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2772073129350946289 | A Jury of Her Peers | A Jury of her Peers - wikipedia A Jury of her Peers Jump to : navigation , search `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Author Susan Glaspell Country United States Language English Published in Every Week Magazine Publication date March 5 , 1917 Preceded by `` Trifles '' `` A Jury of Her Peers '' , written in 1917 , is a short story by Susan Glaspell , loosely based on the 1900 murder of John Hossack ( not the famed abolitionist ) , which Glaspell covered while working as a journalist for the Des Moines Daily News . It is seen as an example of early feminist literature because two female characters are able to solve a mystery that the male characters can not . They are aided by their knowledge of women 's psychology . Glaspell originally wrote the story as a one - act play entitled Trifles for the Provincetown Players in 1916 . The story was adapted into an episode of the 1950s TV series Alfred Hitchcock Presents . The story was adapted into a 30 - minute film by Sally Heckel in 1980 . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film . Plot summary ( edit ) `` A Jury of Her Peers '' is about the discovery of and subsequent investigation of John Wright 's murder . The story begins on a cold , windy day in fictional Dickson County ( representing Dickinson County , Iowa ) with Martha Hale being abruptly called to ride to a crime scene . In the buggy is Lewis Hale , her husband , Sheriff Peters , the county sheriff , and Mrs. Peters , the sheriff 's wife . She rushes out to join them in the buggy , and the group sets off . They arrive at the crime scene : the Wrights ' lonesome - looking house . Immediately Mrs. Hale exhibits a feeling of guilt for not visiting her friend Minnie Foster since she married and became Mrs. Wright ( the dead man 's wife ) twenty years prior . Once the whole group is safely inside the house , Mr. Hale is asked to describe to the county attorney what he had seen and experienced the day prior . Despite the serious circumstances , he delivers his story in a long - winded and poorly thought - out manner , tendencies he struggles to avoid throughout . The story begins with Mr. Hale venturing to Mr. Wright 's house to convince Wright to get a telephone . Upon entering the house , he finds Mrs. Wright in a delirious state and comes to learn that Mr. Wright has allegedly been strangled . The women 's curious nature and very peculiar attention to minute details allows them to find evidence of Mrs. Wright 's guilt and of her provocations and motives . Meanwhile , the men are unable to procure any evidence . The women find the one usable piece of evidence : the dead bird in the box . It 's stated that Minnie used to love to sing and her husband took that away from her . But now finding her bird is dead , with a broken neck ( with the implication that the husband killed it ) it is evident Mrs. Wright killed her husband . Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters use their knowledge and experience as two `` midwestern rural women '' to understand Mrs. Wright 's suffering when the only living thing around her has died . The women find justification in Mrs. Wright 's actions and go about hiding what they find from the men . In the end , their obstruction of evidence will seemingly prevent a conviction . The story ends here , and does not move into the occurrences after they leave the house . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Patricia L. ( 1997 ) . `` Stories in Fiction and in Fact : Susan Glaspell 's A Jury of Her Peers and the 1901 Murder Trial of Margaret Hossack '' . Stanford law review . 49 : 71 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Harold . True Crime : An American Anthology ( PDF ) . The Library of America . pp. 179 -- 195 . ISBN 1598530313 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Study Guide Archived January 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . at What So Proudly We Hail Curriculum . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080974/ Jump up ^ Hedges , Elaine ( 1986 ) . `` Small things reconsidered : Susan Glaspell 's ' ' A Jury of her Peers ' '' . Women 's Studies . 12 : 22 . External links ( edit ) A Jury of Her Peers public domain audiobook at LibriVox Audio dramatization EDSITEment lesson Jury of Her Peers `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Article in Every Week John Hossack Murder Case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Jury_of_Her_Peers&oldid=816715459 '' Categories : 1927 short stories American short stories Works based on plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with LibriVox links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 05 : 33 . About Wikipedia | where does a jury of her peers take place | [
"\"A Jury of Her Peers\" is about the discovery of and subsequent investigation of John Wright's murder. The story begins on a cold, windy day in fictional Dickson County (representing Dickinson County, Iowa) with Martha Hale being abruptly called to ride to a crime scene. In the buggy is Lewis Hale, her husband, Sheriff Peters, the county sheriff, and Mrs. Peters, the sheriff's wife. She rushes out to join them in the buggy, and the group sets off. They arrive at the crime scene: the Wrights' lonesome-looking house. Immediately Mrs. Hale exhibits a feeling of guilt for not visiting her friend Minnie Foster since she married and became Mrs. Wright (the dead man's wife) twenty years prior. Once the whole group is safely inside the house, Mr. Hale is asked to describe to the county attorney what he had seen and experienced the day prior. Despite the serious circumstances, he delivers his story in a long-winded and poorly thought-out manner, tendencies he struggles to avoid throughout. The story begins with Mr. Hale venturing to Mr. Wright's house to convince Wright to get a telephone. Upon entering the house, he finds Mrs. Wright in a delirious state and comes to learn that Mr. Wright has allegedly been strangled. The women's curious nature and very peculiar attention to minute details allows them to find evidence of Mrs. Wright's guilt and of her provocations and motives. Meanwhile, the men are unable to procure any evidence. The women find the one usable piece of evidence: the dead bird in the box. It's stated that Minnie used to love to sing and her husband took that away from her. But now finding her bird is dead, with a broken neck (with the implication that the husband killed it) it is evident Mrs. Wright killed her husband. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters use their knowledge and experience as two \"midwestern rural women\" to understand Mrs. Wright's suffering when the only living thing around her has died.[5] The women find justification in Mrs. Wright’s actions and go about hiding what they find from the men. In the end, their obstruction of evidence will seemingly prevent a conviction. The story ends here, and does not move into the occurrences after they leave the house."
] | [
"fictional Dickson County (representing Dickinson County, Iowa)"
] |
-5922540826373925066 | Where Did Our Love Go | Where Did Our Love Go - wikipedia Where Did Our Love Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Where Did Our Love Go '' Single by The Supremes from the album Where Did Our Love Go B - side `` He Means the World to Me '' Released June 17 , 1964 Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded April 8 , 1964 Studio Hitsville U.S.A. ( Studio A ) Genre R&B , pop , doo - wop Length 2 : 33 Label Motown M 1060 Songwriter ( s ) Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Producer ( s ) Brian Holland Lamont Dozier The Supremes singles chronology `` Run Run Run '' ( 1964 ) `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Love '' ( 1964 ) `` Run Run Run '' ( 1964 ) `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Love '' ( 1964 ) Where Did Our Love Go track listing 12 tracks Side one `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Run , Run , Run '' `` Baby Love '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' `` Come See About Me '' `` Long Gone Lover '' Side two `` I 'm Giving You Your Freedom '' `` A Breathtaking Guy '' `` He Means The World to Me '' `` Standing at the Crossroads of Love '' `` Your Kiss of Fire '' `` Ask Any Girl '' Audio sample file help Alternative cover `` Where Did Our Love Go '' is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label . Written and produced by Motown 's main production team Holland -- Dozier -- Holland , `` Where Did Our Love Go '' was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number - one position on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States , a position it held for two weeks , from August 16 to August 29 , 1964 . It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one ( the others being `` Baby Love '' , `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , and `` Back in My Arms Again '' ) . The song also reached number one on the Cash Box R&B singles chart . The Supremes ' version is ranked # 475 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2016 due to its `` cultural , historic , or artistic significance . '' Billboard named the song # 4 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Overview 1.2 Release and reaction 2 Cover versions 3 Members 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 See also 6 Bibliography 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) According to Brian Holland , `` Where Did Our Love Go '' was written with The Supremes in mind . Though Supremes member Mary Wilson would later write that the song had been originally given to The Marvelettes , Holland would deny this claim , as would the Marvelettes themselves . Marvelettes member Katherine Anderson - Schnaffer later said that the song did n't quite fit her group 's repertoire , as the song was produced under a slower beat and their music was more uptempo . When the Supremes were eventually given the song , the group members were n't pleased with the record , with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes ' `` Please Mr. Postman '' . Although the group felt the song did n't have the hook to make it successful , they decided that they really did n't have a choice and prepared to record the song . Initially , the producers argued over who should sing the song , as the song had been cut in the same key as Mary Wilson 's voice but since Berry Gordy had assigned the lead singer role to Diana Ross , the producers eventually gave the song to Ross , who sang it in her usual high register in the recording studio on April 8 . As a result , Ross was told to sing the song in a lower register and begrudgingly complied with Holland / Dozier / Holland 's `` to the letter '' formula . Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard 's vocal contribution was significant in bringing a fresh yet hypnotic sexiness to the overall sound of the song while remaining true to the backup arrangements that Lamont Dozier had set down . Upon hearing the song 's playback , an excited Ross rushed to Gordy 's office and told him to come to the studio to listen to the song . Upon hearing playback , a satisfied Gordy nodded saying to the producers and the group that the song had potential to be a top ten hit . Release and reaction ( edit ) `` Where Did Our Love Go '' was released as a single on June 17 , 1964 , and entered the Hot 100 at number seventy - seven . Six weeks later , while the Supremes were on tour as part of Dick Clark 's `` American Bandstand Caravan of Stars '' , the song made it to number one for two weeks , spending a total of 9 weeks in the Billboard Top Ten . The girls began the tour at the bottom of the bill ; by the conclusion of the tour , they were at the top . They performed the song on the NBC variety program , Hullabaloo ! on Tuesday , January 26 , 1965 . The song became the focal point and title track of the group 's second album , Where Did Our Love Go , released later that year . A German language version of the song was recorded by the Supremes for German - speaking markets overseas . The song seemed to strike a chord in the United States , with a group which would become the most successful chart - topping American popular music group of the 1960s . The first of their American chart toppers , the song peaked just weeks after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , critically remarked as capturing the spirit of an America reeling from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , racial tension , increased United States involvement in Vietnam , and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s . Cover versions ( edit ) In 1965 , labelmates the Four Tops ' released `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' , which reached number one . While not exactly a true cover , the melodic and chordal progressions of `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' are almost identical to those of `` Where Did Our Love Go '' . In 1968 , this song was covered by The Clarendonians , titled `` Baby Baby '' . The Clarendonians were a ska and rocksteady vocal group from Jamaica , active from the mid to late 1960s . In 1971 , this song was covered by Donnie Elbert , and charted at # 15 with it . On the R&B chart , it peaked at # 6 . In 1976 , The J. Geils Band covered the song on their live 1976 album Blow Your Face Out , and also charted at # 68 with it . In 1978 , this song was covered by Ringo Starr In 1981 , Soft Cell combined their cover of `` Where Did Our Love Go '' with a cover of Gloria Jones ' `` Tainted Love '' ; the cover begins after `` Tainted Love '' ends on the same song . In 1984 , a cover was made for the cartoon Kidd Video by the eponymous band . In 1986 , the Norwegian swing / pop duo Bobbysocks ! covered it on their LP Waiting for the Morning . In 1993 Sinitta released `` The Supreme EP '' which featured the song along with two other Supremes hits and the 1970 Diana Ross single `` Remember Me '' . It charted at # 49 in the UK . In 1998 , a live version was performed in the Spice Girls , Spiceworld Tour by Baby Spice aka Emma Bunton . The intro of this song was sampled in the 1998 Ace of Base song , `` Always Have Always Will . '' Electropop artists Gluebound covered the song for their 1998 album Essential Interpretations : Today 's Great Artists Perform Yesterday 's Classics . In 2003 , Jenni Rivera recorded the song for her covers album Homenaje a Las Grandes In 2005 , the Pussycat Dolls , like Soft Cell , recorded a combined cover song of `` Tainted Love / Where Did Our Love Go '' for their debut album , PCD . In 2006 , U.K. singer Declan Galbraith recorded the song for his second album Thank You . In 2006 , it was heavily sampled in the song `` Here We Go '' by grime collective Mademan presenting Vigar , Diddy , JR & L. Man . In 2009 , this song was covered by Lynda Carter in her album At Last . In 2011 , YouTube singer Julia Nunes did a remix of the song with Justin Bieber 's song `` Baby '' . This same arrangement was used by Little Mix in series 8 , week 8 of The X Factor ( UK ) and also Rachel Crow in series 1 , week 1 of The X Factor ( US ) . Members ( edit ) Lead vocals by Diana Ross Background vocals by Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson All instruments by The Funk Brothers Footstomps by Mike Valvano Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Australia 14 Canadian RPM Top 40 Netherlands ( MegaCharts ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 US Cash Box R&B Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Cash Box 15 Preceded by `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' by Dean Martin Billboard Hot 100 number - one single August 22 , 1964 Succeeded by `` The House of the Rising Sun '' by The Animals Preceded by `` A Hard Day 's Night '' by The Beatles Canadian RPM number - one single August 31 , 1964 Succeeded by `` House of the Rising Sun '' by The Animals See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1964 ( U.S. ) Bibliography ( edit ) Benjaminson , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Lost Supreme : The Life of Dreamgirl Florence Ballard '' . Chicago : Lawrence Hill Books . ISBN 1556527055 . Chin , Brian and Nathan , David ( 2000 ) . Reflections Of ... The Supremes ( CD box set ) . New York : Motown Record Co. / Universal Music . Posner , Gerald ( 2002 ) . `` Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power '' . