , names , times , and routes are frequently muddled and confused as the descendants of the settlers multiplied and separated into iwi ( tribes ) and hapu ( sub-tribes ) . Consequently , the word waka is used to denote a confederation of iwi descended from the people of one migratory canoe . Waka ama ( outrigger canoes ) ( edit ) Early European explorers saw Māori using waka ama ( outrigger canoes ) . `` Sydney Parkinson , an artist on Captain James Cook 's first voyage to New Zealand in 1769 , and the German scientist Johann Reinhold Forster , who sailed with Cook in 1773 , described waka fitted with outriggers ( ama , amatiatia or korewa ) '' . Already rare in Cook 's time , waka ama had largely faded from memory by the early 19th century ( Howe 2006 : 87 ) . However , the term ' waka ama ' occurs in old stories , such as the story of Māui published by Grey in 1854 and in a few old waiata ; Tregear also mentions the waka ama as ' a possession of the Māori ' , adding that ' It was beneath the outrigger of such a canoe that the famous Maui crushed his wife 's brother Irawaru before turning him into a dog . Both the double canoe and the outrigger have entirely disappeared from among the Māoris , and it is doubtful if any native now alive has seen either of them in New Zealand ' ( Tregear 1904 : 115 ) . Two outrigger floats were found in swamps along the Horowhenua coast of Cook Strait , and another float was found in Moncks Cave near Christchurch . All three floats were short , suggesting that Māori outriggers were small and used only in sheltered waters ( Howe 2006 : 240 ) . The Māori words for the parts of the outrigger , such as ' ama ' and ' kiato ' , recorded in the early years of European settlement , suggest that Māori outrigger canoes were similar in form to those known from central Polynesia . Since the 1990s , waka ama racing , introduced from Pasifika nations into New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s , using high - tech canoes of Hawaiian or Tahitian design , and supported with the ingenious support of work schemes , has become an increasingly popular sport among Māori , often performed as part of cultural festivals held in summer . Other materials used ( edit ) Some waka , particularly in the Chatham Islands , were not conventional canoes , but were constructed from raupō ( bulrushes ) or flax stalks . In April 2011 Te Puni Kokiri , The Māori Development Agency , announced a joint venture with an Auckland tribe , to build a plastic PVC waka as a promotion for local Māori . Most of the $2 million funding comes from the taxpayer but the tribe is contributing $100,000 and will retain ownership after the event . The `` tupper waka '' as it has been called in the media , is actually a small conference facility for well off visitors during the world rugby competition being held in New Zealand in September 2011 . The graphic on TV shows that it is largely a promotional device with seating , tables and a bar . It will not be open to the general public according to the media briefing . The waka taua Te Tuhono in the National Museum of Scotland was restored and partially reconstructed by the Māori craftsman George Nuku , using carved Polymethyl Methacrylate ( PMMA ) to recreate missing sections . Related meanings ( edit ) The word ' waka ' is also used in broader senses that can be translated as ' vessel ' , ' container ' , or ' vehicle ' . A waka huia is a hollowed and carved vessel used for storing of taonga ( treasures ) such as the prized tail feathers of the now - extinct huia bird ( Heteralocha acutirostris ) that are worn as ornaments in the hair . Māori revered Huia feathers as symbols of high status . On her coronation Elizabeth II was presented with two huia feathers . In current Māori usage , waka is used to refer to cars but is more closely translated to vessel , along with the transliterated term ' motokā ' ( motorcar ) . The neologism ' waka - rere - rangi ' ( literally : waka ( vessel ) that sails the sky ) was coined for aircraft . A ' waka hari hinu ' , ( vessel that carries oil ) is an oil tanker ; a ' waka niho ' ( gear container ) is a car 's gearbox . ' Waka ' can be used to refer transport in general , such as in ' Te Manatū Waka ' ( Ministry of Transport ) and ' Waka Kotahi ' ( NZ Transport Agency ) . See also ( edit ) Vaka ( sailing ) , a word with a similar etymology Dugout Outrigger Canoe Waka - jumping Hōkūleʻa Polynesian Voyaging Society Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johns D.A. , Irwin G.J. and Sung Y.K. ( 2014 ) `` An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand 's coast '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 111 ( 41 ) : 14728 -- 14733 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1408491111 Jump up ^ The plural is also waka . Similar craft are encountered elsewhere in Polynesia , with cognate names such as vaka , wa'a , or va'a Jump up ^ `` Waka taua '' , Te Ara Jump up ^ Tahana , Yvonne ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Waka back and better than ever '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Waikato Museum booklet , `` Te Winika '' Jump up ^ Te Winika is on long - term display at Waikato Museum . See Waikato Museum : Long Term Exhibitions . Jump up ^ Stories Without End. The Lost Drawings of Nukutawhiti . J. Binney . Bridget Williams. 2010 . Jump up ^ The Meeting Place. V.O'Malley . Jump up ^ Diary Of Abel Tasman . Jump up ^ Diary of Abel Tasman . p 22 . Random House 2008 . Jump up ^ The Māori Canoe. p252 - 265 . E Best . A. Shearer . Wellington . NZETC . Jump up ^ The Meeting Place. V O'Malley . Auckland University Press. 2012. p135 . Jump up ^ The Meeting Place. V. O'Malley. 2012 Jump up ^ Barclay - Kerr , 2007 Jump up ^ Hawkesworth , John ( 1773 ) . `` Voyages in the Southern Hemisphere , Vols. II -- III '' . An Account Of A Voyage Round The World In The Years MDCCLXVIII , MDCCLXIX , MDCCLXX , and DCCLXXI By Lieutenant James Cook , Commander of his Majesty 's Bark the Endeavour . London : William Strahan and Thomas Cadell . p. 460 . Jump up ^ The story of Māui as written by Wiremu Maihi Te Rangikaheke refers to ama in sentences such as ' hei roto koe , hei te ama o to taua waka ' ( published by Grey in Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna , 1971 : 20 , translated by Grey as `` You get under the outrigger of the canoe ... '' Grey , Polynesian Mythology , 1974 : 40 ) . Jump up ^ Stable , Charles ( 2012 ) . `` Maximum Intervention : Renewal of a Māori Waka by George Nuku and National Museums Scotland '' . Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies . DOI : 10.5334 / jcms. 1011202 . 10 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.5334 / jcms. 1011202 . Jump up ^ `` CORONATION GIFT '' , Te Ao Hou References ( edit ) Barclay - Kerr , Hoturoa ( 2007 ) . `` Waka -- canoes '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Updated 13 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 20 . G. Grey , ( 1971 ) . Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna , fourth edition . First published 1854 . Reed . K.R. Howe ( Ed . ) , ( 2006 ) . Vaka Moana -- Voyages of the Ancestors . David Bateman . Edward Robert Tregear ( 1904 ) . `` The Māori Race '' . Archibald Dudingston Willis : Wanganui . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 02 . 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-747930775112799864 | Seed | Seed - wikipedia Seed Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Seed ( disambiguation ) . Brown flax seeds A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering . The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants , the spermatophytes , including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants . Seeds are the product of the ripened ovule , after fertilization by pollen and some growth within the mother plant . The embryo is developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule . Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and success of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants , relative to more primitive plants such as ferns , mosses and liverworts , which do not have seeds and use water - dependent means to propagate themselves . Seed plants now dominate biological niches on land , from forests to grasslands both in hot and cold climates . The term `` seed '' also has a general meaning that antedates the above -- anything that can be sown , e.g. `` seed '' potatoes , `` seeds '' of corn or sunflower `` seeds '' . In the case of sunflower and corn `` seeds '' , what is sown is the seed enclosed in a shell or husk , whereas the potato is a tuber . Many structures commonly referred to as `` seeds '' are actually dry fruits . Plants producing berries are called baccate . Sunflower seeds are sometimes sold commercially while still enclosed within the hard wall of the fruit , which must be split open to reach the seed . Different groups of plants have other modifications , the so - called stone fruits ( such as the peach ) have a hardened fruit layer ( the endocarp ) fused to and surrounding the actual seed . Nuts are the one - seeded , hard - shelled fruit of some plants with an indehiscent seed , such as an acorn or hazelnut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Development 2.1 Ovule 2.2 Embryo 2.3 Seed coat 2.4 Gymnosperms 3 Shape and appearance 4 Structure 4.1 Seed types 4.2 Embryo 4.3 Nutrient storage 4.4 Seed coat 4.5 Size and seed set 5 Functions 5.1 Embryo nourishment 5.2 Dispersal 5.2. 1 By wind ( anemochory ) 5.2. 2 By water ( hydrochory ) 5.2. 3 By animals ( zoochory ) 5.3 Dormancy 5.4 Persistence and seed banks 6 Germination 6.1 Repair of DNA damage 6.2 Inducing germination 6.3 Sterile seeds 6.4 Evolution and origin of seeds 7 Economic importance 7.1 Edible seeds 7.2 Poison and food safety 7.3 Other uses 8 Seed records 9 In religion 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Production ( edit ) Seeds are produced in several related groups of plants , and their manner of production distinguishes the angiosperms ( `` enclosed seeds '' ) from the gymnosperms ( `` naked seeds '' ) . Angiosperm seeds are produced in a hard or fleshy structure called a fruit that encloses the seeds , hence the name . Some fruits have layers of both hard and fleshy material . In gymnosperms , no special structure develops to enclose the seeds , which begin their development `` naked '' on the bracts of cones . However , the seeds do become covered by the cone scales as they develop in some species of conifer . Seed production in natural plant populations varies widely from year to year in response to weather variables , insects and diseases , and internal cycles within the plants themselves . Over a 20 - year period , for example , forests composed of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine produced from 0 to nearly 5 million sound pine seeds per hectare . Over this period , there were six bumper , five poor , and nine good seed crops , when evaluated for production of adequate seedlings for natural forest reproduction . Development ( edit ) Stages of seed development : I Zygote II Proembryo III Globular IV Heart V Torpedo VI Mature Embryo Key : 1 . Endosperm 2 . Zygote 3 . Embryo 4 . Suspensor 5 . Cotyledons 6 . Shoot Apical Meristem 7 . Root Apical Meristem 8 . Radicle 9 . Hypocotyl 10 . Epicotyl 11 . Seed Coat Angiosperm ( flowering plants ) seeds consist of three genetically distinct constituents : ( 1 ) the embryo formed from the zygote , ( 2 ) the endosperm , which is normally triploid , ( 3 ) the seed coat from tissue derived from the maternal tissue of the ovule . In angiosperms , the process of seed development begins with double fertilization , which involves the fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell and the central cell to form the primary endosperm and the zygote . Right after fertilization , the zygote is mostly inactive , but the primary endosperm divides rapidly to form the endosperm tissue . This tissue becomes the food the young plant will consume until the roots have developed after germination . Ovule ( edit ) Main article : Ovule Plant ovules : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right After fertilization the ovules develop into the seeds . The ovule consists of a number of components : The funicle ( funiculus , funiculi ) or seed stalk which attaches the ovule to the placenta and hence ovary or fruit wall , at the pericarp . The nucellus , the remnant of the megasporangium and main region of the ovule where the megagametophyte develops . The micropyle , a small pore or opening in the apex of the integument of the ovule where the pollen tube usually enters during the process of fertilization . The chalaza , the base of the ovule opposite the micropyle , where integument and nucellus are joined together . The shape of the ovules as they develop often affects the final shape of the seeds . Plants generally produce ovules of four shapes : the most common shape is called anatropous , with a curved shape . Orthotropous ovules are straight with all the parts of the ovule lined up in a long row producing an uncurved seed . Campylotropous ovules have a curved megagametophyte often giving the seed a tight `` C '' shape . The last ovule shape is called amphitropous , where the ovule is partly inverted and turned back 90 degrees on its stalk ( the funicle or funiculus ) . In the majority of flowering plants , the zygote 's first division is transversely oriented in regards to the long axis , and this establishes the polarity of the embryo . The upper or chalazal pole becomes the main area of growth of the embryo , while the lower or micropylar pole produces the stalk - like suspensor that attaches to the micropyle . The suspensor absorbs and manufactures nutrients from the endosperm that are used during the embryo 's growth . Embryo ( edit ) The inside of a Ginkgo seed , showing a well - developed embryo , nutritive tissue ( megagametophyte ) , and a bit of the surrounding seed coat The main components of the embryo are : The cotyledons , the seed leaves , attached to the embryonic axis . There may be one ( Monocotyledons ) , or two ( Dicotyledons ) . The cotyledons are also the source of nutrients in the non-endospermic dicotyledons , in which case they replace the endosperm , and are thick and leathery . In endospermic seeds the cotyledons are thin and papery . Dicotyledons have the point of attachment opposite one another on the axis . The epicotyl , the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon ( s ) . The plumule , the tip of the epicotyl , and has a feathery appearance due to the presence of young leaf primordia at the apex , and will become the shoot upon germination . The hypocotyl , the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon ( s ) , connecting the epicotyl and the radicle , being the stem - root transition zone . The radicle , the basal tip of the hypocotyl , grows into the primary root . Monocotyledonous plants have two additional structures in the form of sheaths . The plumule is covered with a coleoptile that forms the first leaf while the radicle is covered with a coleorhiza that connects to the primary root and adventitious roots form from the sides . Here the hypocotyl is a rudimentary axis between radicle and plumule . The seeds of corn are constructed with these structures ; pericarp , scutellum ( single large cotyledon ) that absorbs nutrients from the endosperm , plumule , radicle , coleoptile and coleorhiza -- these last two structures are sheath - like and enclose the plumule and radicle , acting as a protective covering . Seed coat ( edit ) The maturing ovule undergoes marked changes in the integuments , generally a reduction and disorganisation but occasionally a thickening . The seed coat forms from the two integuments or outer layers of cells of the ovule , which derive from tissue from the mother plant , the inner integument forms the tegmen and the outer forms the testa . ( The seed coats of some mononocotyledon plants , such as the grasses , are not distinct structures , but are fused with the fruit wall to form a pericarp . ) The testae of both monocots and dicots are often marked with patterns and textured markings , or have wings or tufts of hair . When the seed coat forms from only one layer , it is also called the testa , though not all such testae are homologous from one species to the next . The funiculus abscises ( detaches at fixed point -- abscission zone ) , the scar forming an oval depression , the hilum . Anatropous ovules have a portion of the funiculus that is adnate ( fused to the seed coat ) , and which forms a longitudinal ridge , or raphe , just above the hilum . In bitegmic ovules ( e.g. Gossypium described here ) both inner and outer integuments contribute to the seed coat formation . With continuing maturation the cells enlarge in the outer integument . While the inner epidermis may remain a single layer , it may also divide to produce two to three layers and accumulates starch , and is referred to as the colourless layer . By contrast the outer epidermis becomes tanniferous . The inner integument may consist of eight to fifteen layers . ( Kozlowski 1972 ) As the cells enlarge , and starch is deposited in the outer layers of the pigmented zone below the outer epidermis , this zone begins to lignify , while the cells of the outer epidermis enlarge radially and their walls thicken , with nucleus and cytoplasm compressed into the outer layer . these cells which are broader on their inner surface are called palisade cells . In the inner epidermis the cells also enlarge radially with plate like thickening of the walls . The mature inner integument has a palisade layer , a pigmented zone with 15 - 20 layers , while the innermost layer is known as the fringe layer . ( Kozlowski 1972 ) Gymnosperms ( edit ) In gymnosperms , which do not form ovaries , the ovules and hence the seeds are exposed . This is the basis for their nomenclature -- naked seeded plants . Two sperm cells transferred from the pollen do not develop the seed by double fertilization , but one sperm nucleus unites with the egg nucleus and the other sperm is not used . This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sometimes each sperm fertilizes an egg cell and one zygote is then aborted or absorbed during early development . The seed is composed of the embryo ( the result of fertilization ) and tissue from the mother plant , which also form a cone around the seed in coniferous plants such as pine and spruce . Shape and appearance ( edit ) A large number of terms are used to describe seed shapes , many of which are largely self - explanatory such as Bean - shaped ( reniform ) -- resembling a kidney , with lobed ends on either side of the hilum , Square or Oblong -- angular with all sides more or less equal or longer than wide , Triangular -- three sided , broadest below middle , Elliptic or Ovate or Obovate -- rounded at both ends , or egg shaped ( ovate or obovate , broader at one end ) , being rounded but either symmetrical about the middle or broader below the middle or broader above the middle . Other less obvious terms include discoid ( resembling a disc or plate , having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin ) , ellipsoid , globose ( spherical ) , or subglobose ( Inflated , but less than spherical ) , lenticular , oblong , ovoid , reniform and sectoroid . Striate seeds are striped with parallel , longitudinal lines or ridges . The commonest colours are brown and black , other colours are infrequent . The surface varies from highly polished to considerably roughened . The surface may have a variety of appendages ( see Seed coat ) . A seed coat with the consistency of cork is referred to as suberose . Other terms include crustaceous ( hard , thin or brittle ) . Structure ( edit ) The parts of an avocado seed ( a dicot ) , showing the seed coat and embryo Diagram of the internal structure of a dicot seed and embryo : ( a ) seed coat , ( b ) endosperm , ( c ) cotyledon , ( d ) hypocotyl A typical seed includes two basic parts : an embryo ; a seed coat . In addition , the endosperm forms a supply of nutrients for the embryo in most monocotyledons and the endospermic dicotyledons . Seed types ( edit ) Seeds have been considered to occur in many structurally different types ( Martin 1946 ) . These are based on a number of criteria , of which the dominant one is the embryo - to - seed size ratio . This reflects the degree to which the developing cotyledons absorb the nutrients of the endosperm , and thus obliterate it . Six types occur amongst the monocotyledons , ten in the dicotyledons , and two in the gymnosperms ( linear and spatulate ) . This classification is based on three characteristics : embryo morphology , amount of endosperm and the position of the embryo relative to the endosperm . Diagram of a generalized dicot seed ( 1 ) versus a generalized monocot seed ( 2 ) . A. Seed Coat B. Cotyledon C. Hilum D. Plumule E. Radicle F. Endosperm Embryo ( edit ) In endospermic seeds , there are two distinct regions inside the seed coat , an upper and larger endosperm and a lower smaller embryo . The embryo is the fertilised ovule , an immature plant from which a new plant will grow under proper conditions . The embryo has one cotyledon or seed leaf in monocotyledons , two cotyledons in almost all dicotyledons and two or more in gymnosperms . In the fruit of grains ( caryopses ) the single monocotyledon is shield shaped and hence called a scutellum . The scutellum is pressed closely against the endosperm from which it absorbs food , and passes it to the growing parts . Embryo descriptors include small , straight , bent , curved and curled . Nutrient storage ( edit ) Within the seed , there usually is a store of nutrients for the seedling that will grow from the embryo . The form of the stored nutrition varies depending on the kind of plant . In angiosperms , the stored food begins as a tissue called the endosperm , which is derived from the mother plant and the pollen via double fertilization . It is usually triploid , and is rich in oil or starch , and protein . In gymnosperms , such as conifers , the food storage tissue ( also called endosperm ) is part of the female gametophyte , a haploid tissue . The endosperm is surrounded by the aleurone layer ( peripheral endosperm ) , filled with proteinaceous aleurone grains . Originally , by analogy with the animal ovum , the outer nucellus layer ( perisperm ) was referred to as albumen , and the inner endosperm layer as vitellus . Although misleading , the term began to be applied to all the nutrient matter . This terminology persists in referring to endospermic seeds as `` albuminous '' . The nature of this material is used in both describing and classifying seeds , in addition to the embryo to endosperm size ratio . The endosperm may be considered to be farinaceous ( or mealy ) in which the cells are filled with starch , as for instance cereal grains , or not ( non-farinaceous ) . The endosperm may also be referred to as `` fleshy '' or `` cartilaginous '' with thicker soft cells such as coconut , but may also be oily as in Ricinus ( castor oil ) , Croton and Poppy . The endosperm is called `` horny '' when the cell walls are thicker such as date and coffee , or `` ruminated '' if mottled , as in nutmeg , palms and Annonaceae . In most monocotyledons ( such as grasses and palms ) and some ( endospermic or albuminous ) dicotyledons ( such as castor beans ) the embryo is embedded in the endosperm ( and nucellus , which the seedling will use upon germination . In the non-endospermic dicotyledons the endosperm is absorbed by the embryo as the latter grows within the developing seed , and the cotyledons of the embryo become filled with stored food . At maturity , seeds of these species have no endosperm and are also referred to as exalbuminous seeds . The exalbuminous seeds include the legumes ( such as beans and peas ) , trees such as the oak and walnut , vegetables such as squash and radish , and sunflowers . According to Bewley and Black ( 1978 ) , Brazil nut storage is in hypocotyl , this place of storage is uncommon among seeds . All gymnosperm seeds are albuminous . Seed coat ( edit ) The seed coat develops from the maternal tissue , the integuments , originally surrounding the ovule . The seed coat in the mature seed can be a paper - thin layer ( e.g. peanut ) or something more substantial ( e.g. thick and hard in honey locust and coconut ) , or fleshy as in the sarcotesta of pomegranate . The seed coat helps protect the embryo from mechanical injury , predators and drying out . Depending on its development , the seed coat is either bitegmic or unitegmic . Bitegmic seeds form a testa from the outer integument and a tegmen from the inner integument while unitegmic seeds have only one integument . Usually parts of the testa or tegmen form a hard protective mechanical layer . The mechanical layer may prevent water penetration and germination . Amongst the barriers may be the presence of lignified sclereids . The outer integument has a number of layers , generally between four and eight organised into three layers : ( a ) outer epidermis , ( b ) outer pigmented zone of two to five layers containing tannin and starch , and ( c ) inner epidermis . The endotegmen is derived from the inner epidermis of the inner integument , the exotegmen from the outer surface of the inner integument . The endotesta is derived from the inner epidermis of the outer integument , and the outer layer of the testa from the outer surface of the outer integument is referred to as the exotesta . If the exotesta is also the mechanical layer , this is called an exotestal seed , but if the mechanical layer is the endotegmen , then the seed is endotestal . The exotesta may consist of one or more rows of cells that are elongated and pallisade like ( e.g. Fabaceae ) , hence ' palisade exotesta ' . In addition to the three basic seed parts , some seeds have an appendage , an aril , a fleshy outgrowth of the funicle ( funiculus ) , ( as in yew and nutmeg ) or an oily appendage , an elaiosome ( as in Corydalis ) , or hairs ( trichomes ) . In the latter example these hairs are the source of the textile crop cotton . Other seed appendages include the raphe ( a ridge ) , wings , caruncles ( a soft spongy outgrowth from the outer integument in the vicinity of the micropyle ) , spines , or tubercles . A scar also may remain on the seed coat , called the hilum , where the seed was attached to the ovary wall by the funicle . Just below it is a small pore , representing the micropyle of the ovule . Size and seed set ( edit ) A collection of various vegetable and herb seeds Seeds are very diverse in size . The dust - like orchid seeds are the smallest , with about one million seeds per gram ; they are often embryonic seeds with immature embryos and no significant energy reserves . Orchids and a few other groups of plants are mycoheterotrophs which depend on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrition during germination and the early growth of the seedling . Some terrestrial orchid seedlings , in fact , spend the first few years of their lives deriving energy from the fungi and do not produce green leaves . At over 20 kg , the largest seed is the coco de mer . Plants that produce smaller seeds can generate many more seeds per flower , while plants with larger seeds invest more resources into those seeds and normally produce fewer seeds . Small seeds are quicker to ripen and can be dispersed sooner , so fall blooming plants often have small seeds . Many annual plants produce great quantities of smaller seeds ; this helps to ensure at least a few will end in a favorable place for growth . Herbaceous perennials and woody plants often have larger seeds ; they can produce seeds over many years , and larger seeds have more energy reserves for germination and seedling growth and produce larger , more established seedlings after germination . Functions ( edit ) Seeds serve several functions for the plants that produce them . Key among these functions are nourishment of the embryo , dispersal to a new location , and dormancy during unfavorable conditions . Seeds fundamentally are means of reproduction , and most seeds are the product of sexual reproduction which produces a remixing of genetic material and phenotype variability on which natural selection acts . Embryo nourishment ( edit ) Seeds protect and nourish the embryo or young plant . They usually give a seedling a faster start than a sporeling from a spore , because of the larger food reserves in the seed and the multicellularity of the enclosed embryo . Dispersal ( edit ) Main article : Seed dispersal Unlike animals , plants are limited in their ability to seek out favorable conditions for life and growth . As a result , plants have evolved many ways to disperse their offspring by dispersing their seeds ( see also vegetative reproduction ) . A seed must somehow `` arrive '' at a location and be there at a time favorable for germination and growth . When the fruits open and release their seeds in a regular way , it is called dehiscent , which is often distinctive for related groups of plants ; these fruits include capsules , follicles , legumes , silicles and siliques . When fruits do not open and release their seeds in a regular fashion , they are called indehiscent , which include the fruits achenes , caryopsis , nuts , samaras , and utricles . By wind ( anemochory ) ( edit ) Dandelion seeds are contained within achenes , which can be carried long distances by the wind . The seed pod of milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca ) Some seeds ( e.g. , pine ) have a wing that aids in wind dispersal . The dustlike seeds of orchids are carried efficiently by the wind . Some seeds ( e.g. milkweed , poplar ) have hairs that aid in wind dispersal . Other seeds are enclosed in fruit structures that aid wind dispersal in similar ways : Dandelion achenes have hairs . Maple samaras have two wings . By water ( hydrochory ) ( edit ) Some plants , such as Mucuna and Dioclea , produce buoyant seeds termed sea - beans or drift seeds because they float in rivers to the oceans and wash up on beaches . By animals ( zoochory ) ( edit ) Seeds ( burrs ) with barbs or hooks ( e.g. acaena , burdock , dock ) which attach to animal fur or feathers , and then drop off later . Seeds with a fleshy covering ( e.g. apple , cherry , juniper ) are eaten by animals ( birds , mammals , reptiles , fish ) which then disperse these seeds in their droppings . Seeds ( nuts ) are attractive long - term storable food resources for animals ( e.g. acorns , hazelnut , walnut ) ; the seeds are stored some distance from the parent plant , and some escape being eaten if the animal forgets them . Myrmecochory is the dispersal of seeds by ants . Foraging ants disperse seeds which have appendages called elaiosomes ( e.g. bloodroot , trilliums , acacias , and many species of Proteaceae ) . Elaiosomes are soft , fleshy structures that contain nutrients for animals that eat them . The ants carry such seeds back to their nest , where the elaiosomes are eaten . The remainder of the seed , which is hard and inedible to the ants , then germinates either within the nest or at a removal site where the seed has been discarded by the ants . This dispersal relationship is an example of mutualism , since the plants depend upon the ants to disperse seeds , while the ants depend upon the plants seeds for food . As a result , a drop in numbers of one partner can reduce success of the other . In South Africa , the Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ) has invaded and displaced native species of ants . Unlike the native ant species , Argentine ants do not collect the seeds of Mimetes cucullatus or eat the elaiosomes . In areas where these ants have invaded , the numbers of Mimetes seedlings have dropped . Dormancy ( edit ) Main article : Seed dormancy Seed dormancy has two main functions : the first is synchronizing germination with the optimal conditions for survival of the resulting seedling ; the second is spreading germination of a batch of seeds over time so a catastrophe ( e.g. late frosts , drought , herbivory ) does not result in the death of all offspring of a plant ( bet - hedging ) . Seed dormancy is defined as a seed failing to germinate under environmental conditions optimal for germination , normally when the environment is at a suitable temperature with proper soil moisture . This true dormancy or innate dormancy is therefore caused by conditions within the seed that prevent germination . Thus dormancy is a state of the seed , not of the environment . Induced dormancy , enforced dormancy or seed quiescence occurs when a seed fails to germinate because the external environmental conditions are inappropriate for germination , mostly in response to conditions being too dark or light , too cold or hot , or too dry . Seed dormancy is not the same as seed persistence in the soil or on the plant , though even in scientific publications dormancy and persistence are often confused or used as synonyms . Often , seed dormancy is divided into four major categories : exogenous ; endogenous ; combinational ; and secondary . A more recent system distinguishes five classes : morphological , physiological , morphophysiological , physical and combinational dormancy . Exogenous dormancy is caused by conditions outside the embryo , including : Physical dormancy or hard seed coats occurs when seeds are impermeable to water . At dormancy break , a specialized structure , the ' water gap ' , is disrupted in response to environmental cues , especially temperature , so water can enter the seed and germination can occur . Plant families where physical dormancy occurs include Anacardiaceae , Cannaceae , Convulvulaceae , Fabaceae and Malvaceae . Chemical dormancy considers species that lack physiological dormancy , but where a chemical prevents germination . This chemical can be leached out of the seed by rainwater or snow melt or be deactivated somehow . Leaching of chemical inhibitors from the seed by rain water is often cited as an important cause of dormancy release in seeds of desert plants , but little evidence exists to support this claim . Endogenous dormancy is caused by conditions within the embryo itself , including : In morphological dormancy , germination is prevented due to morphological characteristics of the embryo . In some species , the embryo is just a mass of cells when seeds are dispersed ; it is not differentiated . Before germination can take place , both differentiation and growth of the embryo have to occur . In other species , the embryo is differentiated but not fully grown ( underdeveloped ) at dispersal , and embryo growth up to a species specific length is required before germination can occur . Examples of plant families where morphological dormancy occurs are Apiaceae , Cycadaceae , Liliaceae , Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae . Morphophysiological dormancy includes seeds with underdeveloped embryos , and also have physiological components to dormancy . These seeds , therefore , require a dormancy - breaking treatments , as well as a period of time to develop fully grown embryos . Plant families where morphophysiological dormancy occurs include Apiaceae , Aquifoliaceae , Liliaceae , Magnoliaceae , Papaveraceae and Ranunculaceae . Some plants with morphophysiological dormancy , such as Asarum or Trillium species , have multiple types of dormancy , one affects radicle ( root ) growth , while the other affects plumule ( shoot ) growth . The terms `` double dormancy '' and `` two - year seeds '' are used for species whose seeds need two years to complete germination or at least two winters and one summer . Dormancy of the radicle ( seedling root ) is broken during the first winter after dispersal while dormancy of the shoot bud is broken during the second winter . Physiological dormancy means the embryo , due to physiological causes , can not generate enough power to break through the seed coat , endosperm or other covering structures . Dormancy is typically broken at cool wet , warm wet or warm dry conditions . Abscisic acid is usually the growth inhibitor in seeds , and its production can be affected by light . Drying , in some plants , including a number of grasses and those from seasonally arid regions , is needed before they will germinate . The seeds are released , but need to have a lower moisture content before germination can begin . If the seeds remain moist after dispersal , germination can be delayed for many months or even years . Many herbaceous plants from temperate climate zones have physiological dormancy that disappears with drying of the seeds . Other species will germinate after dispersal only under very narrow temperature ranges , but as the seeds dry , they are able to germinate over a wider temperature range . In seeds with combinational dormancy , the seed or fruit coat is impermeable to water and the embryo has physiological dormancy . Depending on the species , physical dormancy can be broken before or after physiological dormancy is broken . Secondary dormancy * is caused by conditions after the seed has been dispersed and occurs in some seeds when nondormant seed is exposed to conditions that are not favorable to germination , very often high temperatures . The mechanisms of secondary dormancy are not yet fully understood , but might involve the loss of sensitivity in receptors in the plasma membrane . The following types of seed dormancy do not involve seed dormancy , strictly speaking , as lack of germination is prevented by the environment , not by characteristics of the seed itself ( see Germination ) : Photodormancy or light sensitivity affects germination of some seeds . These photoblastic seeds need a period of darkness or light to germinate . In species with thin seed coats , light may be able to penetrate into the dormant embryo . The presence of light or the absence of light may trigger the germination process , inhibiting germination in some seeds buried too deeply or in others not buried in the soil . Thermodormancy is seed sensitivity to heat or cold . Some seeds , including cocklebur and amaranth , germinate only at high temperatures ( 30 ° C or 86 ° F ) ; many plants that have seeds that germinate in early to midsummer have thermodormancy , so germinate only when the soil temperature is warm . Other seeds need cool soils to germinate , while others , such as celery , are inhibited when soil temperatures are too warm . Often , thermodormancy requirements disappear as the seed ages or dries . Not all seeds undergo a period of dormancy . Seeds of some mangroves are viviparous ; they begin to germinate while still attached to the parent . The large , heavy root allows the seed to penetrate into the ground when it falls . Many garden plant seeds will germinate readily as soon as they have water and are warm enough ; though their wild ancestors may have had dormancy , these cultivated plants lack it . After many generations of selective pressure by plant breeders and gardeners , dormancy has been selected out . For annuals , seeds are a way for the species to survive dry or cold seasons . Ephemeral plants are usually annuals that can go from seed to seed in as few as six weeks . Persistence and seed banks ( edit ) Further information : Seed dormancy Germination ( edit ) Main articles : Seedling and Germination Germinating sunflower seedlings Seed germination is a process by which a seed embryo develops into a seedling . It involves the reactivation of the metabolic pathways that lead to growth and the emergence of the radicle or seed root and plumule or shoot . The emergence of the seedling above the soil surface is the next phase of the plant 's growth and is called seedling establishment . Three fundamental conditions must exist before germination can occur . ( 1 ) The embryo must be alive , called seed viability . ( 2 ) Any dormancy requirements that prevent germination must be overcome . ( 3 ) The proper environmental conditions must exist for germination . Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate and is affected by a number of different conditions . Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos , or the seed may have no embryo at all , often called empty seeds . Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed . Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination . The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability : since the seed has a living embryo , over time cells die and can not be replaced . Some seeds can live for a long time before germination , while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die . Seed vigor is a measure of the quality of seed , and involves the viability of the seed , the germination percentage , germination rate and the strength of the seedlings produced . The germination percentage is simply the proportion of seeds that germinate from all seeds subject to the right conditions for growth . The germination rate is the length of time it takes for the seeds to germinate . Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability , dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling . In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability , measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination . This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time , 90 % germination in 20 days , for example . ' Dormancy ' is covered above ; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy , and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy . It 's possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry ( if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy ) . There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low . Environmental conditions affecting seed germination include ; water , oxygen , temperature and light . Three distinct phases of seed germination occur : water imbibition ; lag phase ; and radicle emergence . In order for the seed coat to split , the embryo must imbibe ( soak up water ) , which causes it to swell , splitting the seed coat . However , the nature of the seed coat determines how rapidly water can penetrate and subsequently initiate germination . The rate of imbibition is dependent on the permeability of the seed coat , amount of water in the environment and the area of contact the seed has to the source of water . For some seeds , imbibing too much water too quickly can kill the seed . For some seeds , once water is imbibed the germination process can not be stopped , and drying then becomes fatal . Other seeds can imbibe and lose water a few times without causing ill effects , but drying can cause secondary dormancy . Repair of DNA damage ( edit ) During seed dormancy , often associated with unpredictable and stressful environments , DNA damages accumulate as the seeds age . In rye seeds , the reduction of DNA integrity due to damage is associated with loss of seed viability during storage . Upon germination , seeds of Vicia faba undergo DNA repair . A plant DNA ligase that is involved in repair of single - and double - strand breaks during seed germination is an important determinant of seed longevity . Also , in Arabidopsis seeds , the activities of the DNA repair enzymes Poly ADP ribose polymerases ( PARP ) are likely needed for successful germination . Thus DNA damages that accumulate during dormancy appear to be a problem for seed survival , and the enzymatic repair of DNA damages during germination appears to be important for seed viability . Inducing germination ( edit ) A number of different strategies are used by gardeners and horticulturists to break seed dormancy . Scarification allows water and gases to penetrate into the seed ; it includes methods to physically break the hard seed coats or soften them by chemicals , such as soaking in hot water or poking holes in the seed with a pin or rubbing them on sandpaper or cracking with a press or hammer . Sometimes fruits are harvested while the seeds are still immature and the seed coat is not fully developed and sown right away before the seed coat become impermeable . Under natural conditions , seed coats are worn down by rodents chewing on the seed , the seeds rubbing against rocks ( seeds are moved by the wind or water currents ) , by undergoing freezing and thawing of surface water , or passing through an animal 's digestive tract . In the latter case , the seed coat protects the seed from digestion , while often weakening the seed coat such that the embryo is ready to sprout when it is deposited , along with a bit of fecal matter that acts as fertilizer , far from the parent plant . Microorganisms are often effective in breaking down hard seed coats and are sometimes used by people as a treatment ; the seeds are stored in a moist warm sandy medium for several months under nonsterile conditions . Stratification , also called moist - chilling , breaks down physiological dormancy , and involves the addition of moisture to the seeds so they absorb water , and they are then subjected to a period of moist chilling to after - ripen the embryo . Sowing in late summer and fall and allowing to overwinter under cool conditions is an effective way to stratify seeds ; some seeds respond more favorably to periods of oscillating temperatures which are a part of the natural environment . Leaching or the soaking in water removes chemical inhibitors in some seeds that prevent germination . Rain and melting snow naturally accomplish this task . For seeds planted in gardens , running water is best -- if soaked in a container , 12 to 24 hours of soaking is sufficient . Soaking longer , especially in stagnant water , can result in oxygen starvation and seed death . Seeds with hard seed coats can be soaked in hot water to break open the impermeable cell layers that prevent water intake . Other methods used to assist in the germination of seeds that have dormancy include prechilling , predrying , daily alternation of temperature , light exposure , potassium nitrate , the use of plant growth regulators , such as gibberellins , cytokinins , ethylene , thiourea , sodium hypochlorite , and others . Some seeds germinate best after a fire . For some seeds , fire cracks hard seed coats , while in others , chemical dormancy is broken in reaction to the presence of smoke . Liquid smoke is often used by gardeners to assist in the germination of these species . Sterile seeds ( edit ) Seeds may be sterile for few reasons : they may have been irradiated , unpollinated , cells lived past expectancy , or bred for the purpose . Evolution and origin of seeds ( edit ) The origin of seed plants is a problem that still remains unsolved . However , more and more data tends to place this origin in the middle Devonian . The description in 2004 of the proto - seed Runcaria heinzelinii in the Givetian of Belgium is an indication of that ancient origin of seed - plants . As with modern ferns , most land plants before this time reproduced by sending spores into the air , that would land and become whole new plants . The first `` true '' seeds are described from the upper Devonian , which is probably the theater of their true first evolutionary radiation . The seed plants progressively became one of the major elements of nearly all ecosystems . Economic importance ( edit ) Phaseolus vulgaris seeds are diverse in size , shape , and color . Edible seeds ( edit ) Further information : List of edible seeds Many seeds are edible and the majority of human calories comes from seeds , especially from cereals , legumes and nuts . Seeds also provide most cooking oils , many beverages and spices and some important food additives . In different seeds the seed embryo or the endosperm dominates and provides most of the nutrients . The storage proteins of the embryo and endosperm differ in their amino acid content and physical properties . For example , the gluten of wheat , important in providing the elastic property to bread dough is strictly an endosperm protein . Seeds are used to propagate many crops such as cereals , legumes , forest trees , turfgrasses and pasture grasses . Particularly in developing countries , a major constraint faced is the inadequacy of the marketing channels to get the seed to poor farmers . Thus the use of farmer - retained seed remains quite common . Seeds are also eaten by animals , and are fed to livestock . Many seeds are used as birdseed . Poison and food Safety ( edit ) While some seeds are edible , others are harmful , poisonous or deadly . Plants and seeds often contain chemical compounds to discourage herbivores and seed predators . In some cases , these compounds simply taste bad ( such as in mustard ) , but other compounds are toxic or break down into toxic compounds within the digestive system . Children , being smaller than adults , are more susceptible to poisoning by plants and seeds . A deadly poison , ricin , comes from seeds of the castor bean . Reported lethal doses are anywhere from two to eight seeds , though only a few deaths have been reported when castor beans have been ingested by animals . In addition , seeds containing amygdalin -- apple , apricot , bitter almond , peach , plum , cherry , quince , and others -- when consumed in sufficient amounts , may cause cyanide poisoning . Other seeds that contain poisons include annona , cotton , custard apple , datura , uncooked durian , golden chain , horse - chestnut , larkspur , locoweed , lychee , nectarine , rambutan , rosary pea , sour sop , sugar apple , wisteria , and yew . The seeds of the strychnine tree are also poisonous , containing the poison strychnine . The seeds of many legumes , including the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) , contain proteins called lectins which can cause gastric distress if the beans are eaten without cooking . The common bean and many others , including the soybean , also contain trypsin inhibitors which interfere with the action of the digestive enzyme trypsin . Normal cooking processes degrade lectins and trypsin inhibitors to harmless forms . Please see the category plant toxins for further relevant articles . Other uses ( edit ) Cotton fiber grows attached to cotton plant seeds . Other seed fibers are from kapok and milkweed . Many important nonfood oils are extracted from seeds . Linseed oil is used in paints . Oil from jojoba and crambe are similar to whale oil . Seeds are the source of some medicines including castor oil , tea tree oil and the cancer drug , Laetrile . Many seeds have been used as beads in necklaces and rosaries including Job 's tears , Chinaberry , rosary pea , and castor bean . However , the latter three are also poisonous . Other seed uses include : Seeds once used as weights for balances . Seeds used as toys by children , such as for the game Conkers . Resin from Clusia rosea seeds used to caulk boats . Nematicide from milkweed seeds . Cottonseed meal used as animal feed and fertilizer . Seed records ( edit ) The massive fruit of the coco de mer The oldest viable carbon - 14 - dated seed that has grown into a plant was a Judean date palm seed about 2,000 years old , recovered from excavations at Herod the Great 's palace on Masada in Israel . It was germinated in 2005 . ( A reported regeneration of Silene stenophylla ( narrow - leafed campion ) from material preserved for 31,800 years in the Siberian permafrost was achieved using fruit tissue , not seed . ) The largest seed is produced by the coco de mer , or `` double coconut palm '' , Lodoicea maldivica . The entire fruit may weigh up to 23 kilograms ( 50 pounds ) and usually contains a single seed . The smallest seeds are produced by epiphytic orchids . They are only 85 micrometers long , and weigh 0.81 micrograms . They have no endosperm and contain underdeveloped embryos . The earliest fossil seeds are around 365 million years old from the Late Devonian of West Virginia . The seeds are preserved immature ovules of the plant Elkinsia polymorpha . In religion ( edit ) The Book of Genesis in the Old Testament begins with an explanation of how all plant forms began : And God said , Let the earth bring forth grass , the herb yielding seed , and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind , whose seed is in itself , upon the earth : and it was so . And the earth brought forth grass , and herb yielding seed after its kind , and the tree yielding fruit , whose seed was in itself , after its kind : and God saw that it was good . And the evening and the morning were the third day . The Quran speaks about seed germination : It is Allah Who causeth the seed - grain and the date - stone to split and sprout . He causeth the living to issue from the dead , and He is the one to cause the dead to issue from the living . That is Allah : then how are ye deluded away from the truth ? See also ( edit ) Biology portal Biological dispersal Genetically modified crops List of world 's largest seeds Recalcitrant seed Seed company Seed enhancement Seed library Seed orchard Seed paper Seed saving Seed testing Seed trap Seedbed Soil seed bank References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cain M.D. , Shelton M.G. ( 2001 ) . `` Twenty years of natural loblolly and shortleaf pine seed production on the Crossett Experimental Forest in southeastern Arkansas '' . Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 25 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Galili G ; Kigel J ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter One '' . Seed development and germination . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 9229 - 7 . Jump up ^ Raven , Peter H. , Ray Franklin Evert , and Helena Curtis . 1981 . Biology of plants . New York , N.Y. : Worth Publishers . page 410 . Jump up ^ Rost , Thomas L. ; Weier , T. Elliot ; Weier , Thomas Elliot ( 1979 ) . Botany : a brief introduction to plant biology . New York : Wiley . p. 319 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02114 - 8 . 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PMID 20584150 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2010.04285. x . Jump up ^ Hunt L ; Holdsworth MJ ; Gray JE ( August 2007 ) . `` Nicotinamidase activity is important for germination '' . Plant J. 51 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 51 . PMID 17587307 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2007.03151. x . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Hudson Thomas , and Dale E. Kester. 1983 . Plant propagation principles and practices . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 681007 - 1 . Pages 175 - 77 . Jump up ^ Jon E. Keeley and Fotheringham . `` Trace Gas Emissions and Smoke - Induced Seed Germination '' . Science . 276 ( 276 ( 5316 ) ) : 1248 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 276.5316. 1248 . Jump up ^ Sabelli , P.A. ; Larkins , B.A. ( 2009 ) . `` The Development of Endosperm in Grasses '' . Plant Physiology. 149 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 26 . PMC 2613697 . PMID 19126691 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 108.129437 . Jump up ^ G. Mumby Seed Marketing , FAO , Rome Jump up ^ Chia Joo Suan , `` Seeds of Doubt : Food Safety Archived 2008 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . '' Jump up ^ Clelland , Mike . `` Poisonous Plants and Seeds Archived 2007 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Healthy Child Care ^ Jump up to : Martin Anderson , Texas AgriLife Extension Service . `` Poisonous Plants and Plant Parts -- Archives -- Aggie Horticulture '' . tamu.edu . Jump up ^ Wedin GP ; Neal JS ; Everson GW ; Krenzelok EP ( May 1986 ) . `` Castor bean poisoning '' . Am J Emerg Med. 4 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 61 . PMID 3964368 . doi : 10.1016 / 0735 - 6757 ( 86 ) 90080 - X . Jump up ^ Albretsen JC ; Gwaltney - Brant SM ; Khan SA ( 2000 ) . `` Evaluation of castor bean toxicosis in dogs : 98 cases '' . J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 36 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 33 . PMID 10825094 . ^ Jump up to : `` Almond / Almond Oil '' . drugs.com . Jump up ^ Wolke , RL . Seeds of Anxiety Washington Post January 5 , 2005 Jump up ^ Chia Joo Suan Food Safety : Seeds of doubt Archived 2008 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dhurandhar NV ; Chang KC ( 1990 ) . `` Effect of Cooking on Firmness , Trypsin Inhibitors , Lectins and Cystine / Cysteine content of Navy and Red Kidney Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) '' . J Food Sci. 55 ( 2 ) : 470 -- 4 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1990. tb06789. x . Jump up ^ Roach , John . ( 2005 ) `` 2,000 - Year - Old Seed Sprouts , Sapling Is Thriving '' , National Geographic News , 22 November . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age flower revival that could lead to resurrection of mammoth '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Scientists Revive 32,000 - Year - Old Flower '' . sci-news.com . Jump up ^ Corner EJH ( 1966 ) . The Natural History of Palms . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . pp. 313 -- 4 . Jump up ^ http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#seed Archived 2010 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Taylor EL ; Taylor TMC ( 1993 ) . The biology and evolution of fossil plants . Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall . p. 466 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 651589 - 4 . Jump up ^ King James Version , Genesis 1 : 12 , 13 , 1611 . Jump up ^ Quran , Translation : Abdullah Yusuf Ali , Al - An'aam 95 : 6 Bibliography ( edit ) Bewley , J. Derek ; Black , Michael ; Halmer , Peter , eds. ( 2006 ) . The encyclopedia of seeds : science , technology and uses . Wallingford : CABI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 723 - 0 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . A.C. Martin . The Comparative Internal Morphology of Seeds . American Midland Naturalist Vol. 36 , No. 3 ( Nov. , 1946 ) , pp. 513 - 660 M.B. McDonald , Francis Y . Kwong ( eds . ) . Flower Seeds : Biology and Technology . CABI , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 85199 - 906 - 9 T.T. Kozlowski , ed. ( 1972 ) . Seed Biology Volume III . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 323 - 15067 - 5 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . also available on line Volume I Edred John Henry Corner . The Seeds of Dicotyledons . Cambridge University Press , 1976 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20688 - X United States Forest Service . Woody Plant Seed Manual . 1948 Stuppy , W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms . Royal botanical gardens , Kew 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seed . Look up seed in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Royal Holloway , University of London : The Seed Biology Place The Millennium Seed Bank Project Kew Garden 's ambitious preservation project The Svalbard Global Seed Vault -- a backup facility for the world 's seed banks Plant Physiology online : Types of Seed Dormancy and the Roles of Environmental Factors Canadian Grain Commission : Seed characters used in the identification of small oilseeds and weed seeds The Seed Site : collecting , storing , sowing , germinating , and exchanging seeds , with pictures of seeds , seedpods and seedlings . ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject LCCN : sh85119543 GND : 4130859 - 1 BNF : cb12573148r ( data ) NDL : 00572450 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed&oldid=800104780 '' Categories : Seeds Botany Plant reproduction Plant sexuality Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Accuracy disputes from October 2016 All accuracy disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 14 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in a seed the seed coat is composed of tissues belonging to | [
"Angiosperm (flowering plants) seeds consist of three genetically distinct constituents: (1) the embryo formed from the zygote, (2) the endosperm, which is normally triploid, (3) the seed coat from tissue derived from the maternal tissue of the ovule. In angiosperms, the process of seed development begins with double fertilization, which involves the fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell and the central cell to form the primary endosperm and the zygote. Right after fertilization, the zygote is mostly inactive, but the primary endosperm divides rapidly to form the endosperm tissue. This tissue becomes the food the young plant will consume until the roots have developed after germination."
] | [
"the maternal tissue of the ovule"
] |
-8889317214361303811 | Dew point | Dew point - wikipedia Dew point Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the meteorological dew point . For the petroleum term , see Hydrocarbon dew point . Humidity and hygrometry Specific concepts Absolute / Specific / Relative Dew point ( depression ) Psychrometrics General concepts Air Concentration Density Dew Evaporation Humidity buffering ( Atm . ) Pressure Liquid water Avogadro 's law Nucleation Thermodynamic equilibrium Measures and Instruments Heat index Sat . vap . density Mixing ratio Water activity H. indicator card Hygrometer Dry / Wet - bulb temperature The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor . When further cooled , the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid water ( dew ) . When air cools to its dew point through contact with a surface that is colder than the air , water will condense on the surface . When the temperature is below the freezing point of water , the dew point is called the frost point , as frost is formed rather than dew . The measurement of the dew point is related to humidity . A higher dew point means there will be more moisture in the air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Humidity 2 Relationship to human comfort 3 Measurement 4 Extreme values 5 Calculating the dew point 5.1 Simple approximation 6 Frost point 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Humidity ( edit ) Given that all the other factors influencing humidity remain constant , at ground level the relative humidity rises as the temperature falls . This is because less vapor is needed to saturate the air , so vapor condenses as the temperature falls . In normal conditions , the dew point temperature will not be greater than the air temperature because relative humidity can not exceed 100 % . In technical terms , the dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates . At temperatures below the dew point , the rate of condensation will be greater than that of evaporation , forming more liquid water . The condensed water is called dew when it forms on a solid surface , or frost if it freezes . The condensed water is called either fog or a cloud , depending on its altitude , when it forms in the air . If the temperature is below the dew point , the vapor is called supersaturated . This can happen if there are not enough particles in the air to act as condensation nuclei . A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is closer to the current air temperature . A relative humidity of 100 % indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature and that the air is maximally saturated with water . When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases , relative humidity decreases , but the dew point remains constant . General aviation pilots use dew point data to calculate the likelihood of carburetor icing and fog , and to estimate the height of a cumuliform cloud base . This graph shows the maximum percentage , by mass , of water vapor that air at sea - level pressure across a range of temperatures can contain . For a lower ambient pressure , a curve has to be drawn above the current curve . A higher ambient pressure yields a curve under the current curve . Increasing the barometric pressure increases the dew point . This means that , if the pressure increases , the mass of water vapour in the air must be reduced in order to maintain the same dew point . For example , consider New York ( 33 ft or 10 m elevation ) and Denver ( 5,280 ft or 1,610 m elevation ) . Because Denver is at a higher elevation than New York , it will tend to have a lower barometric pressure . This means that if the dew point and temperature in both cities are the same , the amount of water vapor in the air will be greater in Denver . Relationship to human comfort ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the air temperature is high , the human body uses the evaporation of sweat to cool down , with the cooling effect directly related to how fast the perspiration evaporates . The rate at which perspiration can evaporate depends on how much moisture is in the air and how much moisture the air can hold . If the air is already saturated with moisture , perspiration will not evaporate . The body 's thermoregulation will produce perspiration in an effort to keep the body at its normal temperature even when the rate it is producing sweat exceeds the evaporation rate , so one can become coated with sweat on humid days even without generating additional body heat ( such as by exercising ) . As the air surrounding one 's body is warmed by body heat , it will rise and be replaced with other air . If air is moved away from one 's body with a natural breeze or a fan , sweat will evaporate faster , making perspiration more effective at cooling the body . The more unevaporated perspiration , the greater the discomfort . A wet bulb thermometer also uses evaporative cooling , so it provides a good measure for use in evaluating comfort level . Discomfort also exists when the dew point is low ( below around − 30 ° C or − 22 ° F ) . The drier air can cause skin to crack and become irritated more easily . It will also dry out the airways . The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends indoor air be maintained at 20 -- 24.5 ° C ( 68 -- 76 ° F ) with a 20 -- 60 % relative humidity , equivalent to a dew point of − 4.5 to 15.5 ° C ( 24 to 60 ° F ) . Lower dew points , less than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , correlate with lower ambient temperatures and the body requires less cooling . A lower dew point can go along with a high temperature only at extremely low relative humidity , allowing for relatively effective cooling . People inhabiting tropical and subtropical climates acclimatize somewhat to higher dew points . Thus , a resident of Darwin or Miami , for example , might have a higher threshold for discomfort than a resident of a temperate climate like London or Chicago . Those accustomed to temperate climates often begin to feel uncomfortable when the dew point reaches between 15 and 20 ° C ( 59 -- 68 ° F ) , while others might find dew points below 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) comfortable . Most inhabitants of temperate areas will consider dew points above 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) oppressive and tropical - like , while inhabitants of hot and humid areas may not find this uncomfortable . Thermal comfort depends not just on physical environmental factors , but also on psychological factors . Dew point Relative humidity at 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) Over 26 ° C Over 80 ° F 73 % and higher 24 -- 26 ° C 75 -- 80 ° F 62 -- 72 % 21 -- 24 ° C 70 -- 74 ° F 52 -- 61 % 18 -- 21 ° C 65 -- 69 ° F 44 -- 51 % 16 -- 18 ° C 60 -- 64 ° F 37 -- 43 % 13 -- 16 ° C 55 -- 59 ° F 31 -- 36 % 10 -- 12 ° C 50 -- 54 ° F 26 -- 30 % Under 10 ° C Under 50 ° F 25 % and lower Measurement ( edit ) Devices called hygrometers are used to measure dew point over a wide range of temperatures . These devices consist of a polished metal mirror which is cooled as air is passed over it . The temperature at which dew forms is , by definition , the dew point . Manual devices of this sort can be used to calibrate other types of humidity sensors , and automatic sensors may be used in a control loop with a humidifier or dehumidifier to control the dew point of the air in a building or in a smaller space for a manufacturing process . Extreme values ( edit ) A dew point of 33 ° C ( 91 ° F ) was observed at 14 : 00 EDT on July 12 , 1987 , in Melbourne , Florida . A dew point of 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) has been observed in the United States on at least two other occasions : Appleton , Wisconsin , at 17 : 00 CDT on July 13 , 1995 , and New Orleans Naval Air Station at 17 : 00 CDT on July 30 , 1987 . A dew point of 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) was observed at Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , at 15 : 00 AST on July 8 , 2003 , which caused the heat index to reach 81 ° C ( 178 ° F ) , the highest value recorded . Calculating the dew point ( edit ) Graph of the dependence of the dew point upon air temperature for several levels of relative humidity . See also : Psychrometric chart A well - known approximation used to calculate the dew point , T , given just the actual ( `` dry bulb '' ) air temperature , T ( in degrees Celsius ) and relative humidity ( in percent ) , RH , is the Magnus formula : γ ( T , R H ) = ln ( R H 100 ) + b T c + T ; T d p = c γ ( T , R H ) b − γ ( T , R H ) ; ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ gamma ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) & = \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ( 100 ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( bT ) ( c + T ) ) ; \ \ ( 8pt ) T_ ( \ mathrm ( dp ) ) & = ( \ frac ( c \ gamma ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ) ( b - \ gamma ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ) ) ; \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The more complete formulation and origin of this approximation involves the interrelated saturated water vapor pressure ( in units of millibars , also called hectopascals ) at T , P ( T ) , and the actual vapor pressure ( also in units of millibars ) , P ( T ) , which can be either found with RH or approximated with the barometric pressure ( in millibars ) , BP , and `` wet - bulb '' temperature , T is ( unless declared otherwise , all temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius ) : P s ( T ) = 100 R H P a ( T ) = a e b T c + T ; P a ( T ) = R H 100 P s ( T ) = a e γ ( T , R H ) ≈ P s ( T w ) − B P m b 0.00066 ( 1 + 0.00115 T w ) ( T − T w ) ; T d p = c ln P a ( T ) a b − ln P a ( T ) a ; ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) P_ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) ( T ) & = ( \ frac ( 100 ) ( \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ) P_ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ( T ) = ae ^ ( \ frac ( bT ) ( c + T ) ) ; \ \ ( 8pt ) P_ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ( T ) & = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ( 100 ) ) P_ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) ( T ) = ae ^ ( \ gamma ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ) \ \ & \ approx P_ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) ( T_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) - BP_ ( \ mathrm ( mb ) ) 0.00066 \ left ( 1 + 0.00115 T_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) \ right ) \ left ( T - T_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) \ right ) ; \ \ ( 8pt ) T_ ( \ mathrm ( dp ) ) & = ( \ frac ( c \ ln ( \ frac ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ( T ) ) ( a ) ) ) ( b - \ ln ( \ frac ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ( T ) ) ( a ) ) ) ) ; \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For greater accuracy , P ( T ) ( and therefore γ ( T , RH ) ) can be enhanced , using part of the Bögel modification , also known as the Arden Buck equation , which adds a fourth constant d : P s , m ( T ) = a e ( b − T d ) ( T c + T ) ; γ m ( T , R H ) = ln ( R H 100 e ( b − T d ) ( T c + T ) ) ; T d p = c γ m ( T , R H ) b − γ m ( T , R H ) ; ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) P_ ( \ mathrm ( s , m ) ) ( T ) & = ae ^ ( \ left ( b - ( \ frac ( T ) ( d ) ) \ right ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( T ) ( c + T ) ) \ right ) ) ; \ \ ( 8pt ) \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) & = \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ( 100 ) ) e ^ ( \ left ( b - ( \ frac ( T ) ( d ) ) \ right ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( T ) ( c + T ) ) \ right ) ) \ right ) ; \ \ ( 8pt ) T_ ( dp ) & = ( \ frac ( c \ gamma _ ( m ) ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ) ( b - \ gamma _ ( m ) ( T , \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ) ) ; \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where a = 6.1121 mb , b = 18.678 , c = 257.14 ° C , d = 234.5 ° C . There are several different constant sets in use . The ones used in NOAA 's presentation are taken from a 1980 paper by David Bolton in the Monthly Weather Review : a = 6.112 mb , b = 17.67 , c = 243.5 ° C . These valuations provide a maximum error of 0.1 % , for − 30 ° C ≤ T ≤ 35 ° C and 1 % < RH < 100 % . Also noteworthy is the Sonntag1990 , a = 6.112 mb , b = 17.62 , c = 243.12 ° C ; for − 45 ° C ≤ T ≤ 60 ° C ( error ± 0.35 ° C ) . Another common set of values originates from the 1974 Psychrometry and Psychrometric Charts , as presented by Paroscientific , a = 6.105 mb , b = 17.27 , c = 237.7 ° C ; for 0 ° C ≤ T ≤ 60 ° C ( error ± 0.4 ° C ) . Also , in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , Arden Buck presents several different valuation sets , with different minimum accuracies for different temperature ranges . Two particular sets provide a range of − 40 ° C to + 50 ° C between the two , with even greater minimum accuracy than all of the other , above sets ( maximum error at extremes of temperature range ) : a = 6.1121 mb , b = 17.368 , c = 238.88 ° C ; for 0 ° C ≤ T ≤ 50 ° C ( error ≤ 0.05 % ) . a = 6.1121 mb , b = 17.966 , c = 247.15 ° C ; for − 40 ° C ≤ T ≤ 0 ° C ( error ≤ 0.06 % ) . Simple approximation ( edit ) There is also a very simple approximation that allows conversion between the dew point , temperature , and relative humidity . This approach is accurate to within about ± 1 ° C as long as the relative humidity is above 50 % : T d p ≈ T − 100 − R H 5 ; R H ≈ 100 − 5 ( T − T d p ) ; ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) T_ ( \ mathrm ( dp ) ) & \ approx T - ( \ frac ( 100 - \ mathrm ( RH ) ) ( 5 ) ) ; \ \ ( 5pt ) \ mathrm ( RH ) & \ approx 100 - 5 ( T - T_ ( \ mathrm ( dp ) ) ) ; \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This can be expressed as a simple rule of thumb : For every 1 ° C difference in the dew point and dry bulb temperatures , the relative humidity decreases by 5 % , starting with RH = 100 % when the dew point equals the dry bulb temperature . The derivation of this approach , a discussion of its accuracy , comparisons to other approximations , and more information on the history and applications of the dew point are given in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . For temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit , these approximations work out to T d p , ∘ F ≈ T ∘ F − 9 25 ( 100 − R H ) ; R H ≈ 100 − 25 9 ( T ∘ F − T d p , ∘ F ) ; ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) T_ ( \ mathrm ( dp , ^ ( \ circ ) F ) ) & \ approx T_ ( \ mathrm ( ( ) ^ ( \ circ ) F ) ) - ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 25 ) ) \ left ( 100 - \ mathrm ( RH ) \ right ) ; \ \ ( 5pt ) \ mathrm ( RH ) & \ approx 100 - ( \ tfrac ( 25 ) ( 9 ) ) \ left ( T_ ( \ mathrm ( ( ) ^ ( \ circ ) F ) ) - T_ ( \ mathrm ( dp , ^ ( \ circ ) F ) ) \ right ) ; \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For example , a relative humidity of 100 % means dew point is the same as air temp . For 90 % RH , dew point is 3 ° F lower than air temperature . For every 10 percent lower , dew point drops 3 ° F . Frost point ( edit ) The frost point is similar to the dew point in that it is the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled , at constant atmospheric pressure , for water vapor to be deposited on a surface as ice crystals without undergoing the liquid phase ( compare with sublimation ) . The frost point for a given parcel of air is always higher than the dew point , as the stronger bonding between water molecules on the surface of ice requires higher temperature to break . See also ( edit ) Bubble point Carburetor heat Hydrocarbon dew point Psychrometrics Thermodynamic diagrams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glossary - NOAA 's National Weather Service ^ Jump up to : John M. Wallace ; Peter V. Hobbs ( 24 March 2006 ) . Atmospheric Science : An Introductory Survey . Academic Press . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 049953 - 6 . Jump up ^ Glossary - NOAA 's National Weather Service Jump up ^ `` Observed Dew Point Temperature '' . Department of Atmospheric Sciences ( DAS ) at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dew Point Definition of dew point by Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ Skilling , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Ask Tom why : Is it possible for relative humidity to exceed 100 percent ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Horstmeyer , Steve ( 2006 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Relative Humidity ... Relative to What ? The Dew Point Temperature ... a better approach '' . Steve Horstmeyer , Meteorologist , WKRC TV , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dew Point in Compressed Air -- Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Vaisala . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Facts Guide -- Today '' . The City and County of Denver . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lin , Tzu - Ping ( 10 February 2009 ) . `` Thermal perception , adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions '' ( PDF ) . Building and Environment. 44 ( 10 ) : 2017 -- 2026 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Relative Humidity and Dewpoint Temperature from Temperature and Wet - Bulb Temperature Jump up ^ Bolton , David ( July 1980 ) . `` The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . 108 ( 7 ) : 1046 -- 1053 . Bibcode : 1980MWRv ... 108.1046 B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1980 ) 108 < 1046 : TCOEPT > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ SHTxx Application Note Dew - point Calculation Jump up ^ `` MET4 and MET4A Calculation of Dew Point '' . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Buck , Arden L. ( December 1981 ) . `` New Equations for Computing Vapor Pressure and Enhancement Factor '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Meteorology. 20 ( 12 ) : 1527 -- 1532 . Bibcode : 1981JApMe ... 20.1527 B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0450 ( 1981 ) 020 < 1527 : NEFCVP > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mark G. ( February 2005 ) . `` The Relationship between Relative Humidity and the Dewpoint Temperature in Moist Air : A Simple Conversion and Applications '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 86 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 233 . Bibcode : 2005BAMS ... 86 ... 225L . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 86 - 2 - 225 . Jump up ^ Haby , Jeff . `` Frost point and dew point '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . 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-5144842369209081883 | Mary Jane Watson | Mary Jane Watson - Wikipedia Mary Jane Watson Jump to : navigation , search Mary Jane Watson Art by Adam Hughes . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance ( partial ) The Amazing Spider - Man # 25 ( June 1965 ) ( full ) The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 ( November 1966 ) Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) John Romita , Sr. ( artist ) Steve Ditko ( artist ) In - story information Full name Mary Jane Watson Species Human Place of origin Earth - 616 Supporting character of Spider - Man Notable aliases Mary Jane Watson - Parker Spider - Woman Mary Jane `` M.J. '' Watson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee and John Romita , Sr. , the character made her first appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 25 ( June 1965 ) . She has been the best friend , main love interest and wife of Peter Parker , the alter ego of Spider - Man . The character has been portrayed by Kirsten Dunst in the three Spider - Man feature films directed by Sam Raimi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) and by Shailene Woodley in deleted scenes of the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Marriage 2.3 Pregnancy 2.4 Marital problems 2.5 `` Civil War '' 2.6 `` One More Day '' 2.7 New life 2.8 `` Spider - Island '' and `` Ends of the Earth '' 2.9 `` Dying Wish '' and The Superior Spider - Man 2.10 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Other versions 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.1. 1 Spider - Man ( 1967 ) 4.1. 2 Spider - Man : The Animated Series 4.1. 3 Spider - Man Unlimited 4.1. 4 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series 4.1. 5 The Spectacular Spider - Man 4.1. 6 Ultimate Spider - Man 4.2 Films 4.2. 1 Spider - Man trilogy 4.2. 1.1 Spider - Man 4.2. 1.2 Spider - Man 2 4.2. 1.3 Spider - Man 3 4.2. 2 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 4.3 Video games 4.4 Novels 5 References 6 External links Publication history ( edit ) Mary Jane Watson , is first mentioned in The Amazing Spider - Man # 15 ( August 1964 ) , and is initially used as a running joke of the series , as Peter Parker 's Aunt May repeatedly attempts to set her unwilling nephew up on a date with her . Parker ( also known as Spider - Man ) consistently worms his way out of meeting Mary Jane who , aside from a brief appearance in # 25 ( June 1965 ) with her face obscured , is never actually seen until The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 ( November 1966 ) . Peter David wrote in 2010 that artist John Romita , Sr. `` made the definitive statement of his arrival by pulling Mary Jane out from behind the oversized potted plant ( that blocked the readers ' view of her face in issue # 25 ) and placing her on panel in what would instantly become an iconic moment . '' Romita has stated that in designing Mary Jane , he `` used Ann - Margret from the movie Bye Bye Birdie as a guide , using her coloring , the shape of her face , her red hair and her form - fitting short skirts . '' According to co-creator Stan Lee , he and Romita had intended for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's one true love , and introduced Mary Jane `` just for fun '' , but that `` somehow , Mary Jane seemed to have all the personality , and much as we tried to make Gwen more attractive , we could n't ! We , ourselves , felt that Mary Jane ended up being not only more attractive but more fun and more interesting , and we finally decided to let Peter end up with her , but it was ... as though the characters had taken over ! '' The names `` Mary Jane '' and `` MJ '' are also common slang terms for marijuana . When asked about this , Stan Lee claimed it was purely coincidental , that he knew nothing about drugs and never tried marijuana . Gerry Conway succeeded Stan Lee as writer of The Amazing Spider - Man in 1972 . Conway pushed Mary Jane to the forefront of the cast , and made her a serious love interest for Peter Parker . Like Lee , Conway found Mary Jane to be more compelling than Gwen : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . I do n't think she had a mean bone in her body , and was n't likely to do something that was likely to screw things up for Peter , out of some misguided sense of self - aggrandizement , which Mary Jane was quite capable of doing - which makes her a much more interesting character . '' In 1987 , the character was married to Spider - Man in The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 21 . As a consequence , writer J.M. DeMatteis made Mary Jane and her marriage to Spider - Man one of the central themes of the critically acclaimed `` Kraven 's Last Hunt '' , published the same year as the wedding . DeMatteis commented that `` ' Kraven 's Last Hunt ' has a lot of darkness in it , but the story primarily is about Peter and his journey into the light and the power of simple human love . The reason Peter makes it out is because he has Mary Jane in his life , and that is his salvation . '' Marvel editor - in - chief Joe Quesada said that he feels the marriage ages the characters , making them less appealing to young readers , and lessens the dramatic , `` soap opera '' possibilities , but also stated that `` divorcing or widowing , or annulling the marriage ... would only be worse . '' He has also pointed out that the marriage itself was editorially mandated ; Stan Lee decided to marry the characters in his daily newspaper strip and , even though the two were not even dating at the time in the comic book series , it was decided to marry them in the regular Marvel Universe as well . In 2007 , Quesada presided over the controversial `` One More Day '' storyline , which he also drew , in which Peter and Mary Jane 's marriage is erased from history and everyone 's memories by the devil Mephisto . Quesada states he is an avid fan of the Peter and MJ relationship , and in several interviews has claimed that the alternate MC2 universe , in which Peter and Mary Jane are happily married , is a `` natural progression '' of the characters . The erasing of Peter and Mary Jane 's marriage was initially adopted in the newspaper strip as well , but due to negative reader reaction Lee later revealed it to be a bad dream . Mary Jane remains Spider - Man 's wife in the newspaper strip continuity . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Mary Jane is depicted as an extremely beautiful , green - eyed redhead , and has been the primary romantic interest of Peter Parker for the last twenty years , although initially competing with others for his affection , most prominently with Gwen Stacy and the Black Cat . Mary Jane 's relatively unknown early life was eventually explored in The Amazing Spider - Man # 259 . Early issues of The Amazing Spider - Man featured a running joke about Peter dodging his Aunt May 's attempts to set him up with `` that nice Watson girl next door '' , whom Peter had not yet met and assumed would not be his type , since his aunt liked her ( in the Parallel Lives graphic novel an identical scenario is shown between Mary Jane and her Aunt Anna ) . Mary Jane made her first actual appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 25 ( June 1965 ) , although her face was obscured . It is not until The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 ( November 1966 ) that her face is actually seen . In that issue , on the last page , Peter finally meets her , and he is stunned by her beauty even as she speaks the now - famous line : `` Face it , Tiger ... you just hit the jackpot ! '' Mary Jane 's face is shown for the first time , and her famous catchphrase first uttered . Art by John Romita Sr. From The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 . Peter begins to date her , much to the annoyance of Gwen Stacy . However , they eventually become irritated with each other and Peter subsequently chooses to date Gwen . Mary Jane , who becomes Harry Osborn 's love interest and girlfriend , remains a close friend to Peter and Gwen . Despite her enjoyment of life , her friendships , and dating , Mary Jane refuses to be tied down for too long . When her relationship with Harry Osborn comes to an end , it has significant impact on Harry , driving him to a drug overdose . This in turn creates a boomerang effect , driving his father Norman Osborn to the brink of insanity , temporarily restoring his memories as the Green Goblin . After the Green Goblin murders Gwen in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Mary Jane attempts to comfort Peter . Peter , who is distraught over the loss of Gwen Stacy , angrily confronts MJ about her seemingly flighty and carefree attitude . He questions her ability to ever care about people like him and Gwen , and states `` You would n't be sorry if your own mother died , '' unaware that her mother had actually died . Mary Jane is hurt by Peter 's comments . She attempts to leave , but hesitates as she approaches the door , and ultimately chooses to stay with him . This served as a turning point in their relationship , and over the next couple of years , she and Peter become very close friends . Eventually , upon realizing the feelings that they share for one another , they decide to take their relationship to the next level . Their relationship has a few initial hurdles , such as MJ 's hot temper and Peter 's always dashing off to be Spider - Man . Despite loving Peter , MJ does not wish to be tied down , and when she allows the relationship to progress too far , she is left with a difficult decision when Peter proposes to her . After taking a short time to consider , she turns him down . Following a series of traumatic experiences involving Peter 's absences and his costumed alter ego endangering his Aunt May , a spiritually exhausted MJ leaves New York for several months . Peter meanwhile dates other women , most notably Felicia Hardy . MJ eventually returns , her behavior showing a marked change with her abandonment of her false front . Following an attack on Peter by Puma , she breaks down and admits her knowledge of Peter 's secret identity in The Amazing Spider - Man # 257 . After learning of her own family history in The Amazing Spider - Man # 259 , Peter finds a new respect for her and begins to truly understand her . MJ makes it clear to Peter that knowing his identity changes nothing about her feelings , and that she only loves him as a friend . Despite the one - shot graphic novel Amazing Spider - Man : Parallel Lives and Untold Tales of Spider - Man # 16 revealing that Mary Jane discovered Peter 's secret when she noticed Spider - Man climbing out of Peter 's bedroom window after his uncle 's murder , many comics published before this revelation claimed that she had simply `` figured it out '' , with the details of how and when left ambiguous to the reader . After yet another period of reconsidering his priorities in life , Peter contemplates letting go of the Spider - Man mantle , with Mary Jane backing the decision , but his relationship with Felicia Hardy soon resumes . Feeling lost and guilty , Peter visits Mary Jane and apologizes with an awkward kiss before heading to Berlin with Ned Leeds . Following Ned Leeds ' murder at the hands of the Foreigner , a changed and bitter Peter returns to New York , where his lack of direction in life is not helped when Ned is framed as the Hobgoblin , and Felicia elects to leave Peter behind as she is tied to the Foreigner . Mary Jane returns to Peter , presumably to patch things up , but Peter surprises her with a second proposal of marriage , which MJ again turns down . She returns to her family to settle old debts with her father , with Peter following her . After aiding her sister in having her crooked father arrested , and aiding Peter against a Spider - Slayer , Mary Jane has an epiphany on marriage , and agrees to become Peter 's wife . Marriage ( edit ) In spite of Peter and Mary Jane 's mutual worry that they were marrying too early , Peter 's concern for her safety , and her unwillingness to give up her `` party girl '' lifestyle , they marry . She adds Peter 's surname to her own , making her Mary Jane Watson - Parker . Spider - Man wears his black costume around this time , but after Mary Jane is frightened by a stalking Venom , she convinces him to change back to his old costume . Mary Jane continues to model after her marriage , but is stalked by her wealthy landlord , Jonathan Caesar . When she rejects his advances , he kidnaps her , but she manages to escape . While Caesar is briefly incarcerated , he uses his powerful business connections within the city and has her blacklisted as a model . She gets a role on the soap opera `` Secret Hospital '' , but is unhappy with her character 's air - headed and mean personality . On top of that , Caesar , who has been released from prison and is still obsessed with Mary Jane , plots to kidnap her again -- this time intending to whisk her away to a private island he owns in the Caribbean . After luring Mary Jane to an abandoned studio and threatening to kill her , Caesar is confronted by Officer Goldman , a policeman assigned to Mary Jane 's original case against him . Goldman then shoots Caesar dead , saving Mary Jane 's life . Although she successfully petitions her boss to adjust her character 's personality , a deranged fan tries to kill Mary Jane out of hatred for the actions of her soap opera character . Mary Jane quits her job out of fear for her own safety and returns to modeling . This , along with Peter 's role as Spider - Man , triggers a growing divide . She briefly flirts with actor Jason Jerome , who tries to tempt her into a secret affair , kissing her twice . She resists out of faithfulness to Peter , but her weak rebuffs fail to convince Jerome , and she realizes she is enticed by him in spite of herself . However , she eventually realizes that her craving for romance can be filled by her husband as easily as an extramarital affair , and she pointedly rejects Jerome 's advances while rebuking his behavior . Due to this stress , and the seeming return of her husband 's parents , Mary Jane begins smoking ( a habit she had quit in high school ) , only increasing the tension between her and Peter . Peter ultimately convinces her to stop smoking when he tricks her into visiting Nick Katzenberg suffering heavily from lung cancer . When his parents are discovered to be fakes , Peter is unable to cope with the knowledge and disappears for a time . Mary Jane visits her sister Gayle and her father for the first time in years , and finally reconciles with them . Meanwhile , Peter overcomes his problems on his own . When she and Peter reunite , both are happier than they had been in a long time . Pregnancy ( edit ) During the 1994 -- 96 `` Clone Saga '' storyline , Peter 's clone , Ben Reilly , appears . Mary Jane discovers that she is pregnant . While she experiences some complications in her pregnancy , Reilly 's scientist friend Seward Trainer helps her . Peter and Ben are told by Trainer that Ben is the real Peter Parker , and Peter is the clone . After conducting the tests themselves ( tests which Seward rigged ) they confirm Seward 's story . A disbelieving Peter , while arguing with Ben , accidentally strikes Mary Jane . After this , he decides to quit as Spider - Man , because the stress of his double life is endangering his wife and unborn child . Peter , acting on hypnotic suggestion by the Jackal , attempts to kill Mary Jane , but is prevented by Ben Reilly ( as the Scarlet Spider ) , his teammates the New Warriors , and Kaine . Later , Peter and Mary Jane leave New York and move to Portland , Oregon . They live there peacefully for several months , adapting happily to normal life after an accident causes subtle damage to Peter 's genetic structure that disrupts his ability to use his powers . However , they miss New York City and their friends , and move back , a strange illness culminating in the restoration of Peter 's powers . During the Onslaught crisis , Mary Jane is scanned by a Sentinel robot , who detects genetic abnormalities in her fetus . Soon afterward , when Mary Jane 's baby is already past due , she is poisoned by Alison Mongrain , an agent of the Green Goblin . Mary Jane 's baby is stillborn . Combined with Ben 's death in a battle with the reborn Norman Osborn and the revelation that the tests identifying Peter as the clone were actually rigged as part of Osborn 's plan to break Peter 's spirit , Peter returns to the role of Spider - Man . Marital problems ( edit ) Mary Jane returns to college to major in psychology , but the stress of the ongoing manipulations of Norman Osborn take their toll . After the Gathering of Five incident and the return of Aunt May , Mary Jane begs Peter to quit being Spider - Man . He is happy to do so for several months , but soon feels the tug of his great power and great responsibility to be a hero . Meanwhile , Mary Jane is offered a new modeling contract and reaches new heights of success . Peter becomes Spider - Man again behind Mary Jane 's back , which puts strain on their marriage . At the same time , she begins receiving lewd and threatening phone calls from an anonymous stalker . Mary Jane is flying across America when her airplane explodes in midair in Amazing Spider - Man ( Vol. 2 ) # 13 ( January 2000 ) . Peter is shocked and goes into deep denial over her death . Although he is set up with several other women , and his friends encourage him to move on , he believes she is still alive . Her mysterious stalker , an unnamed , telepathic mutant , has telepathically connected to Peter in some way , and wants to take over his life . He kidnapped Mary Jane as part of his plan and held her hostage for several months . The stalker kills himself after finally gleaning enough of Peter 's personality and morality to discover that he had done terrible things . Peter and Mary Jane are reunited in Peter Parker : Spider - Man # 29 ( June 2001 ) . The stress of her captivity drives Mary Jane away . She moves to Los Angeles and immerses herself in acting -- starring as the doomed love interest in the film Lobster - Man . Although missing Peter after he fails to meet her on a visit back to New York , she refuses to talk to him ; Aunt May gets Peter to visit her in Los Angeles , however the two remain separated . Peter 's encounter with the supernatural Spider - Wasp Shathra eventually leads to the two of them flying to New York and Los Angeles to see each other . Despite missing each other at their respective homes , they meet in an airport in Denver , Colorado where they reconcile after a brief encounter with Doctor Doom and Latverian terrorists . `` Civil War '' ( edit ) During the events of the 2006 -- 2007 `` Civil War '' storyline , when Peter and Mary Jane 's apartment and Aunt May 's house are burned down by Charlie Weiderman , and Spider - Man joins the New Avengers , Mary Jane and Aunt May accompany him to live in Stark Tower . Mary Jane immediately feels at home with the New Avengers and is happy to finally be a part of Spider - Man 's world . The Civil War events forced Peter to stage a secret transfer of Mary Jane out of Stark Mansion , feeling that with the loss of his secret identity and his doubts about Tony Stark 's ideas , Mary Jane had become a hostage in a luxurious house . Now residing in a cheap motel , her whole life had been affected , from her increasing difficulties in finding a new job as an actress to her being an easy target and prey , along with Aunt May , for the superpowered foes of Spider - Man . Peter , Mary Jane , and Aunt May are targeted by an assassin working for Spider - Man 's old foe , the Kingpin . When Peter returns to the Parker family 's motel hideout , the assassin takes aim at Peter and fires , but hits Aunt May instead . Peter and MJ scramble to save Aunt May 's life , rushing her from hospital to hospital while trying to maintain their fragile cover of anonymity . In trying to keep May alive and hidden from Spider - Man 's enemies , they become fugitives on the run . `` One more Day '' ( edit ) During the 2007 `` One More Day '' storyline , Peter is forced to decide whether he will accept Mephisto 's offer to save Aunt May in return for wiping the knowledge and memory of Peter and MJ 's life together as husband and wife from the face of reality , which would leave only a single , subconscious piece of their souls to remember , allowing Mephisto to feast on the pain exhibited by those vestiges for eternity . MJ accepts Mephisto 's offer , but only with the caveat that Mephisto promises to restore Spider - Man 's secret identity . She also asks to put his life back as it was and have a chance at happiness . Mephisto accepts these terms , and in the revised timeline , which begins at the end of The Amazing Spider - Man # 545 , and is further explained in the following issues , MJ and Peter were never married , but instead `` dated seriously for years '' . According to interviews conducted with then - Marvel editor - in - chief Joe Quesada , every story prior to this story remains canon ( this would later be contradicted as the events of later stories imply MJ never fell pregnant ) . Quesada also stated that a gap of undefined duration occurred between pages in `` One More Day '' , during which the couple separated . By the end of that period , MJ has moved to California to become an actress , but continues to visit New York from time to time . In the epilogue to `` One More Day '' , she attends a `` coming home '' party held by Harry Osborn during one such visit , with Peter catching a small glimpse of her before she left . New life ( edit ) At the end of The Amazing Spider - Man # 560 , as part of the `` Brand New Day '' storyline , Mary Jane makes her return as the girlfriend of actor Bobby Carr . In The Amazing Spider - Man # 561 , Mary Jane is seen getting into bed with Carr , and is later attacked by Paperdoll . Concealing herself in the panic room , Mary Jane observes a battle between Spider - Man and Paperdoll , and communicates with Spider - Man over the intercom . Mary Jane says that she and Spider - Man made a great team `` in another life '' and longingly touches a monitor screen showing his face , hinting that she still has strong feelings and misses him . Peter does not learn that Mary Jane is the girlfriend of Carr nor that she was the voice on the intercom . Mary Jane is seen at the conclusion of the issue contemplating a phone call to Peter , but is hesitant to do so . She is asked for an autograph by Sara Ehret , an associate of Jackpot . Mary Jane tells her she does not know when she will return to New York . She left a message on Peter 's machine but it was cut off before she could say anything . Mary Jane has been living on the West Coast pursuing her acting career . She returns to New York after Carr is found to be taking Mutant Growth Hormone for a movie role , supplied by the White Rabbit. Carr complains that now she would tell them all about his drug use . His shallowness makes MJ walk away from him and take a TV job , which takes her back to New York . Mary Jane and Peter agree to meet with each other . Peter does not remember when or where as he had been drunk , and is further delayed due to his activities as Spider - Man . MJ also was drunk ( while waiting for Peter to muster his courage in order to talk to her ) and while she recalls their meeting she has overslept it . Issue 605 flashbacks to Mary Jane recalling a fight with Peter while he was dressed as Spider - Man , where she said that she did not care where he was and that he had a responsibility to their relationship . Peter begins to explain about his Uncle Ben , but Mary Jane interrupts him to say that he can not let a single moment define his life . In the 2010 `` One Moment in Time '' storyline , it is revealed that Mary Jane whispered to Mephisto that Peter would not agree to the deal unless Mary Jane tells him to make it , and that Mephisto will leave Peter alone forever when the deal is done . Mephisto replies `` Agreed , as far as I 'm concerned -- this never happened . '' In present time MJ shows up at Peter 's door . They talk about how they have been acting towards each other lately and both agree they want to be friends . They recall how Peter missed what was supposed to be their wedding day due to his activities as Spider - Man , leading MJ to demand that he retire from crimefighting . His refusal to do so convinced MJ that they must remain unmarried , since any children they might have would be endangered by his being a superhero . Mary Jane goes to check on Anna Watson , just in time to stop a hitman , who goes after her . Spider - Man saves Mary Jane and dispatches the hitman . Spider - Man brings the wounded Mary Jane to Doctor Strange , who performs a healing spell on her . Peter insists that Doctor Strange should make people forget he is Spider - Man . Peter enters a protective shell to shield himself from the changes . At the last moment , he leaps out of the shield and pulls Mary Jane in with him so she will not forget either . Back in the present , Mary Jane explains that , although she still loves him , she is not strong enough to be at his side . She tells him he has to move on and find somebody who can be with him . Peter soon begins a new relationship with Carlie Cooper . Though initially jealous , MJ decides to respect their relationship , and encourages Peter to reveal his secret identity to her . `` Spider - island '' and `` ends of the Earth '' ( edit ) During the `` Spider - Island '' storyline , much of New York City becomes infected with a virus that gives its inhabitants Peter 's Spider - like abilities . MJ finds herself caught in a series of riots across the city . Saved by the intervening Future Foundation , MJ later locates Peter and Carlie , the latter having also been granted spider - powers . MJ encourages Peter to use his civilian disguise when displaying his powers and rally the city against the chaos . She would later attain spider - powers herself and come to the aid of defenseless citizens , her prolonged contact with Peter during their relationship granting her a degree of immunity that protected her from the mutative side - effects of the transformation . Peter successfully cures all of New York . Shortly after , Carlie Cooper breaks up with Peter , having deduced his secret identity . Conflicted over her lingering feelings for Peter , Carlie confides in Mary Jane , and the two begin to bond over their experiences with Peter . In the 2012 storyline `` Ends of the Earth '' , Mary Jane purchases a nightclub . `` Dying wish '' and the superior Spider - Man ( edit ) Mary Jane remains in the role of best friend and confidant to Peter until he begins to take an interest in her romantically again . They begin dating again . Unknown to MJ , Peter has had his mind swapped by Otto Octavius . The real Peter Parker , trapped in his rival 's dying body , breaks out of prison and attempts to switch back , only for his body to eventually give out on him before he can complete the procedure . As a last resort , Peter downloads all of his memories and experiences into Octavius ' mind , convincing his foe to develop some sense of responsibility . Octavius , as Peter , continues to date Mary Jane after this , but she begins noticing distinctly different character traits displayed by him , such as a heavy intake of alcohol and his rude behavior towards his loved ones . Octavius intends to become more intimate with her and makes several advances , only to be rebuffed each time . In desperation and frustration , Octavius relives Peter 's memories with MJ , which infuriates Peter . After one of Octavius ' Spider - Bots detect Mary Jane in trouble and saves her from the Vulture gang , Mary Jane moves to kiss him , but Octavius , who has by now developed genuine feelings for her , rebuffs her , and breaks up with her , though vowing to continue to protect her . Peter 's mind is returned to his body , and informs Mary Jane that it was Octavius ' mind in control of Peter 's body for the past several months . Mary Jane tells him that she knows Octavius ' actions were not Peter 's fault , but she can not let his dual life affect her anymore . She recognizes and admires the choices Peter has made in his life , but now she wants to build her own life , mostly thanks to the successes she has enjoyed with her nightclub and her new relationship with Ollie . All - New , all - different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel event , Mary Jane Watson is in Chicago , Illinois hosting the opening of her newest nightclub Jackpot . Mary Jane had opened this nightclub after MJ 's got destroyed during a superhero battle . When a Belhilio is quickly killed by an energy blast from Madame Masque , people start to run away as Iron Man and Doctor Doom arrive to confront her . With Mary Jane 's assistance , Masque is apprehended , but during the fight the nightclub is irrevocably damaged . Three days later , Iron Man approaches Mary Jane Watson in Grant Park while she is mourning the loss of her club and offers her a job working for him . Mary Jane later waits for Tony Stark at Stark Tower , but their audition is interrupted by Friday , who tells them that War Machine is missing . Before Tony becomes Iron Man and flies to Tokyo , Mary Jane gives Tony the emergency number for Peter Parker . It is revealed that Mary Jane declined Tony Stark 's offer due to being uncomfortable around Friday . However , Tony sends Friday to plead Mary Jane to help him stop the board of directors from seizing his company while he 's off on a mission . Mary Jane claims to the Board of Directors that she is the new executive administrator , and she and Friday convince the board that the company is in safe hands . In the Amazing Spider - Man series , it is revealed that she has eventually accepted Tony 's employment offer when she and Tony attend a Parker Industry event , making Peter very uncomfortable . Later , she catches up with Betty Brant and Harry Osborn , and the three discover that businessman Augustus Roman is actually the powerful being known as Regent who is imprisoning heroes and villains to add to his own strength . Spider - Man and Iron Man try to stop Regent , but are defeated due to Regent 's overwhelming power . With few options left , Mary Jane dons Peter 's Iron Spider armor and uses her experience in Iron Man 's suit and her brief spider powers in Spider - Island to assist Peter and Tony in battling Regent . During the fight , Mary Jane and Tony distract Regent long enough for Peter , Harry , and Miles Morales to release the rest of the prisoners . Mary Jane 's attitude towards Peter during her time with him reminds Peter not to let his work take priority over his loved ones . Spider - Man warns Tony not to take Mary Jane for granted as Peter did not realize he lost Mary Jane until after she moved on . Other versions ( edit ) Main article : Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson In addition to her mainstream incarnation , Mary Jane Watson has been depicted in other fictional universes . In one reality visited by the Exiles , where she was Spider - Woman , she had a relationship with Exiles member Sunfire ( Mariko Yashida ) . In the Ultimate Marvel universe , she dated Harry Osborn before Peter and she learned Peter was Spider - Man in issue # 13 . She still had cameos in Ultimate Spider - Man comics after Peter had died in `` The Death of Spider - Man '' storyline in issue # 160 and after his subsequent revival ( in Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 ) as well . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Spider - Man ( 1967 ) ( edit ) In the original Spider - Man cartoon , Mary Jane Watson appeared in the episode `` The Big Brainwasher '' ( based on The Amazing Spider - Man # 59 -- 61 ) . Unlike her comic book counterpart , she is the niece of police captain Ned Stacy . Spider - Man : the Animated series ( edit ) Mary Jane Watson in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , a reference to her original debut in the panel of The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 . Mary Jane Watson appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Sara Ballantine . She first meets Peter Parker in `` The Return of the Spider - Slayers '' , where May Parker set Peter up on a blind date . At the time , Peter 's main love interest was Felicia Hardy and Peter did not look forward to meeting Mary Jane , but is left speechless upon meeting her . In `` The Man Without Fear '' , Mary Jane reveals some martial arts talents . In season three 's finale , Mary Jane is last seen when the Green Goblin discovers Spider - Man 's true identity and takes her to the George Washington Bridge . Spider - Man tries to save her but she falls into a dimensional portal created by the Goblin 's stolen time dilation accelerator . In season four , she appears alive and well at the site of the battle between Green Goblin and Spider - Man . She resumed her relationship with Peter Parker and he eventually reveals his secret identity and proposes to her . In season five 's premiere , Mary Jane and Peter subsequently marry and later she 's kidnapped by Hydro - Man . While in captivity Mary Jane discovers that she possesses water - based powers like Hydro - Man , however , she also discovers that she and Hydro - Man are actually clones created by Miles Warren , and that his controversial cloning technology is unstable . Not soon afterwards Mary Jane and Hydro - Man 's bodies began suffering from the imperfect cloning process and disintegrates . In the series finale , Madame Web promises Spider - Man the real Mary Jane will be found . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) Mary Jane Watson has a minor appearance in Spider - Man Unlimited , voiced by Jennifer Hale . Spider - Man : the New Animated series ( edit ) Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man : The New Animated Series voiced by Lisa Loeb . She appears as the on - and - off girlfriend of Peter Parker . Her hair is shorter here than in any other version . She was going to have long hair but there were difficulties rendering it with animation so it was cut down . The Spectacular Spider - Man ( edit ) Mary Jane Watson in The Spectacular Spider - Man , another reference to her original debut in the panel of The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 . Mary Jane Watson appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Vanessa Marshall . Despite May Parker 's `` wonderful personality '' description due to this description given on those who are unattractive , Peter Parker finally meets her , and is stunned by her beauty even as she speaks the famous line ; `` Face it , Tiger ... you just hit the jackpot ! '' where it is arranged for them to attend a school dance together . Mary Jane later appears to attend the same school as Peter and Gwen Stacy . She later enters a short romantic relationship with Liz Allan 's brother Mark Allen . This iteration of the character did not express any romantic feelings for Peter or an interest in Spider - Man . Ultimate Spider - Man ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mary Jane Watson appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Tara Strong . Like her Ultimate incarnation , she is a childhood friend / best friend of Peter Parker , and an aspiring journalist who dreams of reforming Daily Bugle Communications and rehabilitating Spider - Man 's reputation that 's attacked by J. Jonah Jameson on a daily basis . During seasons one and two , she initially thinks that Peter and Spider - Man are two individuals ( unaware that both are one and the same ) , is a student at Midtown High School , and also has Harry Osborn and Flash Thompson as friends / acquaintances . Mary Jane is an occasional target for super-powered characters that Spider - Man encounters ; Mary Jane distracted Thundra during the Frightful Four 's attack on Midtown High ( in `` Great Power '' ) , helps Peter and Harry get along despite the Venom symbiote 's rampange ( in `` Venom '' ) , uses her camera to record Spider - Man and the Hulk having a showdown with Zzzax while interviewing the web - crawler ( in `` Exclusive '' ) , gets disgusted with Wolverine transplanted into Peter 's body by Mesmero ( in `` Freaky '' ) , tries to get an interview with Jameson despite the S.H.I.E.L.D. Trainees fighting with the Beetle in the same building ( in `` Beetle Mania '' ) , deals with the chaos from Phil Coulson 's school play with Flash dressed as Spider - Man and the Trapster crashing the play ( in `` I Am Spider - Man '' ) , and ( Season 2 ) when she and Harry help a showdown Spider - Man and Stan the Janitor has with the Lizard ( in `` Stan By Me '' ) . She makes sporadic appearances in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors consisting of cameo appearances ( in `` Agent Venom '' , `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy '' ) Mary Jane Watson returns in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. The Sinister Six . She has a central role in the three - part `` Symbiote Saga '' . She watches over Harry 's comatose status even when the Carnage symbiote 's hive ran rampant . As Spider - Man with Captain America and S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy dealt with Carnage 's hosts and Anti-Venom , Mary Jane goes with Cloak and Dagger to Midtown High to broadcast a message giving a safe route to New York citizens to escape . Mary Jane gets transformed into the Carnage Queen , the leader of the Carnage - enveloped Midtown High hive that has also assimilated elements of the Anti-Venom symbiote . At the `` heart '' of Carnage 's hive , Spider - Man , Patrioteer and Agent Venom encounter the Carnage Queen . The Carnage Queen subsequently fights with the three young heroes . Because of Michael Morbius ' mind - control device , the Carnage Queen holds Spider - Man for Morbius while Crossbones holds Agent Venom and Patrioteer . When Spider - Man breaks her mind - control device , the Carnage Queen fends off Morbius while Crossbones escapes . Spider - Man , Patrioteer and Agent Venom were able to free her from the Carnage Queen 's possession by revealing their respective secret identities to give her the strength to break free of the Carnage symbiote . While given a check - up by S.H.I.E.L.D. , she and Peter appear to realize their hidden feelings for the other , and it 's hinted that she still has some of the symbiote inside of her . In three episodes , `` The Spider Slayers '' , Mary Jane reveals to Peter that thanks to experimentation by Doctor Connors , she can now control the symbiote , and uses it to become Spider - Woman ( also referenced as Spider - MJ ) , and joins Peter 's Web Warriors team . She also reveals some martial arts talents . She goes to the Triskelion and rounds up Agent Venom , Iron Spider and Kid Arachnid to meet up with Spider - Man to show her transformation as Spider - Woman . Upon reaching the resurgent HYDRA island , they face Arnim Zola and the Spider - Slayers , but are released from their control and now Scarlet Spider controls them , but the Spider - Slayers dissolve when they melt and put them in containers to save them and escape of HYDRA island when sinking again . Back to the Triskelion where they have to get Nova , Power Man , Iron Fist and Squirrel Girl to stand down due to what happened when they know Scarlet Spider worked for Doctor Octopus , revealed Spider - Man 's identity , to endanger S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy and Aunt May , being all against him and be locked up for life . When a security breach places the Triskelion in lockdown and starts draining the energies of its inhabitants enough to leave them with coma - like symptoms , they find that a reassembled deformed Kaine . In two episodes finals of `` Graduation Day '' , she team up with Agent Venom , Iron Spider , Kid Arachnid and Scarlet Spider to help Spider - Man to protect Aunt May and find Doctor Octopus . In the graduation ceremony , she is trapped with the entire team by contracting shield in the Triskelion by Doctor Octopus being a trap , Spider - Man released them by the cooperation of Doctor Octopus . In the end , she attends SHIELD academy as a new student as well . An alternate version based off Mary Jane Watson 's Noir iteration appears as Spider - Man Noir 's potential love interest . In the episode `` The Spider - Verse '' ( Pt. 3 ) , she is used as bait by the Green Goblin so that the Goblin can steal Spider - Man Noir 's DNA , and points out that Spider - Man Noir should n't leave people that care . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' ( Pt. 2 ) revealed that Mary Jane died as a result of a gang war between Joe Fixit and Hammerhead . The fight caused a building to come crashing down , and she went in to rescue some of the residents . Fixit tried to hold the building up to save Mary Jane but failed as she fell during her self - sacrifice . Films ( edit ) In the three Spider - Man feature films directed by Sam Raimi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Mary Jane Watson was portrayed by Kirsten Dunst . Spider - Man trilogy ( edit ) Spider - Man ( edit ) Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane in the Spider - Man film series . In the 2002 feature film Spider - Man , Mary Jane is Peter Parker 's childhood and high school crush , and high school girlfriend to Flash Thompson . Desperate to escape her abusive , alcoholic father , and to pursue a happier future , she breaks up with Flash after they graduate , and an aspiring actress , waiting tables to support herself . She dates Peter 's best friend , Harry Osborn , who knows of Peter 's interest in her , but notes that Peter has never asked her out . She first develops an attraction to Spider - Man after the latter repeatedly rescues her , first from the Green Goblin ( who is secretly Harry 's father Norman ) , and later from thugs in an alley , after which they share a kiss . She also grows closer to Peter , and in response , Harry breaks up with her . When Norman deduces Spider - Man 's identity , he kidnaps Mary Jane , and in a recreation of the Goblin 's kidnapping of Gwen Stacy from the comics storyline , holds her at the top of a city bridge , but Spider - Man rescues her . Mary Jane and Peter later share a kiss as she tells him that she loves him , but Peter , who fears that a relationship between them would endanger her , rejects her . A heartbroken Mary Jane realizes that her kiss with Peter reminded her of the one she shared with Spider - Man . Spider - Man 2 ( edit ) In the 2004 sequel Spider - Man 2 , Mary Jane , frustrated at Peter 's reluctance to be with her , and his apparent lack of commitment even as a friend ( which occurs when his crimefighting keeps him away from shared activities with her ) , begins a relationship with J. Jonah Jameson 's son , John Jameson . Deciding that being without her is too high a cost , Peter resolves to abandon his life as Spider - Man , despite the fact that Mary Jane accepts a marriage proposal from John . However , Mary Jane comes to realize that she does not truly love John . After Doctor Octopus kidnaps Mary Jane , Spider - Man rescues her , and during his struggle with Octopus , he is unmasked in front of Mary Jane , confirming what she suspected . Mary Jane breaks up with John Jameson , and begins a relationship with Peter . Spider - Man 3 ( edit ) In the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 , Peter decides to propose to Mary Jane , their future is complicated by professional setbacks suffered by Mary Jane , a rivalry for Peter 's affections in the form of Gwen Stacy , manipulation by a scheming Harry Osborn ( who seeks revenge against Peter , who he believes killed his father ) , and by behavioral changes in Peter that are brought on by Peter 's encounter with the symbiote . Realizing the negative effect the symbiote has on him , he disposes of it , and it falls into the hands of fellow photographer Eddie Brock , who bonds with it to become Venom . Seeking revenge on Peter for ruining his career , Venom kidnaps Mary Jane . Spider - Man defeats Venom , destroys the symbiote , and rescues Mary Jane . In the end Peter and Mary Jane reconcile . The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( edit ) In October 2012 , Shailene Woodley was confirmed to be playing Mary Jane Watson in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Her scenes were later cut from the film , with director Marc Webb explaining this as `` a creative decision to streamline the story and focus on Peter and Gwen and their relationship '' . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man video games Mary Jane Watson has appeared in numerous Spider - Man video games . In The Amazing Spider - Man vs. The Kingpin , Mary Jane Watson is kidnapped by the Kingpin , and is hung over a tank of acid . She is freed if Kingpin is beaten in a certain amount of time . If the fight takes too long , she falls to her death and , after Kingpin is arrested by the police , Spider - Man vows revenge . If the player is defeated in battle , then both she and Spider - Man die . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man 's endings in Capcom 's Marvel Super Heroes and Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter . Mary Jane Watson appears in the Spider - Man game for the Dreamcast , Nintendo 64 , and PlayStation , voiced by Jennifer Hale . Venom believes that Spider - Man stole an invention of Dr. Octavius ( it is later revealed that Mysterio is the actual thief ) and kidnaps Mary Jane in attempt to get revenge . She is held in the sewers and must be rescued by Spider - Man . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man : Mysterio 's Menace . Mary Jane forgets to purchase a fish bowl for fish she won at a carnival , and asks Peter Parker to retrieve one for her at the beginning of the game . In the end , Peter obtains one for her ( Mysterio 's helmet ) and says `` You 'll never know the trouble I went through for this . '' . Mary Jane Watson appears in the 2002 Spider - Man game based on the film . Although Kirsten Dunst provided the likeness , she was voiced by Cat O'Conner . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man 2 , where Kirsten Dunst reprised the role . In this game , like the movie , she is unaware of Peter 's secret identity until the end . There is a brief additional storyline where Peter is tempted to abandon interest in Mary Jane due to the possibility of a new relationship with the Black Cat , but eventually abandons such a relationship when Peter realizes the importance of civilian life . Mary Jane Watson appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man video game , voiced by Andrea Baker . She appears several times in the game , helping Peter Parker research and discover information on the villains Spider - Man must fight . The game ends with her talking to Peter . In the game 's Nintendo DS version , the player must save an unnamed character who has Mary Jane 's clothing and hair color . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man : Battle for New York . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man 3 . Much like in the game based on the first movie , she is not voiced by Kirsten Dunst . Here , she is voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man : Web of Shadows , voiced by Dana Seltzer . Unlike most of her appearances in Spider - Man games , she takes an active participation in one of the boss battles , taking out foes with a shotgun while Spider - Man fights a symbiote - possessed Black Cat . In the beginning of the game , she is caught in the crossfire during a fight between Venom and Spider - Man and is put into the hospital . She frequently appeared throughout the game , where her cutscenes are based on the player 's choice . In one Red Suit ending , she joins Spider - Man in web slinging across New York . In another Red Suit ending , Spider - Man attempted to call her to apologize for his own actions but she did not pick up and left a message on her phone hoping that she 'll one day forgive for what had to be done . In one Black Suit ending , Mary Jane abandons Peter completely for the willingness to use the Black Suit even after promising her otherwise , particularly when using its powers to save Black Cat . In another Black Suit ending , Spider - Man vows to reclaim Mary Jane . Mary Jane Watson is referenced in Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions . She is referenced by Deadpool in the Ultimate level as a `` redhead '' that Spider - Man is always saving . Deadpool accuses Spider - Man of being in a love triangle with her and Kitty Pryde , much to the latter 's embarrassment . Mary Jane Watson appears in the video game Spider - Man : Edge of Time voiced by Laura Vandervoort . While temporarily trapped in the year 2099 , Spider - Man discovers records of Mary Jane 's death back in the ' prime ' time in an accident at Alchemax , forcing the future Spider - Man to try and save her . After rescuing Mary Jane from a falling elevator , Mary Jane comments that Miguel O'Hara is just as brave and unselfish as another Spider - Man she knows . Mary Jane Watson appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes voiced by Tara Strong and she makes a cameo in Lego Marvel 's Avengers . Mary Jane Watson appears in Spider - Man Unlimited , voiced again by Tara Strong . She appears in a non-playable situation often appearing in story line dialogues . She has received several playable forms in later updates , including her Spider - Island powers , Spider - Armor , and in a Regent Power suit . Mary Jane Watson appears in Marvel Avengers Academy . She appears as part of the Spider - Man event , and is given the Iron Spider armor to wear similar to the `` Power Play '' arc in the comics . Novels ( edit ) Romance novelist Judith O'Brien wrote two young adult novels featuring a teenage Mary Jane in 2003 and 2004 . They featured illustrations by Mike Mayhew . The first novel is a basic retelling of the origin story from Mary Jane 's point of view . She is depicted as a shy , insecure girl who knew Peter Parker from elementary school . She deals with such problems as anorexia and peer pressure . At a field trip to Osborn Industries , Peter is bitten by a spider , which grants him powers . It is later revealed that Norman Osborn had injected a super drug known as OZ into the spider , which he later uses as a sports drink which he sells to Mary Jane 's classmates . The use of OZ is the only real connection to Ultimate , but even that is drastically different from the way it is portrayed in the original comics , being much closer to Bill Jemas ' original concept . As Peter suits up to become Spider - Man ( his origin with Uncle Ben is only hinted at ) , Mary Jane sets out to expose Norman with Peter 's help . The novel was successful with teenage girls who were not familiar with the comics , but was met with criticism from the core fans due to its characterization of some of the characters ( most notably Harry Osborn , who is portrayed as manipulating Peter into doing his homework while treating him horribly ) and changing continuity . The second novel , Mary Jane 2 , deals with the continuing relationship of Peter and Mary Jane , and the emergence of Gwen Stacy . In this continuity , Gwen is an ' ugly duckling ' who Mary Jane gives a ' makeover ' . However , Gwen soon has feelings for Peter . Harry Osborn reappears and is made more sympathetic than he was in the previous novel ; with his father in jail , he is now poor and has to live without a life of luxury . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DeFalco , Tom ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1960s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . After teasing the readers for more than two years , Stan Lee finally allowed Peter Parker to meet Mary Jane Watson . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 38 . ISBN 0762437723 . Jump up ^ Saffel , Steve ( 2007 ) . `` A Legend Is Born '' . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon . Titan Books . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . We wanted Gwen to be the heroine of the book , but no matter how we wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! We used to joke about it : ' We ca n't even control our own characters ! ' Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Stoners '' . Cannabis Culture . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . Jump up ^ Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dan ( August 2009 ) . `` In Our Sights : Kraven 's Last Hunt '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 35 ) : 9 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Joe ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Joe Fridays : Week 48 '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cassell , Dewey ( October 2010 ) . `` One Day at a Time : The Amazing Spider - Man Newspaper Strips '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 64 . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 42 ( November 1966 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 96 - 97 ( May -- June 1971 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 122 ( July 1973 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 259 ( December 1984 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 21 ( 1987 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Michelinie , David ( w ) , McFarlane , Todd ( a ) . The Amazing Spider - Man # 300 ( May 1988 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 166 - 171 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 172 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 415 ( Sep 1996 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 418 Jump up ^ Peter Parker : Spider - Man # 75 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man ( Vol. 2 ) # 43 ( September 2002 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man ( Vol. 2 ) # 50 ( April 2003 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 545 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 561 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 591 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 638 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 639 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 640 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 641 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 670 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 672 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 673 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Slott , Dan ( w ) . The Amazing Spider - Man # 688 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Slott , Dan ( w ) , Ramos , Humberto ( p ) . The Amazing Spider - Man # 700 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Slott , Dan ( w ) . The Superior Spider - Man # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Slott , Dan ( w ) . The Superior Spider - Man # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Slott , Dan ( w ) . The Superior Spider - Man # 31 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 # 5 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 # 7 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 # 8 Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 # 11 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 , # 12 - 15 Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man : `` Beetle Mania '' . Jump up ^ `` The Symbiote Saga Pt. 3 '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 4 . Episode 15 . July 17 , 2016 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Has Minor Role For Mary Jane '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2012 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Cut From ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Michael ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Activision , Marvel enlist top VO talent '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Spider - man Unlimited '' . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Judith ( 2004 ) . Mary Jane . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785114408 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Judith ( 2004 ) . Mary Jane 2 . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785114335 . External links ( edit ) SpiderFan.org : Mary Jane Watson MC2 : Mary Jane Parker SpideyKicksButt.com `` The template below ( Marvel Comics characters ( W ) ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Marvel Comics characters ( W ) Heroes Wallflower War Machine Warlock Adam Warlock Warpath Wasp Kate Waynesboro Werewolf by Night Western Kid White Tiger Hector Ayala Angela del Toro Ava Ayala Whizzer Robert Frank Wiccan Widget Wild Child Wild Thing Alex Wilder Wildstreak Wind Dancer Windshear Colleen Wing Winter Soldier Pete Wisdom Witchfire Wither Witness Wolf Cub Wolfsbane Wolverine Jimmy Woo Wonder Man Wraith Wundarr the Aquarian Wysper Villains War Warrior Woman Charlie Weiderman Wendigo Nicodemus West Whiplash Whirlwind White Rabbit Whiteface Whiteout Wild Child Geoffrey Wilder Wildside Will o ' the Wisp Windeagle Wipeout Witchfire Wizard Wong - Chu Woodgod Wraith Wrecker Supporting characters Washout Mary Jane Watson Evangeline Whedon Abraham Whistler Debra Whitman Jim Wilson Wing Norah Winters Wyatt Wingfoot W'Kabi Romany Wisdom Wong Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. 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7162751193205614292 | Indiana Jones (franchise) | Indiana Jones ( franchise ) - wikipedia Indiana Jones ( franchise ) Indiana Jones Created by George Lucas Original work Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Owner Lucasfilm Print publications Book ( s ) See the Literature section Novel ( s ) See the Adult novels section Comics Indiana Jones comic books Films and television Film ( s ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Games Traditional See the Merchandise section Role - playing See the Role - playing games section Video game ( s ) See the Video games section Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Raiders of the Lost Ark Temple of Doom The Last Crusade Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Miscellaneous Toys See the Toy lines section , Lego Indiana Jones Theme park attractions Indiana Jones Adventure Temple du Péril Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton `` Indiana '' Jones , Jr. , a fictional professor of archaeology . It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . A prequel , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , followed in 1984 , and a sequel , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , was released in 1989 . A fourth film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , was released in 2008 , and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures . The series was created by George Lucas , and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character . The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm , the series ' production company , in 2012 . The franchise expanded to television in 1992 with the release of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , a series featuring adventures the character had as a child as he traveled around the world with his father . Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983 , and Dark Horse Comics earned the comic book rights to the character in 1991 . Novelizations of the films have been published , as well as many novels with original adventures , including a series of German novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein , twelve novels set before the films published by Bantam Books , and a series set during the character 's childhood inspired by the television show . Numerous Indiana Jones video games have been released since 1982 . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Future 2 Reception 2.1 Box office performance 2.2 Critical and public response 2.3 Academy Awards 3 Television 4 Cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Literature 6.1 Adult novels 6.1. 1 List of novels 6.2 Children 's novels 6.2. 1 Find Your Fate 6.2. 2 Scholastic 6.3 Young Indiana Jones 6.4 Comic books 7 Video games 7.1 Games adapted or derived from the films 7.2 Original games 8 Theme park attractions 9 Merchandise 9.1 Toy lines 9.2 Role - playing games 9.3 Pinball 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Films ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Indiana Jones Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Raiders of the Lost Ark Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : Frank Marshall Temple of Doom Last Crusade : Robert Watts Screenplay by Raiders of the Lost Ark : Lawrence Kasdan Temple of Doom : Willard Huyck Gloria Katz Last Crusade : Jeffrey Boam Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : David Koepp Story by Raiders of the Lost Ark : George Lucas Philip Kaufman Temple of Doom : George Lucas Last Crusade : George Lucas Menno Meyjes Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : George Lucas Jeff Nathanson Starring Harrison Ford Denholm Elliott ( 1 , 3 ) John Rhys - Davies ( 1 , 3 ) Karen Allen ( 1 , 4 ) Paul Freeman ( 1 ) Ronald Lacey ( 1 ) Kate Capshaw ( 2 ) Jonathan Ke Quan ( 2 ) Amrish Puri ( 2 ) Roshan Seth ( 2 ) Philip Stone ( 2 ) Sean Connery ( 3 ) Alison Doody ( 3 ) Julian Glover ( 3 ) Cate Blanchett ( 4 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 4 ) Ray Winstone ( 4 ) John Hurt ( 4 ) Jim Broadbent ( 4 ) Music by John Williams Cinematography Raiders of the Lost Ark Temple of Doom Last Crusade : Douglas Slocombe Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 1981 -- 2013 ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2013 -- present ) Country United States Language English Budget $279 million Box office $1.978 billion The first film , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) is set in 1936 . Indiana Jones ( Harrison Ford ) is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis . The Nazis have teams searching for religious artifacts , including the Ark , which is rumored to make an army that carries the Ark before it invincible . The Nazis are being helped by Indiana 's nemesis René Belloq ( Paul Freeman ) . With the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood ( Karen Allen ) and Sallah ( John Rhys - Davies ) , Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt . The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion . Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark , but when they do so , they are all killed gruesomely by the Ark 's wrath . Indiana and Marion , who survived by closing their eyes , manage to get the Ark to the United States , where it is stored in a secret government warehouse . The second film , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) is set in 1935 , a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark . Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer / actress Willie Scott ( Kate Capshaw ) and his twelve - year - old sidekick Short Round ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) . The trio crash - land in India , where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped . The Thuggee led by Mola Ram ( Amrish Puri ) has also taken the holy Sankara Stones , which they will use to take over the world . Indiana manages to overcome Mola Ram 's evil power , rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place , overcoming his own mercenary nature . The third film , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) opens in 1912 with a thirteen - year - old Indiana ( River Phoenix ) attempting to recover an ornamental cross belonging to Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , a task which he finally completes in 1938 . Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody ( Denholm Elliott ) are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan ( Julian Glover ) to find the Holy Grail . They are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider ( Alison Doody ) , following on from where Indiana 's estranged father Henry ( Sean Connery ) left off before he disappeared . It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis , who captured Henry Jones in order to get Indiana to help them find the Grail . However , Indiana recovers his father 's diary filled with his research , and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail . Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail , while Indiana and Henry realize that their relationship with each other is more important than finding the relic . The fourth film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) is set in 1957 : nineteen years after The Last Crusade , thus acknowledging the real - life passing of years between films . Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure . He races against agents of the Soviet Union , led by Irina Spalko ( Cate Blanchett ) for a crystal skull . His journey takes him across Nevada , Connecticut , Peru , and the Amazon rainforest in Brazil . Indiana is faced with betrayal by one of his best friends , Mac ( Ray Winstone ) , is introduced to a greaser named Mutt Williams ( Shia LaBeouf ) , who turns out to be his son ( his real name revealed to be Henry Jones III ) , and is reunited with , and eventually marries , Marion Ravenwood , who was introduced in the first movie . Development ( edit ) During 1973 , George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith . Like Star Wars , it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman , who worked with him for several weeks and decided upon the Ark of the Covenant as the MacGuffin . The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to write The Outlaw Josey Wales . In May 1977 , Lucas was in Maui , trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars . His friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there , on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Spielberg told Lucas he was interested in making a James Bond film , but Lucas told him of an idea `` better than James Bond '' , outlining the plot of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg loved it , calling it `` a James Bond film without the hardware '' , though he had the character 's surname changed to Jones . Spielberg and Lucas made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films . Spielberg and Lucas aimed to make Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom much darker , because of their personal moods following their respective break - ups and divorces . Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again . He had ideas regarding the Monkey King and a haunted castle , but eventually created the Sankara Stones . He hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script as he knew of their interest in Indian culture . The major scenes that were dropped from Raiders of the Lost Ark were included in this film : an escape using a giant rolling gong as a shield , a fall out of a plane in a raft , and a mine cart chase . For the third film , Spielberg revisited the Monkey King and haunted castle concepts , before Lucas suggested the Holy Grail . Spielberg had previously rejected this as too ethereal , but then devised a father - son story and decided that `` The Grail that everybody seeks could be a metaphor for a son seeking reconciliation with a father and a father seeking reconciliation with a son . '' Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment , and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , which explored the character in his early years . Ford played Indiana in one episode , narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago . When Lucas shot Ford 's role in December 1992 , he realized that the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s . The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B - movie , with aliens as the plot device . Ford disliked the new angle , telling Lucas : `` No way am I being in a Steve Spielberg movie like that . '' Spielberg himself , who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , resisted it . Lucas devised a story , which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994 . Lucas wanted Indiana to get married , which would allow Henry Jones Sr. to return , expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished . After learning that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare , Lucas decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers . Following Stuart 's next draft , Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions , the last of which was completed in March 1996 . Three months later , Independence Day was released , and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film ( or at least not until War of the Worlds in 2005 ) . Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels instead . In 2000 , Spielberg 's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released , which made him interested in reviving the project . The same year , Ford , Lucas , Spielberg , Frank Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute 's tribute to Ford , and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again . Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period . Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B - movie involving aliens , and Lucas suggested using crystal skulls to ground the idea . Lucas found these artifacts as fascinating as the Ark , and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show 's cancellation . M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot , but he was overwhelmed by the task , and claimed it was difficult to get Ford , Spielberg , and Lucas to focus . Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached . Frank Darabont , who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes , was hired to write in May 2002 . His script , titled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods , was set in the 1950s , with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones . Spielberg conceived the idea because of real - life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina , who allegedly protected Nazi war criminals . Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script , but Lucas had issues with it , and decided to take over writing himself . Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged that the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War , and the Russians were more plausible villains . Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler 's List , while Ford felt `` We plum ( b ) wore the Nazis out . '' Darabont 's main contribution was reintroducing Marion Ravenwood as Indiana 's love interest , but he gave them a 13 - year - old daughter , which Spielberg decided was too similar to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004 , and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005 , titled The Atomic Ants . David Koepp continued on from there , giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds , based on the Robert Oppenheimer quote . It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , as Spielberg found this a more inviting title which actually named the plot device . Koepp wanted to depict the character of Mutt as a nerd , but Lucas refused , explaining he had to resemble Marlon Brando in The Wild One ; `` he needs to be what Indiana Jones ' father thought of ( him ) -- the curse returns in the form of his own son -- he 's everything a father ca n't stand '' . Koepp collaborated with Lawrence Kasdan on the film 's `` love dialogue '' . Future ( edit ) The introduction of Mutt Williams ( Shia LaBeouf ) in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull led to speculation that LaBeouf will take over the franchise from Ford . In an interview with IGN , `` Spielberg indicated that LaBeouf has to make multiple Transformers movies before he can move over and take on the fedora and bullwhip of Indiana Jones . '' The actor himself said , `` Am I into it ? Who would n't be ? I do n't think that 's reality . It 's a fun rumor . '' Ford said he would return for a fifth film if it does not take another twenty years to develop , while Spielberg responded it would happen `` only if you ( the audience ) want more '' . In an interview with Time , when asked about passing the fedora to LaBeouf in the next film , Ford said , `` What are you talking about ? It 's mine . I would love to do another Indiana Jones movie . George Lucas is working on an idea now . Shia can get his own hat . I earned that hat . '' At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival , Lucas made a further suggestion that there would be a fifth film , revealing an idea `` to make Shia LaBeouf the lead character next time and have Harrison Ford come back like Sean Connery did in the last movie . '' At the time Last Crusade was filmed , Connery was only 58 years old . Lucas also said that age need not be a factor , as Ford was `` 65 and did everything in this movie . The old chemistry is there , and it 's not like he 's an old man . He 's incredibly agile ; he looks even better than he did 20 years ago , if you ask me . '' In August 2008 , Lucas was researching potential plot devices , and stated Spielberg was open to the idea of the fifth film . He also changed his mind about continuing the series with a spin - off , joking `` Indiana Jones is Indiana Jones . Harrison Ford is Indiana Jones . If it was Mutt Williams it would be Mutt Williams and the Search for Elvis or something . '' Two months later , Ford stated that he would not return if the fifth film was an animated film like The Clone Wars , because `` I 'd hate to see it reduced in any way from the movies that we have done and the way we have done them . '' He also called Lucas ' concept for the fifth film `` crazy but great '' . When asked how being married to Marion Ravenwood and having a son would affect the character in a fifth film , Ford only replied : `` He 's seen something . Remember those are the only witnesses to what he 's seen . That 's kind of interesting . '' In January 2010 , Ford said , `` I think it would be interesting to advance the understanding of the character , as we always have had that ambition throughout the series . I think it would be interesting to deepen the relationship between he and his son and play on that relationship ... It 's full of opportunity . The series is full of opportunity . '' The possibility of Indiana Jones 5 continued to be discussed through 2009 and 2010 . Reports speculated in June 2009 that the next installment would start filming in 2011 with a plot involving the Bermuda Triangle , although these rumors were later described as `` completely false '' by Frank Marshall on his Twitter page . Speaking to BBC journalist Lizo Mzimba in June 2009 , LaBeouf confirmed that `` Steven ( Spielberg ) just said that he cracked the story on it ( the fifth film ) , I think they 're gearing that up . '' Lucas stated he was working on the film as of December 2009 . In November 2010 , Ford said that he and Spielberg were waiting for Lucas to present an idea to them . In March 2011 , the Deadbolt website interviewed Karen Allen and asked her about the fifth film 's status . `` What I know is that there 's a story that they like '' , said Allen , `` which is a huge step forward . I heard this about six months ago , that they have a story that they like and they 're working on it . '' In July 2012 , Frank Marshall indicated that the film was unlikely to be announced in the near future , saying : `` I do n't know if it 's definitely not happening , but it 's not up and running ... It 's not on until there is a writer on the project . There is no writer on Indy . '' In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm , thereby granting Disney ownership rights to the Indiana Jones intellectual property . However , Paramount Pictures continued to own distribution rights for the film series . On December 6 , 2013 , Walt Disney Studios purchased the remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films , while Paramount will retain the distribution rights to the first four films , and will receive `` financial participation '' from any additional films . Although a new film installment was not announced with the deal , Disney CEO Bob Iger has expressed an interest in monetizing the franchise across Disney 's various company divisions . Studio chairman Alan Horn has said that a fifth Indiana Jones film would not be ready for at least two to three years . In a May 2015 interview with Vanity Fair , Kathleen Kennedy confirmed plans for a fifth film , stating another film `` will one day be made inside this company . When it will happen , I 'm not quite sure . We have n't started working on a script yet , but we are talking about it . '' In October 2015 , Spielberg told Yahoo ! Movies Ford will likely reprise his role in the fifth Indiana Jones film . On March 15 , 2016 , Walt Disney Studios announced that the fifth film would be released on July 19 , 2019 , with Ford reprising his role , Spielberg directing , Koepp writing and Kennedy and Marshall acting as producers . George Lucas was initially not going to be involved with the film . However , during a press event for Disney 's The BFG , Spielberg confirmed that Lucas will be returning as executive producer , stating `` I would never make an Indiana Jones film without George Lucas . That 'd be insane . '' Marshall has stated that the film would be a continuation of the events following Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . On June 9 , 2016 , Spielberg confirmed that John Williams will be returning to compose the score . On April 25 , 2017 , the official Star Wars website updated the film 's release date to July 10 , 2020 . The release date was eventually delayed again after Jonathan Kasdan was enlisted to rewrite the script . On September 4 , 2017 , Koepp revealed that the Mutt Williams character played by Shia LaBeouf will not return in the movie . Both Spielberg and Iger discussed the fifth film , with Spielberg stating that Indiana Jones would not be killed off . However , Iger said the future of the franchise with Ford is unknown , but that the fifth film `` wo n't be just a one - off . '' On January 19 , 2018 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Spielberg is eyeing the fifth Indiana Jones film as his next project following the release of Ready Player One , which was released in March 2018 . According to Variety , the film will begin principal photography at the start of 2019 . On March 19 , 2018 , it was confirmed by Spielberg that filming would begin in April 2019 in the United Kingdom . In July 2018 , Disney pushed the film 's release date back to July 9 , 2021 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Raiders of the Lost Ark June 12 , 1981 ( July 16 , 1982 ) ( March 25 , 1983 ) ( September 7 , 2012 IMAX ) $248,159,971 $141,766,000 $389,925,971 # 85 # 20 # 237 $18 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom May 23 , 1984 $179,870,271 $153,237,000 $333,107,271 # 187 # 86 # 321 $28 million Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade May 24 , 1989 $197,171,806 $277,000,000 $474,171,806 # 153 # 99 # 174 $48 million Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull May 22 , 2008 $317,101,119 $469,534,914 $786,636,033 # 36 # 131 # 61 $185 million Total $942,303,167 $1,041,537,914 $1,983,841,081 $279 million List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . totals for the domestic release and the following 3 re-releases of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Raiders of the Lost Ark 95 % ( 74 reviews ) 85 ( 16 reviews ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 85 % ( 66 reviews ) 57 ( 14 reviews ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 88 % ( 68 reviews ) 65 ( 14 reviews ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 77 % ( 264 reviews ) 65 ( 40 reviews ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Academy Awards ( edit ) Award category Raiders of the Lost Ark Temple of Doom Last Crusade Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Best Art Direction Won Best Sound Won Nominated Best Cinematography Nominated Best Director Nominated Best Film Editing Won Best Original Score Nominated Best Picture Nominated Best Sound Effects Editing Won Best Visual Effects Won Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing Won ( Ben Burtt and Richard L. Anderson ) Television ( edit ) Main article : The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles A television series titled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1996 ) featured three incarnations of the character : Sean Patrick Flanery played Indiana aged 16 -- 20 ; Corey Carrier played an 8 - to 10 - year - old version in several episodes ; and George Hall narrated the show as the 93 - year - old Jones , who bookended each episode . Lucas began developing the series in 1990 as `` edutainment '' that would be more cerebral than the films . The show was his first collaboration with producer Rick McCallum , and he wrote the stories for each episode . Writers and directors on the show included Carrie Fisher , Frank Darabont , Vic Armstrong , Ben Burtt , Terry Jones , Nicolas Roeg , Mike Newell and Joe Johnston . In the Chronicles , Jones crosses paths with many historical figures , played by stars such as Daniel Craig , Christopher Lee , Bob Peck , Jeffrey Wright , Marc Warren , Catherine Zeta - Jones , Elizabeth Hurley , Anne Heche , Vanessa Redgrave , Julian Fellowes , Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50 - year - old Indiana in one episode ( taking the usual place of Hall ) . The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks . Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992 ; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993 . The ABC network was unsure of Lucas 's cerebral approach , and attempted to advertise the series as an action - adventure like the films . Ratings were good if unspectacular , and ABC was nervous enough to put the show on hiatus after six episodes until September 1992 . With only four episodes left of the second season to air , ABC eventually sold the show to the Family Channel , who changed the format from 50 - minute episodes to 90 - minute TV movies . Filming for the final four episodes took place from January 1994 to May 1996 . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles received a mixed reception from fans , although it won 10 Emmy Awards out of 23 nominations , as well as a 1994 Golden Globe nomination for Best Drama series . It was also an experimentation ground in digital effects for Lucasfilm . The series was released on home video in VHS and DVD formats . Lucas had been working for some time on drastically reediting and restructuring the show for a home video release ; major structural changes were made , including the complete removal of the 93 - year - old Jones ' bookend ' sections . The DVD boxset was released to tie in with the theatrical debut of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Among other extras , the discs include approximately 100 new historical featurettes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Indiana Jones characters This is a list of characters who have appeared in the Indiana Jones film franchise . Characters Films Television series Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Untitled fifth Indiana Jones film The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles 1981 1984 2008 2021 1992 -- 1996 Dr. Henry Jones , Jr . Indiana Jones Harrison Ford Harrison Ford River Phoenix ( age 13 ) Harrison Ford Corey Carrier ( ages 8 -- 10 ) Sean Patrick Flanery ( ages 16 -- 21 ) Harrison Ford ( age 50 ) George Hall ( age 93 ) Marcus Brody Denholm Elliott Denholm Elliott Denholm Elliott ( photograph ) Sallah John Rhys - Davies John Rhys - Davies John Rhys - Davies ( photograph ) Major Arnold Toht Ronald Lacey Marion Ravenwood Karen Allen Karen Allen René Belloq Paul Freeman Colonel Dietrich Wolf Kahler Willie Scott Kate Capshaw Kate Capshaw ( photograph ) Short Round Jonathan Ke Quan Mola Ram Amrish Puri Henry Jones , Sr . Sean Connery Alex Hyde - White ( young ) Sean Connery ( photograph ) Lloyd Owen Walter Donovan Julian Glover Elsa Schneider Alison Doody Colonel Vogel Michael Byrne George `` Mac '' MacHale Ray Winstone Irina Spalko Cate Blanchett Henry `` Mutt '' Jones III Shia LaBeouf Harold Oxley John Hurt Colonel Dovchenko Igor Jijikine Charles Stanforth Jim Broadbent Anna Jones Ruth De Sosa Helen Seymour Margaret Tyzack Remy Baudouin Ronny Coutteure Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writers Composer Editor Cinematographer Distributor Raiders of the Lost Ark Steven Spielberg Frank Marshall screenplay : Lawrence Kasdan story : George Lucas and Philip Kaufman John Williams Michael Kahn Douglas Slocombe Paramount Pictures Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Robert Watts screenplay : Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz story : George Lucas Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade screenplay : Jeffrey Boam story : George Lucas and Menno Meyjes Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Frank Marshall screenplay : David Koepp story : George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson Janusz Kamiński Untitled fifth film Frank Marshall & Kathleen Kennedy Jonathan Kasdan N / A N / A Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Literature ( edit ) Adult novels ( edit ) A novelization of Raiders of the Lost Ark was written by Campbell Black and published by Ballantine Books in April 1981 . It was followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , written by James Kahn and published by Ballantine in May 1984 . Finally , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was published in May 1989 , and was the first Indiana Jones book by Rob MacGregor . A fan of the first two films , MacGregor admitted that writing the novelization made him `` somewhat disappointed '' with the third film , as he had expanded the script whereas Steven Spielberg had cut scenes to tighten the story . George Lucas asked MacGregor to continue writing original novels for Bantam Books . These were geared toward an adult or young adult audience , and were prequels set in the 1920s or early 1930s after Jones graduates from college . Of the film characters , Lucas only permitted Marcus Brody to appear . He asked MacGregor to base the books on real myths , but except for the deletion of a sex scene , writer was given total creative freedom . Barring Stonehenge , MacGregor chose locations he had visited in the past . His six books -- Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi , Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants , Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils , Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge , Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy , and Indiana Jones and the Interior World -- were published from February 1991 to November 1992 . The Genesis Deluge , published in February 1992 and featuring Noah 's Ark , was the best - selling novel ; MacGregor felt this was because it `` had a strong following among religious - oriented people ( ... ) because they tend to take the Noah 's Ark story to heart and think of it as history and archaeological fact , rather than myth . '' MacGregor 's favorite book was The Seven Veils , which featured real - life explorer Percy Fawcett and the death of Indiana 's wife , Deirdre Campbell . Martin Caidin wrote the next two novels in Bantam 's series , Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates and Indiana Jones and the White Witch . These feature Gale Parker as Indiana 's sidekick ; they introduced afterwords to the series , regarding each novel 's historical context . Caidin became ill , so Max McCoy took over in 1995 and wrote the final four novels : Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone , Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs , Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth , and Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx . McCoy set his books closer in time to the events of Raiders of the Lost Ark , which led to his characterising Indiana as `` a bit darker '' . The prologue of his first book featured a crystal skull , and this became a recurring story , concluding when Jones gives it up in the final novel . Lucas 's involvement with McCoy 's novels was limited , although LucasFilm censored sexual or outlandish elements in order to make the books appeal to younger readers ; they also rejected the theme of time travel in the final book . Sallah , Lao Che , Rene Belloq and the Nazis made appearances , and McCoy also pitted Jones against Benito Mussolini 's fascists and the Japanese . Jones also has a doomed romance with Alecia Dunstin , a librarian at the British Museum . A novel involving the Spear of Destiny was dropped , because Dark Horse Comics was developing the idea and later DC Comics developed the idea . The books were only published in paperback , as the series editor felt readers would not be prepared to pay the hardback price for an adventure novel . In February 2008 , the novelizations of the first three films were published in one edition ; James Rollins ' Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novelization arrived the following May . Children 's novelizations of all four films were published by Scholastic in 2008 . MacGregor was said to be writing new books for Ballantine for early 2009 , but none have been published . A new adult adventure , Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead by Steve Perry , was released in September 2009 . A novel based on the video game Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings , written by MacGregor to coincide with the release of the game , was canceled due to problems around the game 's production . Additionally , German author Wolfgang Hohlbein wrote eight Indiana Jones novels in the early 1990s , which were never translated to English . List of novels ( edit ) All of the following were published by Bantam Books , with the exception of Army of the Dead , which was published by Del Rey . Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi ( Feb 1991 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants ( June 1991 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils ( Dec 1991 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge ( Feb 1992 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy ( Sept 1992 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Interior World ( 1992 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates ( Dec 1993 ) -- by Martin Caidin Indiana Jones and the White Witch ( 1994 ) -- by Martin Caidin Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 1995 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs ( 1996 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth ( 1997 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx ( 1999 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead ( 2009 ) -- by Steve Perry Indiana Jones novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein : Indiana Jones und das Schiff der Götter ( 1990 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Longship of the Gods ) Indiana Jones und die Gefiederte Schlange ( 1990 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Feathered Snake ) Indiana Jones und das Gold von El Dorado ( 1991 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Gold of El Dorado ) Indiana Jones und das verschwundene Volk ( 1991 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Lost People ) Indiana Jones und das Schwert des Dschingis Khan ( 1991 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Sword of Genghis Khan ) Indiana Jones und das Geheimnis der Osterinseln ( 1992 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Secret of Easter Island ) Indiana Jones und das Labyrinth des Horus ( 1993 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Labyrinth of Horus ) Indiana Jones und das Erbe von Avalon ( 1994 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Legacy of Avalon ) Children 's novels ( edit ) Find Your Fate ( edit ) Ballantine Books published a number of Indiana Jones books in the Find Your Fate line , written by various authors . These books were similar to the Choose Your Own Adventure series , allowing the reader to select from options that change the outcome of the story . Indiana Jones books comprised 11 of the 17 releases in the line , which was initially titled Find Your Fate Adventure . Indiana Jones and the Curse of Horror Island ( June 1984 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Lost Treasure of Sheba ( June 1984 ) -- Rose Estes Indiana Jones and the Giants of the Silver Tower ( Aug 1984 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Fates ( Aug 1984 ) -- Richard Wenk Indiana Jones and the Cup of the Vampire ( Oct 1984 ) -- Andy Helfer Indiana Jones and the Legion of Death ( Dec 1984 ) -- Richard Wenk Indiana Jones and the Cult of the Mummy 's Crypt ( Feb 1985 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Dragon of Vengeance ( Apr 1985 ) -- Megan Stine and H. William Stine Indiana Jones and the Gold of Genghis Khan ( May 1985 ) -- Ellen Weiss Indiana Jones and the Ape Slaves of Howling Island ( 1986 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Elephant ( Feb 1987 ) -- Megan Stine and H. William Stine Scholastic ( edit ) In 2008 , Scholastic released a series of middle - grade novels based on the stories and screenplays . Each book of this edition included several pages of color stills from filming . Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark -- Ryder Windham Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom -- Suzanne Weyn Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade -- Ryder Windham In May 2009 , two new middle - grade books were to begin a new series of Untold Adventures , though no further books appeared . Indiana Jones and the Pyramid of the Sorcerer -- Ryder Windham Indiana Jones and the Mystery of Mount Sinai -- J.W. Rinzler Young Indiana Jones ( edit ) In the early 1990s , different book series featured childhood and young adult adventures of Indiana Jones in the early decades of the century . Not all were directly tied to the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles TV series . Random House The following books are set in Indy 's mid - to late - teen years . Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure ( 1990 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror ( 1990 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Circle of Death ( 1990 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Secret City ( 1990 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Princess of Peril ( 1991 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Gypsy Revenge ( 1991 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Ghostly Riders ( 1991 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of Ruby Cross -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure ( 1993 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Lost Gold of Durango ( 1993 ) -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine Young Indiana Jones and the Face of the Dragon -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Journey to the Underworld ( 1994 ) -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine Young Indiana Jones and the Mountain of Fire ( 1994 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Pirates ' Loot ( 1994 ) -- by J.N. Fox Young Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Tiger ( 1995 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Madman ( unpublished ) -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine Young Indiana Jones and the Ring of Power ( unpublished ) -- Megan Stine Random House These books were novelizations of episodes of the TV series . Some feature Indy around age 8 ; others have him age 16 - 18 . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Mummy 's Curse -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Field of Death -- by Les Martin The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Safari Sleuth -- by A.L. Singer The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Secret Peace -- by William McCay The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Trek of Doom -- by Les Martin The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Revolution ! -- by Gavin Scott The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Race to Danger -- by Stephanie Calmenson The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Prisoner of War -- by Sam Mclean Bantam Books These are labeled Choose Your Own Adventure books . Like the TV series , some feature Indy around age 8 , others age 16 - 18 . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Valley of the Kings -- by Richard Brightfield South of the Border -- by Richard Brightfield Revolution in Russia -- by Richard Brightfield Masters of the Louvre -- by Richard Brightfield African Safari -- by Richard Brightfield Behind the Great Wall -- by Richard Brightfield The Roaring Twenties -- by Richard Brightfield The Irish Rebellion -- by Richard Brightfield Ballantine Books Young Indiana Jones : The Mata Hari Affair -- by James Luceno The Mummy 's Curse -- by Parker Smith Graphic novels The Curse of the Jackal -- by Dan Barry The Search for the Oryx -- by Dan Barry The Peril of the Fort -- by Dan Barry Non-fiction books Lost Diaries of Young Indiana Jones -- by Eric D. Weiner The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : On the Set and Behind the Scenes -- by Dan Madsen Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Egypt -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Rome -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Greece -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores The Vikings -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores The Incas -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores The Aztecs -- by John Malam Comic books ( edit ) Main article : Indiana Jones comic books Video games ( edit ) Since the release of the original film , there have been a number of video games based on the Indiana Jones series . These include both games based on ( or derived from ) the films , as well as those featuring the characters in new storylines . Games adapted or derived from the films ( edit ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 , Atari Inc ) -- The first Indiana Jones video game . Released on the Atari 2600 . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1985 , Atari Games ) -- Arcade game , later converted to many home computer and console formats , including an NES version in 1988 . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Action Game ( 1989 , LucasArts ) -- One of two Last Crusade - based games released by LucasArts in 1989 . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Graphic Adventure ( 1989 , LucasArts ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1991 , Taito ) -- Released for the NES console . Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures ( 1994 , JVC / LucasArts ) -- The final film adaptation until 2008 , based upon all three original films . Released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures ( 2008 , LucasArts ) -- Based on the original three movies and the Lego toy franchise . Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues ( 2009 , LucasArts ) -- A sequel to the original Lego Indiana Jones game . Original games ( edit ) Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom ( 1985 , Mindscape ) Indiana Jones in Revenge of the Ancients ( 1987 , Mindscape ) -- Released for the Apple II and PC DOS computer platforms . Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis ( 1992 , LucasArts ) -- Released for DOS ( IBM PC ) compatibles in 1992 . Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix -- An intended sequel to The Fate of Atlantis , intended for a 1995 release , but was cancelled . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1993 , Jaleco ) -- Released for the NES console . Instruments of Chaos starring Young Indiana Jones ( 1994 , LucasArts ) -- Released for the Sega Genesis Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures ( 1996 , LucasArts ) Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine ( 1999 , LucasArts ) -- Released in 1999 on the PC , as well as for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color by 2001 . Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb ( 2003 , LucasArts ) -- a prequel to Temple of Doom . Released on the PlayStation 2 , Xbox and Microsoft Windows in 2003 . Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings ( 2009 , LucasArts ) -- Released in June 2009 for the Nintendo DS , Wii , PSP and PS2 . Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles ( 2009 , THQ ) - Developed by Universomo and published by THQ Wireless for BlackBerry , iOS , and Windows Mobile . Indiana Jones Adventure World ( 2011 , Zynga ) -- The social gaming company Zynga partnered with Lucasfilm to produce this game late 2011 . Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Action on the set of the `` Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! '' Prior to Disney 's acquisition , George Lucas collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering on several occasions to create Indiana Jones attractions for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide . Indiana Jones - themed attractions at Disney theme parks include : The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! show opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , in 1989 . The Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril roller - coaster opened at Disneyland Paris in Marne - la - Vallée , France , in 1993 . The Indiana Jones Adventure , which opened at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , in 1995 and at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba , Japan , in 2001 . An Indiana Jones - themed bar lounge , `` Jock Lindsey 's Hangar Bar '' , opened in 2015 at Disney Springs at the Walt Disney World Resort . The Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios featured a scene based on Raiders of the Lost Ark . Merchandise ( edit ) Toy Lines ( edit ) Further information : LEGO Indiana Jones For the holiday season following the June 1981 debut of Raiders of the Lost Ark , Kenner produced a 12 - inch - tall `` Authentically styled Action Figure '' of Indiana Jones . The next spring they delivered nine smaller - scale ( 3 ⁄ `` ) action figures , three playsets , replicas of the German desert convoy truck and Jones ' horse , all derived from the Raiders movie . They also offered a Raiders board game . In conjunction with the theatrical release of Temple of Doom in 1984 , TSR , Inc. released miniature metal versions of twelve characters from both films for a role playing game . LJN Toys Ltd. also released action figures of Jones , Mola Ram , and the Giant Thugee ; there were plans for the addition of Willie Scott and Short Round , and also a mine car racing set , but these were never made available . No toys were produced to tie in with The Last Crusade in 1989 , but in 1993 Horizon released highly detailed vinyl model kits of Indiana and Henry Jones , while in 1995 Micro Machines produced a set of ten die - cast toy vehicles from all three films . Micro Machines also considered a mini . playset , but this was never made available . In 1999 , Toys McCoy released a Japanese - market - only limited edition 12 - inch figure of Indiana and his horse from Raiders . In 2001 , Walt Disney Parks and Resorts sold new , exclusive action figures and model vehicles , and a second wave followed in August 2003 . This included G.I. Joe versions of Jones , including an African - American styled toy , to honor the black performers at their stunt shows . Hasbro released toys based on Raiders of the Lost Ark and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008 . Further figures , including characters from The Last Crusade and Temple of Doom , followed later in the year , but were distributed on a very limited basis . This line of toys included 3 ⁄ - inch and 12 - inch figures , vehicles , a playset , and a series of `` Adventure Heroes '' aimed at young children . Hasbro announced the cancellation of the line in the fall of 2008 , due to decreasing sales , although some figures continued to be released up until the 2011 San Diego Comic Convention . Sideshow Collectibles , Gentle Giant , Diamond Select Toys and Kotobukiya also earned Indiana Jones licensing rights in 2008 . Lego released eight play sets to coincide with the fourth film , based on Raiders and The Last Crusade as well as on Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Merchandise featuring franchise cross-overs include a Mr. Potato Head `` Taters Of The Lost Ark '' set by Hasbro , Mickey Mouse as Indiana Jones , and a Muppets - branded Adventure Kermit action figure , produced by Palisades Toys and based on the frog 's appearance in the Disney World stunt show as seen in The Muppets at Walt Disney World . Disney Vinylmation introduced a series based on Indiana Jones characters in 2014 . Role - playing games ( edit ) There have been two publications of role - playing games based on the Indiana Jones franchise . The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role - Playing Game was designed and published by TSR , Inc. under license in 1984 . Ten years later , West End Games acquired the rights to publish their own version , The World of Indiana Jones . Pinball ( edit ) Main article : Indiana Jones : The Pinball Adventure A pinball machine based on the first three films was released in 1993 . Stern Pinball released a new edition in 2008 , which featured all four movies . Notes ( edit ) ^ In December 2013 , the distribution rights for future films were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios , however , Paramount continues to retain the distribution rights to Raiders of the Lost Ark , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney buys LucasFilm , new ' Star Wars ' planned '' . Variety . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/RaidersoftheLostArk.pdf . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hearn , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 112 -- 115 ^ Jump up to : McBride , pp. 309 -- 322 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Empire . October 2006 . pp. 86 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 144 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Empire . October 2006 . pp. 96 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 11 : `` Atomic Ants from Space : May 1989 to June 2007 '' p. 231 -- 247 ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones : The Untold Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , Bouzereau , `` Script draft by David Koepp summary and commentary : April 23 , 2007 '' , p. 248 -- 255 ^ Jump up to : Ann Donahue . `` Indiana Jones and the Curse of Development Hell '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matthew Leyland ( June 2008 ) . `` Fortune and Glory '' . Total Film . pp. 68 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( February 2008 ) . `` Keys to the Kingdom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( August 5 , 2002 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan had a sense that all Signs pointed to Mel Gibson '' . Science Fiction Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ken Plume ( May 17 , 2002 ) . `` IGN FilmForce Exclusive : Has Indy IV Found Its Writer ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Spielberg '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steve Daly ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg and George Lucas : The Titans Talk ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 12 : `` Mr. Jones 's Wild Ride : June to December 2007 '' , p. 254 -- 295 Jump up ^ Peter N. Chumo II ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Matinee Magic : David Koepp and Indiana Jones Enter the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull '' . Creative Screenwriting. 15 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` My Indiana Jones Crackpot Theory '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ; Moro , Eric ( October 9 , 2007 ) . `` Indy IV Winding Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newgen , Heather ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` LaBeouf on Indy 4 , Transformers 2 & Y : The Last Man '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford is a portrait of rugged individualism '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg eyes more Indiana films '' . BBC News Online . May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Jeff ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` 10 Questions for Movie Star Harrison Ford '' . Time . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Lucas : ' Indy 5 ' a Possibility '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Patrick ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Lucas : Indy V Research In Works '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` ' Indiana Jones 5 ' Wo n't Center on Shia LaBeouf , Insists George Lucas '' . MTV Movies Blog . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford says George Lucas in ' think mode ' on another ' Indiana Jones ' film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford Talks Fifth Indiana Jones Film '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Harrison Ford Says Next Indiana Jones Movie Is ' Full Of Opportunity ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final Indiana Jones Film Involves The Bermuda Triangle , To Shoot Next Year '' . The Film Stage . June 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Frank ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Frank Marshall : The rumor about INDY 5 is ... '' Twitter . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . The rumor about INDY 5 is completely false . Nothing has changed , we are not shooting next year and still in the research phase ... Jump up ^ `` Shia LaBeouf talks Transformers '' . BBC News Online . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Randy ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` TAFs on the Red Carpet for Cal Hall of Fame 2009 ! Interviews with Lucas , Burnett and Joe Weider ! '' . The Arnold Fans . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . The next Indy film ? Yes , we 're working on it . It 's in development . That 's all I can say right now . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ; Horowitz , Josh ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Harrison Ford Is ' Looking Forward ' To ' Indiana Jones 5 ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seeton , Reg ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Karen Allen Talks Indiana Jones 5 '' . The Dead Bolt . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . What I know is that there 's a story that they like , which is a huge step forward . Jump up ^ `` Frank Marshall talks Indy 5 and Jurassic Park 4 '' . Complex.com . July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for $4.05 B , Plans New ' Star Wars ' Films '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney would acquire a visual effects firm with Lucasfilm deal '' . Los Angeles Times . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Will Indiana Jones Return At Disney ? '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` What about Indy ? The Disney / Lucasfilm deal and the future of ' Indiana Jones ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Acquires Rights to Future ' Indiana Jones ' Movies '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney acquires control of future ' Indiana Jones ' movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Takes Control of ' Indiana Jones ' Franchise for Future Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Stuart ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` READ : Disney chief Bob Iger 's internal memo to staff : ' Lucasfilm fits perfectly with Disney 's strategic priorities ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Expect a New Indiana Jones Movie for at Least Two to Three Years '' . Variety . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm President Finally Confirms Indiana Jones Sequel Is on the Horizon '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg on ' Indiana Jones 5 ' and Saving ' Forrest Gump ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg & Harrison Ford Team Up For ' Indiana Jones 5 ' , Disney Sets July 2019 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Enlists a Familiar Writer for ' Indiana Jones 5 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones 5 : George Lucas to Executive Produce '' . 2016 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Marshall : Harrison Ford Is One and Only ' Indiana Jones , ' ' Not Going to Do the Bond Thing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams Will Compose Indiana Jones 5 and Star Wars Episode VIII Score '' . Slashfilm. 2016 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode IX and Next Indiana Jones Get Release Dates '' . StarWars.com. 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent . `` ' Indiana Jones 5 ' Will Miss 2020 Release Date ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . variety.com . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Indiana Jones 5 wo n't feature Shia LaBeouf 's character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shia LaBeouf 's Mutt Williams is Not in Indiana Jones 5 '' . ComingSoon.net . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg Eyes Indiana Jones & ' West Side Story ' Atop Next Directing Vehicles '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Secret Table Read : What Could It Be and How Does it Affect ' West Side Story ' ? ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones 5 Filming to Start in April 2019 '' . ComingSoon.net . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Pushes ' Indiana Jones 5 ' a Year to 2021 , Dates ' Maleficent 2 , ' ' Jungle Cruise ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 170 -- 179 Jump up ^ `` Exploring ' Young Indiana Jones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Young Indiana Jones '' . Empire . May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , p. 186 Jump up ^ Campbell Black ( April 2008 ) . Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 35375 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Kahn ( May 1984 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31457 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( September 1989 ) . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 36161 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Gantt . `` Interview with Rob MacGregor '' . The Indy Experience . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rob MacGregor interview '' . TheRaider.net . June 29 , 2002 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( January 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Peril of Delphi . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 28931 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( May 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Dance of Giants . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( November 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( January 1992 ) . Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29502 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( August 1992 ) . Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29666 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( November 1992 ) . Indiana Jones and the Interior World . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29966 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin Caidin ( November 1993 ) . Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56192 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martin Caidin ( March 1994 ) . Indiana Jones and the White Witch . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Max McCoy interview '' . TheRaider.net . October 31 , 2002 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Mishan ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Interview with Max McCoy '' . The Indy Experience . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1995 ) . Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56196 - 8 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1996 ) . Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56193 - 7 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1997 ) . Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56195 - 1 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1999 ) . Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56197 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scott Chitwood ( February 23 , 2000 ) . `` The Lost Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Adventures of Indiana Jones . Del Rey Books . February 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50127 - 1 . Jump up ^ James Rollins ( May 2008 ) . Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Del Rey Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50128 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Junior Novelizations On the Way '' . StarWars.com . February 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Works '' . Rob MacGregor 's official site . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Perry . Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead . Ballantine Books . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50698 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jason '' ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Rob MacGregor opens up about buried Staff of Kings novelization '' . The International House of Mojo . Jump up ^ Demian 's Gamebook Web Page `` Demian 's Gamebook Web Page '' Jump up ^ `` First Look : The Untold Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . StarWars.com . December 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings Hits Wii In Spring , Says New Trailer -- LucasArts '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mundy , Jon ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles '' . Pocket Gamer . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Podolsky , Andrew ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles Review ( Windows Mobile ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , Jim ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles Review '' . Gamezebo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles '' . Slide to Play . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Indiana Jones raids Zynga 's Adventure World , c net , December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Darcy ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jock Lindsey 's Hangar Bar to Open this Fall at Downtown Disney at Walt Disney World Resort '' . The Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Indiana Jones - themed bar now open at Disney Springs '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : CTR Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom : Action Figures '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones vinyl figure kits '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Micro Machines '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toys McCoy Indiana Jones figures '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Figures : Series 1 '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Figures : Series 2 '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro : Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2008 -- Indiana Jones Presentation '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kotobukiya USA -- Manufacturer of science fiction , comic , movie and video games figures . Japan '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' -- Sideshow Exclusive Edition '' . Sideshow Collectibles . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2008 -- Gentle Giant Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` Toy Fair 08 : Diamond Select Nabs Lucasfilm License '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` USTF : Kotobukiya 's Indiana Jones Lines '' . Action - Figure . February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Products '' . Lego . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Indy Movie LEGO Sets Offer Exclusive Peek Into Crystal Skull '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toy News International `` Taters Of The Lost Ark Mr. Potato Head '' Jump up ^ endorexpress.net `` Indiana Jones Mickey Action Figure '' Jump up ^ Indiana Jones : The Ultimate Guide . DK Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 3500 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` New Disney Vinylmation figures include Indiana Jones and limited edition Duffy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The History of TSR '' . Wizards of the Coast . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones '' . Pinball News . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Rinzler , J.W. ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Hearn , Marcus ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg . New York City : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones Official website TheRaider.net Indiana Jones series at Box Office Mojo Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( episodes ) Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones , Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! 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Toy Story Tron Winnie the Pooh Other D23 Disney Comics Disney Vault Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_(franchise)&oldid=854549044 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 1981 Indiana Jones Action films by series Adventure films by series Disney franchises Film series Nazism in fiction Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games 1930s in fiction 1950s in fiction Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 04 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the order for the indiana jones movies | [
"Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n",
"Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n",
"Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n",
"Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton \"Indiana\" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012.[1]\n"
] | [
"Raiders of the Lost Ark",
"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom",
"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade",
"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"
] |
-4266403018214567162 | Tag (game) | Tag ( game ) - wikipedia Tag ( game ) Tag A Dutch cartoon of children playing tag , 1860s Players 2 or more Setup time 0 to 1 minutes Playing time No limit Random chance Low Skill ( s ) required Running , stalking , hiding , observation Tag is a playground game that involves two or more players chasing other players in an attempt to `` tag '' or touch them , usually with their hands . There are many variations ; most forms have no teams , scores , or equipment . Usually when a person is tagged , the tagger says , `` Tag , you 're it '' . Contents 1 Basic rules 1.1 Base and truce terms 2 Bans and restrictions 3 Variants 3.1 British bulldogs 3.2 Chain tag 3.3 Duck , duck , goose 3.4 Freeze tag 3.5 Kiss chase 3.6 Last tag 3.7 Octopus tag 3.8 Shipwrecked 4 Team tag 4.1 Cops and robbers 4.2 Zombie tag 4.3 Manhunt 4.4 Prisoner 's Base 4.5 What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? 4.6 Ringolevio 5 Variants requiring equipment 5.1 Blind man 's bluff 5.2 Computer tag 5.3 Flashlight tag 5.4 Fox and geese 5.5 Kick the can 5.6 Laser tag 5.7 Marco Polo 5.8 Muckle 5.9 Paintball 5.10 Sock tag 5.11 Spud 6 Team tag sports 7 See also 8 References Basic rules ( edit ) Children playing a version of tag A group of players ( two or more ) decide who is going to be `` it '' , often using a counting - out game such as eeny , meeny , miny , moe . The player selected to be `` it '' then chases the others , attempting to get close enough to `` tag '' one of them ( touching them with a hand ) while the others try to escape . A tag makes the tagged player `` it '' . In some variations , the previous `` it '' is no longer `` it '' and the game can continue indefinitely , while in others , both players remain `` it '' and the game ends when all players have become `` it '' . There are many variants which modify the rules for team play , or place restrictions on tagged players ' behavior . A simple variation makes tag an elimination game , so those tagged drop out of play . Some variants have a rule preventing a player from tagging the person who has just tagged them ( known as `` no tag - backs '' , `` no returns '' , or `` ca n't tag your master '' ) . Base and truce terms ( edit ) Players may be safe from being tagged under certain circumstances : if they are within a pre-determined area , off the ground , or when touching a particular structure . Traditional variants are Wood tag , Iron tag , and Stone tag , when a player is safe when touching the named material . This safe zone has been called a `` gool '' , `` ghoul '' , or `` Dell '' , probably a corruption of `` goal '' . The term `` gool '' was first recorded in print in Massachusetts in the 1870s , and is common in the northern states of the US . Variants include gould , goul , and ghoul , and alternatives include base and home . In the United Kingdom , the base is frequently known as `` den '' . In much of Canada and parts of the northern United States , the state or home base of being immune from tagging is known as `` times '' or `` T . '' Players may also make themselves safe from being tagged by the use of a truce term . When playing the game tag , some may cross fingers as to let others know that they , the player , can not be it . Yet , this rule may only come into play if the crossing of fingers is shown , if the fingers are not shown to the person that is it , then the crossing does not count . Bans and restrictions ( edit ) Tag and other chasing games have been banned in some schools in the United States due to concerns about injuries , complaints from children that it can lead to harassment and bullying , and that there is an aspect to the game that possesses an unhealthily predatory element to its nature . In 2008 , a 10 - year - old boy in Omaha , Nebraska died from brain injuries suffered from falling onto a metal pole while playing tag . A school dinner lady in Dorset was left partially paralyzed after a boy playing tag ran into her in 2004 ; her claim for damage was rejected by three Court of Appeal judges , who ruled that the boy had not broken any school rules by playing the game . A principal who banned tag in her school criticized the game for creating a `` self - esteem issue '' in nominating one child as a victim , and noted that the oldest and biggest children usually dominated the game . A dislike of elimination games is another reason for banning tag . In some schools only supervised tag is allowed , sometimes with a type of tagging called butterfly tagging -- a light tap on the shoulders , arms or upper back . The president of the US National Association for Sport and Physical Education said that `` Tag games are not inherently bad ... teachers must modify rules , select appropriate boundaries and equipment , and make sure pupils are safe . Teachers should emphasize tag games that develop self - improvement , participation , fair play , and cooperation . '' Variants ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British bulldogs ( edit ) Main article : British bulldogs ( game ) The game `` British bulldogs '' ( sometimes also called Bullrush , Cat and Mouse , Red Rover , Cats and Mice , Sharks and Minnows , Spiders and Flies , or Octopus ) is mainly played in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and other Commonwealth countries . It is banned from many schools . One or two players start as the `` bulldogs '' , who stand in the middle of the play area , while the other players stand at one end of the area . The aim is to run from one end of the area to the other without being caught by the bulldogs . When a player is caught , they become a bulldog themselves . The winner is the last player `` free '' . Chain tag ( edit ) This is a variant of Build Ups in which each person to be caught joins hands with `` it , '' and the chain thus formed must chase the others as a pair . As more people are caught they too join hands with the `` it '' players , forming a lengthening chain . This variation is also called Blob , or in some places , Gargon . Only those at the ends of the chain are able to catch someone , as they are the only ones with a free hand . A variant has chains of four splitting in two . Duck , duck , goose ( edit ) Main article : Duck , duck , goose How Duck , duck , goose is played In this game , usually played by young children , the players sit in a circle facing inward . One player , the `` picker '' or `` fox '' , walks around tapping or pointing to each player in turn , calling each of them a `` duck '' , until finally announcing one of his choosing to be the `` goose '' . The goose then rises and runs around the circle in the same direction as the picker , attempting to return to their seat before the `` picker '' can sit back down in the vacated spot . In Minnesota , this game is referred to as `` Duck , duck , gray duck '' . Freeze tag ( edit ) Also known as Stuck in the Mud , Scarecrow , Sticky - Glue , Zombie Tag , Ice - and - Water ( in Asia ) or Ice - and - Fire ( in Malaysia ) , players who are tagged are `` stuck in the mud '' or `` frozen '' and must stand in place with their arms stretched out until they are unfrozen . An unstuck player can perform an action to unfreeze them , such as tagging them , crawling between their legs , or `` flushing '' them by hitting their outstretched hand . The last person standing , for most games , is usually the next person who will be it . Kiss chase ( edit ) See also : Category : Kissing games . Kiss chase , also referred to as Catch and Kiss , is a tag variant in which tagging is performed by kissing . All members of one gender are `` it '' at once and chase players of the opposite sex until everyone is caught , then the roles are reversed . A variant is that the player chosen to be `` it '' will , with assistance from players of the same gender , chase all members of the opposite sex and kiss one of them , who is then `` it '' on behalf of the other gender . Last tag ( edit ) Last tag was played in the early 20th century , when it was a way to say goodbye when leaving school for home . A player tags another and makes them `` it '' before leaving on their way home . There is no tagging back . It was a point of honor not to be left with the last tag . If a player is unable to tag anyone by the end of the game , they became `` it '' the next day . Octopus tag ( edit ) Octopus tag is a mix between Red Rover and tag . `` It , '' or `` octopus , '' attempts to tag the other players . The playing field is known as the ocean . The players , or `` fish , '' line up along one side of the ocean . When the Octopus calls out , `` Come fishies come ! '' , they try to run to the other side without getting tagged . In a variation , once the fish run to the other side without getting tagged , the game pauses until the octopus starts it again . Upon getting tagged the fish become `` seaweed '' and must freeze or sit where they were tagged , but they can wave their arms around and assist the Octopus in tagging other fish within their reach . The last fish to be tagged becomes the next Octopus . This game can also be played in the water and then it is called Sharks and Minnows . Shipwrecked ( edit ) Also known as budge , one player is it and tries to tag the other players . There are safe zones , such as circles , but their number is one fewer than the number of the other players . A player is not allowed to enter an occupied safe zone . If a player is tagged , that player becomes `` it '' . Team tag ( edit ) Cops and robbers ( edit ) Cops and robbers , sometimes called `` jail '' , `` jail tag '' , `` team tag '' , `` chase '' , `` police and thief '' , `` prisoner 's base '' `` jailbreak '' , `` release '' ( in South Philly ) , `` releaseo '' or `` manhunt '' , has players split into two teams : cops and robbers . A.M. Burrage calls this version of the game `` Smee '' in his 1931 ghost story of the same name . The cops , who are in pursuit of robbers ( the team being chased ) , arrest the robbers by tagging and putting them in jail . Robbers can stage a jailbreak by tagging one of the prisoners without getting tagged themselves . The game ends if all the robbers are in jail . In a variant , the robbers have five minutes to hide before being hunted , and only one jailbreak may be allowed per robber . Zombie tag ( edit ) Main article : Humans vs. Zombies Humans vs. Zombies is a survival game of tag , where `` human '' players fight off increasingly large numbers of `` zombies '' ; if a human is `` turned '' ( i.e. tagged ) , then that player becomes a zombie in turn . At the game 's beginning , there are only one or two zombies ; the zombies multiply by tagging humans , turning them into zombies after a period of one hour . Humans can defend themselves from zombies by using socks , marshmallows , Nerf Blasters or any other toys deemed safe and appropriate ; if a zombie is hit by one of these methods of defense , they are stunned ( not allowed to interact with the game in any way ) for 15 seconds . The goal of the zombies is to turn all the humans ; the humans , meanwhile , must outlast all the zombies . Manhunt ( edit ) Main article : Manhunt ( urban game ) Manhunt is a mixture of hide and seek and tag , often played during the night . One person is `` it '' , while the other players have to hide . Then , the person who is `` it '' tries to find and tag them . The game is over when all players are out . Manhunt is sometimes played in teams . In one variant there is a home base in which a player is safe . That version ends when all players who are not safe are out . Prisoner 's base ( edit ) In Prisoner 's Base , each team starts in a chain , holding hands , with one end of the chain touching the base . The end two players on each team break from the chain and try to tag each other , taking them to their base if they do . The end pair progressively break from the chain and join the tagging . As with Cops and Robbers , prisoners can be freed by tagging them in the base . The game is thought to date back to the Renaissance period , and may be inspired by the act of bride kidnapping . A game of Prisoner 's Base was played by members of Lewis & Clark 's Corps of Discovery against a group of Nez Perce . What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? ( edit ) Main article : What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? One player is chosen to be Mr Wolf and stands facing away from the other players at the opposite end of the playing field . All players except Mr Wolf chant in unison `` What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? '' , and Mr Wolf will answer in one of two ways : Mr Wolf may call a time - usually an hour ending in `` o'clock '' . The other players take that many steps towards Mr Wolf . They then ask the question again . Alternatively Mr Wolf may call `` Dinner time ! '' , and turn and chase the other players back to their starting point . If Mr Wolf tags a player , that player becomes Mr Wolf for the next round . Ringolevio ( edit ) Main article : Ringolevio In Ringolevio , there are two teams . In one version , one team goes off and hides . The other team counts to a number such as 30 and then goes looking for them . In another version , each team has its own `` jail '' , a park bench or other defendable area . The game goes on until all of one team is in jail . In many ways , Ringolevio is similar to Prisoner 's Base . Variants requiring equipment ( edit ) The `` Blind man 's bluff '' variant requires a blindfold to be played Some variants of tag use equipment such as balls , paintball guns , or even flashlights to replace tagging by hand . Blind man 's bluff ( edit ) Main article : Blind man 's buff Blind man 's bluff , also known as Mr. Blind Man , is a version of tag in which one player , designated as `` it '' , is blindfolded and attempts to tag the other players , while the other players try to avoid them . Computer tag ( edit ) Research students developed a version of tag played using handheld WiFi - enabled computers with GPS . Flashlight tag ( edit ) Flashlight tag , also called `` Army tag '' , `` Spotlight '' , and `` German Spotlight '' , is played at night . Rather than physically tagging , the `` it '' player tags by shining a flashlight beam on other players . Fox and geese ( edit ) A traditional type of line tag , sometimes played in snow , is Fox and geese . The fox starts at the centre of a spoked wheel , and the geese flee from the fox along the spokes and around the wheel . Geese that are tagged become foxes . The intersections of the spokes with the wheel are safe zones . Kick the can ( edit ) Main article : Kick the can One person is `` it '' and a can is placed in an open space . The other players run off and hide , then it tries to find and tag each of them . Tagged players are sent to jail . Any player who has not been caught can kick the can , setting the other players free from jail . Laser tag ( edit ) Main article : Laser tag Laser tag is similar to flashlight tag , but using special equipment to avoid the inevitable arguments that arise about whether one was actually tagged . Players carry guns that emit beams of light and wear electronic equipment that can detect the beams and register being hit . The equipment often has built - in scoring systems and various penalties for taking hits . Pay - per - game laser tag facilities are common in North America . Marco Polo ( edit ) Main article : Marco Polo ( game ) An aquatic American variant of blind man 's bluff , most commonly played in a swimming pool , although it may also be played while swimming in shallow natural bodies of water ( typically the areas near the shores of oceans , seas , and lakes ) . The players may be swimming , treading water , or walking on the bottom of the pool or body of water . The person designated `` it '' is required to close their eyes , and shouts `` Marco ! '' at regular intervals ; the other players must shout `` Polo ! '' in response . `` It '' must use sound localization to find one of the other players and tag them . The tagged player then generally becomes `` it , '' and the process repeats . Muckle ( edit ) Muckle ( sometimes called `` muckle the man with the ball '' , `` kill - the - guy - with - the - ball '' , `` kill the carrier '' , among other names ) is the reverse of regular tag ; all of the other players chase `` it '' . This player is denoted by carrying a ball ( usually a football ) . When they are caught , they are tackled , or `` muckled '' . Whoever retrieves the ball first or whoever attacks the one who is it then becomes it . Sometimes the last player arriving to tackle the former ball carrier is the next person to be it ; in other variations the player with the ball throws the ball up in the air , where it is caught by another player who becomes it . Paintball ( edit ) Main article : Paintball Paintball is a sport in which players use compressed air guns ( called paintball markers ) to tag other players with paint - filled pellets . Games are usually played on commercial fields with a strict set of safety and gameplay rules . Sock tag ( edit ) A tube sock is filled with a small amount of flour in the toe of the sock ; the sock is then gripped by the leg hole and wielded as a flail . Striking a player with any part of the sock counts as a tag . Spud ( edit ) Main article : Spud ( game ) Spud is a tag variant that is best played in large , open areas . Players begin each round in a central location . `` it '' then throws a ball high into the air . The other players run but must stop as soon as `` it '' catches the ball and shouts `` Spud ! '' It may then take three large steps toward the player of his choosing before throwing the ball at that player . If the ball hits the target , that player becomes it , and the game starts over . Team tag sports ( edit ) Main articles : Kabaddi , Kho Kho , and Tag rugby In South Asia , two sports are variants of tag , played at the team level , sometimes internationally . In Kabaddi , raiders cross a dividing line to try to tag defenders , while continuously chanting `` kabbadi '' on one breath while over the line . It is included in the Asian Games and even has a world championship , being played throughout India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , and Iran , as well as in Indian communities in Canada , Great Britain , the U.S. , Australia , New Zealand , and the Netherlands . It was also demonstrated in 1936 Berlin Olympics . The other tag sport is called Kho Kho . Tag or flag rugby is a non-contact variation in which each player wears a belt that has two velcro tags attached to it , or shorts with velcro patches . The mode of play is also similar to rugby league with attacking players attempting to dodge , evade and pass a rugby ball while defenders attempt to prevent them scoring by tagging - pulling a velcro attached tag from the ball carrier . However , the `` tag '' in `` tag rugby '' is derived from the `` tags '' that the players wear and the children 's game of tag more closely resembles touch rugby whereby a touch replaces a tackle . See also ( edit ) Games portal Assassin ( game ) Flag football References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The games children play '' . BBC News . 21 May 1999 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Wise , Debra ( 2003 ) . Great big book of children 's games : over 450 indoor and outdoor games for kids . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 142246 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Daniel Carter ( 1900 ) . `` Games of tag '' . The Outdoor Handy Book : For Playground Field and Forest . The Minerva Group , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89875 - 135 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sanborn , Frank B. ( 1904 ) . `` History and poetry from the life of F.B. Sanborn of Concord , Massachusetts '' . The Granite monthly : a magazine of literature , history and state progress . J.N. McClintock. 36 - 37 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Frederic Gomes ; Joan Houston Hall ( 1985 ) . Dictionary of American regional English , Volume 4 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00884 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Frederic G. ( 1991 ) . Dictionary of American Regional English : D - H , Volume 2 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 20511 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` gool '' . The Mavens ' Word of the Day . Random House , Inc. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Mass. grade school bans tag , other chase games '' . Associated Press . 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary school bans tag on its playground '' . Associated Press . 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Schoetz , David ( 16 April 2008 ) . `` Nanny State of Play ? Another Tag Ban '' . ABC News . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dinner lady bid to sue boy fails '' . BBC News . 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sealey , Geraldine ( 24 June 2002 ) . `` Is Tag Too Tough for Kids ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bafile , Cara ( 8 October 2007 ) . `` Is This `` It '' for Tag ? `` . Education World . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jennifer ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` Schools try to reduce playground conflicts '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Andy ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` The return of British Bulldog '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lileks , James ( 19 February 1999 ) . `` ' Duck , duck ' apparently has no shades of gray ; ' Research ' shows that Minnesota is only state that flat - out refuses to say ' goose ' '' . StarTribune . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ McQueen , Craig ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` New book celebrates games which were playground favourites of yesteryear '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Claude H. ( 1911 ) . Outdoor sports and games . The Library of Work and Play . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , Page & Company . Jump up ^ `` Disney Family - Recipes , Crafts and Activities '' . Disney Family . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner 's base '' . Jump up ^ The Oxford Book of English Ghost Stories , OUP 1986 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wTuZMWvmUisC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=%22cops+and+robbers%22+childrens+game&source=web&ots=w_kxD5FGvk&sig=CxWAXEqizRySVTFQ5S-Z7CSzR3o&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result/ Great Big Book of Children 's Games , by Debra Wise and Sandra Forrest . ISBN 0 - 07 - 142246 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 142246 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Leibs , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Sports and games of the Renaissance . Sports and games through history . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32772 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 8th June 1806 . the 2 men returnd from the villages . a number of the natives visited us and gave Frazer a fine young horse a number of the natives joined and got out our canoe which was Sank . our party exercised themselves running and playing games called base in the evening danced after the fiddle as the Indians were anxious to See them . '' `` The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition '' . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Games of the Corps of Discovery '' . 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Patricia ( 3 August 2004 ) . `` PCs bring a game of tag to the urban playground '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CitiTag '' . Centre for New Media . Open University . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashlight Tag '' . Lori Donnahue . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Grover , Kathryn ( 1992 ) . Hard at play : leisure in America , 1840 - 1940 . Univ of Massachusetts Press . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 792 - 6 . Jump up ^ Newcombe , Jack ( 6 March 1970 ) . `` The Games Children Play '' . LIFE . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Doll , Beth ; Katherine Brehm ( 2009 ) . Resilient Playgrounds . School - based Practice in Action . CRC Press . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96088 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Michelle ; Publishing , Group ; McLaughlin , Dennis R. ( 24 February 1999 ) . `` The Gigantic Book of Games for Youth Ministry '' . Group Pub . -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Flour Sock Tag - Ultimate Camp Resource '' . www.ultimatecampresource.com . Gym , outdoor and playground games Tag Ante Over British Bulldog Capture the flag Cooties Duck , duck , goose Four corners Kho kho Marco Polo Pie Steal the Flingsock Catch Chinese jump rope Dodgeball Four square Hide - and - seek Hopscotch Kick the can Leapfrog Marbles Playground songs list Red Rover Simon Says Skipping rope Double Dutch Rhymes Skully Statues The floor is lava Tinikling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tag_(game)&oldid=854733824 '' Categories : Children 's games Tag variants Street games Outdoor games Pursuit - evasion Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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-2172743094156687674 | Territorial disputes in the South China Sea | Territorial disputes in the South China Sea - wikipedia Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Reorganise Sections first Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Territorial claims in the South China Sea South China Sea claims and agreements Map of various national outposts in the Spratly Islands The South China Sea disputes involve both island and maritime claims among several sovereign states within the region , namely Brunei , the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , the Republic of China ( ROC ) , Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines , and Vietnam . An estimated US $5 trillion worth of global trade passes through the South China Sea and many non-claimant states want the South China Sea to remain international waters . To promote this , several states , including the United States , conduct `` freedom of navigation '' operations . The disputes include the islands , reefs , banks , and other features of the South China Sea , including the Spratly Islands , Paracel Islands , and various boundaries in the Gulf of Tonkin . There are further disputes , including the waters near the Indonesian Natuna Islands , which many do not regard as part of the South China Sea . Claimant states are interested in retaining or acquiring the rights to fishing areas , the exploration and potential exploitation of crude oil and natural gas in the seabed of various parts of the South China Sea , and the strategic control of important shipping lanes . In July 2016 , an arbitration tribunal constituted under Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) ruled against the PRC 's maritime claims in Philippines v. China . The PRC does not recognise the tribunal and , its ruling being unenforceable , ignored it , insisting that the matter should be resolved through bilateral negotiations with other claimants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specific disputes 2 Background 2.1 2011 agreement 2.2 Chinese objection to Indian naval presence and oil exploration 2.3 Retrenchment 2.4 Oil development 2.5 Incidents involving fishermen 3 Security summits 4 Non-claimant views 4.1 Independent analysis 4.2 Cambodia 4.3 East Timor 4.4 Indonesia 4.5 Laos 4.6 Singapore 4.7 Thailand 4.8 United States 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Specific disputes ( edit ) Summary of disputes Area of dispute Brunei China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Vietnam The nine - dash line area ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Vietnamese coast ✔ ✔ ✔ Sea area north of Borneo ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ South China Sea islands ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Sea area north of the Natuna Islands ✔ ✔ ✔ Sea area west of Palawan and Luzon ✔ ✔ ✔ Sabah area ✔ ✔ ✔ Luzon Strait ✔ ✔ ✔ The disputes involve both maritime boundaries and islands . There are several disputes , each of which involves a different collection of countries : The nine - dash line area claimed by the Republic of China , later the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , which covers most of the South China Sea and overlaps the exclusive economic zone claims of Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Taiwan , and Vietnam . Maritime boundary along the Vietnamese coast between the PRC , Taiwan , and Vietnam . Maritime boundary north of Borneo between the PRC , Malaysia , Brunei , Philippines , and Taiwan . Islands , reefs , banks and shoals in the South China Sea , including the Paracel Islands , the Pratas Islands , Macclesfield Bank , Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands between the PRC , Taiwan , and Vietnam , and parts of the area also contested by Malaysia and the Philippines . Maritime boundary in the waters north of the Natuna Islands between the PRC , Indonesia and Taiwan Maritime boundary off the coast of Palawan and Luzon between the PRC , the Philippines , and Taiwan . Maritime boundary , land territory , and the islands of Sabah , including Ambalat , between Indonesia , Malaysia , and the Philippines . Maritime boundary and islands in the Luzon Strait between the PRC , the Philippines , and Taiwan . Background ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the South China Sea dispute The area may be rich in oil and natural gas deposits ; however , the estimates are highly varied . The Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining of the People 's Republic of China estimated that the South China Sea may contain 17.7 billion tons of crude oil ( compared to Kuwait with 13 billion tons ) . In the years following the announcement by the PRC ministry , the claims regarding the South China Sea islands intensified . However , other sources claim that the proven reserves of oil in the South China Sea may only be 7.5 billion barrels , or about 1.1 billion tons . According to the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) 's profile of the South China Sea region , a US Geological Survey estimate puts the region 's discovered and undiscovered oil reserves at 11 billion barrels , as opposed to a PRC figure of 125 billion barrels . The same EIA report also points to the wide variety of natural gas resource estimations , ranging from 190 trillion cubic feet to 500 trillion cubic feet , likely located in the contested Reed Bank `` . The South China Sea is dubbed by the PRC as the `` second Persian Sea . '' The state - owned China Offshore Exploration Corp. planned to spend 200 billion RMB ( US $30 billion ) in the next 20 years to exploit oil in the region , with the estimated production of 25 million metric tons of crude oil and natural gas per annum , at a depth of 2000 meters within the next five years . The Philippines began exploring the areas west of Palawan for oil in 1970 . Exploration in the area began in Reed Bank / Tablemount . In 1976 , gas was discovered following the drilling of a well . However , the PRC 's complaints halted the exploration . On 27 March 1984 , the first Philippine oil company discovered an oil field off Palawan , which is an island province bordering the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea . These oil fields supply 15 % of annual oil consumption in the Philippines . South - east facing aerial view of PRC - settled Woody Island . The island is also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam . The nine - dash line was originally an `` eleven - dashed - line , '' first indicated by the then Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1947 , for its claims to the South China Sea . After , the Communist Party of China took over mainland China and formed the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . The line was adopted and revised to nine dashes / dots as endorsed by Zhou Enlai . The legacy of the nine - dash line is viewed by some PRC government officials , and by the PRC military , as providing historical support for their claims to the South China Sea . In the 1970s , however , the Philippines , Malaysia and other countries began referring to the Spratly Islands as included in their own territory . On 11 June 1978 , President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines issued Presidential decree No. 1596 , declaring the north - western part of the Spratly Islands ( referred to therein as the Kalayaan Island Group ) as Philippine territory . The once abundant fishing opportunities within the region are another motivation for claims . In 1988 , the South China Sea was believed to have accounted for 8 % of world fishing catches , a figure that has grown since then . There have been many clashes in the Philippines with foreign fishing vessels ( including those of the PRC ) in disputed areas . The PRC believes that the value in fishing and oil from the sea has risen to a trillion dollars . The area is also one of the busiest shipping routes in the world . In the 1980s , at least 270 merchant ships used the route each day . Currently , more than half the tonnage of the world 's crude oil transported by sea passes through the South China Sea , a figure rising steadily with the growth of the PRC consumption of oil . This traffic is three times greater than that passing through the Suez Canal and five times more than the Panama Canal . Fiery Cross Reef being transformed by the PRC in May 2015 Since 1996 , Vietnam and the Philippines , and to a lesser degree Malaysia and Brunei , have asserted claims within the area covered by the Chinese ( PRC & ROC ) nine - dotted line . Since 1974 , when PRC troops confronted and expelled Vietnamese troops , most of the Paracel Islands have been occupied by the PRC , and all have been under PRC control . Similarly , although there have been a small number of notable changes in influence or occupation , the occupation and / or control of most parts of the Spratly Islands has not changed significantly since the mid 1990s - see List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands for details . Vietnamese troops control the greatest number of islands , reefs , etc . ( approx 29 . ) Eight islands are controlled by the Philippines , five by Malaysia , one by Taiwan , and all of those mentioned have various degrees of `` control '' over other features . Although the Paracels are completely under PRC control , the PRC have no control of any natural feature above sea level . The significance of this situation has changed dramatically since 2014 whence the PRC embarked on a truly remarkable program of land reclamation and artificial island building - see Great wall of sand and List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands for details . In 2012 the Indian Ambassador to Vietnam , while expressing concern over rising tension in the area , said that 50 per cent of its trade passes through the area and called for peaceful resolution of the disputes in accordance with international law . On 17 March 2016 , in accordance with Memorandum Circular No. 94 s . 2016 , President Aquino created the National Task Force for the West Philippine Sea , to secure the State 's sovereignty and national territory and preserve marine wealth in its waters and exclusive economic zone , reserving use and enjoyment of the West Philippine Sea exclusively for Filipino citizens . 2011 agreement ( edit ) On 20 July 2011 , the PRC , Brunei , Malaysia , the Philippines and Vietnam agreed to a set of preliminary guidelines which would help resolve the dispute . The agreement was described by the PRC 's assistant foreign minister , Liu Zhenmin , as `` an important milestone document for cooperation among China and ASEAN countries '' . Some of the early drafts acknowledged aspects such as `` marine environmental protection , scientific research , safety of navigation and communication , search and rescue and combating transnational crime '' , although the issue of oil and natural gas drilling remains unresolved . Chinese objection to Indian naval presence and oil exploration ( edit ) On 22 July 2011 , the INS Airavat , an Indian amphibious assault vessel on a friendly visit to Vietnam , was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the PLA Navy and stating that the ship was entering PRC waters . A spokesperson for the Indian Navy explained that as no ship or aircraft was visible , the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled . The Indian Navy further clarified that `` ( t ) here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat . India supports freedom of navigation in international waters , including in the South China Sea , and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law . These principles should be respected by all . '' In September 2011 , shortly after the PRC and Vietnam signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea , India 's state - run explorer , Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) said that its overseas investment arm , ONGC Videsh Limited , had signed a three - year agreement with PetroVietnam for developing long - term co-operation in the oil sector , and that it had accepted Vietnam 's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea . In response , PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu , without referring to India by name , stated : `` China enjoys indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea and the island . China 's stand is based on historical facts and international law . China 's sovereign rights and positions are formed in the course of history and this position has been held by Chinese Government for long . On the basis of this China is ready to engage in peaceful negotiations and friendly consultations to peacefully solve the disputes over territorial sovereignty and maritime rights so as to positively contribute to peace and tranquillity in the South China Sea area . We hope that the relevant countries respect China 's position and refrain from taking unilateral action to complicate and expand the issue . We hope they will respect and support countries in the region to solve the bilateral disputes through bilateral channels . As for oil and gas exploration activities , our consistent position is that we are opposed to any country engaging in oil and gas exploration and development activities in waters under China 's jurisdiction . We hope the foreign countries do not get involved in South China Sea dispute . '' An Indian foreign ministry spokesman responded , `` The Chinese had concerns , but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and ( we ) have conveyed this to the Chinese . '' The Indo - Vietnamese deal was also denounced by the Chinese state - run newspaper Global Times . Retrenchment ( edit ) In Spring 2010 , PRC officials reportedly communicated to US officials that the South China Sea is `` an area of ' core interest ' that is as non-negotiable '' and on par with Taiwan and Tibet on the national agenda . but may have backed away from that assertion in 2011 . In October 2011 , the PRC 's Global Times newspaper , published by the Communist Party , People 's Daily , editorialised on South China Sea territorial disputes under the banner `` Do n't take peaceful approach for granted '' . The article referenced recent incidents involving Philippines and South Korea detaining PRC fishing boats in the region : `` If these countries do n't want to change their ways with China , they will need to prepare for the sounds of cannons . We need to be ready for that , as it may be the only way for the disputes in the sea to be resolved . '' Global Times ( China ) , 25 October 2011 Responding to questions about whether this reflected official policy , a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman stated the country 's commitment `` to resolving the maritime dispute through peaceful means . '' Alan Dupont of the University of New South Wales has said that the Chinese government appears to be directing its fishing fleet into disputed waters as a matter of policy . Oil development ( edit ) Vietnam and Japan reached an agreement early in 1978 on the development of oil in the South China Sea . By 2012 Vietnam had concluded some 60 oil and gas exploration and production contracts with various foreign companies . In 1986 , the `` White Tiger '' oil field in the South China Sea came into operation , producing over 2,000 tons of crude oil per year , followed by `` The Bear '' and `` Dragon '' oil fields . In 2011 Vietnam was the sixth - largest oil producer in the Asia - Pacific region , although the country is a net oil importer . In 2009 petroleum accounted for 14 percent of Vietnamese government income , down from 24 percent in 2004 . China 's first independently designed and constructed oil drilling platform in the South China Sea is the Ocean Oil 981 ( 海洋 石油 981 ) . The major shareholders are J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. ( 19 % ) , Commonwealth Bank of Australia ( 14 % ) , T. Rowe Price Associates , Inc. and affiliates ( 6 % ) , and BlackRock , Inc. ( 5 % ) . It began operation on 9 May 2012 in the South China Sea , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) southeast of Hong Kong , at a depth of 1,500 m and employing 160 people . On 2 May 2014 the platform was moved near to the Paracel Islands , a move Vietnam stated violated their territorial claims . Chinese officials said it was legal , stating the area lies in waters surrounding the Paracel Islands which China occupies and militarily controls . Incidents involving fishermen ( edit ) Prior to the dispute around the sea areas involved , fishermen from involved countries tended to enter each other 's controlled islands and Exclusive Economic Zones ( EEZ ) leading to conflicts with the authorities that controlled the areas as they were unaware of the exact borders . As well , due to the depletion of the fishing resources in their maritime areas they were forced to fish in the neighbouring countries ' areas . A Taiwanese fisherman was machine gunned to death by the coast guard of the Philippines in May 2013 . In the spring of 2014 , China and Vietnam clashed again over China 's Haiyang Shiyou oil rig in Vietnam 's EEZ . The incident left seventeen Vietnamese injured and damaged both China 's and Vietnam 's ships . Although Indonesia is not part of claims in the South China Sea dispute , after Joko Widodo became President of the country in 2014 , he instituted a policy in 2015 that , if any foreign fishermen were caught illegally fishing in Indonesian waters , their vessels would be destroyed . The president wanted to make maritime resources , especially fisheries , a key component of his administration 's economic policy for Indonesian . Since then , many neighbouring countries fishing vessels have been blown up by Indonesian authorities . On 21 May 2015 , around 41 fishing vessels from China , Vietnam , Thailand and the Philippines were blown up . On 19 March 2016 , China Coast Guard prevented its fishermen being detained by Indonesian authorities when Chinese fishermen were caught fishing near the waters around Natuna , leading to a protest by Indonesian authorities and the Chinese ambassador was summonsed as China had considered the areas to be `` Chinese traditional fishing grounds '' . Further Indonesian campaigns against foreign fishermen resulted in 23 fishing boats from Malaysia and Vietnam being blown up on the 5 April 2016 . Until late 2016 , most fishing vessels blown up by Indonesian authorities were Vietnamese fishing vessels . Although Indonesian authorities increased their patrols to detect foreign fishing vessels , the areas in the South China Sea had already become known for Indonesian pirates , with frequent attacks on Malaysian , Singaporean and Vietnamese vessels as well as leading to hijacking such as the MT Orkim Harmony and MT Zafirah hijacking incidents . The continuing war against foreign fishermen by Indonesia led to protests by Vietnam in late 2016 , when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed after being shot by Indonesian authorities . Beside that , Filipino pirates of Moro Pirates from the Sulu Sea also reaching South China Sea when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed by Filipino pirates in late 2015 . Security summits ( edit ) The Shangri - La Dialogue serves as the `` Track One '' exchange forum on security issues surrounding the Asia - Pacific region . The South China Sea territorial disputes has dominated proceedings at the conference in recent years . The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific is the `` Track Two '' forum for dialogue on security issues . In February 2016 , U.S. President Barack Obama initiated the US - ASEAN Summit at Sunnylands in Rancho Mirage , California for closer engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . Territorial disputes in the South China Sea were a major topic , but its joint statement , the `` Sunnylands Declaration '' , did not name the South China Sea , instead calling for `` respect of each nation 's sovereignty and for international law '' . Analysts believe it indicates divisions within the group on how to respond to China 's maritime strategy . Non-claimant views ( edit ) Independent Analysis ( edit ) The position of China on its maritime claims based on UNCLOS and history has been ambiguous , particularly with the nine dash line map . For example , in its notes verbales in 2011 , the first phrase stated that China has undisputed sovereignty over the islands and the adjacent waters , suggesting China is claiming sovereignty over its territorial waters , a position consistent with UNCLOS . However , the second phrase in its notes verbales stated that China enjoys sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters along with the seabed and subsoil contained in this region , suggesting that China is claiming sovereignty over all of the maritime space ( includes all the geographic features and the waters within the nine dash line ) . The third phrase indicates support for basing their claims on historical basis as well . Recently in its notes verbales in 2011 , China has explicitly stated that it claims the territorial waters and all of the islands in which each island has its own exclusive economic zone and continental shelf . A major problem with this claim is that it fails to distinguish between geographic features considered as `` islands '' or `` rocks '' under UNCLOS . The vast majority of international legal experts have concluded that China 's claims based on historical claims are invalid . Many ambiguities arise from the notion of historical claims as a basis for claiming sovereignty and is inherently ambiguous . Japanese scholar Taoka Shunji criticised Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe for trying to falsely portray China as a threat to Japan and that China was invading neighbours such as the Philippines . He pointed out that the Spratly Islands were not part of the Philippines when the US acquired the Philippines from Spain in the Treaty of Paris in 1898 and that Japanese - ruled Taiwan itself had annexed the Spratly Islands in 1938 in a move that was never challenged by the US - ruled Philippines , which never asserted that it was their territory . He also pointed out that other countries did not need to do full land reclamation since they already controlled islands and that the reason China engaged in extensive land reclamation is because they needed it to build airfields since China only has control over reefs . Cambodia ( edit ) Cambodia has backed China over the dispute in ASEAN meetings , preventing consensus over unified ASEAN action . Anti-Vietnamese sentiment due to Vietnam 's conquest of previously Cambodian lands , giving the Vietnamese a privileged status and encouragement of Vietnamese settlers in Cambodia during French colonial rule , and the occupation of Cambodia after the ouster of the Khmer Rouge has led to anti-Vietnamese feelings against ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia and against Vietnam , and in turn has led to pro-China sentiment among the Cambodian government and the Cambodian opposition , including in the South China Sea . East Timor ( edit ) The sweeping maritime claims of gas and oil rich territory maintained and disputed by Australia against the tiny country of East Timor and flouting of international law have been compared to the situation in the South China Sea , causing the East Timorese government to deprecate China 's claims and stance . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : China -- Indonesia relations Since early in the South China Sea dispute , Indonesia has repeatedly asserted its position as a non-claimant state in the South China Sea dispute , and often positioned itself as an `` honest broker '' . However , parts of China 's unilaterally claimed nine - dash line overlap Indonesia 's exclusive economic zone near the Natuna islands . Although China has acknowledged Indonesia 's sovereignty over the Natuna islands , the PRC has argued that the waters around the Natuna islands are Chinese `` traditional fishing grounds '' . Indonesia quickly dismissed China 's claim , asserting that China 's nine - dash line claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis . In November 2015 , Indonesia 's security chief Luhut Panjaitan said Indonesia could take China before an international court . Indonesia filed a comment with the Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding China 's claim in the case Philippines v. China . Chinese fishing vessels -- often escorted by Chinese coast guard ships -- have repeatedly been reported to have breached Indonesian waters near the Natuna islands . On 19 March 2016 , for example , Indonesian authorities tried to capture a Chinese trawler accused of illegal fishing in Indonesian waters , and arrested the Chinese crew . They were prevented from towing the boat to harbour by a Chinese coast guard vessel which reportedly `` rammed '' the trawler in Indonesian waters . `` To prevent anything else occurring , the Indonesian authorities let go of the Chinese boat and then left toward Natuna , still with eight fishermen and the captain on board , '' said Arrmanatha Nasir , a spokesman for Indonesia 's Foreign Ministry . Indonesia still has the Chinese crew in custody . On March 21 , 2016 , minister for fisheries and maritime affairs Susi Pudjiastuti summoned the Chinese ambassador , Xie Feng , and discussed this matter . Indonesia insists that they have the right to prosecute the Chinese trawler crew , despite Beijing 's demand to release their eight fishermen . Arif Havas Oegroseno , the government official of maritime security , said that the Chinese claim of `` traditional fishing grounds '' was not recognised under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . This incident prompted security minister Luhut Pandjaitan to deploy more troops and patrol boats , and to strengthen the Ranai naval base in the area . Following the clashes , on 23 June 2016 , Indonesian President Joko Widodo visited the Natuna islands on a warship to demonstrate Indonesia 's authority . He led a high - level delegation , which included the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( TNI ) and state ministers . Security Minister Luhut Panjaitan said it was meant to send a `` clear message '' that Indonesia was `` very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty '' . Following the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling on 12 July 2016 , Indonesia called on all parties involved in the territorial dispute to exercise self - restraint and to respect applicable international laws . Indonesia challenged the Chinese nine - dash historical claim by arguing that if the historical claims can be used on presenting the territorial naval claims , Indonesia might also use its historical claims on the South China Sea by referring to the ancient influence of the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires . Laos ( edit ) Laos has supported China by refusing to accept the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling on China 's sovereignty claims in the South China Sea . Singapore ( edit ) Singapore has reiterated that it is not a claimant state in the South China Sea dispute and has offered to play a neutral role in being a constructive conduit for dialogue among the claimant states . However , Singapore hopes that China will obey international laws . Thailand ( edit ) In ASEAN , Thailand is neutral and is open to hearing both sides and will not push to consensus . United States ( edit ) See also : China -- United States relations and East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration The United States and China are currently in disagreement over the South China Sea . This disagreement is exacerbated by the fact that the US is not a member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) . Nevertheless , the US has stood by its manoeuvres , claiming that `` peaceful surveillance activities and other military activities without permission in a country 's Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) , '' is allowed under the convention . Additionally , a South China Sea free to access is in the US 's economic and geopolitical interests . In relation to the dispute Hillary Clinton , then United States Secretary of State , voiced her support for fair access by reiterating that freedom of navigation and respect for international law is a matter of national interest to the United States . Her comments were countered by China 's Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi as `` in effect an attack on China , '' who warned the United States against making the South China Sea an international issue or multilateral issue . Clinton testified in support of congressional approval of the Law of the Sea Convention , which would strengthen U.S. ability to support countries that oppose Chinese claims to certain islands in the area . On 29 May 2012 , a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry expressed concern over this development , stating that `` non-claimant Association of South East Asian Nations countries and countries outside the region have adopted a position of not getting involved into territorial disputes . '' In July 2012 , the United States Senate passed resolution 524 , initially sponsored by Senator John Kerry , stating ( among other things ) the United States ' strong support for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties in the South China Sea , reaffirms the United States ' commitment to assist the nations of Southeast Asia to remain strong and independent , and supports enhanced operations by the United States armed forces in the Western Pacific . In 2014 , President Obama warned China : `` We believe that international law must be upheld , that freedom of navigation must be preserved and commerce must not be impeded . '' In 2014 , the United States responded to China 's claims over the fishing grounds of other nations by saying that `` China has not offered any explanation or basis under international law for these extensive maritime claims . '' USN CNO Jonathan Greenert then pledged American support to the Philippines in its territorial conflicts with the PRC . The Chinese Foreign Ministry asked the United States to maintain a neutral position on the issue . In 2014 and 2015 , the United States continued freedom of navigation operations , including in the South China Sea . Sources closer to the Pentagon have also said that the US administration is planning to deploy some more naval assets within 12 nautical miles of the Spratly Islands . In response to this announcement , Beijing issued a strict warning and said that she would not allow any country to violate China 's territorial waters in the name of `` Freedom of Navigation '' . In May 2015 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter warned China to halt its rapid island - building . On 27 October 2015 , the US destroyer USS Lassen navigated within 12 nautical miles of reclaimed land in the Subi Reef as the first in a series of `` Freedom of Navigation Operations '' . This is the first time since 2012 that the US has directly challenged China 's claims of the island 's territorial limit . On 8 -- 9 November 2015 , two US B - 52 strategic bombers flew near artificial Chinese - built islands in the area of the Spratly Islands and were contacted by Chinese ground controllers but continued their mission undeterred . The United States itself has not signed UNCLOS , but has accepted all but Part XI as customary international law . In response to Rex Tillerson 's comments on blocking access to man - made islands in the South China Sea , the Communist Party - controlled Global Times warned of a `` large - scale war '' between the U.S. and China , saying : `` Unless Washington plans to wage a large - scale war in the South China Sea , any other approaches to prevent Chinese access to the islands will be foolish . '' See also ( edit ) East China Sea EEZ disputes First island chain Great wall of sand Philippines v. China Scarborough Shoal standoff Spratly Islands dispute References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fensom , Anthony . `` $5 Trillion Meltdown : What If China Shuts Down the South China Sea ? '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. protests Chinese action in South China Sea '' . CNN - CNNPolitics.com . Jump up ^ Keck , Zachary ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` China 's Newest Maritime Dispute '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . * Vaswani , Karishma ( 19 October 2014 ) . `` The sleepy island Indonesia is guarding from China '' . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . * R.C. Marshall , Andrew ( 25 August 2014 ) . `` Remote , gas - rich islands on Indonesia 's South China Sea frontline '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The South China Sea Arbitration ( The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China ) , PCA Press Release , 12 July 2016 Jump up ^ David Tweed ; Ting Shi ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` China 's South China Sea Claims Dashed by Hague Court Ruling '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An interactive look at claims on the South China Sea '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Natuna Islands '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CHINA 'S MULTILATERALISM AND THE SOUTH CHINA SEA CONFLICT : QUEST FOR HEGEMONIC STABILITY ? '' ( PDF ) . Thesis for M.S. Sc . National University of Singapore . 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . quoting Mark . J Valencia , `` China and South China Sea Disputes : Claims and Potential Solutions in the South China Sea '' , Adelphi paper 298 , ( Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1995 ) Jump up ^ John Pike . `` South China Sea Oil and Natural Gas '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` South China Sea -- Analysis '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 南海 经济 国防 意义 皆 重要 誉 称 '' 第 二 个 波斯 湾 `` '' . Tencent News . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oil bonanza in South China Sea '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2011 ) South China Sea Topic ed . P. Saundry . Ed. - in - chief C.J. Cleveland . Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC Jump up ^ `` CMOL -- Camago - Malampaya Oil Leg Project '' . Archived from the original on 19 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Map of the Philippines showing the location of Palawan Jump up ^ `` Uncertainty And Insecurity Generated By Claimants in South China Sea -- OpEd '' . Eurasia Review . 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hille , Kathrin , `` Chinese boats fish in dangerous waters '' , Financial Times , 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Decree no . 1596 -- Declaring Certain Area Part of the Philippine Territory and Providing for their Government and Administration '' . Chan Robles Law Library . 11 June 1978 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Dzurek ( 1996 ) . The Spratly Islands Dispute : Who 's on First ? . IBRU . pp. 44 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897643 - 23 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` India for peaceful resolution of South China sea dispute '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum Circular No. 94 , s . 2016 '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martina , Michael ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` RPT - China , ASEAN set ' guidelines ' on sea row , but no deal expected '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` China face - off in South China Sea '' DNA India report Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111015020725/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers47/paper4677.html . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 15 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` China paper warns India off Vietnam oil deal '' Reuters article , 16 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20110924183534/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org:80/papers48/paper4702.html . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects '' in The Hindu , 15 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` U.S. , China Relations : Policy Issues Congressional Research Service , 12 January 2011 Jump up ^ Edward Wong ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` China Hedges Over Whether South China Sea Is a ' Core Interest ' Worth War '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonnie S. Glaser ( April 2012 ) . `` Armed Clash in the South China Sea '' . East Asia . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . For example , China may explicitly refer to the South China Sea as a core interest ; in 2010 Beijing hinted this was the case but subsequently backed away from the assertion . Jump up ^ Phil Stewart ; John Ruwitch ( 12 October 2010 ) . `` U.S. sees crisis fears easing over South China Sea '' . Reuters . Hanoi . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't take peaceful approach for granted '' . Global Times . China . 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Wadhams , Nicholas ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` China May Resort to Force in Sea Disputes , Global Times Says '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu told reporters today in Beijing that China `` adheres to the strategy of peaceful development. ... Sowing discord and hostility will only complicate '' the issue , Jiang said . Jump up ^ Pasick , Adam ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` How China 's Enormous Fishing Fleet Is Being Used As a Surrogate Navy '' . www.defenseone.com . Quartz . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leszek Buszynski ( Spring 2012 ) . `` The South China Sea : Oil , Maritime Claims , and U.S. -- China Strategic Rivalry '' ( PDF ) . THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY . Jump up ^ `` Joint Venture `` Vietsovpetro '' `` . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam '' . RevenueWatch.org . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` chiefgroup.com.hk 02883 CHINA OILFIELD SERVICES LIMITED Company Profile '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 11 May 2012 , 南海 钻井 平台 上 工人 直升机 上 下班 , NetEase News ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ `` Not the usual drill '' . Singapore : The Economist. 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam says China 's oil rig movement into Sth China Sea is `` illegal '' `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ Zhu , Ningzhu ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` China urges against Vietnamese interference in territorial water exploration '' . Xinhuanet . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tessa Jamandre ( 3 June 2011 ) . `` China fired at Filipino fishermen in Jackson atoll '' . VERA Files . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . * Jeremy Lanson ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Sarawak fishermen missing after allegedly encroaching into Indonesian waters '' . The Borneo Post . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . * `` Filipino fishermen detained , beat up by Malaysian navy '' . Reuters . GMA News . 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . * `` Sabah is being robbed of seafood '' . Daily Express . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Vietnamese fishermen appear to be more desperate to source for seafood and are conducting illegal fishing activities in Malaysian waters through deceit . It is understood the appetite for fish is growing in the Asian region , coupled with shrinking stocks , and this is driving fishermen further and further from their shores to source for supply . Vietnamese fishermen are forced to look elsewhere for fish due to heavy pollution of its waters by a Taiwanese steel plant operating in Vietnam under a joint venture with the Vietnamese Government seen as a major scandal . ^ Jump up to : `` Việt Nam protests Indonesian attack on fishermen '' . Vietnam News Agnecy . Việt Nam News . 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam protests deadly shooting of fisherman by Indonesian navy '' . VnExpress. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . The ministry 's spokesman Le Hai Binh made the statement at a press conference on Thursday , regarding the incident on 21 October when an Indonesia 's naval ship chased and shot at two Vietnamese fishing boats , injuring three of 13 fishermen on board . One succumbed to serious injuries later . Jump up ^ P. Chow ( 11 September 2014 ) . The US Strategic Pivot to Asia and Cross-Strait Relations : Economic and Security Dynamics . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 241 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 36077 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine coast guard kills Taiwanese fisherman in disputed waters '' . International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Taipei has demanded that Manila issue an apology , punish those responsible , and compensate the victims by May 15 or the Taiwanese government will place a ban on the entry of any new Filipino workers to the country . Jump up ^ Bui , Nhung T. ( 2016 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Managing anti-China nationalism in Vietnam : evidence from the media during the 2014 oil rig crisis '' . The Pacific Review . 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 19 . ISSN 0951 - 2748 . doi : 10.1080 / 09512748.2016. 1201132 . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bever ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Indonesia 's harsh response to illegal fishing : Blowing up ships '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Syed Azahedi Syed Abdul Aziz ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` Heat rises over maritime dispute '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia sinks boats from China , PH , others to deter illegal fishing -- reports '' . Agence France - Presse . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Coast Guard Rams Fishing Boat to Free It From Indonesian Authorities '' . The New York Times . 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia protests against Chinese ' breach of sovereignty ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Trefor Moss ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Indonesia Blows Up 23 Foreign Fishing Boats to Send a Message '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Prashanth Parameswaran ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` Vietnam ' Deeply Concerned ' by Indonesia 's War on Illegal Fishing '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Khanh Phuong ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Biggest number of Vietnamese fishermen to be released '' . VGP News . Talk Vietnam . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Trung Nguyen ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` Killing of Vietnamese Fisherman in Contested Waters Sparks Outrage '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Earlier Phan Huy Hoang , chairman of Quang Ngai Association of Fisheries , said the fishermen told him that Philippine bandits might be involved in the case . For sure , they are foreign attackers , but their nationality is not known . * `` Fishing association claims Philippine boat crew shot dead Vietnamese fisherman '' . Dantri News International . 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . * `` Vietnam orders investigation into the shooting death of a fisherman in Vietnamese waters '' . Tuổi Trẻ. 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . A local fishery association said the murderers were Philippine . Jump up ^ South China Sea set to dominate Singapore security summit - Reuters , date : June 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ 5 highlights of Shangri - La Dialogue 2016 - The Straits Times , date : June 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ What is the Shangri - La Dialogue and why is it so important ? - South China Morning Post , date : June 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Regional Security Outlook 2014 '' ( PDF ) . CSCAP . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Security Outlook 2015 '' ( PDF ) . CSCAP . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama Unveils New ASEAN Economic Initiative at Sunnylands Summit , The Diplomat , 18 February 2016 Jump up ^ US seeking stronger trade ties with Asean , Inquirer Global Nation ) , 17 February 2016 ^ Jump up to : Beckman , Robert ( 2013 ) . `` The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 107 ( 1 ) : 142 -- 163 . JSTOR 10.5305 / amerjintelaw. 107.1. 0142 . ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Florian ; Dupuy , Pierre - Marie ( 2013 ) . `` A Legal Analysis of China 's Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 107 ( 1 ) : 124 -- 141 . JSTOR 10.5305 / amerjintelaw. 107.1. 0124 . ^ Jump up to : Malik , Mohan . `` Historical Fiction : China 's South China Sea Claims '' . World Affairs . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Feith , David . `` What Lies in the South China Sea '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Taoka , Shunji ( 21 September 2015 ) . Translated by Rumi Sakamoto . `` ' China Threat Theory ' Drives Japanese War Legislation '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal : Japan Focus. 13 ( 38 - 5 ) . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia ' blocking ' Asean sea dispute consensus '' . Bangkok Post . Vientiane. 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Greer , Tanner ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Cambodia Wants China as Its Neighborhood Bully '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ De Luce , Dan ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Timor - Leste : Australia Is Behaving Like China in Disputed Waters '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Liza Yosephine ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Minister echoes Indonesia 's stance on South China Sea '' . The Jakarta Post . Jakarta . Jump up ^ Prashanth Parameswaran ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` No , Indonesia 's South China Sea Approach Has Not Changed - Jokowi 's recent comments need to be put in perspective '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ Miles Yu ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` Et tu , Jakarta ? '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Klaus Heinrich Raditio , Researching China 's recent behavior and strategy in the South China Sea for his PhD at the University of Sydney ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Indonesia ' speaks Chinese ' in South China Sea '' . The Jakarta Post . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia says could also take China to court over South China Sea '' . Reuters. 11 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` South China Sea : Indonesia summons Chinese ambassador as fishing dispute escalates '' . The Guardian . 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia vows to prosecute Chinese trawler crew in South China Sea dispute '' . The Guardian . 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South China Sea : Indonesian leader visits Natuna Islands amid growing tensions '' . ABC News . 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Liza Yosephine ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Indonesia 's statement on South China Sea dissatisfying : China 's experts '' . The Jakarta Post . Jakarta . Jump up ^ Siswo Pramono ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` China 's nine - dash line revisited '' . The Jakarta Post . Jakarta . Jump up ^ Krishnamoorthy , Nandini ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` Laos backs China over South China Sea dispute , rejects Hague ruling '' . Jump up ^ `` Singapore suggests interim solution to South China Sea dispute '' . Channel News Asia . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Column Conflict among ASEAN members over the South China Sea issue ( September , 2012 ) - Institute of Developing Economies '' . Jump up ^ Jing Huang ; Andrew Billo ( 10 December 2014 ) . Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea : Navigating Rough Waters . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 192 -- 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 46368 - 5 . Robert G. Sutter ( 8 August 2013 ) . U.S. - Chinese Relations : Perilous Past , Pragmatic Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 170 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1807 - 9 . McDevitt , Michael ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` The South China Sea : Navigating the Most Dangerous Place in the World '' . War on the Rocks . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Diola , Camille ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` US wo n't ' agree to disagree ' with China on sea row '' . Philippine Star . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Etzioni , Amitai ( July 2016 ) . `` Freedom of Navigation Assertions : The United States as the World 's Policeman '' ( PDF ) . Armed Forces & Society . 42 ( 3 ) : 501 -- 517 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Susan V. ; Thomas Lum ( 11 March 2011 ) . U.S. - China Relations : Policy Issues . CRS Report for Congress R41108 . Washington , DC : Library of Congress , Congressional Research Service . p. 26 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bouchat , Clarence J. ( June 2014 ) . `` The Parcel Islands and U.S. Interests and Approaches in the South China Sea '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Studies Institute . United States Army . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Yujuico , Emmanuel . `` The real story behind the South China Sea dispute '' ( PDF ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 23 July 2010 ) . `` Offering to Aid Talks , U.S. Challenges China on Disputed Islands '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ David Martin Jones ; Michael Lawrence Rowan Smith ; Nicholas Khoo ( 1 January 2013 ) . Asian Security and the Rise of China : International Relations in an Age of Volatility . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78100 - 462 - 3 . Denny Roy ( 20 August 2013 ) . Return of the Dragon : Rising China and Regional Security . Columbia University Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 52815 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hachigian , Nina ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` China 's Rise Is A Big Reason to Ratify the Law of the Sea Convention '' . Issues . Center for American Progress . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . `` Written Testimony of Hillary Rodham Clinton , Secretary U.S. Department of State '' ( PDF ) . Center for Oceans Law and Policy . University of Virginia . 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China , U.S. square off on South China Sea '' . UPI. 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ John Kerry ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` S. Res. 524 : A resolution reaffirming the strong support of the United States for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties ... '' . govtrack.us . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Obama warns China , backs Philippines '' . News24. 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Carol J. ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` China asserts control over vast sea area , angering neighbors , U.S. '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mogato , Manuel ( 13 February 2014 ) . `` U.S. admiral assures Philippines of help in disputed sea '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing slams US Navy official for ' aiding Philippines ' remarks '' . Want China Times . 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Breathes Fire Over S. China Sea , Worries US '' . Free Press Journal . Mumbai , India . 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . `` US freedom of navigation operations challenge China 's maritime security '' . Want China Times . Taiwan . 28 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Alexander , David ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` U.S. military challenged maritime claims of 19 countries in 2014 '' . United States : Reuters . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Slams Washington 's Plans for ' Incursion ' Into South China Sea '' . sputniknews.com . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Defense secretary 's warning to China : U.S. military wo n't change operations '' . The Washington Post . May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After Months of Waiting , US Finally Begins Freedom of Navigation Patrols Near China 's Man - Made Islands '' . The Diplomat. 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Ben ; Shalal , Andrea ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Angry China shadows U.S. warship near man - made islands '' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US B - 52 bombers flew near disputed islands in South China Sea , says Pentagon '' . The Guardian . 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ See United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea # History Jump up ^ `` China warns of nuclear war '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South China Sea : China media warn US over ' confrontation ' '' . BBC News . 13 January 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Bateman , Sam ; Emmers , Ralf , eds. ( 2008 ) . Security and International Politics in the South China Sea : Towards a co-operative management regime ( illustrated ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 203 - 88524 - 4 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Kivimäki , Timo , ed. ( 2002 ) . War Or Peace in the South China Sea ? . Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies ( illustrated ed . ) . NIAS Press . ISBN 8791114012 . ISSN 0904 - 597X . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Morley , James W. ; Nishihara , Masashi , eds. ( 1997 ) . Vietnam Joins the World . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 3306 - X . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Nordquist , Myron H. ; Moore , John Norton ( 1998 ) . Security Flashpoints : Oil , Islands , Sea Access and Military Confrontation ; ( twenty - first Annual Seminar Held at the UN Plaza Hotel in New York City from February 7 -- 8 , 1997 ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1056 - 9 . Pak , Hŭi - gwŏn ( 2000 ) . The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia : A Challenge for Cooperation . Publications on Ocean Development . 35 . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9041114076 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Severino , Rodolfo ( 2011 ) . Where in the World is the Philippines ? : Debating Its National Territory ( illustrated ed . ) . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . ISBN 9814311715 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Wortzel , Larry M. ; Higham , Robin D.S. ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History ( illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29337 - 6 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Bautista , Lowell B. ( December 2011 ) . `` PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES : INTERNAL TENSIONS , COLONIAL BAGGAGE , AMBIVALENT CONFORMITY '' ( PDF ) . JATI -- Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 16 : 35 -- 53 . Bonnet , Francois - Xavier , `` Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal '' , Irasec 's Discussion Paper , No 14 , November 2012 , www.irasec.com , Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal Corr , Anders . Great Powers , Grand Strategies : The New Game in the South China Sea ( US Naval Institute Press , 2017 ) Raine , Sarah ; Le Miere , Christian ( 2013 ) . Regional Disorder : The South China Sea Disputes . Routledge for IISS . Rowan , Joshua P. ( 2005 ) . `` The U.S. - Japan Security Alliance , ASEAN , and the South China Sea Dispute '' ( PDF ) . Asian Survey . 45 ( 3 ) : 414 -- 436 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 2005.45. 3.414 . Clive Schofield et al. , From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity : Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia ( July 2011 ) Rising Tensions in the South China Sea , June 2011 Q&A with Ian J. Storey Tupaz , Edsel ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Sidebar Brief : The Law of the Seas and the Scarborough Shoal Dispute '' . JURIST . Weissmann , Mikael ( 2010 ) . `` The South China Sea Conflict and Sino - ASEAN Relations : A study in conflict prevention and peace building '' ( PDF ) . Asian Perspectives. 34 ( 3 ) : 35 -- 69 . External links ( edit ) Website of the Chinese National Institute for South China Sea Studies Website of the Vietnamese Program for South China Sea Studies Chương trình nghiên cứu Biển Đông ( in Vietnamese ) Territorial disputes in East , South , and Southeast Asia Land Islands and waters Bhutanese enclaves ( ) Bolshoy Ussuriysky / Heixiazi Island ( ) Kashmir ( ) Khao Phra Wihan ( ) Kalapani Korean Peninsula ( ) Mainland China ( ) North Borneo ( Sabah ) ( ) Sixty - Four Villages East of the River ( ) South Tibet / Arunachal Pradesh ( ) Mongolia ( ) Jiangxinpo / Northern Kachin ( ) Kuril ( ) Liancourt Rocks ( ) Noktundo ( ) Paracels ( ) Senkaku ( ) Scarborough Shoal ( ) Sir Creek ( ) Spratlys ( ) Taiwan Area ( ) Bạch Long Vĩ island ( ) 1 : Inactive dispute 2 : Divided among multiple claimants Spratly Islands Related articles Spratly Islands dispute Great wall of sand History of the Spratly Islands List of airports in the Spratly Islands List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Philippines and the Spratly Islands Republic of Morac - Songhrati - Meads Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Nine - dash line Confrontations Southwest Cay incident ( 1975 ) Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) Regions Dangerous Ground Loaita Bank London Reefs North Danger Reef Reed Bank Tizard Bank Union Banks Occupied features China Cuarteron Reef Fiery Cross Reef Gaven Reefs Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Mischief Reef Subi Reef Malaysia Ardasier Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef Swallow Reef Philippines Commodore Reef Flat Island Irving Reef Lankiam Cay Loaita Island Nanshan Island Northeast Cay Second Thomas Shoal Thitu Island West York Island Taiwan Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef Vietnam Amboyna Cay Bombay Castle Collins Reef Cornwallis South Reef Ladd Reef Namyit Island Sand Cay Sin Cowe Island Southwest Cay Spratly Island Unoccupied features Half Moon Shoal Louisa Reef Luconia Shoals North East Investigator Shoal Royal Captain Shoal Sabina Shoal Western Reef South China Sea Pratas Islands Pratas Island Paracel Islands Amphitrite Group Rocky Island Tree Island West Sand Woody Island Qilian Yu Crescent Group Money Island Robert Island Yagong Island Other features Bombay Reef Triton Island NorthEast SCS Zhongsha Islands Macclesfield Bank Walker Shoal Scarborough Shoal Spratly Islands List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Great wall of sand Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases Vietnamese DK1 rigs List of airports in the Spratly Islands Dangerous Ground NW North Danger Reef Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Thitu Reefs Thitu Island Subi Reef Loaita Banks Lankiam Cay Loaita Island Tizard Banks Ban Than Reef Gaven Reefs Itu Aba Namyit Island Sand Cay NNW Irving Reef West York Island WNW Western Reef NE Flat Island Nanshan Island Reed Bank Third Thomas Shoal SE Commodore Reef First Thomas Shoal Mischief Reef Sabina Shoal Second Thomas Shoal SW Union Banks Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Ardasier Reef Cornwallis South Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef West London Reefs Central London Reef Cuarteron Reef East London Reef West London Reef Bombay Castle Fiery Cross Reef Ladd Reef Spratly Island East Royal Captain Shoal Half Moon Shoal South Amboyna Cay Louisa Reef Swallow Reef Southern SCS James Shoal Luconia Shoals Tudjuh Archipelago Natuna Islands Anambas Islands Badas Islands Tambelan Archipelago History Territorial disputes History of the Spratly Islands Nine - dotted line Spratly Islands dispute Philippines and the Spratly Islands Battle of the Paracel Islands ( 1974 ) Southwest Cay incident ( 1975 ) Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) Scarborough Shoal standoff ( 2012 ) Haiyang Shiyou 981 standoff ( 2014 ) Transport Ships Coconut Princess Airports Pratas Is Paracel Islands Airports Woody Is Spratly Islands Airports Itu Aba Spratly Is Swallow Reef Thitu Is Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea&oldid=807327532 '' Categories : Disputed territories in Southeast Asia South China Sea Spratly Islands Territorial disputes of China Territorial disputes of Malaysia Territorial disputes of Vietnam Territorial disputes of the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with Chinese - language external links EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles needing cleanup from May 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - 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5285233979836766417 | Mary Wickes | Mary Wickes - wikipedia Mary Wickes This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Citation bot ( talk contribs ) at 11 : 31 , 24 August 2017 ( Removed parameters . You can use this bot yourself . Report bugs here . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 11 : 31 , 24 August 2017 by Citation bot ( talk contribs ) ( Removed parameters . You can use this bot yourself . Report bugs here . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Mary Wickes Wickes in the trailer for Where Angels Go , Trouble Follows ( 1968 ) Born Mary Isabella Wickenhauser ( 1910 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1910 St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. Died October 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 22 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Surgical complications Resting place Shiloh Valley Cemetery in Shiloh , Illinois Alma mater Washington University in St. Louis Occupation Actress Years active 1934 -- 1995 Mary Wickes ( June 13 , 1910 -- October 22 , 1995 ) was an American film and television character actress . She often played supporting roles as prim , professional women , secretaries , nurses and housekeepers , who made sarcastic quips when the leading characters fell short of her high standards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Later career 4 Death and legacy 5 Personal 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Short films 6.3 Television 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life Mary Isabella Wickenhauser ( she later shortened her surname for acting ) was born to Frank Wickenhauser ( 1880 - 1943 ) and his wife , Mary Isabella ( née Shannon ; died 1965 ) , in St. Louis , Missouri , of German , Scottish and Irish extraction , and raised Protestant . Her parents were theater buffs , and took her to plays from the time that she could stay awake through a matinee . An excellent student , she skipped two grades in grade school , and graduated at sixteen from Beaumont High School . She was accepted into Washington University in St. Louis , where she joined the debate team , the Phi Mu women 's fraternity and was initiated into Mortar Board in 1929 . She graduated in 1930 with a double major in English literature and political science . Although she had planned a career in law , a favorite professor encouraged her to try drama , and she shifted direction . Career Wickes ' first Broadway appearance was in Marc Connelly 's The Farmer Takes a Wife in 1934 with Henry Fonda . She began acting in films in the late 1930s and was a member of the Orson Welles troupe on his radio drama The Mercury Theatre on the Air ; she also appeared in Welles ' film Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) . One of her earliest significant film appearances was in The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) , reprising her stage role of `` Nurse Preen '' . A tall ( 5'10 `` ) , gangling woman with a distinctive voice , Wickes would ultimately prove herself adept as a comedian . She attracted attention in Now , Voyager ( 1942 ) as the wisecracking nurse who helped Bette Davis 's character during her mother 's illness . ( She had already appeared earlier that year with Davis in The Man Who Came To Dinner , and joined her again six years later in June Bride ) . In 1942 , she also had a large part in the Abbott and Costello comedy Who Done It ? . She continued playing supporting roles in films during the next decade , usually playing wisecracking characters . A prime example was her deadpan characterization of the harassed housekeeper in the Doris Day vehicles On Moonlight Bay and By the Light of the Silvery Moon , a character type she would repeat in the holiday classic White Christmas ( 1954 ) , starring Bing Crosby , Danny Kaye , Rosemary Clooney , and Vera - Ellen . She played similar roles in two later movies with Rosalind Russell in the 1960s : The Trouble with Angels and Where Angels Go , Trouble Follows . Wickes moved to the new medium of television in 1949 , starring in the title role of a Westinghouse Studio One version of Mary Poppins . In the 1950s , Wickes played the warm yet jocular maid Katie in the Mickey Mouse Club serial Annette and regular roles in the sitcoms Make Room for Daddy and Dennis the Menace . She also played the part of a ballet teacher , Madame Lamond , in the I Love Lucy episode `` The Ballet '' ( 1952 ) . Wickes also served as the live - action reference model for Cruella De Vil in Walt Disney 's One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) , and played Mrs. Squires in the film adaptation of Meredith Willson 's The Music Man ( 1962 ) . In 1953 , Wickes played the housekeeper , Martha , to Ezio Pinza 's character in NBC 's short - lived Bonino sitcom . Pinza portrayed an Italian - American opera singer trying to rear six children . Among the child actors on the program were Van Dyke Parks and Chet Allen . In 1954 - 55 , she played Alice on The Halls of Ivy . In 1956 , Wickes appeared with Thelma Ritter in `` The Babysitter '' episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents . Wickes also appeared in two episodes of Zorro . In the 1961 - 62 season , she appeared as Maxfield opposite Gertrude Berg in CBS 's Mrs. G. Goes to College . For her work in the sitcom , Wickes was nominated for an Emmy Award for `` Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actress '' . In 1964 , she appeared on ABC 's The Donna Reed Show in the episode `` First Addition . '' Wickes ( standing ) with the cast of Doc , 1975 In 1964 , she appeared as Ida Goff in five episodes of the NBC / Warner Brothers western series , Temple Houston , with Jeffrey Hunter as an historical figure , the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , youngest son of Sam Houston . A longtime friend of Lucille Ball , Wickes played frequent guest roles on I Love Lucy , The Lucy Show , and Here 's Lucy . In 1970 - 1971 , she guest starred on CBS 's The Doris Day Show ( Day was another of her friends ) . She was also a regular on the Sid and Marty Krofft children 's television show , Sigmund and the Sea Monsters , and the sitcom Doc . She made numerous appearances as a celebrity panelist on the CBS game show Match Game . By the 1980s , her appearances in television series such as Our Man Higgins , M * A * S * H , The Love Boat , Kolchak : The Night Stalker and Murder , She Wrote had made her a widely recognizable character actress . She also appeared in a variety of Broadway shows , including a 1979 revival of Oklahoma ! as `` Aunt Eller '' . Later career She was cast as the mother of Shirley MacLaine 's character in the film Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) and portrayed Marie Murkin in the television movie and series adaptations of Father Dowling Mysteries ( 1989 -- 91 ) . She played Sister Mary Lazarus in Sister Act ( 1992 ) and in the sequel Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit ( 1993 ) . She appeared in the film version of Little Women ( 1994 ) before she became ill . Death and Legacy Wickes suffered from numerous ailments in the last years of her life including kidney failure , massive gastrointestinal bleeding , severe low blood pressure , ischemic cardiomyopathy , anemia and breast cancer ( stage of cancer unknown ) , which cumulatively resulted in her death from surgical complications on October 22 , 1995 , at age 85 . Her final film role , voicing the gargoyle Laverne in Disney 's animated feature The Hunchback of Notre Dame was released posthumously in 1996 . Wickes had reportedly only one voice recording session left for the film when she died . Jane Withers came in to finish the character 's remaining six lines of dialogue . She was interred beside her parents at the Shiloh Valley Cemetery in Shiloh , Illinois . Wickes was posthumously inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 2004 . Personal Unmarried and without children , Wickes left a large estate and made a $2 million bequest , in memory of her parents , establishing the Isabella and Frank Wickenhauser Memorial Library Fund for Television , Film and Theater Arts at Washington University in St. Louis . Wickes was a lifelong conservative - minded Republican . Filmography n.b. for credit listings reference Film Year Title Role Notes 1942 The Man Who Came to Dinner Nurse Preen Both Monty Woolley and Wickes reprised their roles from the original Broadway production . Screen debut Blondie 's Blessed Event Sarah Miller Private Buckaroo Bonnie - Belle Schlopkiss The Mayor of 44th Street Mamie Now , Voyager Nurse Dora Pickford Based on the 1941 novel of the same name by Olive Higgins Prouty . Selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Who Done It ? Juliet Collins 1943 How 's About It ' Mike ' Tracy Rhythm of the Islands Susie Dugan My Kingdom for a Cook Agnes Willoughby Uncredited role Happy Land Emmy Higher and Higher Sandy 1948 June Bride Rosemary McNally The Decision of Christopher Blake Clara 1949 Anna Lucasta Stella 1950 The Petty Girl Professor Whitman 1951 On Moonlight Bay Stella Based loosely on the Penrod stories by Booth Tarkington . I 'll See You in My Dreams Anna 1952 Young Man with Ideas Mrs. Jarvis Gilpin The Story of Will Rogers Mrs. Foster Biography of humorist and movie star Will Rogers Bloodhounds of Broadway Lady at Laundry Uncredited role 1953 By the Light of the Silvery Moon Stella Sequel to On Moonlight Bay Half a Hero Mrs. Watts The Actress Emma Glavey 1954 Ma and Pa Kettle at Home Ms. Wetter White Christmas Emma Allen Loosely based on the 1942 film Holiday Inn First to be released in VistaVision Destry Bessie Mae Curtis 1955 Good Morning Miss Dove Miss Ellwood 1956 Dance with Me Henry Miss Mayberry Final film of Abbott and Costello together 1957 Do n't Go Near the Water Janie 1958 The Proud Rebel Mrs. Ainsley Uncredited role 1959 It Happened to Jane Matilda Runyon Re-released in 1961 as Twinkle and Shine 1960 Cimarron Mrs. Neal Hefner 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians Cruella De Vil Animation model The Sins of Rachel Cade Marie Grieux 1962 The Music Man Mrs. Squires ( Pick - a-little Ladies ) In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . 1964 Fate Is the Hunter Mrs. Llewlyn Features an early film score by prolific composer Jerry Goldsmith . Nominated for a 1964 Academy Award in Best Cinematography ( Black - and - white ) . Dear Heart Miss Fox 1965 How to Murder Your Wife Harold 's secretary 1966 The Trouble with Angels Sister Clarissa 1967 The Spirit Is Willing Gloria Tritt 1968 Where Angels Go , Trouble Follows Sister Clarissa Sequel to The Trouble with Angels 1972 Napoleon and Samantha Clara Snowball Express Miss Wigginton 1980 Touched by Love Margaret Also called To Elvis , with Love 1985 The Canterville Ghost Mrs. Umney 1986 The Christmas Gift Henrietta Sawyer 1990 Postcards from the Edge Grandma Screenplay by Carrie Fisher is based on her 1987 semi-autobiographical novel of the same title 1992 Sister Act Sister Mary Lazarus 1993 Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Sister Mary Lazarus Sequel to Sister Act 1994 Little Women Aunt March 1996 The Hunchback of Notre Dame Laverne Voice Released posthumously Short films Year Title Role Notes 1935 Watch the Birdie Uncredited role 1938 Too Much Johnson Mrs. Battison Believed to be lost , but in 2008 a print was discovered in a warehouse in Pordenone , Italy . Film premiered Wednesday , October 9 , 2013 , at the Pordenone Silent Film Festival In 2014 the film was made available online by the National Film Preservation Foundation . 1939 Seeing Red Mrs. Smith Uncredited role 1942 Keeping Fit Ann Andy 's wife 1972 Open Window Mrs. Sappleton Television Year Title Role Notes 1948 Actors Studio Guest star Episodes : `` The Catbird Seat '' ( S 1 : Ep 5 ) `` Good Bye , Miss Lizzie Borden '' ( S 1 : Ep 9 ) 1949 Ford Theatre Daisy Stanley Episode : `` The Man Who Came to Dinner '' ( S 1 : Ep 4 ) The Philco Television Playhouse Amelia Coop Episode : `` Dark Hammock '' ( S 1 : Ep 18 ) Studio One in Hollywood Mary Poppins Episode : `` Mary Poppins '' ( S 2 : Ep 15 ) 1950 The Chevrolet Tele - Theatre Guest star Episode : `` Highly Recommended '' ( S 2 : Ep 36 ) 1951 Four Star Revue Guest host Episode : `` December 22 , 1951 '' ( S 2 : Ep 17 ) 1952 I Love Lucy Madame Lamond Episode : `` The Ballet '' ( S 1 : Ep 19 ) Studio One in Hollywood Guest star Episode : `` Miss Hargreaves '' ( S 4 : Ep 28 ) 1953 -- 64 The Danny Thomas Show Liz O'Neal Main cast Also known as Make Room for Daddy from 1953 -- 56 . 1954 Studio One in Hollywood Guest star Episode : `` The Runaway '' ( S 6 : Ep 16 ) 1954 -- 55 The Halls of Ivy Alice Many episodes are missing so that some credits and episode titles are unknown . 1955 The Alcoa Hour Sally Brass Episode : `` The Small Servant '' ( S 1 : Ep 2 ) 1956 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Mrs. Armstedder Episode : `` The Baby Sitter '' ( S 1 : Ep 32 ) Mrs. Foster Episode : `` Toby '' ( S 2 : Ep 6 ) 1957 Playhouse 90 Grace Episode : `` Circle of the Day '' ( S 1 : Ep 35 ) 1958 Annette Katy Television serial that ran on The Mickey Mouse Club during the show 's third season ( 1957 - 1958 ) Zorro Dolores Bastinado Episodes : `` The Cross of the Ande '' ( S 1 : Ep 32 ) `` The Deadly Bolas '' ( S 1 : Ep 33 ) `` The Well of Death ( S 1 : Ep 34 ) 1959 -- 62 Dennis the Menace Esther Cathcart Recurring role 1959 Ford Startime Widow Parke Episode : `` Cindy 's Fella '' ( S 1 : Ep 11 ) 1960 Shirley Temple Theatre Hannah Episode : `` Little Men '' ( S 1 : Ep 6 ) 1961 -- 62 Mrs. G. Goes to College Maxfield Mid-season changed to The Gertrude Berg Show 1961 The Dinah Shore Chevy Show Edith Gunther Episode : `` Autumn Crocus '' ( S 5 : Ep 20 ) Shirley Temple Theatre Lootie Episode : `` The Princess and the Goblins '' ( S 1 : Ep 24 ) 1963 -- 64 Temple Houston Ida Goff Main cast 1963 Bonanza Martha Episode : `` The Colonel '' ( S 4 : Ep 15 ) Our Man Higgins Mme . Amethyst Episode : `` Love is Dandy '' ( S 1 : Ep 33 ) The Lucy Show Frances Episodes : `` Lucy Plays Cleopatra ( S 2 : Ep 1 ) `` Lucy and Viv Play Softball '' ( S 2 : Ep 3 ) `` Lucy Puts Out a Fire at the Bank '' ( S 2 : Ep 9 ) Kraft Suspense Theatre Mrs. Mike Episode : `` The Machine That Played God '' ( S 1 : Ep 7 ) Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Nurse Episode : `` It 's Mental Work '' ( S 1 : Ep 9 ) 1968 - 71 Julia Melba Chegley Multiple 1969 Here 's Lucy Isabel Episodes : `` Lucy Goes on Strike '' ( S 1 : Ep 16 ) `` Lucy Gets Her Man '' ( S 1 : Ep 21 ) Nurse Episode : `` Lucy and Harry 's Tonsils '' ( S 2 : Ep 5 ) The Doris Day Show Emma Flood Episode : `` The Buddy '' ( S 1 : Ep 17 ) The Queen & I Hazel Becker Episode : `` Requiem for Becker '' ( S 1 : Ep 4 ) 1970 The Debbie Reynolds Show Aunt Harriet Episode : `` Advice and Dissent '' ( S 1 : Ep 18 ) Here 's Lucy Mrs. Whitmark 's Maid Episode : `` Lucy , the Diamond Cutter '' ( S 3 : Ep 10 ) 1971 Here 's Lucy Sister Paula Carter Episode : `` Lucy and Her All - Nun Band '' ( S 4 : Ep 8 ) Columbo Landlady Episode : `` Suitable for Framing '' ( S 1 : Ep 6 ) The Man and the City Cora Episode : `` Running Scared '' ( S 1 : Ep 8 ) 1972 Here 's Lucy Nurse Sylvia Ogilvy Episodes : `` Lucy 's Big Break '' ( S 5 : Ep 1 ) `` Lucy and Eva Gabor Are Hospital Roomies '' ( S 5 : Ep 2 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame Nurse Preen Episode : `` The Man Who Came to Dinner '' ( S 22 : Ep 2 ) Production , adapted by Sam Denoff and Bill Persky and directed by Buzz Kulik The New York Times criticized Denoff 's updating of the original play ( Welles ' Whiteside was a television personality competing with Johnny Carson ) and listed the production in its 1972 `` Worst of Television '' list . Sanford and Son Mary Episode : `` The Light Housekeeper '' ( S 2 : Ep 14 ) 1973 Here 's Lucy Violet Barker Episode : `` Lucy Plays Cops and Robbers '' ( S 6 : Ep 14 ) 1973 -- 75 Sigmund and the Sea Monsters Zelda Marshall Main cast 1974 Here 's Lucy Clara Simpson Episode : `` Lucy , the Sheriff '' ( S 6 : Ep 18 ) Kolchak : The Night Stalker Dr. Bess Winestock Episode : `` They Have Been , They Are , They Will Be ... '' ( S 1 : Ep 3 ) 1975 -- 76 Doc Nurse Beatrice Tully Main cast 1975 M * A * S * H Colonel Rachel Reese Episode : `` House Arrest '' ( S 3 : Ep 18 ) 1977 -- 78 Tabitha Cassandra Episodes : `` Halloween Show '' ( S 1 : Ep 3 ) `` Tabitha 's Party '' ( S 1 : Ep 12 ) 1981 The Waltons Octavia Episode : `` The Hostage '' ( S 9 : Ep 21 ) Trapper John , M.D. Miranda Episode : `` Hate is Enough '' ( S 3 : Ep 4 ) 1982 Trapper John , M.D. Hazel Episode : `` The Good Life '' ( S 4 : Ep 9 ) 1984 Matt Houston Nellie Cochran Episode : `` Wanted Man '' ( S 3 : Ep 1 ) Punky Brewster Sister Bernadette Episode : `` Take Me out to the Ballgame '' ( S 1 : Ep 6 ) Trapper John , M.D. Rocy Flanagan Episode : `` Of Cats , Crashes , and Creeps '' ( S 6 : Ep 6 ) 1985 ABC Afterschool Special Ms. Crandall Episode : `` First the Egg '' ( S 13 : Ep 6 ) Murder , She Wrote Mrs. Alva Carne Episode : `` Widow , Weep for Me '' ( S 2 : Ep 1 ) 1987 Almost Partners Aggie Greyson Made for TV 1987 -- 91 Father Dowling Mysteries Marie Murkin Main cast 1987 Punky Brewster Mrs. Dempsey Episode : `` So Long , Studio '' ( S 3 : Ep 19 ) 1988 Highway to Heaven Minnie Episode : `` Country Doctor '' ( S 4 : Ep 14 ) 1995 Life With Louie Voice of Grandma Main cast Awards and nominations Year Award Category Result Ref 1962 Emmy Award Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actress Nominated References Jump up ^ U.S. Census , 1920 , State of Missouri , City of St. Louis , enumeration district 410 , p. 18 - B , family 470 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census , 1880 , State of Missouri , City of St. Louis , enumeration district 333 , p. 160 - A , family 147 . Jump up ^ `` In Character : The Life and Legacy of Mary Wickes '' . omeka.wustl.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( host ) ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Treasures : The Mickey Mouse Club Presents Annette ( DVD ) . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Bonino profile at IMDb ^ Jump up to : `` The Gertrude Berg Show , Emmy nominations : '' . IMDB . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE IN A SUPPORTING ROLE BY AN ACTRESS - 1962 '' . emmys.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mary Wickes '' . Intenet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billy Hathorn , `` Roy Bean , Temple Houston , Bill Longley , Ranald Mackenzie , Buffalo Bill , Jr. , and the Texas Rangers : Depictions of West Texans in Series Television , 1955 to 1967 '' , West Texas Historical Review , Vol. 89 ( 2013 ) , p. 107 Jump up ^ St. Louis Walk of Fame . `` St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees '' . stlouiswalkoffame.org . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Everett , Martha ( 1998 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Mary Wickes ' bequest to fund library collection in film , theatre , television '' . Newsroom / Washington University in St. Louis . Washington University in St. Louis . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=vuIaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=Mary+Wickes+Republican&source=bl&ots=CFJciH-vgR&sig=x6avBqgyaAOScLa3Wjbt83iGK9Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBn-W6-JbSAhWCKiYKHWSTDOMQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=Mary%20Wickes%20Republican&f=false Jump up ^ `` Mary Wikes : Credit Listings '' . TV.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Came to Dinner '' . IBDB.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Came to Dinner '' . TCM . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prouty , Olive Higgins ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Now , Voyager '' . ISBN 9781558614765 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Film Registry . '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Jeremy . `` White Christmas '' . TCM . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It Happened To Jane '' . TCM . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clemmensen , Christian . `` Jerry Goldsmith ( 1929 - 2004 ) tribute . '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Fate Is the Hunter . '' . TCM . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Threat 's Top 10 Lost Films '' . Film Threat ( filmthreat.com ) . January 25 , 2001 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kehr , Dave . `` Early Film by Orson Welles Is Rediscovered '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Films : `` Too Much Johnson '' Work Print ( 1938 , 66 min . ) `` . National Film Preservation Foundation . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex McNeil , Total Television , New York : Penguin Books , 1997 , p. 355 Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ohmart , Ben . It 's That Time Again . ( 2002 ) ( Albany : BearManor Media ) ISBN 0 - 9714570 - 2 - 6 Jump up ^ Cotter , Bill ( 1997 ) . The Wonderful World of Disney Television . New York : Hyperion Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6359 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Best of 1972 ... and the Worst - Free Preview - The New York Times External links Biography portal Missouri portal California portal Illinois portal Mary Wickes on IMDb Mary Wickes at the TCM Movie Database Mary Wickes at the Internet Broadway Database Mary Wickes at TV Guide Mary Wikes at TV.com Washington University Library Site - Papers of Mary Wickes Wickes ' Entry on the St. Louis Walk of Fame Mary Wickes at Find a Grave Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 14962451 LCCN : n80143865 GND : 134681916 MusicBrainz : 5c26b385 - 8a60 - 4df8 - 87b6 - 1658237ac955 IATH : w6x473pf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Wickes&oldid=797006521 '' Categories : 1910 births 1995 deaths American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American radio actresses American television actresses American philanthropists American people of German descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Irish descent American Protestants Deaths from renal failure Actresses from St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis alumni 20th - century American actresses 20th - century American singers California Republicans Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This version of the page has been revised . 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5037555947145633786 | Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) | Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( film ) - Wikipedia Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film preceding the 2008 animated series . For the 2008 animated series , see Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) . For the 2003 animated series , see Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 TV series ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2017 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars Theatrical release poster Directed by Dave Filoni Produced by Catherine Winder Screenplay by Henry Gilroy Steven Melching Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Matt Lanter Ashley Eckstein James Arnold Taylor Tom Kane Dee Bradley Baker Christopher Lee Samuel L. Jackson Anthony Daniels Narrated by Tom Kane Music by Kevin Kiner ( Original Star Wars themes composed by John Williams ) Edited by Jason Tucker Production companies Lucasfilm Ltd . Lucasfilm Animation Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) ( Hollywood premiere ) August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $8.5 million Box office $68.3 million Star Wars : The Clone Wars is a 2008 American 3D animated military science fiction action - adventure film set within the Star Wars universe , leading into a TV series of the same name produced by Lucasfilm Animation . The film is set during the three - year time period between the films Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , who also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series , even after Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012 . The film premiered on August 10 , 2008 at the Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre , while screening in wide - release on August 14 , 2008 across Australia , and August 15 in the United States , Canada and the United Kingdom . The Clone Wars served as an introduction to the television series of the same name , which debuted on October 3 , 2008 . Though critical reception was negative , the film was a box office success , and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget . It is the only theatrical Star Wars film not to be distributed by either 20th Century Fox or Walt Disney Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Toys 4.2 Food 4.3 Comics and books 4.4 Video games 4.5 Portable media players 4.6 Racing sponsorship 4.7 Home media 4.8 Novelization 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) During the Clone Wars , Jedi Knights Anakin Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi lead a small Republic clone army against the Separatist droid army on the planet Christophsis . Awaiting reinforcements , the two Jedi greet a shuttle carrying the young Jedi Ahsoka Tano , who insists that she has been assigned by Jedi Master Yoda to serve as Anakin 's Padawan . Anakin begrudgingly accepts Ahsoka 's apprenticeship , and the two succeed in deactivating the Separatists ' energy field while Obi - Wan stalls the droid army commander , allowing a Republic victory . Ahsoka earns Anakin 's respect . Following the battle , Yoda arrives and informs the Jedi that crime lord Jabba the Hutt 's son Rotta has been kidnapped . Anakin and Ahsoka are tasked with retrieving the Huttlet , while Obi - Wan is sent to Tatooine to negotiate with Jabba over a potential treaty between the Hutts and the Republic . Anakin and Ahsoka find Rotta on the planet Teth , where they are ambushed by Separatist forces led by Count Dooku 's apprentice Asajj Ventress , discovering that Dooku hopes to frame the Jedi for Rotta 's kidnapping . The Jedi manage to escape the trap along with R2 - D2 and hijack a derelict transport with which they travel to Tatooine . Obi - Wan , alerted by Anakin , arrives on Teth and defeats Ventress in a lightsaber duel , though she manages to escape . Meanwhile , Senator Padmé Amidala , Anakin 's secret wife , learns of Anakin 's mission and fears for his safety . She decides to contact Jabba 's uncle Ziro in Coruscant . The Hutt refuses to cooperate , apparently believing that it is the Jedi who are responsible for the situation . However , Padmé soon discovers that Ziro has actually conspired with Dooku to have Rotta killed in order for Jabba to have Anakin and Ahsoka executed in return , which will force the Jedi Council , led by Yoda , to take Jabba into custody and allow Ziro to seize power over the Hutt clans . Padmé is discovered and detained , but a chance call by C - 3PO enables her to summon a squadron of clone troopers , and Ziro is arrested . Upon their arrival on Tatooine , Anakin and Ahsoka are shot down by MagnaGuards . Anakin devises a ruse to confront Dooku while carrying a decoy Rotta , leaving Ahsoka to take the real Rotta to Jabba 's palace . While Anakin fights off Dooku , Ahsoka is ambushed by the MagnaGuards , whom she defeats . The two deliver Rotta safely to Jabba , who nonetheless orders the Jedi 's execution for their supposed attempt to kidnap him . However , Padmé contacts Jabba in time and reveals Ziro and the Separatists ' responsibility for the kidnapping . Acknowledging the Jedi 's heroism and allowing the Republic to have Ziro punished for his betrayal , Jabba agrees to the Republic treaty while Anakin and Ahsoka are retrieved by Obi - Wan and Yoda . In the meantime during his escape , Dooku reports to his master Darth Sidious about the failure of their plot against the Jedi and Jabba , but the Sith Lord assures him that the tide of war is still in their favor . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars cast members Matt Lanter as Anakin Skywalker Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi , 4A - 7 Tom Kane as Yoda , Narrator , Admiral Yularen Dee Bradley Baker as Captain Rex , Commander Cody , Clone troopers Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress , TC - 70 Ian Abercrombie as Palpatine / Darth Sidious Catherine Taber as Padmé Amidala Corey Burton as Whorm Loathsom , Ziro the Hutt David Acord as Rotta the Huttlet Kevin Michael Richardson as Jabba the Hutt Matthew Wood as Battle droid Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Dave Filoni Star Wars : The Clone Wars was made to serve as both a stand - alone story and a lead - in to the weekly animated TV series of the same name . George Lucas had the idea for a film after viewing some of the completed footage of the early episodes on the big screen . Those first few episodes , originally planned for release on television , were then woven together to form the theatrical release . The story of the kidnapped Hutt was inspired by the Sonny Chiba samurai film titled Shogun 's Shadow . Warner Bros. had tracked the series ' development from the beginning , and Lucas decided on a theatrical launch after viewing early footage declaring `` This is so beautiful , why do n't we just go and use the crew and make a feature ? '' Lucas described the film was `` almost an afterthought . '' Howard Roffman , president of Lucas Licensing , said of the decision , `` Sometimes George works in strange ways . '' Producer Catherine Winder said the sudden decision added to an already large challenge of establishing a show `` of this sophistication and complexity , '' but she felt it was a good way to start the series , and thought budgetary constraints forced the production team to think outside the box in a positive way . Animation ( edit ) Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series using the Maya 3D modeling program to create highly detailed worlds , characters and creatures . The film 's animation style was designed to pay homage to the stylized looks of both Japanese anime and manga , and the supermarionation of the British 1960s series Thunderbirds . At a Cartoon Network - hosted discussion , Lucas said he did not want the Clones Wars film or television series to look like such movies as Beowulf , because he wanted a stylized look rather than a realistic one . He also felt it should not look like the popular Pixar movies such as The Incredibles , because he wanted the film and characters to have its own unique style . Lucas also decided to create the animated film and series from a live - action perspective , which Winder said set it apart from other CGI films . Essentially , it `` meant using long camera shots , aggressive lighting techniques , and relying on editing instead of storyboards . '' Animators also reviewed designs from the original 2003 Clone Wars series when creating the animation style for the film and the new series . In charge was Steward Lee , working as the storyboard artist during filming . Some actors from the live - action films , including Anthony Daniels , Matthew Wood , Christopher Lee and Samuel L. Jackson , returned to vocally reprise their roles of their respective characters , although Lee and Jackson did n't reprise their roles in the subsequent Clone Wars series . Music ( edit ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Kevin Kiner ( some original themes by John Williams ) Released August 12 , 2008 Recorded April 17 - 18 , 2008 Length 1 : 07 : 39 Label Sony Classical Star Wars soundtrack chronology Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2005 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) The Clone Wars2008 Episode VII : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Episode VII : The Force Awakens 2015 The musical score for Star Wars : The Clone Wars was composed by Kevin Kiner . The original motion picture soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on August 12 , 2008 . The disc begins with the main theme by John Williams , followed by more than 30 separate music cues composed by Kiner . Kiner is known for his work on such television series as Stargate SG - 1 , Star Trek : Enterprise , Superboy and CSI : Miami . The soundtrack uses some instruments never heard before in a Star Wars score , including erhus , duduks and ouds . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Star Wars Main Title & A Galaxy Divided '' 1 : 13 2 . `` Admiral Yularen '' 0 : 57 3 . `` Battle of Christophsis '' 3 : 20 4 . `` Meet Ahsoka '' 2 : 45 5 . `` Obi - Wan to the Rescue '' 1 : 24 6 . `` Sneaking Under the Shield '' 4 : 25 7 . `` Jabba 's Palace '' 0 : 46 8 . `` Anakin vs. Dooku '' 2 : 18 9 . `` Landing on Teth '' 1 : 44 10 . `` Destroying the Shield '' 3 : 09 11 . `` B'omarr Monastery '' 3 : 11 12 . `` General Loathsom / Battle Strategy '' 3 : 08 13 . `` The Shield '' 1 : 37 14 . `` Battle of Teth '' 2 : 45 15 . `` Jedi Do n't Run ! '' 1 : 22 16 . `` Obi - Wan 's Negotiation '' 2 : 08 17 . `` The Jedi Council '' 2 : 05 18 . `` General Loathsom / Ahsoka '' 3 : 40 19 . `` Jabba 's Chamber Dance '' 0 : 42 20 . `` Ziro Surrounded '' 2 : 21 21 . `` Scaling the Cliff '' 0 : 45 22 . `` Ziro 's Nightclub Band '' 0 : 54 23 . `` Seedy City Swing '' 0 : 35 24 . `` Escape from the Monastery '' 3 : 13 25 . `` Infiltrating Ziro 's Lair '' 2 : 22 26 . `` Courtyard Fight '' 2 : 42 27 . `` Dunes of Tatooine '' 2 : 00 28 . `` Rough Landing '' 3 : 04 29 . `` Padmé Imprisoned '' 0 : 51 30 . `` Dooku Speaks with Jabba '' 1 : 28 31 . `` Fight to the End '' 3 : 59 32 . `` End Credits '' 0 : 52 Total length : 1 : 07 : 39 Marketing ( edit ) Toys ( edit ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars merchandise was first released on July 26 , 2008 . Hasbro released several 3 ⁄ - inch Clone Wars action figures , an electronic clone trooper helmet , a customizable lightsaber , and an electronic All Terrain Tactical Enforcer ( AT - TE ) . Target and KB Toys also devoted shelf space for Clone Wars toys , but did not hold midnight releases or pursue the branding opportunities Toys `` R '' Us did . Toys `` R '' Us mounted digital clocks in all 585 of its stores that counted down to the release of the Clone Wars toys , and more than 225 of the stores opened at midnight for the debut of the Star Wars products . Two of the Toys `` R '' Us flagship outlets in Mission Bay , San Diego and Times Square in Manhattan , New York City held costume and trivia contests on July 26 , and gave away limited - edition Star Wars toys with every purchase . A section of the Toys `` R '' Us website was also dedicated to The Clone Wars . The toy line continues with The Clone Wars figures being well received by collectors for their detail to the characters and vehicles . Food ( edit ) Due to Lucas 's sudden decision to produce the film , Lucas Licensing did not have time to enter into agreements with previous Star Wars marketing partners like Pepsi , Burger King and Kellogg 's , with which the Lucasfilm licensing company had a ten - year marketing plan for the other films . When questioned by The New York Times about Star Wars merchandising in July 2008 , a Pepsi spokesperson was unaware a new Star Wars film was being released . On August 15 , McDonald 's held its first ever Happy Meal promotion for a Star Wars film and for four weeks , 18 exclusive toys came in specially designed Happy Meal boxes . Comics and books ( edit ) Dark Horse Comics published a six - issue digest - sized comic book miniseries . Randy Stradley , vice president of publishing for Dark Horse , said the sudden decision to release the Clone Wars film required the company to temporarily delay plans for two other Star Wars comic book series , Dark Times and Rebellion . The Clone Wars comics did not receive the promotional campaign it otherwise would have due to the abruptness of the theatrical and comic book releases . Topps , the trading cards company , released a series of 90 Clone Wars cards on July 26 , which also included foil cards , motion cards , animation cel cards and rare sketch cards by top Star Wars artists and Lucasfilm animators . DK Publishing and the Penguin Group released books , activities and other merchandise that tied in with the film . Also released was the Clone Wars : The Visual Guide , published by DK , and Star Wars : The Clone Wars in the UK , published by Puffin and in the U.S. by Grosset & Dunlap . The publishers also released a storybook , picture books and an activity book . At the American International Toy Fair , Lego announced a product line for the film and the TV series , to be released in July 2008 in the United States and on August 2008 in the United Kingdom . Video games ( edit ) The LucasArts video game developer adapted the film into Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance for the Nintendo DS and Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels for Wii . A reviewer from PocketGamer.co.uk said his expectations for Jedi Alliance were low due to poor Clone Wars movie reviews , but he found the game `` a varied and well - paced experience . '' Portable media players ( edit ) A Star Wars : The Clone Wars MP3 player was released in August 2008 . The player includes one gigabyte of memory , which holds 200 songs or 20 hours of music and comes with three interchangeable faceplates : a green one with Yoda and a lightsaber on it , a silver one with Captain Rex and a Galactic Empire logo on it , and one with two Clone troopers on Coruscant . One review claimed it improved upon a Darth Vader MP3 player released in July 2008 , which featured only 512 megabytes of memory and a dated visual display . A Star Wars iPod iSpeaker ( a speaker / dock for iPods , iPhones and MP3 players ) was also released . The speaker includes an image of Captain Rex and three other Clone Troopers . Racing sponsorship ( edit ) A Star Wars : The Clone Wars open wheel car for the IndyCar Series was unveiled at the 2008 San Diego Comic - Con International . The # 26 car , which also included Blockbuster Inc. decals and was driven by Andretti Green Racing driver Marco Andretti , ran August 24 on the Infineon Raceway in the Sonoma Mountains in California . Andretti said , `` I 'm hoping that my upcoming battle at Infineon will be as exciting as anything in a Star Wars movie so I can win it for both Blockbuster and Lucasfilm . '' The car finished 14th at Infineon , which Andretti attributed to a slow pit stop early in the race ; he added , `` I just do n't think it was a very good performance for us today . '' The Clone Wars car was the second collaboration between Lucasfilm , Blockbuster and Andretti Green Racing . It premiered as an Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull car at the Indianapolis 500 in May 2008 . Home media ( edit ) The film 's two - disc DVD and Blu - ray Disc was released on November 11 , 2008 in the United States and on December 8 , 2008 in the United Kingdom . The film was released as a single - disc DVD , two - disc Special Edition DVD , and Blu - ray Disc . The standard - definition versions include the film in widescreen format with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround EX sound , and with feature - length audio commentary . Novelization ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( novel ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars has a 19 % approval rating based on 167 reviews compiled by Rotten Tomatoes . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Mechanical animation and a less - than stellar script make The Clone Wars a pale shadow of George Lucas ' once great franchise . '' This constituted the lowest Rotten Tomatoes rating of any Star Wars film ; the previous six theatrical films ranged from 55 % to 94 % , and the made - for - television Ewok films and the Star Wars Holiday Special garnered higher ratings , although their averages encompassed far fewer reviews . At Metacritic , the film scored 35 % based on 30 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Entertainment Weekly listed Star Wars : The Clone Wars as one of the five worst films of 2008 with critic Owen Gleiberman saying , It 's hard to tell the droids from the Jedi drones in this robotic animated dud , in which the George Lucas Empire Strikes Back -- at the audience . What wears you out is Lucas ' immersion in a Star Wars cosmology that has grown so obsessive - compulsively cluttered yet trivial that it 's no longer escapism ; Because this movie has bad lightsaber duels and the lack of the original cast , it 's something you want to escape from . Ai n't It Cool News posted two reviews of the film during the week before its release , but pulled them down due to an embargo placed on those attending the screening its writers attended . The same reviews were re-posted on the site , on the day of the film 's release . The retraction prompted some readers to allege a conspiracy by Lucasfilm to keep negative press out of circulation until the release of the film , but although the review by site creator Harry Knowles was negative , Drew McWeeny said that his review was positive and that no such conspiracy existed . Several critics compared The Clone Wars to a Saturday morning cartoon and described it as little more than a plug for the upcoming animated series . Linda Barnard , of the Toronto Star , said the movie `` pretty much drives a stake into the heart of every loyal fan of the movies . And now ( George Lucas is ) out to stick it to those too young to know about Jar Jar Binks . '' Variety magazine reviewer Todd McCarthy said , `` This is n't the Star Wars we 've always known and at least sometimes loved . '' Joe Neumiar , of the New York Daily News , wrote , `` If this were a true Star Wars film , right about now somebody would say , ' ... I 've got a bad feeling about this . ' '' In his review for Entertainment Weekly , critic Owen Gleiberman gave the film an F grade and wrote , `` George Lucas is turning into the enemy of fun . '' Carrie Rickey , of The Philadelphia Inquirer , said , `` The best that can be said about the movie is that it 's harmless and mostly charmless . The Clone Wars is to Star Wars what karaoke is to pop music . '' Remember how people talked about the Star Wars prequels like they were the worst movies ever made , when really , come on , they were n't THAT bad ? The Clone Wars actually IS that bad . -- Film critic , Eric D. Snider The main criticism toward the film was the animation . Many criticized it as cheap , wooden , non-engaging , and out - of - date ; some reviewers drew negative comparisons to 1960s marionette - based shows Thunderbirds and Fireball XL5 , although George Lucas previously said the animation style was a deliberate homage to such shows . Tom Long of The Detroit News said the animation `` is downright weak compared to what 's generally seen on screens these days '' and said the characters are so stiff they look like they were `` carved by Pinocchio 's father . '' Roger Ebert said `` the characters have hair that looks molded from Play - Doh , bodies that seem arthritic , and moving lips on half - frozen faces -- all signs that shortcuts were taken in the animation work . '' McCarthy said `` the movements , both of the characters and the compositions , look mechanical , and the mostly familiar characters have all the facial expressiveness of Easter Island statues . '' But some of the same reviewers who criticized the animation acknowledged some positive elements about it ; McCarthy said it allowed for `` somewhat more dramatic compositions and color schemes , '' and Carrie Rickey , of The Philadelphia Inquirer , said the scenery and backgrounds were `` vivid and alive '' , although she said the characters `` move as you would imagine the statues at a waxworks might . '' Reviewers also criticized the dialogue , which Ebert said was limited to `` simplistic declamations '' and Claudia Puig of USA Today described as `` stilted and overblown , a problem also in some of the live - action incarnations . '' Many critics also said that the battle scenes were repetitive and lacked tension ; McCarthy described the action sequences as `` a little exposition , an invasion ; some more exposition , a lightsaber fight ; a bit more blah - blah , a spaceship dogfight , and on and on . '' Linda Stasi , of the New York Post , also described the lack of character development in the film , writing that whereas the original Star Wars films dedicated time to allowing viewers to get to know the characters , `` Director Dave Filoni is so concentrated on the action that we 're never given the chance to care who lives and who is blown into spare parts . '' Jason Anderson , of the Globe and Mail , wrote that although The Clone Wars is intended for younger audiences , `` parents may be perturbed by the film 's relentless violence . '' Ebert also found protagonist Ahsoka Tano `` annoying , '' and Michael Rechtshaffen , of The Hollywood Reporter , said the attempts of humor amid the bickering between Tano and Anakin Skywalker are `` strained '' . Puig said she enjoyed the character , and that `` her repartee with Anakin enlivens things . '' Box Office ( edit ) The Clone Wars earned $68,282,844 worldwide , including $35,161,554 in North American domestic box office grosses and $33,121,290 in international grosses . The film earned $14,611,273 on 3,452 screens in its opening weekend , including $6,228,973 on its opening day , August 15 . It was the third - highest earning film of the weekend , behind Tropic Thunder and The Dark Knight , which earned $25.8 million and $16.3 million , respectively . Dan Fellman , head of distribution for Warner Bros. , said the box office performance met expectations because two - thirds of the audience were families and the budget for the film was $8.5 million , frugal considering it was a CGI film , and because the film was meant to introduce the animated series . Fellman said , `` It was targeted to a specific audience for specific reasons . We accomplished that mission , and it will continue in another medium . '' When The Clone Wars dropped to $5.6 million in its second week of release , ContactMusic.com described it as `` the first bona fide Star Wars flop . '' The film also earned $23,428,376 from DVD sales in the US . Awards ( edit ) Award Category Result Razzie Award Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - Off or Sequel Nominated See also ( edit ) Film portal Star Wars portal 2000s portal List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS -- THE CLONE WARS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Germain ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` ' Thunder ' rumbles past ' Dark Knight ' with $26 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Star Wars Blog > > Report from Wonder - Con : Lucasfilm Presentation ( Part 3 ) '' . Starwarsblog.starwars.com . February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Talks ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' '' . Starwars.com . March 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Force - Cast Clone Wars Roundtable , interview with Dave Filoni and Henry Gilroy , October 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars Interview With Henry Gilroy GalacticBinder . Retrieved on November 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Diane Garrett ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Animated ' Star Wars ' to hit theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joshua Rich ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` George Lucas on ' Star Wars , ' Indiana Jones '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Quenqua , Douglas . `` The Force lives on , as do the toys . '' The New York Times , July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lupick , Travis . `` Clone Wars proved a galactic task for production team . '' The Georgia Straight , August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Autodesk Maya software serves as animation platform for new Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated feature film and TV series . '' Archived June 29 , 2012 , at Archive.is TradingMarkets.com , August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weprin , Alex . `` George Lucas Talks ' Clone Wars ' . Broadcasting & Cable , April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Kiko . `` Hispanic animator helps create new Star Wars universe . '' Archived February 14 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Extra , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` George Lucas : ' Star Wars ' wo n't go beyond Darth Vader '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Clone Wars ' Soundtrack '' . `` StarWars.com '' . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Blake . `` Music Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' Soundtrack . '' Archived April 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Blogcritics , August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro 's Clone Wars figures at Toy Fair . '' The Official Star Wars Blog , February 17 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Undercity Interviews -- Randy Stradley . '' Star Wars Undercity Portugal , April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TOPPS Entertainment Brands -- Star Wars The Clone Wars . '' Topps . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Penguin Group and DK Publishing to public Star Wars : The Clone Wars books . '' StarWars.com , April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO new Clone Wars sets will excite whoever gets excited by Clone Wars . Gizmodo , February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars video games . LucasArts.com . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jon . `` GC 2008 : Hands on with Star Wars The Clone Wars : Jedi Alliance . '' PockerGamer.co.uk , August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars MP3 Player . '' GeekAlerts , August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars iSpeaker . '' StarWars.com , September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unveiling Andretti 's Clone Wars car . '' StarWars.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ASkyler . `` Sonoma : Marco Andretti IRL IndyCar Race Recap . '' PaddockTalk , August 25 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- The Clone Wars ( DVD ) ( 2008 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Dave Filoni : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- The Clone Wars ( Blu - ray Disc ) ( 2008 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Dave Filoni : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Clone Wars Movie : On DVD & Blu - Ray November 11 '' . StarWars.com . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rotten Tomatoes : The Clone Wars '' . Retrieved on June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' ( 2008 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 10 Best Films of 2008 : Owen Gleiberman 's Picks , Panel 17 : Worst films , # 2 Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Regarding The CLONE WARS reviews ... '' Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia . `` ' The Clone Wars ' : Cartoonish , in a bad way , '' USA Today , August 14 , 2008 , Life ( section ) . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( PG ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guzman , Rafer . `` Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' '' Newsday , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Barnard , Linda . `` ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' a clunky effort '' . Toronto Star , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( animated ) '' . Variety , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rickey , Carrie . `` Animation adds little to ' Clone ' '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Neumaier , Joe . `` ' Clone Wars ' waters down ' Star Wars ' empire '' . New York Daily News , August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen . `` Movie Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' ( 2008 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly , Iss. # 1007 / 1008 , August 22 / 29 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Eric D. `` Review : ' Clone Wars ' Is the Worst ' Star Wars ' Event Since the ' Christmas Special ' '' . ericdsnider.com , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved on April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stasi , Linda . ' More like ' Clone Bores ' . New York Post , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael . `` Film Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter , August 10 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Germain , David . `` Review : Clone Scripts '' . Clone Script ^ Jump up to : Long , Tom . `` ' Clone ' ca n't duplicate success . The Detroit News , August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Jason . `` Where 's the force when you need it ? '' . The Globe and Mail , August 15 , 2008. Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for August 15 -- 17 , 2008 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , August 15 , 2008 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Second week of claps for Thunder . '' ContactMusic.com , August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Star Wars : The Clone Wars at LucasFilm.com Star Wars : The Clone Wars on IMDb Star Wars : The Clone Wars at Box Office Mojo Star Wars : The Clone Wars at Rotten Tomatoes Star Wars : The Clone Wars at Metacritic Star Wars : The Clone Wars on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia VIAF : 181731329 LCCN : no2008137240 GND : 7634763 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(film)&oldid=834371097 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 animated films 2008 computer - animated films 2000s action films 2000s American animated films 2000s science fiction films 2000s sequel films American films American animated science fiction films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Animated space adventure films American robot films American sequel films Computer - 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"Star Wars: The Clone Wars is a 2008 American 3D animated military science fiction action-adventure film set within the Star Wars universe, leading into a TV series of the same name produced by Lucasfilm Animation. The film is set during the three-year time period between the films Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, who also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series, even after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012. The film premiered on August 10, 2008 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, while screening in wide-release on August 14, 2008 across Australia, and August 15 in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Clone Wars served as an introduction to the television series of the same name, which debuted on October 3, 2008. Though critical reception was negative, the film was a box office success, and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget. It is the only theatrical Star Wars film not to be distributed by either 20th Century Fox or Walt Disney Studios."