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 . Wilson , Mary and Romanowski , Patricia ( 1986 , 1990 , 2000 ) . `` Dreamgirl : My Life As a Supreme '' . New York : Cooper Square Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1000 - X . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John , Gilliland , . `` Show 26 - The Soul Reformation : Phase two , the Motown story . ( Part 5 ) '' . Digital Library . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . 76 ( 34 ) : 20 . 1964 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . 76 ( 35 ) : 22 . 1964 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 558 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` New Entries to National Recording Registry '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unsung : The Marvelettes , TV One , 2012 Jump up ^ Benjaminson 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Unsung : Florence Ballard , TV One , 2010 Jump up ^ Hoffer , Jason ; Mary Wilson . `` Mary Wilson of the Supremes interview -- Getting biographical with Mary Wilson ( Part 2 of 2 ) '' ( audio ) . 1 : 52 : Going Thru Vinyl Ltd . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Host : George Hamilton ( January 26 , 1965 ) . `` Show # 3 '' . Hullabaloo . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Burbank , California . NBC . KNBC . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli , J. Randy . Call Her Miss Ross ISBN 1 - 55972 - 006 - 9 pp 98 Jump up ^ Leszczak , Bob ( 10 October 2013 ) . `` Who Did It First ? : Great Rhythm and Blues Cover Songs and Their Original Artists '' . Scarecrow Press . Retrieved 8 April 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1964 / Top 100 Songs of 1964 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Supremes Diana Ross Florence Ballard Mary Wilson Barbara Martin Cindy Birdsong Jean Terrell Lynda Laurence Scherrie Payne Susaye Greene Betty McGlown Studio albums Meet The Supremes ( 1962 ) Where Did Our Love Go ( 1964 ) More Hits by The Supremes ( 1965 ) I Hear a Symphony ( 1966 ) The Supremes A ' Go - Go ( 1966 ) The Supremes Sing Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ( 1967 ) Reflections ( 1968 ) Love Child ( 1968 ) Let the Sunshine In ( 1969 ) Cream of the Crop ( 1969 ) Right On ( 1970 ) New Ways but Love Stays ( 1970 ) Touch ( 1971 ) Floy Joy ( 1972 ) The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb ( 1972 ) The Supremes ( 1975 ) High Energy ( 1976 ) Mary , Scherrie & Susaye ( 1976 ) Collaborative albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations ( 1968 ) Together ( 1969 ) The Magnificent 7 ( 1970 ) The Return of the Magnificent Seven ( 1971 ) Dynamite ( 1971 ) Live albums The Supremes at the Copa ( 1965 ) Live at London 's Talk of the Town ( 1968 ) TCB ( 1968 ) On Broadway ( 1969 ) Farewell ( 1970 ) The Supremes Live ! In Japan ( 1973 ) Other albums A Bit of Liverpool ( 1964 ) The Supremes Sing Country , Western and Pop ( 1965 ) We Remember Sam Cooke ( 1965 ) Merry Christmas ( 1965 ) The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart ( 1967 ) Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform `` Funny Girl '' ( 1968 ) Singles `` Tears of Sorrow '' ( as The Primettes ) `` I Want a Guy '' `` Buttered Popcorn '' `` Your Heart Belongs to Me '' `` Let Me Go the Right Way '' `` My Heart Ca n't Take It No More '' `` A Breathtaking Guy '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' `` Run , Run , Run '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Love '' `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' `` Things Are Changing '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Children 's Christmas Song '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` The Happening '' `` Reflections '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` Some Things You Never Get Used To '' `` Love Child '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I 'm Livin ' in Shame '' `` I 'll Try Something New '' `` The Composer '' `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' `` The Weight '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' `` Everybody 's Got the Right to Love '' `` Stoned Love '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` Nathan Jones '' `` You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart '' `` Touch '' `` Floy Joy '' `` Automatically Sunshine '' `` Without the One You Love '' `` Your Wonderful , Sweet Sweet Love '' `` I Guess I 'll Miss the Man '' `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Bad Weather '' `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' `` He 's My Man '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` You 're My Driving Wheel '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Love , I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good '' Videography T.A.M.I. Show Greatest Hits : Live in Amsterdam Reflections : The Definitive Performances ( 1964 -- 1969 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Inspired works Sparkle ( 1976 film ) Dreamgirls ( musical ) Dreamgirls ( film ) Sparkle ( 2012 film ) Related topics Discography Chronology Members FLOS Book Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Brian Holland Lamont Dozier Eddie Holland Songs 1962 `` Dearest One '' `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Darling , I Hum Our Song '' 1963 `` Leaving Here '' `` Locking Up My Heart '' `` What Goes Up Must Come Down '' / `` Come on Home '' `` Tie a String Around Your Finger '' `` Come and Get These Memories '' / `` Jealous Lover '' `` You Lost the Sweetest Boy '' `` Heat Wave '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` ( He Wo n't Be True ) Little Girl Blue '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Too Hurt to Cry , Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye '' / `` Come on Home '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' / `` Standing at the Crossroads of Love '' `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' `` Quicksand '' / `` Darling I Hum Our Song '' `` Live Wire '' / `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Run , Run , Run '' / `` I 'm Giving You Your Freedom '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` A Tear from a Woman 's Eyes '' `` My Lady Bug Stay Away from That Beatle '' `` Like a Nightmare '' / `` If You Were Mine '' `` In My Lonely Room '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` Guarantee for a Lifetime '' `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' / `` Call on Me '' `` Candy to Me '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Baby Love '' / `` Ask Any Girl '' `` Come See About Me '' / ( You 're Gone But ) Always in My Heart '' `` Without the One You Love ( Life 's Not Worth While ) '' / `` Love has Gone '' `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` Where Did You Go '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' / `` I 'm in Love Again '' `` You 've Been a Long Time Coming '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Nowhere to Run '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' / `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Love ( Makes Me Do Foolish Things ) '' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' / `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Something About You '' `` Take Me in Your Arms ( Rock Me a Little While ) '' `` Darling Baby '' `` There 's a Ghost in My House '' 1966 `` ( I 'm a ) Roadrunner '' `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' `` Ask any Man '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` There 's No Love Left '' `` Shake Me , Wake Me ( When It 's Over ) '' / `` Just as Long as You Need Me '' `` Helpless '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Call on Me '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' / `` He 's All I Got '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Like Everything About You '' `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' `` Nothing but Soul '' `` Love 's Gone Bad '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' / `` Until You Love Someone '' `` Stay in My Lonely Arms '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` I Wanna Mother You , Smother You With Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` Remove This Doubt '' `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' / Since You 've Been Gone '' `` I 'm Ready for Love '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` Heaven Must Have Sent You '' 1967 `` Just One Last Look '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' / There 's No Stopping Us Now '' `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Jimmy Mack '' / `` Third Finger , Left Hand '' `` Bernadette '' / `` I Got a Feeling '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` The Happening '' / `` All I Know About You '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` 7 - Rooms of Gloom '' / `` I 'll Turn to Stone '' `` I Understand My Man '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' / `` I 'll Take Care of You '' `` Reflections '' / `` Going Down for the Third Time '' `` One Way Out '' `` You Keep Me Running Away '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` I Got a Feeling '' `` In and Out of Love '' / `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' 1968 `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` I 'm in a Different World '' 1969 `` We 've Got a Way Out Love '' `` Crumbs off the Table '' 1970 `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` ( You 've Got Me ) Dangling on a String '' `` Everything 's Tuesday '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Westbound # 9 '' 1972 `` The Day I Found Myself '' `` Do n't Leave Me Starvin ' for Your Love '' `` Why Ca n't We Be Lovers '' 1973 `` You 're Gonna Need Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' 1976 `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' 1982 `` We Can Never Light That Old Flame Again '' Related topics Motown Hot Wax Records Invictus Records List of songs written by Holland , Dozier and Holland The J. Geils Band J. Geils Stephen Bladd Magic Dick Seth Justman Danny Klein Peter Wolf Studio albums The J. Geils Band ( 1970 ) The Morning After ( 1971 ) Bloodshot ( 1973 ) Ladies Invited ( 1973 ) Nightmares ... and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle ( 1974 ) Hotline ( 1975 ) Monkey Island ( 1977 ) Sanctuary ( 1978 ) Love Stinks ( 1980 ) Freeze - Frame ( 1981 ) You 're Gettin ' Even While I 'm Gettin ' Odd ( 1984 ) Live albums Live Full House ( 1972 ) Blow Your Face Out ( 1976 ) Showtime ! ( 1982 ) Compilations Best of The J. Geils Band ( 1979 ) Best of The J. Geils Band ( 2006 ) Singles `` First I Look at the Purse '' ( Live ) ( 1971 ) `` Looking for a Love '' ( 1971 ) `` Must of Got Lost '' ( 1974 ) `` Love-Itis '' ( 1975 ) `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( 1976 ) `` Come Back '' ( 1980 ) `` Love Stinks '' ( 1980 ) `` Centerfold '' ( 1981 ) `` Freeze - Frame '' ( 1981 ) `` Angel in Blue '' ( 1982 ) `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' ( 1983 ) Related articles Discography Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Did_Our_Love_Go&oldid=841446257 '' Categories : 1964 singles The Supremes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs written by Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Soft Cell songs The J. Geils Band songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Motown singles 1964 songs Song recordings produced by Brian Holland Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier United States National Recording Registry recordings Kidd Video songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 22 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did our love go in the middle of nowhere | [] | [] |
-1593097001973275211 | Knoxville, Tennessee | Knoxville , Tennessee - wikipedia Knoxville , Tennessee Jump to : navigation , search `` Knoxville '' redirects here . For other uses , see Knoxville ( disambiguation ) . Knoxville , Tennessee City The City of Knoxville , Tennessee Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Marble City , Heart of the Valley , Queen City of the Mountains , K - Town , Scruffy City , Gateway to the Great Smoky Mountains . Location of Knoxville in Knox County , Tennessee . Knoxville , Tennessee Location in the United States Coordinates : 35 ° 58 ′ 22 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 32 '' W / 35.97278 ° N 83.94222 ° W / 35.97278 ; - 83.94222 Coordinates : 35 ° 58 ′ 22 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 32 '' W / 35.97278 ° N 83.94222 ° W / 35.97278 ; - 83.94222 Country United States State Tennessee County Knox Settled 1786 Founded 1791 Incorporated 1815 Founded by James White Named for Henry Knox Government Type Mayor - Council Mayor Madeline Rogero ( D ) City Council Council Members ( show ) Nick Pavlis ( 1st Dist. ; also Vice Mayor ) Duane Grieve ( 2nd Dist . ) Brenda Palmer ( 3rd Dist . ) Nick Della Volpe ( 4th Dist . ) Mark Campen ( 5th Dist . ) Daniel Brown ( 6th Dist . ) George Wallace ( At - Large Seat A ) Marshall Stair ( At - Large Seat B) Finbarr Saunders ( At - Large Seat C ) Area City 104.2 sq mi ( 269.8 km ) Land 98.5 sq mi ( 255.2 km ) Water 5.6 sq mi ( 14.6 km ) 5.4 % Elevation 886 ft ( 270 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 178,874 Estimate ( 2016 ) 186,239 Rank US : 128th Density 1,816 / sq mi ( 701.0 / km ) Urban 558,696 ( US : 74th ) Metro 868,546 ( US : 64th ) CSA 1,096,961 ( US : 50th ) Demonym ( s ) Knoxvillian Knoxvillite Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) Zip code 37901 - 37902 , 37909 , 37912 , 37914 - 37924 , 37927 - 37934 , 37938 - 37940 , 37950 , 37995 - 37998 Area code ( s ) 865 FIPS code 47 - 40000 GNIS feature ID 1648562 Website www.knoxvilletn.gov Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . The city had an estimated population of 186,239 in 2016 and a population of 178,874 as of the 2010 census , making it the state 's third largest city after Memphis and Nashville . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which , in 2016 , was 868,546 , up 0.9 percent , or 7,377 people , from to 2015 . The KMSA is , in turn , the central component of the Knoxville - Sevierville - La Follette Combined Statistical Area , which , in 2013 , had a population of 1,096,961 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , called the `` Volunteers '' or `` Vols '' , are extremely popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies . As one of the largest cities in the Appalachian region , Knoxville has positioned itself in recent years as a repository of Appalachian culture and is one of the gateways to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Settlement 1.3 Antebellum Knoxville 1.4 The U.S. Civil War 1.5 Reconstruction and the Industrial Age 1.6 The Progressive Era and the Great Depression 1.7 Modern day 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 2.3 Metropolitan Area 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Neighborhoods 3.2. 1 List of notable neighborhoods 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 5.1 Major corporations 5.2 Real estate 5.3 Finance 5.4 Manufacturing 5.5 Retail 5.6 Technology and research 6 Culture 6.1 Events 6.2 Sites of interest 7 Media 8 References in popular culture 9 Sports 10 Government 11 Education 11.1 Primary and secondary education 11.2 Libraries 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Health 12.2 Utilities 13 Transportation 13.1 Highways 13.2 Mass transit 13.3 Airports 13.4 Railroads 13.5 River transport 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Knoxville , Tennessee See also : Timeline of Knoxville , Tennessee Early History ( edit ) The first people to form substantial settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period ( c. 1000 B.C. -- A.D 1000 ) . One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period ( c . A.D. 1000 - 1400 ) . The earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus . Other prehistoric sites include an Early Woodland habitation area at the confluence of the Tennessee River and Knob Creek ( near the Knox - Blount county line ) , and Dallas Phase Mississippian villages at Post Oak Island ( also along the river near the Knox - Blount line ) , and at Bussell Island ( at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River near Lenoir City ) . By the 18th century , the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region , although they were consistently at war with the Creek and Shawnee . The Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwanda'talun'yi , which means `` Mulberry Place . '' Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River , southwest of Knoxville . The first Euro - American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century . There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540 . The first major recorded Euro - American presence in the Knoxville area was the Timberlake Expedition , which passed through the confluence of the Holston and French Broad into the Tennessee River in December 1761 . Henry Timberlake , who was en route to the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River , recalled being pleasantly surprised by the deep waters of the Tennessee after having struggled down the relatively shallow Holston for several weeks . Settlement ( edit ) The home of James White in Downtown Knoxville The end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro - American settlement west of the Appalachians . By the 1780s , Euro - American settlers were already established in the Holston and French Broad valleys . The U.S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785 , but with little success . As settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands , tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily . In 1786 , James White , a Revolutionary War officer , and his friend James Connor built White 's Fort near the mouth of First Creek , on land White had purchased three years earlier . In 1790 , White 's son - in - law , Charles McClung -- who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year -- surveyed White 's holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town . McClung drew up 64 0.5 - acre ( 0.20 ha ) lots . The waterfront was set aside for a town common . Two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard ( First Presbyterian Church , founded 1792 ) . Four lots were set aside for a school . That school was eventually chartered as Blount College and it served as the starting point for the University of Tennessee , which uses Blount College 's founding date of 1794 , as its own . Also in 1790 , President George Washington appointed North Carolina surveyor William Blount governor of the newly created Territory South of the River Ohio . Statue representing the signing of the Treaty of the Holston in Downtown Knoxville One of Blount 's first tasks was to meet with the Cherokee and establish territorial boundaries and resolve the issue of illegal settlers . This he accomplished almost immediately with the Treaty of Holston , which was negotiated and signed at White 's Fort in 1791 . Blount originally wanted to place the territorial capital at the confluence of the Clinch River and Tennessee River ( now Kingston ) , but when the Cherokee refused to cede this land , Blount chose White 's Fort , which McClung had surveyed the previous year . Blount named the new capital Knoxville after Revolutionary War general and Secretary of War Henry Knox , who at the time was Blount 's immediate superior . Problems immediately arose from the Holston Treaty . Blount believed that he had `` purchased '' much of what is now East Tennessee when the treaty was signed in 1791 . However , the terms of the treaty came under dispute , culminating in continued violence on both sides . When the government invited the Cherokee 's chief Hanging Maw for negotiations in 1793 , Knoxville settlers attacked the Cherokee against orders , killing the chief 's wife . Peace was renegotiated in 1794 . Antebellum Knoxville ( edit ) The Craighead - Jackson House in Knoxville , built in 1818 Knoxville served as capital of the Southwest Territory and as capital of Tennessee ( admitted as a state in 1796 ) until 1817 , when the capital was moved to Murfreesboro . Early Knoxville has been described as an `` alternately quiet and rowdy river town . '' Early issues of the Knoxville Gazette -- the first newspaper published in Tennessee -- are filled with accounts of murder , theft , and hostile Cherokee attacks . Abishai Thomas , a friend of William Blount , visited Knoxville in 1794 and wrote that , while he was impressed by the town 's modern frame buildings , the town had `` seven taverns '' and no church . Knoxville initially thrived as a way station for travelers and migrants heading west . Its location at the confluence of three major rivers in the Tennessee Valley brought flatboat and later steamboat traffic to its waterfront in the first half of the 19th century , and Knoxville quickly developed into a regional merchandising center . Local agricultural products -- especially tobacco , corn , and whiskey -- were traded for cotton , which was grown in the Deep South . The population of Knoxville more than doubled in the 1850s with the arrival of the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad in 1855 . Among the most prominent citizens of Knoxville during the Antebellum years was James White 's son , Hugh Lawson White ( 1773 -- 1840 ) . White first served as a judge and state senator , before being nominated by the state legislature to replace Andrew Jackson in the U.S. Senate in 1825 . In 1836 , White ran unsuccessfully for president , representing the Whig Party . The U.S. Civil War ( edit ) Engraving showing Confederate troops firing at Union supporter Charles Douglas on Gay Street in Knoxville in late 1861 See also : Knoxville Campaign Anti-slavery and anti-secession sentiment ran high in East Tennessee in the years leading up to the U.S. Civil War . William `` Parson '' Brownlow , the radical publisher of the Knoxville Whig , was one of the region 's leading anti-secessionists ( although he strongly defended the practice of slavery ) . Blount County , just south of Knoxville , had developed into a center of abolitionist activity , due in part to its relatively large Quaker faction and the anti-slavery president of Maryville College , Isaac Anderson . The Greater Warner Tabernacle AME Zion Church , Knoxville was reportedly a station on the underground railroad . Business interests , however , guided largely by Knoxville 's trade connections with cotton - growing centers to the south , contributed to the development of a strong pro-secession movement within the city . The city 's pro-secessionists included among their ranks Dr. J.G.M. Ramsey , a prominent historian whose father had built the Ramsey House in 1797 . Thus , while East Tennessee and greater Knox County voted decisively against secession in 1861 , the city of Knoxville favored secession by a 2 - 1 margin . In late May 1861 , just before the secession vote , delegates of the East Tennessee Convention met at Temperance Hall in Knoxville in hopes of keeping Tennessee in the Union . After Tennessee voted to secede the following month , the convention met in Greeneville and attempted to create a separate Union - aligned state in East Tennessee . Photograph showing the aftermath of the Siege of Knoxville , December 1863 In July 1861 , after Tennessee had joined the Confederacy , General Felix Zollicoffer arrived in Knoxville as commander of the District of East Tennessee . While initially lenient toward the city 's Union sympathizers , Zollicoffer instituted martial law in November of that year after pro-Union guerillas burned seven of the city 's bridges . The command of the district passed briefly to George Crittenden and then to Kirby Smith , the latter launching an unsuccessful invasion of Kentucky in August 1862 . In early 1863 , General Simon Buckner took command of Confederate forces in Knoxville . Anticipating a Union invasion , Buckner fortified Fort Loudon ( in West Knoxville , not to be confused with the colonial fort to the southwest ) and began constructing earthworks throughout the city . However , the approach of stronger Union forces under Ambrose Burnside in the summer of 1863 forced Buckner to evacuate Knoxville before the earthworks were completed . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knoxville during the Civil War . Burnside arrived in early September 1863 . Like the Confederates , he immediately began fortifying the city . The Union forces rebuilt Fort Loudon and erected 12 other forts and batteries flanked by entrenchments around the city . Burnside moved a pontoon bridge upstream from Loudon , allowing Union forces to cross the river and build a series of forts along the heights of South Knoxville , including Fort Stanley and Fort Dickerson . As Burnside was fortifying Knoxville , the Confederate army defeated the Union forces at the Battle of Chickamauga ( near the Tennessee - Georgia line ) and subsequently laid siege to Chattanooga . On November 3 , 1863 , the Confederates dispatched General James Longstreet to attack Burnside at Knoxville . Longstreet initially wanted to attack the city from the south , but lacking the means to carry the necessary pontoon bridges , he was forced to cross the river further downstream at Loudon ( November 14 ) and march against the city 's heavily fortified western section . On November 15 , General Joseph Wheeler unsuccessfully attempted to dislodge Union forces in the heights of South Knoxville , and the following day Longstreet failed to cut off retreating Union forces at Campbell 's Station ( now Farragut ) . On November 18 , Union General William P. Sanders was mortally wounded while conducting delaying maneuvers west of Knoxville , and Fort Loudon was renamed Fort Sanders in his honor . On November 29 , after a two - week siege , the Confederates attacked Fort Sanders , but retreated after a fierce 20 - minute engagement . On December 4 , when word of the Confederate setback at Chattanooga had reached Longstreet , he abandoned his attempts to take Knoxville and retreated into winter quarters at Russellville . He rejoined the Army of Northern Virginia the following Spring . Reconstruction and the Industrial age ( edit ) Early - 1900s photograph of the Republic Marble Quarry near Knoxville After the war , northern investors such as the brothers Joseph and David Richards helped Knoxville recover relatively quickly . Joseph and David Richards convinced 104 Welsh immigrant families to migrate from the Welsh Tract in Pennsylvania to work in a rolling mill then co-owned by Thomas Walker . These Welsh families settled in an area now known as Mechanicsville . The Richards brothers also co-founded the Knoxville Iron Works beside the L&N Railroad , also employing Welsh workers . Later , the site was used as the grounds for the 1982 World 's Fair . Child labor at Knoxville Knitting Works , photographed by Lewis Wickes Hine in 1910 Other companies that sprang up during this period were Knoxville Woolen Mills , Dixie Cement , and Woodruff 's Furniture . Between 1880 and 1887 , 97 factories were established in Knoxville , most of them specializing in textiles , food products , and iron products . By the 1890s , Knoxville was home to more than 50 wholesaling houses , making it the third largest wholesaling center by volume in the South . The Candoro Marble Works , established in the community of Vestal in 1914 , became the nation 's foremost producer of pink marble and one of the nation 's largest marble importers . In 1896 , Knoxville celebrated its achievements by creating its own flag . The Flag of Knoxville , Tennessee represents the city 's progressive growth due to agriculture and industry . In 1869 , Thomas Humes , a Union - sympathizer and president of East Tennessee University , secured federal wartime restitution funding , and state - designated Morrill Act funding to expand the college , which had been occupied by both armies during the war . In 1879 , the school changed its name to the University of Tennessee , hoping to secure more funding from the Tennessee state legislature . Charles Dabney , who became president of the university in 1887 , overhauled the faculty and established a law school in an attempt to modernize the scope of the university . The post-war manufacturing boom brought thousands of immigrants to the city . The population of Knoxville grew from around 5,000 in 1860 to 32,637 in 1900 . West Knoxville was annexed in 1897 , and over 5,000 new homes were built between 1895 and 1904 . In 1901 , train robber Kid Curry ( whose real name was Harvey Logan ) , a member of Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch was captured after shooting two deputies on Knoxville 's Central Avenue . He escaped from the Knoxville Jail and rode away on a horse stolen from the sheriff . The progressive era and the Great Depression ( edit ) Kingston Pike , circa 1910 . The growing city of Knoxville hosted the Appalachian Exposition in 1910 and again in 1911 , and the National Conservation Exposition in 1913 . The latter is sometimes credited with giving rise to the movement to create a national park in the Great Smoky Mountains , some 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Knoxville . Around this time , a number of affluent Knoxvillians began purchasing summer cottages in Elkmont , and began to pursue the park idea more vigorously . They were led by Knoxville businessman Colonel David C. Chapman , who , as head of the Great Smoky Mountains Park Commission , was largely responsible for raising the funds for the purchase of the property that became the core of the park . The Great Smoky Mountains National Park opened in 1933 . Gay Street in the early 1900s Knoxville 's reliance on a manufacturing economy left it particularly vulnerable to the effects of the Great Depression . The Tennessee Valley also suffered from frequent flooding , and millions of acres of farmland had been ruined by soil erosion . To control flooding and improve the economy in the Tennessee Valley , the federal government created the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 . Beginning with Norris Dam , TVA constructed a series of hydroelectric and other power plants throughout the valley over the next few decades , bringing flood control , jobs , and electricity to the region . The Federal Works Projects Administration , which also arrived in the 1930s , helped build McGhee - Tyson Airport and expand Neyland Stadium . TVA 's headquarters , which consists of two