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"Star Wars: The Clone Wars"
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-8495847380387820948 | Lieutenant governor (United States) | Lieutenant governor ( United states ) - wikipedia Lieutenant governor ( United states ) Method for electing the lieutenant governor . Same ticket Same ticket in the general election , separate election in the primaries Separate election Elected by the state senate Position nonexistent In the United States , 45 of the 50 states have an office of lieutenant governor . In two of the 45 states , the speaker of the upper house of the state legislature serves in such a capacity . In most cases , the lieutenant governor is the highest officer of state after the governor , standing in for that officer when they are absent from the state or temporarily incapacitated . In the event a governor dies , resigns or is removed from office , the lieutenant governor typically becomes governor . In 25 states , the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket , ensuring that they come from the same political party . In the remaining 18 states , they are elected separately and , thus , may come from different parties . The lieutenant governor is also frequently the presiding officer of the upper house of the state legislature , similar to the Vice President of the United States . Among the seven states without a separate , full - time office of lieutenant governor , two states have a post of lieutenant governor that is filled by the highest officer of the state Senate . In Tennessee , the full title of the leader of the Senate is `` Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Senate '' . In West Virginia , the title of Lieutenant Governor is assigned by statute to the Senate President . With the exception of Arkansas , California , Georgia , Idaho , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , Washington , and West Virginia , every state has had a female Lieutenant Governor or equivalent - although Mona Pasquil briefly acted as Lieutenant Governor of California between Abel Maldonado and John Garamendi . In Maine , the presiding officer of the State Senate assumes the governor 's office upon a vacancy , while in New Hampshire , the presiding officer of the State Senate assumes only the governor 's powers and duties ( becomes acting governor ) upon a vacancy . In the remaining three states -- Arizona , Oregon , and Wyoming -- the Secretary of State becomes governor upon the office 's vacancy . The U.S. territories of American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands and the Virgin Islands have the office of lieutenant governor . In Puerto Rico , the appointed Secretary of State becomes governor upon the office 's vacancy while the Chief of Staff is typically the highest office after the governor . Lieutenant governors are the only officials with specific duties and powers in two branches of state government : the executive and legislative branches . More than half of the NLGA members preside over their state senate . Most pursue legislative initiatives ; many testify locally and in Washington D.C. in various capacities ; some serve on the governors ' cabinets ; and others maintain varied portfolios of duties . In many states , the duties of lieutenant governor are increased by legislation to include the lieutenant governor on state boards , commissions and task forces . `` Since Alaska , Hawaii , and Utah do not have a Secretary of State , the lieutenant governor performs the duties generally granted to that office . In New Jersey , the governor must appoint the lieutenant governor to head a cabinet - level department or administrative agency within the state government 's executive branch -- but not to the post of state attorney general , Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno also served as Secretary of State from 2010 to 2018 . The Lieutenant Governor of Texas plays an active role as presiding officer of the State Senate and is often rumored to be more powerful than the state governor . The Lieutenant Governor of Virginia also serves as the President of the Senate , as do about half the lieutenant governors . The positions are sometimes criticized for lacking duties and power and described by political insiders as `` get up , read the paper , see if the governor is dead , if not , go back to sleep '' . In the 2010 election for the Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island , 40 % of the vote was won by a perennial candidate who wanted to abolish the office , saying `` If you open up the dictionary to ' sinecure , ' you have a picture of the lieutenant governor of Rhode Island '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Jersey 2 States and territories which do not have a lieutenant governor 2.1 Arizona 2.2 Maine 2.3 New Hampshire 2.4 Oregon 2.5 Wyoming 2.6 Puerto Rico 3 See also 4 References 5 External links New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey In November 2005 , New Jersey voters approved a constitutional amendment to create the office of Lieutenant Governor , which became effective with the 2009 general election . The state 's first lieutenant governor took office in January 2010 . The position was created in response to the unusual circumstances surrounding the aftermath of the 2001 gubernatorial election . At the time Senate President Donald DiFrancesco was acting as governor following the resignation of Christine Todd Whitman earlier that year . DiFrancesco 's term as Senate president expired one week before the governor - elect assumed office in January 2002 , necessitating a special arrangement in which the party leaders of the incoming Senate took turns serving as acting governor ( each serving a few days ) until Jim McGreevey was sworn in . All told , five people had served as governor or acting governor in the space of one year . States and territories which do not have a lieutenant governor ( edit ) Arizona ( edit ) In Arizona , the secretary of state is the first in line to succeed the governor in the event of death , disability , resignation , or removal from office . The line of succession also includes the attorney general , state treasurer and superintendent of public instruction . Maine ( edit ) In Maine , if the governor can not serve , the immediate successor is the Senate President . New Hampshire ( edit ) Whenever the governor dies , resigns , is removed from office or unable to perform the duties of office , the Senate president serves as `` acting governor '' . Oregon ( edit ) The gubernatorial line of succession is set forth in the state constitution , at Article V , Section 8a . It defines who may become or act as the Governor of Oregon upon the incapacity , death , resignation , or removal from office ( by impeachment and subsequent removal or recall ) of a sitting governor . The current chain of succession is : Secretary of State , State Treasurer , President of the State Senate , Speaker of the House of Representatives . When a Governor leaves office , the next available elected individual in the succession becomes Governor until the next general biennial election , when a Governor will be elected to either serve out the last two years of a regular term or a new four - year term . See : Governor of Oregon # Line of succession . In 2007 , legislation was proposed to establish an office of Lieutenant Governor . Wyoming ( edit ) In Wyoming , the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main articles : Puerto Rico Chief of Staff and Secretary of State of Puerto Rico The highest - ranking officer after the governor of Puerto Rico is the Chief of Staff who is appointed by the governor himself rather than elected . In terms of line of succession , the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico acts as acting governor when the governor is temporarily disabled or unable to discharge his duties . If there is a permanent vacancy in the governorship , the Constitution of Puerto Rico establishes that the secretary becomes governor for the remainder of the term . The Secretary of State also serves as acting governor whenever the governor is temporarily not present in Puerto Rico , with territorial law also establishing a line of succession for when both the governor and the secretary are unable to perform their duties . See also ( edit ) List of current United States lieutenant governors List of female lieutenant governors in the United States State constitutional officer ( United States ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ South Carolina will switch to same - ticket following the 2018 elections . Jump up ^ New Jersey State Constitution ( 1947 ) , Article V , Section I , paragraph 10 ( as amended , effective January 17 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Texas Observer : Who Runs Texas Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gavin Newsom faces political challenges in new job '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See : Arizona # State executive branch . Jump up ^ See : Governor of Maine # Succession . Jump up ^ `` Office of the President of the Senate '' . Maine State Legislature . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See : New Hampshire # Branches of government . Jump up ^ http://bluebook.state.or.us/state/constitution/constitution05.htm Jump up ^ `` Proposes amendment to Oregon Constitution to create elective office of Lieutenant Governor '' . Oregon State Legislature . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ See : Wyoming # State law and government . The Book of the States 2015 , Duties of Lieutenant Governors Table 4.14 . The Council of State Governments . http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/book-states-2015-chapter-4-state-executive-branch External links ( edit ) National Lieutenant Governors Association Current lieutenant governors in the United States Vice President of the United States : Mike Pence ( R ) AL Marsh ( R ) AK Mallott ( D ) AZ Reagan ( R ) AR Griffin ( R ) CA Newsom ( D ) CO Lynne ( D ) CT Wyman ( D ) DE Hall - Long ( D ) FL López - Cantera ( R ) GA Cagle ( R ) HI Chin ( D ) ID Little ( R ) IL Sanguinetti ( R ) IN Crouch ( R ) IA Gregg ( R ) , Schneider ( R ) KS Mann ( R ) KY Hampton ( R ) LA Nungesser ( R ) ME Thibodeau ( R ) MD Rutherford ( R ) MA Polito ( R ) MI Calley ( R ) MN Fischbach ( R ) MS Reeves ( R ) MO Richard ( R ) MT Cooney ( D ) NE Foley ( R ) NV Hutchison ( R ) NH Morse ( R ) NJ Oliver ( D ) NM Sanchez ( R ) NY Hochul ( D ) NC Forest ( R ) ND Sanford ( R ) OH Taylor ( R ) OK Lamb ( R ) OR Richardson ( R ) PA Stack ( D ) RI McKee ( D ) SC Bryant ( R ) SD Michels ( R ) TN McNally ( R ) TX Patrick ( R ) UT Cox ( R ) VT Zuckerman ( P ) VA Fairfax ( D ) WA Habib ( D ) WV Carmichael ( R ) WI Kleefisch ( R ) WY Buchanan ( R ) DC Mendelson ( D ) Territories : AS Mauga ( D ) GU Tenorio ( R ) MP Hocog ( R ) PR Marín ( R ) VI Potter ( I ) Next - in - line of succession for states and territories without official lieutenant governors : 1 . Secretary of State 2 . Senate President 3 . Council Chair 4 . Acting ; not in succession Political party affiliation : Republican : 39 ( 36 states , 3 territories ) Democratic : 15 ( 13 states , 1 territory , 1 district ) Vermont Progressive : 1 ( state ) Independent : 1 ( territory ) U.S. state cabinets By state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California ( more ) Colorado Connecticut ( more ) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas ( more ) Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( more ) North Carolina : Cabinet , Council of State ( more ) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( more ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee ( more ) Texas ( more ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin ( more ) Wyoming Territories and insular areas American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By officer Governor ( more ) Lieutenant governor ( more ) Secretary of state ( more ) Attorney general ( more ) Treasurer ( more ) Auditor ( more ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)&oldid=831012664 '' Categories : State lieutenant governors of the United States State government in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 06 : 08 . 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-5501616293637223367 | IUCN protected area categories | IUCN protected area categories - wikipedia IUCN protected area categories Jump to : navigation , search IUCN Logo IUCN protected area categories , or IUCN protected area management categories , are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world 's natural environment and biodiversity . The IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define , record , and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorising protected areas and their objectives . This categorisation method is recognised on a global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and the Convention on Biological Diversity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Categories 1.1 Category Ia -- Strict Nature Reserve 1.2 Category Ib -- Wilderness Area 1.3 Category II -- National Park 1.4 Category III -- Natural Monument or Feature 1.5 Category IV -- Habitat / Species Management Area 1.6 Category V -- Protected Landscape / Seascape 1.7 Category VI -- Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Categories ( edit ) Category Ia -- strict nature reserve ( edit ) A strict nature reserve ( IUCN Category Ia ) is an area which is protected from all but light human use in order to preserve the geological and geomorphical features of the region and its biodiversity . These areas are often home to dense native ecosystems that are restricted from all human disturbance outside of scientific study , environmental monitoring and education . Because these areas are so strictly protected , they provide ideal pristine environments by which external human influence can be measured . In some cases strict nature reserves are of spiritual significance for surrounding communities , and the areas are also protected for this reason . The people engaged in the practice of their faith within the region have the right to continue to do so , providing it aligns with the area 's conservation and management objectives . Human impacts on strict nature reserves are increasingly difficult to guard against as climate and air pollution and newly emerging diseases threaten to penetrate the boundaries of protected areas . If perpetual intervention is required to maintain these strict guidelines , the area will often fall into category IV or V . Category Ib -- wilderness area ( edit ) The Serengeti National Park , Tanzania is a designated Wilderness Area A wilderness area ( IUCN Category Ib ) is similar to a strict nature reserve , but generally larger and protected in a slightly less stringent manner . These areas are a protected domain in which biodiversity and ecosystem processes ( including evolution ) are allowed to flourish or experience restoration if previously disturbed by human activity . These are areas which may buffer against the effects of climate change and protect threatened species and ecological communities . Human visitation is limited to a minimum , often allowing only those who are willing to travel of their own devices ( by foot , by ski , or by boat ) , but this offers a unique opportunity to experience wilderness that has not been interfered with . Wilderness areas can be classified as such only if they are devoid of modern infrastructure , though they allow human activity to the level of sustaining indigenous groups and their cultural and spiritual values within their wilderness - based lifestyles . Category II -- national park ( edit ) A national park ( IUCN Category II ) is similar to a wilderness area in its size and its main objective of protecting functioning ecosystems . However , national parks tend to be more lenient with human visitation and its supporting infrastructure . National parks are managed in a way that may contribute to local economies through promoting educational and recreational tourism on a scale that will not reduce the effectiveness of conservation efforts . The surrounding areas of a national park may be for consumptive or non-consumptive use but should nevertheless act as a barrier for the defence of the protected area 's native species and communities to enable them to sustain themselves in the long term . Category III -- natural monument or feature ( edit ) A natural monument or feature ( IUCN Category III ) is a comparatively smaller area that is specifically allocated to protect a natural monument and its surrounding habitats . These monuments can be natural in the wholest sense or include elements that have been influenced or introduced by humans . The latter should hold biodiversity associations or could otherwise be classified as a historical or spiritual site , though this distinction can be quite difficult to ascertain . To be categorised as a natural monument or feature by IUCN 's guidelines , the protected area could include natural geological or geomorphological features , culturally - influenced natural features , natural cultural sites , or cultural sites with associated ecology . The classification then falls into two subcategories : those in which the biodiversity is uniquely related to the conditions of the natural feature and those in which the current levels of biodiversity are dependent on the presence of the sacred sites that have created an essentially modified ecosystem . Natural monuments or features often play a smaller but key ecological role in the operations of broader conservation objectives . They have a high cultural or spiritual value that can be utilised to gain support of conservation challenges by allowing higher visitation or recreational rights , therefore offering an incentive for the preservation of the site . Category IV -- habitat / species management area ( edit ) The Galápagos , Ecuador , is managed under category IV to preserve the islands ' native flora and fauna A habitat or species management area ( IUCN Category IV ) is similar to a natural monument or feature , but focuses on more specific areas of conservation ( though size is not necessarily a distinguishing feature ) , like an identifiable species or habitat that requires continuous protection rather than that of a natural feature . These protected areas will be sufficiently controlled to ensure the maintenance , conservation , and restoration of particular species and habitats -- possibly through traditional means -- and public education of such areas is widely encouraged as part of the management objectives . Habitat or species management areas may exist as a fraction of a wider ecosystem or protected area and may require varying levels of active protection . Management measures may include ( but are not limited to ) the prevention of poaching , creation of artificial habitats , halting natural succession , and supplementary feeding practices . Category V -- protected landscape / seascape ( edit ) A protected landscape or protected seascape ( IUCN Category V ) covers an entire body of land or ocean with an explicit natural conservation plan , but usually also accommodates a range of for - profit activities . The main objective is to safeguard regions that have built up a distinct and valuable ecological , biological , cultural , or scenic character . In contrast with previous categories , Category V permits surrounding communities to interact more with the area , contributing to the area 's sustainable management and engaging with its natural and cultural heritage . Landscapes and seascapes that fall into this category should represent an integral balance between people and nature and can sustain activities such as traditional agricultural and forestry systems on conditions that ensure the continued protection or ecological restoration of the area . Category V is one of the more flexible classifications of protected areas . As a result , protected landscapes and seascapes may be able to accommodate contemporary developments , such as ecotourism , at the same time as maintaining the historical management practices that may procure the sustainability of agrobiodiversity and aquatic biodiversity . Category VI -- protected area with sustainable use of natural resources ( edit ) Satellite image of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , Australia Though human involvement is a large factor in the management of these protected areas , developments are not intended to allow for widescale industrial production . The IUCN recommends that a proportion of the land mass remains in its natural condition -- a decision to be made on a national level , usually with specificity to each protected area . Governance has to be developed to adapt the diverse -- and possibly growing -- range of interests that arise from the production of sustainable natural resources . Category VI may be particularly suitable to vast areas that already have a low level of human occupation or in which local communities and their traditional practices have had little permanent impact on the environmental health of the region . This differs from category V in that it is not the result of long - term human interaction that has had a transformative effect on surrounding ecosystems . See also ( edit ) UNEP - WCMC -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre . World Commission on Protected Areas World Database on Protected Areas IUCN protected area categories : Strict nature reserve -- Category Ia Wilderness area -- Category Ib National park -- Category II Natural monument and Natural feature -- Category III Habitat management area and Species management area -- Category IV Protected landscape and Protected seascape -- Category V Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources -- Category VI References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Francoise Burhenne - Guilmin ( 2011 ) . Guidelines for Protected Areas Legislation . IUCN . p. 147 . ISBN 9782831712451 . Jump up ^ Mike J. Jeffries ( 2006 ) . Biodiversity and conservation ( 2nd ed . ) . Psychology Press . p. 191 . ISBN 9780415342995 . Jump up ^ IUCN Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories , Published 2 October 2008 Jump up ^ Category Ia Strict Nature Reserve Jump up ^ Data for Serengeti National Park ( Category Ib ) on Protected Planet Jump up ^ Category Ib Wilderness Area Jump up ^ Category II National Park Archived 2014 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Category III Natural Monument or Feature Jump up ^ Data for The Galápagos Islands ( Category IV ) on Protected Planet Jump up ^ Category IV Habitat / Species Management Area Jump up ^ Category V Protected Landscape / Seascape Jump up ^ Data for The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park ( Category VI ) on Protected Planet Jump up ^ Category VI Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources External links ( edit ) IUCN Official IUCN Website IUCN IUCN : Global Protected Area Programme IUCN IUCN : World Commission on Protected Areas World Database on Protected Areas ProtectedPlanet.net UNEP - WCMC Protected Areas Programme WDPA 's Management Effectiveness Information Module 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership Indicator Factsheet : Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas IUCN protected area categories : A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Protected Area Categories A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category Ia -- Strict Nature Reserve A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category Ib -- Wilderness Area A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category II -- National Park A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category III -- Natural Monument or Feature A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category IV -- Habitat / Species Management Area A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category V -- Protected Landscape / Seascape A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : IUCN Category VI -- Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUCN_protected_area_categories&oldid=828328588 '' Categories : Protected areas by World Conservation Union category Ecology lists Nature - related lists International Union for Conservation of Nature Protected areas Conservation Category ( grouping ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Slovenščina Türkçe Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 39 . 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-4375139379439428108 | Didn't We Almost Have It All? | Did n't We Almost Have it All ? - Wikipedia Did n't We Almost Have it All ? Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Grey 's Anatomy episode . For the Whitney Houston song , see Did n't We Almost Have It All . `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Grey 's Anatomy episode An episodic screenshot displaying Burke leaving Cristina at the altar . Episode no . Season 3 Episode 25 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Tony Phelan and Joan Rater Production code 325 Original air date May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) ( ABC ) Guest appearance ( s ) Elizabeth Reaser as Ava Loretta Devine as Adele Chyler Leigh as Lexie Grey Episode chronology ← Previous `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' Next → `` A Change is Gonna Come '' List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' is the third season finale and the 61st overall episode from the medical drama series , Grey 's Anatomy . The episode runs for 53 : 05 minutes , making it the longest episode of the series , excluding two - part episodes . The episode marked Isaiah Washington ( Dr. Preston Burke ) 's final appearance to the series until Season 10 , Episode 22 entitled ' We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together ' . It was Kate Walsh ( Addison Montgomery ) 's last episode with regular billing who became a main character in Grey 's Anatomy 's spin - off Private Practice and Chyler Leigh ( Dr. Lexie Grey ) 's last appearance with recurring billing as she would be upgraded to a series regular in season four . Loretta Devine ( Adele Webber ) , Diahann Carroll ( Jane Burke ) , Tsai Chin ( Yang 's mother ) , Elizabeth Reaser ( Rebecca Pope ) , Steven W. Bailey ( Joe ) , Jack Yang ( Walter ) all reprised their role as guest stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Music 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The episode opens to a voice - over narrative from Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) . Addison gets to the ER with the woman from the bar , the previous episode . Burke starts treating her and decides that the babies must be born . Joe and Walter adopt them . Derek , Mark and Bailey start treating the climber . The other climbers eventually talk to the police . Cristina tries to write her vows . Callie writes them on Cristina 's hand . At work , Cristina discovers that the wedding has given her the day off . Jeff Pope arrives and hugs Rebecca . Alex asks Jeff why he did n't search for his wife before . Rebecca wants Alex , but he tells her to stay with her ' decent guy ' . Derek tells Meredith that he met a girl in the bar . Meredith seems confused . Meanwhile , Adele has a miscarriage , revealing Richard was the father . Mama Burke forces Cristina to remove her eyebrows ; she panics and convinces Bailey to let her scrub in . Bailey agrees , having found out that Callie is the new chief resident . Derek removes the axe from the fourth climber while Burke treats the new babies . Callie and George agree to have children , but Izzie tells George she 's in love with him . The interns receive their test results . George hides the fact that he did n't pass . Derek feels Meredith is taking him for granted . She evades responding and goes to the chapel . Mark , Addison and Burke are rejected as Chief candidates . At the chapel , Burke finds out Derek is not the new Chief , though Derek does n't explain . Addison tells Alex to fight for Rebecca . Outside SGH , Bailey and George talk . She thinks that she failed him , but he says : `` I failed you '' . Alex decides to find Rebecca . Callie tells Izzie she is planning to have a baby ; Izzie is stunned . Cristina realizes that she washed her vows off when she scrubbed in , and freaks out . Meredith convinces her to go on . Burke sees the delay and calls off the wedding , feeling he has forced her to change . He walks away . Meredith tells everybody that it is over . She looks at Derek , and leaves the Chapel . Cristina arrives at Burke 's apartment . He 's gone . Cristina starts shaking uncontrolablly and crying . To calm her down , Meredith squeezes and hugs her . George runs into the new interns , and meets Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half sister . Richard tells Derek he is the new Chief , but Derek suggests he start over . We see the Chief looking over the Hospital . Production ( edit ) The First Baptist Church of Los Angeles is the place where the wedding was shot . After an off - screen incident , in which Isaiah Washington aimed a homophobic slur at gay actor T.R. Knight , ABC chose not to renew Washington 's contract , making `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' his final appearance to the series . It was also the last episode to feature Chyler Leigh as a guest star , since she was promoted to star billing in the season four premiere and Kate Walsh 's last regular episode as she would only make guest appearances in the future , due to her being a main character on the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off Private Practice . The wedding scenes were filmed at the First Baptist Church of Los Angeles . Kenneth Pool designed the Amsale wedding dress worn by Cristina . Music ( edit ) `` Roboxula '' - The Jealous Girlfriends `` Falling Or Flying '' - Grace Potter `` Hold You In My Arms '' - Ray Lamontagne `` Closer '' - Coburn `` Within You '' - Ray Lamontagne `` Eulogy '' - The Hereafter `` Explosions '' - The Mary Onettes `` Keep Breathing '' - Ingrid Michaelson Reception ( edit ) Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune wrote that the episode was `` as overstuffed as a clown car at the circus . '' She added : `` That finale was just too much for me . Too much padding , too much repetition , too many characters forced into ridiculous situations '' , citing as example Adele Webber 's pregnancy at 52 . She criticized Shepherd for being arrogant and condescending . Salon.com 's TV critic Heather Havrilesky found that Shepherd 's threat to break up with Grey came in a bad timing after what she went through during the season and wondered why he did not so when she questioned their relationship . She then wrote : `` Grey 's Anatomy has countless charms -- snappy yet moving dialogue , nice - looking humans , fast - moving story lines . But lately one of those strengths -- those hurtling plotlines -- seems to be killing creator Shonda Rhimes ' golden goose . '' Havrilesky cited Sandra Oh as one of the episode 's highlight deeming her `` fantastic '' and `` believable '' , and named the moment when Yang goes home to find Burke and breaks down the best scene of the finale . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Gregory Kirschling thought that `` as a finale , maybe the show lacked a defining happy , warm - gooseflesh moment '' but that in comparison to normal episodes , this one was `` well above average '' . To him , Shepherd 's speech to Grey before the start of the wedding was the highlight of the episode , explaining he likes to see `` these two flailing hot people -- he soft , she hard -- trade well - turned TV wooing dialogue . It still works ; it 's still romantic . '' However , he considered what followed , Grey 's non-response , not romantic and though he likes their goo - goo courtship scenes together , he wrote it was time for them to be happy together . Kirschling criticized the choice of Torres as Chief of residents instead of Bailey . He praised Oh 's performance in the episode , especially during Burke 's dumping speech calling it `` so affecting '' and in her last scene , which he described as `` an amazing breakdown '' . Commenting on the finale , Andy Dehnart of MSNBC wrote that the stories were completed `` in mostly unsatisfying , occasionally depressing , and sometimes illogical ways that will leave the show decidedly changed . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( June 7 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Fails Anatomy , `` Mad as Hell '' `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Lisa ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Welcomes New Cast Member '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting In Church '' . Sandra Oh News . May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amsale bridesmaid gowns in Grey 's ceremony '' . Onewed.com . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' way : If some is good , then way too much is better ! '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Havrilesky , Heather ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Finale wrap - up : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Salon.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirschling , Gregory ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Yanging Our Chain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` The ' Grey 's ' we 've known is over ... so over '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' at TV.com `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didn%27t_We_Almost_Have_It_All%3F&oldid=775161244 '' Categories : 2007 American television episodes Grey 's Anatomy episodes Television episodes about weddings Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 April 2017 , at 02 : 00 . 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3900375840230730756 | You've Got a Friend in Me | You 've Got a Friend in Me - wikipedia You 've Got a Friend in Me This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Single by Randy Newman and Lyle Lovett from the album Toy Story Released April 12 , 1996 Format Cassette , CD single , digital download Genre Country , pop , soundtrack Length 2 : 39 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Randy Newman Producer ( s ) Randy Newman Randy Newman singles chronology `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) Lyle Lovett singles chronology `` Do n't Touch My Hat '' ( 1996 ) Do n't Touch My Hat 1996 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) You 've Got a Friend in Me1996 `` Private Conversation '' ( 1997 ) Private Conversation1997 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' is a song by Randy Newman . Used as the theme song for the 1995 Disney / Pixar animated film Toy Story , it has since become a major musical component for its sequels , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise . The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , but lost both to `` Colors of the Wind '' from Disney 's Pocahontas . Like many other Disney theme songs , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' has been covered numerous times . Cover versions featured in the three Toy Story films include a duet with Newman and Lyle Lovett in Toy Story ; a diegetic instance by Tom Hanks , a version by Robert Goulet and an instrumental by Tom Scott in Toy Story 2 , and a Spanish language version by the Gipsy Kings in Toy Story 3 . Contents 1 In Toy Story 2 Release history 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links In Toy Story ( edit ) The song is played during the opening credits for Toy Story and Toy Story 3 , establishing the importance of Woody and Andy in the first film and the importance of all his toys in the third . Toy Story 3 also uses it for irony and dramatic effect , as the opening credits harken back to the first film and the song abruptly fades out with `` As the years go by / Our friendship will never die '' , before showing that Andy 's remaining toys in the present day are boxed up and unused . When they were unused , Andy was 17 years old . In the two sequels , the song is listened to by the characters as part of the story . Two of these are cover versions done at the end of the film for thematic reasons : at the end of Toy Story 2 , the character Wheezy starts to sing it to the other toys ; during the end credits of Toy Story 3 , Buzz Lightyear and Jessie ( now a couple ) perform a pasodoble to a Spanish version of the song , deliberately played by Jessie to get Buzz to dance . The most significant use of the song was in the third act of Toy Story 2 , where an episode of Woody 's Roundup ( the 1950s puppet show he was based on ) shows the puppet Woody singing the song , directed at the young audience and featuring a small child hugging the puppet . Woody sees this and has an epiphany , realizing that his mission as a toy is to be there for a child . ( In - universe , the song was presumably written for Woody 's Roundup . ) The Woody 's Roundup version was performed by Tom Hanks , with acoustic guitar backing ; Wheezy 's version was sung by Robert Goulet ( though the character was voiced by Joe Ranft ) ; and the Spanish version , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ( Para el Buzz Español ) '' , was performed by the Gipsy Kings . Release history ( edit ) Format Release date Catalog Demo Unreleased none Cassette April 12 , 1996 # 60367 CD Cover versions ( edit ) Michael Bublé covered `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' on his 2013 album , To Be Loved . The track became a U.S. Adult Contemporary chart hit , spending 14 weeks on the chart and peaking at number 10 . On May 31 , 2018 , Rex Orange County released a cover of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , performing along with Randy Newman , the creator of the song . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` You 've Got a Friend in Me > Overview '' . Allmusic . Macrovision . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Best Song Academy Award Nominations - Newman Toy Story 10th Anniversary Edition at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 7 , 2005 ) , Pixar press release , May 2 , 2005 . ( Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust Soundtracks Toy Story James and the Giant Peach Avalon Meet the Parents Cars The Princess and the Frog Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Toy Story 4 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear Jessie 's Critter Carousel RC Racer Slinky Dog Dash Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Tiny Toy Stories Pixar music Albums Toy Story The Incredibles Cars WALL - E Up Brave Songs `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Real Gone '' `` Life Is a Highway '' `` Our Town '' `` Down to Earth '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Ride '' `` Remember Me '' Other albums Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Gipsy Kings Nicolas Reyes Paul Reyes Canut Reyes Patchai Reyes Andre Reyes Diego Baliardo Paco Baliardo Tonino Baliardo Chico Bouchikhi Jorge Trasante Studio albums Allegria Luna de Fuego Gipsy Kings Mosaïque Este Mundo Love and Liberté Estrellas Compas Somos Gitanos Roots Pasajero Savor Flamenco Live albums Live Compilation albums Allegria Greatest Hits The Best of the Gipsy Kings Love Songs ¡ Volaré ! The Very Best of the Gipsy Kings Songs `` Djobi Djoba '' `` Bamboléo '' `` Volare '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` Un Amor '' `` Tú Quieres Volver '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_a_Friend_in_Me&oldid=865234891 '' Categories : Songs about friendship 1995 songs Pixar songs 1996 singles Toy Story Randy Newman songs Lyle Lovett songs Songs written by Randy Newman Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 16 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1305442017755512260 | Face card | Face card - wikipedia Face card Jump to : navigation , search Persian Ganjifeh courts with an ace ( left ) and Mamluk Kanjifah courts of cups ( right ) . In a deck of playing cards , the term face card ( US ) or court card ( British ) is generally used to describe a card that depicts a person as opposed to the pip cards . They are also known as picture cards , or until the early 20th century , coat cards . History ( edit ) While playing cards were invented in China , Chinese playing cards do not have a concept of face cards . When playing cards arrived in Iran , the Persians created the first face cards . In their Ganjifeh decks , each suit had ten pip cards that are outranked by a mounted vizier and a seated king . Cards were transmitted further west where Mamluk Egypt created a third court card . The best preserved deck is located in the Topkapı Palace . To avoid idolatry , the cards did not depict human faces and instead featured abstract designs or calligraphy for the malik ( king ) , nā'ib malik ( viceroy or deputy king ) and thānī nā'ib ( second or under - deputy ) . It is possible that the Topkapı deck , a custom made luxury item used for display , does not represent the cards played by commoners . There are fragments of what may be Mamluk court cards from cheaper decks showing human figures which may explain why seated kings and mounted men appear in both Indo - Persian and European cards . Both Mamluk and modern European decks include three face cards per suit , or twelve face cards in a deck of four suits . King , Ober , and Under of Acorns from a Swiss deck ( 1880 ) The third court card may have had a special role to play since the Spanish , French , and Italians called the newly introduced cards naipe , nahipi , and naibi respectively as opposed to their Arabic name of Kanjifah . In a 1377 description of cards , the most common decks were structurally the same as the modern 52 - card deck . Each suit contained a seated king and two marshals , one holding the suit symbol upwards while the other downwards . The marshals correspond to the Ober and Unter ranks in modern - day German and Swiss playing cards . As marshals were cavalry commanders , both ranks may have been mounted unlike their modern counterparts . Less popular decks included ones in which two kings were replaced with queens , all the kings replaced by queens , queens and maids added so as to make 15 cards per suit , and 5 or 6 suited decks with only the kings and two marshal ranks . In Italy and Spain , the Unter and Ober were replaced by the standing Knave and the mounted Knight before 1390 , perhaps to make them more visually distinguishable . The Spanish rank of Sota means `` under '' . In 15th - century France , the knight was dropped in favour of the queen . The 15th - century Italian game of trionfi , which later became known as tarot , also added queens . The Cary - Yale deck had the most with six ranks : king , queen , knight , mounted lady , knave , and damsel or maid for a total of 24 . It is unlikely that the Cary - Yale deck was designed for a game in mind as it was an expensive wedding gift and was probably never played . Standing kings are a Spanish innovation which was copied by the French . Throughout most of their history , face cards were not reversible . Players may accidentally reveal that they hold a face card if they flip them right - side up . During the 18th century , Trappola and Tarocco Bolognese decks became the first to be reversible . The trend towards double - headed cards continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries . Some patterns resisted the innovation , most notably Spanish - suited decks where full figured courts remain dominant . Cards ( edit ) Face cards from the Tarot Nouveau Current playing cards are structured as follows : German and Swiss playing cards have three male face cards per suit , Unter / Under ( a lower - class man or soldier ) , Ober ( a higher ranking man ) , and König ( a seated King ) . Italian and Spanish playing cards have the Fante or Sota ( Knave , a younger man standing ) , Cavallo or Caballo ( Knight or Cavalier , a man sitting on a horse ) and Re or Rey ( King , wearing a crown ) . Italian suited kings are seated while Spanish suited kings stand . A few Spanish suited patterns replace male knaves with female counterparts . French playing cards replaced the middle male with the Queen so it became Knave or `` Jack '' , Queen , and King . French suited Kings stand . French and Latin tarot decks have four face cards per suit . Their order is Knave , Knight , Queen , and King for a total of 16 face cards . Figures appearing on tarot trumps are not considered to be face cards . While modern decks of playing cards may contain one or more Jokers depicting a person ( such as a jester or clown ) , Jokers are not normally considered to be face cards . The earliest Jokers , known as Best Bowers , did not depict people until the late 1860s . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Origin of playing cards by Copag . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , K . The Mamluk cards at Manteia . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gjerde , Tor . Mamluk cards at old.no . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Michael ; Mann , Sylvia ( 1980 ) . The Game of Tarot . London : Duckworth . pp. 10 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Johannes of Rheinfelden , 1377 at trionfi.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Playing cards Standard 52 - card deck Suit / rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card ( Knight , Ober , Unter ) Pip card ( Deuce ) Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Talon Unicode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Face_card&oldid=843013148 '' Categories : Playing cards Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 07 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8214865082505805121 | I Like It Like That (film) | I Like it Like that ( film ) - wikipedia I Like it Like that ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) I Like It Like That Theatrical release poster Directed by Darnell Martin Produced by Ann Carli Victor De Jesus Wendy Finerman Lane Janger Stephen Lloyd Diana Phillips Tracy Leigh Vilar Written by Darnell Martin Starring Lauren Velez Jon Seda Griffin Dunne Jesse Borrego Rita Moreno Lisa Vidal Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 14 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English I Like It Like That is a 1994 comedy - drama film about the trials and tribulations of a young Puerto Rican couple living in the poverty - stricken New York City neighborhood of the South Bronx . The film stars Lauren Velez , Jon Seda , Lisa Vidal , Griffin Dunne , Jesse Borrego and Rita Moreno , and was written and directed by Darnell Martin who , in her filmmaking debut , became the first African - American female filmmaker to take helm of a film produced by a major film studio . The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Lisette Linares ( Velez ) is a young mother of three children , married to Chino ( Seda ) , a bicycle messenger . Although he is always reliable as the breadwinner of the family , Chino is having an affair with the neighborhood hoe , Magdalena ( Vidal ) . One summer evening , a blackout sweeps the neighborhood , and Chino finds himself in jail after being arrested for looting . Faced now with the reality of keeping her family together with the main breadwinner in jail , Lisette , with the encouragement of her transgender sister Alexis ( Borrego ) , decides to give her dream of becoming a print model a chance . As she happens to be in the right place at the right time , Lisette lands a job as the personal assistant to a major record label producer ( Dunne ) , who is trying to sign a major Latin music group ( played by the real life group the Barrio Boyzz ) . After that , Chino is released from prison by Magdalena and her father , who reveals that she has a son named Richie , who she claims that Chino is the father . This causes Lissette to hit rock bottom and moves in with Alexis . While at work , she has sex with her boss , but during their sex , he answers a number of phone calls , which frustrates Lissete . Nonetheless , she is pleasured . The next day , Chino tries to go back to his job , but is fired , due to his criminal record . Lisette confronts Chino to prove that she had sex with another man to get even with Chino . Chino , then takes the kids out for ice cream , his extremely rebellious son , Lil ' Chino , asks if he could buy ice cream , but Chino gloats him that he needs to work for it in order to buy things . His son shows him the money and allows him , but when his younger daughter notices that he has new shoes and pants , Chino realizes that his son has become a drug dealer . Then Chino , furiously lashes out at his son , he pushes him towards a mural with a picture of a relative of Chino 's who died when he was a drug dealer . He whips his own son in front of the whole block , while his friends laugh at him . Alexis notices the comotion and tries to stop him . Alexis then points out that he 's just a little boy and puts him down , but suddenly runs away . The kids are still laughing and still insult Lil Chino that he 's still weak . Chino , infuriated , then beats a kid from the crowd and whips him , the dealer attempts to draw a gun but Chino manages to disarm him while fellow neighbors help Chino whip the boy . Lil Chino is then found siting in front of Alexis ' apartment door . He tells Lisette that he wants to stay with her but she rejects him , believing that he 'll still be disrespectful towards her . Chino then finds Lil Chino and takes him home . Back at the apartment , Chino and his friend place Richie to bed , he reveals to Chino that he is the father which infuriates Chino , as he been played by Magdalena this whole time . Alexis and Lisette have a discussion about the kids , as Alexis points out to Lisette that she 's just like their estranged mother . But she denies this and Alexis changes and leaves to visit their mother . When Alexis arrives over there , her mother opens the door , she reacts disgusted by Alexis ' appearance . Alexis tries her hardest to make amends with her mother but when her husband comes out of his room to check on the noise , he reacts with an aggressive look on his face . Lisette hears the door open and notices that Alexis came back . When Lisette comes to check on Alexis she notices her face all beaten up and asks what happen , but Alexis tell her that she was right about their mother , that she has n't accepted Alexis as a transgender . The next day at work , Lisette 's boss , wants to have sex again , but she tries to reject him . He stops , when Lisette tells him , she 's `` not a sexual person '' , the two begin to argue , which then ends with her having no choice but to quit her job . Lisette arrives back at the apartment , she tries to talk to her children and asks for their forgiveness , mostly from Lil Chino , which he does finally . Chino arrives later , back from his new job as a security officer . Both discuss about the many flaws between them in their marriage , and Chino finally tells Lisette the truth about Magdalena 's baby . The scene ends with Lisette pointing out to Chino that he never thinks about the `` other person '' , which he then replies , `` Good night , other person '' , despite that it 's morning already . And Lisette lays on the sofa with a smile on her face . Cast ( edit ) Lauren Vélez - Lisette Linares Jon Seda - Chino Linares Tomas Melly - Li'l Chino Linares Desiree Casado - Minnie Linares Isaiah Garcia - Pee Wee Linares ( as Isiah Garcia ) Jesse Borrego - Alexis Lisa Vidal - Magdalena Soto Griffin Dunne - Stephen Price Rita Moreno - Rosaria Linares Vincent Laresca - Angel Elvis Nolasco - Tito ( as E.O. Nolasco ) Sammy Melendez - Victor Jose Soto - Chris Gloria Irizarry - Mrs. Gonzalez Emilio Del Pozo - Mr. Soto Jerry Rivera - Pablo Herrera Themes ( edit ) A prominent theme in the film is transmisogyny . Lisette 's sister Alexis ( Borrego ) is an important figure in constructing womanhood in the film , as Lisette reifies her womanhood through downplaying her sister 's womanhood as somehow less authentic than hers . Other themes include anti-Black attitudes within the Latina / o community , a woman 's often conflicting yearning for both independence and heterosexual love , and the construction of masculinity through sexuality . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : I Like It Like That '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . External links ( edit ) I Like It Like That on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Darnell Martin I Like It Like That ( 1994 ) Prison Song ( 2001 ) Their Eyes Were Watching God ( 2005 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) The Lost Valentine ( 2011 ) Firelight ( 2012 ) Wish You Well ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Like_It_Like_That_(film)&oldid=835645238 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films American comedy - drama films Directorial debut films Films directed by Darnell Martin Films set in the Bronx Transgender in film Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 22 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was i like it like that filmed | [] | [] |
356237100122303130 | Babylon | Babylon - wikipedia Babylon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Babylon ( disambiguation ) . `` Babilu '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Babalu . Babylon بابل A partial view of the ruins of Babylon from Saddam Hussein 's Summer Palace Shown within Iraq Alternate name Arabic : بابل Babil Akkadian : 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 , Bābili ( m ) Sumerian : 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 , KÁ. DINGIR. RA Aramaic : 𐡁𐡁𐡋 , Babil Hebrew : בָּבֶל , Bavel Greek : Βαβυλών , Babylṓn Old Persian : 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢 , Bābiru Elamite : 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 , Babili Kassite : Karanduniash Location Hillah , Babil Governorate , Iraq Region Mesopotamia Coordinates 32 ° 32 ′ 11 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 15 '' E / 32.53639 ° N 44.42083 ° E / 32.53639 ; 44.42083 Coordinates : 32 ° 32 ′ 11 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 15 '' E / 32.53639 ° N 44.42083 ° E / 32.53639 ; 44.42083 Type Settlement Part of Babylonia Area 9 km ( 3.5 sq mi ) History Founded c. 2300 BC Abandoned c . AD 1000 Cultures Akkadian , Amorite , Kassite , Assyrian , Chaldean , Achaemenid , Hellenistic , Persian Site notes Archaeologists Hormuzd Rassam , Robert Koldewey Condition Ruined Ownership Public Public access Yes This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Babylon ( 𒆍 𒀭 𒊏 𒆠KAN. DIĜIR. RA Akkadian : Bābili ( m ) ; Aramaic : בבל , Babel ; Arabic : بَابِل , Bābil ; Hebrew : בָּבֶל , Bavel ; Classical Syriac : ܒܒܠ , Bāwēl ) was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BC . The city was built on the Euphrates river and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks , with steep embankments to contain the river 's seasonal floods . Babylon was originally a small Akkadian town dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC . The town became part of a small independent city - state with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in the nineteenth century BC . After the Amorite king Hammurabi created a short - lived empire in the 18th century BC , he built Babylon up into a major city and declared himself its king , and southern Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia and Babylon eclipsed Nippur as its holy city . The empire waned under Hammurabi 's son Samsu - iluna and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian , Kassite and Elamite domination . After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians , Babylon became the capital of the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539 BC . The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , although a number of scholars believe these were actually in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh . After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire , the city came under the rule of the Achaemenid , Seleucid , Parthian , Roman , and Sassanid empires . It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 -- c. 1670 BC , and again between c. 612 -- c. 320 BC . It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000 . Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 to 900 hectares ( 2,200 acres ) . The remains of the city are in present - day Hillah , Babil Governorate , Iraq , about 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) south of Baghdad , comprising a large tell of broken mud - brick buildings and debris . The main sources of information about Babylon -- excavation of the site itself , references in cuneiform texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia , references in the Bible , descriptions in classical writing ( especially by Herodotus ) , and second - hand descriptions ( citing the work of Ctesias and Berossus ) -- present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city even at its peak in the sixth century BC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Sources 3.1 Early references 3.2 Classical dating 4 History 4.1 Old Babylonian period 4.2 Middle Babylon 4.3 Assyrian period 4.4 Neo-Babylonian Empire 4.5 Persian conquest 4.6 Hellenistic period 4.7 Renewed Persian rule 4.8 Muslim conquest 5 Modern era 5.1 Excavation and research 5.2 Iraq government 5.3 US and Polish occupation 5.4 Present day 6 Cultural importance 6.1 Biblical narrative 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Sources 9.2 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) Look up 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The English Babylon comes from Greek Babylṓn ( Βαβυλών ) , a transliteration of the Akkadian Bābilim . Archibald Sayce , writing in the 1870s , considered `` Bab - ilu '' or `` Bab - ili '' to be the translation of an earlier Sumerian ( formerly thought to be in the obsolete `` Turanian '' language - family ) name `` Ca - dimirra '' , meaning `` gate of god '' , based on the characters KAN DIĜIR. RA ( corresponding to the Sumerian phrase kan diĝirak `` god 's gate '' ) or perhaps based on other characters . According to Professor Dietz - Otto Edzard , the city was originally called Babilla , but by the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur , through a process of etymological speculation , had become Bāb - ili ( m ) meaning `` gate of god '' or `` god 's gate '' ( Bab - Il ) . The `` gate of god '' translation is increasingly viewed as a folk etymology to explain an unknown original non-Semitic placename . Linguist I.J. Gelb suggested in 1955 that Babil / Babilla is the basis of the city name , of unknown meaning and origin , as there were other similarly - named places in Sumer , and there are no other examples of Sumerian place - names being replaced with Akkadian translations . He deduced that it later transformed into Akkadian Bāb - ili ( m ) , and that the Sumerian Ka - dingirra was a later translation of that , rather than vice-versa . Joan Oates states in her book Babylon that the rendering Gateway of the gods is no longer accepted by modern scholars . In the Bible , the name appears as Babel ( Hebrew : בָּבֶל , Bavel , Tib . בָּבֶל , Bāvel ; Classical Syriac : ܒܒܠ , Bāwēl ) , interpreted in the Hebrew Scriptures ' Book of Genesis to mean `` confusion '' , from the verb bilbél ( בלבל , `` to confuse '' ) . The modern English verb , to `` babble '' , or to speak meaningless words , is popularly thought to derive from this name , but there is no direct connection . Ancient records in some situations use Babylon as a name for other cities , including cities like Borsippa within Babylon 's sphere of influence , and Nineveh for a short period after the Assyrian sack of Babylon . Geography ( edit ) Schematic showing Babylon on the Euphrates River with major areas within inner and outer walls . Babylon in 1932 Brick structures in Babylon , photographed in 2016 The remains of the city are in present - day Hillah , Babil Governorate , Iraq , about 85 kilometers ( 53 mi ) south of Baghdad , comprising a large tell of broken mud - brick buildings and debris . The site at Babylon consists of a number of mounds covering an area of about 2 by 1 kilometer ( 1.24 mi × 0.62 mi ) , oriented north to south , along the Euphrates to the west . Originally , the river roughly bisected the city , but the course of the river has since shifted so that most of the remains of the former western part of the city are now inundated . Some portions of the city wall to the west of the river also remain . Only a small portion of the ancient city ( 3 % of the area within the inner walls ; 1.5 % of the area within the outer walls ; 0.1 % at the depth of Middle and Old Babylon ) has been excavated . Known remains include : Kasr -- also called Palace or Castle , it is the location of the Neo-Babylonian ziggurat Etemenanki and lies in the center of the site . Amran Ibn Ali -- the highest of the mounds at 25 meters , to the south . It is the site of Esagila , a temple of Marduk which also contained shrines to Ea and Nabu . Homera -- a reddish - colored mound on the west side . Most of the Hellenistic remains are here . Babil -- a mound about 22 meters high at the northern end of the site . Its bricks have been subject to looting since ancient times . It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar . Archaeologists have recovered few artifacts predating the Neo-Babylonian period . The water table in the region has risen greatly over the centuries , and artifacts from the time before the Neo-Babylonian Empire are unavailable to current standard archaeological methods . Additionally , the Neo-Babylonians conducted significant rebuilding projects in the city , which destroyed or obscured much of the earlier record . Babylon was pillaged numerous times after revolting against foreign rule , most notably by the Hittites and Elamites in the 2nd millennium , then by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire in the 1st millennium . Much of the western half of the city is now beneath the river , and other parts of the site have been mined for commercial building materials . Only the Koldewey expedition recovered artifacts from the Old Babylonian period . These included 967 clay tablets , stored in private houses , with Sumerian literature and lexical documents . Nearby ancient settlements are Kish , Borsippa , Dilbat , and Kutha . Marad and Sippar were 60 km in either direction along the Euphrates . Sources ( edit ) Illustration by Leonard William King of fragment K. 8532 , a part of the Dynastic Chronicle listing rulers of Babylon grouped by dyansty . Historical knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from epigraphic remains found elsewhere , such as at Uruk , Nippur , and Haradum . Information on the Neo-Babylonian city is available from archaeological excavations and from classical sources . Babylon was described , perhaps even visited , by a number of classical historians including Ctesias , Herodotus , Quintus Curtius Rufus , Strabo , and Cleitarchus . These reports are of variable accuracy and some of the content was politically motivated , but these still provide useful information . Early references ( edit ) References to the city of Babylon can be found in Akkadian and Sumerian literature from the late third millennium BC . One of the earliest is a tablet describing the Akkadian king Šar - kali - šarri laying the foundations in Babylon of new temples for Annūnı̄tum and Ilaba . Babylon also appears in the administrative records of the Third Dynasty of Ur , which collected in - kind tax payments and appointed an ensi as local governor . The so - called Weidner Chronicle ( also known as ABC 19 ) states that Sargon of Akkad ( c. 23d century BC in the short chronology ) had built Babylon `` in front of Akkad '' ( ABC 19 : 51 ) . A later chronicle states that Sargon `` dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon , and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad '' . ( ABC 20 : 18 -- 19 ) . Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire rather than Sargon of Akkad . The Book of Genesis , chapter 10 , claims that king Nimrod founded Babel , Uruk , and Akkad . Classical dating ( edit ) Ctesias , quoted by Diodorus Siculus and in George Syncellus 's Chronographia , claimed to have access to manuscripts from Babylonian archives , which date the founding of Babylon to 2286 BC , under the reign of its first king , Belus . A similar figure is found in the writings of Berossus , who according to Pliny , stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of Phoroneus , indicating 2243 BC . Stephanus of Byzantium wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date given by Hellanicus of Lesbos for the siege of Troy ( 1229 BC ) , which would date Babylon 's foundation to 2231 BC . All of these dates place Babylon 's foundation in the 23rd century BC ; however , cuneiform records have not been found to correspond with these classical ( post-cuneiform ) accounts . History ( edit ) The Queen of the Night relief . The figure could be an aspect of the goddess Ishtar , Babylonian goddess of sex and love . By around the 19th century BC , much of southern Mesopotamia was occupied by Amorites , nomadic tribes from the northern Levant who were Northwest Semitic speakers , unlike the native Akkadians of southern Mesopotamia and Assyria , who spoke East Semitic . The Amorites at first did not practice agriculture like more advanced Mesopotamians , preferring a semi-nomadic lifestyle , herding sheep . Over time , Amorite grain merchants rose to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian city - states , most notably Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna , Lagash , and later , founding Babylon as a state . Old Babylonian period ( edit ) Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi 's ascension in 1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC Old Babylonian cylinder seal , hematite . This seal was probably made in a workshop at Sippar ( about 40 miles north of Babylon on the map above ) either during , or shortly before , the reign of Hammurabi . It depicts the king making an animal offering to the Sun god Shamash . Linescan camera image of the cylinder seal above ( reversed to resemble an impression ) . According to a Babylonian date list , Amorite rule in Babylon began ( c. 19th or 18th century BC ) with a chieftain named Sumu - abum , who declared independence from the neighboring city - state of Kazallu . Sumu - la - El , whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu - abum , is usually given as the progenitor of the First Babylonian Dynasty . Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon . In any case , the records describe Sumu - la - El 's military successes establishing a regional sphere of influence for Babylon . Babylon was initially a minor city - state , and controlled little surrounding territory ; its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king . The older and more powerful states of Assyria , Elam , Isin and Larsa overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of Hammurabi 's short lived empire about a century later . Hammurabi ( r . 1792 -- 1750 BC ) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi . He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia , including Isin , Larsa , Ur , Uruk , Nippur , Lagash , Eridu , Kish , Adab , Eshnunna , Akshak , Akkad , Shuruppak , Bad - tibira , Sippar and Girsu , coalescing them into one kingdom , ruled from Babylon . Hammurabi also invaded and conquered Elam to the east , and the kingdoms of Mari and Ebla to the north west . After a protracted struggle with the powerful Assyrian king Ishme - Dagan of the Old Assyrian Empire , he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign , spreading Babylonian power to Assyria 's Hattian and Hurrian colonies in Asia Minor . After the reign of Hammurabi , the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia , whereas the north had already coalesced centuries before into Assyria . From this time , Babylon supplanted Nippur and Eridu as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia . Hammurabi 's empire destabilized after his death . Assyrians defeated and drove out the Babylonians and Amorites . The far south of Mesopotamia broke away , forming the native Sealand Dynasty , and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia . The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon , which again became a small city state . Texts from Old Babylon often include references to Shamash , the sun - god of Sippar , treated as a supreme deity , and Marduk , considered as his son . Marduk was later elevated to a higher status and Shamash lowered , perhaps reflecting Babylon 's rising political power Middle Babylon ( edit ) In 1595 BC the city was overthrown by the Hittite Empire from Asia Minor . Thereafter , Kassites from the Zagros Mountains of north western Ancient Iran captured Babylon , ushering in a dynasty that lasted for 435 years , until 1160 BC . The city was renamed Karanduniash during this period . Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the Middle Assyrian Empire ( 1365 -- 1053 BC ) to the north , and Elam to the east , with both powers vying for control of the city . The Assyrian king Tukulti - Ninurta I took the throne of Babylon in 1235 BC . By 1155 BC , after continued attacks and annexing of territory by the Assyrians and Elamites , the Kassites were deposed in Babylon . An Akkadian south Mesopotamian dynasty then ruled for the first time . However , Babylon remained weak and subject to domination by Assyria . Its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of foreign West Semitic settlers from the deserts of the Levant , including the Arameans and Suteans in the 11th century BC , and finally the Chaldeans in the 9th century BC , entering and appropriating areas of Babylonia for themselves . The Arameans briefly ruled in Babylon during the late 11th century BC . Assyrian period ( edit ) Sennacherib of Assyria during his Babylonian war , relief from his palace in Nineveh During the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911 -- 609 BC ) , Babylonia was under constant Assyrian domination or direct control . During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria , Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt , led by a chieftain named Merodach - Baladan , in alliance with the Elamites , and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon . In 689 BC , its walls , temples and palaces were razed , and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu , the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south . Destruction of the religious center shocked many , and the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons while praying to the god Nisroch was considered an act of atonement . Consequently , his successor Esarhaddon hastened to rebuild the old city and make it his residence during part of the year . After his death , Babylonia was governed by his elder son , the Assyrian prince Shamash - shum - ukin , who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother , Ashurbanipal , who ruled in Nineveh . Shamash - shum - ukin enlisted the help of other peoples subject to Assyria , including Elam , Persia , Chaldeans and Suteans of southern Mesopotamia , and the Canaanites and Arabs dwelling in the deserts south of Mesopotamia . Once again , Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians , starved into surrender and its allies were defeated . Ashurbanipal celebrated a `` service of reconciliation '' , but did not venture to `` take the hands '' of Bel . An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was appointed as ruler of the city . Ashurbanipal did collect texts from Babylon for inclusion in his extensive library at Ninevah . After the death of Ashurbanipal , the Assyrian empire destabilized due to a series of internal civil wars throughout the reigns of Assyrian kings Ashur - etil - ilani , Sin - shumu - lishir and Sinsharishkun . Eventually Babylon , like many other parts of the near east , took advantage of the anarchy within Assyria to free itself from Assyrian rule . In the subsequent overthrow of the Assyrian Empire by an alliance of peoples , the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance . Neo-Babylonian Empire ( edit ) Cuneiform cylinder from reign of Nebuchadnezzar II honoring the exorcism and reconstruction of the ziggurat Etemenanki by Nabopolassar . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Neo-Babylonian Empire Detail of the Ishtar Gate reconstruction A reconstruction of the blue - tiled Ishtar Gate which was the northern entrance to Babylon . It was named for the goddess of love and war . Bulls and dragons , symbols of the god Marduk , decorated the gate . Under Nabopolassar , a previously unknown Chaldean chieftain , Babylon escaped Assyrian rule , and in an alliance with Cyaxares , king of the Medes and Persians together with the Scythians and Cimmerians , finally destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 612 BC and 605 BC . Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian ( sometimes and possibly erroneously called the Chaldean ) Empire . With the recovery of Babylonian independence , a new era of architectural activity ensued , particularly during the reign of his son Nebuchadnezzar II ( 604 -- 561 BC ) . Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds , including the Etemenanki ziggurat , and the construction of the Ishtar Gate -- the most prominent of eight gates around Babylon . A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is located in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin . Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon -- one of the seven wonders of the ancient world -- said to have been built for his homesick wife Amyitis . Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute . German archaeologist Robert Koldewey speculated that he had discovered its foundations , but many historians disagree about the location . Stephanie Dalley has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located in the Assyrian capital , Nineveh . Nebuchandnezzar is also notoriously associated with the Babylonian exile of the Jews , the result of an imperial technique of pacification , used also by the Assyrians , in which ethnic groups in conquered areas were deported en masse to the capital . Chaldean rule of Babylon did not last long ; it is not clear whether Neriglissar and Labashi - Marduk were Chaldeans or native Babylonians , and the last ruler Nabonidus ( 556 -- 539 BC ) and his co-regent son Belshazzar were Assyrians from Harran . Persian conquest ( edit ) In 539 BC , the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great , king of Persia , with a military engagement known as the Battle of Opis . Babylon 's walls were considered impenetrable . The only way into the city was through one of its many gates or through the Euphrates River . Metal grates were installed underwater , allowing the river to flow through the city walls while preventing intrusion . The Persians devised a plan to enter the city via the river . During a Babylonian national feast , Cyrus ' troops diverted the Euphrates River upstream , allowing Cyrus ' soldiers to enter the city through the lowered water . The Persian army conquered the outlying areas of the city while the majority of Babylonians at the city center were unaware of the breach . The account was elaborated upon by Herodotus and is also mentioned in parts of the Hebrew Bible . ( Herodotus also described a moat , an enormously tall and broad wall cemented with bitumen and with buildings on top , and a hundred gates to the city . He also writes that the Babylonians wear turbans and perfume and bury their dead in honey , that they practice ritual prostitution , and that three tribes among them eat nothing but fish . The hundred gates can be considered a reference to Homer , and following the pronouncement of Archibald Henry Sayce in 1883 , Herodotus 's account of Babylon has largely been considered to represent Greek folklore rather than an authentic voyage to Babylon . Dalley and others have recently suggested taking Herodotus 's account seriously again . ) According to 2 Chronicles 36 of the Hebrew Bible , Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people , including the Jews , to return to their own lands . Text found on the Cyrus Cylinder has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy , although the interpretation is disputed because the text only identifies Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews , Jerusalem , or Judea . Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king Darius I , Babylon became the capital city of the 9th Satrapy ( Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north ) , as well as a center of learning and scientific advancement . In Achaemenid Persia , the ancient Babylonian arts of astronomy and mathematics were revitalized , and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations . The city became the administrative capital of the Persian Empire and remained prominent for over two centuries . Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era . The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of Marduk , but by the reign of Darius III , over-taxation and the strain of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon 's main shrines and canals , and the destabilization of the surrounding region . There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC ( Nebuchadnezzar III ) , 521 BC ( Nebuchadnezzar IV ) and 482 BC ( Bel - shimani and Shamash - eriba ) native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence . However these revolts were quickly repressed and Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries , until Alexander the Great 's entry in 331 BC . Hellenistic period ( edit ) `` Entry of Alexander into Babylon '' , a 1665 painting by Charles LeBrun , depicts Alexander the Great 's uncontested entry into the city of Babylon , envisioned with pre-existing Hellenistic architecture . In October of 331 BC , Darius III , the last Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire , was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian Greek ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela . A native account of this invasion notes a ruling by Alexander not to enter the homes of its inhabitants . Under Alexander , Babylon again flourished as a center of learning and commerce . However , following Alexander 's death in 323 BC in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar , his empire was divided amongst his generals , the Diadochi , and decades of fighting soon began . The constant turmoil virtually emptied the city of Babylon . A tablet dated 275 BC states that the inhabitants of Babylon were transported to Seleucia , where a palace and a temple ( Esagila ) were built . With this deportation , Babylon became insignificant as a city , although more than a century later , sacrifices were still performed in its old sanctuary . Renewed Persian rule ( edit ) Main article : Babylonia § Persian_Babylonia Under the Parthian and Sassanid Empires , Babylon ( like Assyria ) became a province of these Persian Empires for nine centuries , until after AD 650 . It maintained its own culture and people , who spoke varieties of Aramaic , and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon . Examples of their culture are found in the Babylonian Talmud , the Gnostic Mandaean religion , Eastern Rite Christianity and the religion of the prophet Mani . Christianity was introduced to Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD , and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the Church of the East until well after the Arab / Islamic conquest . Muslim conquest ( edit ) Main article : Muslim conquest of Persia In the mid-7th century , Mesopotamia was invaded and settled by the expanding Muslim Empire , and a period of Islamization followed . Babylon was dissolved as a province and Aramaic and Church of the East Christianity eventually became marginalized . Ibn Hauqal mentions a small village called Babel in the tenth century ; subsequent travelers describe only ruins . Babylon is mentioned in medieval Arabic writings as a source of bricks , said to have been used in cities from Baghdad to Basra . European travelers in many cases could not discover the city 's location , or mistook Fallujah for it . Twelfth - century traveler Benjamin of Tudela mentions Babylon but it 's not clear if he really went there . Others referred to Baghdad as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the Tower of Babel . Pietro della Valle found the ancient site in the seventeenth century and noted the existence of both baked and dried mudbricks cemented with bitumen . Modern era ( edit ) From the accounts of modern travellers , I had expected to have found on the site of Babylon more , and less , than I actually did . Less , because I could have formed no conception of the prodigious extent of the whole ruins , or of the size , solidity , and perfect state , of some of the parts of them ; and more , because I thought that I should have distinguished some traces , however imperfect , of many of the principle structures of Babylon . I imagined , I should have said : `` Here were the walls , and such must have been the extent of the area . There stood the palace , and this most assuredly was the tower of Belus . '' -- I was completely deceived : instead of a few insulated mounds , I found the whole face of the country covered with vestiges of building , in some places consisting of brick walls surprisingly fresh , in others merely of a vast succession of mounds of rubbish of such indeterminate figures , variety and extent , as to involve the person who should have formed any theory in inextricable confusion . Claudius J. Rich , Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon ( 1815 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . Lion of Babylon The eighteenth century saw an increasing flow of travelers to Babylon , including Carsten Niebuhr and Pierre - Joseph de Beauchamp , as well as measurements of its latitude . Beauchamp 's memoir , published in English translation in 1792 , provoked the British East India Company to direct its agents in Baghdad and Basra to acquire Mesopotamian relics for shipment to London . Excavation and Research ( edit ) Claudius Rich , working for the East India Company in Baghdad , excavated Babylon in 1811 -- 12 and again in 1817 . Robert Mignan excavated at the site briefly in 1827 . William Loftus visited there in 1849 . Austen Henry Layard made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site . Fulgence Fresnel and Julius Oppert heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854 . However , many of the fruits of their work was lost when a raft containing over forty crates of artifacts sank into the Tigris river . Original tiles of the processional street . Ancient Babylon , Mesopotamia , Iraq . Sir Henry Rawlinson , 1st Baronet and George Smith worked there briefly in 1854 . The next excavation was conducted by Hormuzd Rassam on behalf of the British Museum . Work began in 1879 , continuing until 1882 , and was prompted by widespread looting of the site . Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts , Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds . The zealous excavation methods , common at the time , caused significant damage to the archaeological context . Many tablets had appeared on the market in 1876 before Rassam 's excavation began . Mušḫuššu ( sirrush ) and aurochs on either side of the processional street . Ancient Babylon , Mesopotamia , Iraq A team from the German Oriental Society led by Robert Koldewey conducted the first scientific archaeological excavations at Babylon . The work was conducted daily from 1899 until 1917 . Primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of Marduk and the processional way leading up to it , as well as the city wall . Artifacts including pieces of the Ishtar Gate and hundreds of recovered tablets were sent back to Germany , where Koldewey 's colleague Walter Andrae reconstructed them into displays at Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin. , The German archaeologists fled before oncoming British troops in 1917 and again many objects went missing in the following years . Further work by the German Archaeological Institute was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and Hansjörg Schmid in 1962 . Lenzen 's work dealt primarily with the Hellenistic theatre , and Schmid focused on the temple ziggurat Etemenanki . The site was excavated in 1974 on behalf of the Turin Centre for Archaeological Research and Excavations in the Middle East and Asia and the Iraqi - Italian Institute of Archaeological Sciences . The focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data . Additional work in 1987 -- 1989 concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara and Ninurta temples in the Shu - Anna city - quarter of Babylon . During the restoration efforts in Babylon , the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage excavation and clearing , but wider publication of these archaeological activities has been limited . Indeed , most of the known tablets from all modern excavation remain unpublished . Iraq government ( edit ) The site of Babylon has been a cultural asset to Iraq since the creation of the modern Iraqi government in 1920 . Babylonian images periodically appear on Iraqi postcards and stamps . In the 1960s a replica of the Ishtar gate and a reconstruction of Ninmakh temple were built on site . On 14 February 1978 , the Baathist government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein began the `` Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project '' : reconstructing features of the ancient city atop its ruins . These features included the Southern Palace of Nebuchandnezzar , with 250 rooms , five courtyards , and a 30 - meter entrance arch . The project also reinforced the Processional Way , the Lion of Babylon , and an amphitheater constructed in the city 's Hellenistic era . In 1982 the government minted a set of seven coins displaying iconic features of Babylon . A Babylon International Festival was held in September 1987 , and annually thereafter until 2002 ( excepting 1990 and 1991 ) , to showcase this work . Proposed reconstruction of the Hanging Gardens and the great ziggurat never took place . Hussein installed a portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins and inscribed his name on many of the bricks , in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar . One frequent inscription reads : `` This was built by Saddam Hussein , son of Nebuchadnezzar , to glorify Iraq '' . These bricks became sought after as collectors ' items after Hussein 's downfall . Similar projects were conducted at Nineveh , Nimrud , Assur and Hatra , to demonstrate the magnificence of Arab achievement . When the 1991 Gulf War ended , Hussein wanted to build a modern palace called Saddam Hill over some of the old ruins , in the pyramidal style of a ziggurat . In 2003 , he intended the construction of a cable car line over Babylon , but plans were halted by the 2003 invasion of Iraq . US and Polish occupation ( edit ) US Marines in front of the rebuilt ruins of Babylon , 2003 Play media World Monuments Fund video on conservation of Babylon Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the area around Babylon came under the control of US troops , before being handed over to Polish forces in September 2003 . US forces under the command of General James T. Conway of the I Marine Expeditionary Force were criticized for building the military base `` Camp Alpha '' , with a helipad and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the Iraq War . US forces have occupied the site for some time and have caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record . In a report of the British Museum 's Near East department , Dr. John Curtis described how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters , and parking lots for heavy vehicles . Curtis wrote of the occupation forces : They caused substantial damage to the Ishtar Gate , one of the most famous monuments from antiquity ( ... ) US military vehicles crushed 2,600 - year - old brick pavements , archaeological fragments were scattered across the site , more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth - moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists . A US Military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the `` head of the Babylon museum '' . The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities , Donny George , said that the `` mess will take decades to sort out '' and criticised Polish troops for causing `` terrible damage '' to the site . Poland resolved in 2004 to place the city under Iraq control , and commissioned a report titled Report Concerning the Condition of the Preservation of the Babylon Archaeological Site , which it presented at a meeting on 11 -- 13 December 2004 . In 2005 the site was handed over to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture . In April 2006 , Colonel John Coleman , former Chief of Staff for the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force , offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command . However , he also claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage by other looters . An article published in April 2006 stated that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans to restore Babylon , making it into a cultural center . Two museums and a library , containing replicas of artifacts and local maps and reports , were raided and destroyed . Present day ( edit ) In May 2009 , the provincial government of Babil reopened the site to tourists , but not many have come . An oil pipeline runs through an outer wall of the city . Panoramic view of ruins in Babylon photographed in 2005 during a tour for U.S. soldiers . Cultural importance ( edit ) Woodcut in 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle depicting the fall of Babylon . `` The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel ( Or Babel ) '' , by 19th - century illustrator William Simpson -- influenced by early archaeological investigations . Before modern archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia , the appearance of Babylon was largely a mystery , and typically envisioned by Western artists as a hybrid between ancient Egyptian , classical Greek , and contemporary Ottoman culture . Due to Babylon 's historical significance as well as references to it in the Bible , the word `` Babylon '' in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large , bustling diverse city . Examples include : Babylon is used in reggae music as a concept in the Rastafari belief system , denoting the materialistic capitalist world . Freemasonry , which has its own versions of biblical legends , classically considered Babylon as its birthplace and a haven for science and knowledge . Babylon 5 -- a science fiction series about a multi-racial futuristic space station . Babylon A.D. takes place in New York City , decades in the future . Babilonas ( Lithuanian name for `` Babylon '' ) -- a real estate development in Lithuania . Biblical narrative ( edit ) In Genesis 10 : 10 , Babel ( Babylon ) is described as founded by Nimrod along with Uruk , Akkad and perhaps Calneh -- all of them in Shinar ( `` Calneh '' is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase `` all of them '' ) . Another story is given in Genesis 11 , which describes a united human race , speaking one language , migrating to Shinar to establish a city and tower -- the Tower of Babel . God halts construction of the tower by scattering humanity across the earth and confusing their communication so they are unable to understand each other in the same language . Babylon appears throughout the Hebrew Bible , including several prophecies and in descriptions of the destruction of Jerusalem and subsequent Babylonian captivity . Consequently , in Jewish tradition , Babylon symbolizes an oppressor against which righteous believers must struggle . In Christianity , Babylon symbolizes worldliness and evil . Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with Lucifer . Nebuchadnezzar , sometimes conflated with Nabonidus , appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative . The Revelation of St. John in the Christian Bible refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center . The city is personified by the `` Whore of Babylon '' , riding on a scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns , and drunk on the blood of the righteous . Some scholars of apocalyptic literature believe this New Testament `` Babylon '' to be a dysphemism for the Roman Empire . See also ( edit ) Cities of the ancient Near East Jehoiachin 's Rations Tablets List of Kings of Babylon Tomb of Daniel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Amorites were not native to Mesopotamia , but were semi-nomadic Canaanite Northwest Semitic invaders from the northern Levant . They ( together with the Elamites to the east ) had originally been prevented from taking control of the Akkadian states of southern Mesopotamia by the intervention of powerful Assyrian kings of the Old Assyrian Empire during the 21st and 20th centuries BC , intervening from northern Mesopotamia . However , when the Assyrians turned their attention to expanding their colonies in Asia Minor , the Amorites eventually began to supplant native rulers across the region . Jump up ^ Please see Chronology of the ancient Near East for more discussion on dating events in the 2nd millennium BC , including the Sack of Babylon . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Cambridge Ancient History : Prolegomena & Prehistory : Vol. 1 , Part 1 . Accessed 15 Dec 2010 . ) Jump up ^ Tertius Chandler . Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth : An Historical Census ( 1987 ) , St. David 's University Press ( `` etext.org '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ) . ISBN 0 - 88946 - 207 - 0 . See Historical urban community sizes . Jump up ^ Mieroop , Marc van de ( 1997 ) . The Ancient Mesopotamian City . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 9780191588457 . Jump up ^ Boiy , T. ( 2004 ) . Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon . Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. 136 . Leuven : Peeters Publishers . p. 233 . ISBN 9789042914490 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 140 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Sayce 1878 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Archibald Henry Sayce , `` The Origin of Semitic Civilisation , Chiefly Upon Philological Evidence '' , Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology Vol. 1 , p. 298 ; read 2 April 1872 . ^ Jump up to : Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1878b ) . `` Babylon -- Babylonia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . III ( 9th ed . ) . pp. 182 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Ernest A. Budge , The history of Esarhaddon ( son of Sennacherib ) king of Assyria , B.C. 681 -- 688 ; London : Trübner & Co. , 1880 ; pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Dietz Otto Edzard : Geschichte Mesopotamiens . Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen , Beck , München 2004 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Liane Jakob - Rost , Joachim Marzahn : Babylon , ed . Staatliche Museen zu Berlin . Vorderasiatisches Museum , ( Kleine Schriften 4 ) , 2 . Auflage , Putbus 1990 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Gelb , I.J. ( 1994 ) . `` The Name of Babylon '' . In Hess , Richard S. ; Tsumura , David Toshio . I studied inscriptions from before the flood : ancient Near Eastern , literary , and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1 - 11 . Winona Lake , Ind. : Eisenbrauns . pp. 266 -- 269 . ISBN 9780931464881 . OCLC 31239619 . ^ Jump up to : Wilfred G. Lambert , `` Babylon : Origins '' ; in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) , pp. 71 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Gen. 11 : 9 . Jump up ^ Magnus Magnusson , BC : The Archaeology of the Bible Lands . BBC Publications 1977 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary -- babble '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley , `` Nineveh , Babylon and the Hanging Gardens : Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled '' ; Iraq 56 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Dalley , Babylon as a Name for other Cities Including Nineveh , in Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale , Oriental Institute SAOC 62 , pp. 25 -- 33 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Olof Pedersén , `` Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries in Babylon '' , in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) , pp. 47 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : MacGinnis , John ( 1986 ) . `` Herodotus ' Description of Babylon '' . Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies . 33 : 67 -- 86 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Vedeler ( 2006 ) , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Records of the Past , Archibald Sayce , 2nd series , Vol. 1 , 1888 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ N.H. vii. 57 Jump up ^ The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World , George Rawlinson , Vol. 4 , p. 526 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Al - Gailani Werr , L. , 1988 . Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals . Bibliotheca Mesopotamica , Volume 23 . Jump up ^ Vedeler ( 2006 ) , pp. 8 -- 15 . `` However , this later tradition is almost certainly a simplification or even a reworking of the actual events surrounding Sumu - abum , who was never regarded as an actual ancestor to the other kings of the Babylon I dynasty ( Edzard 1957 : 122 ) ; in reality the relationship of Sumu - abum to Babylon was much more complex . It was long been noted that many of Sumu - abum 's year names are identical or virtually identical to the year names of Sumu - la - el , whom we know for certain was king of Babylon . Goddeeris ( 2002 : 319 -- 320 ) sums these parallels up as follows : Sa 1 and 2 / Sl 5 and 6 : building the wall of Babylon . Sa 9 / Sl ' b ' : building the wall of Dilbat . Sa 13 / 14 / Sl 20 / 21 : the destruction and seizure of Kazallu . '' Jump up ^ Albert Houtum - Schindler , `` Babylon , '' Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . Jump up ^ `` 170 . MMA 86.11. 284 '' in Ira Spar & Michael Jursa , Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art : IV . The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C. ; Eisenbrauns , 2014 ; pp. 288 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Alfred S. ( 2001 ) . With Arrow , Sword , and Spear : A History of Warfare in the Ancient World , pp. 47 -- 48 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95259 - 2 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Adrian ; Herbert Gordon May ( 2007 ) . Oxford Bible Atlas Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 100158 - 1 p. 122 Google Books Search Jump up ^ von Soden , Wilfred ; Donald G. Schley ( 1996 ) . William B. Eerdmanns ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0142 - 5 p. 60 Google Books Search Jump up ^ Saggs , H.W.F. ( 2000 ) . Babylonians , p. 165 . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20222 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley , ( 2013 ) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon : an elusive World Wonder traced , OUP ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966226 - 5 Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 88 -- 89 . `` Preventing uprisings on the fringes of the empire was a major concern for Assyrian kings , and a number of policies developed to meet this need , among them mass deportations . When new territory was conquered or a rebellious vassal crushed , an increased imperial presence in the trouble spot was often complemented by the removal of large numbers of the indigenous population to the imperial core , effectively breaking up the rebellious population and reducing the potential for future resistance . This practice was effective , and continued throughout the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires until 539 BC and Cyrus 's conquest of Babylon . The majority of the immigrant population were not slaves ( Yamauchi 2002 : 365 ) , and some did rise to high status positions at the core of the empire ( a possibility reflected in the career of the biblical Daniel , who rises to the status of trusted royal confidant ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Herodotus , Book 1 , ch. 178 -- 200 ; or see `` Herodotus ' Description of Babylon and the Babylonians '' . Jump up ^ Isaiah 44 : 27 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 107 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder The British Museum . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia : The Persians '' . Wsu.edu:8080. 1999 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Sayce 1911 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Reade , `` Disappearance and rediscovery '' ; in Finkel & Seymour , eds. , Babylon ( 2009 ) ; pp. 13 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , p. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Seymour ( 2006 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 169 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Claudius J. Rich , Memoirs on the Ruins of Babylon , 1815 Jump up ^ Claudius J. Rich , Second memoir on Babylon ; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon , and the remains still visible on the site , 1818 Jump up ^ Google Books Search , Robert Mignan , Travels in Chaldæa , Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad , Hillah , and Babylon , Performed on Foot in 1827 , H. Colburn and R. Bentley , 1829 ISBN 1 - 4021 - 6013 - 5 Jump up ^ Google Books Search , William K. Loftus , Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana , Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana : With an Account of Excavations at Warka , the `` Erech '' of Nimrod , and Shush , `` Shushan the Palace '' of Esther , in 1849 -- 52 , Robert Carter & Brothers , 1857 Jump up ^ A.H. Layard , Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon ; New York : Harper & Brothers , 1853 . Jump up ^ J. Oppert , Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854 . Tome I : Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition , 1863 ( also as ISBN 0 - 543 - 74945 - 2 ) Tome II : ' Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms , 1859 ( also as ISBN 0 - 543 - 74939 - 8 ) Jump up ^ H V. Hilprecht , Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century ; Philadelphia : A.J. Holman and Company , 1903 . Jump up ^ Hormuzd Rassam , Asshur and the Land of Nimrod : Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh , Asshur , Sepharvaim , Calah , ( ... ) , Curts & Jennings , 1897 . Jump up ^ Julian Reade , Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries , Iraq , vol. 55 , pp. 39 -- 62 , 1993 Jump up ^ Robert Koldewey , Das wieder erstehende Babylon , die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen , J.C. Hinrichs , 1913 ; Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns ( translator ) , The Excavations at Babylon , Macmillan and Co. , 1914 . `` Up to the present time only about half the work has been accomplished , although since it began we have worked daily , both summer and winter , with from 200 to 250 workmen '' ( p. v ) . Jump up ^ R. Koldewey , Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa , WVDOG , vol. 15 , pp. 37 -- 49 , 1911 ( in German ) Jump up ^ R. Koldewey , Das Ischtar - Tor in Babylon , WVDOG , vol. 32 , 1918 Jump up ^ F. Wetzel , Die Stadtmauren von Babylon , WVDOG , vol. 48 , pp. 1 -- 83 , 1930 Jump up ^ F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach , Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon : Esagila und Etemenanki , WVDOG , vol. 59 , pp. 1 -- 36 , 1938 Jump up ^ F. Wetzel et al. , Das Babylon der Spätzeit , WVDOG , vol. 62 , Gebr . Mann , 1957 ( 1998 reprint ISBN 3 - 7861 - 2001 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Brittney Garcia , `` Ishtar Gate '' , Ancient History Encyclopedia , 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Can Bilsel , Antiquities on Display : Regimes of the Authentic in Berlin 's Pergamon Museum ; Oxford University Press , 2012 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957055 - 3 ; pp. 163 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Hansjörg Schmid , Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon , Zabern , 1995 , ISBN 3 - 8053 - 1610 - 0 Jump up ^ Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino per il Medio Oriente e l'Asia . Projects : IRAQ : Babylon and The Iraqi - Italian Institute of Archaeological Sciences and the Iraqi - Italian Centre for the Restoration of Monuments in Baghdad . Jump up ^ G. Bergamini , `` Levels of Babylon Reconsidered '' , Mesopotamia , vol. 12 , pp. 111 -- 152 , 1977 Jump up ^ G. Bergamini , `` Excavations in Shu - anna Babylon 1987 '' , Mesopotamia , vol. 23 , pp. 5 -- 17 , 1988 Jump up ^ G. Bergamini , `` Preliminary report on the 1988 -- 1989 operations at Babylon Shu - Anna '' , Mesopotamia , vol. 25 , pp. 5 -- 12 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Excavations in Iraq 1981 -- 1982 '' , Iraq , vol. 45 , no . 2 , pp. 199 -- 224 , 1983 Jump up ^ Farouk N.H. Al - Rawi , Nabopolassar 's Restoration Work on the Wall `` Imgur - Enlil at Babylon , Iraq , vol. 47 , pp. 1 -- 13 , 1985 ^ Jump up to : John Curtis , `` The Present Condition of Babylon '' ; in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : John Curtis , `` The Site of Babylon Today '' ; in Finkel & Seymour , eds. , Babylon ( 2009 ) ; pp. 213 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Paul Lewis , `` Babylon Journal ; Ancient King 's Instructions to Iraq : Fix My Palace '' ( archive ) , New York Times , 19 April 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Saddam removed from ancient Babylon ' brick by brick ' '' , ABC News 20 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Rothfield ( 1 Aug 2009 ) . The Rape of Mesopotamia : Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226729435 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Rory ; Kennedy , Maev ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Babylon wrecked by war '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bajjaly , Joanne Farchakh ( 2005 - 04 - 25 ) . `` History lost in dust of war - torn Iraq '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Leeman , Sue ( January 16 , 2005 ) . `` Damage seen to ancient Babylon '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Marozzi , Justin ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Lost cities # 1 : Babylon -- how war almost erased ' mankind 's greatest heritage site ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Heritage News from around the world , World Heritage Alert ! . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Rupert . US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon , The Independent , April 15 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gettleman , Jeffrey . Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon , International Herald Tribune , April 21 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Archived June 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McBride , Edward . Monuments to Self : Baghdad 's grands projects in the age of Saddam Hussein , MetropolisMag . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Archived December 10 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maryam U. Musa , `` The Situation of the Babylon Archaeological Site until 2006 '' , in Cancik - Kirschbaum et al. ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Arawa Damon , `` Bringing Babylon back from the dead '' , CNN , 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Steven Lee Myers , `` Babylon Ruins Reopen in Iraq , to Controversy '' , New York Times , 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Liverani 2016 , pp. 21 -- 22 . `` In practice , the solution adopted to visualize cities which were in fact unknown was a mixture of classical ( Greek ) and Egyptian elements , with long colonnades , even built on more than one level -- which will then prove totally foreign to the unfired brick architecture of Mesopotamian cities -- and with plenty of obelisks and the odd sphinx . To this mixture is added , often and willingly , something of Ottoman architecture , showing cupolas and minarets , clearly useful in picturing an unchangeable Near East which therefore needed to retain elements of remote antiquity in a modern age . '' Jump up ^ Albert Mackey , History of Freemasonry ( Vol. 1 ) ; New York and London : Masonic History Company , 1898 / 1906 ; p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Babylonian Empire in biblical history ? '' . GotQuestions.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Seymour ( 2006 ) , pp. 91 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Merrill Tenney : New Testament Survey , Inter-varsity Press , 1985 , pp383 Sources ( edit ) Cancik - Kirschbaum , Eva , Margarete van Ess , & Joachim Marzahn , eds. ( 2011 ) . Babylon : Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident . Berlin / Boston : De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022212 - 8 . Finkel , I.L. and M.J. Seymour , eds . Babylon . Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 538540 - 3 . Exhibition organized by British Museum , Musée du Louvre & Réunion des Musées Nationaux , and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin . Liverani , Mario . Imagining Babylon : The Modern Story of an Ancient City . Translated from Italian to English by Ailsa Campbell . Boston : De Gruyter , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61451 - 602 - 6 . Originally published as Immaginare Babele in 2013 . Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1878 ) . `` Babel '' . In Baynes , T.S. Encyclopædia Britannica . III ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 178 . Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1911 ) . `` Babylon '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 99 . Seymour , Michael John . The Idea of Babylon : Archaeology and Representation in Mesopotamia . Volume I : Text . PhD dissertation accepted at University College , London , 2006 . Vedeler , Harold Torger . A Social and Economic Survey of the Reign of Samsuiluna of Babylon ( 1794 -- 1712 BC ) . PhD dissertation accepted at Yale , May 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Babel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 91 . Oates , Joan ( 1986 ) . Babylon . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 02095 - 7 . and ISBN 0 - 500 - 27384 - 7 ( paperback ) Maul , Stefan ( 1997 ) . `` The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City -- Reflection and Navel of the World '' . Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts . -- originally published in German `` Die altorientalische Hauptstadt -- Abbild und Nabel der Wel '' . Die Orientalische Stadt : kontinuitat . Wandel . Bruch. 1 Internationale Colloquium der Deutschen Orient - Gesellschaft. 9 -- 10 . Mai 1996 in Halle / Saale . Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag : 109 -- 124 . 1997 . Rich , Claudius : 1815 . Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon . Third Edition , 1818 . 1818 . Second Memoir on Babylon . 1839 . Narrative of a journey to the site of Babylon in 1811 . Posthumous compilation . `` UNESCO : Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon '' . Associated Press . 10 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Babylon . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babylon . Babylon on In Our Time at the BBC . Ancient Babylon Iraq Image -- Babylon Satellite Observation Site Photographs of Babylon -- Oriental Institute Encyclopædia Britannica , Babylon 1901 -- 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia , Babylon Beyond Babylon : art , trade , and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. , Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov. 18 , 2008 - Mar. 15 , 2009 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York Osama S.M. Amin , `` Visiting the ancient city of Babylon '' , Ancient History Et Cetera , 17 November 2014 . Video of reconstructed palace : Iraq elections : The palace that Nebuchadnezzar built Iraq war Babylon wrecked by war , The Guardian , January 15 , 2005 Mirosław Olbryś , The Polish contribution to protection of the archaeological heritage in central south Iraq , November 2003 to April 2005 , Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites , Volume 8 , Number 2 , 2007 , pp. 88 -- 104 ( 17 ) `` Experts : Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon '' . Associated Press . July 10 , 2009 . UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylon&oldid=832142801 '' Categories : Babylon Amorite cities Archaeological sites in Iraq Babil Governorate Former populated places in Iraq Hebrew Bible cities Historic Jewish communities Levant Populated places on the Euphrates River Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Akkadian - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Old Persian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Classical Syriac - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Wolof ייִדיש 粵語 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the ancient city of babylon located today | [
"\nBabylon\n\nبابل\n\n\n\nA partial view of the ruins of Babylon from Saddam Hussein's Summer Palace\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShown within Iraq\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternate name\nArabic: بابل Babil\nAkkadian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, Bābili(m)[1]\nSumerian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, KÁ.DINGIR.RAKI[1]\nAramaic: 𐡁𐡁𐡋, Babil\nHebrew: בָּבֶל, Bavel[1]\nGreek: Βαβυλών, Babylṓn\nOld Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢, Bābiru\nElamite: 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 , Babili\nKassite: Karanduniash\n\n\nLocation\nHillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq\n\n\nRegion\nMesopotamia\n\n\nCoordinates\n32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E / 32.53639; 44.42083Coordinates: 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E / 32.53639; 44.42083\n\n\nType\nSettlement\n\n\nPart of\nBabylonia\n\n\nArea\n9 km2 (3.5 sq mi)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFounded\nc. 2300 BC\n\n\nAbandoned\nc. AD 1000\n\n\nCultures\nAkkadian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Persian\n\n\nSite notes\n\n\nArchaeologists\nHormuzd Rassam, Robert Koldewey\n\n\nCondition\nRuined\n\n\nOwnership\nPublic\n\n\nPublic access\nYes\n\n"
] | [
"Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq"
] |
-6267413688826544734 | Evolution of mammals | Evolution of mammals - wikipedia Evolution of mammals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Evolutionary history of life Restoration of Procynosuchus , a member of the cynodont group , which includes the ancestors of mammals Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Category Book Related topics The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the late Carboniferous period . The most ancestral forms in the class Mammalia are the egg - laying mammals in the subclass Prototheria . This class first started out as something close to the platypus and evolved to modern day mammals . By the mid-Triassic , there were many synapsid species that looked like mammals . The lineage leading to today 's mammals split up in the Jurassic ; synapsids from this period include Dryolestes , more closely related to extant placentals and marsupials than to monotremes , as well as Ambondro , more closely related to monotremes . Later on , the eutherian and metatherian lineages separated ; the metatherians are the animals more closely related to the marsupials , while the eutherians are those more closely related to the placentals . Since Juramaia , the earliest known eutherian , lived 160 million years ago in the Jurassic , this divergence must have occurred in the same period . After the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs ( birds being the only surviving dinosaurs ) and several mammalian groups , placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms and ecological niches throughout the Paleogene and Neogene , by the end of which all modern orders had appeared . Mammals are the only living synapsids . The synapsid lineage became distinct from the sauropsid lineage in the late Carboniferous period , between 320 and 315 million years ago . The sauropsids are today 's reptiles and birds along with all the extinct animals more closely related to them than to mammals . This does not include the mammal - like reptiles , a group more closely related to the mammals . Throughout the Permian period , the synapsids included the dominant carnivores and several important herbivores . In the subsequent Triassic period , however , a previously obscure group of sauropsids , the archosaurs , became the dominant vertebrates . The mammaliaforms appeared during this period ; their superior sense of smell , backed up by a large brain , facilitated entry into nocturnal niches with less exposure to archosaur predation . The nocturnal lifestyle may have contributed greatly to the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair . Later in the Mesozoic , after theropod dinosaurs replaced rauisuchians as the dominant carnivores , mammals spread into other ecological niches . For example , some became aquatic , some were gliders , and some even fed on juvenile dinosaurs . Most of the evidence consists of fossils . For many years , fossils of Mesozoic mammals and their immediate ancestors were very rare and fragmentary ; but , since the mid-1990s , there have been many important new finds , especially in China . The relatively new techniques of molecular phylogenetics have also shed light on some aspects of mammalian evolution by estimating the timing of important divergence points for modern species . When used carefully , these techniques often , but not always , agree with the fossil record . Although mammary glands are a signature feature of modern mammals , little is known about the evolution of lactation as these soft tissues are not often preserved in the fossil record . Most research concerning the evolution of mammals centers on the shapes of the teeth , the hardest parts of the tetrapod body . Other important research characteristics include the evolution of the middle ear bones , erect limb posture , a bony secondary palate , fur , hair , and warm - bloodedness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of `` mammal '' 2 The ancestry of mammals 2.1 Amniotes 2.2 Synapsids 3 Therapsids 3.1 Therapsid family tree 3.2 Biarmosuchia 3.3 Dinocephalians 3.4 Anomodonts 3.5 Theriodonts 3.6 Cynodonts 4 Triassic takeover 5 From cynodonts to crown mammals 5.1 Fossil record 5.2 Mammals or mammaliaforms 5.3 Family tree -- cynodonts to crown group mammals 5.4 Morganucodontidae 5.5 Docodonts 5.6 Hadrocodium 6 Earliest crown mammals 6.1 Family tree of early crown mammals 6.2 Colour vision 6.3 Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae 6.4 Monotremes 6.5 Multituberculates 6.6 Theria 6.7 Metatheria 6.8 Eutheria 7 Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic 8 Evolution of major groups of living mammals 8.1 Fossil - based family tree of placental mammals 8.2 Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals 8.3 Timing of placental evolution 9 Evolution of mammalian features 9.1 Jaws and middle ears 9.2 Lactation 9.3 Hair and fur 9.4 Erect limbs 9.5 Warm - bloodedness 9.5. 1 Respiratory turbinates 9.5. 2 Bony secondary palate 9.5. 3 Diaphragm 9.5. 4 Limb posture 9.6 Brain 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Definition of `` mammal '' ( edit ) Figure 1 : In mammals , the quadrate and articular bones are small and part of the middle ear ; the lower jaw consists only of dentary bone . While living mammal species can be identified by the presence of milk - producing mammary glands in the females , other features are required when classifying fossils , because mammary glands and other soft - tissue features are not visible in fossils . One such feature available for paleontology , shared by all living mammals ( including monotremes ) , but not present in any of the early Triassic therapsids , is shown in figure 1 : mammals use two bones for hearing that all other amniotes use for eating . The earliest amniotes had a jaw joint composed of the articular ( a small bone at the back of the lower jaw ) and the quadrate ( a small bone at the back of the upper jaw ) . All non-mammalian tetrapods use this system including amphibians , turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs ( and their descendants the birds ) , ichthyosaurs , pterosaurs and therapsids . But mammals have a different jaw joint , composed only of the dentary ( the lower jaw bone , which carries the teeth ) and the squamosal ( another small skull bone ) . In the Jurassic , their quadrate and articular bones evolved into the incus and malleus bones in the middle ear . Mammals also have a double occipital condyle ; they have two knobs at the base of the skull that fit into the topmost neck vertebra , while other tetrapods have a single occipital condyle . In a 1981 article , Kenneth A. Kermack and his co-authors argued for drawing the line between mammals and earlier synapsids at the point where the mammalian pattern of molar occlusion was being acquired and the dentary - squamosal joint had appeared . The criterion chosen , they noted , is merely a matter of convenience ; their choice was based on the fact that `` the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved . '' Today , most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion . The ancestry of mammals ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Tetrapods Amphibians Amniotes Sauropsids ( including dinosaurs ) Synapsids Caseids Cotylorhynchus Eupelycosaurs Edaphosaurids Edaphosaurus Sphenacodontians Sphenacodontids Dimetrodon Therapsids Mammals Pelycosaurs Amniotes ( edit ) The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes -- their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in . This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land , while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water ( a few amphibians , such as the Surinam toad , have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation ) . The first amniotes apparently arose in the middle Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs . Within a few million years , two important amniote lineages became distinct : mammals ' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids , from which lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs , and birds are descended . The earliest known fossils of synapsids and sauropsids ( such as Archaeothyris and Hylonomus , respectively ) date from about 320 to 315 million years ago . The times of origin are difficult to know , because vertebrate fossils from the late Carboniferous are very rare , and therefore the actual first occurrences of each of these types of animal might have been considerably earlier than the first fossil . Synapsids ( edit ) The original synapsid skull structure has one hole behind each eye , in a fairly low position on the skull ( lower right in this image ) . Synapsid skulls are identified by the distinctive pattern of the holes behind each eye , which served the following purposes : made the skull lighter without sacrificing strength . saved energy by using less bone . probably provided attachment points for jaw muscles . Having attachment points further away from the jaw made it possible for the muscles to be longer and therefore to exert a strong pull over a wide range of jaw movement without being stretched or contracted beyond their optimum range . The synapsid pelycosaurs included the largest land vertebrates of the Early Permian , such as the 6 m ( 20 ft ) long Cotylorhynchus hancocki . Among the other large pelycosaurs were Dimetrodon grandis and Edaphosaurus cruciger . Therapsids ( edit ) Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the middle Permian and took over their position as the dominant land vertebrates . They differ from pelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws , including larger temporal fenestrae and incisors that are equal in size . The therapsid lineage that led to mammals went through a series of stages , beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with some that could easily be mistaken for mammals : gradual development of a bony secondary palate . Most books and articles interpret this as a prerequisite for the evolution of mammals ' high metabolic rate , because it enabled these animals to eat and breathe at the same time . But some scientists point out that some modern ectotherms use a fleshy secondary palate to separate the mouth from the airway , and that a bony palate provides a surface on which the tongue can manipulate food , facilitating chewing rather than breathing . The interpretation of the bony secondary palate as an aid to chewing also suggests the development of a faster metabolism , because chewing reduces the size of food particles delivered to the stomach and can therefore speed their digestion . In mammals , the palate is formed by two specific bones , but various Permian therapsids had other combinations of bones in the right places to function as a palate . the dentary gradually becomes the main bone of the lower jaw . progress towards an erect limb posture , which would increase the animals ' stamina by avoiding Carrier 's constraint . But this process was erratic and very slow -- for example : all herbivorous therapsids retained sprawling limbs ( some late forms may have had semi-erect hind limbs ) ; Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs , and some late Permian ones also had semi-sprawling hindlimbs . In fact , modern monotremes still have semi-sprawling limbs . Therapsid family tree ( edit ) ( simplified from ; only those that are most relevant to the evolution of mammals are described below ) Therapsids Biarmosuchia Eutherapsida Dinocephalia Neotherapsida Anomodonts Dicynodonts Theriodontia Gorgonopsia Eutheriodontia Therocephalia Cynodontia ( Mammals , eventually ) Only the dicynodonts , therocephalians , and cynodonts survived into the Triassic . Biarmosuchia ( edit ) The Biarmosuchia were the most primitive and pelycosaur - like of the therapsids . Dinocephalians ( edit ) Dinocephalians ( `` terrible heads '' ) included both carnivores and herbivores . They were large ; Anteosaurus was up to 6 m ( 20 ft ) long . Some of the carnivores had semi-erect hindlimbs , but all dinocephalians had sprawling forelimbs . In many ways they were very primitive therapsids ; for example , they had no secondary palate and their jaws were rather `` reptilian '' . Anomodonts ( edit ) Lystrosaurus , one of the few genera of dicynodonts that survived the Permian - Triassic extinction event The anomodonts ( `` anomalous teeth '' ) were among the most successful of the herbivorous therapsids -- one sub-group , the dicynodonts , survived almost to the end of the Triassic . But anomodonts were very different from modern herbivorous mammals , as their only teeth were a pair of fangs in the upper jaw and it is generally agreed that they had beaks like those of birds or ceratopsians . Theriodonts ( edit ) The theriodonts ( `` beast teeth '' ) and their descendants had jaw joints in which the lower jaw 's articular bone tightly gripped the skull 's very small quadrate bone . This allowed a much wider gape , and one group , the carnivorous gorgonopsians ( `` gorgon faces '' ) , took advantage of this to develop `` sabre teeth '' . But the theriodont 's jaw hinge had a longer term significance -- the much reduced size of the quadrate bone was an important step in the development of the mammalian jaw joint and middle ear . The gorgonopsians still had some primitive features : no bony secondary palate ( but other bones in the right places to perform the same functions ) ; sprawling forelimbs ; hindlimbs that could operate in both sprawling and erect postures . But the therocephalians ( `` beast heads '' ) , which appear to have arisen at about the same time as the gorgonopsians , had additional mammal - like features , e.g. their finger and toe bones had the same number of phalanges ( segments ) as in early mammals ( and the same number that primates have , including humans ) . Cynodonts ( edit ) Artist 's conception of the cynodont Trirachodon within a burrow The cynodonts , a theriodont group that also arose in the late Permian , include the ancestors of all mammals . Cynodonts ' mammal - like features include further reduction in the number of bones in the lower jaw , a secondary bony palate , cheek teeth with a complex pattern in the crowns , and a brain which filled the endocranial cavity . Multi-chambered burrows have been found , containing as many as 20 skeletons of the Early Triassic cynodont Trirachodon ; the animals are thought to have been drowned by a flash flood . The extensive shared burrows indicate that these animals were capable of complex social behaviors . Triassic takeover ( edit ) The catastrophic Permian - Triassic mass extinction slightly more than 250 million years ago killed off about 70 percent of terrestrial vertebrate species and the majority of land plants . As a result , ecosystems and food chains collapsed , and the establishment of new stable ecosystems took about 30 million years . With the disappearance of the gorgonopsians , which were dominant predators in the late Permian , the cynodonts ' principal competitors for dominance of the carnivorous niches were a previously obscure sauropsid group , the archosaurs , which includes the ancestors of crocodilians and dinosaurs . The archosaurs quickly became the dominant carnivores , a development often called the `` Triassic takeover '' . Their success may have been due to the fact that the early Triassic was predominantly arid and therefore archosaurs ' superior water conservation gave them a decisive advantage . All known archosaurs have glandless skins and eliminate nitrogenous waste in a uric acid paste containing little water , while the cynodonts probably excreted most such waste in a solution of urea , as mammals do today ; considerable water is required to keep urea dissolved . However , this theory has been questioned , since it implies synapsids were necessarily less advantaged in water retention , that synapsid decline coincides with climate changes or archosaur diversity ( neither of which has been tested ) and the fact that desert - dwelling mammals are as well adapted in this department as archosaurs , and some cynodonts like Trucidocynodon were large - sized predators . The Triassic takeover was probably a vital factor in the evolution of the mammals . Two groups stemming from the early cynodonts were successful in niches that had minimal competition from the archosaurs : the tritylodonts , which were herbivores , and the mammals , most of which were small nocturnal insectivores ( although some , like Sinoconodon , were carnivores that fed on vertebrate prey , while still others were herbivores or omnivores ) . As a result : The therapsid trend towards differentiated teeth with precise occlusion accelerated , because of the need to hold captured arthropods and crush their exoskeletons . As the body length of the mammals ' ancestors fell below 50 mm ( 2 inches ) , advances in thermal insulation and temperature regulation would have become necessary for nocturnal life . Acute senses of hearing and smell became vital . This accelerated the development of the mammalian middle ear . The increase in the size of the olfactory lobes of the brain increased brain weight as a percentage of total body weight . Brain tissue requires a disproportionate amount of energy . The need for more food to support the enlarged brains increased the pressures for improvements in insulation , temperature regulation and feeding . Probably as a side - effect of the nocturnal life , mammals lost two of the four cone opsins , photoreceptors in the retina , present in the eyes of the earliest amniotes . Paradoxically , this might have improved their ability to discriminate colors in dim light . This retreat to a nocturnal role is called a nocturnal bottleneck , and is thought to explain many of the features of mammals . From cynodonts to crown mammals ( edit ) Fossil record ( edit ) Mesozoic synapsids that had evolved to the point of having a jaw joint composed of the dentary and squamosal bones are preserved in few good fossils , mainly because they were mostly smaller than rats : They were largely restricted to environments that are less likely to provide good fossils . Floodplains as the best terrestrial environments for fossilization provide few mammal fossils , because they are dominated by medium to large animals , and the mammals could not compete with archosaurs in the medium to large size range . Tracks from the Early Cretaceous of Angola show the existence of raccoon - size mammals 118 Million years ago . Their delicate bones were vulnerable to being destroyed before they could be fossilized -- by scavengers ( including fungi and bacteria ) and by being trodden on . Small fossils are harder to spot and more vulnerable to being destroyed by weathering and other natural stresses before they are discovered . In the past 40 years , however , the number of Mesozoic fossil mammals has increased decisively ; only 116 genera were known in 1979 , for example , but about 310 in 2007 , with an increase in quality such that `` at least 18 Mesozoic mammals are represented by nearly complete skeletons '' . Mammals or mammaliaforms ( edit ) Some writers restrict the term `` mammal '' to the crown group mammals , the group consisting of the most recent common ancestor of the monotremes , marsupials , and placentals , together with all the descendants of that ancestor . In an influential 1988 paper , Timothy Rowe advocated this restriction , arguing that `` ancestry ... provides the only means of properly defining taxa '' and , in particular , that the divergence of the monotremes from the animals more closely related to marsupials and placentals `` is of central interest to any study of Mammalia as a whole . '' To accommodate some related taxa falling outside the crown group , he defined the Mammaliaformes as comprising `` the last common ancestor of Morganucodontidae and Mammalia ( as he had defined the latter term ) and all its descendants . '' Besides Morganucodontidae , the newly defined taxon includes Docodonta and Kuehneotheriidae . Though haramiyids have been referred to the mammals since the 1860s , Rowe excluded them from the Mammaliaformes as falling outside his definition , putting them in a larger clade , the Mammaliamorpha . Some writers have adopted this terminology noting , to avoid misunderstanding , that they have done so . Most paleontologists , however , still think that animals with the dentary - squamosal jaw joint and the sort of molars characteristic of modern mammals should formally be members of Mammalia . Where the ambiguity in the term `` mammal '' may be confusing , this article uses `` mammaliaform '' and `` crown mammal '' . Family tree -- cynodonts to crown group mammals ( edit ) ( based on Cynodontia : Dendrogram -- Palaeos ) Cynodontia Dvinia Procynosuchidae Epicynodontia Thrinaxodon Eucynodontia Cynognathus Tritylodontidae Traversodontidae Probainognathia Tritheledontidae Chiniquodontidae Prozostrodon Mammaliaformes Morganucodontidae Docodonta Hadrocodium Kuehneotheriidae crown group Mammals Morganucodontidae and other transitional forms had both types of jaw joint : dentary - squamosal ( front ) and articular - quadrate ( rear ) . Morganucodontidae ( edit ) The Morganucodontidae first appeared in the late Triassic , about 205M years ago . They are an excellent example of transitional fossils , since they have both the dentary - squamosal and articular - quadrate jaw joints . They were also one of the first discovered and most thoroughly studied of the mammaliaforms outside of the crown - group mammals , since an unusually large number of morganucodont fossils have been found . Docodonts ( edit ) Reconstruction of Castorocauda . Note the fur and the adaptations for swimming ( broad , flat tail ; webbed feet ) and for digging ( robust limbs and claws ) . Docodonts , among the most common Jurassic mammaliaforms , are noted for the sophistication of their molars . They are thought to have had general semi-aquatic tendencies , with the fish - eating Castorocauda ( `` beaver tail '' ) , which lived in the mid-Jurassic about 164M years ago and was first discovered in 2004 and described in 2006 , being the most well - understood example . Castorocauda was not a crown group mammal , but it is extremely important in the study of the evolution of mammals because the first find was an almost complete skeleton ( a real luxury in paleontology ) and it breaks the `` small nocturnal insectivore '' stereotype : It was noticeably larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils -- about 17 in ( 43 cm ) from its nose to the tip of its 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) tail , and may have weighed 500 -- 800 g ( 18 -- 28 oz ) . It provides the earliest absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur . Previously the earliest was Eomaia , a crown group mammal from about 125M years ago . It had aquatic adaptations including flattened tail bones and remnants of soft tissue between the toes of the back feet , suggesting that they were webbed . Previously the earliest known semi-aquatic mammaliaforms were from the Eocene , about 110M years later . Castorocauda 's powerful forelimbs look adapted for digging . This feature and the spurs on its ankles make it resemble the platypus , which also swims and digs . Its teeth look adapted for eating fish : the first two molars had cusps in a straight row , which made them more suitable for gripping and slicing than for grinding ; and these molars are curved backwards , to help in grasping slippery prey . Hadrocodium ( edit ) The family tree above shows Hadrocodium as an `` aunt '' of crown mammals . This mammaliaform , dated about 195M years ago in the very early Jurassic , exhibits some important features : The jaw joint consists only of the squamosal and dentary bones , and the jaw contains no smaller bones to the rear of the dentary , unlike the therapsid design . In therapsids and early mammaliaforms the eardrum may have stretched over a trough at the rear of the lower jaw . But Hadrocodium had no such trough , which suggests its ear was part of the cranium , as it is in crown - group mammals -- and hence that the former articular and quadrate had migrated to the middle ear and become the malleus and incus . On the other hand , the dentary has a `` bay '' at the rear that mammals lack . This suggests that Hadrocodium 's dentary bone retained the same shape that it would have had if the articular and quadrate had remained part of the jaw joint , and therefore that Hadrocodium or a very close ancestor may have been the first to have a fully mammalian middle ear . Therapsids and earlier mammaliaforms had their jaw joints very far back in the skull , partly because the ear was at the rear end of the jaw but also had to be close to the brain . This arrangement limited the size of the braincase , because it forced the jaw muscles to run round and over it . Hadrocodium 's braincase and jaws were no longer bound to each other by the need to support the ear , and its jaw joint was further forward . In its descendants or those of animals with a similar arrangement , the brain case was free to expand without being constrained by the jaw and the jaw was free to change without being constrained by the need to keep the ear near the brain -- in other words it now became possible for mammaliaforms both to develop large brains and to adapt their jaws and teeth in ways that were purely specialized for eating . Earliest crown mammals ( edit ) The crown group mammals , sometimes called ' true mammals ' , are the extant mammals and their relatives back to their last common ancestor . Since this group has living members , DNA analysis can be applied in an attempt to explain the evolution of features that do not appear in fossils . This endeavor often involves molecular phylogenetics , a technique that has become popular since the mid-1980s . Family tree of early crown mammals ( edit ) Cladogram after Z. - X Luo . ( † marks extinct groups ) Crown group mammals Australosphenida Ausktribosphenidae † Monotremes Eutriconodonta † Allotheria Multituberculates † Trechnotheria Spalacotheroidea † Cladotheria Dryolestoidea † Theria Metatheria Marsupials Eutheria Placentals Colour vision ( edit ) Early amniotes had four opsins in the cones of their retinas to use for distinguishing colours : one sensitive to red , one to green , and two corresponding to different shades of blue . The green opsin was not inherited by any crown mammals , but all normal individuals did inherit the red one . Early crown mammals thus had three cone opsins , the red one and both of the blues . All their extant descendants have lost one of the blue - sensitive opsins but not always the same one : marsupials and placentals ( except for cetaceans ) retain one blue - sensitive opsin while monotremes retain the other . Some placentals and marsupials , including humans , subsequently evolved green - sensitive opsins ; like early crown mammals , therefore , their vision is trichromatic . Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae ( edit ) Ausktribosphenidae is a group name that has been given to some rather puzzling finds that : appear to have tribosphenic molars , a type of tooth that is otherwise known only in placentals and marsupials . come from mid-Cretaceous deposits in Australia -- but Australia was connected only to Antarctica , and placentals originated in the Northern Hemisphere and were confined to it until continental drift formed land connections from North America to South America , from Asia to Africa and from Asia to India ( the late Cretaceous map here shows how the southern continents are separated ) . are represented only by teeth and jaw fragments , which is not very helpful . Australosphenida is a group that has been defined in order to include the Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes . Asfaltomylos ( mid - to late Jurassic , from Patagonia ) has been interpreted as a basal australosphenid ( animal that has features shared with both Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes ; lacks features that are peculiar to Ausktribosphenidae or monotremes ; also lacks features that are absent in Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes ) and as showing that australosphenids were widespread throughout Gondwanaland ( the old Southern Hemisphere super-continent ) . Recent analysis of Teinolophos , which lived somewhere between 121 and 112.5 million years ago , suggests that it was a `` crown group '' ( advanced and relatively specialised ) monotreme . This was taken as evidence that the basal ( most primitive ) monotremes must have appeared considerably earlier , but this has been disputed ( see the following section ) . The study also indicated that some alleged Australosphenids were also `` crown group '' monotremes ( e.g. Steropodon ) and that other alleged Australosphenids ( e.g. Ausktribosphenos , Bishops , Ambondro , Asfaltomylos ) are more closely related to and possibly members of the Therian mammals ( group that includes marsupials and placentals , see below ) . Monotremes ( edit ) Teinolophos , from Australia , is the earliest known monotreme . A 2007 study ( published 2008 ) suggests that it was not a basal ( primitive , ancestral ) monotreme but a full - fledged platypus , and therefore that the platypus and echidna lineages diverged considerably earlier . A more recent study ( 2009 ) , however , has suggested that , while Teinolophos was a type of platypus , it was also a basal monotreme and predated the radiation of modern monotremes . The semi-aquatic lifestyle of platypuses prevented them from being outcompeted by the marsupials that migrated to Australia millions of years ago , since joeys need to remain attached to their mothers and would drown if their mothers ventured into water ( though there are exceptions like the water opossum and the lutrine opossum ; however , they both live in South America and thus do n't come into contact with monotremes ) . Genetic evidence has determined that echidnas diverged from the platypus lineage as recently as 19 - 48M , when they made their transition from semi-aquatic to terrestrial lifestyle . Monotremes have some features that may be inherited from the cynodont ancestors : like lizards and birds , they use the same orifice to urinate , defecate and reproduce ( `` monotreme '' means `` one hole '' ) . they lay eggs that are leathery and uncalcified , like those of lizards , turtles and crocodilians . Unlike other mammals , female monotremes do not have nipples and feed their young by `` sweating '' milk from patches on their bellies . Of course these features are not visible in fossils , and the main characteristics from paleontologists ' point of view are : a slender dentary bone in which the coronoid process is small or non-existent . the external opening of the ear lies at the posterior base of the jaw . the jugal bone is small or non-existent . a primitive pectoral girdle with strong ventral elements : coracoids , clavicles and interclavicle . Note : therian mammals have no interclavicle . sprawling or semi-sprawling forelimbs . Multituberculates ( edit ) Skull of the multituberculate Ptilodus Multituberculates ( named for the multiple tubercles on their `` molars '' ) are often called the `` rodents of the Mesozoic '' , but this is an example of convergent evolution rather than meaning that they are closely related to the Rodentia . They existed for approximately 120 million years -- the longest fossil history of any mammal lineage -- but were eventually outcompeted by rodents , becoming extinct during the early Oligocene . Some authors have challenged the phylogeny represented by the cladogram above . They exclude the multituberculates from the mammalian crown group , holding that multituberculates are more distantly related to extant mammals than even the Morganucodontidae . Multituberculates are like undisputed crown mammals in that their jaw joints consist of only the dentary and squamosal bones - whereas the quadrate and articular bones are part of the middle ear ; their teeth are differentiated , occlude , and have mammal - like cusps ; they have a zygomatic arch ; and the structure of the pelvis suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young , like modern marsupials . On the other hand , they differ from modern mammals : Their `` molars '' have two parallel rows of tubercles , unlike the tribosphenic ( three - peaked ) molars of uncontested early crown mammals . The chewing action differs in that undisputed crown mammals chew with a side - to - side grinding action , which means that the molars usually occlude on only one side at a time , while multituberculates ' jaws were incapable of side - to - side movement -- they chewed , rather , by dragging the lower teeth backwards against the upper ones as the jaw closed . The anterior ( forward ) part of the zygomatic arch mostly consists of the maxilla ( upper jawbone ) rather than the jugal , a small bone in a little slot in the maxillary process ( extension ) . The squamosal does not form part of the braincase . The rostrum ( snout ) is unlike that of undisputed crown mammals ; in fact it looks more like that of a pelycosaur , such as Dimetrodon . The multituberculate rostrum is box - like , with the large flat maxillae forming the sides , the nasal the top , and the tall premaxilla at the front . Theria ( edit ) Therian form of crurotarsal ankle . Adapted with permission from Palaeos Theria ( `` beasts '' ) is the clade originating with the last common ancestor of the Eutheria ( including placentals ) and Metatheria ( including marsupials ) . Common features include : no interclavicle . coracoid bones non-existent or fused with the shoulder blades to form coracoid processes . a type of crurotarsal ankle joint in which : the main joint is between the tibia and astragalus ; the calcaneum has no contact with the tibia but forms a heel to which muscles can attach . ( The other well - known type of crurotarsal ankle is seen in crocodilians and works differently -- most of the bending at the ankle is between the calcaneum and astragalus ) . tribosphenic molars . Metatheria ( edit ) The living Metatheria are all marsupials ( animals with pouches ) . A few fossil genera , such as the Mongolian late Cretaceous Asiatherium , may be marsupials or members of some other metatherian group ( s ) . The oldest known metatherian is Sinodelphys , found in 125M - year - old early Cretaceous shale in China 's northeastern Liaoning Province . The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues . Didelphimorphia ( common opossums of the Western Hemisphere ) first appeared in the late Cretaceous and still have living representatives , probably because they are mostly semi-arboreal unspecialized omnivores . The best - known feature of marsupials is their method of reproduction : The mother develops a kind of yolk sack in her womb that delivers nutrients to the embryo . Embryos of bandicoots , koalas and wombats additionally form placenta - like organs that connect them to the uterine wall , although the placenta - like organs are smaller than in placental mammals and it is not certain that they transfer nutrients from the mother to the embryo . Pregnancy is very short , typically four to five weeks . The embryo is born at a very early stage of development , and is usually less than 2 in ( 5.1 cm ) long at birth . It has been suggested that the short pregnancy is necessary to reduce the risk that the mother 's immune system will attack the embryo . The newborn marsupial uses its forelimbs ( with relatively strong hands ) to climb to a nipple , which is usually in a pouch on the mother 's belly . The mother feeds the baby by contracting muscles over her mammary glands , as the baby is too weak to suck . The newborn marsupial 's need to use its forelimbs in climbing to the nipple was historically thought to have restricted metatherian evolution , as it was assumed that the forelimb could n't become specialised intro structures like wings , hooves or flippers . However , several bandicoots , most notably the pig - footed bandicoot , have true hooves similar to those of placental ungulates , and several marsupial gliders have evolved . Skull of thylacine , showing marsupial pattern of molars Although some marsupials look very like some placentals ( the thylacine or `` marsupial wolf '' is a good example ) , marsupial skeletons have some features that distinguish them from placentals : Some , including the thylacine , have four molars ; whereas no known placental has more than three . All have a pair of palatal fenestrae , window - like openings on the bottom of the skull ( in addition to the smaller nostril openings ) . Marsupials also have a pair of marsupial bones ( sometimes called `` epipubic bones '' ) , which support the pouch in females . But these are not unique to marsupials , since they have been found in fossils of multituberculates , monotremes , and even eutherians -- so they are probably a common ancestral feature that disappeared at some point after the ancestry of living placental mammals diverged from that of marsupials . Some researchers think the epipubic bones ' original function was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that pull the thigh forwards . Eutheria ( edit ) Main article : Eutheria The time of appearance of the earliest eutherians has been a matter of controversy . On one hand , recently discovered fossils of Juramaia have been dated to 160 million years ago and classified as eutherian . Fossils of Eomaia from 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous have also been classified as eutherian . A recent analysis of phenomic characters , however , classified Eomaia as pre-eutherian and reported that the earliest clearly eutherian specimens came from Maelestes , dated to 91 million years ago . That study also reported that eutherians did not significantly diversify until after the catastrophic extinction at the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary , about 66 million years ago . Eomaia was found to have some features that are more like those of marsupials and earlier metatherians : Fossil of Eomaia in the Hong Kong Science Museum . Epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis , which are not found in any modern placental , but are found in all other mammals -- early mammaliaforms , non-placental eutherians , marsupials , and monotremes -- as well as in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals . Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion . This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals , whose abdomens need to expand . A narrow pelvic outlet , which indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore pregnancy was short , as in modern marsupials . This suggests that the placenta was a later development . Five incisors in each side of the upper jaw . This number is typical of metatherians , and the maximum number in modern placentals is three , except for homodonts , such as the armadillo . But Eomaia 's molar to premolar ratio ( it has more pre-molars than molars ) is typical of eutherians , including placentals , and not normal in marsupials . Eomaia also has a Meckelian groove , a primitive feature of the lower jaw that is not found in modern placental mammals . These intermediate features are consistent with molecular phylogenetics estimates that the placentals diversified about 110M years ago , 15M years after the date of the Eomaia fossil . Eomaia also has many features that strongly suggest it was a climber , including several features of the feet and toes ; well - developed attachment points for muscles that are used a lot in climbing ; and a tail that is twice as long as the rest of the spine . Placentals ' best - known feature is their method of reproduction : The embryo attaches itself to the uterus via a large placenta via which the mother supplies food and oxygen and removes waste products . Pregnancy is relatively long and the young are fairly well - developed at birth . In some species ( especially herbivores living on plains ) the young can walk and even run within an hour of birth . It has been suggested that the evolution of placental reproduction was made possible by retroviruses that : make the interface between the placenta and uterus into a syncytium , i.e. a thin layer of cells with a shared external membrane . This allows the passage of oxygen , nutrients and waste products , but prevents the passage of blood and other cells that would cause the mother 's immune system to attack the fetus . reduce the aggressiveness of the mother 's immune system , which is good for the foetus but makes the mother more vulnerable to infections . From a paleontologist 's point of view , eutherians are mainly distinguished by various features of their teeth , ankles and feet . Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic ( edit ) There is still some truth in the `` small , nocturnal insectivores '' stereotype , but recent finds , mainly in China , show that some mammaliaforms and crown group mammals were larger and had a variety of lifestyles . For example : Castorocauda , a member of Docodonta which lived in the middle Jurassic about 164 million years , was about 42.5 cm ( 16.7 in ) long , weighed 500 -- 800 g ( 18 -- 28 oz ) , had a beaver - like tail that were adapted for swimming , limbs adapted for swimming and digging and teeth adapted for eating fish . Another docodont , Haldanodon , also had semi-aquatic habits , and indeed aquatic tendencies were probably common among docodonts based on their prevalence in wetland environments . The eutriconodonts Liaoconodon and Yanoconodon have more recently also have been suggested to be freshwater swimmers , lacking Castorocauda 's powerful tail but possessing paddle - like limbs ; the eutriconodont Astroconodon has similarly been suggested as being semi-aquatic in the past , albeit to less convincing evidence . Multituberculates are allotherians that survived for over 125 million years ( from mid-Jurassic , about 160M years ago , to late Eocene , about 35M years ago ) are often called the `` rodents of the Mesozoic '' . As noted above , they may have given birth to tiny live neonates rather than laying eggs . Eutriconodonts were specialised carnivores , the largest of which capable of taking small or similar sized dinosaurs . Jugulator amplissimus , here taking a juvenile Deinonychus , further illustrates mammalian diversity by also possibly being a glider or flyer . Fruitafossor , from the late Jurassic period about 150 million years ago , was about the size of a chipmunk and its teeth , forelimbs and back suggest that it broke open the nest of social insects to prey on them ( probably termites , as ants had not yet appeared ) . Similarly , the gobiconodontid Spinolestes possed adaptations for fossoriality and convergent traits with placental xenarthrans like scutes and xenarthrous vertebrae , so it too might have had anteater like habits . It is also notable for the presence of quills akin to those of modern spiny mice . Volaticotherium , from the boundary the early Cretaceous about 125M years ago , is the earliest - known gliding mammal and had a gliding membrane that stretched out between its limbs , rather like that of a modern flying squirrel . This also suggests it was active mainly during the day . The closely related Argentoconodon also shows similar adaptations that may also suggest aerial locomotion . Repenomamus , a eutriconodont from the early Cretaceous 130 million years ago , was a stocky , badger - like predator that sometimes preyed on young dinosaurs . Two species have been recognized , one more than 1 m ( 39 in ) long and weighing about 12 -- 14 kg ( 26 -- 31 lb ) , the other less than 0.5 m ( 20 in ) long and weighing 4 -- 6 kg ( 8.8 -- 13.2 lb ) . Schowalteria is a Late Cretaceous species almost as large if not larger than R. giganticus that shows speciations towards herbivory , comparable to those of modern ungulates . Zhelestidae is a lineage of Late Cretaceous herbivorous eutherians , to the point of being mistaken for stem - ungulates . Similarly , mesungulatids are also fairly large sized herbivorous mammals from the Late Cretaceous Deltatheroidans were metatherians that were specialised towards carnivorous habits , and possible forms like Oxlestes and Khudulestes might have been among the largest Mesozoic mammals , though their status as deltatheroidans is questionable . Ichthyoconodon , a eutriconodont from the Berriasian of Morocco , is currently known from molariforms found in marine deposits . These teeth are sharp - cusped and similar in shape to those of piscivorous mammals , and unlike the teeth of contemporary mammals they do not show degradation , so rather than being carried down by river deposits the animal died in situ or close . This has been taken to mean that it was a marine mammal , likely one of the few examples known from the Mesozoic . Alternatively , its close relations to Volaticotherium and Argentoconodon might suggest that it was a flying mammal . Evolution of major groups of living mammals ( edit ) Further information : Mammal classification There are currently vigorous debates between traditional paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists about how and when the modern groups of mammals diversified , especially the placentals . Generally , the traditional paleontologists date the appearance of a particular group by the earliest known fossil whose features make it likely to be a member of that group , while the molecular phylogeneticists suggest that each lineage diverged earlier ( usually in the Cretaceous ) and that the earliest members of each group were anatomically very similar to early members of other groups and differed only in their genetics . These debates extend to the definition of and relationships between the major groups of placentals -- the controversy about Afrotheria is a good example . Fossil - based family tree of placental mammals ( edit ) Here is a very simplified version of a typical family tree based on fossils , based on Cladogram of Mammalia -- Palaeos . It tries to show the nearest thing there is at present to a consensus view , but some paleontologists have very different views , for example : The most common view is that placentals originated in the Southern Hemisphere , but some paleontologists argue that they first appeared in Laurasia ( old supercontinent containing modern Asia , N. America and Europe ) . Paleontologists differ as to when the first placentals appeared , with estimates ranging from 20M years before the end of the Cretaceous to just after the end of the Cretaceous . Molecular biologists argue for a much earlier origin , even suggesting appearance in the Middle Jurassic . Molecular data suggest that either Xenarthra , Afrotheria , or Atlantogenata ( Xenarthra + Afrotheria ) , was the earliest - diverging group from the rest of the placental mammals . For the sake of brevity and simplicity , the diagram omits some extinct groups in order to focus on the ancestry of well - known modern groups of placentals -- † marks extinct groups . The diagram also shows the following : the age of the oldest known fossils in many groups , since one of the major debates between traditional paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists is about when various groups first became distinct . well - known modern members of most groups . Eutheria Xenarthra ( late cretaceous ) ( armadillos , anteaters , sloths ) Pholidota ( late cretaceous ) ( pangolins ) Epitheria ( latest Cretaceous ) ( some extinct groups ) † Insectivora ( latest Cretaceous ) ( hedgehogs , shrews , moles , tenrecs ) Anagalida Zalambdalestidae † ( late Cretaceous ) Macroscelidea ( late Eocene ) ( elephant shrews ) Anagaloidea † Glires ( early Paleocene ) Lagomorpha ( Eocene ) ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Rodentia ( late Paleocene ) ( mice & rats , squirrels , porcupines ) Archonta Scandentia ( mid-Eocene ) ( tree shrews ) Primatomorpha Plesiadapiformes † Primates ( early Paleocene ) ( tarsiers , lemurs , monkeys , apes including humans ) Dermoptera ( late Eocene ) ( colugos ) Chiroptera ( late Paleocene ) ( bats ) Carnivora ( early Paleocene ) ( cats , dogs , bears , seals ) Ungulatomorpha ( late Cretaceous ) Eparctocyona ( late Cretaceous ) ( some extinct groups ) † Arctostylopida † ( late Paleocene ) Mesonychia † ( mid-Paleocene ) ( predators / scavengers , but not closely related to modern carnivores ) Cetartiodactyla Cetacea ( early Eocene ) ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) Artiodactyla ( early Eocene ) ( even - toed ungulates : pigs , hippos , camels , giraffes , cattle , deer ) Altungulata Hilalia † Perissodactyla ( late Paleocene ) ( odd - toed ungulates : horses , rhinos , tapirs ) Tubulidentata ( early Miocene ) ( aardvarks ) Paenungulata ( `` not quite ungulates '' ) Hyracoidea ( early Eocene ) ( hyraxes ) Sirenia ( early Eocene ) ( manatees , dugongs ) Proboscidea ( early Eocene ) ( elephants ) This family tree contains some surprises and puzzles . For example : The closest living relatives of cetaceans ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) are artiodactyls , hoofed animals , which are almost all pure herbivores . Bats are fairly close relatives of primates . The closest living relatives of elephants are the aquatic sirenians , while their next relatives are hyraxes , which look more like well - fed guinea pigs . There is little correspondence between the structure of the family ( what was descended from what ) and the dates of the earliest fossils of each group . For example , the earliest fossils of perissodactyls ( the living members of which are horses , rhinos and tapirs ) date from the late Paleocene , but the earliest fossils of their `` sister group '' , the Tubulidentata , date from the early Miocene , nearly 50M years later . Paleontologists are fairly confident about the family relationships , which are based on cladistic analyses , and believe that fossils of the ancestors of modern aardvarks have simply not been found yet . Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals ( edit ) Molecular phylogenetics uses features of organisms ' genes to work out family trees in much the same way as paleontologists do with features of fossils -- if two organisms ' genes are more similar to each other than to those of a third organism , the two organisms are more closely related to each other than to the third . Molecular phylogeneticists have proposed a family tree that is very different from the one with which paleontologists are familiar . Like paleontologists , molecular phylogeneticists have different ideas about various details , but here is a typical family tree according to molecular phylogenetics : Note that the diagram shown here omits extinct groups , as one can not extract DNA from fossils . Eutheria Atlantogenata ( `` born round the Atlantic ocean '' ) Xenarthra ( armadillos , anteaters , sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( golden moles , tenrecs , otter shrews ) Macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( aardvarks ) Paenungulata ( `` not quite ungulates '' ) Hyracoidea ( hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( elephants ) Sirenia ( manatees , dugongs ) Boreoeutheria ( `` northern true / placental mammals '' ) Laurasiatheria Erinaceomorpha ( hedgehogs , gymnures ) Soricomorpha ( moles , shrews , solenodons ) Cetartiodactyla ( camels and llamas , pigs and peccaries , ruminants , whales and hippos ) Pegasoferae Pholidota ( pangolins ) Chiroptera ( bats ) Carnivora ( cats , dogs , bears , seals ) Perissodactyla ( horses , rhinos , tapirs ) . Euarchontoglires Glires Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Rodentia ( late Paleocene ) ( mice and rats , squirrels , porcupines ) Euarchonta Scandentia ( tree shrews ) Dermoptera ( colugos ) Primates ( tarsiers , lemurs , monkeys , apes including humans ) Here are the most significant of the many differences between this family tree and the one familiar to paleontologists : The top - level division is between Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria , instead of between Xenarthra and the rest . However , analysis of transposable element insertions supports a three - way top - level split between Xenarthra , Afrotheria and Boreoeutheria and the Atlantogenata clade does not receive significant support in recent distance - based molecular phylogenetics . Afrotheria contains several groups that are only distantly related according to the paleontologists ' version : Afroinsectiphilia ( `` African insectivores '' ) , Tubulidentata ( aardvarks , which paleontologists regard as much closer to odd - toed ungulates than to other members of Afrotheria ) , Macroscelidea ( elephant shrews , usually regarded as close to rabbits and rodents ) . The only members of Afrotheria that paleontologists would regard as closely related are Hyracoidea ( hyraxes ) , Proboscidea ( elephants ) and Sirenia ( manatees , dugongs ) . Insectivores are split into three groups : one is part of Afrotheria and the other two are distinct sub-groups within Boreoeutheria . Bats are closer to Carnivora and odd - toed ungulates than to Primates and Dermoptera ( colugos ) . Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) are closer to Carnivora and bats than to Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) . The grouping together of the Afrotheria has some geological justification . All surviving members of the Afrotheria originate from South American or ( mainly ) African lineages -- even the Indian elephant , which diverged from an African lineage about 7.6 million years ago . As Pangaea broke up , Africa and South America separated from the other continents less than 150M years ago , and from each other between 100M and 80M years ago . So it would not be surprising if the earliest eutherian immigrants into Africa and South America were isolated there and radiated into all the available ecological niches . Nevertheless , these proposals have been controversial . Paleontologists naturally insist that fossil evidence must take priority over deductions from samples of the DNA of modern animals . More surprisingly , these new family trees have been criticised by other molecular phylogeneticists , sometimes quite harshly : Mitochondrial DNA 's mutation rate in mammals varies from region to region -- some parts hardly ever change and some change extremely quickly and even show large variations between individuals within the same species . Mammalian mitochondrial DNA mutates so fast that it causes a problem called `` saturation '' , where random noise drowns out any information that may be present . If a particular piece of mitochondrial DNA mutates randomly every few million years , it will have changed several times in the 60 to 75M years since the major groups of placental mammals diverged . Timing of placental evolution ( edit ) Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged late in the Cretaceous period , about 100 to 85 million years ago , but that modern families first appeared later , in the late Eocene and early Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic period . Fossil - based analyses , on the contrary , limit the placentals to the Cenozoic . Many Cretaceous fossil sites contain well - preserved lizards , salamanders , birds , and mammals , but not the modern forms of mammals . It is likely that they simply did not exist , and that the molecular clock runs fast during major evolutionary radiations . On the other hand , there is fossil evidence from 85 million years ago of hoofed mammals that may be ancestors of modern ungulates . Fossils of the earliest members of most modern groups date from the Paleocene , a few date from later and very few from the Cretaceous , before the extinction of the dinosaurs . But some paleontologists , influenced by molecular phylogenetic studies , have used statistical methods to extrapolate backwards from fossils of members of modern groups and concluded that primates arose in the late Cretaceous . However , statistical studies of the fossil record confirm that mammals were restricted in size and diversity right to the end of the Cretaceous , and rapidly grew in size and diversity during the Early Paleocene . Evolution of mammalian features ( edit ) Jaws and middle ears ( edit ) See also : Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles Hadrocodium , whose fossils date from the early Jurassic , provides the first clear evidence of fully mammalian jaw joints and middle ears , in which the jaw joint is formed by the dentary and squamosal bones while the articular and quadrate move to the middle ear , where they are known as the incus and malleus . One analysis of the monotreme Teinolophos suggested that this animal had a pre-mammalian jaw joint formed by the angular and quadrate bones and that the definitive mammalian middle ear evolved twice independently , in monotremes and in therian mammals , but this idea has been disputed . In fact , two of the suggestion 's authors co-authored a later paper that reinterpreted the same features as evidence that Teinolophos was a full - fledged platypus , which means it would have had a mammalian jaw joint and middle ear . Lactation ( edit ) Main article : Lactation § Evolution It has been suggested that lactation 's original function was to keep eggs moist . Much of the argument is based on monotremes ( egg - laying mammals ) : While the amniote egg is usually described as able to evolve away from water , most reptile eggs actually need moisture if they are not to dry out . Monotremes do not have nipples , but secrete milk from a hairy patch on their bellies . During incubation , monotreme eggs are covered in a sticky substance whose origin is not known . Before the eggs are laid , their shells have only three layers . Afterwards , a fourth layer appears with a composition different from that of the original three . The sticky substance and the fourth layer may be produced by the mammary glands . If so , that may explain why the patches from which monotremes secrete milk are hairy . It is easier to spread moisture and other substances over the egg from a broad , hairy area than from a small , bare nipple . Later research demonstrated that caseins already appeared in the common mammalian ancestor approximately 200 -- 310 million years ago . The question of whether secretion of a substance to keep egg moist translated into actual lactation in therapsids is open . A small mammaliomorph called Sinocodon , generally assumed to be the sister group of all later mammals , had front teeth in even the smallest individuals . Combined with a poorly ossified jaw , they very probably did not suckle . Thus suckling may have evolved right at the pre-mammal / mammal transition . However , tritylodontids , generally assumed to be more basal , show evidence of suckling . Morganucodontans , also assumed to be basal Mammaliaformes , also show evidence of lactation . Hair and fur ( edit ) See also : Evolution of hair The first clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda and Megaconus , from 164M years ago in the mid-Jurassic . As both mammals Megaconus and Castorocauda have a double coat of hair , with both guard hairs and an undercoat , it may be assumed that their last common ancestor did as well . This animal must have been Triassic as it was an ancestor of the Triassic Tikitherium . More recently , the discovery of hair remnants in Permian coprolites pushes back the origin of mammalian hair much further back in the synapsid line to Paleozoic therapsids . In the mid-1950s , some scientists interpreted the foramina ( passages ) in the maxillae ( upper jaws ) and premaxillae ( small bones in front of the maxillae ) of cynodonts as channels that supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ( whiskers ) and suggested that this was evidence of hair or fur . It was soon pointed out , however , that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae ; the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the non-mammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon . Popular sources , nevertheless , continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon . A trace fossil from the Lower Triassic had been erroneously regarded as a cynodont footprint showing hair , but this interpretation has been refuted . A study of cranial openings for facial nerves connected whiskers in extant mammals indicate the Prozostrodontia , small immediate ancestors of mammals , presented whiskers similar to mammals , but that less advanced therapsids would either have immobile whiskers or no whisker at all . Fur may have evolved from whiskers . Whiskers themselves may have evolved as a response to nocturnal and / or burrowing lifestyle . Ruben & Jones ( 2000 ) note that the Harderian glands , which secrete lipids for coating the fur , were present in the earliest mammals like Morganucodon , but were absent in near - mammalian therapsids like Thrinaxodon . The Msx2 gene associated with hair follicle maintenance is also linked to the closure of the parietal eye in mammals , indicating that fur and lack of pineal eye is linked . The pineal eye is present in Thrinaxodon , but absent in more advanced cynognaths ( the Probainognathia ) . Insulation is the `` cheapest '' way to maintain a fairly constant body temperature , without consuming energy to produce more body heat . Therefore , the possession of hair or fur would be good evidence of homeothermy , but would not be such strong evidence of a high metabolic rate . Erect limbs ( edit ) Understanding of the evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete -- living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs . Some scientists think that the parasagittal ( non-sprawling ) limb posture is limited to the Boreosphenida , a group that contains the therians but not , for example , the multituberculates . In particular , they attribute a parasagittal stance to the therians Sinodelphys and Eomaia , which means that the stance had arisen by 125 million years ago , in the Early Cretaceous . However , they also discuss that earlier mammals had more erect forelimbs as opposed to the more sprawling hindlimbs , a trend still continued to some extent in modern placentals and marsupials . Warm - bloodedness ( edit ) `` Warm - bloodedness '' is a complex and rather ambiguous term , because it includes some or all of the following : Endothermy , the ability to generate heat internally rather than via behaviors such as basking or muscular activity . Homeothermy , maintaining a fairly constant body temperature . Most enzymes have an optimum operating temperature ; efficiency drops rapidly outside the preferred range . A homeothermic organism needs only to possess enzymes that function well in a small range of temperatures . Tachymetabolism , maintaining a high metabolic rate , particularly when at rest . This requires a fairly high and stable body temperature because of the Q effect : biochemical processes run about half as fast if an animal 's temperature drops by 10 ° C . Since scientists can not know much about the internal mechanisms of extinct creatures , most discussion focuses on homeothermy and tachymetabolism . However , it is generally agreed that endothermy first evolved in non-mammalian synapsids such as dicynodonts , which possess body proportions associated with heat retention , high vascularised bones with Haversian canals , and possibly hair . More recently , it has been suggested that endothermy evolved as far back as Ophiacodon . Modern monotremes have a low body temperature compared to marsupials and placental mammals , around 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . Phylogenetic bracketing suggests that the body temperatures of early crown - group mammals were not less than that of extant monotremes . There is cytological evidence that the low metabolism of monotremes is a secondarily evolved trait . Respiratory turbinates ( edit ) Modern mammals have respiratory turbinates , convoluted structures of thin bone in the nasal cavity . These are lined with mucous membranes that warm and moisten inhaled air and extract heat and moisture from exhaled air . An animal with respiratory turbinates can maintain a high rate of breathing without the danger of drying its lungs out , and therefore may have a fast metabolism . Unfortunately these bones are very delicate and therefore have not yet been found in fossils . But rudimentary ridges like those that support respiratory turbinates have been found in advanced Triassic cynodonts , such as Thrinaxodon and Diademodon , which suggests that they may have had fairly high metabolic rates . Bony secondary palate ( edit ) Mammals have a secondary bony palate , which separates the respiratory passage from the mouth , allowing them to eat and breathe at the same time . Secondary bony palates have been found in the more advanced cynodonts and have been used as evidence of high metabolic rates . But some cold - blooded vertebrates have secondary bony palates ( crocodilians and some lizards ) , while birds , which are warm - blooded , do not . Diaphragm ( edit ) A muscular diaphragm helps mammals to breathe , especially during strenuous activity . For a diaphragm to work , the ribs must not restrict the abdomen , so that expansion of the chest can be compensated for by reduction in the volume of the abdomen and vice versa . Diaphragms are known in caseid pelycosaurs , indicating an early origin within synapsids , though they were still fairly inefficient and likely required support from other muscle groups and limb motion . The advanced cynodonts have very mammal - like rib cages , with greatly reduced lumbar ribs . This suggests that these animals had more developed diaphragms , were capable of strenuous activity for fairly long periods and therefore had high metabolic rates . On the other hand , these mammal - like rib cages may have evolved to increase agility . However , the movement of even advanced therapsids was `` like a wheelbarrow '' , with the hindlimbs providing all the thrust while the forelimbs only steered the animal , in other words advanced therapsids were not as agile as either modern mammals or the early dinosaurs . So the idea that the main function of these mammal - like rib cages was to increase agility is doubtful . Limb posture ( edit ) The therapsids had sprawling forelimbs and semi-erect hindlimbs . This suggests that Carrier 's constraint would have made it rather difficult for them to move and breathe at the same time , but not as difficult as it is for animals such as lizards , which have completely sprawling limbs . Advanced therapsids may therefore have been significantly less active than modern mammals of similar size and so may have had slower metabolisms overall or else been bradymetabolic ( lower metabolism when at rest ) . Brain ( edit ) Mammals are noted for their large brain size relative to body size , compared to other animal groups . Recent findings suggest that the first brain area to expand was that involved in smell . Scientists scanned the skulls of early mammal species dating back to 190 -- 200 million years ago and compared the brain case shapes to earlier pre-mammal species ; they found that the brain area involved in the sense of smell was the first to enlarge . This change may have allowed these early mammals to hunt insects at night when dinosaurs were not active . See also ( edit ) Evolution of primates Evolution of ungulates Evolution of even - toed ungulates Evolution of odd - toed ungulates Genome diversity and karyotype evolution of mammals Juramaia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Prototheria/ Jump up ^ Rougier , G.W. ; Martinelli , A.G. ; Forasiepi , A.M. ; Novacek , M.J. ( 2007 ) . `` New Jurassic mammals from Patagonia , Argentina : A reappraisal of australosphenidan morphology and interrelationships '' ( PDF ) . American Museum Novitates . American Museum of Natural History . 3566 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 54 . doi : 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 ( 2007 ) 507 ( 1 : NJMFPA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0003 - 0082 . Jump up ^ Ben Waggoner ( February 2 , 1997 ) . `` Introduction to the Synapsida '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White , A.T. ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Amniota -- Palaeos '' . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mammalia : Overview -- Palaeos Archived June 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cowen , R. ( 2000 ) . History of Life . Oxford : Blackwell Science . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 7266 - 0287 - 6 . Jump up ^ K.A. Kermack ; Frances Mussett ; H.W. RIgney ( January 1981 ) . `` The skull of Morganucodon '' . 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Jump up ^ Bakker 1975 Jump up ^ JENNIFER BOTHA - BRINK and KENNETH D. ANGIELCZYK , Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo - Triassic dicynodonts ( Therapsida , Anomodontia ) explain their success before and after the end - Permian extinction ? , Version of Record online : 26 JUL 2010 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009. 00601. x Jump up ^ Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia Piotr Bajdek1 , Martin Qvarnström2 , Krzysztof Owocki3 , Tomasz Sulej3 , Andrey G. Sennikov4 , 5 , Valeriy K. Golubev4 , 5 andGrzegorz Niedźwiedzki2 Article first published online : 25 NOV 2015 doi : 10.1111 / let. 12156 Jump up ^ `` Ancestry of mammalian ' warm - bloodedness ' revealed '' . www.sciencedaily.com . Society of Vertebrate Paleontology . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul , G.S. ( 1988 ) . Predatory Dinosaurs of the World . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 464 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 61946 - 2 . Jump up ^ J.M. Watson ; J.A.M. Graves ( 1988 ) . `` Monotreme Cell - Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy '' . Australian Journal of Zoology . CSIRO. 36 ( 5 ) : 573 -- 584 . doi : 10.1071 / ZO9880573 . Jump up ^ Hillenius , W.H. ( 1992 ) . `` The evolution of nasal turbinates and mammalian endothermy '' . Paleobiology. 18 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 29 . JSTOR 2400978 . Jump up ^ Ruben , J. ( 1995 ) . `` The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds : from physiology to fossils '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 57 : 69 -- 95 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ph. 57.030195. 000441 . PMID 7778882 . Jump up ^ McNab , B.K. ( 1978 ) . `` The evolution of endothermy in the phylogeny of mammals '' . American Naturalist. 112 ( 983 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.1086 / 283249 . Jump up ^ Markus Lambertz et al , A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ( 2016 ) . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 13264 Jump up ^ Ccowen , R. ( 2000 ) . History of Life . Oxford : Blackwell Science . p. 432 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , F.A. Jr ( 1971 ) . `` The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts '' . Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History ( 36 ) : 1 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Pough , F.H ; Heiser , J.B. ; McFarland , W.N. ( 1996 ) . Vertebrate Life . New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . p. 798 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 396370 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Victoria Gill ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Mammals ' large brains evolved for smell '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . References ( edit ) Robert L. Carroll , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution , W.H. Freeman and Company , New York , 1988 ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1822 - 7 . Chapters XVII through XXI Nicholas Hotton III , Paul D. MacLean , Jan J. Roth , and E. Carol Roth , editors , The Ecology and Biology of Mammal - like Reptiles , Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington and London , 1986 ISBN 0 - 87474 - 524 - 1 T.S. Kemp , The Origin and Evolution of Mammals , Oxford University Press , New York , 2005 ISBN 0 - 19 - 850760 - 7 Zofia Kielan - Jaworowska , Richard L. Cifelli , and Zhe - Xi Luo , Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs : Origins , Evolution , and Structure , Columbia University Press , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 231 - 11918 - 6 . Comprehensive coverage from the first mammals up to the time of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . Luo , Zhe - Xi ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 450 ( 7172 ) : 1011 -- 1019 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450.1011 L . doi : 10.1038 / nature06277 . PMID 18075580 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 24 . A survey article with 98 references to the scientific literature . External links ( edit ) The Cynodontia covers several aspects of the evolution of cynodonts into mammals , with plenty of references . Evolutionary biology Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Cospeciation Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of common descent Extinction Event Gene - centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Prehistoric Autopsy Speciation Taxonomy Population genetics Biodiversity Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Birds origin Brachiopods Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats dogs dolphins and whales horses primates humans lemurs sea cows wolves Molluscs Plants Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses influenza Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation / sexes Life cycles / nuclear phases Mating types Sex - determination Snake venom Tempo and modes Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Ecological Hybrid Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives to evolution by natural selection Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics Category Commons Portal WikiProject Extant mammal orders Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata ( unranked ) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata ( Platypus and echidnas ) Theria Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive ) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata ( Shrew opossums ) Didelphimorphia ( Opossums ) Australidelphia Microbiotheria ( Monito del monte ) Notoryctemorphia ( Marsupial moles ) Dasyuromorphia ( Quolls and dunnarts ) Peramelemorphia ( Bilbies and bandicoots ) Diprotodontia ( Kangaroos and relatives ) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive ) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata ( Armadillos ) Pilosa ( Anteaters and sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( Tenrecs and golden moles ) Macroscelidea ( Elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( Aardvark ) Hyracoidea ( Hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( Elephants ) Sirenia ( Dugongs and manatees ) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla ( Hedgehogs , shrews , moles and relatives ) Chiroptera ( Bats ) Pholidota ( Pangolins ) Carnivora ( Dogs , cats and relatives ) Perissodactyla ( Odd - toed ungulates ) Artiodactyla ( Even - toed ungulates and cetaceans ) Euarchontoglires Rodentia ( Rodents ) Lagomorpha ( Rabbits and pikas ) Scandentia ( Treeshrews ) Dermoptera ( Colugos ) Primates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_mammals&oldid=816258271 '' Categories : Evolution of mammals Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | mammals had their greatest development in which of the following ages | [] | [] |
-8183749358780942052 | Washington Redskins | Washington Redskins - wikipedia Washington Redskins Washington Redskins Current season Established July 9 , 1932 ; 86 years ago ( July 9 , 1932 ) First season : 1932 Play in FedExField Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park Ashburn , Virginia Training camp in Richmond , Virginia Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1932 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Burgundy , gold Fight song Hail to the Redskins Personnel Owner ( s ) Daniel Snyder President Bruce Allen Head coach Jay Gruden Team history Boston Braves ( 1932 ) Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Washington Redskins ( 1937 -- present ) Team nicknames The ' Skins The Burgundy and Gold Championships League championships ( 5 ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 2 ) 1937 , 1942 Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1982 ( XVII ) , 1987 ( XXII ) , 1991 ( XXVI ) Conference championships ( 5 ) NFC : 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 Division championships ( 14 ) NFL East : 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 NFC East : 1972 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 24 ) NFL : 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1999 , 2005 , 2007 , 2012 , 2015 Home fields Braves Field ( 1932 ) Fenway Park ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Griffith Stadium ( 1937 -- 1960 ) RFK Stadium ( 1961 -- 1996 ) FedExField ( 1997 -- present ) The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . The Redskins compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 86 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . It was the first NFL franchise with an official marching band and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the `` Braves '' in 1932 , became the `` Redskins '' in 1933 , and relocated to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner - up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23 -- 18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers ( six ) , San Francisco 49ers , Dallas Cowboys , and New England Patriots ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two 10 - year spans . From 1936 to 1945 , the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times , winning two of them . The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the postseason seven times , captured four Conference titles , and won three Super Bowls out of four appearances . The Redskins have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of general failure was from 1946 to 1970 , during which the Redskins posted only four winning seasons and did not have a single postseason appearance . During this period , the Redskins went without a single winning season during the years 1956 -- 1968 . In 1961 , the franchise posted their worst regular season record with a 1 -- 12 -- 1 showing . Since their last Super Bowl victory following the end of the 1991 season , the Redskins have only won the NFC East three times , made five postseason appearances , and had nine seasons with a winning record . According to Forbes , the Redskins are the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the tenth most valuable overall in the world as of 2018 , valued at approximately US $ 3.1 billion . They also set the NFL record for single - season attendance in 2007 , and have the top ten single - season attendance totals in the NFL . Over the team 's history , the name and logo have drawn controversy , with many criticizing it as offensive to Native Americans . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Origins and early years ( 1932 -- 1945 ) 1.2 Front - office disarray and integration ( 1946 -- 1970 ) 1.2. 1 Integration controversy 1.3 George Allen 's revival ( 1971 -- 1980 ) 1.4 Joe Gibbs ' era ( 1981 -- 1992 ) 1.5 End of RFK and Cooke ownership ( 1993 -- 1998 ) 1.6 Daniel Snyder ownership era ( 1999 -- present ) 1.6. 1 Marty Schottenheimer era ( 2001 ) 1.6. 2 Steve Spurrier era ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1.6. 2.1 2002 1.6. 2.2 2003 1.6. 3 Return of Joe Gibbs ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 1.6. 3.1 2004 1.6. 3.2 2005 1.6. 3.3 2006 1.6. 3.4 2007 1.6. 4 Jim Zorn era ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1.6. 4.1 2008 1.6. 4.2 2009 1.6. 5 Mike Shanahan era ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 1.6. 5.1 2010 1.6. 5.2 2011 1.6. 5.3 2012 1.6. 5.4 2013 1.6. 6 Jay Gruden era ( 2014 -- present ) 1.6. 6.1 2014 1.6. 6.2 2015 1.6. 6.3 2016 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Name and logo controversy 4 Season - by - season records 5 Rivalries 5.1 Dallas Cowboys 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.2. 1 Unofficially retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame members 6.4 Washington Hall of Stars 6.5 Redskins Ring of Fame 6.6 The 80 Greatest Redskins 6.7 Individual awards 6.8 All - time first - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Single - season records 9 Redskins career records 10 Single - game records 11 NFL records 11.1 Offense 11.2 Defense 11.3 Special teams 12 Broadcasting 12.1 Radio 12.2 Radio affiliates 12.2. 1 District of Columbia 12.2. 2 Maryland 12.2. 3 North Carolina 12.2. 4 Virginia 12.2. 5 West Virginia 12.3 Television 13 U.S. presidential election superstition 14 References 15 Notes 16 Further reading 17 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Washington Redskins Origins and early years ( 1932 -- 1945 ) The team originated as the Boston Braves , based in Boston , Massachusetts , in 1932 , under the ownership of George Preston Marshall . At the time the team played in Braves Field , home of the Boston Braves baseball team in the National League . The following year , the club moved to Fenway Park , home of the American League 's Boston Red Sox , whereupon owners changed the team 's name to `` Boston Redskins . '' To round out the change , Marshall hired William `` Lone Star '' Dietz , who was thought to be part Sioux , as the team 's head coach . However , Boston was n't much of a football town at the time and the team had difficulty drawing fans . The Redskins relocated south from New England after five years to the national capital of Washington , D.C. in 1937 . Through 1960 , the Redskins shared baseball 's Griffith Stadium with the first Washington Senators baseball team of the American League . In their first game in Washington on September 16 , the Redskins defeated the New York Giants in the season opener , 13 -- 3 . On December 5 , they earned their first division title in Washington with a 49 -- 14 win over the Giants in New York , for the Eastern Championship . The next week on December 12 , the team won their first league championship , over the Chicago Bears . In 1940 , the Redskins met the Bears again in the championship game on December 8 . The result , 73 -- 0 in favor of the Bears , is still the worst one - sided loss in NFL history . The other big loss for the Redskins that season occurred in September during the coin toss prior to the Giants game . After calling the coin toss and shaking hands with the opposing team captain , lineman Turk Edwards attempted to pivot around to head back to his sideline . However , his cleats caught in the grass and his knee gave way , injuring him and bringing his season and hall of fame career to an unusual end . Max Krause was a running back for the Redskins from 1937 to 1940 In what became an early rivalry in the NFL , the Redskins and Bears met two more times in the NFL Championship Game . The third time in 1942 on December 13 , where the Redskins won their second championship , 14 -- 6 . The final time the two met was the 1943 on December 26 , which the Bears won 41 -- 21 . The most notable accomplishment achieved during the Redskins ' 1943 season was Sammy Baugh leading the NFL in passing , punting , and interceptions . The Redskins played in the NFL Championship one more time before a quarter - century drought that did not end until the 1972 season . With former Olympic gold medalist Dudley DeGroot as their new head coach , the Redskins went 8 -- 2 during the 1945 season . One of the most impressive performances came from Sammy Baugh , who had a completion percentage of . 703 . They ended the season by losing to the Cleveland Rams in the 1945 NFL Championship Game on December 16 , 1945 , 15 -- 14 . The one - point margin of victory came under scrutiny because of a safety that occurred early in the game . In the first quarter , the Redskins had the ball at their own 5 - yard line . Dropping back into the end zone , quarterback Sammy Baugh threw to an open receiver , but the ball hit the goal post ( which at the time was on the goal line instead of at the back of the end zone ) and bounced back to the ground in the end zone . Under the rules at the time , this was ruled as a safety and thus gave the Rams a 2 -- 0 lead . It was that safety that proved to be the margin of victory . Owner Marshall was so mad at the outcome that he became a major force in passing the following major rule change after the season : A forward pass that strikes the goal posts is automatically ruled incomplete . This later became known as the `` Baugh / Marshall Rule '' . Front - Office disarray and Integration ( 1946 -- 1970 ) The team 's early success endeared it to the fans of Washington , D.C. However , after 1945 , the Redskins began a slow decline that they did not end until a playoff appearance in the 1971 season . The Redskins had four different head coaches from 1946 to 1951 , including former players Turk Edwards and Dick Todd as well as John Whelchel and Herman Ball , and none were successful . But this did not stop George Preston Marshall from trying to make the Redskins the most successful franchise in the league . His first major alteration happened on June 14 , 1950 , when it was announced that American Oil Company planned to televise all Redskins games , making Washington the first NFL team to have an entire season of televised games . His next major change came in February 1952 , when he hired former Green Bay Packers coach Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau . But , after two seasons , Marshall fired Lambeau following the Redskins loss in their exhibition opener to the Los Angeles Rams and hired Joe Kuharich . In 1955 , Kuharich led the Redskins to their first winning season in ten years and was named both Sporting News Coach of the Year and UPI NFL Coach of the Year . In 1961 , the Redskins moved into their new stadium called D.C. Stadium ( changed to Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969 ) . The first game in new D.C. Stadium occurred on October 1 in front of 37,767 fans . However , the Redskins failed to hold a fourteen - point lead and lost to the New York Giants 24 -- 21 . That same year , Bill McPeak became the head coach and had a record of 21 -- 46 -- 3 over five seasons . During his tenure , he helped draft future stars : wide receiver Charley Taylor , tight end Jerry Smith , safety Paul Krause , center Len Hauss , and linebacker Chris Hanburger . He also helped pull off two important trades , gaining quarterback Sonny Jurgensen from the Philadelphia Eagles and linebacker Sam Huff from the New York Giants . One reason for the team 's struggles was disarray in the front office . Marshall began a mental decline in 1962 , and the team 's other stockholders found it difficult to make decisions without their boss . Marshall died on August 9 , 1969 , and Edward Bennett Williams , a minority stockholder who was a Washington resident and one of America 's most esteemed attorneys , was chosen to run the franchise while the majority stockholder , Jack Kent Cooke , lived on the West Coast in Los Angeles and ran his basketball team , the Los Angeles Lakers . In 1966 , Otto Graham was hired as the new head coach . Graham coached the Redskins for three seasons , but whatever magic he had as an NFL player disappeared on the sidelines as the team recorded a mark of 17 -- 22 -- 3 during that time period . He resigned after the 1968 season in favor of Vince Lombardi , and became athletic director of the Coast Guard Academy before retiring at the end of 1984 . In 1969 , the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi -- who gained fame coaching with the Green Bay Packers -- to be their new head coach . Lombardi led the team to a 7 -- 5 -- 2 record , their best since 1955 , but died of cancer on the eve of the 1970 season . Assistant coach Bill Austin was the interim head coach in 1970 , and Washington finished at 6 -- 8 . Integration controversy During most of this unsuccessful period , Marshall continually refused to integrate the team , despite pressure from The Washington Post and the federal government . On March 24 , 1961 , Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall warned Marshall to hire black players or face federal retribution . For the first time in history , the federal government had attempted to desegregate a professional sports team . The Redskins were under the threat of civil rights legal action by the Kennedy administration , which would have prevented a segregated team from playing at the new D.C. Stadium , as it was owned by the U.S. Department of the Interior and thus was federal government property . In 1962 , Washington became the final professional American football franchise to integrate . First , the Redskins drafted running back Ernie Davis of Syracuse , the first black player to win the Heisman Trophy . They also took fullback Ron Hatcher in the eighth round , a player from Michigan State who became the first black to sign a contract with the team . But , in mid-December 1961 , Marshall announced that on the day of the NFL draft he had traded the rights to Davis to the Cleveland Browns , who wanted Davis to join the league 's leading rusher , Jim Brown , in their backfield . Davis was traded to the Browns for running back Bobby Mitchell ( who became a wide receiver in Washington ) and 1962 first - round draft choice Leroy Jackson . The move was made under unfortunate circumstances -- as it turned out that Davis had leukemia , and died without ever playing a down in professional football . The Redskins ended the 1962 season with their best record in five years : 5 -- 7 -- 2 . Mitchell led the league with 11 touchdowns , and caught 72 passes and was selected to the Pro Bowl . In time , Mitchell would be joined by black stars like receiver Charley Taylor , running back Larry Brown , defensive back Brig Owens , and guard John Nisby from the Pittsburgh Steelers . George Allen 's revival ( 1971 -- 1980 ) Then U.S. President Richard Nixon meeting with the Redskins , November 23 , 1971 . After the death of Lombardi and Austin 's unsuccessful 1970 season , Williams signed former Los Angeles Rams head coach George Allen as head coach on January 6 , 1971 . Partial to seasoned veterans instead of highly touted young players , Allen 's teams became known as the Over-the - Hill Gang . That season , the Redskins made the playoffs for the first time since 1945 with a 9 -- 4 -- 1 mark with Redskins first year head coach George Allen winning the 1971 NFL Coach of the Year Award , the second of his career , winning his first Coach of the Year Award in 1967 as the head coach of the Rams . However , they lost in the Divisional Playoffs to the San Francisco 49ers , 24 -- 20 . The following season , the Redskins hosted their first post-season game in Washington since 1942 , where they beat the Green Bay Packers 16 -- 3 in the NFC Divisional Playoffs . The Redskins reached the NFC Championship Game , and in a much anticipated match - up against the archrival Dallas Cowboys , the Redskins would not disappoint . The Redskins placekicker Curt Knight kicked an 18 - yard field goal in the second quarter to get the scoring underway , then Redskins quarterback Billy Kilmer connected with Redskins wide receiver Charley Taylor on a 15 - yard touchdown pass and Washington had a 10 -- 3 lead at halftime . In the fourth quarter , Kilmer again went to Taylor , this time for a 45 - yard touchdown . Knight added three more field goals that period and The Over-The - Hill - Gang defense allowed only a second - quarter field goal . The final score was Washington 26 , Dallas 3 . After defeating the Dallas Cowboys to win the NFC Championship , the Redskins went on to lose to the undefeated Miami Dolphins 14 -- 7 in Super Bowl VII . Redskins running back Larry Brown would be named the 1972 NFL 's Most Valuable Player . The Redskins playing against the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VII The Redskins again made the playoffs in 1973 , 1974 , and 1976 , only to lose all three times in the first round . After his Redskins failed to make the playoffs in 1977 despite posting a 9 -- 5 record , Allen was fired and was replaced by new head coach Jack Pardee , a star linebacker under Allen in Los Angeles and Washington . In his first year , his team started 6 -- 0 but then lost 8 of the last 10 games . Then in the offseason , Redskins majority owner Jack Kent Cooke moved from Los Angeles to Virginia and took over the team 's day - by - day operations from Edward Bennett Williams . The Redskins chose well during the 1979 NFL Draft , where they drafted future stars Don Warren and Monte Coleman . They opened the 1979 season 6 -- 2 and were 10 -- 5 heading into the season finale at Texas Stadium , against whom a win would assure a playoff spot and a possible NFC East title . Washington led 34 -- 28 with time running out , but quarterback Roger Staubach then led the Cowboys in a fourth - quarter comeback with two touchdown passes . The 35 -- 34 loss knocked the 10 -- 6 Redskins out of playoff contention . Pardee 's quick success with the team did not go unnoticed , however , and he was named Associated Press Coach of the Year and UPI NFC Coach of the Year . Pardee 's tenure did not last long though , for he was fired after posting a 6 -- 10 record in 1980 . He did , however , draft Art Monk in the first - round . Joe Gibbs ' era ( 1981 -- 1992 ) On January 13 , 1981 , owner Jack Kent Cooke signed the offensive coordinator of the San Diego Chargers , Joe Gibbs , as their head coach . Also during the off - season , the Redskins acquired Mark May , Russ Grimm , and Dexter Manley in the 1981 NFL Draft , all of whom became significant contributors to the team for the next few years . After starting the 1981 season 0 -- 5 , the Redskins won eight out of their next 11 games and finished the season 8 -- 8 . Starting on September 21 , 1982 , the NFL faced a 57 - day long players ' strike , which reduced the 1982 season from a 16 - game schedule to a nine - game schedule . Because of the shortened season , the NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament , in which eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 based on their regular season records . After the strike was settled , the Redskins dominated , winning six out of the seven remaining games to make the playoffs for the first time since 1976 . John Riggins ( left ) and Mark Murphy ( right ) made key offensive and defensive plays in Super Bowl XVII , respectively , to help the Redskins win their first Super Bowl . In January 1983 , during the second round of the playoffs against the Minnesota Vikings , John Riggins rushed for a Redskins playoff record 185 yards , leading Washington to a 21 -- 7 win . The game is perhaps best known for a moment when the stadium physically shook as a crowd chanted `` We Want Dallas ! '' , which later became a rallying cry of sorts for Redskin fans before games against the Cowboys . In the NFC Championship Game against them at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley knocked Cowboys ' quarterback Danny White out for the rest of the game and sent him into the locker room shortly before halftime . Later in the game , Redskins defensive tackle Darryl Grant 's interception which he returned for a 10 - yard touchdown off one of Cowboys ' backup quarterback Gary Hogeboom 's passes which was tipped by Dexter Manley to score the decisive points . John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries and the Redskins went on to defeat the Cowboys ' by a score of 31 -- 17 . The Redskins ' first Super Bowl win , and their first NFL Championship in 40 years , was in Super Bowl XVII , where the Redskins defeated the Miami Dolphins 27 -- 17 . Riggins provided the game 's signature play when , on 4th and inches , with the Redskins down 17 -- 13 , the coaches called `` 70 Chip '' , a play designed for short yardage . Riggins instead gained 43 yards ( 39 m ) by running through would - be tackler Don McNeal and getting the go - ahead touchdown . The Redskins ended up winning by a 27 -- 17 score with John Riggins winning the Super Bowl MVP . After the 1982 season Redskins placekicker Mark Moseley was the first and only placekicker in NFL history to be named the NFL 's Most Valuable Player ; Moseley made 20 of 21 field goals attempted in 1982 . Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs also won his first NFL Coach of the Year Award in 1982 which was the first of his back to back NFL Coach of the Year Awards , his second coming in the 1983 NFL season . Joe Theismann at Redskins training camp in 1983 The 1983 season marked the rookie debut of cornerback Darrell Green , selected in the 1983 NFL Draft along with Charles Mann , Green would go on to play his entire 20 - year NFL career for the Redskins . On October 1 , 1983 , the Redskins lost to the Green Bay Packers 48 -- 47 in the highest scoring Monday night football game in history , in which both teams combine for more than 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) of total offense . Then during the regular - season finale on December 17 , 1983 , Moseley set an NFL scoring record with 161 points while Riggins ' total of 144 points was second . This marked the first time since 1951 that the top two scorers in a season played on the same team . They dominated the NFL with a 14 - win season which included scoring a then NFL record 541 points , many of which came from Riggins , who scored 24 touchdowns . Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann would also be named the 1983 NFL 's Most Valuable Player finishing the season with a career - high in both yards passing 3,714 yds. , and touchdown passes thrown , 29 Td 's while throwing only 11 interceptions . In the postseason , the Redskins beat the Los Angeles Rams 51 -- 7 . The next week , Washington beat the San Francisco 49ers 24 -- 21 in the NFC Championship Game . It was their final win of the season because two weeks later , the Raiders beat the Redskins 38 -- 9 in Super Bowl XVIII . The Redskins finished the 1984 season with an 11 -- 5 record , and won the NFC East for the third consecutive season . However , they lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Chicago Bears , 23 -- 19 . On November 18 , 1985 , while playing against the Giants , Theismann broke his leg during a sack by Lawrence Taylor . The compound fracture forced him to retire after a 12 - year career , during which he became the Redskins ' all - time leader in pass attempts and completions . The Redskins finished 3rd in the NFC East behind the Cowboys and missed the wild card to the Giants by virtue of tiebreakers . The 1986 offseason 's major highlight occurred during the 1986 NFL Draft , when the Redskins picked up future Super Bowl MVP Mark Rypien in the sixth round , also the Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley set a franchise single season record when he recorded 18.5 sacks while earning 1st Team All - Pro honors and being selected to the Pro bowl . In 1986 season , the road to the playoffs was even harder , with the Redskins making the postseason as a wild - card team despite having a regular season record of 12 -- 4 . They won the Wild Card playoff against the Rams , and then again in the Divisional playoffs against the Bears . This game was Gibbs 70th career , which made him the winningest head coach in Redskins history . The season ended next week , however , when the Redskins lost to the eventual Super Bowl XXI Champion Giants 17 -- 0 in the NFC Championship game . The Redskins defeated the Vikings in the 1987 - 88 NFC Championship Game ( left ) and went on to top the Broncos in Super Bowl XXII ( right ) , winning their second Super Bowl ring . The 1987 season began with a 24 - day players ' strike , reducing the 16 - game season to 15 . The games for weeks 4 -- 6 were won with all replacement players . The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line . Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements . The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31 , 1988 , in San Diego , California . The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42 -- 10 after starting the game in a 10 -- 0 deficit , the largest come - from - behind victory in Super Bowl history , which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award . Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well , running for a Super Bowl record 204 yards ( 187 m ) . 1988 started off with a boom and the club had a 5 -- 3 record at mid-season , but a 2nd half swoon saw them miss the playoffs with a 7 -- 9 record . The 1989 Redskins finished with a 10 -- 6 record but missed the playoffs . That season is best remembered for the Redskins prolific wide receiver trio nicknamed `` The Posse '' consisting of wide receivers Art Monk , Gary Clark , and Ricky Sanders who became the first trio of wide receivers in NFL history to post 1,000 - plus yards in the same season . Also , in a week 14 victory against the San Diego Chargers , Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs achieved career victory no . 100 . The Redskins returned to the playoffs in 1990 as a wild card team , lost in the Divisional playoffs to the 49ers , 28 -- 10 . The 1991 season started with a franchise - record 11 straight victories . Also during the season , `` The Hogs '' , under the coaching of Redskins offensive line coach Joe Bugel , allowed a league low and franchise record nine sacks -- the third lowest total in NFL history . The 1991 Redskins offense also dominated under the brilliant coaching of offensive minded head football coach Joe Gibbs scoring 485 points which was the most by any team in the 1991 NFL season . The 1991 Redskins defense was also dominant under the coaching of defensive coordinator and guru Richie Petitbon , giving up only 224 total points which was second best of any team in the NFL in 1991 , while also not allowing a single point to opponents in 3 of the 16 games played that season . After posting a 14 -- 2 record , the Redskins made and dominated the playoffs , beating the Falcons and Lions by a combined score of 64 -- 17 . On January 26 , 1992 , the Redskins won Super Bowl XXVI by defeating the Buffalo Bills 37 -- 24 with Mark Rypien winning the games Super Bowl MVP award . After the Super Bowl , the Redskins set another franchise record by sending eight players to the Pro Bowl . The 1991 Washington Redskins are widely considered one of the best teams in NFL history . The Redskins success in 1992 culminated in a trip to the playoffs as a wild card team , but they lost in the Divisional playoffs to the 49ers , 20 -- 13 . The most impressive feat during the season occurred on October 12 , 1992 , when Art Monk became the NFL 's all - time leading pass receiver against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football by catching his 820th career reception . The era ended on March 5 , 1993 , when Joe Gibbs retired after 12 years of coaching with the Redskins . In what proved to be a temporary retirement , Gibbs pursued an interest in NASCAR by founding Joe Gibbs Racing . End of RFK and Cooke ownership ( 1993 -- 1998 ) After the end of Gibbs ' first tenure , the Redskins hired former Redskins player Richie Petitbon for the 1993 season . However , his first and only year as head coach , the Redskins finished with a record of 4 -- 12 . Petitbon was fired at the end of the season and on February 2 , 1994 , Norv Turner was hired as head coach after being the offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys . 1994 was even worse as they finished 3 -- 13 , their worst season in over 30 years . Their sole bright spot that year came on October 9 , 1994 , linebacker Monte Coleman played in his 206th career game with the Redskins , which broke Art Monk 's team record for games played ( Coleman retired at season 's end with 216 games played ) . They improved to 6 -- 10 in 1995 where they were able to get a season sweep on the eventual Super Bowl XXX Champions the Dallas Cowboys . On March 13 , 1996 , Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke , Maryland Governor Parris Glendening , and Prince George 's County Executive Wayne K. Curry signed a contract that paved the way for the immediate start of construction for the new home of the Redskins ( now FedExField ) . The 1996 season saw Washington post their first winning record in 4 years by finishing 9 -- 7 . On December 22 , 1996 , the Redskins played their final game at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , a victory over the Dallas Cowboys 37 -- 10 , and finished their tenure at the stadium with a 173 -- 102 -- 3 record , including 11 -- 1 in the playoffs . On April 6 , 1997 , Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke died of congestive heart failure at the age of 84 . In his will , Cooke left the Redskins to the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation , with instructions that the foundation sell the team . His estate , headed by son John Kent Cooke , took over ownership of the Redskins and at his memorial service , John Kent Cooke announced that the new stadium in Landover , Maryland would be named Jack Kent Cooke Stadium . On September 14 , 1997 , the Redskins played in their new stadium for the first time , and beat the Arizona Cardinals , 19 -- 13 in overtime . On November 23 , 1997 , they played the New York Giants and the result was a 7 -- 7 tie , the Redskins first tie game since the 1971 season . They would finish 1997 8 -- 7 -- 1 and would miss the playoffs for a fifth season in a row . One bright spot during the season , however , occurred on December 13 , 1997 , when Darrell Green played in his 217th career game as a Redskin , breaking Monte Coleman 's record for games played . The 1998 season started with a seven - game losing streak , and the Redskins finished with a 6 -- 10 record . Daniel Snyder ownership era ( 1999 -- present ) FedExField After two seasons , John Kent Cooke was unable to raise sufficient funds to permanently purchase the Redskins , and on May 25 , 1999 , Daniel Snyder gained unanimous approval ( 31 -- 0 ) from league owners and bought the franchise for $800 million , a deal that was the most expensive team - purchasing deal in sporting history . One of his first acts as team owner occurred on November 21 , 1999 , when he sold the naming - rights to Jack Kent Cooke Stadium to the highest bidder , Federal Express , who renamed the stadium FedExField . In Snyder 's first season as owner , the Redskins went 10 -- 6 , including a four - game winning streak early in the season , and made it to the playoffs for the first time in Norv Turner 's career ( and the first time for the Redskins since 1992 ) in the final game of the season ( on January 2 , 2000 against the Dolphins ) . Running back Stephen Davis rushed for a then club - record 1,405 yards and quarterback Brad Johnson completed a then club - record 316 passes and threw for more than 4,000 yards in regular play that season . They then beat the Detroit Lions in the first round of the playoffs , but lost to the Buccaneers , 14 -- 13 . The 2000 season started with the selection of future Pro Bowler Chris Samuels and the tumultuous LaVar Arrington in the 2000 NFL Draft and included five consecutive wins in the first half of the season . However , they ended up going 7 -- 6 , and on December 4 , 2000 , Norv Turner was fired as head coach . Terry Robiskie was named interim coach to finish out the season , which ended with an 8 -- 8 record . During the final game of the season on December 24 , 2000 , Larry Centers became the NFL 's all - time leader in catches by a running back with 685 receptions . Marty Schottenheimer era ( 2001 ) On January 3 , 2001 , the Redskins hired former Browns and Chiefs head coach Marty Schottenheimer as head coach . The 2001 season began with a loss to the San Diego Chargers , 30 -- 3 , two days before the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . On September 13 , 2001 , the Redskins announced the establishment of the Redskins Relief Fund to help families of the victims of the attack at the Pentagon . During the course of the season , the Redskins raised more than $700,000 . They finished the season with an 8 -- 8 record and Schottenheimer was fired after the final game . Snyder later said in a 2013 interview on the firing of Schottenheimer , `` I like Marty and still do to this day , we are good friends , he 'd still be here if he did n't want to do it all . He was insistent on doing it all , that was something that I do n't think works , one guy ca n't do everything , he was a machine on that front . He would n't drop the personnel side and give us a chance at more of a team energy . '' Steve Spurrier era ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 2002 Main article : 2002 Washington Redskins season On January 14 , 2002 , Snyder hired University of Florida coach Steve Spurrier , the Redskins ' fifth new head coach in 10 years . They finished with a 7 -- 9 record , their first losing season since 1998 . A bittersweet moment during the season occurred on December 29 , 2002 , when Darrell Green concluded his 20th and final season as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 20 -- 14 at FedExField . During his 20 seasons , he set a NFL record for consecutive seasons with at least one interception ( 19 ) and a Redskins team record for regular season games played ( 295 ) and started ( 258 ) . 2003 Main article : 2003 Washington Redskins season The Redskins finished the 2003 season with a 5 -- 11 record , their worst since 1994 . The one bright note of the season was on December 7 , 2003 , when defensive end Bruce Smith sacked Giants quarterback Jesse Palmer in the fourth quarter . With his 199th career sack , broke Reggie White 's all - time NFL mark ( Smith finished the season with 200 career sacks ) . After two mediocre years , Spurrier resigned after the 2003 season with three years left on his contract . Return of Joe Gibbs ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Main article : 2004 Washington Redskins season For the 2004 season , Snyder successfully lured former coach Joe Gibbs away from NASCAR to return as head coach and team president . His employment came with a promise of decreased intervention in football operations from Snyder . Snyder also expanded FedExField to a league - high capacity of 91,665 seats . Gibbs ' return to the franchise did not pay instant dividends as the Redskins finished the 2004 season with a record of 6 -- 10 . Despite an impressive defense , the team struggled offensively . Quarterback Mark Brunell -- an off - season acquisition from the Jacksonville Jaguars -- struggled in his first season , and was replaced midway through the season by backup Patrick Ramsey . On the other hand , some of Gibbs ' other new signings , such as cornerback Shawn Springs and linebacker Marcus Washington , did very well . The Redskins also picked Sean Taylor from University of Miami during the draft in Gibbs ' first season . 2005 Main article : 2005 Washington Redskins season Redskins on the field in 2005 The beginning of the 2005 season started with three wins , including a Monday Night Football game on September 19 , 2005 , against the Dallas Cowboys . Dallas led 13 -- 0 with less than four minutes left when Brunell threw a 39 - yard ( 36 m ) touchdown pass to Moss on a fourth - down play . Then , with 2 : 44 left , Brunell connected with Moss again on a 70 - yard ( 64 m ) touchdown pass and Nick Novak kicked the game - winning extra point . It was the Redskins ' first victory at Texas Stadium since 1995 . They then fell into a slump , losing six of the next eight games which included three straight losses in November , and their playoffs chances looked bleak . Wikinews has related news : Redskins qualify for playoffs with win in Philadelphia However , the Redskins then went on to record five consecutive victories at the end of the season , which concluded with the Redskins winning three games in a row against division rivals . On December 18 , 2005 , they beat Cowboys , 35 -- 7 , which marked the first time since 1995 that the Redskins were able to sweep the season series with Dallas . The Redskins then avenged the earlier loss to the Giants with a 35 -- 20 victory in their last regular - season home game . They finished out the season against the Philadelphia Eagles on January 1 , 2006 , where they won with a 31 -- 20 , with Taylor returning a fumble 39 yards ( 36 m ) for a touchdown to seal the victory . The win clinched their first playoff berth since 1999 . The game also culminated impressive season performances by individuals . Portis set a team mark for most rushing yards in a single season with 1,516 yards ( 1,386 m ) , and Moss set a team record for most receiving yards in a single season with 1,483 yards ( 1,356 m ) , breaking Bobby Mitchell 's previous record set in 1963 . Also , Chris Cooley 's 71 receptions broke Jerry Smith 's season record for a Redskins tight end . Finishing the season 10 -- 6 , they qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team . Their first game was against the NFC South Champion Buccaneers on January 7 , 2006 . The Redskins won 17 -- 10 , after taking an early 14 -- 0 lead , which they thought they lost until replay showed that a touchdown , which would have tied the game , was an incomplete pass . In that game , the Redskins broke the record for fewest offensive yards ( 120 ) gained in a playoff victory , with one of their two touchdowns being from a defensive run after a fumble recovery . The following weekend , they played the Seahawks , who defeated the Redskins 20 -- 10 , ending their hopes of reaching their first NFC Championship Game since 1991 . Chris Cooley was a starting tight end for the Redskins in the 2000s 2006 Redskins ' safety Sean Taylor during practice Main article : 2006 Washington Redskins season The first major move of the 2006 off - season was the hiring of Kansas City Chiefs ' offensive coordinator Al Saunders as Associate Head Coach , Offense . Gibbs also added former Buffalo Bills defensive coordinator Jerry Gray to his staff as Secondary / Cornerbacks coach and lost quarterbacks coach Bill Musgrave to the Falcons . The Redskins also picked up future starters Rocky McIntosh , Anthony Montgomery , Reed Doughty , and Kedric Golston in the 2006 NFL Draft . After winning only three of the first nine games of the 2006 season , Gibbs benched quarterback Brunell for former first - round draft pick Jason Campbell . After losing his first game as a starter to Tampa Bay , Campbell got his first NFL victory against the Carolina Panthers , bringing the Redskins out of a three - game losing streak . The highlight of the season happened on November 5 , 2006 , and concluded with one of the most exciting endings in the history of the Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry . Tied 19 -- 19 , Troy Vincent blocked a last - second field goal attempt by Dallas that would have given them the win . Sean Taylor picked up the ball and ran 30 yards ( 27 m ) , breaking tackles along the way . It was thought that the game would then go in overtime , however because of a defensive 15 - yard ( 14 m ) face mask penalty , the Redskins would get a field goal chance with no time on the clock . Novak kicked a 47 - yard ( 43 m ) field goal , giving Washington a 22 -- 19 victory . They finished the year with a 5 -- 11 record , which resulted in them being last in the NFC East , and the only team in the division to fail to make the playoffs . This marked the second losing season of Joe Gibbs ' second term as head coach with the Redskins , compared to the one losing season he had in his first 12 - year tenure as head coach . Despite the failures of the 2006 season , including free agent disasters Adam Archuleta and Brandon Lloyd , the year did see improvement in running back Ladell Betts and Campbell as quarterback . Redskins ' running back Clinton Portis , 2007 . 2007 Main article : 2007 Washington Redskins season The Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the New York Giants The 2007 Washington Redskins season was the team 's 75th season , and saw the team achieve a record of 9 -- 7 and a playoff appearance . This was an improvement over the 2006 season in which they went 5 -- 11 and finished last in the NFC East . The Redskins began the 2007 season by `` winning ugly '' starting the season off 2 -- 0 . The Redskins kept winning and losing close games , the only exception to this a 34 -- 3 rout of the Detroit Lions . The Redskins continued to win ugly and lose ugly to be 5 -- 3 at the halfway mark . However , the Redskins would begin to collapse . The Washington Redskins lost their next three games to fall to 5 -- 6 . On Monday , November 26 , 2007 , Redskins superstar , Sean Taylor was shot by intruders early in the morning in his Miami home . The next morning , Sean Taylor died from severe blood loss . The heartbreak continued for the Washington Redskins , taking a 9 -- 2 halftime lead against the Buffalo Bills , and eventually a 16 -- 5 lead . However , the Bills cut the lead to 16 -- 14 , and got into position with just 8 seconds remaining to win the game . In an attempt to ice the kicker , head coach Joe Gibbs called timeout . However , he attempted to re-ice him , and called timeout again , which drew an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty , reducing the field goal from 51 yards to 36 , and Bills kicker Rian Lindell nailed it with ease . Following the heartbreaking loss , the Redskins attended Sean Taylor 's funeral two days later , with a game to play on Thursday night against the Chicago Bears . The bad news continued , as quarterback Jason Campbell went down for the season with a knee injury . Following this , unlikely hero and backup quarterback Todd Collins led the Redskins to the victory , keeping their playoff hopes alive . Things continued to turn in the right direction behind Collins , who led the Redskins to a 22 -- 10 victory on Sunday Night Football over the New York Giants and routs of the Minnesota Vikings and rival Dallas Cowboys in the final two weeks to propel the Redskins to 9 -- 7 and the final playoff spot in the NFL playoffs . The Washington Redskins trailed 13 -- 0 entering the 4th quarter to the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card Playoffs , but rallied back to take a 14 -- 13 lead , but Redskins kicker Shaun Suisham missed a field goal later in the game , and the Seahawks scored on the next drive and converted the two - point conversion . To close the game , Todd Collins threw two interceptions , each returned for touchdowns , and the Redskins fell 35 -- 14 . Jim Zorn era ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2008 Quarterback Jason Campbell played for the Redskins from 2005 -- 2009 Main article : 2008 Washington Redskins season The Washington Redskins looked to return to the playoffs in 2008 but did not succeed , finishing 8 -- 8 . After Joe Gibbs announced his retirement , Jim Zorn was hired as head coach , and brought in a West Coast Offense . The season started about as well as it could have , as the Washington Redskins started the season 6 -- 2 , with their two losses coming by a combined 11 points to the New York Giants and St. Louis Rams . Furthermore , Redskins star Clinton Portis led the NFL in rushing yards and Jason Campbell was just 40 pass attempts away from breaking Bernie Kosar 's record of consecutive passes to start the season without an interception . However , things turned for the worse on the eve of the 2008 Presidential Election , when they were routed 23 -- 6 by the Pittsburgh Steelers and Clinton Portis ' injuries finally caught up to him . The Redskins continued to struggle , falling all the way to 7 -- 7 , with their only win during that six - week period being a 3 - point victory of the then - 2 -- 8 Seattle Seahawks , who would finish the season 4 - 12 . The Redskins managed to upset the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 , but were eliminated from playoff contention after the Atlanta Falcons defeated the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 that same week . The Redskins lost the final game of the season 27 -- 24 to the San Francisco 49ers , despite having a 17 -- 7 lead at halftime , losing on a Joe Nedney field goal as time expired . 2009 Main article : 2009 Washington Redskins season The Redskins ' fortunes continued to slide in 2009 , as they lost two of the first four matches , one of which was a 19 - 14 defeat at the hands of the Lions , a team that had not won a game since December 2007 . After that , they lost to Carolina on the road and Kansas City at home , the latter match handing another victory to a winless team . On Monday Night Football , the Redskins lost to Philadelphia in a game where Jim Zorn was temporarily relieved of his duties by offensive coordinator Sherman Lewis . In Week 10 , they inflicted a surprise defeat on the Denver Broncos before losing two divisional matches to Dallas and Philadelphia . The Week 13 game against an undefeated Saints team proved another surprise . The Redskins managed to tie at the end of regulation , and in overtime had a chance to break New Orleans ' winning streak . However , kicker Shaun Suisham missed a field goal that would have given them the victory . On their next possession , the Saints scored a FG and won the game 33 - 30 . Suisham was cut after the game and signed with Dallas ( his original team ) . The Redskins then routed Oakland in Week 14 before losing their last three games to finish 4 - 12 . The second match with the Cowboys ended in a 16 - 0 shutout , making for only the second season since 1970 where Washington lost all of its divisional matches . Jim Zorn was fired and replaced by Mike Shanahan afterwards . Mike Shanahan era ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Main article : 2010 Washington Redskins season The 2010 off - season would bring a surprise when on April 4 , Eagles QB Donovan McNabb forced his team to trade him to the Redskins and was also marred by contract disputes with Albert Haynesworth . Washington continued an old tradition of playing its arch - rival Cowboys in the first week of the season . Both teams were unimpressive and the Redskins ' offense sputtered throughout the game , but they finally won 13 - 10 after a touchdown pass by Tony Romo was nullified after a holding call . They hosted the Texans in Week 2 , but good all - around offensive performance ( especially by McNabb , who passed for 426 yards and a touchdown ) failed to secure a win . The game tied at 27 - 27 and went into overtime where Houston kicker Neil Rackers made a 37 - yard FG , ending the match at 30 - 27 . After this , the Redskins lost to St. Louis 30 - 16 before McNabb 's return to Philadelphia . Although Washington did not deliver a particularly strong performance , they won 16 - 12 after Eagles QB Michael Vick was injured and replaced by Kevin Kolb . In Week 5 , they hosted Green Bay for only the second time since 1979 ( the first was in 2004 ) and beat them 16 - 13 . After losing a Sunday Night match to the Colts , Washington beat Chicago in Week 7 . Although McNabb threw two interceptions , the team took advantage of their opponent 's porous O - line to sack and pick off Jay Cutler four times , winning 17 - 14 . After losing a 37 - 25 trap game in Detroit , the Redskins went on their bye week and returned to host Philadelphia on MNF for the second straight year . As rain fell on Fedex Field , the Eagles proceeded to crush Washington 59 - 28 with eight touchdowns . In contrast to the huge numbers put up by Michael Vick , McNabb looked decidedly unimpressive , with two touchdown passes and three interceptions ( one returned for a TD ) . Just before the game , he had finalized his contract with the Redskins , who gave him a 5 - year , $78 million deal and allowing him to ( barring unforeseen circumstances ) finish out his career in Washington . After beating Tennessee , the Redskins lost four straight games and were removed from playoff contention before beating Jacksonville in Week 16 . After losing to New York at home , the Redskins finished the year at 6 - 10 and once again 4th place in the division . 2011 Main article : 2011 Washington Redskins season Redskins training camp , 2011 The McNabb era came to an abrupt end when he was traded to Minnesota in August 2011 . The troublesome Albert Haynesworth also headed to New England . After cutting the injury - rattled Clinton Portis , the Redskins had no important offensive players left except for Santana Moss . Mike Shanahan surprised most observers by his decision to name John Beck , an obscure free agent QB , as the starter . However , Shanahan suddenly reversed direction by naming veteran backup Rex Grossman to the starting position . In Week 1 , Grossman threw for 305 yards and two TD passes as the Redskins crushed the Giants 28 - 14 , ending a six - game losing streak against that team . After beating the Cardinals in Week 2 , the Redskins got off to a surprise 2 - 0 start . In Week 3 , they played the Cowboys on MNF and lost a poorly played game where the latter edged them out with six field goals to win 18 - 16 . After beating the Rams in Week 4 , the Redskins disintegrated from injuries and did n't win another game until Seattle in Week 12 . They finished 5 - 11 following a second win over the eventual champion Giants . 2012 Main article : 2012 Washington Redskins season Quarterback Robert Griffin III won the league 's Offensive Rookie of the Year award in 2012 , while also leading the team to their first division title since 1999 . The Redskins traded all their high level draft picks to St. Louis for taking Baylor QB Robert Griffin III # 2 in the 2012 draft . Although the need for a franchise QB was obvious , many football experts doubted the wisdom of such a trade for one player . Griffin silenced his critics in Week 1 as Washington won a surprise upset over the Saints in New Orleans . The rookie QB threw for 320 yards and two TD passes in a 40 - 32 victory for the Redskins ' highest scoring game since 2005 . In Week 2 , the team traveled to St. Louis where they lost 24 - 22 . A major defensive loss was suffered when Brian Orakpo went down from a tear to his left pectoral muscle . Despite widespread complaints from Redskins fans and players about the Rams playing dirty , there was nothing to do but move on to the home opener against Cincinnati . The game started on a bad omen when the Bengals threw a 76 - yard TD pass on the opening drive . Although the Redskins responded furiously and played another close match , they lost and injuries continued to pile up as CB Josh Wilson and WR Pierre Garçon went down . They would win their next game on a late game field goal at Tampa Bay , 24 - 22 , after the Buccaneers made a 4th quarter comeback to take the lead . The Redskins only won one of their next five games , going into the bye week at 3 - 6 . In Week 11 , the Redskins would face the struggling Philadelphia Eagles in Washington . RGIII would have one of his best games of his career to date , as the Redskins won 31 - 6 with long touchdowns to Santana Moss and Aldrick Robinson . The Redskins would win their next 6 games after that , including a Thanksgiving Day win over the Dallas Cowboys , an overtime win against the eventual champs , the Baltimore Ravens , and a 38 - 21 win over the Cleveland Browns that featured backup rookie quarterback Kirk Cousins as the starter , filling in for RGIII who got an injured knee against the Ravens . The Redskins would win their crucial last game against the Cowboys , which would clinch the division for them and send the Redskins to the playoffs . 2013 Main article : 2013 Washington Redskins season After winning the NFC East in the previous season , hopes were high for a repeat in 2013 . However , these hopes were in vain , as poor play and controversy stirred during the entire year , leading to the disastrous record of 3 -- 13 . This was the worst record the Redskins have posted since 1994 . Even though most players had a down year compared to last season , Pierre Garçon had his greatest season statistically yet . Garcon eventually broke Art Monk 's 29 - year - old franchise record for catches in a single season . Garcon had 113 catches total , which broke Monk 's 106 catches in 1984 by seven . The Washington Redskins fired Shanahan and most of his staff on December 30 , 2013 . Jay Gruden era ( 2014 -- present ) 2014 Main article : 2014 Washington Redskins season On January 9 , 2014 , the Redskins hired Jay Gruden as their head coach . Gruden became the eighth head coach of the team since Daniel Snyder purchased the franchise in 1999 . Gruden lost his first regular season game as an NFL coach against the Houston Texans 17 -- 6 with the Texans defense controlling the Washington offense for the majority of the game . Gruden would then go on to win his first game as an NFL head coach the following week against the Jacksonville Jaguars 41 -- 10 . Gruden and the Redskins struggled throughout the season , having three different quarterbacks start games , amounting to a 4 -- 12 record . Defense coordinator Jim Haslett was fired at the end of the season . Quarterback Kirk Cousins after the comeback victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2015 , the largest in franchise history 2015 Main article : 2015 Washington Redskins season On January 7 , 2015 , the Redskins hired Scot McCloughan to be their general manager . McCloughan took over control of the roster from Bruce Allen , who was given the sole title of team president after the hiring . On October 25 , 2015 , the Redskins had their largest comeback win in franchise history , coming back to win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31 -- 30 , after being down 0 -- 24 in the second quarter . The Redskins clinched the NFC East division title on December 26 , when they beat the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 , 38 -- 24 . The division title was their third since Snyder took over ownership of the team , and was the first since the 1999 season to be clinched before Week 17 . The Redskins hosted the Green Bay Packers in the Wild Card round on January 10 , 2016 , but lost 35 -- 18 , ending their 2015 season . Kirk Cousins , who took over as starting quarterback in the preseason , finished the season with career highs in touchdowns ( 29 ) , yards ( 4,166 ) , and completion percentage ( 69.8 % ) . His completion percentage led the league , while his 29 touchdowns tied him for second on the franchise single - season list . 