twin high rises built in the 1970s , were among Knoxville 's first modern high - rise buildings . In 1948 , the soft drink Mountain Dew was first marketed in Knoxville , originally designed as a mixer for whiskey . Around the same time , John Gunther dubbed Knoxville the `` ugliest city '' in America in his best - selling book Inside U.S.A. Gunther 's description jolted the city into enacting a series of beautification measures that helped improve the appearance of the Downtown area . Modern day ( edit ) Research laboratory at U.T. in the early 1940s Knoxville 's textile and manufacturing industries largely fell victim to foreign competition in the 1950s and 1960s , and after the establishment of the Interstate Highway system in the 1960s , the railroad -- which had been largely responsible for Knoxville 's industrial growth -- began to decline . The rise of suburban shopping malls in the 1970s drew retail revenues away from Knoxville 's Downtown area . While government jobs and economic diversification prevented widespread unemployment in Knoxville , the city sought to recover the massive loss of revenue by attempting to annex neighboring communities in Knox County . These annexation attempts often turned combative , and several attempts to merge the Knoxville and Knox County governments failed though the school boards merged on July 1 , 1987 . The Sterchi Lofts building , formerly Sterchi Brothers Furniture store , the most prominent building on Knoxville 's `` 100 Block '' With annexation attempts stalling , Knoxville initiated several projects aimed at boosting revenue in the Downtown area . The 1982 World 's Fair -- the most successful of these projects -- became one of the most popular world 's fairs in U.S. history with 11 million visitors . The fair 's energy theme was selected due to Knoxville being the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority and for the city 's proximity to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory . The Sunsphere , a 266 - foot ( 81 m ) steel truss structure topped with a gold - colored glass sphere , was built for the fair and remains one of Knoxville 's most prominent structures , along with the adjacent Tennessee Amphitheater which underwent a renovation that was completed in 2008 . Ever since , Knoxville 's downtown has been developing , with the opening of the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame and the Knoxville Convention Center , redevelopment of Market Square , a new visitors center , a regional history museum , a Regal Cinemas theater , several restaurants and bars , and many new and redeveloped condominiums . Since 2000 , Knoxville has successfully brought business back to the downtown area . The arts in particular have begun to flourish ; there are multiple venues for outdoor concerts , and Gay St. hosts a new arts annex and gallery surrounded by many studios and new business as well . The Tennessee and Bijou Theaters underwent renovation , providing a good basis for the city and its developers to re-purpose the old downtown , and they have had great success to date revitalizing this once great section of Tennessee . Geography ( edit ) Topography ( edit ) Downtown Knoxville , with the Great Smoky Mountains rising in the distance , viewed from Sharp 's Ridge According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 104.2 square miles ( 269.8 km ) , of which 98.5 square miles ( 255.2 km ) is land and 5.6 square miles ( 14.6 km ) , or 5.42 % , is water . Elevations range from just over 800 feet ( 240 m ) along the riverfront to just over 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) on various hilltops in West Knoxville , with the downtown area resting at just over 900 feet ( 270 m ) . High points include Sharp 's Ridge in North Knoxville at 1,391 feet ( 424 m ) and Brown Mountain in South Knoxville at 1,260 feet ( 380 m ) . House Mountain , the highest point in Knox County at 2,064 feet ( 629 m ) , is located east of the city near Mascot . Knoxville is situated in the Great Appalachian Valley ( known locally as the Tennessee Valley ) , about halfway between the Great Smoky Mountains to the east and the Cumberland Plateau to the west . The Great Valley is part of a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains known as the Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians , which is characterized by long , narrow ridges , flanked by broad valleys . Prominent Ridge - and - Valley structures in the Knoxville area include Sharp 's Ridge and Beaver Ridge in the northern part of the city , Brown Mountain in South Knoxville , parts of Bays Mountain just south of the city , and parts of McAnnally Ridge in the northeastern part of the city . The Tennessee River , which slices through the downtown area , is formed in southeastern Knoxville at the confluence of the Holston River , which flows southwest from Virginia , and the French Broad River , which flows west from North Carolina . The section of the Tennessee River that passes through Knoxville is part of Fort Loudoun Lake , an artificial reservoir created by TVA 's Fort Loudoun Dam about 30 miles ( 48 km ) downstream in Lenoir City . Notable tributaries of the Tennessee in Knoxville include First Creek and Second Creek , which flow through the downtown area , Third Creek , which flows west of U.T. , and Sinking Creek , Ten Mile Creek , and Turkey Creek , which drain West Knoxville . Climate ( edit ) Knoxville falls in the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , although it is not quite as hot as areas to the south and west due to the higher elevations . Summers are the warmest time of year , with the daily average temperature in July at 78.4 ° F ( 25.8 ° C ) , and an average of 36 days per year with temperatures reaching 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . Winters are generally much cooler and less stable , with occasional small amounts of snow . January has a daily average temperature of 38.2 ° F ( 3.4 ° C ) , although in most years there is at least one day ( average 5.3 ) where the high remains at or below freezing . The record high for Knoxville is 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on June 30 and July 1 , 2012 , while the record low is − 24 ° F ( − 31 ° C ) on January 21 , 1985 . Annual precipitation averages just under 48 in ( 1,220 mm ) , and normal seasonal snowfall is 6.5 in ( 17 cm ) ; however , usually no snow occurs outside of January and February . The one - day record for snowfall is 17.5 in ( 44 cm ) , which occurred on February 13 , 1960 . ( show ) Climate data for Knoxville , Tennessee ( McGhee Tyson Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 77 ( 25 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 105 ( 41 ) 105 ( 41 ) 102 ( 39 ) 103 ( 39 ) 94 ( 34 ) 85 ( 29 ) 80 ( 27 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 47.3 ( 8.5 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 85.4 ( 29.7 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 87.8 ( 31 ) 81.8 ( 27.7 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 29.2 ( − 1.6 ) 32.4 ( 0.2 ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 47.3 ( 8.5 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 31.7 ( − 0.2 ) 48.8 ( 9.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) ( − 17 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 32 ( 0 ) 42 ( 6 ) 49 ( 9 ) 49 ( 9 ) 35 ( 2 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 5 ( − 15 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.32 ( 109.7 ) 4.26 ( 108.2 ) 4.34 ( 110.2 ) 4.01 ( 101.9 ) 4.51 ( 114.6 ) 3.81 ( 96.8 ) 5.08 ( 129 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 3.24 ( 82.3 ) 2.51 ( 63.8 ) 4.01 ( 101.9 ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 47.86 ( 1,215.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.7 ( 6.9 ) 1.6 ( 4.1 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace 0.8 ( 2 ) 6.5 ( 16.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11.2 11.0 12.0 10.7 11.4 11.4 11.3 8.8 7.7 8.2 9.9 11.6 125.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 4.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71.7 68.0 64.8 63.3 70.8 73.5 75.7 76.3 76.1 73.0 71.8 72.9 71.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 135.8 145.3 208.9 256.6 287.2 291.1 287.3 278.0 232.3 217.2 151.7 122.5 2,613.9 Percent possible sunshine 44 48 56 65 66 67 65 67 62 62 49 40 59 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Metropolitan area ( edit ) Main article : Knoxville Metropolitan Area Knoxville is the central city in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area , an Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) - designated metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) that covers Knox , Anderson , Blount , Campbell , Grainger , Loudon , Morgan , Roane and Union counties . MSAs consist of a core urban center and the outlying communities and rural areas with which it maintains close economic ties . They are not administrative divisions , and should not be confused with a consolidated city - county government , which Knoxville and Knox County lack . The Knoxville Metropolitan area includes unincorporated communities such as Halls Crossroads , Powell , Karns , Corryton , Concord , and Mascot , which are located in Knox County outside of Knoxville 's city limits . Along with Knoxville , major municipalities in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area include Alcoa , Maryville , Lenoir City , Loudon , Farragut , Oak Ridge , Clinton , and Maynardville . As of 2012 , the population of the Knoxville Metropolitan Area was 837,571 . Additionally , the Knoxville MSA is the chief component of the larger OMB - designated Knoxville - Sevierville - La Follette TN Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) . The CSA also includes the Morristown Metropolitan Statistical Area ( Hamblen , Grainger , and Jefferson counties ) and the Sevierville ( Sevier County ) , La Follette ( Campbell County ) , Harriman ( Roane County ) , and Newport ( Cocke County ) Micropolitan Statistical Areas . Municipalities in the CSA , but not the Knoxville MSA , include Morristown , Rutledge , Dandridge , Jefferson City , Sevierville , Gatlinburg , Pigeon Forge , LaFollette , Jacksboro , Harriman , Kingston , Rockwood , and Newport . The combined population of the CSA as of the 2000 Census was 935,659 . Its estimated 2008 population was 1,041,955 . Georgia Tech researchers have mapped the Knoxville MSA as one of the 18 ' Major Cities ' in the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion . Cityscape ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) Downtown Knoxville , viewed from the south waterfront Knoxville 's two tallest buildings are the 27 - story First Tennessee Plaza and the 24 - story Riverview Tower , both on Gay Street . Other prominent high - rises include the Tower at Morgan Hill ( 21 stories ) , the Andrew Johnson Building ( 18 ) , the Knoxville Hilton ( 18 ) , the General Building ( 15 ) , the Holston ( 14 ) , the TVA Towers ( 12 ) , and Sterchi Lofts ( 12 ) . The city 's most iconic structure is arguably the Sunsphere , a 266 - foot ( 81 m ) steel truss tower built for the 1982 World 's Fair and , with the Tennessee Amphitheater , one of only two structures that remain from that World 's Fair . The downtown area contains a mixture of architectural styles from various periods , ranging from the hewn - log James White House ( 1786 ) to the modern Knoxville Museum of Art ( 1990 ) . Styles represented include Greek Revival ( Old City Hall ) , Victorian ( Hotel St. Oliver and Sullivan 's Saloon ) , Gothic ( Church Street Methodist Church and Ayres Hall ) , Neoclassical ( First Baptist Church ) , and Art Deco ( Knoxville Post Office ) . Gay Street , Market Square , and Jackson Avenue contain numerous examples of late - 19th and early - 20th century commercial architecture . Residential architecture tends to reflect the city 's development over two centuries . Blount Mansion ( 1791 ) , in the oldest part of the city , is designed in a vernacular Georgian style . `` Streetcar suburbs '' such as Fourth and Gill , Parkridge , and Fort Sanders , developed in the late 19th century with the advent of trolleys , tend to contain large concentrations of Victorian and Bungalow / Craftsman - style houses popular during this period . Early automobile suburbs , such as Lindbergh Forest and Sequoyah Hills , contain late - 1920s and 1930s styles such as Tudor Revival , English Cottage , and Mission Revival . Neighborhoods developed after World War II typically consist of Ranch - style houses . Knoxville is home to the nation 's largest concentration of homes designed by noted Victorian residential architect George Franklin Barber , who lived in the city . Other notable local architects include members of the Baumann family , Charles I. Barber ( son of George ) , R.F. Graf , and more recently , Bruce McCarty . Nationally renowned architects with works still standing in the city include Alfred B. Mullett ( Greystone ) , John Russell Pope ( H.L. Dulin House ) , and Edward Larrabee Barnes ( Knoxville Museum of Art ) . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Knoxville is roughly divided into the Downtown area and sections based on the four cardinal directions : North Knoxville , South Knoxville , East Knoxville , and West Knoxville . Downtown Knoxville traditionally consists of the area bounded by the river on the south , First Creek on the east , Second Creek on the west , and the railroad tracks on the north , though the definition has expanded to include the U.T. campus and Fort Sanders neighborhood , and several neighborhoods along or just off Broadway south of Sharp 's Ridge ( `` Downtown North '' ) . While primarily home to the city 's central business district and municipal offices , the Old City and Gay Street are mixed residential and commercial areas . South Knoxville consists of the parts of the city located south of the river , and includes the neighborhoods of Vestal , Lindbergh Forest , Island Home Park , Colonial Hills , and Old Sevier . This area contains major commercial corridors along Chapman Highway and Alcoa Highway . West Knoxville generally consists of the areas west of U.T. , and includes the neighborhoods of Sequoyah Hills , West Hills , Bearden , Cumberland Estates , Westmoreland , Suburban Hills , Cedar Bluff , Rocky Hill , and Ebenezer . This area , concentrated largely around Kingston Pike , is home to thriving retail centers such as West Town Mall . East Knoxville consists of the areas east of First Creek and the James White Parkway , and includes the neighborhoods of Parkridge , Burlington , Morningside , and Five Points . This area , concentrated along Magnolia Avenue , is home to Chilhowee Park and Zoo Knoxville . North Knoxville consists of the areas north of Sharp 's Ridge , namely the Fountain City and Inskip - Norwood areas . This area 's major commercial corridor is located along Broadway . List of notable neighborhoods ( edit ) Bearden Chilhowee Park Colonial Village Cumberland Estates Emory Place Fort Sanders Fountain City Fourth & Gill Island Home Park Lindbergh Forest Lonsdale Mechanicsville North Hills Oakwood - Lincoln Park Old City Old North Knoxville Parkridge Rocky Hill Sequoyah Hills South Knoxville West Hills Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 2,076 -- 1870 8,682 -- 1880 9,693 11.6 % 1890 22,535 132.5 % 1900 32,637 44.8 % 1910 36,346 11.4 % 1920 77,818 114.1 % 1930 105,802 36.0 % 1940 111,580 5.5 % 1950 124,769 11.8 % 1960 111,827 − 10.4 % 1970 174,587 56.1 % 1980 175,045 0.3 % 165,121 − 5.7 % 2000 173,890 5.3 % 178,874 2.9 % Est. 2016 186,239 4.1 % Sources : As of the census of 2010 , the population of Knoxville was 178,874 , a 2.9 % increase from 2000 . The median age was 32.7 , with 19.1 % of the population under the age of 18 , and 12.6 % over the age of 65 . The population was 48 % male and 52 % female . The population density was 1,815 persons per square mile . The racial and ethnic composition of the city was 76.1 % white , 17.1 % black , 0.4 % Native American , 1.6 % Asian , and 0.2 % Pacific Islander . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6 % of the population . People reporting more than one race comprised 2.5 % of the population . Data collected by the Census from 2005 to 2009 reported 83,151 households in Knoxville , with an average of 2.07 persons per household . The home ownership rate was 51 % , and 74.7 % of residents had been living in the same house for more than one year . The median household income was $32,609 , and the per capita income was $21,528 . High school graduates comprised 83.8 % of persons 25 and older , and 28.3 % had earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . The city 's poverty rate was 25 % , compared with 16.1 % in Tennessee and 15.1 % nationwide . According to the opinion of the Economic Research Institute in a 2006 study , Knoxville was identified as the most affordable U.S. city for new college graduates , based on the ratio of typical salary to cost of living . In 2014 , Forbes ranked Knoxville one of the top five most affordable cities in the United States . Crime ( edit ) FBI Uniform Crime Reports for Knoxville for the year of 2009 : City of Knoxville Only Knoxville MSA Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants Violent Crime 1,966 3,471 494.4 Murder & Non-negligent Manslaughter 22 31 4.4 Rape 147 238 33.9 Robbery 660 929 132.3 Aggravated Assault 1,137 2,273 323.8 Property Crime 11,821 24,783 3,530.20 Burglary 2,589 6,724 957.8 Larceny / Theft 8,553 16,623 2,637.80 Motor Vehicle Theft 679 1,436 204.5 Economy ( edit ) After the arrival of the railroads in the 1850s , Knoxville grew to become a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . Following the collapse of the city 's textile industry in the 1950s , Knoxville 's economy grew more diversified . In 2011 , 15.9 % of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area 's ( MSA ) work force was employed by government entities , while 14.1 % were employed in the professional service sector , 14 % worked in education or health care , 12.7 % were employed in the retail sector , 10.5 % worked in leisure and hospitality , and 8.9 % worked in the manufacturing sector . The region had an unemployment rate of 7.9 % in 2011 . In the 2010 ACCRA Cost of Living Index , Knoxville was rated 89.6 ( the national average was 100 ) . Kiplinger ranked Knoxville at # 5 in its list of Best Value Cities 2011 citing `` college sports , the Smoky Mountains and an entrepreneurial spirit . '' In April 2008 , Forbes magazine named Knoxville among the Top 10 Metropolitan Hotspots in the United States , and within Forbes ' Top 5 for Business & Careers , just behind cities like New York and Los Angeles . In 2007 , there were over 19,000 registered businesses in Knoxville . The city 's businesses are served by the 2,100 - member Knoxville Area Chamber Partnership . The Knoxville Chamber is one of six partners in the Knoxville - Oak Ridge Innovation Valley , which promotes economic development in Knox and surrounding counties . Major corporations ( edit ) The Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , the nation 's largest public power provider , is a federally owned corporation headquartered in Knoxville . TVA reported $11.8 billion in revenue in 2011 , and employs over 12,000 region - wide . The largest publicly traded company based in Knoxville ( in terms of revenue ) is movie theater chain Regal Entertainment Group , which reported $2.81 billion in revenue in 2010 . Regal is the only Knoxville - based company listed in the Fortune 1000 ( # 724 ) . The second largest publicly traded company in Knoxville is Scripps Networks Interactive ( $2.07 billion ) , followed by the health care - staffing firm TeamHealth ( $1.52 billion ) . The largest privately held company based in Knoxville is Pilot Flying J , the nation 's largest truck stop chain and sixth largest private company , which reported over $29.23 billion in revenue in 2012 . Knoxville is also home to the nation 's fourth largest wholesale grocer , The H.T. Hackney Company , which reported $3.8 billion in revenue in 2012 , and one of the nation 's largest digital - centric advertising firms , Tombras Group , which reported $80 million in revenue in 2011 . Other notable privately held companies based in the city include Bush Brothers , Sea Ray ( and its parent company , Brunswick Boat Group ) , Thermocopy , Petro 's Chili & Chips , EdFinancial , and AC Entertainment . Major companies located within the Knoxville MSA include Clayton Homes and Ruby Tuesday ( both in Maryville ) , and DeRoyal and Weigel 's ( both in Powell ) . Real estate ( edit ) As of 2011 , the median price for a home in the Knoxville MSA was $140,900 , compared with $173,300 nationally . The average apartment rental was $658 per month . In March 2009 , CNN ranked Knoxville as the 59th city in the top 100 US metro areas in terms of real estate price depreciation . The Knoxville area is home to 596 office buildings which contain over 21 million square feet of office space . As of 2010 , the average rental rate per square foot was $14.79 . The city 's largest office building in terms of office space is the City - County Building , which has over 537,000 square feet of office space . The First Tennessee Plaza and the Riverview Tower were the largest privately owned office buildings , with 469,672 square feet and 367,000 square feet , respectively . Knoxville 's largest industrial park is the 1,460 - acre ( 590 ha ) Forks of the River Industrial Park in southeastern Knoxville . Other major industrial parks include the 800 - acre ( 320 ha ) EastBridge Industrial Park in eastern Knox County and the 271 - acre ( 110 ha ) WestBridge Industrial Park in western Knox County . Finance ( edit ) The largest bank operating in Knoxville in terms of local deposits is Memphis - based First Tennessee , which reported over $2.6 billion in local deposits in 2011 , representing about 16 % of Knoxville 's banking market . They are followed by Atlanta - based SunTrust ( $2.5 billion ) , Birmingham - based Regions Bank ( $1.9 billion ) , locally headquartered Home Federal Bank of Tennessee ( $1.6 billion ) , and Winston - Salem - based BB&T ( $1.4 billion ) . Other banks with significant operations in the city include Bank of America , First Bank ( based in Lexington , Tennessee ) , and locally owned Clayton Bank and Trust . Major brokerage firms with offices in Knoxville include Edward Jones , Morgan Stanley Smith Barney , Wells Fargo , and Merrill Lynch . As of 2011 , Knox County 's largest mortgage lender ( by dollar volume ) was Wells Fargo with over $300 million ( 13 % of the local market ) , followed by Mortgage Investors Group , SunTrust , Regions , and Home Federal . Knoxville 's largest accounting firm as of 2012 is Pershing Yoakley & Associates , with 49 local CPAs , followed by Coulter & Justus ( 44 ) , and Pugh CPA 's ( 43 ) . Manufacturing ( edit ) Over 700 manufacturing establishments are scattered throughout the Knoxville area . Sea Ray Boats is the city 's largest manufacturer , employing 760 at its southeast Knoxville complex in 2009 . The city is home to several automobile parts operations , including ARC Automotive ( air bag actuators ) and a Key Safety Systems plant ( seat belts and other restraints ) . Other major manufacturing operations include a Melaleaca plant ( personal care products ) , a Coca - Cola bottling plant , and a Gerdau Ameristeel plant that produces steel rebar . Major manufacturing operations in the Knoxville MSA are conducted at the Y - 12 plant in Oak Ridge , the DENSO plant and the Clayton Homes manufacturing center ( both in Maryville ) , and the ALCOA plants in Alcoa . Retail ( edit ) The Knoxville area is home to 182 shopping centers and factory outlets , and over 2,400 retail establishments . Two regional malls ( West Town Mall and Knoxville Center ) are located within the city , and two others ( Foothills Mall in Maryville and Oak Ridge City Center in Oak Ridge ) are located within the Knoxville MSA . Knoxville retailers reported $6.47 billion in sales in 2007 , with just over $35,000 of retail sales per capita . Knoxville 's primary retail corridor is located along Kingston Pike in West Knoxville . This area is home to West Town Mall , the 358 - acre Turkey Creek complex ( half is in Knoxville and half is Farragut ) , and over 30 shopping centers . Downtown Knoxville contains a number of specialty shops , clubs , and dining areas , mostly concentrated in the Old City , Market Square , and along Gay Street . Other significant retail areas are located along Cumberland Avenue on the U.T. campus ( mostly restaurants ) , Broadway in the vicinity of Fountain City , and Chapman Highway in South Knoxville . Technology and research ( edit ) The University of Tennessee is classified by the Carnegie Commission as a university with `` very high research activity , '' conducting more than $300 million in externally funded research annually . U.T. - connected research centers with multimillion - dollar National Science Foundation grants include the Appalachian Collaborative Center for Learning , Assessment and Instruction in Mathematics , the National Institute for Computational Sciences , the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis , and the Center for Ultra-wide - area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks ( CURENT ) . U.T. and the nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory jointly conduct numerous research projects and co-manage the National Transportation Research Center . The Tennessee Technology Corridor stretches across 7,000 acres ( 2,800 ha ) between West Knoxville and Oak Ridge . The Corridor is home to 13 research and development firms employing nearly 2,000 . Culture ( edit ) Tennessee Theatre See also : Music of East Tennessee Knoxville is home to a rich arts community and has many festivals throughout the year . Its contributions to old - time , bluegrass and country music are numerous , from Flatt & Scruggs and Homer & Jethro to the Everly Brothers . The Knoxville Symphony Orchestra ( KSO ) , established in 1935 , is the oldest continuing orchestra in the southeast . The KSO maintains a core of full - time professional musicians , and performs at more than 200 events per year . Its traditional venues include the Tennessee Theatre , the Bijou Theatre , and the Civic Auditorium , though it also performs at a number of non-traditional venues . Knoxville also boasts the Knoxville Opera which has been guided by Don Townsend for over two decades . The KOC performs a season of opera every year with a talented chorus as the backbone of each production . The city is also known as a venue for Sergei Rachmaninoff 's final concert in 1943 . In its May 2003 `` 20 Most Rock & Roll towns in the U.S. '' feature , Blender ranked Knoxville the 17th best music scene in the United States . In the 1990s , noted alternative - music critic Ann Powers , author of Weird Like Us : My Bohemian America , referred to the city as `` Austin without the hype '' . The city also hosts numerous art festivals , including the 17 - day Dogwood Arts Festival in April , which features art shows , crafts fairs , food and live music . Also in April is the Rossini Festival , which celebrates opera and Italian culture . June 's Kuumba ( meaning creativity in Swahili ) Festival commemorates the region 's African American heritage and showcases visual arts , folk arts , dance , games , music , storytelling , theater , and food . Autumn on the Square showcases national and local artists in outdoor concert series at historic Market Square , which has been revitalized with specialty shops and residences . Events ( edit ) The Knoxville Christmas in the City event runs for eight weeks of events at locations throughout the city including the Singing Christmas Tree and ice skating on the Holidays on Ice skating rink . Asian Festival Bacon Fest Big Ears Festival Big KnoxVenture Race Biscuit Festival Boo At The Zoo Boomsday Brewfest Corvette Expo Destination ImagiNation Global Finals Dogwood Arts Festival East Tennessee Chili Cookoff Fantasy of Trees Feast With the Beasts at Knoxville Zoo Festival on the Fourth Great Knoxville Rubber Duck Race GreekFest Hank Days Hola Festival Holi Festival Honda Hoot IndiaFest International Festival International Biscuit Festival Knoxville Brewers ' Jam Knoxville Lindy Exchange Knoxville Marathon Knoxville Pride Festival Kuumba Festival Market Square Farmers ' Market Medal of Honor Convention NSRA Street Rod Nationals South Pride Fest Rhythm & Blooms Festival Rossini Festival Scruffy City Comedy Festival Sevier Heights Living Christmas Tree Shakespeare on the Square Sundown in the City Symphony in the Park Tennessee Valley Fair Vestival Volapalooza Sites of interest ( edit ) Krutch Park in Downtown Knoxville Beck Cultural Exchange Center Bijou Theatre Bleak House William Blount Mansion Fountain City Art Center Candoro Marble Works Civic Coliseum Fort Dickerson Haley Heritage Square Ijams Nature Center James White 's Fort Knoxville Botanical Gardens and Arboretum Knoxville Convention Center Knoxville Greenways Knoxville Museum of Art Knoxville Police Museum Zoo Knoxville Mabry - Hazen House Marble Springs Market Square Frank H. McClung Museum Museum of East Tennessee History National Register of Historic Places , Knox County , Tennessee Old City Ramsey House Sunsphere Tennessee Amphitheater Tennessee River Boat Tennessee Theatre Three Rivers Rambler Train Ride Volunteer Landing Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame World 's Fair Park Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Tennessee , List of radio stations in Tennessee , and List of television stations in Tennessee The Knoxville News Sentinel is the local daily newspaper in Knoxville , with a daily circulation of 97,844 and a Sunday circulation of 124,225 , as of 2011 . The city is home to several weekly , bi-weekly , and monthly publications . As of 2011 , the Knoxville television market was the 61st - largest in the U.S. with 527,790 homes , according to Nielsen Market Research . The largest local television station is NBC affiliate WBIR , with 28,305 viewing households , followed by ABC affiliate WATE ( 23,559 ) , CBS affiliate WVLT ( 20,052 ) , Fox affiliate WTNZ ( 10,319 ) , and CW affiliate WBXX ( 5,415 ) . Other local stations include WKNX - TV ( RTV ) and WPXK ( Ion ) . East Tennessee PBS operates Knoxville 's Public Broadcasting Service station at WKOP 17 . Locally headquartered Scripps Networks Interactive operates several cable television networks , including HGTV , DIY Network , Food Network , Cooking Channel , Travel Channel and Great American Country . Jewelry Television , a home shopping channel , is also based in the city . According to Arbitron 's 2011 Radio Market Rankings , Knoxville had the nation 's 72nd largest radio market , with 684,700 households . In 2010 , Country music station WIVK ( 107.7 FM ) had the market 's highest AQH Share at 16.3 , followed by adult contemporary station WJXB ( 97.5 FM ) at 10.1 , and news / talk station WCYQ ( 100.3 FM ) at 8.3 . Other stations include Rock music stations WIMZ ( 103.5 FM ) and WNFZ ( 94.3 ) , Rhythmic Top 40 station WKHT ( 104.5 FM ) , contemporary hit station WWST ( 102.1 FM ) , and National Public Radio station WUOT ( 91.9 FM ) . The University of Tennessee radio station operates under WUTK ( 90.3 FM ) . `` East Tennessee 's Own '' listener supported radio station , WDVX , plays traditional country , bluegrass , Americana , and local favorites . Community low power radio station WOZO - LP at 103.9 FM began broadcasting an eclectic mix of music and news from a modest studio in the 4th and Gill neighborhood in June 2015 . References in popular Culture ( edit ) The 1999 film October Sky was filmed in Knoxville as well as several counties in east Tennessee , The 2000 film Road Trip was partially filmed at the University of Tennessee campus downtown . The film Box of Moonlight , starring John Turturro and Sam Rockwell , was filmed and takes place in and around Knoxville . The March 31 , 1996 episode of The Simpsons , entitled Bart on the Road , features Bart and his friends renting a car and driving to Knoxville after finding a promotional brochure for the city 's 1982 World 's Fair . Several scenes from the 2004 film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things were shot in Knoxville . Other references to Knoxville in literature and music include : `` Suttree '' , a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel by Knoxville native Cormac McCarthy is set in the city . `` Knoxville Courthouse Blues '' , Hank Williams , Jr. , 1984 . `` The Ballad of Thunder Road '' , Robert Mitchum , 1957 . Lyrics reference Knoxville 's Bearden community . `` The Knoxville Girl '' , first recorded in 1924 . traditional Appalachian ballad . `` Knoxville : Summer of 1915 '' , Samuel Barber , 1947 voice & orchestra piece based on 1938 short prose by James Agee . `` Satan is Busy In Knoxville , '' song recorded in 1930 by jazz singer Leola Manning `` Smoky Mountain Rain '' , Ronnie Milsap , 1980 . Lyrics begin `` Thumbed my way from LA back to Knoxville ... '' `` The Man in the Overstuffed Chair , '' a short story by playwright Tennessee Williams , gives a brief description of the death of Williams ' father , Cornelius , at a Knoxville hospital , and his subsequent burial at Old Gray Cemetery . Swiss travel writer Annemarie Schwarzenbach visited Knoxville in the 1930s , and wrote an essay about the city , `` Auf der Schattenseite von Knoxville , '' which was published in the December 1937 edition of the Swiss magazine , National Zeitung . Pulitzer Prize - winning author Peter Taylor 's last novel , In the Tennessee Country , refers to a `` Knoxville cemetery '' where the main character 's grandfather ( a fictitious politician ) is buried . This may refer to Old Gray Cemetery , where Taylor 's own grandfather , Governor Robert Love Taylor , was originally buried in 1912 . Twain , Mark . Life on the Mississippi , Chapter 40 . Twain wrote about a gunfight in downtown Knoxville involving Joseph Mabry Jr. , owner of the city 's antebellum Mabry - Hazen House . Part of the 1915 Anne W. Armstrong novel , The Seas of God , takes place in a fictional town called `` Kingsville , '' based on Knoxville . Van Ryan , Jane . The Seduction of Miss Evelyn Hazen . The book chronicles the sensational lawsuit between Knoxville socialite Evelyn Hazen , granddaughter of Joseph Mabry , Jr. , and her fiancee . `` What I Need to Do '' , Kenny Chesney , 1999 . Lyrics include the line `` ... maybe head up north to Knoxville , Tennessee ... '' `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' , Brad Paisley , 2008 . Lyrics reference Knoxville 's West Town Mall . Woman In Hiding , a 1949 film noir starring actress Ida Lupino , has multiple scenes that take place in Knoxville . Steve Earle refers to Knoxville in his 1988 song , `` Copperhead Road '' from the eponymous album , and referenced it in `` Oxycontin Blues '' from his Washington Square Serenade album , 2007 . The Felice Brothers refer to `` fluttering a chinese fan in a `` Knoxville Fashion '' in their song `` Wonderful Life '' , from their Felice Brothers album ( 2008 ) . Dire Straits guitarist Mark Knopfler recorded a song entitled , `` Daddy 's Gone to Knoxville , '' on his 2002 solo album , The Ragpicker 's Dream . David Madden 's 1974 novel , Bijou , is set in a fictional city known as `` Cherokee , '' based on Knoxville . The first part of James Herman Robinson 's 1950 autobiography , The Road Without Turning , takes place in Knoxville . `` Knoxville Morning '' are an Irish Folk Rock / Americana band . The Title track from their self - titled Debut album `` On this Knoxville Morning '' is written about a day and night spent in Knoxville . Bruce Willis ' character in the 1994 movie Pulp Fiction refers to moving to Knoxville from Los Angeles and being on `` Tennessee time '' . Sports ( edit ) The University of Tennessee 's athletics programs , nicknamed the `` Volunteers , '' or the `` Vols , '' are immensely popular in Knoxville and the surrounding region . Neyland Stadium , where the Vols ' football team plays , is one of the largest stadiums in the world , and Thompson -- Boling Arena , home of the men 's and women 's basketball teams , is one of the nation 's largest indoor basketball arenas . The telephone area code for Knox County and eight adjacent counties is 865 ( VOL ) . Knoxville is also the home of the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame , almost entirely thanks to the success of Pat Summitt and the University of Tennessee women 's basketball team . Other sports teams located in Knoxville include : Knoxville Force ( National Premier Soccer League , Southeast Division ) Knoxville Ice Bears ( Southern Professional Hockey League ) Tennessee Smokies ( Southern League , Double - A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs ) Government ( edit ) Knoxville Fire Department Engine 1 Knoxville is governed by a mayor and nine - member City Council . It uses the strong - mayor form of the mayor - council system . The council consists of six members elected from single - member districts and three members elected at - large for the entire city . The council chooses from among its members the vice mayor ( currently Duane Grieve ) , the Beer Board chairperson ( currently Brenda Palmer ) , and a representative to the Knoxville Transportation Authority ( currently Daniel Brown ) . The City Council meets every other Tuesday at 7 p.m. in the Main Assembly Room of the City County Building . The current mayor is Madeline Rogero , who was sworn in as the city 's first female mayor on December 17 , 2011 . She replaces interim mayor Daniel Brown . Brown , the first African - American to hold the office , had been appointed in January 2011 following the resignation of Bill Haslam , who was elected Governor of Tennessee . Other recent mayors include Haslam 's predecessor , Victor Ashe ( 1987 − 2003 ) , Kyle Testerman ( 1972 − 1975 , 1984 − 1987 ) , and Randy Tyree ( 1976 − 1983 ) . List of mayors of Knoxville , Tennessee ( show ) Thomas Emmerson , 1816 - 1817 James Park , 1818 - 1821 William C. Mynatt , 1822 - 1823 , 1827 , 1835 - 1836 James Park , 1824 - 1826 Joseph Churchill Strong , 1828 - 1831 Donald McIntosh , 1832 - 1833 Solomon D. Jacobs , 1834 - 1835 Frederick Steidinger Heiskell , 1835 James King , 1837 William Baine Alexander Ramsey , 1838 - 1839 Samuel Bell , 1840 - 1841 , 1844 - 1845 Gideon Morgan Hazen , 1842 Matthew Moore Gaines , 1843 Joseph Lewis King , 1846 Samuel B. Boyd , 1847 - 1851 George McNutt White , 1852 - 1853 James C. Luttrell , 1854 , 1859 - 1867 William Graham Swan , 1855 - 1856 James Harvey Cowan , 1856 , 1858 Thomas J. Powell , 1857 Samuel Davies Carrick White , 1857 Albert Morgan Piper , 1858 Charles James McClung , 1858 Joseph Jaques , 1858 , 1878 James M. White , 1858 Marcus DeLafayette Bearden , 1868 - 1869 John Somers Van Gilder , 1870 - 1872 William Rule , 1873 , 1898 - 1899 Peter Staub , 1874 - 1875 , 1881 - 1882 Daniel A. Carpenter , 1876 - 1877 Samuel Bell Luttrell , 1879 Hardy Bryan Branner , 1880 Reuben S. Payne , 1882 William Clark Fulcher , 1883 - 1884 James Churchwell Luttrell , III , 1885 - 1887 Martin Condon , 1888 - 1889 Peter Kern , 1890 - 1891 M.E. Thompson , 1892 - 1895 Samuel Gordon Heiskell , 1896 - 1897 , 1900 - 1901 , 1906 - 1907 , 1910 - 1915 Joseph Tedford McTeer , 1902 - 1903 John Paul Murphy , 1904 William H. Gass , 1904 - 1905 John McMillan Brooks , 1908 - 1909 Sam E. Hill , 1912 John Edgar McMillan , 1916 - 1919 Ernest Wesley Neal , 1920 - 1923 Benjamin A. Morton , 1924 - 1927 James Alexander Fowler , 1928 - 1929 James A. Trent , 1930 - 1931 John T. O'Connor , 1932 - 1935 James W. Elmore , 1936 - 1937 Walter W. Mynatt , 1938 - 1939 Frederick Leland `` Fred '' Allen , 1940 - 1941 Fred R. Stair , 1942 - 1943 Erastus Eugene Patton , 1944 - 1945 Cas Walker , 1946 , 1959 Edward L. Chavannes , 1946 - 1947 James W. Elmore , Jr. , 1948 - 1951 George Roby Dempster , 1952 - 1955 Jack W. Dance , 1956 - 1959 John Duncan Sr. , 1959 - 1964 Robert L. Crossley , 1964 Leonard Reid Rogers , 1965 - 1971 Kyle Testerman , 1972 - 1975 , 1984 - 1987 Randy Tyree , 1976 - 1983 Victor Ashe , 1988 - 2003 Bill Haslam , 2003 - 2011 Daniel Brown , 2011 Madeline Rogero , 2011 - present The Knoxville Fire Department ( KFD ) provides Class 2 ISO service inside the city limits . The fire department operates 19 stations with 308 uniformed personnel . KFD provides firefighting , first responder EMS response , vehicle extrication and HazMat response within the city limits . The Knoxville Police Department serves the citizens of Knoxville with 378 officers and a total of 530 employees . 911 ambulance service inside Knoxville is provided by Rural / Metro Ambulance under contract with Knox County . Knoxville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee . Education ( edit ) The University of Tennessee at Knoxville is the state 's flagship public university . Knoxville is home to the main campus of the University of Tennessee ( UTK ) , which has operated in the city since the 1790s . As of 2011 , UTK had an enrollment of over 27,000 and endowments of over $300 million . The school employs over 1,300 instructional faculty , and offers more than 300 degree programs . Pellissippi State Community College is a two - year school governed by the Tennessee Board of Regents that offers transfer programs , two - year degrees , and certificate programs . Its main campus is located off Pellissippi Parkway in western Knox County . As of 2011 , the school had a system - wide enrollment of over 11,000 students , Johnson University ( formerly Johnson Bible College ) is a Bible college affiliated with the Christian churches and churches of Christ . As of 2012 , the school had an enrollment of 845 . Johnson traditionally specializes in training preachers and ministers , but also offers degrees in counseling , teaching , and nonprofit management . South College ( formerly Knoxville Business College ) is a for - profit school located in West Knoxville that offers undergraduate and graduate programs in business , health care , criminal justice , and legal fields . The school had an enrollment of 717 as of 2010 . Knoxville College is a historically black college that has operated in Knoxville since the 1870s . The school offers a Bachelor of Science in Liberal Studies and an Associate of Arts degree . Knoxville College had an enrollment of about 100 students as of 2010 . Institutions with branch campuses in Knoxville include ITT Technical Institute , King University , Lincoln Memorial University ( namely , the Duncan School of Law ) , National College of Business & Technology , Roane State Community College , Strayer University , Tennessee Wesleyan University , and Tusculum College . Virginia College offers career programs in Knoxville . Huntington College of Health Sciences , which offers distance courses in nutrition and health , has its offices in Knoxville . Primary and secondary education ( edit ) Public schools in Knoxville are part of the Knox County Schools system , which oversees 89 schools ( 50 elementary , 14 middle , 14 high , and 11 adult centers ) serving over 56,000 students . This system includes 5 magnet schools and a STEM academy . Knox County high schools had a graduation rate of 86.6 % , as of 2011 . The average classroom ratio is 14 students per teacher . Knox County is home to over 50 private and parochial schools , the largest of which include the Christian Academy of Knoxville , the Webb School of Knoxville , Knoxville Catholic High School , Grace Christian Academy , Cedar Springs Weekday School , and Sacred Heart Cathedral School . Libraries ( edit ) The Knox County Public Library system consists of the Lawson McGhee Library , located downtown , and 17 branch libraries , overseeing a collection of over 1.3 million volumes . Infrastructure ( edit ) Health ( edit ) Knox County 's hospital system contains over 2,600 licensed beds in 7 general use hospitals and one children 's hospital . The city 's largest hospital as of 2011 was the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which had 581 beds , followed by Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center ( 541 ) , Parkwest Medical Center ( 462 ) , and Physicians Regional ( 370 ) . The city 's largest ambulatory surgery center was the Parkwest Surgery Center , which employed 58 physicians and 35 nurses , followed by the Fort Sanders West Outpatient Surgery Center and the St. Mary 's Ambulatory Surgery Center South . A 2009 study by the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute found that Knox Countians had a life expectancy of 76 years . The study also found that 22 % of Knox County adults smoked , 28 % were obese , 11 % were binge drinkers , and 14 % lacked health insurance . In 2009 , Knox County experienced 8 days of unhealthy air due to high levels of particulate matter , and 25 days due to high ozone levels . Utilities ( edit ) The Knoxville Utilities Board ( KUB ) provides electricity , water , and wastewater management to Knoxville residents and businesses . KUB 's service area covers 688 square miles and includes over 5,200 miles of power lines providing electricity to over 196,000 customers . The average electric bill was just over $96 per month . KUB purchases its electricity from the Tennessee Valley Authority . Transportation ( edit ) Highways ( edit ) The James White Parkway connects I - 40 with Downtown Knoxville . The two principal interstate highways serving Knoxville are Interstate 40 , which connects the city to Asheville ( directly ) and Bristol ( via I - 81 ) to the east and Nashville to the west , and Interstate 75 , which connects the city to Chattanooga to the south and Lexington to the north . The two interstates merge just west of Knoxville near Dixie Lee Junction and diverge as they approach the Downtown area , with I - 40 continuing on through the Downtown area and I - 75 turning north . Interstate 640 provides a bypass for I - 40 travellers , and Interstate 275 provides a faster connection to I - 75 for Downtown travellers headed north . A spur route of I - 40 , Interstate 140 ( Pellissippi Parkway ) , connects West Knoxville with McGhee Tyson Airport . Knoxville 's busiest road is a stretch of U.S. Route 129 known as Alcoa Highway , which connects the Downtown area with McGhee Tyson Airport . A merged stretch of US - 70 and US - 11 enters the city from the east along Magnolia Avenue , winds its way through the Downtown area , crosses the U.T. campus along Cumberland Avenue ( `` The Strip '' ) , and proceeds through West Knoxville along Kingston Pike . US - 441 , which connects Knoxville to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park , passes along Broadway in North Knoxville , Henley Street in the Downtown area , and Chapman Highway in South Knoxville . US - 25W connects Knoxville with Clinton . Bridges over the Tennessee River Tennessee State Route 158 loops around the Downtown area from Kingston Pike just west of U.T. 