2016 Main article : 2016 Washington Redskins season The team 's offense in 2016 set several franchise records , including having over 6,000 total net yards , which was only the third time in franchise history the team had accomplished that . Quarterback Kirk Cousins also set single - season team records in attempts , completions , and passing yards , breaking many of his records he had previously set in 2015 . DeSean Jackson , Pierre Garçon , Jamison Crowder , Robert Kelley , Chris Thompson , Jordan Reed , Vernon Davis , and Matt Jones all finished the season with at least 500 yards from scrimmage , tying the 2011 New Orleans Saints for the most in a single season in NFL history . Despite the numerous records set , the Redskins missed the playoffs , losing 19 -- 10 in a `` win and in '' situation against the New York Giants in the final week of the season . However , the Redskins still finished the season with a record of 8 -- 7 -- 1 , giving the team their first consecutive winning seasons in nearly 20 years . In contrast with the record setting offense , the team 's defense had a poor season , finishing 29 out of 32 teams in total defense , which lead to the firing of defensive coordinator Joe Barry , as well as three of his assistants . Logos and uniforms The Washington Redskins ' primary colors are burgundy and gold . Continuously from 1961 through 1978 , the Redskins wore gold pants with both the burgundy and white jerseys , although details of the jerseys and pants changed a few times during this period . Gold face masks were introduced in 1978 and remain to this day ; previous to that they were grey . From the start of the Joe Gibbs era until 2010 , the Redskins were one of three NFL teams that primarily wore their white jerseys at home ( the others being the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins ) . The tradition of wearing white jerseys over burgundy pants at home , which is considered the `` classic '' look , was started by Joe Gibbs when he took over as coach in 1981 . Gibbs was an assistant for the San Diego Chargers in 1979 and 1980 , and the Chargers wore white at home during the tenure of coach Don Coryell in the late 1970s and early 1980s . From 1981 -- 2009 , their burgundy jerseys were primarily used when the opposing team decided to wear white at home , which comes mostly against the Dallas Cowboys and occasionally the Philadelphia Eagles , and was normally worn over white pants . It was worn on the road against other teams that like to wear white at home for games occurring early in the season . From 1981 through 2000 , the Redskins wore their white jerseys over burgundy pants at home almost exclusively . In 1994 , as part of a league - wide celebration of the NFL 's 75th Anniversary , during certain games the Redskins wore special uniforms which emulated the uniforms worn by the team in its inaugural season as the Washington Redskins , 1937 . Both worn over gold pants , the burgundy jerseys featured gold numbers bordered in white and the white jerseys featured burgundy numbers bordered in gold . The most distinctive feature of both colors of the jersey was the patches worn on both sleeves , which were a reproduction of the patches worn on the full - length sleeves of the 1937 jerseys . Worn with these uniforms was a plain burgundy helmet with a gold facemask . In 2001 , the Redskins wore burgundy for all home games in the preseason and regular season per a decision by Marty Schottenheimer , their coach for that year . In 2002 , the team celebrated the passing of 70 years since its creation as the Boston Braves in 1932 , and wore a special home uniform of burgundy jersey over gold pants which roughly resembled the home uniforms used from 1969 -- 1978 . The helmets used with this special home uniform during that year were a reproduction of the helmets used by the team from 1965 -- 69 , though they wore white at home in Week 1 against the Arizona Cardinals and again in Week 17 , the latter forcing the Cowboys to use their blue jerseys . This special home uniform was also worn during one game in 2003 . In 2004 , when Joe Gibbs became the coach of the Redskins once again , the team switched back to wearing white jerseys at home ; in Gibbs 's 16 years as head coach , the team never wore burgundy jerseys at home , even wearing a white throwback jersey in 2007 . Their white jerseys have provided three basic color combinations , two of which have been previously alluded to in this article . The last combination consists of both white jerseys and pants . That particular combination surfaced in the first game of the 2003 season , when the team was coached by Steve Spurrier , during a nationally televised game against the New York Jets , which led many sports fans and Redskins faithful alike to point out that they had never seen that particular combination before . That year the Redskins wore it two more times . That look did n't appear again until midway through the 2005 season when the Redskins wore it in a road game against the St. Louis Rams . The Redskins won six straight games , including one in the playoffs against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , wearing that combination and the local media jokingly pointed out that the reason the Redskins were winning was their use of the white over white combination . In the NFC Divisional Playoff game against the eventual 2005 NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks , the Redskins wore the all - white uniforms , in hopes that they could keep their streak going ; however , they lost 20 -- 10 . The Redskins continued to wear the white jerseys and white pants into the 2006 preseason . In the 2006 season , the Redskins started wearing black cleats , something that had n't been done for quite a while . It was a surprise because they wore white cleats during the preseason . They would have to wear that color for the rest of the season , because the NFL usually asks teams to choose either black or white cleats to be worn throughout the season . After the white - over-white period which lasted from the mid / late 2005 season into 2006 , the classic uniform of white jerseys over burgundy pants reappeared on November 26 , 2006 , in a home game against the Carolina Panthers . The decision to return to the classic look may have symbolized a desire by the team to turn a new page on their 2006 season , which had been very lackluster previous to that game , the period of success with the white jerseys over white pants having come to an end the previous season . The move may have also been related to the fact that this home game was the second start and first home start of second - year quarterback Jason Campbell , and that the game and the previous week 's game were , in the hopes and perceptions of many Redskins fans , the start of the `` Jason Campbell era . '' The Redskins went on to win that game against Carolina , preserving slim hopes of the team 's being able to make it to the 2006 playoffs , although they ultimately missed the playoffs . In celebration of the franchise 's 75th anniversary , the Redskins wore a special throwback uniform for the September 23 , 2007 home game against the New York Giants . Players wore a white jersey ( in keeping with Gibbs 's exclusive use of the color , whereas most other NFL throwback jerseys tend to be dark ) with 3 burgundy and 2 gold stripes on each sleeve and the 75th anniversary logo on the left chest . The pants were gold , with one white stripe bordered by a burgundy stripe on each side , running down each side . The helmet was gold - colored with a burgundy `` R '' logo . The helmet and uniform styles ( besides the anniversary patch and the position of the upper-most , `` TV '' , numbers ) were the same as the ones the franchise used during the 1970 -- 71 seasons . While this throwback uniform was worn during a home game , it was actually the away uniform for 1970 -- 71 . ( The helmet was discontinued after the 1971 season , while this basic away uniform design , minus the helmet , was used through the 1978 season , as well as during most of the 1969 season . ) Vince Lombardi , who coached the Redskins in 1969 before dying during the 1970 pre-season , was the inspiration behind the helmet . Lombardi pushed for the logo , which sat inside a white circle enclosed within a burgundy circle border , with Indian feathers hanging down from the side , because of its similarity to the `` G '' on the helmets worn by his Green Bay Packers for many years . In a Monday Night Football game against the against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2008 , the Redskins wore a monochrome look by wearing burgundy jerseys over burgundy pants . This combination made two further appearances the following season against the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants . The team , starting in the 2010 season , would begin to wear the burgundy jersey paired with the throwback style of gold pants , reminiscent of the George Allen era , after wearing white jerseys at home almost exclusively from the 1980s and to the 2000s . Against the Tennessee Titans later that season , the team matched the gold pants with the usual white jerseys for the first time . The same combination would be worn at the Giants two weeks later . In 2011 , they would wear the burgundy jersey / gold pants look for five home games and a road game at Dallas , the burgundy jersey / white pants look for three home games and a road game at Miami , the white jersey / burgundy pants look for five road games , and the white jersey / gold pants look for a Bills game in Toronto . The following year , the team would wear an updated throwback uniform of the 1937 team - notable for a helmet which , rather than being blank or including team insignia , featured a pattern intended to invoke the simple leather helmets worn at the time - in a game against the Carolina Panthers , in honor of the team 's firs championship season . In 2013 , a newly implemented NFL rule stated that teams could not wear alternate helmets on account of player safety . Due to that , the Redskins would wear the 1937 throwbacks with the sticker removed from the regular helmet in a game versus the San Diego Chargers . That year would also see the team remove its burgundy collar from their white jersey , in order to have better consistency with the new Nike uniforms that debuted the previous season . For 2014 , the team dropped their white pants and for the next two seasons wore the gold pants full - time with their standard uniforms , although the burgundy pants returned as part of the team 's away uniform starting in 2016 . In 2017 , the Redskins resurrected the all - burgundy ensemble as part of the NFL Color Rush . Initially , Nike gave the Redskins an all - gold uniform for the Color Rush program , but the team refused to wear it suggesting that the look was garish . Instead , the Redskins wore burgundy uniforms , pants , socks and cleats for the game against the Cowboys on November 30 . On September 16 , 2018 , the Redskins wore white pants with the burgundy jerseys against the Indianapolis Colts , marking the first appearance of the white pants in a game since 2013 . On October 21 , 2018 , hoping to `` jinx '' the Cowboys , the Redskins wore white at home for the first time since 2009 . Name and logo controversy Main article : Washington Redskins name controversy See also : List of Washington Redskins name change advocates , Washington Redskins trademark dispute , and Washington Redskins name opinion polls The name and logo of the Washington Redskins is part of a larger controversy regarding the use of Native American names , images and symbols by non-native sports teams , but receives the most public attention due to the prominence of the team being located in the nation 's capital and the name itself being defined in current dictionaries of American English as `` usually offensive '' , `` disparaging '' , `` insulting '' , and `` taboo '' . Native American individuals , tribes and organizations have been questioning the use of the name and image for decades . In the 1940s the National Congress of American Indians ( NCAI ) created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media . Over time , the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports . The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the Braves and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people , and demean their native traditions and rituals . The NCAI issued a new report in 2013 summarizing opposition to Indian mascots and team names generally , and the Washington Redskins in particular . In response to the continued controversy , the team owner Dan Snyder sent an open letter to fans that was published in The Washington Post on October 9 , 2013 . In the letter Snyder states that the most important meaning of the name Redskins is the association that fans have to memories of their personal history with the team . Snyder also states that the name was chosen in 1933 to honor Native Americans in general and the coach and four players at that time who were Native American ; and that in 1971 the then coach George Allen consulted with the Red Cloud Athletic Fund on the Pine Ridge reservation when designing the logo . Supporters also assert that a majority of Native Americans themselves are not offended , based upon a public opinion poll in 2004 in which 90 % of those who identified as American Indians answered that they were `` not bothered '' by the name `` Redskins '' being used for the Washington football team . However , in a commentary published soon after that poll , fifteen Native American scholars collaborated on a critique that stated that there were so many flaws in the Annenberg study that rather than being a measure of Native American opinion , it was an expression of `` white privilege '' and colonialism . Several sportscasters on ESPN opted to refuse to use the word Redskins in television broadcasts , after network stated that they did not have to use the term if they found it offensive . Other sportscasters from alternate networks opted for a similar stance . In May 2016 , the Washington Post released a poll of self - identified Native Americans that produced the same results as Annenberg poll , in which 90 % of the 504 respondents were `` not bothered '' by the team 's name . Native American groups responded with many of the same criticisms . NCAI Executive Director Jacqueline Pata stated `` The survey does n't recognize the psychological impacts these racist names and imagery have on American Indian and Alaska Natives . It is not respectful to who we are as Native people . This poll still does n't make it right . '' In June 2014 , the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ( TTAB ) voted to cancel the six trademarks held by the team in a two to one decision that held that the term `` redskins '' is disparaging to a `` substantial composite of Native Americans '' . In a separate case ( Matal v. Tam ) an Asian - American rock band , `` The Slants '' appealed the denial of a trademark for their name . In June 2017 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Tam , the majority opinion stating `` the disparagement clause violates the First Amendment 's Free Speech Clause . Contrary to the Government 's contention , trademarks are private , not government speech . '' Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department have withdrawn from any further litigation now that the Supreme Court has rendered the legal issue moot , clearing the way for the restoration of the Redskin 's trademarks . On December 13 , 2017 a Native American group , Rising Hearts , created several authentic - appearing websites including one for the team and a Twitter campaign , that made it appear that the Redskins had agreed to change its name to the Washington Redhawks for the 2018 season . The organizers state that their intention is to stimulate debate that will eventually lead to an actual name change . At a news conference the following day they stated that their effort was satire or parody , and were surprised that the Redskins issued a statement denying any plans to change , as if it were serious , or `` fake news '' . In response to the possibility that the team could return to the District of Columbia in a new stadium , a coalition of nine civil rights organizations , including the NAACP , issued a statement in August 2018 that such a move should not be made `` unless the team agrees to drop the `` R - word '' racial slur as its mascot . '' Season - by - season records Main article : List of Washington Redskins seasons Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry is a sports rivalry between two NFL teams that have won 31 combined division titles and ten Championships , including eight combined Super Bowls . The rivalry started in 1960 when the Cowboys joined the league as an expansion team . During that year they were in separate conferences , but played once during the season . In 1961 , Dallas was placed in the same division as the Redskins , and from that point on , they have played each other twice during every regular season . Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison Jr. was having a difficult time bringing an NFL team to Dallas . In 1958 , Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , was eager to sell the team . Just as the sale was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal . Around this time , Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director , Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song , now a staple at the stadium . He wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall . He approached Tom Webb , Murchison 's lawyer , and sold the rights for $2,500 ( equivalent to $20,700 in 2017 ) . Murchison then decided to create his own team , with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman , George Halas . Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners , which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass . The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall . However , Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington 's fight song , so a deal was finally struck . If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise , Murchison would return the song . The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960 . In 2016 , the Redskins - Cowboys game on Thanksgiving Day was most - watched regular - season game in Fox history . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry New York Giants Main article : Giants -- Redskins rivalry Players of note Main article : List of Washington Redskins players Current roster Washington Redskins roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Colt McCoy 11 Alex Smith Running backs 46 Kapri Bibbs 32 Samaje Perine 26 Adrian Peterson 25 Chris Thompson Wide receivers 16 Jehu Chesson 80 Jamison Crowder PR 18 Josh Doctson 17 Michael Floyd 13 Maurice Harris 83 Brian Quick 10 Paul Richardson Tight ends 85 Vernon Davis 86 Jordan Reed 87 Jeremy Sprinkle Offensive linemen 66 Tony Bergstrom C 74 Geron Christian T 55 Casey Dunn C 77 Shawn Lauvao G 76 Morgan Moses T 79 Ty Nsekhe T 73 Chase Roullier C 75 Brandon Scherff G 71 Trent Williams T Defensive linemen 93 Jonathan Allen DE 99 Caleb Brantley DE 98 Matt Ioannidis DE 95 Daron Payne NT 97 Tim Settle NT Linebackers 52 Ryan Anderson OLB 53 Zach Brown ILB 54 Mason Foster ILB 51 Shaun Dion Hamilton ILB 40 Josh Harvey - Clemons ILB 91 Ryan Kerrigan OLB 96 Pernell McPhee OLB 94 Preston Smith OLB 56 Zach Vigil ILB Defensive backs 39 Adonis Alexander CB 23 Quinton Dunbar CB 22 Deshazor Everett SS 41 Danny Johnson CB / KR 31 Fabian Moreau CB 35 Montae Nicholson SS 24 Josh Norman CB 37 Greg Stroman CB 36 D.J. Swearinger FS 48 Kenny Ladler FS -- Ha Ha Clinton - Dix FS Special teams 3 Dustin Hopkins K 57 Nick Sundberg LS 5 Tress Way P Reserve lists 30 Troy Apke FS ( IR ) 68 Tyler Catalina G ( IR ) 19 Robert Davis WR ( IR ) 82 Manasseh Garner TE ( IR ) 29 Derrius Guice RB ( IR ) 20 Robert Kelley RB ( IR ) 38 Joshua Holsey CB ( NF - Inj . ) 60 Arie Kouandjio G ( IR ) 34 Byron Marshall RB ( IR ) 14 Trey Quinn WR ( IR ) 89 Cam Sims WR ( IR ) 92 Stacy McGee DE ( PUP ) Practice squad 47 Mack Brown RB 15 Simmie Cobbs Jr . WR -- Justin Evans T 41 Matt Flanagan TE 82 J.P. Holtz TE 84 Darvin Kidsy WR 61 Timon Parris T 58 Cassanova McKinzy OLB 45 Jeremy Reaves CB 64 JoJo Wicker DE Rookies in italics Roster updated October 30 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 12 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Washington Redskins retired numbers N ° Player Position Tenure 33 Sammy Baugh QB , P 1937 -- 52 Unofficially retired numbers The Redskins ' policy since Baugh 's retirement has been to not retire numbers . However , some numbers are unofficially retired and are usually withheld from being selectable by new players . The following numbers of past Redskins greats fall into that category . 7 Joe Theismann , QB , 1974 -- 85 9 Sonny Jurgensen , QB , 1964 -- 74 28 Darrell Green , CB , 1983 -- 2002 42 Charley Taylor , WR , 1964 -- 77 43 Larry Brown , RB , 1969 -- 76 44 John Riggins , RB , 1976 -- 79 , 1981 -- 85 49 Bobby Mitchell , RB , 1962 -- 68 65 Dave Butz , DT , 1975 -- 88 70 Sam Huff , LB , 1964 -- 69 ( worn by Leonard Marshall in 1994 ) 81 Art Monk , WR , 1980 -- 93 Sean Taylor 's number 21 has not been reissued since his death during the 2007 season , but it is unknown , as of 2018 , whether the number should be considered `` unofficially retired . '' A Google search reveals multiple fan petitions seeking to have the number formally retired . Free agent signing O.J. Atogwe , who had `` worn No. 21 his entire life '' , chose to switch to No. 20 out of respect for Taylor . The use of unofficial retired numbers drew controversy during Steve Spurrier 's first year as head coach . Quarterbacks Danny Wuerffel and Shane Matthews first wore 7 and 9 respectively during training camp . The resulting sports talk furor led to them switching to 17 and 6 . During the season , reserve tight end Leonard Stephens wore number 49 for the season . After his retirement as assistant GM , Bobby Mitchell blasted the team , for not being considered for GM and was upset that the team would let a player like Leonard Stephens wear his number . Pro Football Hall of Fame members Washington Redskins in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1964 -- 1974 17 Turk Edwards OT -- DT 1932 -- 1940 1969 20 Cliff Battles RB -- CB 1932 -- 1937 1968 21 Deion Sanders CB 2000 2011 26 Paul Krause 1964 -- 1967 1998 26 Don Shula DB 1957 1997 27 Ken Houston 1973 -- 1980 1986 28 Darrell Green CB 1983 -- 2002 2008 33 Sammy Baugh QB - S - P 1937 -- 1952 1963 35 Bill Dudley RB - CB 1950 -- 1953 1966 40 Wayne Millner TE - DE 1936 -- 1941 1968 42 Charley Taylor WR 1964 -- 1977 1984 44 John Riggins RB 1976 -- 1985 1992 49 Bobby Mitchell RB 1962 -- 1968 55 Chris Hanburger LB 1965 -- 1978 2011 68 Russ Grimm 1981 -- 1991 70 Sam Huff LB 1964 -- 1969 1982 73 Stan Jones DT 1966 1991 75 Deacon Jones DE 1980 78 Bruce Smith DE 2000 -- 2003 2009 81 Art Monk WR 1980 -- 1993 2008 89 Dave Robinson LB 1973 -- 1974 2013 60 Dick Stanfel OG 1956 -- 1958 2016 55 Jason Taylor DE / LB 2008 2017 Management Name Positions Seasons Inducted Name Positions Seasons Inducted George Allen Head coach 1971 -- 1977 2002 Ray Flaherty Head coach 1936 -- 1942 1976 Joe Gibbs Head coach 1981 -- 1992 2004 -- 2007 Curly Lambeau Head coach 1952 -- 1953 1963 Vince Lombardi Head coach 1969 1971 George Preston Marshall Owner & founder 1932 -- 1969 1963 Bobby Beathard General Manager 1978 -- 1989 2018 Washington Hall of stars The Washington Hall of Stars is a series of banners hanging at RFK Stadium honoring D.C. performers from all sports . It was previously located on a series of white - and - red signs ringing the face of the stadium 's mezzanine level . Another version hangs on a large sign on one of the parking garages at Nationals Park . Despite having been elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , Turk Edwards , Ray Flaherty , Joe Gibbs , and Paul Krause are not on the Hall of Stars banners . Edwards , Flaherty , and Gibbs had been honored on signs on the prior version of the Hall of Stars . Redskins Ring of Fame When the Redskins moved out of RFK Stadium , the signs commemorating the Washington Hall of Stars were left behind and the team began a new tradition of honoring Redskins greats via the `` Ring of Fame '' , a set of signs on the upper level facade at FedExField . Unlike the Hall of Stars , which honors historical greats from all sports , the Ring of Fame is limited to honoring Redskins greats . The following is a list of members of the Ring of Fame : Redskins Ring of Fame No . Name Position Tenure -- George Allen Head Coach 1971 -- 1977 20 Cliff Battles RB 1932 -- 1937 33 Sammy Baugh QB 1937 -- 1952 53 Jeff Bostic 1980 -- 1993 80 Gene Brito DE 1951 -- 1953 1955 -- 1958 43 Larry Brown RB 1969 -- 1976 65 Dave Butz DT 1975 -- 1988 84 Gary Clark WR 1985 -- 1992 51 Monte Coleman LB 1979 -- 1994 -- Jack Kent Cooke Owner 1961 -- 1997 35 Bill Dudley RB 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- Wayne Curry Prince George 's County Executive 1994 -- 2002 37 Pat Fischer CB 1968 -- 1977 -- Joe Gibbs Head Coach 1981 -- 1992 2004 -- 2007 28 Darrell Green CB 1983 -- 2002 68 Russ Grimm 1981 -- 1991 55 Chris Hanburger LB 1965 -- 1978 57 Ken Harvey LB 1994 -- 1998 56 Len Hauss 1964 -- 1977 -- Phil Hochberg PA announcer 1963 -- 2000 27 Ken Houston 1973 -- 1980 70 Sam Huff LB 1964 -- 1967 , 1969 66 Joe Jacoby T / G 1981 -- 1993 47 Dick James RB 1956 -- 1963 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1964 -- 1974 22 Charlie Justice RB 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 17 Billy Kilmer QB 1971 -- 1978 14 Eddie LeBaron QB 1952 -- 1953 1955 -- 1959 -- Vince Lombardi Head Coach 1969 72 Dexter Manley DE 1981 -- 1989 71 Charles Mann DE 1983 -- 1993 -- George Preston Marshall Team founder and Owner 1932 -- 1969 40 Wayne Millner 1936 -- 1941 , 1945 49 Bobby Mitchell WR 1962 -- 1968 30 Brian Mitchell RB / KR 1990 -- 1999 81 Art Monk WR 1980 -- 1993 Mark Moseley PK 1974 -- 1986 23 Brig Owens DB 1966 -- 1977 16 Richie Petitbon Defensive Coordinator Head Coach 1971 -- 1972 1981 -- 1992 1993 65 Vince Promuto 1960 -- 1970 44 John Riggins RB 1976 -- 1979 1981 -- 1985 87 Jerry Smith TE 1965 -- 1977 42 Charley Taylor WR 1964 -- 1977 21 Sean Taylor 2004 -- 2007 7 Joe Theismann QB 1974 -- 1985 -- Lamar `` Bubba '' Tyer Head Athletic Trainer 1971 -- 2002 2004 -- 2008 17 Doug Williams QB 1986 -- 1989 The 80 Greatest Redskins Mark May , offensive lineman for the Redskins between 1981 and 1989 , was named one of the 70 Greatest Redskins In honor of the Redskins ' 70th anniversary , on June 13 , 2002 , a panel selected the 70 Greatest Redskins to honor the players and coaches who were significant on - field contributors to the Redskins five championships and rich history . They were honored in a weekend of festivities , including a special halftime ceremony during the Redskins ' 26 -- 21 win over the Indianapolis Colts . The panel that chose the 70 consisted of former news anchor Bernard Shaw ; former player Bobby Mitchell ; Senator George Allen ( son of coach George Allen ) ; broadcaster Ken Beatrice ; Noel Epstein , editor for the Washington Post ; former diplomat Joseph J. Sisco ; Phil Hochberg , who retired in 2001 after 38 years as team stadium announcer ; Pro Football Hall of Fame historian Joe Horrigan ; sportscaster George Michael ; sports director Andy Pollin ; NFL Films president Steven Sabol ; and news anchor Jim Vance . The list includes three head coaches and 67 players , of which 41 were offensive players , 23 defensive players and three special teams players . Among the 70 Greatest , there are 92 Super Bowl appearances , with 47 going once and 45 playing in more than one . 29 members possess one Super Bowl ring and 26 have more than one . Also , before the Super Bowl , members of the 70 made 18 World Championship appearances including six that participated in the Redskins ' NFL Championship victories in 1937 and 1942 . On August 24 , 2012 , the Redskins ' 80th anniversary , ten more players and personnel were added to the list . # Name Position Years 21 Terry Allen RB 1995 -- 98 56 LaVar Arrington LB 2000 -- 05 41 Mike Bass CB 1969 -- 75 20 Cliff Battles 1932 -- 37 33 Sammy Baugh QB 1937 -- 52 31 Don Bosseler FB 1957 -- 64 53 Jeff Bostic 1980 -- 93 Mike Bragg 1968 -- 79 80 Gene Brito DE 1951 -- 53 1955 -- 58 43 Larry Brown RB 1969 -- 76 77 Bill Brundige DE 1970 -- 77 65 Dave Butz DT 1975 -- 88 21 Earnest Byner RB 1989 -- 93 84 Gary Clark WR 1985 -- 92 51 Monte Coleman LB 1979 -- 94 53 Al DeMao 1945 -- 53 36 Chuck Drazenovich LB 1950 -- 59 35 Bill Dudley RB 1950 -- 51 , 53 17 Turk Edwards OT 1932 -- 40 44 Andy Farkas FB 1938 -- 44 37 Pat Fischer CB 1968 -- 77 28 Darrell Green CB 1983 -- 2002 68 Russ Grimm 1981 -- 91 55 Chris Hanburger LB 1965 -- 78 57 Ken Harvey LB 1994 -- 98 56 Len Hauss 1964 -- 77 75 Terry Hermeling OT 1970 -- 80 27 Ken Houston 1973 -- 80 70 Sam Huff LB 1964 -- 67 , 69 66 Joe Jacoby OT / G 1981 -- 93 47 Dick James RB 1955 -- 63 76 Jon Jansen OT 1999 -- 08 80 Roy Jefferson WR 1971 -- 76 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1964 -- 74 22 Charlie Justice RB 1950 , 52 -- 54 17 Billy Kilmer QB 1971 -- 78 26 Paul Krause DB 1964 -- 67 79 Jim Lachey OT 1988 -- 95 14 Eddie LeBaron QB 1952 -- 53 1955 -- 59 72 Dexter Manley DE 1981 -- 89 # Name Position Years 71 Charles Mann DE 1983 -- 93 58 Wilber Marshall LB 1988 -- 92 73 Mark May OT 1981 -- 89 79 Ron McDole DE 1971 -- 78 63 Raleigh McKenzie 1985 -- 94 53 Harold McLinton LB 1969 -- 78 40 Wayne Millner DE 1936 -- 41 , 45 49 Bobby Mitchell FL 1962 -- 68 30 Brian Mitchell RB 1990 -- 99 81 Art Monk WR 1980 -- 93 Mark Moseley 1974 -- 86 29 Mark Murphy 1977 -- 84 21 Mike Nelms KR 1980 -- 84 52 Neal Olkewicz LB 1979 -- 89 23 Brig Owens DB 1966 -- 77 26 Clinton Portis RB 2004 -- 10 65 Vince Promuto 1960 -- 70 44 John Riggins RB 1976 -- 79 1981 -- 85 11 Mark Rypien QB 1987 -- 93 83 Ricky Sanders WR 1986 -- 93 60 Chris Samuels OT 2000 -- 09 76 Ed Simmons OT 1987 -- 97 87 Jerry Smith TE 1965 -- 77 60 Dick Stanfel 1956 -- 58 74 George Starke OT 1973 -- 84 72 Diron Talbert DT 1971 -- 80 42 Charley Taylor WR 1964 -- 77 84 Hugh Taylor WR 1947 -- 54 21 Sean Taylor 2004 -- 07 7 Joe Theismann QB 1974 -- 85 67 Rusty Tillman LB 1970 -- 77 85 Don Warren TE 1979 -- 92 25 Joe Washington RB 1981 -- 84 17 Doug Williams QB 1986 -- 89 -- George Allen head coach 1971 -- 77 -- Bobby Beathard GM 1978 -- 89 -- Joe Bugel OL coach 1981 -- 89 2004 -- 09 -- Ray Flaherty head coach 1936 -- 42 -- Joe Gibbs head coach 1981 -- 92 2004 -- 07 -- Richie Petitbon defensive coordinator 1978 -- 92 Individual awards NFL MVP Season Player Position 1972 Larry Brown RB 1982 Mark Moseley Joe Theismann QB NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1972 Larry Brown RB Joe Theismann QB NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position Mike Thomas RB 2012 Robert Griffin III QB Super Bowl MVP Super Bowl Player Position XVII John Riggins RB XXII Doug Williams QB XXVI Mark Rypien QB NFL Coach of the Year Season Coach 1971 George Allen 1979 Jack Pardee 1982 Joe Gibbs All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Washington Redskins first - round draft picks Coaches of note Main article : List of Washington Redskins head coaches Current staff Washington Redskins staff Front office Owner -- Daniel Snyder President -- Bruce Allen President of business operations -- Brian Lafemina Senior vice president of player personnel -- Doug Williams Senior vice president of football operations -- Eric Schaffer Director of pro personnel -- Alex Santos Director of college scouting -- Kyle Smith Head coaches Head coach -- Jay Gruden Assistant head coach / offensive line -- Bill Callahan Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator -- Matt Cavanaugh Quarterbacks / passing game coordinator -- Kevin O'Connell Assistant offensive line -- Phil Rauscher Running backs -- Randy Jordan Wide receivers -- Ike Hilliard Tight ends -- Wes Phillips Offensive quality control -- Chris O'Hara Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator -- Greg Manusky Defensive line -- Jim Tomsula Inside linebackers -- Kirk Olivadotti Outside linebackers -- Chad Grimm Defensive backs -- Torrian Gray Assistant defensive backs -- James Rowe Defensive quality control -- Cannon Matthews Special teams coaches Special teams coordinator -- Ben Kotwica Assistant special teams -- Bret Munsey Strength and conditioning Head strength and conditioning -- Chad Englehart Assistant strength and conditioning -- Kavan Latham and Jake Sankal Head athletic trainer -- Larry Hess → Coaching staff → Front office → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Single - season records Passing yards : 4,917 Kirk Cousins ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 31 Sonny Jurgensen ( 1967 ) Rushing yards : 1,613 Alfred Morris ( 2012 ) Receptions : 113 Pierre Garçon ( 2013 ) Receiving yards : 1,483 Santana Moss ( 2005 ) Pass interceptions : 13 Dan Sandifer ( 1948 ) Sacks : 18.5 Dexter Manley ( 1986 ) Forced fumbles : 6 LaVar Arrington ( 2003 ) Field goals made : 33 Mark Moseley ( 1983 ) Points : 161 Mark Moseley ( 1983 ) Total touchdowns : 24 John Riggins ( 1983 ) Punt return average ( minimum 5 returns ) : 24.3 Derrick Shepard ( 1987 ) Kickoff return average ( minimum 5 returns ) : 42.8 Hail Haynes ( 1950 ) Punting average : 51.4 * Sammy Baugh ( 1940 ) * Also an NFL record Redskins career records Passing yards : 25,206 Joe Theismann ( 1974 -- 1985 ) Passing touchdowns : 187 Sammy Baugh ( 1937 -- 1952 ) Rushing yards : 7,472 John Riggins ( 1976 -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1985 ) Receptions : 889 Art Monk ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Receiving yards : 12,029 Art Monk ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Pass interceptions : 54 Darrell Green ( 1983 -- 2002 ) Field goals made : 263 Mark Moseley ( 1974 -- 1986 ) Points : 1,207 Mark Moseley ( 1974 -- 1986 ) Total touchdowns : 90 Charley Taylor ( 1964 -- 1977 ) Punt return average ( minimum 25 returns ) : 13.8. 0 Bob Seymour ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Kickoff return average ( minimum 25 returns ) : 28.5 Bobby Mitchell ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Punting average : 45.1 Sammy Baugh ( 1937 -- 1952 ) Sacks : 91 Dexter Manley ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Forced fumbles : 17 Charles Mann ( 1983 -- 1993 ) Single - game records Receptions : 14 Roy Helu ( 2011 ) Completions : 33 Jason Campbell ( 2007 ) , Kirk Cousins ( 2015 ) Longest field goal : 59 yards Graham Gano ( 2011 ) Sacks : 4 Dexter Manley ( 1988 ) , Ken Harvey ( 1997 ) , Phillip Daniels ( 2005 ) , Brian Orakpo ( 2009 ) , Ryan Kerrigan ( 2014 ) Interceptions : 4 Deangelo Hall NFL Records Offense The Washington Redskins have had two 14 - win seasons , in 1983 and 1991 . The Redskins scored 541 points in 1983 , which is the sixth highest total in a season of all time . The Redskins ' 72 points against the New York Giants on November 27 , 1966 , are the most points ever scored by an NFL team in a regular season game , and the 72 to 41 score amounted to 113 points and the highest - scoring game ever in NFL history . The second - half scoring for the game amounted to 65 points , the second - highest point total for second - half scoring and the third - highest total scoring in any half in NFL history . The Redskins ' 10 touchdowns are the most by a team in a single game , and the 16 total touchdowns are the most combined for a game . The Redskins ' nine PATs are the second most all - time for a single game , and the 14 combined PATs are the most ever in a game . The Redskins set a record for most first downs in a game with 39 in a game against the Lions on November 4 , 1990 . They also set a record by not allowing a single first down against the Giants on September 27 , 1942 . The Redskins have led the league in passing eight times : in 1938 , 1940 , 1944 , 1947 -- 48 , 1967 , 1974 and 1989 . Only the San Diego Chargers have led more times . The Redskins led the league in completion percentage 11 times : in 1937 , 1939 -- 1940 , 1942 -- 45 , 1947 -- 48 and 1969 -- 1970 , second only to the San Francisco 49ers . Their four straight years from 1942 -- 45 is the second longest streak . The Redskins ' nine sacks allowed in 1991 are the third fewest allowed in a season . The Redskins completed 43 passes in an overtime win against Detroit on November 4 , 1990 , second most all - time . Defense The Redskins recovered eight opponent 's fumbles against the St. Louis Cardinals on October 25 , 1976 , the most ever in one game . The Redskins allowed 82 first downs in 1937 , third fewest all - time . The Redskins have led the league in fewest total yards allowed five times , 1935 -- 37 , 1939 , and 1946 , which is the third most . Their three consecutive years from 1935 -- 37 is an NFL record . The Redskins have led the league in fewest passing yards allowed seven times , in 1939 , 1942 , 1945 , 1952 -- 53 , 1980 , and 1985 , second only to Green Bay ( 10 ) . The Redskins had 61 defensive turnovers in 1983 , the third most all - time . The turnover differential of + 43 that year was the highest of all time . The Redskins had only 12 defensive turnovers in 2006 , the fewest in a 16 - game season and second all time . ( The Baltimore Colts had 11 turnovers in the strike - shortened 1982 Season which lasted only 9 games . ) Special teams The Redskins led the league in field goals for eight seasons , 1945 , 1956 , 1971 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 , 1982 , 1992 . Only the Green Bay Packers have ever led more . Their 49 field goals attempted in 1971 is the most ever attempted in a single season . Broken by David Akers ( 49ers ) 2011 Season . The Redskins and Bears attempted an NFL record 11 field goals on November 14 , 1971 , and the Redskins and Giants tied that mark on November 14 , 1976 . The Redskins 28 consecutive games , from 1988 to 1990 , scoring a field goal is third all time . The Redskins have led the league in punting average six times , in 1940 -- 43 , 1945 , and 1958 , second only to the Denver Broncos . Their four consecutive years from 1940 -- 43 is an NFL record . The Redskins have led the league in average kickoff return yards eight times , in 1942 , 1947 , 1962 -- 63 , 1973 -- 74 , 1981 , and 1995 , more than any other team . The Redskins all time FG record is 59yds ( 4 shy of tying the all - time NFL Record ) . It was set 11 -- 06 -- 11 by Graham Gano against the San Francisco 49ers at FedexField . Broadcasting Main article : List of Washington Redskins broadcasters Radio As of 2008 , the Redskins ' flagship station is WTEM ( ESPN 980 ) , owned by Red Zebra Broadcasting , which in turn is owned by Snyder . As of the 2013 season , Larry Michael is the voice of the Redskins on the radio . He took this role in 2004 after longtime announcer Frank Herzog left . Michael is joined by analysts Sonny Jurgensen and Chris Cooley . Jurgensen is a former Redskins quarterback who has been in broadcasting since he retired from the team in 1974 , much of that time spent working for his former team . Cooley played tight end for the Redskins from 2004 until 2012 and made the Pro Bowl twice . Cooley replaced Sam Huff , the former Hall of Fame linebacker who played several years with the Redskins , as color commentator following Huff 's retirement at the end of the 2012 season . Another former Washington tight end , Rick `` Doc '' Walker , is the sideline reporter and Kevin Sheehan hosts the team 's pregame show . Longtime Redskins running back / receiver / return man Brian Mitchell also contributes to broadcasts . Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates Washington Redskins radio affiliates include : District of Columbia City Call Sign Frequency Washington WTEM 980 AM WMAL 630 AM WMAL - FM 105.9 FM Maryland City Call Sign Frequency Cumberland WCBC 1270 AM Hagerstown WWEG - FM 106.9 FM Snow Hill ( Salisbury ) WICO - FM 101.1 FM WSUX 1280 AM North Carolina City Call Sign Frequency Gastonia WGNC / W266DC 1450 AM / 101.1 FM Nags Head WOBX - FM 98.1 FM New Bern WWNB / W280ED 1490 AM / 103.9 FM Raleigh WAUG 750 AM Winterville ( Greenville ) WECU 1570 AM Weldon ( Roanoke Rapids ) WSMY 1400 AM Virginia City Call Sign Frequency Alberta ( South Hill ) WWDW 107.7 FM Charlottesville WCHV 1260 AM WCHV - FM 107.5 FM Fredericksburg WGRQ 95.9 FM Gloucester WXGM - FM 99.1 FM Harrisonburg WSVA / W221CF 550 AM / 92.1 FM Lynchburg WBRG / W245BG / W286CX 1050 AM / 96.9 FM / 105.1 FM Martinsville WHEE 1370 AM WMVA 1450 AM Norfolk WTAR 850 AM Richmond WXGI 950 AM Petersburg WTPS / W274BX 1240 AM / 102.7 FM Roanoke WFIR / W297BC 960 AM / 107.3 FM Staunton WKDW 900 AM Tappahannock WRAR - FM 105.5 FM Waynesboro WKCI 970 AM Winchester WFQX - FM 99.3 FM West Virginia City Call Sign Frequency Charles Town WMRE 1550 AM Fisher WELD 690 AM Martinsburg WRNR / W293AM 740 AM / 106.5 FM Television Telecasts of preseason games not shown on national networks are aired in HD exclusively on Comcast SportsNet in the overall Mid-Atlantic region . WRC - TV broadcasts preseason games in SD in the Washington , D.C. area . Comcast SportsNet also airs a pregame show and an extensive game recap program after each Redskins regular season Sunday game . Kenny Albert usually does play - by - play , while former Redskins players Joe Theismann and Clinton Portis respectively serve as the color analyst and sideline reporter . In the regular season , most games are shown on NFL on Fox . The main exceptions are when the Redskins host an AFC team or play at night . U.S. presidential Election superstition Main article : Redskins Rule For 17 of the past 19 United States presidential elections , a win for the Redskins ' last home game prior to Election Day coincided with the incumbent party winning re-election . The exceptions were in 2004 , when Republican incumbent George W. Bush won re-election despite the Green Bay Packers beating the Redskins , and again in 2012 , when Democratic incumbent Barack Obama retained the presidency on November 6 , despite the Redskins losing to the Carolina Panthers on November 4 , 21 -- 13 . Other than these exceptions , this `` Redskins Rule '' has proven true since 1936 when they won and incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt won re-election , prior to the Redskins ' move from Boston in 1937 . The rule was discovered in 2000 by Steve Hirdt , former executive vice president of the Elias Sports Bureau , while searching for discussion ideas for a game between the Redskins and Tennessee Titans . References Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Front Office '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kring - Schreifels , Jake ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Redskins Collect Their 600th Victory In Franchise History '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Standings '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2018 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Official 2015 National Football League Record and Fact Book '' ( PDF ) . NFL.com . p. 542 . Jump up ^ `` History By Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richman , Michael ( 2008 ). The Redskins Encyclopedia , 3 , Temple University Press , Philadelphia . Jump up ^ `` Third Stadium a Real Charm '' . The Washington Post . July 24 , 1998 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1930 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins playoff history '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Turk Edwards Hall of Fame biography '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1943 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No. 33 '' . Time . December 22 , 1952 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce , and Allen Zullo ( 1986 ) . The Football Hall of Shame , 68 -- 69 , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 74551 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins ' History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1950 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coach of the Year Award '' . Hickok Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1960 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill McPeak , Football Scout , 64 '' . The New York Times . May 9 , 1991 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( October 27 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Football : Inside The NFL ; A Greatest Redskin Still Loves New York '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look At The Four Redskins Owners '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vince Lombardi Biography '' . Vince Lombardi Official Website . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lecture : Lynn Povich and George Solomon '' . New York University . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights on the Gridiron '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` August 1962 Scoreboard '' . Time . August 10 , 1962 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1970 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` His past molds Bucs ' future '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1980 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan . `` Redskins fans are back to chanting ' We Want Dallas ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ' 70 Chip ' Ends Four Decades of Trying '' . The Washington Post . July 27 , 1996 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Washington Redskins '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gibbs ' first job is to tame Snyder '' . USA Today . January 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Williams Delivers a Super Bowl Triumph '' . The Washington Post . July 23 , 1998 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1990 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Profile and History '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 27 , 1999 ) . `` Redskins Are Sold For $800 Million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 2000 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DC Sports Bog '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Gibbs ' deal more lucrative than Spurrier 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ; Wood , Skip ; Mihoces , Gary ; Leinwand , Donna ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Death of Redskins ' Sean Taylor stuns team , NFL '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pierre Garçon breaks Art Monk 's Redskins record for catches in a season '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Reskins Fire Coach Mike Shanahan '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Jay Gruden hired as Redskins coach '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike . `` Jim Haslett out as Redskins defensive coordinator '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Washington Redskins make Scot McCloughan GM '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz . `` Kirk Cousins powers Redskins ' rally from down 24 to beat Bucs , 31 -- 30 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark . `` Redskins clinch NFC East with win over Eagles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Keith . `` Packers at Redskins game day : Green Bay ends Washington 's season , 35 -- 18 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kirk Cousins '' . pro-football-reference.com . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Jr , Lake . `` 2016 Redskins offense rewrote franchise record books '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Lorenzo . `` Giants knock Redskins out of playoff contention '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First back - to - back winning record for Redskins since 1997 '' . csnmidatlantic.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan . `` Redskins fire four coaches , including defensive coordinator Joe Barry '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` VIDEO : Evolution Of The Burgundy & Gold '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins Adopt ' Retro ' Look ; 70 Greatest Redskins to be Selected '' ( Press release ) . Washington Redskins . February 6 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2002 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins New Uniforms '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com Roethlisberger leaves at halftime , Leftwich leads Steelers past Skins Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Gary ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Redskins Go For Gold ( Pants ) In Season Opener '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Guard Derrick Dockery was the first to walk out on the field wearing gold pants . The pants had burgundy and white stripes down the sides . The outfit included burgundy and white striped socks as well . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Redskins wearing gold pants '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Redskins ' alternate unis revealed '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Redskins Unveil 80th Anniversary Uniforms '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris . `` New NFL rule ruins Redskins ' iconic throwback uniforms '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan . `` Redskins removing burgundy collars from white jerseys '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tesfatsion , Master . `` Redskins players , and fans , hope the burgundy pants are here to stay '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of REDSKIN '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Definition of REDSKIN ( usually offensive ) : american indian Jump up ^ The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . n . Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American . Jump up ^ `` Redskin '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . noun , Slang : Often Disparaging and Offensive. 1 . a North American Indian . Jump up ^ `` definition of redskin '' . RANDOM HOUSE KERNERMAN WEBSTER 'S College Dictionary . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of redskin '' . Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ J Gordon Hylton ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` BEFORE THE REDSKINS WERE THE REDSKINS : THE USE OF NATIVE AMERICAN TEAM NAMES IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN SPORTS , 1857 -- 1933 '' . 86 . North Dakota law review : 879 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Defamation and Mascots '' . National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCAI Releases Report on History and Legacy of Washington 's Harmful `` Indian '' Sports Mascot `` . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelle Boorstein ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Letter from Washington Redskins owner Dan Snyder to fans '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kathleen Hall Jamieson Ph. D. ( September 24 , 2004 ) . `` Most Indians Say Name of Washington `` Redskins '' Is Acceptable While 9 Percent Call It Offensive `` . The Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark ( 2005 ) . `` Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass - Consumption Society : The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling '' . American Indian Quarterly . University of Nebraska Press . 29 ( 1 / 2 ( Winter -- Spring ) ) : 228 -- 238 . doi : 10.1353 / aiq. 2005.0039 . JSTOR 4138809 . Jump up ^ John Breech ( August 23 , 2014 ) . `` ESPN updates its policy regarding use of Redskins team name '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . `` Two influential TV announcers say they wo n't use ' Redskins ' name on NFL telecasts '' . ABC 7 - Washington DC . Jump up ^ Cox , John Woodrow ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` New poll finds 9 in 10 Native Americans are n't offended by Redskins name '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Clement ; Emily Guskin ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` How The Washington Post conducted the survey on the Redskins ' name '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post poll of Native Americans on Redskins ' team name - Survey conducted December 16 , 2015 to April 12 , 2016 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAI Response to New Poll on R * skins Team Name '' . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TTABVUE . Proceeding Number 92046185 '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Belson ; Edward Wyatt ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Alex Johnson ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Asked to Hear Two Cases That Could Sack Washington ' Redskins ' Name '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` 15 - 1293 Martal V. Tam '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Shapira ; Ann E. Marimow ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team 's name '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Go Washington Redhawks ! '' . Redhawks . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # GoRedhawks '' . twitter.com . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick Maese ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` American Indian activists seek to rekindle debate on Redskins nickname '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travis Waldron ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Native American Activists Create Spoof Website To Call For Redskins Name Change '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Freed ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` How a Group of Native American Activists Used Fake News to Push for a Redskins Name Change '' . The Washingtonian . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Samantha Pell ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Washington Redhawks ' organizers claim success , say articles were satire , not ' fake news ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leading National Civil Rights and Racial Justice Organizations Announce Joint Opposition to Washington NFL Team Locating New Stadium in District of Columbia '' . NAACP . August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cowboys - Redskins rivalry redefines the term ' fight song ' '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Coppinger ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cowboys - Redskins was most - watched regular - season game in Fox history '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Shemar ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` O.J. Atogwe switches to No. 20 out of respect for Sean Taylor '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Theismann 's No. 7 taken out of circulation again '' . USA Today . May 13 , 2002 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deeply Hurt , ' Mitchell Retires ; Redskins Great Felt Slighted by Team '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Redskins Ring of Fame '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell to Be Inducted into Ring of Fame '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : 70 Greatest Redskins '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Newest Greatest Redskins Announced '' . Redskins.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team - by - team single - season records -- Names and Numbers '' . Football Digest . 2002 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2004 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moss , Portis Set New Franchise Marks '' . Washington Redskins Website . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Kick & Punt Returns Single - Season Register '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Individual Single - Season and Single - Game Records '' . Professional Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins : Firsts , Records , Odds & Ends '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Career Stats Leaders '' . Washington Redskins Official Website . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Kick & Punt Returns Career Register '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helu , Gano Set New Franchise Marks '' . redskins.com. 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Games Won '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Scoring '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Touchdowns '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Points After Touchdown '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : First Downs '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Passing '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Fumbles '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : First Downs '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense Records : Net Yards Allowed '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : Passing '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : Turnovers '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : Turnovers '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Field goals '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Punting '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Kickoff returns '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Snyder 's Simulcast Plans Center on WTEM '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Michael : D.C. 's most versatile voice '' . GW Hatchet . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` WJFK replaces Herzog ; L. Michael joins Jurgensen , Huff '' . Washington Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins.com -- Radio Network '' . Jump up ^ Mooney , Alexander ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` McCain gets bad sign ? '' . CNN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Panthers Beat Redskins 21 -- 13 : Cam Newton Outplays RG3 , Carolina Breaks 5 - Game Skid '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The China Post ' Redskins Rule ' could predict election winner , Updated Saturday , November 1 , 2008 , 10 : 46 am TWN , AFP . Jump up ^ Hofheimer , Bill ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Redskins Rule ' : MNF 's Hirdt on intersection of football & politics '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Notes Jump up ^ Robert Rothman , Dwight Schar , and Frederick W. Smith are also a part of the ownership group Further reading Cronin , Brian . `` Were the Washington Redskins once the Duluth Eskimos ? '' Los Angeles Times , March 15 , 2011 . Richman , Michael . The Redskins Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 2009 . Smith , Thomas G. Showdown : JFK and the Integration of the Washington Redskins . Boston : Beacon Press , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Redskins . Official website Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Based in Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation Go Fund Yourself Lore Redskins 0 , Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 87 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in the Washington , D.C. , area Baseball MLB Washington Nationals EL Bowie Baysox CL Frederick Keys Potomac Nationals ALPB Southern Maryland Blue Crabs Basketball NBA Washington Wizards G League Capital City Go - Go WNBA Washington Mystics Football NFL Washington Redskins AFL Washington Valor WFA D.C. 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"Washington Redskins\n Current season\nEstablished July 9, 1932; 86 years ago (July 9, 1932)First season: 1932Play in FedExFieldLandover, MarylandHeadquartered in Inova Sports Performance Centerat Redskins ParkAshburn, VirginiaTraining camp in Richmond, Virginia\n\n \nLogoWordmarkLeague/conference affiliations\n\nNational Football League (1932–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\nCurrent uniform\nTeam colors\nBurgundy, gold\n\n Fight song\nHail to the RedskinsPersonnelOwner(s)\nDaniel Snyder[a]President\nBruce AllenHead coach\nJay GrudenTeam history\n\nBoston Braves (1932)\nBoston Redskins (1933–1936)\nWashington Redskins (1937–present)\nTeam nicknames\nThe 'Skins\nThe Burgundy and Gold\nChampionships\nLeague championships (5)\n\nNFL Championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (2)1937, 1942\nSuper Bowl championships (3)1982 (XVII), 1987 (XXII), 1991 (XXVI)\n\nConference championships (5)\n\nNFC: 1972, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991\n\nDivision championships (14)\n\nNFL East: 1936, 1937, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1945\nNFC East: 1972, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1999, 2012, 2015\nPlayoff appearances (24)\nNFL: 1936, 1937, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2015\nHome fields\nBraves Field (1932)\nFenway Park (1933–1936)\nGriffith Stadium (1937–1960)\nRFK Stadium (1961–1996)\nFedExField (1997–present)\n"
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"2015"
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-2414190707811721837 | Alcohol laws of Maine | Alcohol laws of Maine - wikipedia Alcohol laws of Maine Jump to : navigation , search Location of Maine Alcohol laws of Maine regulate the sale and possession of alcohol in the state of Maine in the United States . Maine is an alcoholic beverage control state . The serving of alcohol in the State of Maine is supervised by the State Liquor and Lottery Commission . The Commission consists of five members appointed by the Governor of Maine and confirmed by the Maine Legislature . They meet monthly to provide public oversight and review of the performance and operational activities of the Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages and Lottery Operations ( BABLO ) . BABLO is responsible for regulating the business practices of the alcohol industry , creating a favorable economic climate for the industry , and prohibiting sales to minors . They also lease the State monopoly on the warehousing and distribution of distilled spirits and fortified wines ; the lease was held by the Maine Beverage Company , which signed a 10 - year lease in 2004 . A new 10 - year lease was awarded to Maine Beverage Company 's subcontractor , Pine State Trading Co , to take effect on July 1 , 2014 . It is expected that the new lease , which was designed to generate money to pay debt owed to Maine hospitals , will allow prices to be reduced on popular spirits in an attempt to prevent the loss of sales to New Hampshire , which has lower prices and no sales tax . The Maine Department of Public Safety , through the Maine State Police 's Liquor and Licensing Division , is responsible for licensing the manufacture , importation , storage , transportation and sale of all liquor . They also administer those laws relating to licensing and the collection of taxes on malt liquor and wine . Title 28 - A of the Maine Revised Statutes contains the laws and rules regulating liquor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sales restrictions 1.1 Time and practices 1.2 Place 1.3 Advertising 2 Drinking age 3 Taxes 4 Local laws 5 Driving 6 Other 7 See also 8 References Sales restrictions ( edit ) Time and practices ( edit ) Alcohol may be sold between the hours of 5am and 1am each day of the week . On New Year 's Day , alcohol may be sold until 2 a.m. Liquor may be consumed in establishments licensed for on - premises consumption until 1 : 15 a.m. , with the exception of New Year 's Day when it is 2 : 15 a.m. If St. Patrick 's Day falls on a Sunday , sales in bars and restaurants may occur starting at 6 a.m. It is illegal to distribute alcoholic beverages for free , as well as serving a customer more than two beverages at a time . Practices designed to get customers to drink more , such as drinking games , are prohibited , as is the awarding of drinks as prizes . Place ( edit ) Sales of Alcohol were once only permitted from state - owned stores , but the laws establishing the stores were repealed in 1991 and the stores gradually closed . Privately owned stores now obtain licenses to operate as `` Agency Liquor Stores '' . Establishments selling liquor may not be within 300 feet of an existing school or church unless a public hearing is held near the proposed location of the establishment , or the establishment is in a downtown area . Liquor may be sold from mobile carts on golf courses . Advertising ( edit ) Maine law changed in 2014 to allow bars to display the alcohol content of their beverages . Previously , bars were not permitted to display the alcohol content ( though they could state it verbally ) or to use certain phrases such as `` high test '' or `` high proof '' in a display . The original reasoning behind the law , passed post-Prohibition in 1937 , was that if bars displayed the strength of their liquor , consumers would drink more of it . Modern establishments , however , stated that giving consumers such information helps them to better control their alcohol consumption . After bars pressured the Legislature in February 2014 to attempt to repeal the law , Director Reid of BABLO rewrote enforcement policy to state that merely listing the alcohol content would not be punished , though it still will be if the listing is embellished with descriptive language . The law was repealed on April 8 , 2014 without Governor Paul LePage 's signature , thus allowing bars and restaurants to list the alcohol content of their beverages on menus and signs . Advertisements for liquor in media must be approved by BABLO , and it is prohibited to use an image of the Maine State House in liquor advertising . Drinking age ( edit ) The legal age to purchase and consume alcohol in Maine is 21 , which was instituted in 1987 . Minors may consume alcohol at home in the presence of the minor 's parents . Minors may not transport liquor unless required due to the minor 's employment , or at the request of their parent , guardian , or custodian . Taxes ( edit ) Taxes on liquor at store level are included within the price and calculated by BABLO in order to raise enough money to cover their expenses and generate money for the State General Fund at an amount at least equal to that of the previous year . In addition , per - gallon excise taxes are also levied on the manufacture and sale of liquor . The amount varies depending on the type of liquor . Local laws ( edit ) Municipalities in Maine may , by local referendum , prohibit the sale of alcohol within the municipality , and have been able to since the end of Prohibition in 1933 . They may do so for both or either on and off - premises consumption . The most recent town to change its liquor laws was Sedgwick which voted to allow the sale of alcohol for on - premises consumption at its March 13 , 2013 town meeting . In 2012 , Cushing voted to allow the sale of alcohol . According to the State Police , there are still 56 dry towns in Maine . Driving ( edit ) The legal Blood Alcohol Content limit ( BAC ) for drunk driving in Maine is . 08 % ; however , a person may be charged with Operating Under the Influence ( OUI ) with any BAC above . 00 % , especially if supported by other evidence of impairment . According to Maine law , a person can be charged with OUI if a person is `` impaired to the slightest . '' A BAC of . 08 % is simply considered Prima Facie evidence , or evidence that can stand on its own ( and without further support by any other evidence ) to secure a conviction in a Maine court . Teenage drivers may have no alcohol in their system . Maine also has an implied consent law , interpreting the refusal to submit to a breathalyzer test at the request of a police officer as failing such a test . Drinking alcohol in a motor vehicle is prohibited . Open containers of alcohol are generally prohibited . One exception is in vehicles without trunks if the container is placed in an area not normally occupied by the driver or passenger , or behind the last upright seat in the vehicle . They are also permitted for passengers in vehicles for hire ( except taxicabs ) , the living quarters of a mobile home , trailer , semitrailer , or truck camper , and in vehicles operated by a licensed caterer who is transporting the alcohol to or from an event . Other ( edit ) Persons under the influence of alcohol may not possess firearms in bars and restaurants . Such establishments also may , but are not required to , prohibit firearms from all customers in their establishment . Liquor and public intoxication are not permitted in Maine state parks . Public intoxication and in some cases consumption are also not permitted in Acadia National Park per federal law . See also ( edit ) Maine law ( or `` Maine Liquor Law '' ) , passed in 1851 in Maine Maine Liquor Licensing and Compliance Division References ( edit ) Jump up ^ State Liquor and Lottery Commission Jump up ^ Mission of BABLO Jump up ^ `` Maine awards new 10 - year liquor contract , expects to double return '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maine State Police Liquor Licensing Division Jump up ^ Liquor Statutes and Rules Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 4 , Business days and Hours Jump up ^ `` LePage signs St. Patrick 's Day bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Section 709 Jump up ^ Location of facilities ( repealed ) Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 451 , Agency Liquor Stores Jump up ^ Proximity to churches and schools Jump up ^ Public Law Chapter 269 Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 1012 , Other retail licenses Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 711 Jump up ^ `` State law prevents Maine bars , brewers from posting alcohol by volume content '' . Bangor Daily News . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's simple : Maine 's fix for 77 - year - old law preventing bars from listing alcohol content '' . Bangor Daily News . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Maine beer law allows bars to display alcohol content '' . Kennebec Journal . April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 6 Jump up ^ Definition of minor in Maine alcohol laws Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 2051 , Prohibited Acts by Minors Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 2052 , Illegal transportation by minors Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 1651 , Consumer 's tax Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 1652 , Excise tax on malt and wine Jump up ^ Title 28 - A , Section 123 , Local option questions Jump up ^ Moretto , Mario ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Voters pave way for expanded liquor service in Sedgwick '' . Bangor Daily NEws . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Title 29 - A , Section 2411 , Major offenses - Suspension and Revocation Heading : PL 1993 , C. 683 , PT . A , § 2 ( NEW ) ; PT . B , § 5 ( AFF ) Jump up ^ Open container ; drinking in a vehicle prohibited Jump up ^ Title 17 - A , Section 1057 , Possession of firearms in an establishment licensed for on - premises consumption of liquor Jump up ^ Maine Bureau of Parks and Lands rules for State Parks Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/acad/planyourvisit/goodsandservices.htm ( hide ) Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Maine&oldid=817199790 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Maine law Food and drink in Maine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 21 : 08 . About Wikipedia | how late can you buy alcohol in maine | [] | [] |
-8392067011739534953 | Christian headcovering | Christian headcovering - wikipedia Christian headcovering Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christian head covering is the veiling of the head by women in a variety of Christian traditions . Some cover only in public worship , while others believe they should cover their heads all the time . The biblical basis for head coverings is found in 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 . Although the head covering was practiced by most Christian women until the latter part of the 20th century , it is now a minority practice among contemporary Christians in the west , though it is still done in other countries , such as South Korea . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early Church 1.2 Historic Catholic practice 1.3 Historic Protestant practice 1.4 Historic Coptic practice 1.5 Current practice in Eastern Christianity 1.6 Current practice in Western Christianity 2 Scriptural basis 2.1 Hebrew Bible / Old Testament 2.2 Christian Bible / New Testament 2.3 Interpretive issues 2.4 Interpretive conclusions and resulting practices 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Throughout the centuries of Church history , women have worn head coverings during the meetings of the church -- that is , when `` praying or prophesying '' take place ( 1 Corinthians 11 : 5 ) . Early church ( edit ) Fresco of veiled Christian woman , 3rd century . Christian head covering was unanimously practiced by the women of the Early Church . This was attested by multiple writers throughout the first centuries of Christianity . The early Christian writer Tertullian ( 150 -- 220 ) explains that in his day , the Corinthian church was still practicing head covering . This is only 150 years after the Apostle Paul wrote 1 Corinthians . He said , `` So , too , did the Corinthians themselves understand ( Paul ) . In fact , at this day the Corinthians do veil their virgins . What the apostles taught , their disciples approve . '' Clement of Alexandria ( 150 -- 215 ) , an early theologian , wrote , `` Woman and man are to go to church decently attired ... for this is the wish of the Word , since it is becoming for her to pray veiled . '' Another theologian , Hippolytus of Rome ( 170 -- 236 ) while giving instructions for church gatherings said `` ... let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth ... '' `` Early church history bears witness that in Rome , Antioch , and Africa the custom ( of wearing the head covering ) became the norm ( for the Church ) . '' Later , in the 4th century , the church leader John Chrysostom ( 347 -- 407 ) stated , `` ... the business of whether to cover one 's head was legislated by nature ( see 1 Cor 11 : 14 -- 15 ) . When I say `` nature , '' I mean `` God . '' For he is the one who created nature . Take note , therefore , what great harm comes from overturning these boundaries ! And do n't tell me that this is a small sin . '' Jerome ( 347 -- 420 ) noted that Christian women in Egypt and Syria do not `` go about with heads uncovered in defiance of the apostle 's command , for they wear a close - fitting cap and a veil . '' Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) writes , `` It is not becoming , even in married women , to uncover their hair , since the apostle commands women to keep their heads covered . '' Early Christian art also confirms that women wore headcoverings during this time period . Historic Catholic practice ( edit ) Head covering for women was unanimously held by the Roman Catholic Church until the 1983 Code of Canon Law came into effect . Historically , women were required to veil their heads when receiving the Eucharist following the Councils of Autun and Angers . Similarly , in 585 , the Synod of Auxerre ( France ) stated that women should wear a head - covering during the Holy Mass . The Synod of Rome in 743 declared that `` A woman praying in church without her head covered brings shame upon her head , according to the word of the Apostle. , a position later supported by Pope Nicholas I in 866 , for church services . '' In the Middle Ages , Thomas Aquinas ( 1225 -- 1274 ) said that `` the man existing under God should not have a covering over his to show he is immediately subject to God ; but the woman should wear a covering to show that besides God she is naturally subject to another . '' In the 1917 Code of Canon Law it was a requirement that women cover their heads in church . It said , `` women , however , shall have a covered head and be modestly dressed , especially when they approach the table of the Lord . '' Veiling was not specifically addressed in the 1983 revision of the Code , which declared the 1917 Code abrogated . According to the new Code , former law only has interpretive weight in norms that are repeated in the 1983 Code ; all other norms are simply abrogated . There is no provision made for norms that are not repeated in the 1983 Code . For men , the 1917 Code of Canon Law prescribed that they should uncover their heads unless approved customs of peoples were against it . In the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church it is obligatory for bishops to wear the zucchetto headcovering during certain parts of the liturgy , while use of the biretta , once obligatory for all diocesan clergy ( as opposed to members of religious institutes ) , remains permitted for them . In all rites of the Catholic Church , bishops wear a mitre or a corresponding headcovering in church . Nevertheless , the mitre is removed in certain parts of the liturgy , and the zucchetto is also removed during the Eucharistic Prayer , which is always done uncovered , even for bishops , cardinals or the Pope . Some religious orders such as the Benedictines and the Carthusians use the hoods of their habits to cover their heads during certain parts of liturgies . Headcovering , at least during worship services , is still promoted or required among traditional Catholics . Historic Protestant practice ( edit ) Painting of Martin Luther preaching ( all women wearing a head covering ) . Among the Protestant Reformers , Martin Luther , the founder of the Lutheran Church , encouraged wives to wear a veil in public worship John Knox and John Calvin , leaders of the Reformed Church , both called for women to wear head coverings in public worship . John Wesley , the founder of Methodism , held that women , `` especially in a religious assembly '' , should `` keep on her veil '' . Other commentators who have advocated head covering during public worship include John Gill , Charles Spurgeon , Matthew Henry , A.R. Fausset , A.T. Robertson , Harry A. Ironside and Charles Caldwell Ryrie . In fact , until the 20th century no Reformed theologian taught against head coverings for women in public worship . While many Anabaptists , Amish , and Mennonites advocate the wearing of head coverings at all times , as a woman might pray or prophesy at any time , the Reformed teaching is that `` praying and prophesying '' refers to the activities taking place in public worship , as the Apostle Paul is dealing with public worship issues in 1st Corinthians , chapter 11 . The Anabaptists disagree saying that since women are in the same epistle commanded not to speak in the meetings of the church , the apostle is obviously not addressing a practice women are to observe while they are publicly praying or preaching themselves . In Sweden the use of veil was common in older times , but faded away in the early 20th century and when women started going to church without a veil in the mid 1920s it caused little concern and within a decade most agreed that Swedish Christian women were not veiled , nor ever had been , nor should be . Headcovering , at least during worship services , is still promoted or required in a few denominations , such as some in the Anabaptist tradition . Some Conservative Church of Christ members practice this . Many Anabaptist denominations , including the Amish , Old Order Mennonite and Conservative Mennonites , conservative Church of the Brethren , the Old German Baptist Brethren , the Hutterites , and the Apostolic Christian Church ; some Pentecostal churches , such as the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith , The Pentecostal Mission , and the Christian Congregation in the United States , like Congregação Cristã no Brasil ; the Laestadian Lutheran Church , the Plymouth Brethren ; and the more conservative Scottish and Irish Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed churches . Believers Church , a denomination in India that traces its apostolic succession through the Anglican Communion , holds the wearing of headcoverings among women to be one of its traditions as well . In those Christian denominations which have no official expectation that women cover , some individuals choose to practice headcovering according to their understanding of 1 Corinthians 11 . Coptic woman wearing a veil ( 1918 ) . Historic coptic practice ( edit ) Coptic women historically covered their head and face in public and in the presence of men . During the 19th century , upper - class urban Christian and Muslim women in Egypt wore a garment which included a head cover and a burqa ( muslin cloth that covered the lower nose and the mouth ) . The name of this garment , harabah , derives from early Christian and Judaic religious vocabulary , which may indicate the origins of the garment itself . Unmarried women generally wore white veils while married women wore black . The practice began to decline by the early 20th century . Current practice in Eastern Christianity ( edit ) Russian Orthodox Old - Rite Church Some Eastern Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches require women to cover their heads while in church ; an example of this practice occurs in the Russian Orthodox Church . In Albania , Christian women often wear white veils , although their eyes are visible ; moreover , in that nation , in Orthodox Christian church buildings , women are separated from men by latticework partitions during the church service . In other cases , the choice may be individual , or vary within a country or jurisdiction . Among Orthodox women in Greece , the practice of wearing a head covering in church gradually declined over the course of the 20th century . In the United States , the custom can vary depending on the denomination and congregation , and the origins of that congregation . Catholics in South Korea still wear the headcovering . Eastern Orthodox clergy of all levels have head coverings , sometimes with veils in the case of monastics or celibates , that are donned and removed at certain points in the services . In U.S. churches they are less commonly worn . Bishops , archimandrites and archpriests wear mitres when wearing their liturgical vestments , which have their own rules concerning donning and doffing . Orthodox nuns wear a head covering called an apostolnik , which is worn at all times , and is the only part of the monastic habit which distinguishes them from Orthodox monks . Current practice in Western Christianity ( edit ) Samoan Assemblies of God . women in ministry wearing hats In Continental Europe and North America at the start of the 20th century , women in most mainstream Christian denominations wore head coverings during church services . These included many Anglican , Baptist , Methodist , Presbyterian and Roman Catholic Churches . At worship , in parts of the Western World , many women started to wear bonnets in lieu of headcoverings , and later , hats became predominant . However , eventually , in North America , this practice started to decline , with some exceptions , such as among conservative Mennonites and Amish , and Traditionalist Catholics . In nations in regions such as the Indian subcontinent , nearly all women wear head coverings during church services . Female members of Jehovah 's Witnesses may only lead prayer and teaching when no baptized male is available to , and must do so wearing a head covering ; male Witnesses are to remove any headcovering ( hats ) when representing even a small group in public prayer . Female members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) are required to veil their faces during a part of the temple worship ceremonies . Both Roman Catholic and Anglican nuns wear a veil . Scriptural basis ( edit ) Hebrew Bible / Old Testament ( edit ) Passages such as Genesis 24 : 65 , Numbers 5 : 18 and Isaiah 47 : 2 indicate that some women chose to wear a head covering during the Old Testament time period . However , no Old Testament passage contains a command from God for women to wear a head covering . Christian Bible / New Testament ( edit ) Amish women wearing the covering . 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 contains the only passage in the New Testament referring to the use of headcoverings for women ( and the uncovering of the heads of men ) . Paul introduces this passage by praising the Corinthian Christians for remembering the `` teachings '' ( also translated as `` traditions '' or `` ordinances '' ) that he had passed on to them ( verse 2 ) . Paul then explains the Christian use of headcoverings using the subjects of headship , glory , angels , natural hair lengths , and the practice of the churches . What he specifically said about each of these subjects has led to differences in interpretation ( and practice ) among Bible commentators and Christian congregations . Interpretive issues ( edit ) There are several key sections of 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 that Bible commentators and Christian congregations have held differing opinions about , which have resulted in a diversity of practices regarding the use of headcoverings . Gender - Based Headship : Paul connects the use ( or non-use ) of headcoverings with the biblical distinctions between each gender . In 1 Corinthians 11 : 3 , Paul wrote , `` Christ is the head of every man , and the man is the head of a woman . '' He immediately continues with a gender - based teaching on the use of headcoverings : `` Every man who has something on his head while praying or prophesying disgraces his head . But every woman who has her head uncovered while praying or prophesying disgraces her head . '' Glory & Worship : Paul next explains that the use ( or non-use ) of headcoverings is related to God 's glory during times of prayer and prophesy . In 1 Corinthians 11 : 7 , he states that man is the `` glory of God '' and that for this reason `` a man ought not to have his head covered . '' In the same verse , Paul also states that the woman is the `` glory of man . '' He explains that statement in the subsequent two verses by referring to the woman 's creation in NASB , and then concludes , `` Therefore the woman ought to have a symbol of authority on her head '' ( verse 10 ) . In other words , the `` glory of God '' ( man ) is to be uncovered during times of worship , while the `` glory of man '' ( woman ) is to be covered . The Angels : In 1 Corinthians 11 : 10 , Paul says `` Therefore the woman ought to have a symbol of authority on her head , because of the angels . '' Many interpreters admit that Paul does not provide much explanation for the role of angels in this context . Some popular interpretations of this passage are ( 1 ) An appeal not to offend the angels by disobedience to Paul 's instructions , ( 2 ) a command to accurately show angels a picture of the created order ( Ephesians 3 : 10 , 1 Peter 1 : 12 ) , ( 3 ) a warning for us to obey as a means of accountability , since the angels are watching ( 1 Timothy 5 : 21 ) , ( 4 ) to be like the angels who cover themselves in the presence of God ( Isaiah 6 : 2 ) , and ( 5 ) not to be like the fallen angels who did not stay in the role that God created for them ( Jude 1 : 6 ) . Nature & Hair Lengths : In 1 Corinthians 11 : 13 -- 15 , Paul asks a rhetorical question about the propriety of headcoverings , and then answers it himself with a lesson from nature : `` Judge for yourselves : is it proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered ? Does not even nature itself teach you that if a man has long hair , it is a dishonor to him , but if a woman has long hair , it is a glory to her ? For her hair is given to her for a covering . '' In this passage , some see Paul as indicating that since a woman naturally `` covers '' her head with long hair , she likewise ought to cover it with a cloth covering while praying or prophesying . Others interpreters see the statement `` her hair is given to her for a covering '' as indicating that all instances of headcovering in the chapter refer only to the `` covering '' of long hair . Church Practice : In 1 Corinthians 11 : 16 , Paul responded to any readers who may disagree with his teaching about the use of headcoverings : `` But if one is inclined to be contentious , we have no other practice , nor have the churches of God . '' This may indicate that headcoverings were considered a standard , universal Christian symbolic practice ( rather than a local cultural custom ) . In other words , while Christian churches were spread out geographically and contained a diversity of cultures , they all practiced headcovering for female members . Interpretive conclusions and resulting practices ( edit ) Due to various interpretive issues ( such as those listed above ) , Bible commentators and Christian congregations have a diversity of conclusions and practices regarding headcovering . One primary area of debate is whether Paul 's call for men to uncover their heads and women to cover their heads was intended to be followed by Christians outside of the First Century Corinthian church . While some Christian congregations continue to use headcoverings for female members , others do not . Some churches view Christian headcovering as a practice that Paul intended for all Christians , in all locations , during all time periods and so they continue the practice within their congregations . They base their interpretation on the God - ordained order of headship , gender - distinct `` glory , '' the timeless role of angels , the universality of `` nature , '' and the similarity between headcovering practices among the Early Church . Another interpretation is that Paul 's commands regarding headcovering were a cultural mandate that was only for the first - century Corinthian church . Often , interpreters will state that Paul was simply trying to create a distinction between uncovered Corinthian prostitutes and godly Corinthian Christian women . Under that interpretation , a church will not practice Christian headcovering . Some Christians believe that long hair is intended to be the only headcovering that Paul describes ( see 1 Corinthians 11 : 14 -- 15 ) . Feminist theologian Katharine Bushnell provides another interpretation that similarly teaches that Paul was not intending for women to cover their heads with a cloth covering . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Fashion portal Catholicism portal Patriarchy and / or complementarianism ( Theology behind Christian headcovering ) First Corinthians Ordinance Mantilla Headscarf Veil Kerchief Coif Tichel , Orthodox Jewish References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Witherington III , Ben ( 1995 ) . Conflict and Community in Corinth : A Socio - Rhetorical Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians . Eerdmans . p. 236 . `` Paul 's view is that the creation order should be properly manifested , not obliterated , in Christian worship , especially because even angels , as guardians of the creation order , are present , observing such worship and perhaps even participating in it . '' Jump up ^ Hole , Frank Binford . `` F.B. Hole 's Old and New Testament Commentary '' . StudyLight . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . `` There is no contradiction between 1 Corinthians 11 : 5 of our chapter and 1 Corinthians 14 : 34 , for the simple reason that there speaking in the assembly is in question , whereas in our chapter the assembly does not come into view until verse 1 Corinthians 11 : 17 is reached . Only then do we begin to consider things that may happen when we `` come together . '' The praying or prophesying contemplated in verse 1 Corinthians 11 : 5 is not in connection with the formal assemblies of God 's saints . '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 Jump up ^ Earle , Alice Morse ( 1903 ) . Two Centuries of Costume in America , Vol. 2 ( 1620 -- 1820 ) . The Macmillan Company . p. 582 . `` One singular thing may be noted in this history , -- that with all the vagaries of fashion , woman has never violated the Biblical law that bade her cover her head . She has never gone to church services bareheaded . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Easter conversions confirm South Korean Church 's striking growth : : EWTN News '' . www.ewtnnews.com . Jump up ^ Tertullian. ( 1885 ) . On the Veiling of Virgins . In A. Roberts , J. Donaldson , & A.C. Coxe ( Eds . ) , S. Thelwall ( Trans . ) , Fathers of the Third Century : Tertullian , Part Fourth ; Minucius Felix ; Commodian ; Origen , Parts First and Second ( Vol. 4 , p. 33 ) . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Company . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria . ( 1885 ) . The Instructor . In A. Roberts , J. Donaldson , & A.C. Coxe ( Eds . ) , Fathers of the Second Century : Hermas , Tatian , Athenagoras , Theophilus , and Clement of Alexandria ( Entire ) ( Vol. 2 , p. 290 ) . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Company . Jump up ^ Hippolytus , and Easton , B. ( 1934 ) . The Apostolic tradition of Hippolytus . New York : Macmillan , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Lewis ( 1962 ) . The Wycliffe Bible Commentary . Chicago : Moody Press . pp. 1247 -- 1248 . Jump up ^ L. Kovacs , Judith ( 2005 ) . The Church 's Bible ( 1 Corinthians ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p . Page 180 . Jump up ^ Jerome . ( 1893 ) . The Letters of St. Jerome . In P. Schaff & H. Wace ( Eds . ) , W.H. Fremantle , G. Lewis , & W.G. Martley ( Trans . ) , St. Jerome : Letters and Select Works ( Vol. 6 , p. 292 ) . New York : Christian Literature Company . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo. ( 1886 ) . Letters of St. Augustin . In P. Schaff ( Ed . ) , J.G. Cunningham ( Trans . ) , The Confessions and Letters of St. Augustin with a Sketch of His Life and Work ( Vol. 1 , p. 588 ) . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Company . Jump up ^ Bercot , David . `` Head Covering Through the Centuries '' . Scroll Publishing . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , John ; Strong , James ( 1891 ) . Cyclopaedia of Biblical , Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature . Harper & Bros. p. 739 . A white veil or coif , called velamen dominicale , was worn by females at the time of receiving the eucharist during the 5th and 6th centuries These veils were ordered by the councils of Autun 578 and Angers . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church '' . The Church Quarterly Review . 10 : 78 . 1880 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , lvin ( 1989 ) . Veiled and Silenced . Mercer University Press . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Synod of Rome ( Canon 3 ) . Giovanni Domenico Mansi , Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio ( Page 382 ) Jump up ^ Schmidt , Alvin ( 1989 ) . Veiled and Silenced . Mercer University Press . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Aquinas , Thomas . `` Super I Epistolam B. Pauli ad Corinthios lectura '' . Dominican House of Studies . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Edward ( 2001 ) . The 1917 Pio - Benedictine Code of Canon Law . Ignatius Press . p. 427 . Jump up ^ Canon 6 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 6 , section 2 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Susan C. Karant - Nunn , Merry E. Wiesner ( ed . ) . Luther on Women : A Sourcebook . Cambridge University Press . p. 31 . Otherwise and aside from that , the wife should put on a veil , just as a pious wife is duty - bound to help bear her husband 's accident , illness , and misfortune on account of the evil flesh . ^ Jump up to : John Knox , `` The first blast of the trumpet against the monstruous regiment of women '' , Works of John Knox , David Laing , ed . ( Edinburgh : Printed for the Bannatyne Club ) , IV : 377 ^ Jump up to : Seth Skolnitsky , trans. , Men , Women and Order in the Church : Three Sermons by John Calvin ( Dallas , TX : Presbyterian Heritage Publications , 1992 ) , pp. 12 , 13 . ^ Jump up to : Commentary on 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 ( and related passages ) Jump up ^ Wesley , John . Wesley 's Notes on the Bible . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . p. 570 . ISBN 9781610252577 . Jump up ^ Epistle to the Corinthians , H.A. Ironside , 1938 , pp. 323 -- 340 Jump up ^ Ryrie Study Bible , Moody Press , 1976 , comments on I Corinthians 11 : 1 -- 16 , p. 1741 Jump up ^ Elisabeth , Hallgren Sjöberg , ( 24 September 2017 ) . `` Såsom en slöja : Den kristna slöjan i en svensk kontext '' . Jump up ^ Thompson , Charles ( 2006 ) . The Old German Baptist Brethren : Faith , Farming , and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge . University of Illinois Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07343 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hostetler , John ( 1997 ) . Hutterite Society . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5639 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` About Believers Church : Practical Distinctives '' . Gospel for Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . In our church services , you will see that the women wear head coverings as is mentioned in 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 . In the same way , we adhere to the practice of baptism as commanded in Matthew 28 : 19 , and Holy Communion , which is given to us in 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 -- 26 . These are all part of the traditions of faith of Believers Church . ^ Jump up to : Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge ( 1902 ) . The Nile : Notes for Travellers in Egypt . T. Cook & Son , ( Egypt ) . p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : El Guindi , Fadwa ; Sherifa Zahur ( 2009 ) . `` Hijab '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Gdaniec , Cordula ( 1 May 2010 ) . Cultural Diversity in Russian Cities : The Urban Landscape in the Post-Soviet Era . Berghahn Books . p. 161 . ISBN 9781845456658 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . According to Russian Orthodox tradition women cover their heads when entering a church . Jump up ^ Edwin E. Jacques ( 1995 ) . The Albanians : An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present . McFarland . p. 221 . ISBN 0899509320 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Poujade ( 1867 , 194 ) noted that Christian women frequently used white veils . Long after independence from Turkey , elderly Orthodox women in Elbasan could be seen on the street wearing white veils , although usually their eyes were visible . Turkish influence upon the Christian community is seen also in latticework partitions in the rear of the Orthodox churches , the women being kept behind the screen during mass . ^ Jump up to : Kraybill , Donald B. ( 5 October 2010 ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Amish , Brethren , Hutterites , and Mennonites . JHU Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9780801896576 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . During the 20th century , the wearing of head coverings declined in more assimilated groups , which gradually interpreted the Pauline teaching as referring to cultural practice in the early church without relevance for women in the modern world . Some churches in the mid-20th century had long and contentious discussions about wearing head coverings because proponents saw its decline as a serious erosion of obedience to scriptural teaching . Jump up ^ Muir , Edward ( 18 August 2005 ) . Ritual in Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9780521841535 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . In England radical Protestants , known in the seventeenth century as Puritans , we especially ardent in resisting the churching of women and the requirement that women wear a head covering or veil during the ceremony . The Book of Common Prayer , which became the ritual handbook of the Anglican Church , retained the ceremony in a modified form , but as one Puritan tract put it , the `` churching of women after childbirth smelleth of Jewish purification . '' Jump up ^ Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2012 . Abingdon Press . 2012 - 04 - 01 . p. 131 . ISBN 9781426746666 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . The holy kiss is practiced and women wear head coverings during prayer and worship . Jump up ^ Morgan , Sue ( 2010 - 06 - 23 ) . Women , Gender and Religious Cultures in Britain , 1800 -- 1940 . Taylor & Francis . p. 102 . ISBN 9780415231152 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Several ardent Methodist women wrote to him , asking for his permission to speak . Mar Bosanquet ( 1739 -- 1815 ) suggested that if Paul had instructed women to cover their heads when they spoke ( 1 . Cor. 11 : 5 ) then he was surely giving direction on how women should conduct themselves when they preached . Jump up ^ Henold , Mary J. ( 2008 ) . Catholic and Feminist : The Surprising History of the American Catholic Feminist Movement . UNC Press Books . p. 126 . ISBN 9780807859476 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . At that time , official practice still dictated that Catholic women cover their heads in church . Jump up ^ Courtais , Georgine De ( 1 February 2006 ) . Women 's Hats , Headdresses And Hairstyles : With 453 Illustrations , Medieval to Modern . Courier Dover Publications . p. 130 . ISBN 9780486448503 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Although hats were not considered sufficiently respectable for church wear and very formal occasions they were gradually taking the place of bonnets , at least for younger women . Jump up ^ Mark , Rebecca ; Vaughan , Robert C. ( 2004 ) . The South . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 175 . ISBN 9780313327346 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . The red and orange turban described by the anonymous observer also looks forward to the flamboyant Sunday hats worn by African American middle - class women into the twenty - first century , hats celebrated stunningly by Michael Cunningham and Graig Marberry in Crowns : Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats . Jump up ^ DeMello , Margo ( 14 February 2012 ) . Faces around the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 303 . ISBN 9781598846188 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Haji , Nafisa ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) . The Sweetness of Tears . HarperCollins . p. 316 . ISBN 9780061780103 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . I went to church , something I 'd never expected to do in Pakistan . Sadiq told me that his grandfather 's nurse , Sausan , was Christian . Presbyterian . My second Sunday in Karachi , I went to services with her . I was glad of the clothese that Haseena Auntie had helped me shop for , because all the women in church covered their heads , just like Muslim women , with their dupattas . Jump up ^ `` Head Coverings -- When and Why ? '' . Keep Yourselves in God 's Love . Watch Tower . 2008 . pp. 209 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Questions From Readers '' , The Watchtower , July 15 , 2002 , page 27 . Jump up ^ `` Should You Cover Your Head During Prayer ? '' , The Watchtower , February 15 , 1977 , page 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ `` The Development of the Mormon Temple Endowment Ceremony . '' Dialogue : A Journal of Mormon Thought 20 ( Winter 1987 ) : 33 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Paradosis -- New Testament Lexicon '' . Paradosis -- New Testament Lexicon -- New American Standard . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- KJV '' . 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- KJV . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , William ( 1995 ) . Believer 's Bible Commentary . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson Publishers . p. 1786 . Paul teaches the subordination of the woman to man by going back to creation . This should forever lay to rest any idea that his teaching about women 's covering was what was culturally suitable to his day but not applicable to us today . Jump up ^ Merkle , Ben . `` Headcoverings and Modern Women '' . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Katharine ( 1921 ) . God 's Word to Women . Minneapolis , MN : Christians for Biblical Equality . ISBN 0 - 9743031 - 0 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Gardiner , Jeremy ( 2016 ) . Head Covering : A Forgotten Christian Practice For Modern Times . Head Covering Movement . ISBN 978 - 1939770226 . Henderson , Warren ( 2013 ) . Glories Seen & Unseen : A Study of the Head Covering . ISBN 978 - 0995203600 . Sanseri , Gary ( 1999 ) . Covered or Uncovered ? How 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 applies to worship and leadership in the church . Back Home Industries . ISBN 978 - 1880045206 . Morris , Leon ( 1985 ) . `` The Veiling of Women '' . The First epistle of Paul to the Corinthians . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans . pp. 148 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0064 - 0 . Fee , Gordon D. ( 1987 ) . `` Women ( and Men ) in Worship '' . The First Epistle to the Corinthians . New International Commentary on the New Testament . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans . pp. 491 -- 530 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2507 - 0 . Martin , Troy W. ( 2004 ) . `` Paul 's Argument from Nature for the Veil in 1 Corinthians 11 : 13 -- 15 : A Testicle Instead of a Head Covering '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biblical Literature. 123 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 84 . JSTOR 3268550 . doi : 10.2307 / 3268550 . Murphy - O'Connor , Jerome ( 1976 ) . `` The Non-Pauline Character of 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 - 16 ? '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 95 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 21 . JSTOR 3265576 . doi : 10.2307 / 3265576 . Walker , WM . O. ( 1975 ) . `` 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 and Paul 's Views regarding Women '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 94 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 110 . JSTOR 3266038 . doi : 10.2307 / 3266038 . Powers , Janet E. ( 2001 ) . `` Recovering a Woman 's Head with Prophetic Authority : A Pentecostal Interpretation of 1 Corinthians 11.3 -- 16 '' . Journal of Pentecostal Theology. 10 : 11 -- 37 . doi : 10.1177 / 096673690101000102 . Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ( 2009 ) . `` Another Look at KeΦaΛh in 1 Corinthians 11.3 '' . New Testament Studies . 35 ( 4 ) : 503 -- 11 . doi : 10.1017 / S0028688500015174 . Hooker , M.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Authority on her Head : An Examination of I Cor . xi. 10 '' . New Testament Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 410 -- 6 . doi : 10.1017 / S0028688500024334 . Scroggs , Robin ( 1972 ) . `` Paul and the Eschatological Woman '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion ( 3 ) : 283 -- 303 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XL. 3.283 . Goodacre , Mark ( 2011 ) . `` Does περιβόλαιоν Mean ' Testicle ' in 1 Corinthians 11 : 15 ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal Journal of Biblical Literature. 130 ( 2 ) : 391 -- 6 . Shoemaker , Thomas R ( 1987 ) . `` Unveiling of Equality : 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 '' . Biblical Theology Bulletin . 17 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 3 . doi : 10.1177 / 014610798701700204 . Gill , David W.J. ( 1990 ) . `` The Importance of Roman Portraiture for Head - Coverings in 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 '' ( PDF ) . Tyndale Bulletin . 41 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 60 . Massey , Preston T. ( 2011 ) . `` Long Hair as a Glory and as a Covering : Removing an Ambiguity from 1 Cor 11 : 15 '' . Novum Testamentum. 53 : 52 -- 72 . doi : 10.1163 / 004810010X12590258025980 . Massey , Preston T. ( 2007 ) . `` The Meaning of κατακαλυπτω and κατα κεφαλης εχων in 1 Corinthians 11.2 -- 16 '' . New Testament Studies . 53 ( 4 ) : 502 -- 23 . doi : 10.1017 / S0028688507000252 . Oster , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` When Men Wore Veils to Worship : The Historical Context of 1 Corinthians 11.4 '' . New Testament Studies . 34 ( 4 ) : 481 -- 505 . doi : 10.1017 / S0028688500021093 . External links ( edit ) Creation , Culture , and Corinthians ( 1984 ) -- John Piper The Head Covering Movement 1 Corinthians 11 For Today Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_headcovering&oldid=807179825 '' Categories : Anabaptism Veils Christian prayer Christianity and women Non-clerical religious clothing Protestant religious clothing First Epistle to the Corinthians Religious headgear Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2012 Accuracy disputes from January 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 12 : 04 . 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-4369129983264011621 | Mongol Empire | Mongol Empire - wikipedia Mongol Empire Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Mughal Empire . This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mongol Empire ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Ikh Mongol Uls Nomadic empire 1206 -- 1368 Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206 -- 1294 superimposed on a modern political map of Eurasia . Capital 1206 -- 35 Avarga 1235 -- 60 Karakorum 1260 -- 1368 Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) Languages Mongolian Turkic Chinese Persian and other languages Religion Initially Tengrism Shamanism Later Islam Buddhism Nestorianism Government Elective monarchy ; later also hereditary Great Khan 1206 -- 1227 Genghis Khan 1229 -- 1241 Ögedei Khan 1246 -- 1248 Güyük Khan 1251 -- 1259 Möngke Khan 1260 -- 1294 Kublai Khan ( Nominal ) 1333 -- 1368 Toghan Temür Khan ( Nominal ) Legislature Kurultai History Genghis Khan proclaims the Mongol Empire 1206 Death of Genghis Khan 1227 Pax Mongolica 1250 -- 1350 Empire fragments 1260 -- 1294 Fall of Yuan dynasty 1368 Collapse of the Chagatai Khanate 1687 Area 1206 ( Unification of Mongolia ) 4,000,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) 1227 ( Genghis Khan 's death ) 13,500,000 km ( 5,200,000 sq mi ) 1294 ( Kublai 's death ) 23,500,000 km ( 9,100,000 sq mi ) 1309 ( Last formal reunification ) 24,000,000 km ( 9,300,000 sq mi ) Currency Various Preceded by Succeeded by Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus ' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty Jump up ^ Karakorum was founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260 . Jump up ^ Following the death of Möngke Khan in 1259 , no one city served as capital . Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) , modern - day Beijing , was the Yuan capital between 1271 and 1368 . Jump up ^ Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver ( sukhe ) or silk , or the later small amounts of Chinese coins and paper Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty . Mongol invasions and conquests Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second ) Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut ) The Mongol Empire ( Mongolian : Mongolyn Ezent Güren listen ( help info ) ; Mongolian Cyrillic : Монголын эзэнт гүрэн ; ( mɔŋɡ ( ɔ ) ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ ) ; also Орда ( `` Horde '' ) in Russian chronicles ) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history . Originating in the steppes of Central Asia , the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan , extending northwards into Siberia , eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent , Indochina , and the Iranian plateau , and westwards as far as the Levant . The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan , whom a council proclaimed ruler of all the Mongols in 1206 . The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants , who sent invasions in every direction . The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced Pax Mongolica , allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade , technologies , commodities , and ideologies across Eurasia . The empire began to split due to wars over succession , as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir Ögedei or from one of his other sons , such as Tolui , Chagatai , or Jochi . The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of Ögedeid and Chagataid factions , but disputes continued even among the descendants of Tolui . A key reason for the split was the dispute over whether the Mongol Empire would become a sedentary , cosmopolitan empire , or would stay true to their nomadic and steppe lifestyle . After Möngke Khan died ( 1259 ) , rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors , the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan , who then not only fought each other in the Toluid Civil War ( 1260 -- 1264 ) , but also dealt with challenges from descendants of other sons of Genghis . Kublai successfully took power , but civil war ensued as Kublai sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the Chagatayid and Ögedeid families . During the reigns of Genghis and Ögedei , the Mongols suffered the occasional defeat when a less skilled general was put in charge . The Siberian Tumads killed the Mongol forces under Borokhula around 1215 - 1217 , Jalal al - Din defeated Shigi - Qutugu at the Battle of Parwan , and the Jin generals Heda and Pu'a defeated Dolqolqu in 1230 . In each case , the Mongols returned shortly after with a much larger army led by one of their best generals , and were inevitably victorious . The Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee in 1260 marked the first time that the Mongols would not return to immediately avenge a defeat , due to a combination of the death of Möngke Khan , the Toluid Civil War between Arik Boke and Khubilai , and Berke of the Golden Horde attacking Hulegu in Persia . Though the Mongols launched many more invasions on the Levant , briefly occupying it and raiding as far as Gaza after a decisive victory at the Battle of Wadi al - Khazandar in 1299 , they withdrew due to various geopolitical factors . By the time of Kublai 's death in 1294 , the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires , each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives : the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia the Ilkhanate in the southwest the Yuan dynasty in the east based near modern - day Beijing . In 1304 the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty , but in 1368 the Han Chinese Ming dynasty took over the Mongol capital . The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolian homeland and continued to rule there as the Northern Yuan dynasty , while the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate lasted in one form or another for some additional centuries after the fall of the Yuan dynasty and of the Ilkhanate ( which disintegrated in the period 1335 -- 1353 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Pre-empire context 2.2 Rise of Genghis Khan 2.3 Early organization 2.3. 1 Push into Central Asia 2.3. 2 Religious policies 2.4 Death of Genghis Khan and expansion under Ögedei ( 1227 -- 1241 ) 2.4. 1 Invasions of Kievan Rus ' and central China 2.4. 2 Push into central Europe 2.5 Post-Ögedei power struggles ( 1241 -- 1251 ) 2.5. 1 Death of Güyük ( 1248 ) 2.6 Rule of Möngke Khan ( 1251 -- 1259 ) 2.6. 1 Administrative reforms 2.6. 2 New invasions of the Middle East and Southern China 2.6. 3 Death of Möngke Khan ( 1259 ) 2.7 Disunity 2.7. 1 Dispute over succession 2.7. 2 Mongolian Civil War 2.7. 3 Campaigns of Kublai Khan ( 1264 -- 1294 ) 2.8 Disintegration into competing entities 2.8. 1 Developments of the khanates 2.9 Relict states of the Mongol Empire 3 Military organization 4 Society 4.1 Law and governance 4.2 Religions 4.3 Arts and literature 4.4 Mail system 5 Silk Road 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) What is referred to in English as the Mongol Empire was called the Ikh Mongol Uls ( ikh : great , uls : state ; Great Mongolian State ) . In the 1240s , one of Genghis 's descendants , Güyük Khan , wrote a letter to Pope Innocent IV which used the preamble `` Dalai ( great / oceanic ) Khagan of the great Mongolian state ( ulus ) '' . After the succession war between Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Böke , Ariq limited Kublai 's power to the eastern part of the empire . Kublai officially issued an imperial edict on December 18 , 1271 to name the country `` Great Yuan '' ( Dai Yuan , or Dai Ön Ulus ) to establish the Yuan dynasty . Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus . History ( edit ) Pre-empire Context ( edit ) Main article : Proto - Mongols Mongolian tribes during the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 - 1125 ) Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions , c. 1200 . The area around Mongolia , Manchuria , and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century . In 1125 , the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia . In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers , known as the Golden Kings , successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation , ruled at the time by Khabul Khan , great - grandfather of Temujin ( Genghis Khan ) . The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal confederations ( khanlig ) : Keraites , Khamag Mongol , Naiman , Mergid , and Tatar . The Jin emperors , following a policy of divide and rule , encouraged disputes among the tribes , especially between the Tatars and Mongols , in order to keep the nomadic tribes distracted by their own battles and thereby away from the Jin . Khabul 's successor was Ambaghai Khan , who was betrayed by the Tatars , handed over to the Jurchen , and executed . The Mongols retaliated by raiding the frontier , resulting in a failed Jurchen counter-attack in 1143 . In 1147 , the Jin somewhat changed their policy , signing a peace treaty with the Mongols and withdrawing from a score of forts . The Mongols then resumed attacks on the Tatars to avenge the death of their late khan , opening a long period of active hostilities . The Jin and Tatar armies defeated the Mongols in 1161 . During the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century , the usually cold , parched steppes of Central Asia enjoyed their mildest , wettest conditions in more than a millennium . It is thought that as a result , a rapid increase in the number of war horses and other livestock significantly enhanced Mongol military strength . Rise of Genghis Khan ( edit ) Main articles : Khamag Mongol and Genghis Khan Genghis Khan , National Palace Museum in Taipei , Taiwan Known during his childhood as Temujin , Genghis Khan was a son of a Mongol chieftain . As a young man he rose very rapidly by working with Toghrul Khan of the Kerait . Kurtait was the most powerful Mongol leader during this time and was given the Chinese title `` Wang '' which means Prince . Temujin went to war with Wang Khan . After Temujin defeated Wang Khan he gave himself the name Genghis Khan . He then enlarged his Mongol state under himself and his kin . The term Mongol became used to refer to all Mongolic Speaking tribes under the control of Genghis Khan . His most powerful allies were his father 's friend , Khereid chieftain Wang Khan Toghoril , and Temujin 's childhood anda ( friend ) Jamukha of the Jadran clan . With their help , Temujin defeated the Merkit tribe , rescued his wife Börte , and went on to defeat the Naimans and Tatars . Temujin forbade looting of his enemies without permission , and he implemented a policy of sharing spoils with his warriors and their families instead of giving it all to the aristocrats . These policies brought him into conflict with his uncles , who were also legitimate heirs to the throne ; they regarded Temujin not as leader but merely an insolent usurper . This controversy spread to his generals and other associates , and some Mongols who had previously been allies with him broke their allegiance . War ensued , and Temujin and the forces still loyal to him prevailed , destroying all the remaining rival tribes from 1203 to 1205 and bringing them under his sway . In 1206 , Temujin was crowned as the khagan of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus ( Great Mongol State ) at a kurultai ( general assembly / council ) . It was there that he assumed the title of Genghis Khan ( universal leader ) instead of one of the old tribal titles such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan , marking the start of the Mongol Empire . Early organization ( edit ) Genghis Khan ascended the throne in the Yeke Quriltay region in the Onan river , from the Jami ' al - tawarikh . Genghis Khan introduced many innovative ways of organizing his army , dividing it into decimal subsections of arbans ( 10 people ) , zuuns ( 100 ) , Mingghans ( 1000 ) , and tumens ( 10,000 ) . The Kheshig , or the imperial guard , was founded and divided into day ( khorchin torghuds ) and night guards ( khevtuul ) . Genghis rewarded those who had been loyal to him and placed them in high positions , placing them as heads of army units and households , even though many of his allies had been from very low - rank clans . Compared to the units he gave to his loyal companions , those assigned to his own family members were quite few . He proclaimed a new law of the empire , Ikh Zasag or Yassa , and codified everything related to the everyday life and political affairs of the nomads at the time . He forbade the selling of women , theft , fighting among the Mongols , and the hunting of animals during the breeding season . He appointed his adopted brother Shigi - Khuthugh supreme judge ( jarughachi ) , ordering him to keep records of the empire . In addition to laws regarding family , food , and the army , Genghis also decreed religious freedom and supported domestic and international trade . He exempted the poor and the clergy from taxation . He also encouraged literacy , adopting the Uyghur script , which would form the Uyghur - Mongolian script of the empire , and he ordered the Uyghur Tatatunga , who had previously served the khan of Naimans , to instruct his sons . Push into Central Asia ( edit ) Main article : Mongol invasion of Central Asia Mongol Empire circa 1207 Genghis quickly came into conflict with the Jin dynasty of the Jurchens and the Western Xia of the Tanguts in northern China . He also had to deal with two other powers , Tibet and Khara Khitai . Towards the west he moved into Central Asia , devastating Transoxiana and eastern Persia , then raiding into Kievan Rus ' ( a predecessor state of Russia , Belarus , and Ukraine ) and the Caucasus . Before his death , Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and immediate family , making the Mongol Empire the joint property of the entire imperial family who , along with the Mongol aristocracy , constituted the ruling class . Religious policies ( edit ) Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering , forcing Muslims to comply with Mongol methods of butchering animals , and other restrictive decrees continued . Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret . Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews `` slaves '' , and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method . Circumcision was also forbidden . Jews were also affected , and forbidden by the Mongols to eat kosher . Among all the ( subject ) alien peoples only the Hui - hui say `` we do not eat Mongol food '' . ( Cinggis Qa'an replied : ) `` By the aid of heaven we have pacified you ; you are our slaves . Yet you do not eat our food or drink . How can this be right ? '' He thereupon made them eat . `` If you slaughter sheep , you will be considered guilty of a crime . '' He issued a regulation to that effect ... ( In 1279 / 1280 under Qubilai ) all the Muslims say : `` if someone else slaughters ( the animal ) we do not eat '' . Because the poor people are upset by this , from now on , Musuluman ( Muslim ) Huihui and Zhuhu ( Jewish ) Huihui , no matter who kills ( the animal ) will eat ( it ) and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves , and cease the rite of circumcision . Genghis Khan arranged for the Chinese Daoist master Qiu Chuji to visit him in Afghanistan and put him in charge of all religious affairs in the empire . Death of Genghis Khan and expansion under Ögedei ( 1227 -- 1241 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mongol invasions and conquests Coronation of Ögedei Khan in 1229 as the successor of Genghis Khan . By Rashid al - Din , early 14th century . Genghis Khan died on August 18 , 1227 , by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea -- an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire and Muslim Caliphate . Genghis named his third son , the charismatic Ögedei , as his heir . According to Mongol tradition , Genghis Khan was buried in a secret location . The regency was originally held by Ögedei 's younger brother Tolui until Ögedei 's formal election at the kurultai in 1229 . Among his first actions , Ögedei sent troops to subjugate the Bashkirs , Bulgars , and other nations in the Kipchak - controlled steppes . In the east , Ögedei 's armies re-established Mongol authority in Manchuria , crushing the Eastern Xia regime and Water Tatars . In 1230 , the great khan personally led his army in the campaign against the Jin dynasty ( China ) . Ögedei 's general Subutai captured the capital of Emperor Wanyan Shouxu in the siege of Kaifeng in 1232 . The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 when the Mongols captured Caizhou , the town where Wanyan Shouxu had fled . In 1234 , three armies commanded by Ögedei 's sons Kochu and Koten , as well as the Tangut general Chagan , invaded southern China . With the assistance of the Song dynasty , the Mongols finished off the Jin in 1234 . Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin . Two Han Chinese leaders , Shi Tianze , Liu Heima ( 劉 黑馬 , Liu Ni ) , and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army . Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan . Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols . There were four Han Tumens and three Khitan Tumens , with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) . Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time . His father was Shi Bingzhi ( 史秉直 , Shih Ping - chih ) . Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman ( surname Na - ho ) and a Han Chinese woman ( surname Chang ) . It is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze 's mother . Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women , a Han Chinese woman , and a Korean woman , and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives . His Jurchen wive 's surnames were Mo - nien and Na - ho , his Korean wife 's surname was Li , and his Han Chinese wife 's surname was Shi . Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol Empire 's forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty . His son Shi Gang married a Kerait woman . The Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and considered part of the Mongol nation . The Yuan dynasty created a Han army 漢 軍 out of defected Jin troops and army of defected Song troops called the Newly Submitted Army 新 附 軍 . In the West , Ögedei 's general Chormaqan destroyed Jalal ad - Din Mingburnu , the last shah of the Khwarizmian Empire . The small kingdoms in Southern Persia voluntarily accepted Mongol supremacy . In East Asia , there were a number of Mongolian campaigns into Goryeo Korea , but Ögedei 's attempt to annex the Korean Peninsula met with little success . Gojong , the king of Goryeo , surrendered but later revolted and massacred Mongol darughachis ( overseers ) ; he then moved his imperial court from Gaeseong to Ganghwa Island . As the empire grew , Ögedei established a Mongol capital at Karakorum in northwestern Mongolia . Invasions of Kievan Rus ' and Central China ( edit ) Main articles : Mongol invasion of Rus ' and Mongol invasion of China See also : Mongol invasions of India , Mongol invasions of Korea , and Mongol conquest of Tibet The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238 , miniature from 16th - century chronicle Meanwhile , in an offensive action against the Song dynasty , Mongol armies captured Siyang - yang , the Yangtze and Sichuan , but did not secure their control over the conquered sites . The Song generals were able to recapture Siyang - yang from the Mongols in 1239 . After the sudden death of Ögedei 's son Kochu in Chinese territory , the Mongols withdrew from southern China , although Kochu 's brother Prince Koten invaded Tibet right after their withdrawal . Batu Khan , another grandson of Genghis Khan , overran the countries of the Bulgars , the Alans , the Kypchaks , Bashkirs , Mordvins , Chuvash , and other nations of the southern Russian steppe . By 1237 , the Mongols began encroaching upon Ryazan , their first Kievan Rus ' principality . After a three - day siege using heavy attacks , the Mongols captured the city and massacred its inhabitants , then proceeded to destroy the army of the Grand principality of Vladimir at the Battle of the Sit River . The Mongols captured the Alania capital Maghas in 1238 . By 1240 , all Kievan Rus ' had fallen to the Asian invaders except for a few northern cities . Mongol troops under Chormaqan in Persia connected his invasion of Transcaucasia with the invasion of Batu and Subutai , forced the Georgian and Armenian nobles to surrender as well . Giovanni de Plano Carpini , the pope 's envoy to the Mongol great khan , traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote : They ( the Mongols ) attacked Russia , where they made great havoc , destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men ; and they laid siege to Kiev , the capital of Russia ; after they had besieged the city for a long time , they took it and put the inhabitants to death . When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground . Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town , but now it has been reduced almost to nothing , for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery . Despite the military successes , strife continued within the Mongol ranks . Batu 's relations with Güyük , Ögedei 's eldest son , and Büri , the beloved grandson of Chagatai Khan , remained tense and worsened during Batu 's victory banquet in southern Kievan Rus ' . Nevertheless , Güyük and Buri could not do anything to harm Batu 's position as long as his uncle Ögedei was still alive . Meanwhile , Ögedei continued with invasions into the Indian subcontinent , temporarily investing Uchch , Lahore , and Multan of the Delhi Sultanate and stationing a Mongol overseer in Kashmir , though the invasions into India eventually failed and were forced to retreat . In northeastern Asia , Ögedei agreed to settle conflicts with Goryeo by making it a client state and sent Mongolian princesses to wed Goryeo princes . He then reinforced his keshig with the Koreans through both diplomacy and military force . Push into Central Europe ( edit ) Main article : Mongol invasion of Europe The battle of Liegnitz , 1241 . From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend . The advance into Europe continued with Mongol invasions of Poland and Hungary . When the western flank of the Mongols plundered Polish cities , a European alliance among the Poles , the Moravians , and the Christian military orders of the Hospitallers , Teutonic Knights and the Templars assembled sufficient forces to halt , although briefly , the Mongol advance at Legnica . The Hungarian army , their Croatian allies and the Templar Knights were beaten by Mongols at the banks of Sajo River on April 11 , 1241 . Before Batu 's forces could continue into Vienna and northern Albania , news of Ögedei 's death in December 1241 brought a halt to the invasion . As was customary in Mongol military tradition , all princes of Genghis 's line had to attend the kurultai to elect a successor . Batu and his western Mongol army withdrew from Central Europe the next year . Post-ögedei power struggles ( 1241 -- 1251 ) ( edit ) Following the Great Khan Ögedei 's death in 1241 , and before the next kurultai , Ögedei 's widow Töregene took over the empire . She persecuted her husband 's Khitan and Muslim officials , giving high positions to her own allies . She built palaces , cathedrals , and social structures on an imperial scale , supporting religion and education . She was able to win over most Mongol aristocrats to support Ögedei 's son Güyük . But Batu , ruler of the Golden Horde , refused to come to the kurultai , claiming that he was ill and that the Mongolian climate was too harsh for him . The resulting stalemate lasted more than four years and further destabilized the unity of the empire . Batu Khan consolidates the Golden Horde When Genghis Khan 's youngest brother Temüge threatened Töregene to seize the throne , Güyük came to Karakorum to try to secure his position . Batu eventually agreed to send his brothers and generals to the kurultai convened by Töregene in 1246 . Güyük by this time was ill and alcoholic , but his campaigns in Manchuria and Europe gave him the kind of stature necessary for a great khan . He was duly elected at a ceremony attended by Mongols and foreign dignitaries from both within and without the empire -- leaders of vassal nations , representatives from Rome , and other entities who came to the kurultai to show their respects and negotiate diplomacy . Güyük Khan demanding Pope Innocent IV 's submission . The letter was written in Persian . Güyük took steps to reduce corruption , announcing that he would continue the policies of his father Ögedei , not Töregene . He punished Töregene 's supporters except governor Arghun the Elder . He also replaced young Qara Hülëgü , the khan of the Chagatai Khanate , with his favorite cousin Yesü Möngke to assert his newly conferred powers . He restored his father 's officials to their former positions and was surrounded by the Uyghur , Naiman , and Central Asian officials , favoring Han Chinese commanders who helped his father conquer Northern China . He continued military operations in Korea , advanced into Song China in the south and Iraq in the west , and ordered an empire - wide census . Güyük also divided the Sultanate of Rum between Izz - ad - Din Kaykawus and Rukn ad - Din Kilij Arslan , though Kaykawus disagreed with this decision . Not all parts of the empire respected Güyük 's election . The Hashshashins , former Mongol allies whose Grand Master Hasan Jalalud - Din had offered his submission to Genghis Khan in 1221 , angered Güyük by refusing to submit . He instead murdered Mongol generals in Persia . Güyük appointed his best friend 's father Eljigidei as chief commander of the troops in Persia and gave them the task of both reducing the strongholds of the Assassins Muslim movement and conquering the Abbasids in the center of the Islamic world , Iran and Iraq . Death of Güyük ( 1248 ) ( edit ) In 1248 , Güyük raised more troops and suddenly marched westwards from the Mongol capital of Karakorum . The reasoning was unclear . Some sources wrote that he sought to recuperate his personal property Emyl ; others suggested that he might have been moving to join Eljigidei to conduct a full - scale conquest of the Middle East or possibly to make a surprise attack on his rival cousin Batu Khan in Russia . Suspicious of Güyük 's motives , Sorghaghtani Beki , the widow of Genghis 's son Tolui , secretly warned her nephew Batu of Güyük 's approach . Batu had himself been traveling eastwards at the time , possibly to pay homage , or perhaps with other plans in mind . Before the forces of Batu and Güyük met , Güyük , sick and worn out by travel , died en route at Qum - Senggir ( Hong - siang - yi - eulh ) in Xinjiang , possibly a victim of poison . A Stone Turtle at the site of the Mongol capital , Karakorum . Güyük 's widow Oghul Qaimish stepped forward to take control of the empire , but she lacked the skills of her mother - in - law Töregene , and her young sons Khoja and Naku and other princes challenged her authority . To decide on a new great khan , Batu called a kurultai on his own territory in 1250 . As it was far from the Mongolian heartland , members of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families refused to attend . The kurultai offered the throne to Batu , but he rejected it , claiming he had no interest in the position . Batu instead nominated Möngke , a grandson of Genghis from his son Tolui 's lineage . Möngke was leading a Mongol army in Russia , the Northern Caucasus , and Hungary . The pro-Tolui faction rose up and supported Batu 's choice , and Möngke was elected , though given the kurultai 's limited attendance and location , it was of questionable validity . Batu sent Möngke under the protection of his brothers , Berke and Tukhtemur , and his son Sartaq to assemble a more formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in the heartland . The supporters of Möngke invited Oghul Qaimish and other main Ögedeid and Chagataid princes to attend the kurultai , but they refused each time . The Ögedeid and Chagataid princes refused to accept a descendant of Genghis 's son Tolui as leader , demanding that only descendants of Genghis 's son Ögedei could be great khan . Rule of Möngke Khan ( 1251 -- 1259 ) ( edit ) When Möngke 's mother Sorghaghtani and their cousin Berke organized a second kurultai on July 1 , 1251 , the assembled throng proclaimed Möngke great khan of the Mongol Empire . This marked a major shift in the leadership of the empire , transferring power from the descendants of Genghis 's son Ögedei to the descendants of Genghis 's son Tolui . The decision was acknowledged by a few of the Ögedeid and Chagataid princes , such as Möngke 's cousin Kadan and the deposed khan Qara Hülëgü , but one of the other legitimate heirs , Ögedei 's grandson Shiremun , sought to topple Möngke . Shiremun moved with his own forces towards the emperor 's nomadic palace with a plan for an armed attack , but Möngke was alerted by his falconer of the plan . Möngke ordered an investigation of the plot , which led to a series of major trials all across the empire . Many members of the Mongol elite were found guilty and put to death , with estimates ranging from 77 -- 300 , though princes of Genghis 's royal line were often exiled rather than executed . Möngke eliminated the estates of the Ögedeid and the Chagatai families and shared the western part of the empire with his ally Batu Khan . After the bloody purge , Möngke ordered a general amnesty for prisoners and captives , but thereafter the power of the great khan 's throne remained firmly with the descendants of Genghis 's son Tolui . Administrative reforms ( edit ) Möngke was a serious man who followed the laws of his ancestors and avoided alcoholism . He was tolerant of outside religions and artistic styles , leading to the building of foreign merchants ' quarters , Buddhist monasteries , mosques , and Christian churches in the Mongol capital . As construction projects continued , Karakorum was adorned with Chinese , European , and Persian architecture . One famous example was a large silver tree with cleverly designed pipes that dispensed various drinks . The tree , topped by a triumphant angel , was crafted by Guillaume Boucher , a Parisian goldsmith . Hulagu , Genghis Khan 's grandson and founder of the Il - Khanate . From a medieval Persian manuscript . Although he had a strong Chinese contingent , Möngke relied heavily on Muslim and Mongol administrators and launched a series of economic reforms to make government expenses more predictable . His court limited government spending and prohibited nobles and troops from abusing civilians or issuing edicts without authorization . He commuted the contribution system into a fixed poll tax that was collected by imperial agents and forwarded to units in need . His court also tried to lighten the tax burden on commoners by reducing tax rates . Along with the reform of the tax system , he reinforced the guards at the postal relays and centralized control of monetary affairs . Möngke also ordered an empire - wide census in 1252 that took several years to complete , not finished until Novgorod in the far northwest was counted in 1258 . In another move to consolidate his power , Möngke assigned his brothers Hulagu and Kublai to rule Persia and Mongol - held China . In the southern part of the empire , he continued his predecessors ' struggle against the Song dynasty . In order to outflank the Song from three directions , Möngke dispatched Mongol armies under his brother Kublai to Yunnan , and under his uncle Iyeku to subdue Korea and pressure the Song from that direction as well . Kublai conquered the Dali Kingdom in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan , and Möngke 's general Qoridai stabilized his control over Tibet , inducing leading monasteries to submit to Mongol rule . Subutai 's son Uryankhadai reduced the neighboring peoples of Yunnan to submission and defeated the Trần dynasty in northern Vietnam in 1257 , but they had to draw back in 1258 . The Mongol Empire tried to invade Vietnam again in 1284 and 1287 but were defeated both times . New invasions of the Middle East and southern China ( edit ) Main article : Mongol invasions of the Levant See also : Mongol invasion of China and Siege of Baghdad ( 1258 ) Mongol invasion of Baghdad After stabilizing the empire 's finances , Möngke once again sought to expand its borders . At kurultais in Karakorum in 1253 and 1258 he approved new invasions of the Middle East and south China . Möngke put Hulagu in overall charge of military and civil affairs in Persia , and appointed Chagataids and Jochids to join Hulagu 's army . The Muslims from Qazvin denounced the menace of the Nizari Ismailis , a heretical sect of Shiites . The Mongol Naiman commander Kitbuqa began to assault several Ismaili fortresses in 1253 , before Hulagu deliberately advanced in 1256 . Ismaili Grand Master Rukn ud - Din surrendered in 1257 and was executed . All of the Ismaili strongholds in Persia were destroyed by Hulagu 's army in 1257 , though Girdukh held out until 1271 . Fall of Baghdad , 1258 The center of the Islamic Empire at the time was Baghdad , which had held power for 500 years but was suffering internal divisions . When its caliph al - Mustasim refused to submit to the Mongols , Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 , an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam , and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba . With the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate , Hulagu had an open route to Syria and moved against the other Muslim powers in the region . His army advanced towards Ayyubid - ruled Syria , capturing small local states en route . The sultan Al - Nasir Yusuf of the Ayyubids refused to show himself before Hulagu ; however , he had accepted Mongol supremacy two decades earlier . When Hulagu headed further west , the Armenians from Cilicia , the Seljuks from Rum and the Christian realms of Antioch and Tripoli submitted to Mongol authority , joining the Mongols in their assault against the Muslims . While some cities surrendered without resisting , others such as Mayafarriqin fought back ; their populations were massacred and the cities were sacked . Death of Möngke Khan ( 1259 ) ( edit ) The extent of the Mongol Empire after the death of Möngke Khan ( reigned 1251 -- 59 ) . Meanwhile , in the northwestern portion of the empire , Batu 's successor and younger brother Berke sent punitive expeditions to Ukraine , Belarus , Lithuania , and Poland . Dissension began brewing between the northwestern and southwestern sections of the Mongol Empire as Batu suspected that Hulagu 's invasion of Western Asia would result in the elimination of Batu 's own predominance there . In the southern part of the empire , Möngke Khan himself led his army to complete the conquest of China . Military operations were generally successful , but prolonged , so the forces did not withdraw to the north as was customary when the weather turned hot . Disease ravaged the Mongol forces with bloody epidemics , and Möngke died there on August 11 , 1259 . This event began a new chapter of history for the Mongols , as again a decision needed to be made on a new great khan . Mongol armies across the empire withdrew from their campaigns to once again convene for a new kurultai . Disunity ( edit ) Dispute over succession ( edit ) The Mongols at war Möngke 's brother Hulagu broke off his successful military advance into Syria , withdrawing the bulk of his forces to Mughan and leaving only a small contingent under his general Kitbuqa . The opposing forces in the region , the Christian Crusaders and Muslim Mamluks , both recognizing that the Mongols were the greater threat , took advantage of the weakened state of the Mongol army and engaged in an unusual passive truce with each other . In 1260 , the Mamluks advanced from Egypt , being allowed to camp and resupply near the Christian stronghold of Acre , and engaged Kitbuqa 's forces just north of Galilee at the Battle of Ain Jalut . The Mongols were defeated , and Kitbuqa executed . This pivotal battle marked the western limit for Mongol expansion , and the Mongols were never again able to make any serious military advances farther than Syria . In a separate part of the empire , Kublai Khan , another brother of Hulagu and Möngke , heard of the great khan 's death at the Huai River in China . Rather than returning to the capital , he continued his advance into the Wuchang area of China , near the Yangtze River . Their younger brother Ariqboke took advantage of the absence of Hulagu and Kublai , and used his position at the capital to win the title of great khan for himself , with representatives of all the family branches proclaiming him as the leader at the kurultai in Karakorum . When Kublai learned of this , he summoned his own kurultai at Kaiping , and nearly all the senior princes and great noyans in North China and Manchuria supported his own candidacy over that of Ariqboke . Mongolian civil war ( edit ) See also : Toluid Civil War and Berke -- Hulagu war Kublai Khan , Genghis Khan 's grandson and founder of the Yuan dynasty Battles ensued between the armies of Kublai and those of his brother Ariqboke , which included forces still loyal to Möngke 's previous administration . Kublai 's army easily eliminated Ariqboke 's supporters and seized control of the civil administration in southern Mongolia . Further challenges took place from their cousins , the Chagataids . Kublai sent Abishka , a Chagataid prince loyal to him , to take charge of Chagatai 's realm . But Ariqboke captured and then executed Abishka , having his own man Alghu crowned there instead . Kublai 's new administration blockaded Ariqboke in Mongolia to cut food supplies , causing a famine . Karakorum fell quickly to Kublai , but Ariqboke rallied and re-took the capital in 1261 . In the southwestern Ilkhanate , Hulagu was loyal to his brother Kublai , but clashes with their cousin Berke , the ruler of the Golden Horde in the northwestern part of the empire , began in 1262 . The suspicious deaths of Jochid princes in Hulagu 's service , unequal distribution of war booty , and Hulagu 's massacres of the Muslims increased the anger of Berke , who considered supporting a rebellion of the Georgian Kingdom against Hulagu 's rule in 1259 -- 1260 . Berke also forged an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu and supported Kublai 's rival claimant , Ariqboke . Hulagu died on February 8 , 1264 . Berke sought to take advantage and invade Hulagu 's realm , but he died along the way , and a few months later Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate died as well . Kublai named Hulagu 's son Abaqa as a new Ilkhan , and Abaqa sought foreign alliances , such as attempting to form a Franco - Mongol alliance with the Europeans against the Egyptian Mamluks . Kublai nominated Batu 's grandson Möngke Temür to lead the Golden Horde . Ariqboqe surrendered to Kublai at Shangdu on August 21 , 1264 . Campaigns of Kublai Khan ( 1264 -- 1294 ) ( edit ) Main article : Kublai Khan 's Campaigns The samurai Suenaga facing Mongol 's bomb and Goryeo 's arrows . Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba ( 蒙古 襲来 絵詞 ) , circa 1293 . In the south , after the fall of Xiangyang in 1273 , the Mongols sought the final conquest of the Song dynasty in South China . In 1271 , Kublai renamed the new Mongol regime in China as the Yuan dynasty and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China to win the control of the Chinese people . Kublai moved his headquarters to Dadu , the genesis for what later became the modern city of Beijing , although his establishment of a capital there was a controversial move to many Mongols who accused him of being too closely tied to Chinese culture . The Mongols were eventually successful in their campaigns against ( Song ) China , and the Chinese Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276 , making the Mongols the first non-Chinese people to conquer all of China . Kublai used his base to build a powerful empire , creating an academy , offices , trade ports and canals , and sponsoring arts and science . Mongol records list 20,166 public schools created during his reign . Mongol warrior on horseback , preparing a mounted archery shot . After achieving actual or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia and successfully conquering China , Kublai pursued further expansion . His invasions of Burma and Sakhalin were costly , and his attempted invasions of Annam and Champa ended in devastating defeat , but secured vassal statuses of those countries . The Mongol armies were massacred and smashed repeatedly in Annam and at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 1288 ) . Annam ( Vietnam ) was ruled by the Tran dynasty . The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian and later migrated to Đại Việt under Trần Kinh 陳 京 ( Chén Jīng ) , the ancestor of the Trần clan . Their descendants , the later rulers of Đại Việt who were of mixed - blooded descent later established the Tran dynasty , which ruled Vietnam ( Đại Việt ) ; despite many intermarriages between the Trần and several royal members of the Lý dynasty alongside members of their royal court as in the case of Trần Lý and Trần Thừa , some of the mixed - blooded descendants of the Trần dynasty and certain members of the clan were still capable of speaking Chinese such as when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese - speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1282 . Nogai and Konchi , the khan of the White Horde , established friendly relations with the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate . Political disagreement among contending branches of the family over the office of great khan continued , but the economic and commercial success of the Mongol Empire continued despite the squabbling . Disintegration into competing entities ( edit ) Main article : Division of the Mongol Empire The funeral of Chagatai Khan . Major changes occurred in the Mongol Empire in the late 1200s . Kublai Khan , after having conquered all of China and established the Yuan dynasty , died in 1294 , and was succeeded by his grandson Temür Khan , who continued Kublai 's policies . At the same time , the Toluid Civil War , along with the Berke -- Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu -- Kublai war greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire and the empire fractured into autonomous khanates , including the Yuan dynasty and the three western khanates ( the Golden Horde , the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate ) . All of them became functionally autonomous ; only the Ilkhanate remained loyal to the Yuan court but endured its own power struggle , in part because of a dispute with the growing Islamic factions within the southwestern part of the empire . After the death of Kaidu , the Chatagai ruler Duwa initiated a peace proposal and persuaded the Ögedeids to submit to Temür Khan . In 1304 , all khanates approved a peace treaty and accepted Yuan emperor Temür 's supremacy . This established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates . While this supremacy based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier Khagans ( such as the continued border clashes among them ) and each of the four khanates continued to develop separately and function as different states , the nominal supremacy did last for a few decades . Nearly a century of conquest and civil war was followed by relative stability ( Pax Mongolica ) , and international trade and cultural exchanges flourished between Asia and Europe . Communication between the Yuan dynasty in China and Ilkhanate in Persia further encouraged trade and commerce between east and west . Patterns of Yuan royal textiles could be found on the opposite side of the empire adorning Armenian decorations ; trees and vegetables were transplanted across the empire ; and technological innovations spread from Mongol dominions towards the West . Pope John XXII was presented a memorandum from the eastern church describing the Pax Mongolica : `` ... Khagan is one of the greatest monarchs and all lords of the state , e.g. , the king of Almaligh ( Chagatai Khanate ) , emperor Abu Said and Uzbek Khan , are his subjects , saluting his holiness to pay their respects . '' However , while the four khanates continued to interact with one another well into the 14th century , they did so as sovereign states and never again pooled their resources in a cooperative military endeavor . Developments of the khanates ( edit ) A European depiction of the four khans , Temür ( Yuan ) , Chapar ( House of Ögedei ) , Toqta ( Golden Horde ) , and Öljaitü ( Ilkhanate ) , in the Fleur des histoires d'orient . In spite of his conflicts with Kaidu and Duwa , Yuan emperor Temür established a tributary relationship with the war - like Shan brothers after his series of military operations against Thailand from 1297 to 1303 . This was to mark the end of the southern expansion of the Mongols . When Ghazan took the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1295 , he formally accepted Islam as his own religion , marking a turning point in Mongol history after which Mongol Persia became more and more Islamic . Despite this though , Ghazan continued to strengthen ties with Temür Khan and the Yuan dynasty in the east . It was politically useful to advertise the great khan 's authority in the Ilkhanate , because the Golden Horde in Russia had long made claims on nearby Georgia . Within four years , Ghazan began sending tributes to the Yuan court and appealing to other khans to accept Temür Khan as their overlord . He oversaw an extensive program of cultural and scientific interaction between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty in the following decades . Ghazan 's faith may have been Islamic , but he continued his ancestors ' war with the Egyptian Mamluks , and consulted with his old Mongolian advisers in his native tongue . He defeated the Mamluk army at the Battle of Wadi al - Khazandar in 1299 , but he was only briefly able to occupy Syria , due to distracting raids from the Chagatai Khanate under its de facto ruler Kaidu , who was at war with both the Ilkhans and the Yuan dynasty . Struggling for influence within the Golden Horde , Kaidu sponsored his own candidate Kobeleg against Bayan ( r . 1299 -- 1304 ) , the khan of the White Horde . Bayan , after receiving military support from the Mongols in Russia , requested assistance from both Temür Khan and the Ilkhanate to organize a unified attack against Kaidu 's forces . Temür was amenable and enlarged counterattacks against Kaidu a year later . After a bloody battle with Temür 's armies near Zawkhan River in 1301 , the old valiant Kaidu died and was succeeded by Duwa . Hungarian King Béla IV in flight from the Mongols under general Kadan of the Golden Horde . Duwa was challenged by Kaidu 's son Chapar , but with the assistance of Temür , Duwa defeated the Ögedeids . Tokhta of the Golden Horde , also seeking a general peace , sent 20,000 men to buttress the Yuan frontier . Tokhta died in 1312 , though , and was succeeded by Ozbeg ( r . 1313 -- 41 ) , who seized the throne of the Golden Horde and persecuted non-Muslim Mongols . The Yuan 's influence on the Horde was largely reversed and border clashes between Mongol states resumed . Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 's envoys backed Tokhta 's son against Ozbeg . In the Chagatai Khanate , Esen Buqa I ( r . 1309 -- 1318 ) was enthroned as khan after suppressing a sudden rebellion by Ögedei 's descendants and driving Chapar into exile . The Yuan and Ilkhanid armies eventually attacked the Chagatai Khanate . Realizing economic benefits and the Genghisid legacy , Ozbeg reopened friendly relations with the Yuan in 1326 , and strengthened ties with the Muslim world as well , building mosques and other elaborate places such as baths . By the second decade of the 14th century , Mongol invasions had further decreased . In 1323 , Abu Said Khan ( r . 1316 - 35 ) of the Ilkhanate signed a peace treaty with Egypt . At his request , the Yuan court awarded his custodian Chupan the title of commander - in - chief of all Mongol khanates , but Chupan died in late 1327 . Civil war erupted in the Yuan dynasty in 1328 -- 29 . After the death of Yesün Temür in 1328 , Tugh Temür became the new leader in Dadu , while Yesün Temür 's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu , leading to the civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals . Tugh Temür defeated Ragibagh , but the Chagatai khan Eljigidey ( r . 1326 -- 29 ) supported Kusala , elder brother of Tugh Temür , as great khan . He invaded with a commanding force , and Tugh Temür abdicated . Kusala was elected khan on August 30 , 1329 . Kusala was then poisoned by a Kypchak commander under Tugh Temür , who returned to power . Tugh Temür ( 1304 -- 32 ) was knowledgeable about Chinese language and history and was also a creditable poet , calligrapher , and painter . In order to be accepted by other khanates as the sovereign of the Mongol world , he sent Genghisid princes and descendants of other notable Mongol generals to the Chagatai Khanate , Ilkhan Abu Said , and Ozbeg . In response to the emissaries , they all agreed to send tribute each year . Furthermore , Tugh Temür gave lavish presents and an imperial seal to Eljigidey to mollify his anger . Relict states of the Mongol Empire ( edit ) The relict states of the Mongol Empire by 1300 ; Golden Horde ( yellow ) , Chagatai Khanate ( grey ) , Great Yuan ( green ) , Ilkhanate ( purple ) . With the death of Ilkhan Abu Said Bahatur in 1335 , Mongol rule faltered and Persia fell into political anarchy . A year later his successor was killed by an Oirat governor , and the Ilkhanate was divided between the Suldus , the Jalayir , Qasarid Togha Temür ( d . 1353 ) , and Persian warlords . Taking advantage of the chaos , the Georgians pushed the Mongols out of their own territory , and the Uyghur commander Eretna established an independent state ( Ertenids ) in Anatolia in 1336 . Following the downfall of their Mongol masters , the loyal vassal , the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , received escalating threats from the Mamluks and were eventually overrun . Along with the dissolution of the Ilkhanate in Persia , Mongol rulers in China and the Chagatai Khanate were also in turmoil . The plague known as the Black Death , which started in the Mongol dominions and spread to Europe , added to the confusion . Disease devastated all the khanates , cutting off commercial ties and killing millions . Plague may have taken 50 million lives in Europe alone in the 14th century . The Battle of Blue Waters between the armies of Lithuania and the Golden Horde in 1362 As the power of the Mongols declined , chaos erupted throughout the empire as non-Mongol leaders expanded their own influence . The Golden Horde lost all of its western dominions ( including modern Belarus and Ukraine ) to Poland and Lithuania from 1342 to 1369 . Muslim and non-Muslim princes in the Chagatai Khanate warred with each other from 1331 -- 43 , and the Chagatai Khanate disintegrated when non-Genghisid warlords set up their own puppet khans in Transoxiana and Moghulistan . Janibeg Khan ( r . 1342 -- 1357 ) briefly reasserted Jochid dominance over the Chaghataids to restore their former glory . Demanding submission from an offshoot of the Ilkhanate in Azerbaijan , he boasted that `` today three uluses are under my control '' . Crimean Tatar khan , Mengli Giray . However , rival families of the Jochids began fighting for the throne of the Golden Horde after the assassination of his successor Berdibek Khan in 1359 . The last Yuan ruler Toghan Temür ( r . 1333 -- 70 ) was powerless to regulate those troubles because the empire had nearly reached its end . His court 's unbacked currency had entered a hyperinflationary spiral and the Han - Chinese people revolted due to the Yuan 's harsh restrictions . In the 1350s Gongmin of Goryeo successfully pushed Mongolian garrisons back and exterminated the family of Toghan Temür Khan 's empress while Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen managed to eliminate the Mongol influence in Tibet . Increasingly isolated from their subjects , the Mongols quickly lost most of China to the rebellious Ming forces in 1368 and fled to their homeland Mongolia . After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty , the Golden Horde lost touch with Mongolia and China , while the two main parts of the Chagatai Khanate were defeated by Timur ( Tamerlane ) ( 1336 -- 1405 ) , who founded the Timurid Empire . However , remnants of the Chagatai Khanate survived ; the last Chagataid state to survive was the Yarkent Khanate , until its defeat by the Oirat Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680 . The Golden Horde broke into smaller Turkic - hordes that declined steadily in power through four long centuries . Among them , the khanate 's shadow Great Horde survived until 1502 , when one of its successors , the Crimean Khanate , sacked Sarai . The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783 , whereas khanates such as the Khanate of Bukhara and the Kazakh Khanate lasted even longer . Military organization ( edit ) Main article : Mongol military tactics and organization Reconstruction of a Mongol warrior The number of troops mustered by the Mongols is the subject of some scholarly debate , but was at least 105,000 in 1206 . The Mongol military organization was simple but effective , based on the decimal system . The army was built up from squads of ten men each , arbans ( 10 people ) , zuuns ( 100 ) , Mingghans ( 1000 ) , and tumens ( 10,000 ) . The Mongols were most famous for their horse archers , but troops armed with lances were equally skilled , and the Mongols recruited other military talents from the cities they conquered . With experienced Chinese engineers and bombardier corps who were experts in building trebuchets , Xuanfeng catapults and other machines , the Mongols could lay siege to fortified positions , sometimes building machinery on the spot using available local resources . Mongol general Subutai of the Golden Horde Forces under the command of the Mongol Empire were trained , organized , and equipped for mobility and speed . Mongol soldiers were more lightly armored than many of the armies they faced but were able to make up for it with maneuverability . Each Mongol warrior would usually travel with multiple horses , allowing him to quickly switch to a fresh mount as needed . In addition , soldiers of the Mongol army functioned independently of supply lines , considerably speeding up army movement . Skillful use of couriers enabled these armies to maintain contact with each other and their leadership . Discipline was inculcated during a nerge ( traditional hunt ) , as reported by Juvayni . These hunts were distinctive from hunts in other cultures where they were the equivalent to small unit actions . Mongol forces would spread out in a line , surround an entire region , and then drive all of the game within that area together . The goal was to let none of the animals escape and to slaughter them all . Another advantage of the Mongols was their ability to traverse large distances , even in unusually cold winters ; for instance , frozen rivers led them like highways to large urban centers on their banks . In addition to siege engineering , the Mongols were also adept at river - work , crossing the river Sajó in spring flood conditions with thirty thousand cavalry soldiers in a single night during the Battle of Mohi ( April 1241 ) to defeat the Hungarian king Béla IV . Similarly , in the attack against the Muslim Khwarezmshah , a flotilla of barges was used to prevent escape on the river . Traditionally known for their prowess with ground forces , the Mongols rarely used naval power , with a few exceptions . In the 1260s and 1270s they used seapower while conquering the Song dynasty of China , though their attempts to mount seaborne campaigns against Japan were unsuccessful . Around the Eastern Mediterranean , their campaigns were almost exclusively land - based , with the seas controlled by the Crusader and Mamluk forces . All military campaigns were preceded by careful planning , reconnaissance , and gathering sensitive information relating to enemy territories and forces . The success , organization , and mobility of the Mongol armies permitted them to fight on several fronts at once . All adult males up to the age of 60 were eligible for conscription into the army , a source of honor in their tribal warrior tradition . Society ( edit ) Main article : Society of the Mongol Empire Law and governance ( edit ) See also : Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan The executed - long and full beard probably means he is not a Mongol - has been thrown off a cliff . The Mongol Empire was governed by a code of law devised by Genghis , called Yassa , meaning `` order '' or `` decree '' . A particular canon of this code was that those of rank shared much of the same hardship as the common man . It also imposed severe penalties -- e.g. , the death penalty was decreed if one mounted soldier following another did not pick up something dropped from the mount in front . Penalties were also decreed for rape and to some extent for murder . Any resistance to Mongol rule was met with massive collective punishment . Cities were destroyed and their inhabitants slaughtered if they defied Mongol orders . Under Yassa , chiefs and generals were selected based on merit . The empire was governed by a non-democratic , parliamentary - style central assembly , called kurultai , in which the Mongol chiefs met with the great khan to discuss domestic and foreign policies . Kurultais were also convened for the selection of each new great khan . Throughout the empire , trade routes and an extensive postal system ( yam ) were created . Many merchants , messengers , and travelers from China , the Middle East , and Europe used the system . Genghis Khan also created a national seal , encouraged the use of a written alphabet in Mongolia , and exempted teachers , lawyers , and artists from taxes , although taxes were heavy on all other subjects of the empire . At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China , the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia , using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . The Mongols were very tolerant of other religions , and never persecuted people on religious grounds . This was associated with their culture and progressive thought . Some historians of the 20th century thought this was a good military strategy : when Genghis was at war with Sultan Muhammad of Khwarezm , other Islamic leaders did not join the fight , as it was seen as a non-holy war between two individuals . Religions ( edit ) Main article : Religion in the Mongol Empire Persian miniature depicting Ghazan 's conversion from Buddhism to Islam . At the time of Genghis Khan , virtually every religion had found Mongol converts , from Buddhism to Christianity and Manichaeism to Islam , while all religions were accepted in Mongol society . To avoid strife , Genghis Khan set up an institution that ensured complete religious freedom , though he himself was a tengrist or shamanist . Under his administration , all religious leaders were exempt from taxation and from public service . Initially there were few formal places of worship because of the nomadic lifestyle . However , under Ögedei ( 1186 -- 1241 ) , several building projects were undertaken in the Mongol capital of Karakorum . Along with palaces , Ögedei built houses of worship for the Buddhist , Muslim , Christian , and Taoist followers . The dominant religions at that time were Shamanism , Tengrism , and Buddhism , although Ögedei 's wife was a Nestorian Christian . Eventually , each of the successor states adopted the dominant religion of the local populations : the Chinese - Mongolian Yuan dynasty in the East ( originally the great khan 's domain ) embraced Buddhism and Shamanism , while the three Western khanates ( the Central Asian Chagatai Khanate , the Iranian Ilkhanate and the Eastern European Golden Horde ) adopted Islam . Arts and literature ( edit ) See also : List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language is The Secret History of the Mongols , which was written for the royal family some time after Genghis Khan 's death in 1227 . It is the most significant native account of Genghis 's life and genealogy , covering his origins and childhood through to the establishment of the Mongol Empire and the reign of his son , Ögedei . Another classic from the empire is the Jami ' al - tawarikh , or `` Universal History '' . It was commissioned in the early 14th century by the Ilkhan Abaqa Khan as a way of documenting the entire world 's history , to help establish the Mongols ' own cultural legacy . Mongol scribes in the 14th century used a mixture of resin and vegetable pigments as a primitive form of correction fluid ; this is arguably its first known usage . The Mongols also appreciated the visual arts , though their taste in portraiture was strictly focused on portraits of their horses , rather than of people . Mail system ( edit ) Main article : Yam ( route ) A 1305 letter ( on a scroll measuring 302 by 50 centimetres ( 9.91 by 1.64 ft ) ) from the Ilkhan Mongol Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France . The Mongol Empire had an ingenious and efficient mail system for the time , often referred to by scholars as the Yam , which had lavishly - furnished and well - guarded relay posts known as örtöö setup all over the Empire . The yam system would be replicated later in the United States , in the form of the Pony Express . A messenger would typically travel 25 miles ( 40 km ) from one station to the next , either receiving a fresh , rested horse , or relaying the mail to the next rider to ensure the speediest possible delivery . The Mongol riders regularly covered 125 miles ( 200 km ) per day , better than the fastest record set by the Pony Express some 600 years later . Genghis and his successor Ögedei built a wide system of roadways , one of which carved the Altai Range . After his enthronement , Ögedei further organized the road system , ordering the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde to link up roads in western parts of the Mongol Empire . In order to reduce pressure on households , he set up relay stations with attached households every 25 miles ( 40 km ) . Anyone with paiza was allowed to stop there for re-mounts and specified rations , while those carrying military identities used the Yam even without a paiza . When the great khan died in Karakorum , news reached the Mongol forces under Batu Khan in Central Europe within 4 -- 6 weeks thanks to the Yam . Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty , built special relays for high officials , as well as ordinary relays that had hostels . During Kublai 's reign , the Yuan communication system consisted of some 1,400 postal stations , which used 50,000 horses , 8,400 oxen , 6,700 mules , 4,000 carts , and 6,000 boats . In Manchuria and southern Siberia , the Mongols still used dogsled relays for the yam . In the Ilkhanate , Ghazan restored the declining relay system in the Middle East on a restricted scale . He constructed some hostels and decreed that only imperial envoys could receive a stipend . The Jochids of the Golden Horde financed their relay system by a special yam tax . Silk Road ( edit ) Main article : Silk Road See also : Pax Mongolica and Black Death Tuda Mengu of the Golden Horde . The Mongols had a history of supporting merchants and trade . Genghis Khan had encouraged foreign merchants early in his career , even before uniting the Mongols . Merchants provided him with information about neighboring cultures , served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols , and were essential for many needed goods , since the Mongols produced little of their own . Mongols sometimes provided capital for merchants and sent them far afield , in an ortoq ( merchant partner ) arrangement . As the empire grew , any merchants or ambassadors with proper documentation and authorization received protection and sanctuary as they traveled through Mongol realms . Well - traveled and relatively well - maintained roads linked lands from the Mediterranean basin to China , greatly increasing overland trade and resulting in some dramatic stories of those who travelled through what would become known as the Silk Road . Western explorer Marco Polo traveled east along the Silk Road , and the Chinese Mongol monk Rabban Bar Sauma made a comparably epic journey along the route , venturing from his home of Khanbaliq ( Beijing ) as far as Europe . European missionaries , such as William of Rubruck , also traveled to the Mongol court to convert believers to their cause , or went as papal envoys to correspond with Mongol rulers in an attempt to secure a Franco - Mongol alliance . It was rare , however , for anyone to journey the full length of Silk Road . Instead , merchants moved products like a bucket brigade , goods being traded from one middleman to another , moving from China all the way to the West ; the goods moving over such long distances reached extravagant prices . An Islamic gold coin inscribed in the name of Genghis Khan After Genghis , the merchant partner business continued to flourish under his successors Ögedei and Güyük . Merchants brought clothing , food , information , and other provisions to the imperial palaces , and in return the great khans gave the merchants tax exemptions and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire . Merchants also served as tax farmers in China , Russia and Iran . If the merchants were attacked by bandits , losses were made up from the imperial treasury . Policies changed under the Great Khan Möngke . Because of money laundering and overtaxing , he attempted to limit abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the ortoq businesses . He decreed all merchants must pay commercial and property taxes , and he paid off all drafts drawn by high - ranking Mongol elites from the merchants . This policy continued in the Yuan dynasty . The fall of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century led to the collapse of the political , cultural , and economic unity along the Silk Road . Turkic tribes seized the western end of the route from the Byzantine Empire , sowing the seeds of a Turkic culture that would later crystallize into the Ottoman Empire under the Sunni faith . In the East , the native Chinese overthrew the Yuan dynasty in 1368 , launching their own Ming dynasty and pursuing a policy of economic isolationism . Legacy ( edit ) See also : History of Mongolia Map showing the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today 's Mongols in Mongolia , Russia , the Central Asian States , and China The Mongol Empire -- at its height the largest contiguous empire in history -- had a lasting impact , unifying large regions . Some of these ( such as eastern and western Russia and the western parts of China ) remain unified today , albeit under different rulership . Mongols other than the main population might have been assimilated into local populations after the fall of the empire , and some of these descendants adopted local religions -- for example , the eastern khanate largely adopted Buddhism , and the three western khanates adopted Islam , largely under Sufi influence . According to some interpretations , Genghis Khan 's conquests caused wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale in certain geographical regions , leading to changes in the demographics of Asia , such as the mass migration of the Iranian tribes of Central Asia into modern - day Iran . The Islamic world was also subject to massive changes as a result of Mongol invasions . The population of the Iranian plateau suffered from widespread disease and famine , resulting in the deaths of up to three - quarters of its population , possibly 10 to 15 million people . Historian Steven Ward estimates that Iran 's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century . Non-military achievements of the Mongol Empire included the introduction of a writing system , a Mongol alphabet based on Uyghur language characters , that is still used today in Inner Mongolia . Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde initiate the Siege of Moscow ( 1382 ) . Some of the other long - term consequences of the Mongol Empire include : Moscow rose to prominence during the Mongol - Tatar yoke , some time after Russian rulers were accorded the status of tax collectors for the Mongols . The fact that the Russians collected tribute and taxes for the Mongols meant that the Mongols themselves would rarely visit the lands that they owned . The Russians eventually gained military power , and their ruler Ivan III overthrew the Mongols completely to form the Russian Tsardom . After the Great stand on the Ugra river proved the Mongols vulnerable , the Grand Duke of Moscow gained independence . Europe 's knowledge of the known world was immensely expanded by the information brought back by ambassadors and merchants . When Columbus sailed in 1492 , his missions were to reach Cathay , the land of the Grand Khan in China , and give him a letter from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . Some studies indicate that the Black Death that devastated Europe in the late 1340s may have traveled from China to Europe along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire . In 1347 , the Genoese possessor of Caffa , a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula , came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg . After a protracted siege during which the Mongol army was reportedly withering from the disease , they decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon . The corpses were catapulted over the city walls , infecting the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled , transferring the plague via their ships into the south of Europe , whence it rapidly spread . The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people , with an estimated 20 million deaths in Europe alone . Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260 . Western researcher R.J. Rummel estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire . This is a low - end estimate , as some estimates go as high as 80 million , with 50 million deaths being the middle ground . The population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule . Before the Mongol invasion , the territories of the Chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants ; after the conquest was completed in 1279 , the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people . While it is tempting to attribute this major decline solely to Mongol ferocity , scholars today have mixed opinions regarding this subject . Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than a de facto decrease , whilst others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols reduced much of the south Chinese population , and very debatably of the Han Chinese population , to an invisible status through cancellation of the right to passports and denial of the right to direct land ownership . This meant that the Chinese had to depend on and be cared for chiefly by Mongols and Tartars , which also involved recruitment into the Mongol army . Other historians such as William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period . David Nicole states in The Mongol Warlords , `` terror and mass extermination of anyone opposing them was a well tested Mongol tactic . '' About half of the Russian population may have died during the invasion . However , Colin McEvedy ( Atlas of World Population History , 1978 ) estimates the population of Russia - in - Europe dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards . Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary 's two million population at that time were victims of the Mongol invasion . Historian Andrea Peto says that Rogerius , an eyewitness , said `` the Mongols killed everybody regardless of gender or age '' and that `` the Mongols especially ' found pleasure ' in humiliating women . '' The first Mughal Emperor Babur and his heir Humayun . One of the more successful tactics employed by the Mongols was to wipe out urban populations that refused to surrender . In the Mongol invasion of Rus ' , almost all major cities were destroyed . If they chose to submit , the people were generally spared , though this was not guaranteed . For example , the city of Hamadan in modern - day Iran was destroyed and every man , woman , and child executed by Mongol general Subadai , after surrendering to him but failing to have enough provisions for his Mongol scouting force . Several days after the initial razing of the city , Subadai sent a force back to the burning ruins and the site of the massacre to kill any inhabitants of the city who had been away at the time of the initial slaughter and had returned in the meantime . Mongolian armies made use of local peoples and their soldiers , often incorporating them into their armies . Prisoners of war sometimes were given the choice between death and becoming part of the Mongol army to aid in future conquests . In addition to intimidation tactics , the rapid expansion of the empire was facilitated by military hardiness ( especially during bitterly cold winters ) , military skill , meritocracy , and discipline . Kalmyk migration from Russia to China in 1770 -- 1771 The Crimean Khanate and other descendants , such as the Mughal royal family of South Asia , are also descended from Genghis Khan : Babur 's mother was a descendant -- whereas his father was directly descended from Timur ( Tamerlane ) . The word `` Mughol '' is a Persian word for Mongol . The Kalmyks were the last Mongol nomads to penetrate European territory , having migrated to Europe from Central Asia at the turn of the 17th century . In the winter of 1770 -- 1771 , approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria , through the territories of their Kazakh and Kyrgyz enemies . After several months of travel , only one - third of the original group reached Dzungaria in northwest China . Some Turko - Mongol Khanates lasted into recent centuries : The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783 ; the Khanate of Bukhara until 1920 ; the Kazakh Khanate until 1847 ; the Khanate of Kokand until 1876 ; and the Khanate of Khiva survived under a Russian protectorate until 1917 . See also ( edit ) Mughal - Mongol genealogy Destruction under the Mongol Empire Yelü Chucai References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 499 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . JSTOR 2600793 . Jump up ^ Morgan . The Mongols . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Diamond . Guns , Germs , and Steel . p. 367 . Jump up ^ The Mongols and Russia , by George Vernadsky Jump up ^ Gregory G. Guzman `` Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history ? '' , The Historian 50 ( 1988 ) , 568 - 70 . Jump up ^ Allsen . Culture and Conquest . p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` The Islamic World to 1600 : The Golden Horde '' . University of Calgary . 1998 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Biran . Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia . The Curzon Press , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0631 - 3 Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China : Alien Regimes and Border States . p. 413 . Jump up ^ Jackson . Mongols and the West . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Allsen . Culture and Conquest . pp. xiii , 235 . Jump up ^ Sanders . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Saunders . History of the Mongol conquests . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Rybatzki . p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Neil Pederson . `` Pluvials , droughts , the Mongol Empire , and modern Mongolia '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 : 4375 -- 4379 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1318677111 . Jump up ^ E.D. Philips The Mongols Pg. 37 ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 49 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Riasanovsky . Fundamental Principles of Mongol law . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Ratchnevsky . p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Secret history . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Vladimortsov . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Man , John ( 2004 ) . Genghis Khan : Life , Death , and Resurrection . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Morgan . pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Michael Dillon ( 1999 ) . China 's Muslim Hui community : migration , settlement and sects . Richmond : Curzon Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1026 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Johan Elverskog ( 2010 ) . Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 228 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 4237 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Donald Daniel ( 1998 ) . `` The Integration of Religious Minorities in China : The Case of Chinese Muslims '' ( PDF ) . The Fifty - ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Man . Genghis Khan . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Saunders . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Atwood . p. 277 . Jump up ^ Rossabi . p. 221 . Jump up ^ Atwood . p. 509 . Jump up ^ Collectif 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ May 2004 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schram 1987 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ eds . Seaman , Marks 1991 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : ed. de Rachewiltz 1993 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Kinoshita 2013 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ ( books.google.com/books ? id = nCIPD1V39QkC&pg = PA14 # v = onepage&q&f = false Watt 2010 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kinoshita 2013 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Hucker 1985 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ May . Chormaqan . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Amitai . The Mamluk - Ilkhanid war Jump up ^ Grousset . p. 259 . Jump up ^ Burgan . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy May . Chormaqan . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Kiev '' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson . Delhi Sultanate . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Bor . p. 186 . Jump up ^ Atwood . p. 297 . Jump up ^ Henthorn , William E. ( 1963 ) . Korea : the Mongol invasions . E.J. Brill . pp. 160 , 183 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherford . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Matthew Paris . English History ( trans . by J.A. Giles ) . p. 348 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson . Mongols and the West . p. 95 . Jump up ^ The Academy of Russian science and the academy of Mongolian science Tataro - Mongols in Europe and Asia . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Man . Kublai Khan . p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood . p. 255 . Jump up ^ D. Bayarsaikhan . Ezen khaaniig Ismailiinhan horooson uu ( Did the Ismailis kill the great khan ) Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood . p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Guzman , Gregory G. ( Spring 2010 ) . `` European Captives and Craftsmen Among the Mongols , 1231 -- 1255 '' . The Historian. 72 ( 1 ) : 122 -- 150 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2009. 00259. x . ^ Jump up to : Allsen . Mongol Imperialism . p. 280 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 132 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 127 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Lane . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Wassaf . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson . Mongols and the West . p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Barthold . Turkestan . p. 488 . Jump up ^ L.N. Gumilev , A. Kruchki . Black legend Jump up ^ Barthold . Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion . p. 446 . Jump up ^ Prawdin . Mongol Empire and Its Legacy . p. 302 . Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Man . Kublai Khan . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Sh. Tseyen - Oidov -- Ibid . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Man . Kublai Khan . p. 207 . Jump up ^ `` Ham sắc , Tô Trung Từ tự hại mình access - date = 2017 - 03 - 09 '' . Jump up ^ `` Nhà Trần khởi nghiệp '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 ) . A history of Vietnam : from Hong Bang to Tu Duc . Greenwood Press . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29622 - 7 . Jump up ^ Taylor , K.W. ( 2013 ) . A history of the Vietnamese ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 103 , 120 . ISBN 978 - 0521699150 . Jump up ^ K.W. Taylor ( 9 May 2013 ) . A History of the Vietnamese . Cambridge University Press . pp. 120 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87586 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kenneth R. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Secondary cities and urban networking in the Indian Ocean Realm , c. 1400 - 1800 . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0739128350 . Jump up ^ Jayne Werner ; John K. Whitmore ; George Dutton ( 21 August 2012 ) . Sources of Vietnamese Tradition . Columbia University Press . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 51110 - 0 ... Jump up ^ Geoffrey C. Gunn ( 1 August 2011 ) . History Without Borders : The Making of an Asian World Region , 1000 - 1800 . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 988 - 8083 - 34 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ainslie Thomas Embree ; Robin Jeanne Lewis ( 1988 ) . Encyclopedia of Asian history . Scribner . p. 190 . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Alexander Woodside ( 1971 ) . Vietnam and the Chinese Model : A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century . Harvard Univ Asia Center . pp. 8 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 93721 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 195 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky . The Mongols and Russia . pp. 344 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Henryk Samsonowicz , Maria Bogucka . A Republic of Nobles . p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Prawdin . Jump up ^ d. Ohson . History of the Mongols . p. II . p. 355 . Jump up ^ Sh. Tseyen - Oidov . Genghis bogdoos Ligden khutagt khurtel ( khaad ) . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky -- The Mongols and Russia . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Oljeitu 's letter to Philipp the Fair Jump up ^ J.J. Saunders The History of the Mongol conquests Jump up ^ Howorth . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky . p. 93 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China : Volume 6 , by Denis C. Twitchett , Herbert Franke , John King Fairbank , p413 Jump up ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France . Département des Manuscrits . Division occidentale . Nouvelle acquisition française 886 , fol . 37v Jump up ^ Allsen . Culture and Conquest . pp. 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ René Grousset . The Empire of the Steppes Jump up ^ Atwood . p. 445 . Jump up ^ Atwood . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Allsen . Culture and Conquest . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Franke . pp. 541 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ole Jørgen Benedictow , The Black Death , 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History ( 2004 ) , p. 382 . ^ Jump up to : Prawdin . p. 379 . Jump up ^ Halperin . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Sverdrup . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Sverdrup . p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 80 -- 81 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan . The Mongols . pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Morgan . Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean Jump up ^ Morgan . The Mongols . p. 75 Jump up ^ San , T. `` Dynastic China : An Elementary History '' . pg 297 Jump up ^ Buell , Paul D. ( 1979 ) . `` Sino - Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara '' . Journal of Asian History . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 137 -- 38 . JSTOR 41930343 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Weatherford . p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Foltz . pp. 105 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Ezzati . The Spread of Islam : The Contributing Factors . p. 274 . Jump up ^ Bukharaev . Islam in Russia : The Four Seasons . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Hull . The Mongol Empire . p. 60 Jump up ^ Chambers , James . The Devil 's Horsemen Atheneum , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 689 - 10942 - 3 Jump up ^ Secret History of the Mongols Jump up ^ Guoli Liu Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition . p. 364 Jump up ^ Timothy May ( February 2008 ) . `` The Mongol Empire in World History '' . World History Connected . University of Illinois . 5 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ R. Ward , Steven ( 2009 ) . Immortal : A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces . Georgetown University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 1 - 58901 - 258 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Reinhard F. ( 1991 ) . Spoken Uyghur . London and Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98651 - 7 . Jump up ^ Svat Soucek . A History of Inner Asia . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65704 - 0 . P. 116 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mongol Conquests '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of Russia , Early Slavs history , Kievan Rus , Mongol invasion '' . Parallelsixty.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Mongol invasion : the last Arpad kings '' . Britannica.com. 2013 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Andrea Peto in Richard Bessel ; Dirk Schumann ( 2003 ) . Life After Death : Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s . Cambridge University Press . p. 143 . Jump up ^ The Story of the Mongols Whom We Call the Tartars = Historia Mongalorum Quo s Nos Tartaros Appellamus : Friar Giovanni Di Plano Carpini 's Account of His Embassy to the Court of the Mongol Khan by Da Pian Del Carpine Giovanni and Erik Hildinger ( Branden BooksApril 1996 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8283 - 2017 - 7 ) Jump up ^ Michael Khodarkovsky ( 2002 ). `` Russia 's Steppe Frontier : The Making Of A Colonial Empire , 1500 -- 1800 '' . Indiana University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 0253217709 Sources ( edit ) Allsen , Thomas T. ( 1987 ) . Mongol Imperialism : The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China , Russia , and the Islamic Lands , 1251 -- 1259 . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520055278 . Allsen , Thomas T. ( 2004 ) . Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60270 - 9 . Amitai - Preiss , Reuven ( 1995 ) . Mongols and Mamluks : The Mamluk - Ilkhanid War , 1260 -- 1281 . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46226 - 6 . Atwood , Christopher P. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire . New York : Facts on File , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4671 - 9 . Barfield , Thomas Jefferson ( 1992 ) . The perilous frontier : nomadic empires and China . Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 324 - 9 . Burgan , Michael ( 2005 ) . Empire of the Mongols . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0318 - 1 . Diamond , Jared ( 1997 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0393317558 . Finlay , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Pilgrim Art : Cultures of Porcelain in World History . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24468 - 9 . Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23338 - 8 . Franke , Herbert ( 1994 ) . Twitchett , Denis ; Fairbank , John King , eds . Alien Regimes and Border States , 907 -- 1368 . The Cambridge History of China . 6 . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24331 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes : A History of Central Asia ( translated from French by Naomi Walford ) . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . Halperin , Charles J. ( 1985 ) . Russia and the Golden Horde : The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20445 - 3 . Howorth , Henry H. ( 1965 ) ( London edition , 1876 ) . History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century : Part I : The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks . New York : Burt Frankin . Hull , Mary . ( 1997 ) . The Mongol Empire ( World History Series ) . Greenhaven Press . ISBN 978 - 1560063124 . Jackson , Peter ( 1978 ) . `` The dissolution of the Mongol Empire '' . Central Asiatic Journal . XXXII : 208 -- 351 . Jackson , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military History . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54329 - 0 . Jackson , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Mongols and the West : 1221 -- 1410 . Harlow , UK ; New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 36896 - 5 . Lane , George ( 2006 ) . Daily life in the Mongol empire . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33226 - 5 . Man , John ( 2004 ) . Genghis Khan : Life , death and resurrection . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 36624 - 7 . Man , John ( 2007 ) . Kublai Khan : from Xanadu to superpower . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 81718 - 8 . Morgan , David ( June 1989 ) . Arbel , B. ; et al. , eds . `` The Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean : Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204 '' . Mediterranean Historical Review . Tel Aviv , Illinois : Routledge. 4 ( 1 ) : 204 . doi : 10.1080 / 09518968908569567 . ISSN 0951 - 8967 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Morgan , David ( 2007 ) . The Mongols ( 2nd ed . ) . Malden , Massachusetts ; Oxford , UK ; Carlton , Victoria , Australia : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3539 - 9 . Prawdin , Michael ( pseudonym for Charol , Michael ) ( 1961 ) ( 1940 ) . Mongol Empire . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Collier - Macmillan Canada . ISBN 1 - 4128 - 0519 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Ratchnevsky , Paul ( 1993 ) . Haining , Thomas Nivison ( translator ) , ed . Genghis Khan : His Life and Legacy . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0631189497 . Rossabi , Morris ( 1983 ) . China Among Equals : The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors , 10th -- 14th Centuries . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04383 - 9 . Sanders , Alan J.K. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Mongolia . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6191 - 6 . Saunders , John Joseph ( 2001 ) . The history of the Mongol conquests . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1766 - 7 . Rybatzki , Volker ( 2009 ) . The Early Mongols : Language , Culture and History . Indiana University . ISBN 978 - 0933070578 . Sverdrup , Carl ( November 2010 ) . `` Numbers in Mongol Warfare '' . In Rogers , Clifford J. ; DeVries , Kelly ; France , John . Journal of Medieval Military History . 8 . Woodbridge , Suffolk , UK : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 596 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Vladimortsov , Boris ( 1969 ) . The Life of Chingis Khan . B. Blom . Weatherford , Jack ( 2004 ) . Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80964 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Brent , Peter . The Mongol Empire : Genghis Khan : His Triumph and his Legacy . Book Club Associates , London . 1976 . Buell , Paul D. ( 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire . The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4571 - 7 . Cleaves , Francis Woodman. 1954 . `` A Medical Practice of the Mongols in the Thirteenth Century '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 17 ( 3 / 4 ) . Harvard - Yenching Institute : 428 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2718323 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718323 Halperin , Charles J ... 1983 . `` Russia in the Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43 ( 1 ) . Harvard - Yenching Institute : 239 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2719023 . Findlay , Ronald , and Mats Lundahl. 2016 . `` The First Globalization Episode : The Creation of the Mongol Empire , or the Economics of Chinggis Khan . '' in The Economics of the Frontier , pp 173 - 221 May , Timothy . `` The Mongol Art of War . '' Westholme Publishing , Yardley. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 046 - 2 / ISBN 1 - 59416 - 046 - 5 May , Timothy . The Mongol Conquests in World History ( Reaktion Books , distributed by University of Chicago Press ; 2012 ) 319 pages Ostrowski , Donald . 1998 . `` The `` tamma '' and the Dual - administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London 61 ( 2 ) . Cambridge University Press : 262 -- 77 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/3107652 . Rossabi , Morris . The Mongols : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0199840892 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mongol Empire . 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-6343539699073914942 | Data model | Data model - wikipedia Data model Jump to : navigation , search A data model ( or datamodel ) is a set of tables , linked by relationships and is an abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate to one another and to properties of the real world entities . For instance , a data model may specify that the data element representing a car be composed of a number of other elements which , in turn , represent the color and size of the car and define its owner . The term data model is used in two distinct but closely related senses . Sometimes it refers to an abstract formalization of the objects and relationships found in a particular application domain , for example the customers , products , and orders found in a manufacturing organization . At other times it refers to a set of concepts used in defining such formalizations : for example concepts such as entities , attributes , relations , or tables . So the `` data model '' of a banking application may be defined using the entity - relationship `` data model '' . This article uses the term in both senses . Overview of data modeling context : Data model is based on Data , Data relationship , Data semantic and Data constraint . A data model provides the details of information to be stored , and is of primary use when the final product is the generation of computer software code for an application or the preparation of a functional specification to aid a computer software make - or - buy decision . The figure is an example of the interaction between process and data models . A data model explicitly determines the structure of data . Data models are specified in a data modeling notation , which is often graphical in form . A data model can sometimes be referred to as a data structure , especially in the context of programming languages . Data models are often complemented by function models , especially in the context of enterprise models . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 The role of data models 1.2 Three perspectives 2 History 3 Types of data models 3.1 Database model 3.2 Data structure diagram 3.3 Entity - relationship model 3.4 Geographic data model 3.5 Generic data model 3.6 Semantic data model 4 Data model topics 4.1 Data architecture 4.2 Data modeling 4.3 Data properties 4.4 Data organization 4.5 Data structure 4.6 Data model theory 4.7 Patterns 5 Related models 5.1 Data flow diagram 5.2 Information model 5.3 Object model 5.4 Object - Role Model 5.5 Unified Modeling Language models 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Overview ( edit ) Managing large quantities of structured and unstructured data is a primary function of information systems . Data models describe the structure , manipulation and integrity aspects of the data stored in data management systems such as relational databases . They typically do not describe unstructured data , such as word processing documents , email messages , pictures , digital audio , and video . The Role of data models ( edit ) How data models deliver benefit The main aim of data models is to support the development of information systems by providing the definition and format of data . According to West and Fowler ( 1999 ) `` if this is done consistently across systems then compatibility of data can be achieved . If the same data structures are used to store and access data then different applications can share data . The results of this are indicated above . However , systems and interfaces often cost more than they should , to build , operate , and maintain . They may also constrain the business rather than support it . A major cause is that the quality of the data models implemented in systems and interfaces is poor '' . `` Business rules , specific to how things are done in a particular place , are often fixed in the structure of a data model . This means that small changes in the way business is conducted lead to large changes in computer systems and interfaces '' . `` Entity types are often not identified , or incorrectly identified . This can lead to replication of data , data structure , and functionality , together with the attendant costs of that duplication in development and maintenance '' . `` Data models for different systems are arbitrarily different . The result of this is that complex interfaces are required between systems that share data . These interfaces can account for between 25 - 70 % of the cost of current systems '' . `` Data can not be shared electronically with customers and suppliers , because the structure and meaning of data has not been standardized . For example , engineering design data and drawings for process plant are still sometimes exchanged on paper '' . The reason for these problems is a lack of standards that will ensure that data models will both meet business needs and be consistent . A data model explicitly determines the structure of data . Typical applications of data models include database models , design of information systems , and enabling exchange of data . Usually data models are specified in a data modeling language. ( 3 ) Three perspectives ( edit ) The ANSI / SPARC three level architecture . This shows that a data model can be an external model ( or view ) , a conceptual model , or a physical model . This is not the only way to look at data models , but it is a useful way , particularly when comparing models . A data model instance may be one of three kinds according to ANSI in 1975 : Conceptual data model : describes the semantics of a domain , being the scope of the model . For example , it may be a model of the interest area of an organization or industry . This consists of entity classes , representing kinds of things of significance in the domain , and relationship assertions about associations between pairs of entity classes . A conceptual schema specifies the kinds of facts or propositions that can be expressed using the model . In that sense , it defines the allowed expressions in an artificial ' language ' with a scope that is limited by the scope of the model . Logical data model : describes the semantics , as represented by a particular data manipulation technology . This consists of descriptions of tables and columns , object oriented classes , and XML tags , among other things . Physical data model : describes the physical means by which data are stored . This is concerned with partitions , CPUs , tablespaces , and the like . The significance of this approach , according to ANSI , is that it allows the three perspectives to be relatively independent of each other . Storage technology can change without affecting either the logical or the conceptual model . The table / column structure can change without ( necessarily ) affecting the conceptual model . In each case , of course , the structures must remain consistent with the other model . The table / column structure may be different from a direct translation of the entity classes and attributes , but it must ultimately carry out the objectives of the conceptual entity class structure . Early phases of many software development projects emphasize the design of a conceptual data model . Such a design can be detailed into a logical data model . In later stages , this model may be translated into physical data model . However , it is also possible to implement a conceptual model directly . History ( edit ) One of the earliest pioneering works in modelling information systems was done by Young and Kent ( 1958 ) , who argued for `` a precise and abstract way of specifying the informational and time characteristics of a data processing problem '' . They wanted to create `` a notation that should enable the analyst to organize the problem around any piece of hardware '' . Their work was a first effort to create an abstract specification and invariant basis for designing different alternative implementations using different hardware components . A next step in IS modelling was taken by CODASYL , an IT industry consortium formed in 1959 , who essentially aimed at the same thing as Young and Kent : the development of `` a proper structure for machine independent problem definition language , at the system level of data processing '' . This led to the development of a specific IS information algebra . In the 1960s data modeling gained more significance with the initiation of the management information system ( MIS ) concept . According to Leondes ( 2002 ) , `` during that time , the information system provided the data and information for management purposes . The first generation database system , called Integrated Data Store ( IDS ) , was designed by Charles Bachman at General Electric . Two famous database models , the network data model and the hierarchical data model , were proposed during this period of time '' . Towards the end of the 1960s , Edgar F. Codd worked out his theories of data arrangement , and proposed the relational model for database management based on first - order predicate logic . In the 1970s entity relationship modeling emerged as a new type of conceptual data modeling , originally proposed in 1976 by Peter Chen . Entity relationship models were being used in the first stage of information system design during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database . This technique can describe any ontology , i.e. , an overview and classification of concepts and their relationships , for a certain area of interest . In the 1970s G.M. Nijssen developed `` Natural Language Information Analysis Method '' ( NIAM ) method , and developed this in the 1980s in cooperation with Terry Halpin into Object - Role Modeling ( ORM ) . However , it was Terry Halpin 's 1989 PhD thesis that created the formal foundation on which Object - Role Modeling is based . Bill Kent , in his 1978 book Data and Reality , compared a data model to a map of a territory , emphasizing that in the real world , `` highways are not painted red , rivers do n't have county lines running down the middle , and you ca n't see contour lines on a mountain '' . In contrast to other researchers who tried to create models that were mathematically clean and elegant , Kent emphasized the essential messiness of the real world , and the task of the data modeller to create order out of chaos without excessively distorting the truth . In the 1980s , according to Jan L. Harrington ( 2000 ) , `` the development of the object - oriented paradigm brought about a fundamental change in the way we look at data and the procedures that operate on data . Traditionally , data and procedures have been stored separately : the data and their relationship in a database , the procedures in an application program . Object orientation , however , combined an entity 's procedure with its data . '' Types of data models ( edit ) Database model ( edit ) Main article : Database model A database model is a specification describing how a database is structured and used . Several such models have been suggested . Common models include : Flat model This may not strictly qualify as a data model . The flat ( or table ) model consists of a single , two - dimensional array of data elements , where all members of a given column are assumed to be similar values , and all members of a row are assumed to be related to one another . Hierarchical model The hierarchical model is similar to the network model except that links in the hierarchical model form a tree structure , while the network model allows arbitrary graph . Network model This model organizes data using two fundamental constructs , called records and sets . Records contain fields , and sets define one - to - many relationships between records : one owner , many members. The network data model is an abstraction of the design concept used in the implementation of databases . Relational model is a database model based on first - order predicate logic . Its core idea is to describe a database as a collection of predicates over a finite set of predicate variables , describing constraints on the possible values and combinations of values. The power of the relational data model lies in its mathematical foundations and a simple user - level paradigm . Object - relational model Similar to a relational database model , but objects , classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language . Star schema The simplest style of data warehouse schema . The star schema consists of a few `` fact tables '' ( possibly only one , justifying the name ) referencing any number of `` dimension tables '' . The star schema is considered an important special case of the snowflake schema . Flat model Hierarchical model Network model Relational model Concept - oriented model Star schema Data structure diagram ( edit ) Main article : Data structure diagram Example of a Data Structure Diagram A data structure diagram ( DSD ) is a diagram and data model used to describe conceptual data models by providing graphical notations which document entities and their relationships , and the constraints that bind them . The basic graphic elements of DSDs are boxes , representing entities , and arrows , representing relationships . Data structure diagrams are most useful for documenting complex data entities . Data structure diagrams are an extension of the entity - relationship model ( ER model ) . In DSDs , attributes are specified inside the entity boxes rather than outside of them , while relationships are drawn as boxes composed of attributes which specify the constraints that bind entities together . DSDs differ from the ER model in that the ER model focuses on the relationships between different entities , whereas DSDs focus on the relationships of the elements within an entity and enable users to fully see the links and relationships between each entity . There are several styles for representing data structure diagrams , with the notable difference in the manner of defining cardinality . The choices are between arrow heads , inverted arrow heads ( crow 's feet ) , or numerical representation of the cardinality . Example of an IDEF1X Entity relationship diagrams used to model IDEF1X itself Entity - relationship model ( edit ) Main article : Entity - relationship model An entity - relationship model ( ERM ) , sometimes referred to as an entity - relationship diagram ( ERD ) , could be used to represent an abstract conceptual data model ( or semantic data model or physical data model ) used in software engineering to represent structured data . There are several notations used for ERMs . Like DSD 's , attributes are specified inside the entity boxes rather than outside of them , while relationships are drawn as lines , with the relationship constraints as descriptions on the line . The E-R model , while robust , can become visually cumbersome when representing entities with several attributes . There are several styles for representing data structure diagrams , with the notable difference in the manner of defining cardinality . The choices are between arrow heads , inverted arrow heads ( crow 's feet ) , or numerical representation of the cardinality . Geographic data model ( edit ) Main article : Data model ( GIS ) A data model in Geographic information systems is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data . For example , the vector data model represents geography as collections of points , lines , and polygons ; the raster data model represent geography as cell matrixes that store numeric values ; and the Triangulated irregular network ( TIN ) data model represents geography as sets of contiguous , nonoverlapping triangles . Groups relate to process of making a map NGMDB data model applications NGMDB databases linked together Representing 3D map information Generic data model ( edit ) Main article : Generic data model Generic data models are generalizations of conventional data models . They define standardised general relation types , together with the kinds of things that may be related by such a relation type . Generic data models are developed as an approach to solve some shortcomings of conventional data models . For example , different modelers usually produce different conventional data models of the same domain . This can lead to difficulty in bringing the models of different people together and is an obstacle for data exchange and data integration . Invariably , however , this difference is attributable to different levels of abstraction in the models and differences in the kinds of facts that can be instantiated ( the semantic expression capabilities of the models ) . The modelers need to communicate and agree on certain elements which are to be rendered more concretely , in order to make the differences less significant . Semantic data model ( edit ) Main article : Semantic data model Semantic data models A semantic data model in software engineering is a technique to define the meaning of data within the context of its interrelationships with other data . A semantic data model is an abstraction which defines how the stored symbols relate to the real world . A semantic data model is sometimes called a conceptual data model . The logical data structure of a database management system ( DBMS ) , whether hierarchical , network , or relational , can not totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS . Therefore , the need to define data from a conceptual view has led to the development of semantic data modeling techniques . That is , techniques to define the meaning of data within the context of its interrelationships with other data . As illustrated in the figure . The real world , in terms of resources , ideas , events , etc. , are symbolically defined within physical data stores . A semantic data model is an abstraction which defines how the stored symbols relate to the real world . Thus , the model must be a true representation of the real world . Data model topics ( edit ) Data architecture ( edit ) Main article : Data architecture Data architecture is the design of data for use in defining the target state and the subsequent planning needed to hit the target state . It is usually one of several architecture domains that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture or solution architecture . A data architecture describes the data structures used by a business and / or its applications . There are descriptions of data in storage and data in motion ; descriptions of data stores , data groups and data items ; and mappings of those data artifacts to data qualities , applications , locations etc . Essential to realizing the target state , Data architecture describes how data is processed , stored , and utilized in a given system . It provides criteria for data processing operations that make it possible to design data flows and also control the flow of data in the system . Data modeling ( edit ) Main article : Data modeling The data modeling process Data modeling in software engineering is the process of creating a data model by applying formal data model descriptions using data modeling techniques . Data modeling is a technique for defining business requirements for a database . It is sometimes called database modeling because a data model is eventually implemented in a database . The figure illustrates the way data models are developed and used today . A conceptual data model is developed based on the data requirements for the application that is being developed , perhaps in the context of an activity model . The data model will normally consist of entity types , attributes , relationships , integrity rules , and the definitions of those objects . This is then used as the start point for interface or database design . Data properties ( edit ) Some important properties of data for which requirements need to be met are : definition - related properties relevance : the usefulness of the data in the context of your business . clarity : the availability of a clear and shared definition for the data . consistency : the compatibility of the same type of data from different sources . Some important properties of data content - related properties timeliness : the availability of data at the time required and how up to date that data is . accuracy : how close to the truth the data is . properties related to both definition and content completeness : how much of the required data is available . accessibility : where , how , and to whom the data is available or not available ( e.g. security ) . cost : the cost incurred in obtaining the data , and making it available for use . Data organization ( edit ) Another kind of data model describes how to organize data using a database management system or other data management technology . It describes , for example , relational tables and columns or object - oriented classes and attributes . Such a data model is sometimes referred to as the physical data model , but in the original ANSI three schema architecture , it is called `` logical '' . In that architecture , the physical model describes the storage media ( cylinders , tracks , and tablespaces ) . Ideally , this model is derived from the more conceptual data model described above . It may differ , however , to account for constraints like processing capacity and usage patterns . While data analysis is a common term for data modeling , the activity actually has more in common with the ideas and methods of synthesis ( inferring general concepts from particular instances ) than it does with analysis ( identifying component concepts from more general ones ) . ( Presumably we call ourselves systems analysts because no one can say systems synthesists . ) Data modeling strives to bring the data structures of interest together into a cohesive , inseparable , whole by eliminating unnecessary data redundancies and by relating data structures with relationships . A different approach is to use adaptive systems such as artificial neural networks that can autonomously create implicit models of data . Data structure ( edit ) Main article : Data structure A binary tree , a simple type of branching linked data structure A data structure is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently . It is an organization of mathematical and logical concepts of data . Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used . The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type . A data model describes the structure of the data within a given domain and , by implication , the underlying structure of that domain itself . This means that a data model in fact specifies a dedicated grammar for a dedicated artificial language for that domain . A data model represents classes of entities ( kinds of things ) about which a company wishes to hold information , the attributes of that information , and relationships among those entities and ( often implicit ) relationships among those attributes . The model describes the organization of the data to some extent irrespective of how data might be represented in a computer system . The entities represented by a data model can be the tangible entities , but models that include such concrete entity classes tend to change over time . Robust data models often identify abstractions of such entities . For example , a data model might include an entity class called `` Person '' , representing all the people who interact with an organization . Such an abstract entity class is typically more appropriate than ones called `` Vendor '' or `` Employee '' , which identify specific roles played by those people . Array Hash table Linked list Stack ( data structure ) Data model theory ( edit ) The term data model can have two meanings : A data model theory , i.e. a formal description of how data may be structured and accessed . A data model instance , i.e. applying a data model theory to create a practical data model instance for some particular application . A data model theory has three main components : The structural part : a collection of data structures which are used to create databases representing the entities or objects modeled by the database . The integrity part : a collection of rules governing the constraints placed on these data structures to ensure structural integrity . The manipulation part : a collection of operators which can be applied to the data structures , to update and query the data contained in the database . For example , in the relational model , the structural part is based on a modified concept of the mathematical relation ; the integrity part is expressed in first - order logic and the manipulation part is expressed using the relational algebra , tuple calculus and domain calculus . A data model instance is created by applying a data model theory . This is typically done to solve some business enterprise requirement . Business requirements are normally captured by a semantic logical data model . This is transformed into a physical data model instance from which is generated a physical database . For example , a data modeler may use a data modeling tool to create an entity - relationship model of the corporate data repository of some business enterprise . This model is transformed into a relational model , which in turn generates a relational database . Patterns ( edit ) Patterns are common data modeling structures that occur in many data models . Related models ( edit ) Data flow diagram ( edit ) Main article : Data flow diagram Data Flow Diagram example A data flow diagram ( DFD ) is a graphical representation of the `` flow '' of data through an information system . It differs from the flowchart as it shows the data flow instead of the control flow of the program . A data flow diagram can also be used for the visualization of data processing ( structured design ) . Data flow diagrams were invented by Larry Constantine , the original developer of structured design , based on Martin and Estrin 's `` data flow graph '' model of computation . It is common practice to draw a context - level Data flow diagram first which shows the interaction between the system and outside entities . The DFD is designed to show how a system is divided into smaller portions and to highlight the flow of data between those parts . This context - level Data flow diagram is then `` exploded '' to show more detail of the system being modeled Information model ( edit ) Main article : Information model Example of an EXPRESS G Information model An Information model is not a type of data model , but more or less an alternative model . Within the field of software engineering both a data model and an information model can be abstract , formal representations of entity types that includes their properties , relationships and the operations that can be performed on them . The entity types in the model may be kinds of real - world objects , such as devices in a network , or they may themselves be abstract , such as for the entities used in a billing system . Typically , they are used to model a constrained domain that can be described by a closed set of entity types , properties , relationships and operations . According to Lee ( 1999 ) an information model is a representation of concepts , relationships , constraints , rules , and operations to specify data semantics for a chosen domain of discourse . It can provide sharable , stable , and organized structure of information requirements for the domain context . More in general the term information model is used for models of individual things , such as facilities , buildings , process plants , etc . In those cases the concept is specialised to Facility Information Model , Building Information Model , Plant Information Model , etc . Such an information model is an integration of a model of the facility with the data and documents about the facility . An information model provides formalism to the description of a problem domain without constraining how that description is mapped to an actual implementation in software . There may be many mappings of the information model . Such mappings are called data models , irrespective of whether they are object models ( e.g. using UML ) , entity relationship models or XML schemas . Document Object Model , a standard object model for representing HTML or XML Object model ( edit ) Main article : Object model An object model in computer science is a collection of objects or classes through which a program can examine and manipulate some specific parts of its world . In other words , the object - oriented interface to some service or system . Such an interface is said to be the object model of the represented service or system . For example , the Document Object Model ( DOM ) ( 1 ) is a collection of objects that represent a page in a web browser , used by script programs to examine and dynamically change the page . There is a Microsoft Excel object model for controlling Microsoft Excel from another program , and the ASCOM Telescope Driver is an object model for controlling an astronomical telescope . In computing the term object model has a distinct second meaning of the general properties of objects in a specific computer programming language , technology , notation or methodology that uses them . For example , the Java object model , the COM object model , or the object model of OMT . Such object models are usually defined using concepts such as class , message , inheritance , polymorphism , and encapsulation . There is an extensive literature on formalized object models as a subset of the formal semantics of programming languages . Object - Role model ( edit ) Main article : Object - Role Modeling Example of the application of Object - Role Modeling in a `` Schema for Geologic Surface '' , Stephen M. Richard ( 1999 ) Object - Role Modeling ( ORM ) is a method for conceptual modeling , and can be used as a tool for information and rules analysis . Object - Role Modeling is a fact - oriented method for performing systems analysis at the conceptual level . The quality of a database application depends critically on its design . To help ensure correctness , clarity , adaptability and productivity , information systems are best specified first at the conceptual level , using concepts and language that people can readily understand . The conceptual design may include data , process and behavioral perspectives , and the actual DBMS used to implement the design might be based on one of many logical data models ( relational , hierarchic , network , object - oriented etc . ) . Unified modeling language models ( edit ) Main article : Unified Modeling Language The Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) is a standardized general - purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering . It is a graphical language for visualizing , specifying , constructing , and documenting the artifacts of a software - intensive system . The Unified Modeling Language offers a standard way to write a system 's blueprints , including : Conceptual things such as business processes and system functions Concrete things such as programming language statements , database schemas , and Reusable software components . UML offers a mix of functional models , data models , and database models . See also ( edit ) Business process model Core Architecture Data Model Data dictionary JC3IEDM Process model Data Format Description Language ( DFDL ) Data collection system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` datamodel - UML Domain Modeling - Stack Overflow '' . Stack Overflow . Stack Exchange Inc . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XQuery and XPath Data Model 3.1 '' . World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) . W3C . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` datamodel '' . npm . npm , Inc . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DataModel ( Java EE 6 ) '' . Java Documentation . Oracle . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ostrovskiy , Stan . `` iOS : Three ways to pass data from Model to Controller '' . Medium . A Medium Corporation . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Smith & Richard Sarfaty Publications , LLC 2009 Jump up ^ Michael R. McCaleb ( 1999 ) . `` A Conceptual Data Model of Datum Systems '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . August 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew West and Julian Fowler ( 1999 ) . Developing High Quality Data Models . The European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive ( EPISTLE ) . Jump up ^ American National Standards Institute . 1975 . ANSI / X3 / SPARC Study Group on Data Base Management Systems ; Interim Report . FDT ( Bulletin of ACM SIGMOD ) 7 : 2 . Jump up ^ Young , J.W. , and Kent , H.K. ( 1958 ) . `` Abstract Formulation of Data Processing Problems '' . In : Journal of Industrial Engineering . Nov - Dec 1958 . 9 ( 6 ) , pp. 471 - 479 ^ Jump up to : Janis A. Bubenko jr ( 2007 ) `` From Information Algebra to Enterprise Modelling and Ontologies - a Historical Perspective on Modelling for Information Systems '' . In : Conceptual Modelling in Information Systems Engineering . John Krogstie et al. eds . pp 1 - 18 Jump up ^ Cornelius T. Leondes ( 2002 ) . Database and Data Communication Network Systems : Techniques and Applications . Page 7 Jump up ^ `` Derivability , Redundancy , and Consistency of Relations Stored in Large Data Banks '' , E.F. Codd , IBM Research Report , 1969 Jump up ^ Data and Reality Jump up ^ Jan L. Harrington ( 2000 ) . Object - oriented Database Design Clearly Explained . p. 4 ^ Jump up to : FIPS Publication 184 released of IDEF1X by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . 21 December 1993 ( withdrawn in 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Wade , T. and Sommer , S. eds . A to Z GIS ^ Jump up to : David R. Soller1 and Thomas M. Berg ( 2003 ) . The National Geologic Map Database Project : Overview and Progress U.S. Geological Survey Open - File Report 03 -- 471 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Jeffrey L. ; Lonnie D. Bentley , Kevin C. Dittman. ( 2004 ) . Systems Analysis and Design Methods . 6th edition . ISBN 0 - 256 - 19906 - X . ^ Jump up to : Beynon - Davies P. ( 2004 ) . Database Systems 3rd Edition . Palgrave , Basingstoke , UK . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1601 - 2 Jump up ^ `` The Data Model Resource Book : Universal Patterns for Data Modeling '' Len Silverstone & Paul Agnew ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ John Azzolini ( 2000 ) . Introduction to Systems Engineering Practices . July 2000 . Jump up ^ W. Stevens , G. Myers , L. Constantine , `` Structured Design '' , IBM Systems Journal , 13 ( 2 ) , 115 - 139 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Y . Tina Lee ( 1999 ) . `` Information modeling from design to implementation '' National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ Excel Object Model Overview Jump up ^ `` ASCOM General Requirements '' . 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stephen M. Richard ( 1999 ) . Geologic Concept Modeling . U.S. Geological Survey Open - File Report 99 - 386 . Jump up ^ Joachim Rossberg and Rickard Redler ( 2005 ) . Pro Scalable . NET 2.0 Application Designs ... Page 27 Jump up ^ Object Role Modeling : An Overview ( msdn.microsoft.com ) . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Grady Booch , Ivar Jacobson & Jim Rumbaugh ( 2000 ) OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification , Version 1.4 ( 2002 ) . Further reading ( edit ) David C. Hay ( 1996 ) . Data Model Patterns : Conventions of Thought . New York : Dorset House Publishers , Inc . Len Silverston ( 2001 ) . The Data Model Resource Book Volume 1 / 2 . John Wiley & Sons . Len Silverston & Paul Agnew ( 2008 ) . The Data Model Resource Book : Universal Patterns for data Modeling Volume 3 . John Wiley & Sons . Matthew West and Julian Fowler ( 1999 ) . Developing High Quality Data Models . The European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive ( EPISTLE ) . Matthew West ( 2011 ) Developing High Quality Data Models Morgan Kaufmann Data model Main Architecture Modeling Structure Schemas Conceptual Logical Physical Types Database Data structure diagram Entity -- relationship model ( enhanced ) Geographic Generic Semantic Related models Data flow diagram Information model Object model Object - role modeling Unified Modeling Language See also Database design Business process modeling Core architecture data model Enterprise modelling Function model Process modeling XML schema Data Format Description Language Software engineering Fields Computer programming Requirements engineering Software deployment Software design Software maintenance Software testing Systems analysis Formal methods Concepts Data modeling Enterprise architecture Functional specification Modeling language Orthogonality Programming paradigm Software Software archaeology Software architecture Software configuration management Software development methodology Software development process Software quality Software quality assurance Software verification and validation Structured analysis Orientations Agile Aspect - oriented Object orientation Ontology Service orientation SDLC Models Developmental Agile EUP Executable UML Incremental model Iterative model Prototype model RAD UP Scrum Spiral model V - Model Waterfall model XP Other SPICE CMMI Data model ER model Function model Information model Metamodeling Object model Systems model View model Languages IDEF UML USL SysML Software engineers Victor Basili Kent Beck Grady Booch Fred Brooks Barry Boehm Peter Chen Danese Cooper Ward Cunningham Tom DeMarco Edsger W. 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-6946598500665597403 | Scrabble | Scrabble - wikipedia Scrabble Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Scrabble ( disambiguation ) . Scrabble Scrabble brand logo , used worldwide by Mattel outside U.S. and Canada from 2013 Scrabble logo used by Hasbro within U.S. and Canada from 2014 Manufacturer ( s ) Mattel ( outside U.S. and Canada ) Hasbro ( within U.S. and Canada ) Designer ( s ) Alfred Mosher Butts Publisher ( s ) James Brunot Publication date 1938 ; 80 years ago ( 1938 ) Genre ( s ) Word game Board game Players 2 -- 4 Setup time 2 -- 6 minutes Playing time NASPA tournament game : ~ 50 minutes Random chance Medium ( letters drawn ) Skill ( s ) required Vocabulary , spelling , Anagramming , strategy , counting , bluffing , probability Website Official Website Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles bearing a single letter onto a board divided into a 15 × 15 grid of squares . The tiles must form words which , in crossword fashion , read left to right in rows or downwards in columns , and be defined in a standard dictionary or lexicon . The name is a trademark of Hasbro , Inc. in the United States and Canada ; outside these two countries it is a trademark of Mattel . The game is sold in 121 countries and is available in 29 languages ; approximately 150 million sets have been sold worldwide and roughly one - third of American and half of British homes have a Scrabble set . There are around 4,000 Scrabble clubs around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game details 2 History 2.1 Evolution of the rules 3 Rules 3.1 Notation system 3.2 Sequence of Play 3.2. 1 Making a Play 3.2. 2 End of Game 3.2. 3 Examples 3.3 Scoring 3.3. 1 Example 3.4 Acceptable words 3.4. 1 OWL2 and OSPD5 3.4. 2 Collins Scrabble Words 3.5 Challenges 4 Club and tournament play 5 Computer players 6 Console and computer video game versions 7 Web versions 8 Television game show versions 9 Super Scrabble 10 Records 11 National versions 12 Variations 13 Gameboard formats 13.1 Tile Lock Scrabble and Tile Lock Super Scrabble Editions 13.2 Travel editions 13.3 Deluxe editions 13.4 Large print edition 14 Works detailing tournament Scrabble 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 References 18 External links Game details ( edit ) Further information : Scrabble letter distributions A game of English - language Scrabble in progress The game is played by two to four players on a square board with a 15 × 15 grid of cells ( individually known as `` squares '' ) , each of which accommodates a single letter tile . In official club and tournament games , play is between two players or , occasionally , between two teams each of which collaborates on a single rack . The board is marked with `` premium '' squares , which multiply the number of points awarded : eight dark red `` triple - word '' squares , 17 pale red `` double - word '' squares , of which one , the center square ( H8 ) , is marked with a star or other symbol ; 12 dark blue `` triple - letter '' squares , and 24 pale blue `` double - letter '' squares . In 2008 , Hasbro changed the colors of the premium squares to orange for TW , red for DW , blue for DL , and green for TL . Despite this , the original premium square color scheme is still the preferred scheme for Scrabble boards used in tournaments . The name of the game spelled out in game tiles from the English - language version . Each tile is marked with their point value , with a blank tile -- the game 's equivalent of a wild card -- played as the word 's first letter . The blank tile is worth zero points . In an English - language set , the game contains 100 tiles , 98 of which are marked with a letter and a point value ranging from 1 to 10 . The number of points of each lettered tile is based on the letter 's frequency in standard English writing ; commonly used letters such as vowels are worth one point , while less common letters score higher , with Q and Z each worth 10 points . The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value . The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter ; once laid on the board , however , the choice is fixed . Other language sets use different letter set distributions with different point values . Tiles are usually made of wood or plastic and are 19 by 19 millimetres ( 0.75 in × 0.75 in ) square and 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) thick , making them slightly smaller than the squares on the board . Only the rosewood tiles of the deluxe edition varies the width up to 2 mm ( 0.08 in ) for different letters . Travelling versions of the game often have smaller tiles ( e.g. 13 mm × 13 mm ( 0.51 in × 0.51 in ) ) ; sometimes they are magnetic to keep them in place . The capital letter is printed in black at the centre of the tile face and the letter 's point value printed in a smaller font at the bottom right corner . The official Scrabble board design . Key : 2 × LS -- Double letter score 3 × LS -- Triple letter score 2 × WS / -- Double word score 3 × WS -- Triple word score S is one of the most valuable tiles in English - language Scrabble because it can be appended to many words to pluralize them ( or in the case of most verbs , convert them to the third person singular present tense , such as the word LAUGHS ) ; Alfred Butts included only four instances to avoid a game that was `` too easy '' . Q is considered the most problematic letter , as most words with it also contain U ; a similar problem occurs in other languages like French , Dutch , Italian and German . J is also difficult to play due to its low frequency and a scarcity of words having it at the end . C and V may be troublesome in the endgame , since no two - letter words with them exist , save for CH in SOWPODS . History ( edit ) Alfred Butts manually tabulated the frequency of letters in words of various length , using examples in a dictionary , the Saturday Evening Post , the New York Herald Tribune , and The New York Times . This was used to determine the number and scores of tiles in the game . In 1938 , American architect Alfred Mosher Butts created the game as a variation on an earlier word game he invented called Lexiko . The two games had the same set of letter tiles , whose distributions and point values Butts worked out by performing a frequency analysis of letters from various sources , including The New York Times . The new game , which he called `` Criss - Crosswords , '' added the 15 × 15 gameboard and the crossword - style game play . He manufactured a few sets himself , but was not successful in selling the game to any major game manufacturers of the day . In 1948 , James Brunot , a resident of Newtown , Connecticut -- and one of the few owners of the original Criss - Crosswords game -- bought the rights to manufacture the game in exchange for granting Butts a royalty on every unit sold . Though he left most of the game ( including the distribution of letters ) unchanged , Brunot slightly rearranged the `` premium '' squares of the board and simplified the rules ; he also changed the name of the game to `` Scrabble '' , a real word which means `` to scratch frantically '' . In 1949 , Brunot and his family made sets in a converted former schoolhouse in Dodgingtown , a section of Newtown . They made 2,400 sets that year , but lost money . According to legend , Scrabble 's big break came in 1952 when Jack Straus , president of Macy 's , played the game on vacation . Upon returning from vacation , he was surprised to find that his store did not carry the game . He placed a large order and within a year , `` everyone had to have one . '' In 1952 , unable to meet demand himself , Brunot sold manufacturing rights to Long Island - based Selchow and Righter , one of the manufacturers who , like Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley Company , had previously rejected the game . In its second year as a Selchow and Righter - built product , nearly four million sets were sold . Selchow and Righter bought the trademark to the game in 1972 . JW Spears began selling the game in Australia and the UK on January 19 , 1955 . The company is now a subsidiary of Mattel . In 1986 , Selchow and Righter was sold to Coleco , which soon after went bankrupt . Hasbro purchased the company 's assets , including Scrabble and Parcheesi . In 1984 , Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC . Scrabble ran from July 1984 to March 1990 , with a second run from January to June 1993 . The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery . The show 's tagline promotional broadcasts was , `` Every man dies ; not every man truly Scrabbles . '' In 2011 , a new TV variation of Scrabble , called Scrabble Showdown , aired on The Hub cable channel , which is a joint venture of Discovery Communications , Inc. and Hasbro . Scrabble was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2004 . Evolution of the rules ( edit ) The `` box rules '' included in each copy of the USA / Canada edition have been edited four times : in 1953 , 1976 , 1989 , and 1999 . The major changes in 1953 were as follows : It was made clear that : words could be played through single letters already on the board . a player could play a word parallel and immediately adjacent to an existing word provided all crosswords formed were valid . the effect of two word premium squares were to be compounded multiplicatively . The previously unspecified penalty for having one 's play successfully challenged was stated : withdrawal of tiles and loss of turn . The major changes in 1976 were as follows : It was made clear that the blank tile beats an A when drawing to see who goes first . A player could now pass his / her turn , doing nothing . A loss - of - turn penalty was added for challenging an acceptable play . If final scores are tied , the player whose score was highest before adjusting for unplayed tiles is the winner ; in tournament play , a tie is counted as half a win for both players . The editorial changes made in 1989 did not affect game play . The major changes in 1999 were as follows : It was made clear that : a tile can be shifted or replaced until the play has been scored . a challenge applies to all the words made in the given play . Playing all seven tiles is officially called a `` Bingo '' in North America and a `` Bonus '' elsewhere . A change in the wording of the rules , could be interpreted as meaning that a player may form more than one word on one row on a single turn . Rules ( edit ) Notation system ( edit ) In the notation system common in tournament play , columns are labeled with the letters `` A-O '' and rows with the numbers `` 1 - 15 '' . ( On Scrabble boards manufactured by Mattel as well as on the Internet Scrabble Club , rows are lettered while columns are numbered instead . ) A play is usually identified in the format xy WORD score or WORD xy score , where x denotes the column or row on which the play 's main word extends , y denotes the second coordinate of the main word 's first letter , and WORD is the main word . Although unnecessary , additional words formed by the play are occasionally listed after the main word and a slash . In the case where the play of a single tile forms words in each direction , one of the words is arbitrarily chosen to serve as the main word for purposes of notation . When a blank tile is employed in the main word , the letter it has been chosen to represent is indicated with a lower case letter , or , in handwritten notation , with a square around the letter . When annotating a play , previously existing letters on the board are usually enclosed in parentheses . Exchanges are often annotated by a minus sign followed by the tiles that were exchanged alphabetically ; for example , if a player holds EIIISTU , exchanging two I 's and a U would typically be denoted as `` - IIU . '' The image at right gives examples of valid plays and how they would typically be annotated using the notation system . An example of a Scrabble game in progress using Quackle , an open - source program . The first few plays are JOKED 8D 50 , followed by REV ( O ) TInG E5 94 and YEX # F4 56 . Additionally , a number of symbols have been employed to indicate the validity of words in different lexica : * means an illegal , or phony , word . # means a word valid in games using the British - originated word list ( CSW12 ) only . $ means a word valid in games using the American - originated word list ( TWL2 ) only . ! means a word judged to be offensive , and thus valid in tournament games only . Sequence of play ( edit ) Before the game , a resource , either a word list or a dictionary , is selected for the purpose of adjudicating any challenges during the game . The letter tiles are either put in an opaque bag or placed face down on a flat surface . Opaque cloth bags and customized tiles are staples of clubs and tournaments , where games are rarely played without both . A game of Scrabble in French Next , players decide the order in which they play . The normal approach is for players to each draw one tile : The player who picks the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first , with blank tiles taking precedence over the letter ' A ' . In most North American tournaments , the rules of the US - based North American Scrabble Players Association ( NASPA ) stipulate instead that players who have gone first in the fewest number of previous games in the tournament go first , and when that rule yields a tie , those who have gone second the most go first . If there is still a tie , tiles are drawn as in the standard rules . At the beginning of the game , each player draws seven tiles from the bag and places them on his or her rack , concealed from the other player ( s ) . Making a play ( edit ) The first played word must be at least two letters long , and cover H8 ( the center square ) . Thereafter , any move is made by using one or more tiles to place a word on the board . This word may or may not use one or more tiles already on the board , but must join with the cluster of tiles already on the board . On each turn , the player has three options : Pass , forfeiting the turn and scoring nothing Exchange one or more tiles for an equal number from the bag , scoring nothing , an option available only if at least seven tiles remain in the bag Play at least one tile on the board , adding the value of all words formed to the player 's cumulative score A proper play uses one or more of the player 's tiles to form a continuous string of letters that make a word ( the play 's `` main word '' ) on the board , reading either left - to - right or top - to - bottom . The main word must either use the letters of one or more previously played words or else have at least one of its tiles horizontally or vertically adjacent to an already played word . If any words other than the main word are formed by the play , they are scored as well , and are subject to the same criteria of acceptability . See Scoring for more details . A blank tile may represent any letter , and scores zero points , regardless of its placement or what letter it represents . Its placement on a double - word or triple - word square causes the corresponding premium to be applied to the word ( s ) in which it is used . Once a blank tile is placed , it remains that particular letter for the remainder of the game . After making a play , the player announces the score for that play , then if the game is being played with a clock , starts his or her opponent 's clock . The player can change his play anytime his or her clock is running , but commits to the play when he or she starts the opponent 's clock . The player then draws tiles from the bag to replenish his or her rack to seven tiles . If there are not enough tiles in the bag to do so , the player takes all the remaining tiles . If a player has made a play and has not yet drawn a tile , the opponent may choose to challenge any or all words formed by the play . The player challenged must then look up the words in question using a specified word source ( such as OTCWL , the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary , or CSW ) and if any one of them is found to be unacceptable , the play is removed from the board , the player returns the newly played tiles to his or her rack and the turn is forfeited . In tournament play , a challenge may be to the entire play or any one or more words , and judges ( human or computer ) are used , so players are not entitled to know which word ( s ) are invalid . Penalties for unsuccessfully challenging an acceptable play vary in club and tournament play , and are described in greater detail below . End of game ( edit ) Under North American tournament rules , the game ends when either one player plays every tile on his or her rack , and there are no tiles remaining in the bag ( regardless of the tiles on his or her opponent 's rack ) at least six successive scoreless turns have occurred and either player decides to end the game either player uses more than 10 minutes of overtime . ( For several years , a game could not end with a cumulative score of 0 - 0 , but that is no longer the case , and such games have since occurred a number of times in tournament play , the winner being the player with the lower total point value on his or her rack . ) When the game ends , each player 's score is reduced by the sum of his or her unplayed letters . In addition , if a player has used all of his or her letters ( known as `` going out '' or `` playing out '' ) , the sum of the other player 's unplayed letters is added to that player 's score ; in tournament play , a player who goes out adds twice that sum , and his or her opponent is not penalized . Examples ( edit ) Plays can be made in a number of ways ( in what follows , it is assumed that the word JACK has been played on a previous turn ; letters in parentheses represent tiles already on the board ) : Adding one or more letters to an existing word , e.g. ( JACK ) S , HI ( JACK ) , HI ( JACK ) ING . `` Hooking '' a word and playing perpendicular to that word , e.g. playing IONIZES with the S hooked on ( JACK ) to make ( JACK ) S . Playing perpendicular to a word , e.g. YEU ( K ) Y through the K in JACK . Playing parallel to a word ( s ) forming several short words , e.g. CON played under ( JACK ) simultaneously forming ( J ) O and ( A ) N . Any combination of these is allowed in a play , as long as all the letters placed on the board in one play lie in one row or column and are connected by a main word , and any run of tiles on two or more consecutive squares along a row or column constitutes a valid word . Either on the first turn or on subsequent turns , words may read either left - to - right or top - to - bottom . Diagonal plays are not allowed . Scoring ( edit ) Premium square colors Square Original and Mattel version Current Hasbro version Double letter Light blue Blue Triple letter Dark blue Green Double word Pink Red Triple word Red Orange The score for any play is determined this way : Each new word formed in a play is scored separately , and then those scores are added up . The value of each tile is indicated on the tile , and blank tiles are worth zero points . The main word ( defined as the word containing every played letter ) is scored . The letter values of the tiles are added up , and tiles placed on DLS and TLS are doubled and tripled in value , respectively . Tiles placed on DWS or TWS squares double or triple the value of the word ( s ) that include those tiles . In particular , the center square ( H8 ) is considered a DWS , and the first play is doubled in value . If any `` hook '' words are played ( e.g. playing ANEROID while `` hooking '' the A to BETTING to make ABETTING ) , the scores for each word are added separately . This is common for `` parallel '' plays that make up to eight words in one turn . Premium squares apply only when newly placed tiles cover them . Any subsequent plays do not count those premium squares . If a player makes a play where the main word covers two DWS squares , the value of that word is doubled , then redoubled ( i.e. 4 × the word value ) . Similarly , if the main word covers two TWS squares , the value of that word is tripled , then retripled ( 9 × the word value ) . Such plays are often referred to as `` double - doubles '' and `` triple - triples '' respectively . It is theoretically possible to achieve a play covering three TWS squares ( a 27 × word score ) , although this is extremely improbable without constructive setup and collaboration . Plays covering a DWS and a TWS simultaneously ( 6 × the word value , or 18 × if a DWS and two TWS squares are covered ) are only possible if a player misses the center star on the first turn , and the play goes unchallenged ( this is valid under North American tournament rules ) . Finally , if seven tiles have been laid on the board in one turn , known as a `` bingo '' in North America and as a `` bonus '' elsewhere , after all of the words formed have been scored , 50 bonus points are added . When the letters to be drawn have run out , the final play can often determine the winner . This is particularly the case in close games with more than two players . Scoreless turns can occur when a player passes , exchanges tiles , or loses a challenge . The latter rule varies slightly in international tournaments . A scoreless turn can also theoretically occur if a play consists of only blank tiles , but this is extremely unlikely in actual play . Example ( edit ) Suppose Player 1 plays QUANT 8D , with the Q on a DLS and T on the center star . The score for this play would be ( 2 × 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ) × 2 = 48 ( following the order of operations ) . Player 2 extends the play to ALI ( QUANT ) 8A with the A on the TWS at 8A . The score for this play would be ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ) × 3 = 51 . Note that the Q is not doubled for this play . Player 1 has DDIIIOO and plays OIDIOID 9G . The score for the word OIDIOID would be ( 2 × 1 + 1 + 2 × 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 × 2 ) = 14 . Additionally , Player 1 formed NO and TI , which score 1 + 2 × 1 = 3 and 1 + 1 = 2 points respectively . Therefore , the sum of all the values of the words formed is 14 + 3 + 2 = 19 . However , this is a seven - letter play , so 50 points are added , resulting in a total score of 69 . Player 1 now has a 117 - 51 lead . The player with the highest final score wins the game . In case of a tie , the player with the highest score before adjusting for unplayed tiles wins the game . In tournament play , a tie counts as 1 / 2 a win for both players . Acceptable words ( edit ) Acceptable words are the primary entries in some chosen dictionary , and all of their inflected forms . Words that are hyphenated , capitalized ( such as proper nouns ) , or apostrophized are not allowed , unless they also appear as acceptable entries ; JACK is a proper noun , but the word JACK is acceptable because it has other usages as a common noun ( automotive , vexillological , etc . ) and verb that are acceptable . Acronyms or abbreviations , other than those that have acceptable entries ( such as AWOL , RADAR , LASER , and SCUBA ) are not allowed . Variant spellings , slang or offensive terms , archaic or obsolete terms , and specialized jargon words are allowed if they meet all other criteria for acceptability ; though archaic spellings ( e.g. NEEDE for NEED ) are generally not allowed . Foreign words are not allowed in the English language Scrabble unless they have been incorporated into the English language -- for example , the words PATISSERIE , KILIM , and QI . Vulgar and offensive words are generally excluded from the OSPD4 , but are allowed in club and tournament play . Proper nouns and other exceptions to the usual rules are allowed in some limited contexts in the spin - off game Scrabble Trickster . Names of recognized computer programs are permitted as an acceptable proper noun ( For example , WinZIP ) . A near - ending game board , tiles and racks of the magnetic Pocket Scrabble ( International , Mattel , Inc . ) There are two popular competition word lists used in various parts of the world : TWL and SOWPODS ( also referred to as `` Collins '' or `` CSW '' ) . The memorization of two - letter words is considered an essential skill in this game . OWL2 and OSPD5 ( edit ) The North American 2006 Official Tournament and Club Word List , Second Edition ( OWL2 ) went into official use in American , Canadian , Israeli and Thai club and tournament play on March 1 , 2006 ( or , for school use , the bowdlerized Official Scrabble Players Dictionary , Fifth Edition ( OSPD5 ) ) . North American competitions use the Long Words List for longer words . The OWL2 and the OSPD5 are compiled using four ( originally five ) major college - level dictionaries , including Merriam - Webster ( 10th and 11th editions , respectively ) . If a word appears , at least historically , in any one of the dictionaries , it will be included in the OWL2 and the OSPD5 . If the word has only an offensive meaning , it is only included in the OWL2 . The key difference between the OSPD5 and the OWL2 is that the OSPD5 is marketed for `` home and school '' use , with expurgated words which their source dictionaries judged offensive , rendering the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary less fit for official Scrabble play . The OSPD5 , released in 2014 , is available in bookstores , whereas the OWL2 is only available through NASPA ) . Collins Scrabble words ( edit ) In all other English - speaking countries , the competition word list is Collins Scrabble Words 2015 edition , known as CSW15 . Versions of this lexicon prior to 2007 were known as SOWPODS . The lexicon includes all allowed words of length 2 to 15 letters . This list contains all OWL2 words plus words sourced from Chambers and Collins English dictionaries . This book is used to adjudicate at the World Scrabble Championship and all other major international competitions outside North America . Tournaments are also occasionally played to CSW in North America , particularly since 2010 . NASPA officially rates CSW tournaments alongside OWL tournaments , using a separate rating system . Challenges ( edit ) Main article : Challenge ( Scrabble ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The penalty for a successfully challenged play is nearly universal : the offending player removes the tiles played and forfeits his or her turn . ( However , in some online games , an option known as `` void '' may be used , wherein unacceptable words are automatically rejected by the program . The player is then required to make another play , with no penalty applied . ) The penalty for an unsuccessful challenge ( where all words formed by the play are deemed valid ) varies considerably , including : `` Double Challenge '' , in which an unsuccessfully challenging player must forfeit the next turn . This penalty governs North American ( NASPA - sanctioned ) OWL tournament play , and is the standard for North American , Israeli , and Thai clubs . Because loss of a turn generally constitutes the greatest risk for an unsuccessful challenge , it provides the greatest incentive for a player to `` bluff '' , or play a `` phony '' -- a plausible word that they know or suspect to be unacceptable , hoping his or her opponent will not call him on it . Or a player can put down a legal word that appears to be a phony hoping the other player will incorrectly challenge it and lose their turn . `` Single Challenge '' / `` Free Challenge '' , in which no penalty whatsoever is applied to a player who unsuccessfully challenges . This is the default rule in Ireland and the United Kingdom , as well as for many tournaments in Australia , although these countries do sanction occasional tournaments using other challenge rules . Modified `` Single Challenge '' , in which an unsuccessful challenge does not result in the loss of the challenging player 's turn , but is penalized by the loss of a specified number of points . The most common penalty is five points . The rule has been adopted in Singapore ( since 2000 ) , Malaysia ( since 2002 ) , South Africa ( since 2003 ) , New Zealand ( since 2004 ) , and Kenya , as well as in contemporary World Scrabble Championships ( since 2001 ) and North American ( NASPA - sanctioned ) Collins tournaments . Some countries and tournaments ( including Sweden ) use a 10 - point penalty instead . In most game situations , this penalty is much lower than that of the `` double challenge '' rule . Consequently , such tournaments encourage a greater willingness to challenge and a lower willingness to play dubious words . Under NASPA tournament rules , a player may request to `` hold '' the opponent 's play in order to consider whether to challenge it , provided that the opponent has not yet drawn replacement tiles . If player A holds , player A 's clock still runs , and player B may not draw provisional replacement tiles until 15 seconds after the hold was announced ( which tiles must then be kept separate ) . There is no time limit on how long player A may hold the play . If player A successfully challenges after player B drew provisional replacement tiles , player B must show the drawn tiles before returning them to the bag . Club and tournament play ( edit ) Main article : English - language Scrabble Tens of thousands play club and tournament Scrabble worldwide . All tournament ( and most club ) games are played with a game clock and a set time control . Although casual games are often played with unlimited time , this is problematic in competitive play among players for whom the number of evident legal plays is immense . Almost all tournament games involve only two players ; typically , each has 25 minutes in which to make all of his or her plays . For each minute by which a player oversteps the time control , a penalty of 10 points is assessed . The number of minutes is rounded up , so , for example , if a player oversteps time control by two minutes and five seconds , the penalty is 30 points . Also , most players use molded plastic tiles , not engraved like the original wooden tiles , eliminating the potential for a cheating player to `` braille '' ( feel for particular tiles , especially blanks , in the bag ) . Players are allowed `` tracking sheets '' , pre-printed with the letters in the initial pool , from which tiles can be crossed off as they are played . Tracking tiles is an important aid to strategy , especially during the endgame , when no tiles remain to be drawn and each player can determine exactly what is on the opponent 's rack . Notable and regularly held tournaments include : The World Scrabble Championship : held in odd years up until 2013 , when it was announced by Mattel that it would be called the Scrabble Champions Tournament and be held annually in subsequent years . The North American Scrabble Championship : an open event attracting several hundred players , held around July / August every year or two in the United States . The National Scrabble Championship of the United Kingdom , held every year . The Brand 's Crossword Game King 's Cup : the largest tournament in the world . Held annually in Thailand around the end of June or beginning of July . The UK Open : the largest Scrabble tournament in Europe , held annually in Coventry , United Kingdom since 2008 . Other important tournaments include : The World Youth Scrabble Championships : entry by country qualification , restricted to under 18 years old . Held annually since 2006 . The National School Scrabble Championship : entry open to North American school students . Held annually since 2003 . The Canadian Scrabble Championship : entry by invitation only to the top fifty Canadian players . Held every two to three years . The Singapore Open Scrabble Championship : international Singapore championship held annually since 1997 . Clubs in North America typically meet one day a week for three or four hours and some charge a small admission fee to cover their expenses and prizes . Clubs also typically hold at least one open tournament per year . Tournaments are usually held on weekends , and between six and nine games are played each day . There are also clubs in the UK and many other countries . There are a number of internationally rated SOWPODS - tournaments . During off hours at tournaments , many players socialize by playing consultation ( team ) Scrabble , Clabbers , Anagrams , Boggle , Words with Friends , Scramble with Friends and other games . Computer players ( edit ) Maven is a computer opponent for the game , created by Brian Sheppard . The official Scrabble computer game in North America uses a version of Maven as its artificial intelligence and is published by Atari . Outside North America , the official Scrabble computer game is published by Ubisoft . Quackle is an open - source alternative to Maven of comparable strength , created by a five - person team led by Jason Katz - Brown . Console and computer video game versions ( edit ) Several computer and video game versions of Scrabble have been released for various platforms , including PC , Mac , Amiga , Commodore 64 , Sinclair ZX Spectrum , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , iPod , iPad , Game.com , Palm OS , Amstrad CPC , Xbox 360 , Kindle , and mobile phones . The Nintendo DS version of Scrabble 2007 Edition made news when parents became angry over the game 's AI using potentially offensive language during gameplay . Web versions ( edit ) A number of web sites offer the possibility to play Scrabble online against other users , such as the Internet Scrabble Club and www.pogo.com from Electronic Arts . Facebook initially offered a variation of Scrabble called Scrabulous as a third - party application add - on . On July 24 , 2008 , Hasbro filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against the creators of Scrabulous . Four days later , Scrabulous was disabled for users in North America , eventually re-appearing as `` Lexulous '' in September 2008 , with changes made to distinguish it from Scrabble . By December 20 , Hasbro had withdrawn its lawsuit . Mattel launched its official version of online Scrabble , Scrabble by Mattel , on Facebook in late March 2008 . The application was developed by Gamehouse , a division of RealNetworks who had been licensed by Mattel . However , since Hasbro controls the copyright for North America with the copyright for the rest of the world belonging Mattel , the Gamehouse Facebook application was available only to players outside the United States and Canada . Meanwhile , the version developed by developed by Electronic Arts for Hasbro was available throughout the world . When Gamehouse ceased support for their application , Mattel replaced it with the Electronic Arts version in May 2013 . This decision was met with criticism from its user base . The Hasbro version continues to be available worldwide but now uses IP lookup to display Hasbro branding to North American players and Mattel branding to the rest of the world . Electronic Arts has also released mobile apps for Android and iOS , allowing players to continue the same game on more than one platform . As well as facilities to play occasional games online , there are many options to play in leagues . The biggest of these is the Facebook Scrabble League . Television game show versions ( edit ) Main articles : Scrabble ( game show ) and Scrabble Showdown In 1987 , a board game was released by Selchow & Righter , based on the game show hosted by Chuck Woolery , which aired on NBC from 1984 to 1990 ( and for five months in 1993 ) . Billed as the `` Official Home Version '' of the game show ( or officially as the `` TV Scrabble Home Game '' ) , game play bears more resemblance to the game show than it does to a traditional Scrabble game , although it does utilize a traditional Scrabble gameboard in play . On September 17 , 2011 , a new game show based on Scrabble , called Scrabble Showdown , debuted on The Hub with Justin `` Kredible '' Willman as the host of the program . Each week , teams play various activities based on the board game in order to win big prizes including a trip to anywhere from around the world . Super Scrabble ( edit ) Main article : Super Scrabble A new licensed product , Super Scrabble , was launched in North America by Winning Moves Games in 2004 under license from Hasbro , with the deluxe version ( with turntable and lock - in grid ) released in February 2007 . A Mattel - licensed product for the rest of the world was released by Tinderbox Games in 2006 . This set comprises 200 tiles in slightly modified distribution to the standard set and a 21 × 21 playing board . Records ( edit ) The following records were achieved during competitive club or tournament play , according to authoritative sources , including the book Everything Scrabble by Joe Edley and John D. Williams , Jr. ( revised edition , Pocket Books , 2001 ) and the Scrabble FAQ . When available , separate records are listed based upon different official word lists : OSPD or OTCWL , the North American list also used in Thailand and Israel ; OSW , formerly the official list in the UK ; SOWPODS , the combined OSPD + OSW now used in much of the world , known today as Collins Scrabble Words . To date , new editions or revisions of these lists have not been considered substantial enough to warrant separate record - keeping . High game ( OSPD ) -- 830 by Michael Cresta ( Mass . ) , at the Lexington ( Mass . ) club , October 12 , 2006 . Cresta defeated Wayne Yorra 830 - 490 . High game ( OSPD ) in a tournament game - 803 by Joel Sherman ( N.Y. ) , at a tournament in Stamford , Conn. , December 9 , 2011 . Sherman defeated Bradley Robbins 803 - 285 . Sherman played a record - tying seven bingoes in that game and stuck Robbins with the Q . High game ( OSW ) -- 793 by Peter Preston ( UK ) , 1999 . High game ( SOWPODS ) -- Toh Weibin set a record score of 850 at the Northern Ireland Championships on 21 January 2012 . The winning margin of 591 points is also believed to be a record . High combined score ( OSPD ) -- 1320 ( 830 - 490 ) by Michael Cresta and Wayne Yorra , in a Lexington , Mass. , club , 2006 . High combined score ( OSPD ) in a tournament game -- 1134 ( 582 - 552 ) by Keith Smith ( Tex . ) and Stefan Rau ( Conn . ) , Round 12 of the 2008 Dallas Open . ( Rau 's losing score of 552 included three phony words which were not challenged . ) High combined score ( OSPD ) in a tournament game with no phony words played -- 1127 ( 725 - 402 ) by Laurie Cohen ( Ariz . ) and Nigel Peltier ( Wash . ) , in a tournament in Ahwatukee , Arizona , February 16 , 2009 . High combined score ( SOWPODS ) -- 1210 ( 721 - 489 ) by Edward Okulicz ( Australia and Michael McKenna ( Australia ) , at the 2013 Janboree in NSW . Highest losing score ( OSPD ) -- 552 by Stefan Rau ( Conn . ) to Keith Smith 's ( Tex . ) 582 , Round 12 of the 2008 Dallas Open . Highest tie game ( OSPD ) -- 502 - 502 by John Chew and Zev Kaufman , at a 1997 Toronto Club tournament . Highest tie game ( SOWPODS ) -- 532 - 532 by Sinatarn Pattanasuwanna ( Thailand ) and Tawan Paepolsiri ( Thailand ) at the 2012 World Youth Scrabble Championship . Highest opening move score ( OSPD ) -- MuZJIKS ( with a blank for the U ) 126 by Jesse Inman ( S.C. ) at the National Scrabble Championship , 2008 . The highest possible legal score on a first turn is MUZJIKS 128 , using an actual U rather than a blank . ( Note : The odds of potentially opening with MUZJIKS without blanks is about 1 in 55,581,808 ) Highest opening move score ( SOWPODS ) -- BEZIQUE 124 by Sam Kantimathi ( 1993 ) , Joan Rosenthal and Sally Martin . Highest single play ( OSPD ) -- QUIXOTRY 365 by Michael Cresta ( Mass . ) , 2006 . Highest single play ( SOWPODS ) -- CAZIQUES 392 by Karl Khoshnaw . Highest average score , multi-day tournament ( OSPD ) -- 503 by James Leong ( Sask . ) over 12 rounds at Brandon , Man. , 2015 . 484 by Doug Brockmeier ( Calif . ) over 12 rounds at Elmhurst , Ill. , 2011 . 471 by Chris Cree ( Tex . ) over 18 rounds at the Bayou Bash in Houston , Tex. , 2007 . Highest average score , multi-day tournament ( SOWPODS ) -- 499.94 by Nigel Richards ( MY ) over 16 rounds at the 7th Lim Boon Heng Cup , Singapore , 2009 . Two other records are believed to have been achieved under a British format known as the `` high score rule '' , in which a player 's tournament result is determined only by the player 's own scores , and not by the differentials between that player 's scores and the opponents ' . Play in this system `` encourages elaborate setups often independently mined by the two players '' , and is significantly different from the standard game in which defensive considerations play a major role . While the `` high score '' rule has led to impressively high records , it is currently out of favor . High game score of 1,049 by Phil Appleby of Lymington , Hampshire , UK , on June 25 , 1989 in Wormley , Hertfordshire , UK . his opponent scored just 253 points , giving Appleby a record victory margin of 796 points . High single - turn score of 392 , by Dr. Saladin Karl Khoshnaw in Manchester , UK , in April 1982 . The word he used was CAZIQUES , meaning `` native chiefs of West Indian aborigines '' . Hypothetical scores in possible and legal but highly unlikely plays and games are far higher , primarily through the use of words that cover three triple - word - score squares . The highest reported score for a single play is 1780 ( OSPD ) and 1785 ( SOWPODS ) using oxyphenbutazone . When only adding the word sesquioxidizing to these official lists , one could theoretically score 2015 ( OSPD ) and 2044 ( SOWPODS ) points in a single move . The highest reported combined score for a theoretical game based on SOWPODS is 4046 points . Other records are available for viewing at `` Total Scrabble '' ( PDF ) . , an unofficial record book which includes the above as sources and expands on other topics . In August 1984 , Peter Finan and Neil Smith played Scrabble for 153 hours at St. Anselm 's College , Birkenhead , Merseyside , setting a new duration record . A longer record was never recorded by Guinness Book of Records , as the publishers decided that duration records of this nature were becoming too dangerous , and stopped accepting them . National versions ( edit ) Further information : Scrabble letter distributions Versions of the game have been released in several other languages . The game was called Alfapet when it was introduced in Sweden in 1954 . However , since the mid-1990s , the game has also been known as Scrabble in Sweden . Alfapet is now another crossword game , created by the owners of the name Alfapet . A Russian version is called Erudit . Versions have been prepared for Dakotah , Haitian Creole , Dakelh ( Carrier language ) , and Tuvan . For languages with digraphs counted as single letters , such as Welsh and Hungarian , the game features separate tiles for those digraphs . An Irish language version of Scrabble was published by Glór na nGael in 2010 . The previous year the same organisation had published the Junior version of the game and two years later republished Junior Scrabble using a two sided ( and two skill level ) board . Variations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Scrabble variants There are numerous variations of the game . While these games are similar to the original Scrabble game , they include minor variations . For example , Literati draws random tiles instead of providing a finite number of tiles for the game , assigns different point levels to each letter and has a slightly different board layout whereas Lexulous assigns eight letters to each player instead of the customary seven . Words with Friends uses a different board layout and different letter values and so do Words of Gold . A duplicate Scrabble tournament in La Bresse , France Duplicate Scrabble is a popular variant in French speaking countries . Every player has the same letters on the same board and the players must submit a paper slip at the end of the allotted time ( usually 3 minutes ) with the highest scoring word they have found . This is the format used for the French World Scrabble Championships but it is also used in Romanian and Dutch . There is no limit to the number of players that can be involved in one game , and at Vichy in 1998 there were 1485 players , a record for French Scrabble tournaments . Scarabeo is a variant that is much more popular in Italy than the original game . It features a 17 × 17 grid of cells and peculiar rules . In one variation of Scrabble , blanks actually do score points corresponding to the letter which the blank is used to represent . For example , if one played blank to represent a `` Z '' , it would get ten ; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four ; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T , N , L , S or R or any of the vowels would get one . A junior version , called Junior Scrabble , has been marketed . This has slightly different distributions of frequencies of letter tiles to the standard Scrabble game . Word games similar to or influenced by Scrabble include Bananagrams , Boggle , Dabble , Nab - It ! , Perquackey , Puzzlage , Quiddler , Scribbage , Tapple , Upwords , and WordSpot and also Words of Gold . There are also number based variations , such as Equate ( game ) , GoSum , Mathable , Numble , Numbler , Triolet , Yushino and Numenko . Gameboard formats ( edit ) The game has been released in numerous gameboard formats appealing to various user groups . The original boards included wood tiles and many `` deluxe '' sets still do . Tile lock Scrabble and tile lock Super Scrabble editions ( edit ) Both games are made by Winning Moves and feature smaller , plastic tiles that are held in place on the board with little plastic posts . The standard version features exactly the same 100 tiles as regular Scrabble . The Tile Lock Super Scrabble features the same 200 tiles that are in Super Scrabble . Travel editions ( edit ) Editions are available for travelers who may wish to play in a conveyance such as a train or plane , or who may wish to pause a game in progress and resume later . Many versions thus include methods to keep letters from moving , such as pegboards , recessed tile holders and magnetic tiles . Players ' trays are also designed with stay - fast holders . Such boards are also typically designed to be re-oriented by each player to put the board upright during the game , as well as folded and stowed with the game in progress . Production and Marketing Company , 1954 -- metal hinged box , Bakelite tiles inlaid with round magnets , chrome tile racks , silver colored plastic bag and cardboard box covered with decorative paper . The box , when opened flat , measures 81⁄2 '' × 73⁄4 '' ( 21.6 × 19.7 cm ) and the tiles measure 1⁄2 '' × 1⁄2 '' ( 12.7 × 12.7 mm ) each . Spear 's Games , 1980s -- boxed edition with pegboard , plastic tiles with small feet to fit snugly in the pegboard . Racks are clear plastic , allowing some sorting while holding tiles fairly snugly . Set comes with a drawstring plastic bag to draw tiles and a cardboard box . It is possible to save a game in progress by returning the board to the box . There is risk of players ' trays being mixed and upset , and the box lid , held on by friction , is subject to upset . Selchow & Righter , 1980s -- pocket edition with plastic `` magnetic '' board and tiles . Tile racks are also plastic with asymmetrical shape to provide handhold . All elements fit in a plastic envelope for travel and to permit a pause in the game . Plastic letters are very small and tend to lose their grip if not placed with slight lateral movement and if they are not perfectly clean . Game format is extremely small , allowing Scrabble games for backpackers and others concerned about weight and size . Hasbro Games , 2001 -- hinged plastic board with clear tile - shaped depressions to hold tiles in play . Board is in a black , zippered folio such that board and tiles may be folded for travel , even with game in play . Reverse side of board contains numbered mounts for racks , holding tiles face down , allowing secure and confidential storage of tiles while game is paused . Some versions have tile racks with individual tile slots , thus not permitting easy sorting of tiles in rack . The board , when opened up , measures 24.5 × 21.0 cm , and the tiles are 12.3 × 12.3 × 6.7 mm in size . Deluxe editions ( edit ) At the opposite end , some `` deluxe '' editions offer superior materials and features . These include editions on a rotating turntable so players can always face the board with the letters upright and a raised grid that holds the tiles in place . More serious players often favor custom Scrabble boards , often made of acrylic glass or hardwood , that have superior rotating mechanisms and personalized graphics . Large print edition ( edit ) An edition has been released ( in association with the RNIB ) with larger board and letters for players with impaired vision . The colours on the board are more contrasting and the font size is increased from 16 to 24 point . The tiles are in bold 48 point . Works detailing tournament Scrabble ( edit ) An introduction to tournament Scrabble and its players can be found in the book Word Freak by Stefan Fatsis . In the process of writing , Fatsis himself progressed into a high - rated tournament player . The Scrabble Player 's Handbook , edited by Stewart Holden and written by an international group of tournament players , gives the information a serious player needs to advance to successful tournament play . There have been numerous documentaries made about the game , including : Word Wars ( 2004 ) by Eric Chaikin and Julian Petrillo , about the `` tiles and tribulations on the Scrabble game circuit '' . Scrabylon ( 2003 ) , by Scott Petersen , which `` gives an up - close look at why people get so obsessed with that seemingly benign game '' . WorldCat ID 148038206 . Word Slingers by Eric Siblin and Stefan Vanderland ( produced for CBC , 2002 ) , which follows four expert Canadian players at the 2001 World Championship in Las Vegas . In popular culture ( edit ) In the Honeymooners episode `` Boys & Girls Together , '' Ed Norton ( played by Art Carney ) talks about playing Scrabble with the professors at NYU . Scrabble is featured in several episodes of Two and a Half Men , including `` Dead from the Waist Down '' and `` Phase One , Complete . '' The game is featured in Foul Play where two elderly ladies are playing it . The game is featured in The Simpsons episode `` Bart the Genius '' where Bart plays the made - up word `` Kwyjibo '' during a match with the family . When confronted by Homer , Bart provides the definition as `` a big , ( silly ) , balding North American ape with no chin '' . In the novel and subsequent film and TV show The Handmaid 's Tale , Scrabble is played between Offred and her Commander during their secret meetings in his office . See also ( edit ) Anamonic Blanagram RSVP ( board game ) Upwords Wordscraper Words with Friends Scrabble in Hong Kong Countdown ( game show ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Toys and Games : Scrabble '' . history.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Scrabble ® '' . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spell bound '' . London : The Guardian . 2008 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scrabble : 60 facts for its 60th birthday '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble '' . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Tournament Rules '' ( PDF ) . North American SCRABBLE ® Players Association . June 16 , 2011 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Scrabble Stats - Letter positions in Scrabble Jump up ^ John Tierney , `` Humankind Battles for Scrabble Supremacy , '' New York Times Magazine , May 24 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Fatsis , Stefan . Word Freak : Heartbreak , Triumph , Genius , and Obsession in the World of Competitive Scrabble Players . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200226 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` James Brunot entry on Board Game Geek '' . Jump up ^ Edley , Joe with Williams , John D Jr. , Everything Scrabble , Simon and Schuster 2001 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 04218 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Fatsis , Stefan ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` The Case of the Stolen Blanks '' . Slate . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Scrabble transitioned from living - room novelty -- nearly 4 million sets were sold in 1954 -- to competitive passion in the 1960s , when it landed alongside chess , backgammon , and bridge in smoke - filled games parlors in New York City ... When the tiles were placed in bags during games , unscrupulous players could feel around for the blanks because they had no grooves , a tactic known as `` brailling '' . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Scrabble '' . Scrabble-assoc.com. 2003 - 04 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scrabble ( 1984 -- 1990 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Development of Scrabble '' ( November 2010 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble in the National Toy Hall of Fame on word-grabber.com - The Word Game Community '' . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble -- a Brief History and Evolution of the Rules , 1949 -- 1999 '' . Donald Sauter . September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble Game Rules '' ( PDF ) . hasbro.com . Hasbro . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASPA Official Tournament Rules : Player Edition '' ( PDF ) . scrabbleplayers.org . North American Scrabble Players Association . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ game - by - game results for Marlon Hill in Albany , NY July 2010 at cross-tables.com Jump up ^ `` ( Loopful ) Two Letter Words Allowed In Scrabble '' . Word Buff . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://scrabbleplayers.org/w/SOWPODS Jump up ^ http://www.wespa.org/news/2013xchampions.shtml Jump up ^ `` Internationally Rated SOWPODS Events '' . Members.ozemail.com.au . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A Computer Program Wins Its First Scrabble Tournament '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Henry , Lesley - Anne ( 27 September 2007 ) . `` Slang word shock on Scrabble video game '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Troubles Mount for Scrabulous - Hasbro Sues for Infringement '' . efluxnews . July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook shuts off Scrabulous after Hasbro sues '' . Bloomberg News . Los Angeles Times . July 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sivaraman , Aarthi ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Hasbro withdraws suit against Scrabulous creator '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Foley , Stephen ( 2004 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Mattel takes on Scrabulous in war of the words '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Timmons , Heather ( 2004 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Scrabble Tries to Fight a Popular Impostor at Its Own Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Facebook Scrabble article Jump up ^ `` The Man Behind the Facebook Scrabble League word-grabber.com - make words from letters '' . word-grabber.com. 2015 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Hub Announces '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Home.teleport.com ^ Jump up to : `` 830 - point Game at the Lexington Scrabble Club '' . Wolfberg.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Fatsis , Stefan ( 2006 - 10 - 26 ) . `` 830 ! How a carpenter got the highest Scrabble score ever . -- By Stefan Fatsis -- Slate Magazine '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ game - by - game results for Joel Sherman in Stamford , CT 2011 at cross-tables.com ^ Jump up to : `` Scrabble FAQ '' . Home.teleport.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Round 5 scores '' . centrestar.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rik Kennedy - Toh Weibin annotated game ( cross-tables.com ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Meet ' Mr. 850 ' Toh Weibin '' . WESPA . Jan 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Record : Highest Losing Score '' . Dallasopen.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dolores , Coty ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) . `` World Scrabble record set in Ahwatukee tournament '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Game summary Jump up ^ `` Chew vs Kaufman '' . Math.toronto.edu. 1997 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.youthscrabble.org/wysc2012/index.html Jump up ^ `` 2008 NSC Live Coverage , Round 5 '' . Scrabble-assoc.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Based on the respective distribution of each tile , the odds of drawing MUZJIKS in order is the product of the fractions 2 / 100 , 4 / 99 , 1 / 98 , 1 / 97 , 9 / 96 , 1 / 95 , and 4 / 94 . This value must then be multiplied by factorial of 7 -- the number of tiles for which the factorial is the number of combinations -- to obtain the probability of drawing the tiles in any order . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2008 - 04 - 29 ) . Guinness World Records 2008 . Random House Publishing Group . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 58995 - 5 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament records -- All - time best '' . Scrabble.org.au . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` WSC Player Information : Karl Khoshnaw '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ game - by - game results for James Leong in Brandon , MB 2015 at cross-tables.com Jump up ^ game - by - game results for Doug Brockmeier in Elmhurst , IL 2011 at cross-tables.com Jump up ^ game - by - game results for Chris Cree in Houston , TX 2007 at cross-tables.com Jump up ^ `` Scrabble Association Archives -- Nigel Richards , 7th Lim Boon Heng Cup , 22 Mar 2009 '' . Singapore Scrabble Association . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Record for the Highest Scoring Scrabble Move at scrabulizer.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ( 1985 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1985 . Sterling Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8069 - 0264 - 7 . Jump up ^ Voinov , Vitaly. 2010 . Words should be fun : Scrabble as a tool for language preservation in Tuvan and other local languages . Language Documentation & Conservation 4 . 213 - 230 . Jump up ^ `` Scarabeo -- Sito ufficiale '' . editricegiochi.it . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scrabble Player 's Handbook website '' . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Bart the Genius '' , The Simpsons Archive External links ( edit ) Mattel 's Scrabble website Hasbro 's Scrabble website North American Scrabble Players Association ( NASPA ) ( sanctions Club and Tournament play in North America ) National Scrabble Association ( NSA ) ( oversees School and Casual play in North America ) Association of British Scrabble Players Scrabble Australia World English - Language Scrabble Players Association ( WESPA ) U.S. Patent 2,752,158 -- `` Game apparatus '' -- This patent used to protect the jagged edges of bonus squares , which were added so that one need not lift previously placed tiles in order to see the bonus . It expired decades ago . Scrabble as a tool for language preservation in Tuvan . An article telling about how Scrabble has been adapted to other languages . It tells how it was prepared for the Tuvan languages , giving directions about how to adapt it . . GCG specification describes a computer file format for recording and annotating Scrabble games . LIFE Magazine article ( Dec. 14 , 1953 ) Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! 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-3036652268387885786 | List of genetically modified crops | List of genetically modified crops - wikipedia List of genetically modified crops Jump to : navigation , search Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture , the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques . In most cases , the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species . As of 2015 , 26 plant species have been genetically modified and approved for commercial release in at least one country . The majority of these species contain genes that make them either tolerant to herbicides or resistant to insects . Other common traits include virus resistance , delayed ripening , modified flower colour or altered composition . In 2014 , 28 countries grew GM crops , and 39 countries imported but did not grow them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Genetically modified crops cultivated in 2014 2.1 Herbicide tolerance 2.2 Insect resistance 2.3 Stacked traits 2.4 Other modified traits 3 Genetically modified crops that are no longer cultivated 4 Approved genetically modified crops that have not yet been cultivated 5 Genetically modified crops by country 5.1 See also 6 References and notes 6.1 Notes 6.2 References Background ( edit ) Regulations regarding the commercialisation of genetically modified crops are mostly conducted by individual countries . For cultivation , environmental approval determines whether a crop can be legally grown . Separate approval is generally required to use GM crops in food for human consumption or as animal feed . GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996 , in the US , China , Argentina , Canada , Australia , and Mexico . Some countries have approved but not actually cultivated GM crops , due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions , while at the same time , they may import GM foods for consumption . For example , Japan is a leading GM food importer , and permits but has not grown GM food crops . The European Union regulates importation of GM foods , while individual member states determine cultivation . In the US , separate regulatory agencies handle approval for cultivation ( USDA , EPA ) and for human consumption ( FDA ) . Two genetically modified crops have been approved for food use in some countries , but have not obtained approval for cultivation . A GM Melon engineered for delayed senescence was approved in 1999 and a herbicide tolerant GM wheat was approved in 2004 . Genetically modified crops cultivated in 2014 ( edit ) Distribution of GM crops planted in 2014 GM soybean ( 50 % ) GM maize ( 30 % ) GM cotton ( 14 % ) GM canola ( 5 % ) Other ( 1 % ) In 2014 , 181.5 million hectares of genetically modified crops were planted in 28 countries . Half of all GM crops planted were genetically modified soybeans , either for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance . Eleven countries grew modified soybean , with the USA , Brazil and Argentina accounting for 90 % of the total hectarage . Of the 111 hectares of soybean grown worldwide in 2014 , 82 % was genetically modified in some way . Seventeen countries grew a total of 55.2 million hectares of genetically modified maize and fifteen grew 23.9 hectares of genetically modified cotton . Nine million hectares of genetically modified canola was grown with 8 million of those in Canada . Other GM crops grown in 2014 include Alfalfa ( 862 000 ha ) , sugar beet ( 494 000 ha ) and papaya ( 7 475 ha ) . In Bangladesh a genetically modified eggplant was grown commercially for the first time on 12ha . The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides , usually a glyphosphate or glufosinate based one . In 2014 , 154 million hectares were planted with a herbicide resistant crop and 78.8 million hectares had insect resistant . This include 51.4 million hectares planted in thirteen countries that contained both herbicide tolerance and insect resistance . Less than one million hectares contained other traits , which include providing virus resistance , delaying senescence , modifying flower colour and altering the plants composition . Drought tolerant maize was planted for just the second year in the USA on 275 000 hectares . Herbicide tolerance ( edit ) Genetically modified crops engineered to resist herbicides are now more available than conventionally bred resistant varieties . They comprised 83 % of the total GM crop area , equating to just under 8 % of the arable land worldwide . Approval has been granted to grow crops engineered to be resistant to the herbicides 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid , dicamba , glufosinate glyphosate , sulfonylurea , oxynil mesotrione and isoxaflutole Most herbicide resistant GM crops have been engineered for glyphosphate tolerance , in the USA 93 % of soybeans and most of the GM maize grown is glyphosphate tolerant . GMO Use Countries approved in First approved Notes Alfalfa Animal feed USA 2005 Approval withdrawn in 2007 and then re-approved in 2011 Canola Cooking oil Margarine Emulsifiers in packaged foods Australia 2003 Canada 1995 USA 1995 Cotton Fiber Cottonseed oil Animal feed Argentina 2001 Australia 2002 Brazil 2008 Columbia Costa Rica 2008 Mexico 2000 Paraguay 2013 South Africa 2000 USA 1994 Maize Animal feed high - fructose corn syrup corn starch Argentina 1998 Brazil 2007 Canada Colombia 2007 Cuba 2011 European Union 1998 Grown in Portugal , Spain , Czech Republic , Slovakia and Romania Honduras 2001 Paraguay 2012 Philippines 2002 South Africa 2002 USA 1995 Uruguay 2003 Soybean Animal feed Soybean oil Argentina Bolivia 2005 Brazil 1998 Canada 1995 Chile 2007 Costa Rica 2001 Mexico Paraguay South Africa 2001 USA Uruguay Sugar Beet Food Canada 2001 USA 1998 Commercialised 2007 , production blocked 2010 , resumed 2011 . Insect resistance ( edit ) Most currently available genes used to engineer insect resistance come from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium . Most are in the form of delta endotoxin genes known as cry proteins , while a few use the genes that encode for vegetative insecticidal proteins . Insect resistant crops target various species of coleopteran ( beetles ) and lepidopteran ( moths ) . The only gene commercially used to provide insect protection that does not originate from B. thuringiensis is the Cowpea trypsin inhibitor ( CpTI ) . CpTI was first approved for use cotton in 1999 and is currently undergoing trials in rice . GMO Use Countries approved in First approved Notes Cotton Fiber Cottonseed oil Animal feed Argentina 1998 Australia 2003 Brazil 2005 Burkina Faso 2009 China 1997 Colombia 2003 Costa Rica 2008 India 2002 Largest producer of Bt cotton Mexico Myanmar 2006 Pakistan Paraguay 2007 South Africa 1997 Sudan 2012 USA 1995 Eggplant Food Bangladesh 2013 12 ha planted on 120 farms in 2014 Maize Animal feed high - fructose corn syrup corn starch Argentina 1998 Brazil 2005 Columbia 2003 Mexico Centre of origin for maize Paraguay 2007 Philippines 2002 South Africa 1997 Uruguay 2003 USA 1995 Poplar Tree China 1998 543 ha of bt poplar planted in 2014 Stacked traits ( edit ) Many varieties of GM crops contain more than one resistance gene . This could be in the form of multiple insect resistant genes , multiple herbicide tolerance genes or a combination of the herbicide and insect resistant genes . Smartstax is a brand of GM maize that has eight different genes added to it , making it resistant to two types of herbicides and toxic to six different species of insects . Other modified traits ( edit ) While most crops are engineered to resist insects or tolerate herbicides some crops have been developed for other traits . Flowers have been engineered to display colours that they can not do so naturally ( in particular the blue color in roses ) . A few crops , like the genetically modified papaya , are engineered to resist viruses . Other modifications alter the plants composition , with the aim of making it more nutritious , longer lasting or more industrially useful . Recently crops engineered to tolerate drought have been commercialised . GMO Use Trait Countries approved in First approved Notes Canola Cooking oil Margarine Emulsifiers in packaged foods High laurate canola Canada USA 1994 Phytase production USA 1998 Carnation Ornamental Delayed senescence Australia 1995 Norway 1998 Modified flower colour Australia 1995 Columbia 2000 In 2014 4 ha were grown in greenhouses for export European Union 1998 Two events expired 2008 , another approved 2007 Japan Malaysia 2012 For ornamental purposes Norway 1997 Maize Animal feed high - fructose corn syrup corn starch Increased lysine Canada 2006 USA 2006 Drought tolerance Canada USA 2011 Papaya Food Virus resistance China 2006 USA Mostly grown in Hawaii Petunia Ornamental Modified flower colour 1998 Potato Food Virus resistance Canada 1999 USA 1997 Industrial Modified starch USA 2014 Rose Ornamental Modified flower colour Australia 2009 Surrendered renewal Colombia Greenhouse cultivation for export only . Japan 2008 USA 2011 Soybean Animal feed Soybean oil Increased oleic acid production Argentina 2015 Canada 2000 USA 1997 Stearidonic acid production Canada 2011 USA 2011 Squash Food Virus resistance USA 1994 Sugar Cane Food Drought tolerance Indonesia 2013 Environmental certificate only Tobacco Cigarettes Nicotine reduction USA 2002 Genetically modified crops that are no longer cultivated ( edit ) GMO Use Trait Countries approved in First approved Notes Potato Food Insect resistance Canada 1995 Withdrawn from market 2001 USA 1994 Industrial Modified starch European Union Development stopped 2012 Rice Food Insect resistance Iran Grown on 4000 ha in 2005 Tobacco Cigarettes Herbicide resistance China 1992 Not grown since 1995 due to strong opposition from tobacco importers . Tomato Food Delayed softening USA 1992 Production stopped 1997 First GM food ( see Flavr Savr ) Approved genetically modified crops that have not yet been cultivated ( edit ) GMO Use Trait Countries approved in First approved Notes Apple Food Delayed browning Canada 2015 USA 2015 Bean Viral disease resistance Brazil 2011 Chicory Animal feed Herbicide tolerance USA 1997 Eucalyptus Tree Altered growth Brazil 2015 Flax Linseed Oil Herbicide tolerance USA 1999 Canada gained approval in 1996 , but it was rescinded in 2001 Grass Animal feed Herbicide tolerance USA 2003 Plum Food Virus resistance USA 2007 Potato Food Reduced acrylamide Blackspot bruise tolerance Late blight resistance USA 2015 Virus resistance Canada 1999 USA 1997 Industrial Modified starch USA 2014 Sweet pepper Food Virus resistance China 1998 Genetically modified crops by country ( edit ) Country GM food Ha grown in 2014 Argentina Cotton 530 000 Maize 3 000 000 Soybean 20 800 000 Australia Canola 342 000 Carnation Cotton 200 000 Bangladesh Eggplant 12 Brazil Cotton 600 000 Maize 12 500 000 Soybean 29 100 000 Bolivia Soybean 1 000 000 Burkina Faso Cotton 454,124 Canada Canola 8 000 000 Maize 1 400 000 Soybean 2 200 000 Sugar beet 15 000 Chile Canola 2 000 Maize 7 000 Soybean 1 000 China Cotton 3 900 000 Papaya 8 475 Poplar 543 Sweet pepper Tomato Colombia Cotton 18 000 Maize 81 000 Costa Rica Cotton 36.3 Soybean 1.7 Cuba Maize 3 000 Czech Republic Maize 1,754 Honduras Maize 29 000 India Cotton 11 600 000 Mexico Cotton 160 000 Soybean 10 000 Myanmar Cotton 318,000 Pakistan Cotton 2 850 000 Paraguay Cotton 36 000 Maize 500 000 Soybean 3 300 000 Philippines Maize 831 000 Portugal Maize 8 542 Romania Maize 771 Slovakia Maize 441 South Africa Cotton 9 000 Maize 2 150 000 Soybean 552 000 Spain Maize 131,538 Sudan Cotton 90 000 United States of America Alfalafa 862 000 Canola 685 000 Cotton 4 500 000 Maize 34 500 000 Papaya 1 000 Potato Soybean 32 300 000 Squash 1 000 Sugar beet 479 000 Uruguay Maize 90 000 Soybean 1 550 000 The following graph shows the area planted in GM crops in the five largest GM crop producing countries . The area planted is presented along the y axis in thousands of hectares while the year is along the x axis . USA Canada Argentina Brazil India Others See also ( edit ) AquAdvantage salmon References and notes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : No official public documentation available Jump up ^ No public documents Jump up ^ GM cotton production was banned in 2016 due to economic and quality concerns . Jump up ^ The data for the graph is calculated from information found in ISAAA briefs . The other values were found by adding up all the area for GM crop producing countries ( excluding the top five ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 19 Years of Biotech Crops in the World '' . isaaa.org . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - biotech Applications ( ISAAA ) . 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 Feb 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . 9 Jun 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms Law Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Papademetriou , Theresa ( 9 Jun 2015 ) . `` Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms : European Union '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Luis ( 9 Jun 2015 ) . `` Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms : United States '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49 - 2014 '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : USA ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Pleiotropic effects of herbicide - resistance genes on crop yield : a review . - PubMed - NCBI '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . PMID 23457026 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` GM Events with 2 , 4 - D herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Dicamba herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Glufosinate herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Glyphosate herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Oxynil herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Mesotrione Herbicide Tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Isoxaflutole herbicide tolerance GM Approval Database '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jerry M Green . `` Current state of herbicides in herbicide - resistant crops - Green - 2014 - Pest Management Science - Wiley Online Library '' . Onlinelibrary.wiley.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM Crops List GM Approval Database - ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the GMOs Approved In the U.S '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ www.gmo-compass.org . `` Lucerne - GMO Database '' . www.gmo-compass.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 3 - U.S. farmers get approval to plant GMO alfalfa '' . Reuters. 2011 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Infographics : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49 - 2014 ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Kilman . `` Modified Beet Gets New Life '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Round 2 for Biotech Beets '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Shelby J. ; Hutchison , William D. ; Naranjo , Steven E. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Ricroch , Agnès ; Chopra , Surinder ; Fleischer , Shelby J. , eds . Plant Biotechnology . Springer International Publishing . pp. 115 -- 127 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 06892 - 3_10 . ISBN 9783319068916 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Coleopteran insect resistance GM Approval Database - ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GM Events with Lepidopteran insect resistance GM Approval Database - ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SGK321 GM Approval Database - ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Qiu , Jane ( 2008 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Agriculture : Is China ready for GM rice ? '' . Nature News . 455 ( 7215 ) : 850 -- 852 . doi : 10.1038 / 455850a . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trends - India '' ( PDF ) . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - biotech Applications . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49 - 2014 ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trends - Mexico '' ( PDF ) . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - biotech Applications . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trends - China '' ( PDF ) . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - biotech Applications . Jump up ^ `` Monsanto 's SmartStax maize ' to be approved for growth in October ' in EU '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trends - Columbia '' ( PDF ) . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - biotech Applications . ^ Jump up to : Press , Associated ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) . `` GM potato to be grown in Europe '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Journal , Scott Kilman Staff Reporter of The Wall Street . `` Monsanto 's Genetically Modified Potatoes Find Slim Market , Despite Repelling Bugs '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kanter , James ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . `` BASF to Stop Selling Genetically Modified Products in Europe '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ James , Clive . `` Highlights of isaaa briefs no . 34 - 2005 '' ( PDF ) . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - biotech Applications . ^ Jump up to : Tao , Zhang ; Shudong , Zhou ( 2003 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Economic and Social Impact of GMOs in China '' . China Perspectives ( in French ) ( 47 ) . ISSN 1996 - 4617 . Jump up ^ Huang , Jikun ; Rozelle , Scott ; Pray , Carl ; Wang , Qinfang ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Plant Biotechnology in China '' . Science . 295 ( 5555 ) : 674 -- 677 . JSTOR 3075699 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Keith R. Schneider , Ren � e Goodrich Schneider , and Susanna ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Genetically Modified Food '' . edis.ifas.ufl.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . replacement character in first = at position 24 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` GM linseed : Products being taken off the market '' . Gmo-compass.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49 - 2014 ISAAA.org '' . www.isaaa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top African producer bans GM cotton '' . Phys.org . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISAAA Brief 36 - 2006 > Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ISAAA Brief 35 - 2006 > Executive Summary '' . ISAAA.org. 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ISAAA Brief 37 - 2007 - Executive Summary > '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ISAAA Brief 39 - 2008 - Executive Summary > '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2009 - ISAAA Brief 41 - 2009 '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2011 - ISAAA Brief 43 - 2011 '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2012 - ISAAA Brief 44 - 2012 '' . ISAAA.org. 2012 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2013 - ISAAA Brief 46 - 2013 '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM Crops : 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49 - 2014 '' . ISAAA.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_genetically_modified_crops&oldid=798791958 '' Categories : Biotechnology Genetically modified organisms in agriculture Genetically modified organisms Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : invisible characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first genetically modified corn approved for commercial use in the united states | [] | [] |
-199304733879809900 | Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo | Aye mere watan ke logo - Wikipedia Aye mere watan ke logo Jump to : navigation , search `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' Song by ( aasha bhosle ) ) Language Hindi English title O ' people of my country Written Pradeep Released 27 January 1963 ( 1963 - 01 - 27 ) Venue National Stadium , New Delhi Genre Patriotic song Label Saregama Composer ( s ) C. Ramchandra Lyricist ( s ) Kavi Pradeep `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( Hindi : ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों ; `` O ' people of my country '' ) is a Hindi patriotic song written by Kavi Pradeep , composed by C. Ramchandra , and performed by ( ) ) . The song commemorates Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War in 1962 . The song was first performed live by Mangeshkar on 27 January 1963 at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war . The song is often rendered at patriotic occasions in India , and is one of the most prominent patriotic songs alongside Jana Gana Mana ( the national anthem ) , Vande Mataram ( the national song ) , and Sare Jahan se Accha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and composition 2 First performance 3 Reception and legacy 4 Lyrics 5 References 6 External links Writing and composition ( edit ) Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo was written by Kavi Pradeep to commemorate the Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War . Pradeep was deeply moved by accounts of casualties of the war . In late 1962 , while taking a walk along Mahim beach in Mumbai , Pradeep received a sudden bout of inspiration . He borrowed a pen from a fellow walker , and wrote the opening stanza of the song on a foil that he ripped out from his cigarette pack . A few weeks later , Pradeep was approached by producer Mehboob Khan to write a song for a fund - raiser scheduled to be held the National Stadium in New Delhi . Pradeep accepted the offer , but did not reveal any details about the song he intended to write . He recruited music director C. Ramchandra to write the music , and Lata Mangeshkar to perform the song . According to Pradeep 's daughter , Mitul , `` Due to some misunderstanding between Ramchandra and Lata - didi , it was to be sung by Asha Bhosale . However , my father felt nobody except Lata - didi could do justice to it . He even personally convinced her and she agreed to sing it . But with a rider - Mr Pradeep must be present at the rehearsals ! '' According to Mangeshkar , `` I suggested we format the song into a duet with me and my sister Asha ( Bhosle ) . Pradeepji wanted it to be a solo . I insisted that we do it as a duet . In fact , Asha had even rehearsed for the song . Then , days before we were to fly to Delhi , she came to me and said , ' Didi , I 'm not coming to Delhi . ' I tried to convince her to change her mind arguing that her name had even been printed in the newspapers as one of the singers . But she was adamant . Composer - singer Hemant Kumar had actually orchestrated the whole project . I told Hemantda about Asha 's decision to not accompany us to Delhi to perform the song . Hemantda also tried to convince Asha . Lekin who nahin manee ( But she did n't relent ) . Then it was left to me to rehearse alone for the song . '' First performance ( edit ) In January 2013 , Lata Mangeshkar told a TV channel that initially she had declined to sing the song as she had not enough time to rehearse it . `` It was Pradeepji , ( Kavi Pradeep ) the poet , who wrote the immortal lyrics , who came to me and asked me to sing the song . I declined , because there was no time to rehearse . You see , at that time I was working round - the - clock . To give special attention to one song seemed impossible . But Pradeepji insisted , '' Lata said , admitting that she was very nervous before the performance . Kavi Pradeep , the man who penned lyrics of the song , could n't witness the event . `` My regret is that Pradeepji had not been called for the Republic Day function where I sang the song . If he was there , he would have seen with his own eyes what impact ' Ae mere watan ke logo ' had , '' Lata told . The song was first performed live on 27 January 1963 , by Lata Mangeshkar at an event at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President S. Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war . Mangeshkar sang two songs at the event , opening with the bhajan ( devotional song ) Allah tero naam followed by Ae mere watan ke logon . The performance of the latter song moved Nehru to tears . `` Those who do n't feel inspired by Aye mere watan ke logo do n't deserve to be called a Hindustani '' , said Nehru , who was visibly moved by the song . The event raised ₹ 2 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 1.2 crore or US $180,000 in 2016 ) for the Army Welfare Fund . The song 's lyricist , Pradeep , was not invited to the performance . Pradeep performed the song for Nehru on 21 March 1963 at a function at R.M. High School in Mumbai . He also presented Nehru with the original handwritten lyrics of the song . The song received rave appreciation from across the country . Reception and legacy ( edit ) All of the artists and technicians involved with the song -- including singers , musicians , music director , lyricist , recording studio , sound recordist -- pledged the royalty of the song in perpetuity to the War Widows Fund . Per Pradeep 's last wishes , royalties for sale of records of the song were to be donated to war widows . In 2005 , the Bombay High Court asked the music company HMV to indicate a lump sum payable to the Army Welfare Fund for the disabled and war widows from the song 's royalty proceeds . Brigadier Chitranjan Sawant , who served in the Sino - Indian War , stated that the song inspired soldiers to withstand the difficult situations they were in . Recalling the song in 2013 , Mangeshkar stated that she never expected the song to be so successful saying , `` Since it was not part of a film , I thought it would have a limited impact . Ae mere watan ke logon became my signature tune . No show of mine , no concert or event is complete until I sing it . '' She also stated that Pradeep was always sure of the song 's success saying , `` Only Pradeepji had faith in the song . He had prophesied to me , ' Lata , tum dekhna yeh gaana bahot chalega . Log hamesha ke liye issey yaad rakhenge ( You 'll see this song will endure . People will always remember it ) . Lyrics ( edit ) Hindi transliteration Ae mere watan ke logon , tum khub lagaa lo naara Yeh shubh din hai hum sab kaa , lehra lo tiranga pyara Par mat bhulo seema par , viron ne hai praan gavaye Kuchh yaad unhe bhi kar lo Kuchh yaad unhe bhi kar lo Jo laut ke ghar naa aaye - ( 2 ) Ae mere watan ke logon , zara aankh me bhar lo paani , Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani ( x2 ) Tum bhool naa jao unko , isliye suno ye kahaani Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jab ghayal huwa himalaya , khatre me padi azaadi Jab tak thi saans lade woh - ( 2 ) , phir apni lash bichha di , Sangeen pe dhar kar maatha , so gaye amar balidaani Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jab desh me thi diwali , who khel rahe the holi Jab hum baithe the gharo me - ( 2 ) , who jhel rahe the goli The dhanya jawan who aapane , thee dhanya who unaki jawani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Koi Sikh koi jaath maratha - 2 , koi Gurkha koyi madrasi ( x2 ) Sarhad par marnewala - 2 , har veer tha bharatvasi Jo khoon gira parvat par , who khoon tha Hindustani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Thi khun se lat - pat kaya , phir bhi banduk uthaake Das das ko ek ne maara , phir gir gaye hosh gawake Jab anth samay aaya toh - 2 , keh gaye ke ab marte hain Khush rehna desh ke pyaro - 2 , ab hum toh safar karte hain ( x2 ) Kya log the who diwaane , kya log the who abhimani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Tum bhul naa jaao unko , iss liye kahi yeh kahani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jay hind , jay hind ki sena - ( 2 ) Jay hind , jay hind , jay hind English translation O people of my country ! Let us shout slogans ! This auspicious day belongs to all of us , so hoist our beloved Tiranga ! But let us not forget , that at the border , brave warriors , have lost their lives . Give a thought to them Let us also remember Those who did not return home . ( x2 ) ( O ' people of my country ! Fill your eyes with tears ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! ) ( x2 ) And lest you forget them , listen to this story : Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! When the Himalayas were injured and our freedom was threatened , They fought until their last breath ( x2 ) , and then they laid down their bodies . With their faces on their bayonets , the immortal martyrs went to sleep . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! When our country was celebrating Diwali , they were playing Holi ( with their blood ) . While we sat safely in our homes , they were braving bullets . Blessed were those young men , blessed was their youth ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Some were Sikh , some Jaat , and Maratha , ( x2 ) , some were Gurkhas , some Madrasi ( x2 ) ! All those who died at the front ( x2 ) , each one of them was Indian ! ( x2 ) The blood shed on the mountains , that blood was Indian . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Their bodies were drenched in blood , yet , they picked up their guns . And each killed ten , then they fell unconscious . And in their final moments ( x2 ) , they said : `` We are dying now . ( Be happy , beloved countrymen ! We 're going on our journey ! `` ) ( x2 ) How wonderful were those warriors ! How great were those people ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! And so I told you this story , for you must not forget them . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Jai Hind ! Glory to the Indian Army ! ( x2 ) Jai Hind ! ( x3 ) saif References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Patriotic song ' Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon ' turns 50 '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Did n't know Ae mere watan ke logon would become a rage ' '' . Rediff . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aye mere watan ke logo : India 's most favourite patriotic song turns 51 '' . One India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar : I had declined ' Ae mere watan ke logon ' '' . News18. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unforgettable songs of national fervour '' . Hindustan Times . 14 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ER Ramachandran 's Blog : Khans ' ' intolerance ' & Bollywood 's contribution over the years to India 's unity '' . News18 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriotic song Aye mere watan ke logon turns 50 '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aijazuddin , F.S. `` Pigeons need not fly across the Indo - Pak border ! '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Programme - Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon '' . Youtube.com . Rajya Sabha TV . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Aye mere watan ... ' legal battle ends Screen , September 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Aye Mere Watan ... no longer sweet for HMV ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the man who added life to I - Day parades with his golden voice for over 30 yrs '' . dna. 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo on YouTube Rajya Sabha TV program on the 50th anniversary of the song ( hide ) Lata Mangeshkar Singles `` Aa Jaane Jaan '' ( 1969 ) `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( 1963 ) `` Buddha Mil Gaya '' ( 1964 ) `` Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani '' ( 1971 ) `` Didi Tera Devar Deewana '' ( 1994 ) `` Dil To Hai Dil '' ( 1978 ) `` Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein '' ( 1976 ) `` Kesariya Balam '' `` Kuchh Na Kaho '' `` Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo '' `` Mile Sur Mera Tumhara '' `` Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya '' ( 1960 ) `` Saagara Pran Talamalala '' People Deenanath Mangeshkar ( father ) Hridaynath Mangeshkar ( brother ) Meena Khadikar ( sister ) Asha Bhosle ( sister ) Usha Mangeshkar ( sister ) Other List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aye_Mere_Watan_Ke_Logo&oldid=807410328 '' Categories : Lata Mangeshkar songs Indian patriotic songs Hindi songs 1963 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is special about the song ae mere watan ke logo | [] | [] |
-3480028277764438591 | Many-to-many (data model) | Many - to - many ( data model ) - wikipedia Many - to - many ( data model ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An Author can write several Books , and a Book can be written by several Authors The Author - Book many - to - many relationship as a pair of one - to - many relationships with a junction table In systems analysis , a many - to - many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities A and B in which A may contain a parent instance for which there are many children in B and vice versa . For example , think of A as Authors , and B as Books . An Author can write several Books , and a Book can be written by several Authors . In a relational database management system , such relationships are usually implemented by means of an associative table ( also known as cross-reference table ) , say , AB with two one - to - many relationships A - > AB and B - > AB . In this case the logical primary key for AB is formed from the two foreign keys ( i.e. copies of the primary keys of A and B) . In web application frameworks such as CakePHP and Ruby on Rails , a many - to - many relationship between entity types represented by logical model database tables is sometimes referred to as a HasAndBelongsToMany ( HABTM ) relationship . See also ( edit ) Associative Entities One - to - one ( data model ) One - to - many ( data model ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also see entity -- relationship model . Jump up ^ 3.7. 6.5 hasAndBelongsToMany ( HABTM ) . Cakephp.org External links ( edit ) Design pattern : many - to - many ( order entry ) , Tomjewett.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Many-to-many_(data_model)&oldid=800000010 '' Categories : Data modeling Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Монгол Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 01 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when must a many-to-many relationship be modelled as an associative entity | [] | [] |
8769868754362740126 | Tongue-twister | Tongue - twister - wikipedia Tongue - twister Jump to : navigation , search A tongue - twister is a phrase that is designed to be difficult to articulate properly , and can be used as a type of spoken ( or sung ) word game . Some tongue - twisters produce results that are humorous ( or humorously vulgar ) when they are mispronounced , while others simply rely on the confusion and mistakes of the speaker for their amusement value . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of tongue - twisters 2 Related concepts 2.1 Shibboleths 2.2 Finger - fumblers 2.3 Alliteration without tongue - twisting 2.4 One - syllable article 3 Tongue - twisters in creative works 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Types of tongue - twisters ( edit ) Tongue - twisters may rely on rapid alternation between similar but distinct phonemes ( e.g. , s ( s ) and sh ( ʃ ) ) , combining two different alternation patterns , familiar constructs in loanwords , or other features of a spoken language in order to be difficult to articulate . For example , the following sentence was claimed as `` the most difficult of common English - language tongue - twisters '' by William Poundstone . The seething sea ceaseth and thus the seething sea sufficeth us . The difficulty is usually caused by ALLITERATION This type of tongue - twister was incorporated into a popular song in 1908 , with words by British songwriter Terry Sullivan and music by Harry Gifford . It was said to be inspired by the life and work of Mary Anning . She sells sea - shells on the sea - shore . The shells she sells are sea - shells , I 'm sure . For if she sells sea - shells on the sea - shore Then I 'm sure she sells sea - shore shells . A slight variant replaces `` on '' with `` by '' . Many tongue - twisters use a combination of alliteration and rhyme . They have two or more sequences of sounds that require repositioning the tongue between syllables , then the same sounds are repeated in a different sequence . An example of this is the song Betty Botter ( listen ( help info ) ) : Betty Botter bought a bit of butter . The butter Betty Botter bought was a bit bitter And made her batter bitter . But a bit of better butter makes better batter . So Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter Making Betty Botter 's bitter batter better The following twister won the `` grand prize '' in a contest in Games Magazine in 1979 : Shep Schwab shopped at Scott 's Schnapps shop ; One shot of Scott 's Schnapps stopped Schwab 's watch . Some tongue - twisters take the form of words or short phrases which become tongue - twisters when repeated rapidly ( the game is often expressed in the form `` Say this phrase three ( or five , or ten , etc . ) times as fast as you can ! '' ) . Some examples include : A Proper Copper Coffee Pot . The sixth sitting sheet - slitter slit six sheets . Irish Wristwatch , Swiss Wristwatch . Pad kid poured curd pulled cold . Peggy Badcock . In 2013 , a psychologist at an Acoustical Society of America conference claimed that `` Pad kid poured curd pulled cod '' is the trickiest twister to date . Related concepts ( edit ) Shibboleths ( edit ) Shibboleths , that is , phrases in a language that are difficult for someone who is not a native speaker of that language to say might be regarded as a type of tongue - twist . An example is Georgian baq'aq'i ts'q'alshi q'iq'inebs ( `` a frog croaks in the water '' ) , in which `` q '' is a sort of gulping sound . Another example , the Czech and Slovak strč prst skrz krk ( `` stick a finger through the throat '' ) is difficult for a non-native speaker due to the absence of vowels , although syllabic r is a common sound in Czech , Slovak and some other Slavic languages . Finger - fumblers ( edit ) The sign language equivalent of a tongue twister is called a finger - fumbler . According to Susan Fischer , the phrase Good blood , bad blood is a tongue - twister in English as well as a finger - fumbler in ASL . Alliteration without tongue - twisting ( edit ) Although many tongue - twisters use alliteration to make them difficult to speak , there are other uses of alliteration that do not result in tongue - twisters . For example : There 's a train at four o'four said Miss Jenny . Four tickets I 'll take . Have you any ? Said the man at the door . `` Not four for four o'four For four for four o'four is too many . One - syllable article ( edit ) One - syllable article is a form of Mandarin Chinese tongue twister , written in Classical Chinese . Due to Mandarin Chinese having only four tonal ranges ( compared to nine in Cantonese , for example ) , these works sound like a work of one syllable in different tonal range when spoken in Mandarin , but are far more comprehensible when spoken in another dialect . Tongue - twisters in Creative works ( edit ) In 1951 Danny Kaye recorded a Sylvia Fine song titled `` Tongue Twisters '' . The children 's books by Dr. Seuss contain a significant number of tongue - twisters , with Oh Say Can You Say ? , and Fox in Socks being the most extreme cases . In the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain , movie star Don Lockwood ( Gene Kelly ) uses tongue - twisters while learning proper diction so he can make the transition from silent films to `` talkies '' in 1920s Hollywood . He also turns one of them ( `` Moses Supposes His Toeses Are Roses '' ) into a song and dance number along with his best friend Cosmo Brown ( Donald O'Connor ) . In 1968 , Jack Webb guested on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and took part in a parody of Dragnet . The premise was Webb ( as Sgt . Joe Friday ) grilling Carson about `` kleptomaniac Claude Cooper from Cleveland , who copped clean copper clappers kept in a closet . '' It became one of the most famous sketches in the show 's history and was regularly shown on anniversary specials . In the cartoon episode `` You Said a Mouseful '' from Pinky and the Brain , both Pinky and Brain go through a collage of tongue - twisters that cover almost every category possible . See also ( edit ) Alliteration Announcer 's test Esau Wood Malapropism Spoonerism Theophilus Thistle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speech Science : Tongue Twisters and Valley Girls Jump up ^ Poundstone , William . `` The Ultimate '' . williampoundstone.net . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Shelley Emmling . `` The Fossil Hunter '' . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Contest announced in issue of November / December 1979 ; results announced in issue of March / April 1980 Jump up ^ Can You Tackle the World 's Trickiest Tongue Twister ? by Samantha Grossman , Time magazine , December 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Annear , Steve ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` MIT Researchers Say They Have Created The Trickiest Tongue Twister To Date '' . Boston . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Roper , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . Alliteration in Culture . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 9780230305878 -- via Google books . Jump up ^ Aristar , Anthony ; Dry , Helen ( 27 May 1991 ) . `` Linguist List , Vol. 2 '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Philip Nel , `` Dr. Seuss : American Icon '' , 2005 , ISBN 0826417086 , p. 27 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tongue twisters . 1st International Collection of Tongue Twisters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongue-twister&oldid=817432338 '' Categories : Tongue - twisters Word games Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Коми Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 09 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | she sells sea shells down by the sea shore | [] | [] |
-5818772080596601057 | The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones) | The Spoils of War ( Game of Thrones ) - wikipedia The Spoils of War ( Game of Thrones ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Spoils of War . `` The Spoils of War '' Game of Thrones episode Jaime Lannister charging at Daenerys Targaryen Episode no . Season 7 Episode 4 Directed by Matt Shakman Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by Robert McLachlan Editing by Katie Weiland Original air date August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) Running time 50 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Brendan Cowell as Harrag Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Danny Kirrane as Henk Joseph Quinn as Koner Staz Nair as Qhono Breige Roche Eamon Keenan as Stark Soldier Noah Syndergaard as Lannister soldier ( uncredited ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Queen 's Justice '' Next → `` Eastwatch '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` The Spoils of War '' is the fourth episode of the seventh season of HBO 's fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and the 64th overall . It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , and directed by Matt Shakman . At Dragonstone , Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) and Jon Snow ( Kit Harington ) observe cave drawings left by the Children of the Forest , indicating that the First Men and the Children fought together against the White Walkers . In King 's Landing , Cersei Lannister ( Lena Headey ) seeks further investment from the Iron Bank , after reassuring them that their debt will soon be paid . In the North , Arya Stark ( Maisie Williams ) returns to Winterfell , reunites with her siblings , Sansa ( Sophie Turner ) and Bran Stark ( Isaac Hempstead Wright ) , and spars with Brienne of Tarth ( Gwendoline Christie ) . On the road to King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) , Bronn ( Jerome Flynn ) , and the Lannister and Tarly armies are caught in an attack led by Daenerys , her dragon Drogon , and the Dothraki army . Bronn successfully hits Drogon with a scorpion bolt , causing Drogon to land . Jaime then charges and tries to attack Daenerys with a spear , but as he approaches , Drogon attempts to set him ablaze . Jaime is knocked out of the way by Bronn at the last moment , however , was pushed into the Blackwater Rush , where he begins sinking to the bottom of the river . The title of the episode refers to the Tyrell gold and other resources in possession of the Lannisters after taking Highgarden . `` The Spoils of War '' received praise from critics with one critic defining it as a `` masterpiece '' , who listed the concluding battle sequence between Daenerys and Jaime , Arya 's return to Winterfell and interaction with Brienne , and Daenerys and Jon 's conversation at Dragonstone as highlights of the episode . The episode set an industry record for the most stuntmen set on fire , with 73 `` fire burns '' , in addition to 20 people being set on fire for a single shot . In the United States , the episode achieved a viewership of 10.17 million in its initial broadcast , the 3rd highest in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 In King 's Landing 1.2 At Winterfell 1.3 At Dragonstone 1.4 On the Roseroad 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 Leak 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In King 's Landing ( edit ) Cersei assures Tycho that the Crown 's debts to the Iron Bank will be fully repaid . They discuss the possibility of a new loan that would enable Qyburn to engage the mercenary Golden Company of Essos . At Winterfell ( edit ) Littlefinger gives Bran the Valyrian steel dagger that was used in the attempt on Bran 's life . Littlefinger tries to get Bran to tell him of his experiences after fleeing Winterfell , and is disconcerted when Bran repeats to him Littlefinger 's earlier remark to Varys that `` chaos is a ladder . '' Meera visits Bran to say farewell , as she wants to be with her family when the White Walkers attack . Bran is indifferent to her departure , and a dismayed Meera remarks figuratively that Bran died in the Three - Eyed Raven 's cave . Arya arrives at Winterfell , and evades the guards to visit Ned 's tomb in the crypts , where Sansa finds her . Sansa takes Arya to see Bran in the godswood . Arya is taken aback to find that Bran knows of her kill list , and Bran gives her the Valyrian steel dagger . Podrick reassures Brienne that she has fulfilled her oath to Catelyn ; Brienne insists she did almost nothing . Later , Brienne and Podrick spar and Arya asks to train with Brienne . They fight to a draw as Sansa and Littlefinger watch . At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jon shows Daenerys the vast dragonglass mine , in which Children of the Forest cave drawings depict the Children and the First Men fighting together against the White Walkers . Seemingly convinced that Jon is telling the truth , Daenerys vows to fight for the North , but only if Jon bends the knee . Jon remains resistant . Tyrion and Varys report the pyrrhic victory at Casterly Rock and the loss of Highgarden ; Daenerys questions Tyrion 's loyalties . Considering striking King 's Landing with her dragons , she asks Jon for advice . He notes that her followers believe she can change the world ; but if she destroys a city , she will be just another tyrant . Later , the Ironborn survivors return to Dragonstone . Jon accosts Theon , saying Theon 's role in saving Sansa is the only reason Jon does n't kill him . Theon asks for Daenerys 's help in rescuing Yara , but Daenerys is gone . On the roseroad ( edit ) The bulk of the Lannister caravan approaches King 's Landing after the Tyrell gold has been brought inside the city . Jaime gives Bronn a large satchel of gold , but Bronn still wants the castle he was promised . As the final caravans were being loaded by Randyll Tarly , Jaime and Bronn are startled to hear a faint sound of Dothraki horses . Riding Drogon , Daenerys leads a Dothraki attack that quickly overruns the caravan , with the food wagons being annihilated by Drogon 's flames . Failing to bring Drogon down , Jaime commands Bronn to find Qyburn 's scorpion . Abandoning the gold where he drops it , Bronn wounds Drogon with the Scorpion . Drogon destroys it , then lands ; Daenerys dismounts to tend Drogon 's wound . Jaime -- horrified to see his army burnt to a crisp -- charges at her but Drogon breathes fire at him ; Bronn tackles him off his horse , out of the flame 's path and into the Blackwater Rush , where Jaime begins to sink . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . `` The Spoils of War '' was written by the series ' creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The episode is the series ' shortest episode to date . In the `` Inside the Episode '' featurette published by HBO following the airing of the episode , David Benioff spoke about the inspiration for the return of Arya Stark to Winterfell , saying it was inspired by Odysseus ' return , who is also unrecognizable after making his journey . Benioff also stated that the important part of her return to Winterfell is her relationship to Sansa Stark , with Weiss following up by stating that the intention of the scene in the crypts where they are reunited was to `` lay in the beginnings of the storyline where Sansa realizes what Arya is now . '' Speaking about the revelation of the cave drawings with the Children of the Forest and the First Men , Benioff stated that the inspiration for the drawings were the cave paintings created by prehistoric men that were found in France , and that the scene was meant to be evocative in noting the thousands of years that have passed since the drawings were created . In writing the battle between the Lannister army , and Daenerys ' Dothraki and Drogon , Weiss stated that one of the most exciting elements of the fight involved the fact that two main characters were on opposite sides of the battlefield , and that it is `` impossible to really want any one of them to win , and impossible to want any one of them to lose , '' according to Weiss . He also compared the introduction of a dragon in medieval warfare to using an F - 16 fighter aircraft in a medieval battle . According to Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly following the airing of the episode , the script stated that `` One of our main characters is about to die . '' Coster - Waldau also stated about his character , `` Jaime is such an idiot that he thinks for a second , ' If I can do this , I can win the whole thing in a ' Hail Mary . ' '' Casting ( edit ) In addition to the regular recurring guest cast , Major League Baseball player Noah Syndergaard , pitcher for the New York Mets , made a brief uncredited cameo appearance as a spear - throwing Lannister soldier during the battle between Lannister and Tarly forces and Daenerys Targaryen and the Dothraki . In an interview prior to the season conducted by Sports Illustrated , Syndergaard spoke about his appearance in the series by saying `` It 's a dream come true . I think it 's the greatest TV show of all time , so just to be able to say I was in Game of Thrones is an unbelievable feeling . '' Filming ( edit ) `` The Spoils of War '' was directed by Matt Shakman . This was Shakman 's first episode of Game of Thrones , but he had previously served as a director for several other television series , including Fargo , The Good Wife , Mad Men and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , among others . The battle sequence at the conclusion of the episode , which was nicknamed `` The Loot Train Attack '' by HBO , set an industry record for the most stuntmen set on fire , with real fire being used , rather than special effects , to simulate the dragon fire being emitted by Drogon . There were 73 `` fire burns , '' in addition to 20 people being set on fire for a single shot . Filming of the attack sequence took approximately 18 main - unit days , five second - unit days , and several weeks for the effects - unit . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Shakman spoke about the first time he read the script of the battle , saying `` I was reading the script and this battle began and I kept turning pages and the battle kept going on page after page after page ! The excitement , the stress and the fear all built at the same time , mirroring probably what was happening on screen . It was a huge opportunity and a challenge . I spent the better part of six months working on that one sequence . '' The `` Loot Train Attack '' was filmed in Cáceres , Spain , and Emilia Clarke , who portrays Daenerys Targaryen , was filmed riding a motion base on a stage in Belfast in front of several green screens . Director Matt Shakman chose Jaime Lannister , portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( pictured ) , as the main point of view for the battle . Shakman 's first step in directing the battle was choosing to focus on a specific perspective , with Shakman choosing Jaime as the main point of view , noting `` To see it from a traditional fighter like Jaime to see what happens when you introduce something like napalm or the atom bomb into battle and all the sudden traditional fighting goes out the window . '' Shakman also noted that Tyrion was another important perspective for the battle , as he watches from afar , saying `` We talked through every beat of what he was seeing , and then he imagined that in his mind and brought it to life . He 's the human intermediary there to see the battle through . '' Shakman filmed Peter Dinklage as Tyrion about a mile from the battlefield , and most of his shots involved `` staring at lots of different tennis balls '' for eye line . Shakman drew inspiration for the direction of the sequence from Miguel Sapochnik , who directed the sixth season episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Neil Marshall , who directed the second season episode `` Blackwater '' , as well as the battles in Apocalypse Now , Saving Private Ryan and Stagecoach . Shakman also revealed that he used the volcanic destruction of Pompeii as a reference , which led to the idea of some of the army being turned to ash . For the beginning of the `` Loot Train Attack , '' with the Dothraki approaching , Shakman stated that he wanted it to feel like a Western , saying in the interview , `` I wanted that feeling of a Western -- this savage attack coming at this more formalized line of men , that tension of circling the wagons and trying to protect them from the chaos and the onslaught . '' Shakman worked with the horse mistress , Camilla Naprous , in order to show the Dothraki 's mastery at horse riding , which included standing on the horse 's saddles while shooting arrows . In order to accomplish this stunt , Naprous built what was referred to as a `` metal shoe '' that allowed the stunt performers to stand on the horses . The sequence continues with Drogon attacking the Lannister and Tarly armies , with special effects supervisor Joe Bauer noting that the amount of shots of Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen riding Drogon increased significantly , with the entirety of the sixth season having eleven shots , while `` The Spoils of War '' alone had over 80 shots . As the stunt performers were lit on fire , they were required to hold their breath until the fire was put out , and specific attention was given to stunt performers in the middle of the shot , as they faced the brunt of the heat from the fire . Shakman also spoke about the difficulty in shooting the dragon sequence and the safety of the performers , saying `` The most difficult was safety because you 're dealing with fire , horses and actors -- and those things do n't do well in close proximity yet the nature of it was to create this Bosch - like nightmare where , as the scene progresses , it becomes increasingly like you 're in the pit of hell . That was difficult . '' Robert McLachlan who served as cinematographer for the episode , and previously was cinematographer for episodes including `` The Rains of Castamere '' and `` The Dance of Dragons '' in the show 's third and fifth seasons respectively , was also interviewed about the process of creating the `` Loot Train Attack . '' In an interview conducted by The Verge , McLachlan revealed that the production team received the script for the episode more than a year in advance . Several cameras were used to capture the `` Loot Train Attack , '' including a small handheld camera known as an Osmo , which `` allowed a horseman to get shots while riding a horse at a full gallop through the cavalry charge , '' as well as a `` custom - built miniature helicopter drone '' for the `` overhead dragon shots . '' A cable - cam was also used , which made several passes over the battlefield during the course of filming . Going into filming , one of McLachlan 's most desired effects was the amount of smoke on the battlefield , saying `` we wanted to block the sun out so the shots would have some consistency . And I knew the fire and smoke would be incredibly beautiful . '' White smoke was used towards the beginning of filming , but as the battle went on , McLachlan decided to switch to black smoke , which was accomplished through burning diesel oil . This caused the crew to be required to wear masks and goggles , and raised concern for HBO 's safety officer , who eventually prohibited further use of the black smoke due to health and safety concerns . Additional smoke was added later by the special effects team . The amount of extras that were utilized for filming the `` Loot Train Attack '' began with more than 600 extras , and gradually decreased as the weeks of filming went on , with 400 extras returning the following week , and ultimately concluded with approximately 100 extras , according to McLachlan . McLachlan also discussed the `` oner '' featuring Bronn , which he described as a single shot that `` runs for as long as possible , '' revealing that the sequence was actually three shots that were stitched together by the special effects team , led by VFX supervisor Joe Bauer . He continued by revealing that the entire `` oner '' Bronn sequence was accomplished in only three takes . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Sophie Turner , who portrays Sansa Stark , spoke about filming the reunion scene with Maisie Williams , who portrays Arya Stark . Turner stated that the two kept laughing during the filming of the scene , and that they could n't `` keep a straight face '' . She continued , `` Our relationship is so close , but it 's only that fun side , never the business side . I was nervous . It just terrified me . It 's like performing for your mum . When somebody is watching you do n't do it quite as well . '' Williams also spoke about the scene , saying , `` It was the weirdest thing when we shot our first scene together . We were both embarrassed to do our thing in front of each other . It took a few hours for us to get serious and actually do it . Later it was fine on set and we could concentrate , but it was so hard to get into character with Sophie in front of me . '' Shakman also spoke about the reunion in a separate interview , saying , `` It was fun for them , it was fun for us to see them work together , and same with Isaac when they all got together . They 're all terrific , and they 're amazing actors , and it was fun to see them come together now as adults and navigate these much more complicated scenes than they had to do with each other years ago . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Spoils of War '' was viewed by 10.17 million total viewers on its initial viewing on HBO , which was significantly higher than the previous week 's rating of 9.25 million for the episode `` The Queen 's Justice '' . This set a ratings record for Game of Thrones , as the highest rated episode of the series to that point , surpassing the seventh season premiere , which previously held the record . The episode also acquired a 4.6 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , making it the highest rated show on cable television of the night . In the United Kingdom , the episode was viewed by 3.015 million viewers on Sky Atlantic , making it the highest - rated broadcast that week on its channel . It also received 1.022 million timeshift viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) `` The Spoils of War '' received widespread acclaim from critics , who listed the battle between Daenerys Targaryen and Jaime Lannister , Arya 's return to Winterfell and interaction with Brienne , and Daenerys and Jon Snow 's conversation at Dragonstone as high points of the episode . It has received a 98 % rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes from 43 reviews with an average score of 9.2 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` '' The Spoils of War '' delivers arguably the greatest battle sequence of the series so far , in exciting , epic , fiery spectacle . '' The episode also currently holds a 9.9 out of 10 community rating on IMDb , making it one of the highest - rated episodes on the website . Matt Fowler of IGN wrote in his review for the episode , `` The past three Thrones episodes now have ended with big action set pieces , but the Dragon / Dothraki battle down in The Reach , in `` The Spoils of War , '' was one of the most gripping and magnificent ones to date . It may even rival `` Hardhome '' in terms of spectacle . '' He continued , `` Game of Thrones pulled no punches and showed no quarter this week as we witnessed one of the fiercest and most engaging battles the show 's ever produced , featuring major fan - favorite characters on opposite sides of the fight . On top of that , Arya , after seven years , made her way home to Winterfell and managed to best Brienne of Tarth in a friendly training session . There are three Starks in Winterfell right now , but with Littlefinger there poisoning the well , things still are n't quite right . '' He gave the episode a 10 out of 10 . Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club similarly praised the concluding battle sequence : `` The Spoils Of War '' lives up to its title by reinforcing how much more fruitful war is as a storytelling mechanism at this point in the series ' life . '' He also compared the episode to the previous episode , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , which had two battles that largely took place off - screen , writing `` Here , the battle is told through multiple perspectives , each vested with meaning and purpose : our point - of - view shifts between Dany and Drogon and Jaime and Bronn , before eventually adding Tyrion watching from afar , and the direction from first - time Thrones director Matt Shakman uses those POV very carefully . '' He concluded his review by saying `` The Spoils Of War '' anchors itself on characters whose stories are far from over , and crafts a reunion and a battle sequence that end no stories and yet draw meaning from the fact that technically , at this point , any story could end at any moment . '' He gave the episode an A -. James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A , writing in his review , `` All the leaks in the world could n't wreck `` The Spoils of War '' . Game of Thrones ' shortest episode ever -- and part of the show 's fastest - paced season ever -- did n't feel rushed at all , and the story 's impact remained incredibly strong no matter what you knew ahead of time . '' Leak ( edit ) On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the episode was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . Four suspects were arrested over the leak in Mumbai . Three of them were current employees of Prime Focus Technologies , an independent company that handles Star India 's data , while one was a former employee . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' just pulled off one of its greatest episodes in the shortest amount of time '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Despite being a record - short time of just 50 minutes , `` Spoils of War '' might go down in history as one of the greatest episodes of HBO 'S `` Game of Thrones . '' Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Sunday 's episode will be its shortest ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Inside Sn 7 / Ep 4 '' . HBO . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Showrunners Reveal Dark Side of That Emotional Reunion '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Should we be worried about Jaime after that ' Game of Thrones ' cliffhanger ? '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Nikolaj Coster - Waldau on Jaime 's uncertain fate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Christopher ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Noah Syndergaard cameo revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Best Director on Game of Thrones Wo n't Be Coming Back Next Year '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` All the details behind that ' Game of Thrones ' insane dragon assault in ' The Loot Train Attack ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Director : Loot Train Battle Inspired by Atom Bomb , Pompei '' . Variety . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Director on `` Dealing Death From the Sky '' in Stunning Dragon Scene `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones `` Spoils of War '' Director on Jon and Daenerys Romance and That Ending `` . IGN . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' cinematographer breaks down the ' dragon - induced Armageddon ' in The Spoils of War '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones stars on that emotional ' Spoils of War ' reunion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Despite Leaking Early , The New Game Of Thrones Episode Set A Ratings Record '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Ratings ( 31 July - 6 August ) '' . BARB . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` The Spoils of War '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : ' The Spoils of War ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Spoils of War '' Game of Thrones : Season 7 , Episode 4 `` . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Game of Thrones '' The Spoils of War ( TV Episode 2017 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones has us wondering how long each character 's story will last '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iyenagar , Rishi ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Four men arrested in India over ' Game of Thrones ' leak '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Spoils of War `` The Spoils of War '' at HBO.com `` The Spoils of War '' on IMDb `` The Spoils of War '' at TV.com ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spoils_of_War_(Game_of_Thrones)&oldid=811294125 '' Categories : 2017 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | game of thrones spoils of war filming location | [
"\"The Spoils of War\" was directed by Matt Shakman. This was Shakman's first episode of Game of Thrones, but he had previously served as a director for several other television series, including Fargo, The Good Wife, Mad Men and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, among others.[8] The battle sequence at the conclusion of the episode, which was nicknamed \"The Loot Train Attack\" by HBO,[9] set an industry record for the most stuntmen set on fire, with real fire being used, rather than special effects, to simulate the dragon fire being emitted by Drogon. There were 73 \"fire burns,\" in addition to 20 people being set on fire for a single shot.[6] Filming of the attack sequence took approximately 18 main-unit days, five second-unit days, and several weeks for the effects-unit.[10] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Shakman spoke about the first time he read the script of the battle, saying \"I was reading the script and this battle began and I kept turning pages and the battle kept going on page after page after page! The excitement, the stress and the fear all built at the same time, mirroring probably what was happening on screen. It was a huge opportunity and a challenge. I spent the better part of six months working on that one sequence.\"[11] The \"Loot Train Attack\" was filmed in Cáceres, Spain, and Emilia Clarke, who portrays Daenerys Targaryen, was filmed riding a motion base on a stage in Belfast in front of several green screens.[9]",
"\"The Spoils of War\" was directed by Matt Shakman. This was Shakman's first episode of Game of Thrones, but he had previously served as a director for several other television series, including Fargo, The Good Wife, Mad Men and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, among others.[8] The battle sequence at the conclusion of the episode, which was nicknamed \"The Loot Train Attack\" by HBO,[9] set an industry record for the most stuntmen set on fire, with real fire being used, rather than special effects, to simulate the dragon fire being emitted by Drogon. There were 73 \"fire burns,\" in addition to 20 people being set on fire for a single shot.[6] Filming of the attack sequence took approximately 18 main-unit days, five second-unit days, and several weeks for the effects-unit.[10] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Shakman spoke about the first time he read the script of the battle, saying \"I was reading the script and this battle began and I kept turning pages and the battle kept going on page after page after page! The excitement, the stress and the fear all built at the same time, mirroring probably what was happening on screen. It was a huge opportunity and a challenge. I spent the better part of six months working on that one sequence.\"[11] The \"Loot Train Attack\" was filmed in Cáceres, Spain, and Emilia Clarke, who portrays Daenerys Targaryen, was filmed riding a motion base on a stage in Belfast in front of several green screens.[9]"
] | [
"Cáceres, Spain",
"Belfast"
] |
7979813934185863835 | Transduction (physiology) | Transduction ( physiology ) - wikipedia Transduction ( physiology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about signal transduction over long distances in cells or between cells . For signalling within cells , see Signal transduction . In physiology , sensory transduction is the conversion of a sensory stimulus from one form to another . Transduction in the nervous system typically refers to stimulus alerting events wherein a physical stimulus is converted into an action potential , which is transmitted along axons towards the central nervous system where it is integrated . A receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane . It causes the depolarization of the membrane to allow the action potential to be transduced to the brain for integration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transduction and the senses 1.1 The visual system 1.2 The auditory system 1.3 The olfactory system 1.4 The gustatory system 1.5 The somatosensory system 2 References Transduction and the senses ( edit ) The visual system ( edit ) Main article : Visual phototransduction In the visual system , sensory cells called rod and cone cells in the retina convert the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain . The light causes a conformational change in a protein called rhodopsin . This conformational change sets in motion a series of molecular events that result in a reduction of the electrochemical gradient of the photoreceptor . The decrease in the electrochemical gradient causes a reduction in the electrical signals going to the brain . Thus , in this example , more light hitting the photoreceptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses , effectively communicating that stimulus to the brain . A change in neurotransmitter release is mediated through a second messenger system . Note that the change in neurotransmitter release is by rods . Because of the change , a change in light intensity causes the response of the rods to be much slower than expected ( for a process associated with the nervous system ) . The auditory system ( edit ) In the auditory system , sound vibrations ( mechanical energy ) are transduced into electrical energy by hair cells in the inner ear . Sound vibrations from an object cause vibrations in air molecules , which in turn , vibrate your ear drum . The movement of the eardrum causes the bones of your middle ear ( the ossicles ) to vibrate . These vibrations then pass in to the cochlea , the organ of hearing . Within the cochlea , the hair cells on the sensory epithelium of the organ of Corti bend and cause movement of the basilar membrane . The membrane undulates in different sized waves according to the frequency of the sound . Hair cells are then able to convert this movement ( mechanical energy ) into electrical signals ( graded receptor potentials ) which travel along auditory nerves to hearing centres in the brain . The olfactory system ( edit ) Main article : Olfactory transduction In the olfactory system , odorant molecules in the mucus bind to G - protein receptors on olfactory cells . The G - protein activates a downstream signalling cascade that causes increased level of cyclic - AMP ( cAMP ) , which trigger neurotransmitter release . The gustatory system ( edit ) In the gustatory system , our perception of five primary taste qualities ( sweet , salty , sour , bitter and umami ( savoriness ) ) depends on taste transduction pathways , through taste receptor cells , G proteins , ion channels , and effector enzymes . The somatosensory system ( edit ) Main article : Mechanotransduction In the somatosensory system the sensory transduction mainly involves the conversion of the mechanical signal such as pressure , skin compression , stretch , vibration to electro - ionic impulses through the process of mechanotransduction . It also includes the sensory transduction related to thermoception and nociception . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Breedlove , S.M. , Rosenzweig , M.R. , & Watson , N.V. , Biological Psychology , 5th Edition , Sinauer Associates , Inc , Sunderland , MA , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach , 3rd Edition , Inc , San Francisco , CA , 2004 . Jump up ^ Eatock , R. ( 2010 ) . Auditory receptors and transduction . In E. Goldstein ( Ed . ) , Encyclopedia of perception . ( pp. 184 - 187 ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE Publications , Inc . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412972000. n63 Jump up ^ Ronnett , Gabriele V. , & Moon , Cheil . L ( 2002 ) . G PROTEINS AND OLFACTORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION . Annual Review of Physiology. 64 . pp. 189 -- 222 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 64.082701. 102219 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Timothy A Gilbertson ; Sami Damak ; Robert F Margolskee , `` The molecular physiology of taste transduction '' , Current Opinion in Neurobiology ( August 2000 ) , 10 ( 4 ) , pg. 519 - 527 Jump up ^ Biswas , Abhijit ; Manivannan , M. ; Srinivasan , Mandyam A. ( 2015 ) . `` Vibrotactile Sensitivity Threshold : Nonlinear Stochastic Mechanotransduction Model of the Pacinian Corpuscle '' . IEEE Transactions on Haptics. 8 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 113 . PMID 25398183 . doi : 10.1109 / TOH. 2014.2369422 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transduction_(physiology)&oldid=740171323 '' Categories : Physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Magyar Simple English ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2016 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | transduction occurs for the visual system in the and for the auditory system in the | [] | [] |
3246570894807078726 | The Young Riders | The Young Riders - wikipedia The Young Riders Jump to : navigation , search The Young Riders DVD cover of the first Season 1 box set Genre Western Created by Ed Spielman Starring Stephen Baldwin Josh Brolin Brett Cullen Travis Fine Don Franklin Melissa Leo Ty Miller Christopher Pettiet Gregg Rainwater Yvonne Suhor Clare Wren Anthony Zerbe Composer ( s ) John Debney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 68 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jonas McCord , Scott Shepherd Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Ogiens / Kane Company MGM Television Release Original network ABC Original release September 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 20 ) -- July 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 23 ) The Young Riders is an American western television series created by Ed Spielman that presents a fictionalized account of a group of young Pony Express riders ( some of whom are young versions of legendary figures in Old West history ) based at the Sweetwater Station in the Nebraska Territory during the years leading up to the American Civil War . The series premiered on ABC on September 20 , 1989 and ran for three seasons until the final episode aired on July 23 , 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Characters 2.1 Guest stars 3 Reception 4 Media 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Filming of the original pilot for the series took place in California . After the ABC network picked it up , the series production moved to Tucson , Arizona , with filming in `` Mescal '' , a western - themed movie town operated by Old Tucson Studios . Before the series premiere , producers of the 1988 film Young Guns filed a lawsuit against ABC and the series producers , claiming the series title combined with its plot infringed on their trademark . In the second season , Don Franklin joined the cast to portray the character Noah Dixon . In doing so , he became the third African - American actor to hold a starring role in a television western -- after Raymond St. Jacques , who had co-starred on the final season of Rawhide as cattle drover Simon Blake ( 1965 ) and Otis Young , who co-starred with Don Murray on the short - lived ( 1968 -- 69 ) TV series The Outcasts . Having never ridden a horse before , Franklin was sent to `` Cowboy Camp '' for 3 -- 4 days where he learned how to mount and dismount , and the basics of riding . Desiring to also work behind the cameras , Franklin talked with producers about writing and directing an episode for the series . In an interview , he noted that the series producers were very receptive and was regularly encouraging the cast to not only make suggestions , but also follow through with them . When the cast noted that they did n't like the series becoming a `` guest - villain - of - the - week '' , it was changed to refocus back on the individual characters and their relationships with each other . Franklin himself also encouraged that more black characters be included in the series . Characters ( edit ) Aloysius `` Teaspoon '' Hunter ( Anthony Zerbe ) A former Texas Ranger and one of the few survivors of the Battle of the Alamo . A colorful yet immensely wise character , Teaspoon can be a tough task master but he cares about all of his riders . The Kid ( Ty Miller ) A soft - spoken southerner . He loves his horse , Katy , who he purchased by winning the money to buy her in a boxing match . He is the first of the riders to learn that Lou is a girl , and he falls in love with her . William F. Cody ( Stephen Baldwin ) Buffalo Bill is arrogant , brash , and a bit on the goofy side , but also devoted to his friends . He is an excellent shot with long arms such as rifles . James Butler Hickok ( Josh Brolin ) Wild Bill is hot - tempered and quick to go for his gun . He is a fast draw and gains a reputation as a gunslinger that he does n't particularly want as it causes people to come challenge him . His temper frequently gets him in trouble , though Teaspoon and Sam try to help him learn to control it . Buck Cross ( Running Buck ) ( Gregg Rainwater ) A half - Kiowa who is close friends with Ike . Buck helps break down stereotypes that the townsfolk have of Indians in the area . Louise `` Lou '' McCloud ( Yvonne Suhor ) Lou presents herself as a man so that she can join the riders . The Kid finds Lou out in the first episode , and the other riders when they help her rescue her brother and sister from their abusive outlaw father . She eventually falls in love with and marries The Kid . Sam Cain ( Brett Cullen ) The current marshal of Sweetwater , and a former gunslinger . He is in love with Emma and she finally marries him at the end of Season 1 . Because of his own past , Sam tries to help Hickok deal with his growing gunslinger reputation . Ike McSwain ( Travis Fine ) Ike is mute and bald , but that does n't keep him from being an excellent rider . He is particularly close to Buck , who taught him sign language . Ike can be very passionate about protecting people . Noah Dixon ( Don Franklin ) A free - born black man who joins the Riders in the second season . Emma Shannon ( Melissa Leo ) The caretaker of the station and the riders . Though she can be just as tough as Teaspoon when the riders do wrong , she tries to be a mother to them all . She is in love with Marshal Cain , but because of her past , she hesitated to marry him until the end of the first season . Jesse James ( Christopher Pettiet ) A young boy who joins the riders in the third season . Rachel Dunn ( Clare Wren ) Rachel takes on the role of station caretaker after Emma leaves . Guest stars ( edit ) Many prominent actors guest - starred on the show , including Mitchell Ryan , Rob Estes , Chris Penn , Lloyd Bochner , Jay O. Sanders , Ted Shackelford , Roger Rees , James Gammon , Meg Foster , Albert Salmi , Kelli Williams , Fisher Stevens , Della Reese , Melissa Michaelsen , David Carradine , Stacy Keach Sr. , Pernell Roberts , David Soul , Cynthia Nixon , Richard Roundtree , Buck Taylor , Nick Ramus , Jamie Walters , Frances Fisher , Noble Willingham , James Cromwell , William Russ , John Slattery , Rebecca Staab , Peter MacNicol , Tim Thomerson , Stan Shaw , Bart the Bear , Brian Keith , Park Overall , Brian Bonsall , John Schuck , Gloria Reuben , Khrystyne Haje , Gary Sandy , John DeLancie , Tammy Grimes , Frederic Forrest , William Sanderson , Sydney Walsh , Cassie Yates , Robert Clohessy , and Jenny O'Hara Reception ( edit ) In its first year on the air , The Young Riders was plagued by low ratings . In November 1989 , it ranked 60th out of 84 programs for its time slot in the Nielsen ratings . In its second season , the series was given a new timeslot and made a dramatic turn around , winning its time slot five out of its first seven weeks , and consistently outperformed the other critically acclaimed shows on the night China Beach and Twin Peaks . Though still only ranked 57th in the Nielsen Ratings , it began building a `` small , but loyal '' following among teens and young adults . Diane Holloway of the Austin American - Statesman felt it offered a new take on the standard Western , and praised the series for its `` beautiful '' cinematography . The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Ken Tucker heavily criticized the series when it premiered considering it `` one of the season 's most pretentious bombs '' and feeling `` everything about ( it ) is overdone '' including the acting . Considering it a rip off of the films Young Guns and The Long Riders , Tucker considered the series failed at period authenticity and thought the riders dressed no different from 1980s young adults . Writing for The Atlanta Journal , Phil Kloer agreed with Tucker , also calling the series a rip off of Young Guns . Kloer considered the pilot to be `` not particularly good or bad '' , and felt the series was doomed to fail quickly . He did , however , praise the series cinematography as being `` more like a film than a TV series , very beautiful with lots of soft light '' . Ron Miller of TV Weekly , however , praised the series when it was released . As it entered its second season , he renewed his praise , noting the more successful series was now `` thumbing its nose at all the prognosticators '' who had considered it unlikely to succeed . Media ( edit ) MGM released the first season of The Young Riders as a single Region 1 DVD box set on March 21 , 2006 . This release has been discontinued and is out of print . The season 1 set was released to Region 2 ( Europe ) on January 15 , 2007 . All three seasons of the show were available to view via Netflix ( streaming only ) from November 2010 - February 2012 . TGG Direct released season 3 on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time on January 29 , 2013 . They also re-released the first season on the same day . Season 2 was released on October 22 , 2013 . However , due to clearance issues , the episodes `` Born to Hang , '' `` Bad Company , '' `` Blood Money , '' and `` Littlest Cowboy '' were excluded . Another Season 2 set was released in 2014 . In addition to the four episodes excluded from the 2013 release , the 2014 set also excludes the episodes `` Dead Ringer '' and `` The Play 's the Thing '' . Episodes are currently ( early 2017 ) shown twice daily on Get TV and Saturday nights on This TV . As of September 2016 , the entire series can be watched via Starz streaming services . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lacey , Gord ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) . `` The Young Riders -- Yee - Haw ! Baldwin and Brolin saddle up on DVD this March ... thanks in part to YOU ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Zollinger , Norman ( 1989 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Television ; For the Western Serial , Time to Saddle Up Again '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kloer , Phil ( September 20 , 1989 ) . `` ' Riders ' Destined to High - Tail it Off the Air - Television Review '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . D9 . ISSN 1539 - 7459 . Jump up ^ May , Mitchell ( September 5 , 1991 ) . `` Tinseltown not all glitter for ' Young Riders ' co-star '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . p . E8 . ISSN 0889 - 0013 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Diane ( 1989 - 11 - 16 ) . `` ' Young Riders ' puts new face on Western : Show ranks tops in quality , No. 60 in Nielsens '' . Austin American - Statesman . Austin , Texas . p . B6 . ISSN 1553 - 8451 . Jump up ^ `` ' Young Riders ' thriving on Saturdays after surviving Thursday shootout '' . Baltimore Sun . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Ron ( December 2 , 1990 ) . `` Young Riders Outguns the Competition '' . TV Weekly . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 20 , 1989 ) . `` 3 Premieres in Prime Time , But Two Are Far From Prime ' Peaceable Kingdom , ' ' The Young Riders ' and ' The Nutt House ' Provide a Night of Diverse Debuts '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D01 . ISSN 0885 - 6613 . Jump up ^ `` hmv.com : dvd : Young Riders : Season 1 ( 2007 ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Young Riders Complete Season Three '' . Jump up ^ `` Young Riders Complete Season One '' . Jump up ^ `` Young Riders Season Two '' . Jump up ^ `` The Young Riders : The Second Season - Digitally Remastered '' . Jump up ^ `` The Young Riders '' . External links ( edit ) The Young Riders at TV.com The Young Riders on IMDb The Young Riders Italia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Young_Riders&oldid=800943673 '' Categories : 1989 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1980s American television series 1990s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Cultural depictions of Buffalo Bill Cultural depictions of Jesse James Television series by MGM Television Television shows set in Wyoming Television shows set in Nebraska Works about the Pony Express Western ( genre ) television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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