's campus , southward and eastward along Neyland Drive and the riverfront , and northward along the James White Parkway before terminating at I - 40 . TN - 168 , known as Governor John Sevier Highway , runs along the eastern and southern periphery of the city . TN - 162 ( Pellissippi Parkway ) connects West Knoxville with Oak Ridge . TN - 331 ( Tazewell Pike ) connects the Fountain City area to rural northeast Knox County . TN - 332 ( Northshore Drive ) connects West Knoxville and Concord . TN - 33 ( Maryville Pike ) traverses much of South Knoxville . Four vehicle bridges connect Downtown Knoxville with South Knoxville , namely the South Knoxville Bridge ( James White Parkway ) , the Gay Street Bridge ( Gay Street ) , the Henley Street Bridge , or Henley Bridge ( Henley Street ) , and the J.E. `` Buck '' Karnes Bridge ( Alcoa Highway ) . Two railroad bridges , located between the Henley Street Bridge and Buck Karnes Bridge , serve the CSX and Northfolk Southern railroads . Smaller bridges radiating out from the downtown area include the Western Avenue Viaduct and Clinch Avenue Viaduct , the Robert Booker Bridge ( Summit Hill Drive ) , the Hill Avenue Viaduct , and the Gay Street Viaduct . Mass Transit ( edit ) Public transportation is provided by Knoxville Area Transit ( KAT ) , which operates over 80 buses , road trolleys , and paratransit vehicles , and transports more than 3.6 million passengers per year . Regular routes connect the Downtown area , U.T. , and most residential areas with major shopping centers throughout the city . KAT operates using city , state , and federal funds , and passenger fares , and is managed by Veolia Transport . Airports ( edit ) Knoxville and the surrounding area is served by McGhee Tyson Airport ( IATA : TYS ) , a 2,000 - acre ( 810 ha ) airport equipped with twin 9,000 - foot ( 2,700 m ) runways . The airport is located south of Knoxville in Alcoa , but is owned by the non-profit Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority ( MKAA ) . McGhee Tyson offers 8 major airlines serving 19 non-stop destinations , and averages 120 arrivals and departures per day . The airport includes the 21 - acre ( 8.5 ha ) Air Cargo Complex , which serves FedEx , UPS , and Airborne Express . The McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base , located adjacent to the civilian airport , is home to the Tennessee National Guard 's 134th Air Refueling Wing . The MKAA also owns the Downtown Island Airport , a 200 - acre ( 81 ha ) general aviation facility located on Dickinson 's Island in southeast Knoxville . This airport is equipped with a 3,500 - foot ( 1,100 m ) runway , and averages about 225 operations per day . Over 100 aircraft , mostly single - engine planes , are based at the airport . Railroads ( edit ) Knoxville and Holston River Railroad MP15AC # 2002 leads a train through Tyson Park near downtown Knoxville . Rail freight in Knoxville is handled by two Class I railroads , CSX and Norfolk Southern , and one shortline , the Knoxville and Holston River Railroad . Railroads account for about 12 % of the Knoxville area 's outbound freight and 16 % of the area 's inbound freight . The city has two major rail terminals : the Burkhart Enterprises terminal at the Forks of the River Industrial Park just east of the city , and the TransFlo facility adjacent to the U.T. campus . Knoxville 's two old passenger stations , the Southern Terminal and the L&N Station , now primarily serve non-railroad functions . Norfolk Southern , which controls about 210 miles ( 340 km ) of tracks in the Knoxville area , averages 35 freight trains through the city per day , and operates a major classification yard , the John Sevier Yard , just east of the city . The company uses a small rail yard near the I - 40 / I - 275 interchange in Downtown Knoxville for a staging area . The Norfolk Southern system includes spur lines to the coal fields around Middlesboro , Kentucky , and the ALCOA plants in Blount County . CSX controls about 76 miles ( 122 km ) of tracks in the Knoxville area , much of which is located along an important north - south line between Cincinnati and Louisville to the north and Chattanooga and Atlanta to the south . Minor switching operations for CSX occur at the TransFlo facility near the U.T. campus . The CSX system includes spur lines to TVA 's Bull Run Fossil Plant and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Anderson County , and the ALCOA plants in Blount County . The Knoxville and Holston River Railroad ( KXHR ) is a subsidiary of Gulf and Ohio Railways , a shortline holding company headquartered at the James Park House in Downtown Knoxville . The KXHR operates a 19 - mile ( 31 km ) line between the Burkhart terminal at Forks of the River and the Coster Yard in North Knoxville , where the freight is transferred to CSX and Norfolk Southern lines or transloaded onto trucks . The KXHR also manages the Knoxville Locomotive Works at the Coster Yard , and operates the Three Rivers Rambler , a tourist train that runs along the riverfront . River Transport ( edit ) Knoxville is an international port connected via navigable channels to the nation 's inland waterways and the Gulf of Mexico . The city 's waterfront lies just under 700 river miles from the Mississippi River ( via the Tennessee and Ohio rivers ) , and just under 900 river miles from Mobile , Alabama , on the Gulf of Mexico ( via the Tennessee River and Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ) . TVA maintains a minimum 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) channel on the entirety of the Tennessee River . The minimum size of locks on Tennessee River and Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway dams is 600 feet ( 180 m ) by 110 feet ( 34 m ) . Most commercial shipping on the Tennessee River is provided by barges , which deliver on average a half - million tons of cargo to Knoxville per year , mostly asphalt , road salt , and steel and coke . Burkhart Enterprises operates the city 's most active public barge terminal at its Forks of the River facility , handling approximately 350,000 tons of barge cargo per year . Knoxville Barge and Chattanooga - based Serodino , Inc. , provide barge shipping services to and from the city . Recreational craft that frequent the river include small johnboats , fishing boats and yachts . Boat slips and a marina are located at Volunteer Landing in the Downtown area . The VOL Navy , a flotilla of several dozen boats , swarms the river during weeks when the U.T. football team plays at Neyland Stadium . Cruise lines operating in the city include the Volunteer Princess , a luxury yacht , and the Star of Knoxville , a paddlewheel riverboat . Sister Cities ( edit ) Knoxville has seven sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International : Chełm , Lublin Voivodeship , Poland Chengdu , People 's Republic of China Kaohsiung , Taiwan Larissa , Greece Muroran , Japan Neuquen , Argentina Yesan County , South Korea See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County , Tennessee List of people from Knoxville , Tennessee Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1915 , 1921 , 1990 , and 2013 , no day the entire year remained at or below freezing . Jump up ^ This contributed to the winter of 1959 − 60 being the snowiest on record , with a total of 56.7 in ( 144 cm ) . On the other extreme , five winters , most recently 2007 − 08 , have recorded only a trace of snowfall . Jump up ^ Official records for Knoxville kept January 1871 to February 1942 at downtown and at McGhee Tyson Airport since March 1942 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ask Doc Knox , `` What 's With All This Marble City Business ? '' Metro Pulse , May 10 , 2010 . Accessed at the Internet Archive , October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucile Deaderick , Heart of the Valley : A History of Knoxville , Tennessee ( Knoxville , Tenn. : East Tennessee Historical Society , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Banker , Appalachians All : East Tennessee and the Elusive History of an American Region ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2010 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Jack Neely , From the Shadow Side : And Other Stories of Knoxville , Tennessee ( Tellico Books , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jack Neely , `` A Knoxville Vacation '' , Knoxville Mercury , July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Knoxville city , Tennessee '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Detail Report for : City of Knoxville '' . USGS . March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , 2010 Census Interactive Population Search Archived January 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census : Nashville , Knoxville Areas Continue to Lead the State in Population Growth '' . Tennessee Today . March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : W. Bruce Wheeler , `` Knoxville . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Doc Knox '' , `` Downtown 's Homegrown Revival '' , Metro Pulse , November 16 , 2011 . Accessed at the Internet Archive , October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher Jolly III , `` 40KN37 : An Early Woodland Habitation Site in Knox County , Tennessee '' , Tennessee Archaeologist 31 , nos. 1 -- 2 ( 1976 ) , 51 . Jump up ^ Frank H. McClung Museum , `` Woodland Period Archived April 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved : March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James Strange , `` An Unusual Late Prehistoric Pipe from Post Oak Island ( 40KN23 ) '' , Tennessee Archaeologist 30 , no . 1 ( 1974 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Richard Polhemus , The Toqua Site -- 40MR6 , Vol . I ( Norris , Tenn. : Tennessee Valley Authority , 1987 ) , 1240 - 1246 . Jump up ^ Cora Tula Watters , `` Shawnee . '' The Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , 278 - 279 . Jump up ^ Ima Stephens , `` Creek '' , The Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , 252 - 253 . Jump up ^ James Mooney , Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee ( Nashville : Charles Elder , 1972 ) , 526 . Jump up ^ Jefferson Chapman , Tellico Archaeology : 12,000 Years of Native American History ( Norris , Tenn. : Tennessee Valley Authority , 1985 ) , 97 . Jump up ^ Henry Timberlake , Samuel Williams ( ed . ) , Memoirs , 1756 -- 1765 ( Marietta , Georgia : Continental Book Co. , 1948 ) , 54 . Jump up ^ William MacArthur , Knoxville , Crossroads of the New South ( Tulsa , Okla. : Continental Heritage Press , 1982 ) , 1 - 15 . Jump up ^ Yong Kim , The Sevierville Hill Site : A Civil War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of Knoxville , Tennessee ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Transportation Center , 1993 ) , 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , The Sevierville Hill Site , 9 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , 17 . Jump up ^ William MacArthur , Jr. , Knoxville : Crossroads of the New South ( Tulsa , Oklahoma : Continental Heritage Press , 1982 ) , 17 - 22 . Jump up ^ G.H. Stueckrath , `` Incidents in the Early Settlement of East Tennessee and Knoxville Archived April 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Originally published in De Bow 's Review Vol . XXVII ( October 1859 ) , O.S. Enlarged Series . Vol. II , No. 4 , N.S. Pages 407 - 419 . Transcribed for web content by Billie McNamara , 1999 -- 2002 . Retrieved : February 25 , 2008 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ MacArthur , Knoxville : Crossroads of the New South , 23 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Atkins , `` Hugh Lawson White . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Forrest Conklin , `` William Gannaway `` Parson '' Brownlow . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Durwood Dunn , Cades Cove : The Life and Death of An Appalachian Community ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1988 ) , 125 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission , `` Designated Properties : Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission Archived July 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved : February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , Knoxville : Crossroads of the New South , 42 - 44 . Jump up ^ Eric Lacy , Vanquished Volunteers : East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession ( Johnson City , Tenn. : East Tennessee State University Press , 1965 ) , pp. 217 - 233 . Jump up ^ Kim , The Sevierville Hill Site , 10 . Jump up ^ Kim , The Sevierville Hill Site , 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kim , The Sevierville Hill Site , 15 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : William Bruce Wheeler , `` Knoxville , Tennessee . '' The Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , 375 . Jump up ^ Linda Snodgrass , `` The Candoro Marble Works Archived June 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' 2000 . Retrieved : February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Found in Knoxville City Code of Ordinances Chapter 1 , Section 1 - 12 www.knoxvilletn.gov/government/city_ordinances_charter Jump up ^ `` Statement as to the Adoption of the Knoxville City Flag '' , November 6 , 1896 , Knoxville Minute Book , Book L , p. 380 . ^ Jump up to : Milton Klein , `` University of Tennessee . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : February 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Neely , `` Knoxville , Tennessee . '' The Encyclopedia of Appalachia ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 ) , 654 . Jump up ^ Carlos Campbell , Birth of a National Park In the Great Smoky Mountains ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1969 ) , 13 - 18 , 32 . Jump up ^ W. Bruce Wheeler , `` Tennessee Valley Authority . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ W. Bruce Wheeler , `` Knoxville World 's Fair of 1982 . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First Creek '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Bluff '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Knoxville '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Brown Mountain '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ City of Knoxville , Sharp 's Ridge Memorial Park History Archived May 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation , House Mountain Class I Scenic Recreational State Natural Area . Retrieved : December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` House Mountain '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ NOAA Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Mean Number of Days With Maximum Temperature 90 Degrees F or Higher . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lance Coleman , `` Knoxville Having Hottest Day Ever at 105 Degrees '' , Knoxville News Sentinel , June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved : June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Knoxville Climate Page '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Snowfalls in Knoxville '' , Knoxville News Sentinel , February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TN KNOXVILLE MCGHEE TYSON AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for KNOXVILLE / MUNICIPAL , TN 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas , U.S. Census Bureau Jump up ^ Georgia Institute of Technology : : CQGRD : Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion ( PAM ) Archived September 27 , 2010 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Jack Neely , `` The Skies , The Limits '' , Metro Pulse , October 25 , 2001 . Accessed at the Internet Archive , October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Josh Flory , `` Dean Trumps Comedian Stephen Colbert for Tower 's Name '' , Knoxville News Sentinel , November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved : January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Wants to Sell Downtown Building , Relocate Knox School Offices Archived March 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , WATE.com , June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved : January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Eder , `` TVA Tower Gets Occupants '' , Knoxville News Sentinel , October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved : January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sunsphere.info . Retrieved : January 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ Amy McRary ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` World 's Fair : The world came to Knoxville in May 1982 '' . The Knoxville News Sentinel . Jump up ^ Knox Heritage , George Barber Homes Trolley Tour Booklet Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2007 . Retrieved : January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : City of Knoxville , Parks Archived August 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ City of Knoxville , Downtown North Redevelopment Archived May 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing : Decennial Censuses '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Note : the 1860 census did not include a population estimate for Knoxville . See p. 467 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau , QuickFacts sheet for Knoxville ( city ) , Tennessee Archived June 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jack Neely , `` Knoxville By the ( Census ) Numbers '' , Metro Pulse , June 29 , 2011 . Accessed at the Internet Archive , October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , `` Poverty - Highlights Archived December 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved : December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Economic Research Institute , Inc. , ERI Economic Research Institute Releases Survey on Best and Worst Cities for College Grads -- Based on salary / cost of living , Knoxville , TN rated best Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , press release , July 6 , 2006 Jump up ^ Erin Carlyle , `` America 's Most Affordable Cities '' , Forbes.com , March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 6 : Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area , 2009 . '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knoxville - Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission , Facts & Figures 2011 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Value Cities 2011 : 5 . Knoxville , Tenn . '' . www.kiplinger.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Spots - Forbes.com '' . Forbes . April 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Work '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Innovation Valley Inc . - About Us . Retrieved : January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About TVA , TVA website . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andy Ashby , `` TVA Revenue Rises Almost 9 Percent in Fiscal 2011 , '' Memphis Business Journal , November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Storm Swamped TVA Retirement Plan , '' Chattanooga Times Free Press , February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knoxville - Area Public Companies Ranked According to Revenue , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Tennessee Companies on Fortune 500 List , Knoxville News Sentinel , April 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ America 's Largest Private Companies - # 6 Pilot Flying J , Forbes.com , 2013 . Retrieved : October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ America 's Largest Private Companies - # 103 HT Hackney , Forbes.com , 2012 . Retrieved : October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Advertising Firms and Marketing Firms , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laura Bower Tombras Creates New Nationwide Impaired Driving Campaign for U.S. Department of Transportation : Drive Sober or Get Pulled Over . August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MONEY : Personal Finance News & Advice '' . MONEY.com . Jump up ^ Knox County Office Buildings Ranked According to Gross Square Footage , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox County Industrial Parks Ranked According to Size , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knoxville Area Banks Ranked According to Local Deposits , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Investment Brokerage Firms , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox County Mortgage Lenders Ranked According to Dollar Volume , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area CPA Firms Ranked According to Number of Licensed CPAs , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2013 . Retrieved : July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knoxville - Oak Ridge Innovation Valley , ( www.knoxvillechamber.com/pdf/demographics/MajorManufacturers.doc Top 50 Major Manufacturers in the Knoxville Area - 2009 ) . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Major Manufacturers , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission , West City Sector Plan - Land Use and Development , August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved : December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : About UT - Battelle . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area National Science Foundation Grants , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CURENT '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Technology Corridor Development Authority , Comprehensive Development Plan - 2008 Update . Retrieved : January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roy C. Brewer , Symphony Orchestras , Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , December 25 , 2009 ; last updated February 28 , 2011 ; accessed : June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rachmaninoff 's Last Concert - Memorial Statue dedicated to the famous Russian Composer '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Neely , `` Knoxville 's Ever - Changing Public Image , '' Metro Pulse , March 28 , 2012 . Accessed at the Internet Archive , October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maria Carter , `` Get Away to Knoxville , '' Atlanta , June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moon Blue Ridge & Smoky Mountains - Page 279 1612380662 Deborah Huso - 2011 Christmas in the City ( 865 / 215 - 4248 , www.cityofknoxville.org , Nov. -- Dec . ) covers eight weeks of festivities at various locations throughout the city . The activities include ... Santa , as well as ice skating on Knoxville 's Holidays on Ice skating rink . Jump up ^ `` Knoxville 's Holidays on Ice '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Norma Polovitz Nickerson and Jake Jorgenson , Designated Market Areas : Using Zip Codes As a Marketing Tool Archived September 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... University of Montana Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research , April 2011 . Retrieved : January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Television Stations Ranked According to Market Share , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Scripps Networks . '' . Scripps Networks Interactive . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arbitron Radio Market Rankings : Fall 2011 . Retrieved : January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Radio Stations , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Terry ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' October Sky ' cast & crew reunite in Oliver Springs . '' . Knoxville News - Sentineladitiona . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons : `` Bart on the Road '' Episode. `` . Knoxville News - Sentinel . May 31 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruce Handy , `` The Boy Who Cried Author , '' Vanity Fair , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Filmography , Visit Knoxville Film / Knox website . Retrieved : July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynn Point Records , The St. James Sessions Archived July 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Williams , `` The Man In the Overstuffed Chair . '' Collected Stories ( New York : New Directions Books , 1985 ) , p. xvi . Jump up ^ Jack Neely , From the Shadow Side : And Other Stories of Knoxville , Tennessee ( Tellico Books , 2003 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Jack Neely , Knoxville 's Secret History ( Scruffy Books , 1995 ) , pp. 56 - 7 . Jump up ^ M. Thomas Inge , Charles Reagan Wilson , et al. , The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Literature ( University of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Neely , From the Shadow Side , p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` The Mighty Metro Pulse Collection of Awesome Knoxville Lists , '' Metro Pulse , June 23 , 2010 . Accessed at the Internet Archive , October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Scott ( August 19 , 2002 ) . `` Council lets mayor keep gavel - for now '' . The Knoxville News - Sentinel . Jump up ^ Jennifer Meckles , `` Madeline Rogero Sworn in as Mayor of Knoxville Archived February 9 , 2013 , at Archive.is , '' WBIR.com , December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved : December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City of Knoxville . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mayors '' . City of Knoxville . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ East Tennessee Colleges and Universities , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ UTK - About the University . Retrieved : January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About Pellissippi State . Retrieved : January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About Johnson . Retrieved : January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Higher Education Commission , Student Enrollment , Completion and Placement Report , FY 2009 -- 10 - South College . Retrieved : January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Linda McCoy , New Knoxville College President Has Plan to Add Stability and Seek Reaccreditation , Knoxville News Sentinel , December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved : January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Virginia College . `` Knoxville , TN Career College - Virginia College '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox County Schools , Strategic Plan Results - Graduation Rate Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Private Schools Ranked According to Enrollment , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ East Tennessee Hospitals , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Ambulatory Surgical Treatment Centers , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knoxville - Area County Health Report , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : KUB - Electricity , KUB website . Retrieved : January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville - Area Utilities , Knoxville Book of Lists ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville Book of Lists - Knox Co. 's Busiest Roads , Knoxvillebiz.com ( Knoxville News Sentinel ) , 2012 . Retrieved : January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knoxville Area Transit website . Retrieved : December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ About McGhee Tyson Airport Archived December 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FAA Master Report Record for DKX , July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved : December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Knoxville Regional Transportation Planning Organization , 2005 -- 2030 Knoxville Regional Long Range Transportation Plan Update , 2007 , pp. 51 - 53 . Retrieved : December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ferrar , `` Teaming With Possibilities : Norfolk Southern Partners with UT to Go Global Archived April 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' Knoxnews.com , January 15 , 2006 . Retrieved : December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Knoxville & Holston River Railroad Archived July 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USGS topographical maps . The entirety of the Tennessee River ( 652 miles ) , plus 46 miles along the Ohio River to where it empties into the Mississippi . Jump up ^ Richard Simms , `` Huckleberry Finn is Alive and Well Archived May 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' Chattanooga Times - Free Press , November 27 , 2008 . The trip is 437 miles along the Tennessee River from Knoxville to the entrance of the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ( near Pickwick Landing Dam in Hardin County ) , 234 miles along the waterway to Demopolis , Alabama , and another 214 miles along Tombigbee and Mobile rivers to Mobile . Jump up ^ Tennessee - Tombigbee Water - Tenn - Tom Quickfacts . Retrieved : January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ferrar , `` Rollin ' On the River Archived May 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' Knoxville News Sentinel , August 22 , 2004 . Retrieved : January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sister City Directory . '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Barber , John W. , and Howe , Henry . All the Western States and Territories , ... ( Cincinnati , Ohio : Howe 's Subscription Book Concern , 1867 ) . pp. 631 -- 632 . Carey , Ruth . `` Change Comes to Knoxville . '' in These Are Our Voices : The Story of Oak Ridge 1942 -- 1970 , edited by James Overholt , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 1987 . Deaderick , Lucile , ed . Heart of the Valley -- A History of Knoxville , Tennessee Knoxville : East Tennessee Historical Society , 1976 . Jennifer Long ; `` Government Job Creation Programs - Lessons from the 1930s and 1940s '' Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 33 . Issue : 4 . 1999 . pp 903 + , a case study of Knoxville . Isenhour , Judith Clayton . Knoxville , A Pictorial History . ( Donning Company , 1978 , 1980 ) . `` Knoxville '' . The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 14 , 2006 . McDonald , Michael , and Bruce Wheeler . Knoxville , Tennessee : Continuity and Change in an Appalachian City University of Tennessee Press , 1983 . the standard academic history McKenzie , Robert Tracy . Lincolnites and Rebels : A Divided Town in the American Civil War ( 2009 ) on Knoxville excerpt and text search The Future of Knoxville 's Past : Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville , Tennessee . ( Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission , October 2006 ) . Rothrock , Mary U. , editor . The French Broad - Holston Country : A History of Knox County , Tennessee . ( Knox County Historical Committee ; East Tennessee Historical Society , 1946 ) . Temple , Oliver P. East Tennessee and the Civil War ( 1899 ) 588pp online edition Wheeler , Bruce . `` Knoxville , Tennessee : A Mountain City in the New South '' ( University of Tennessee Press , 2005 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knoxville , Tennessee . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Knoxville . Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Knoxville , Tennessee . Official website Knoxville Tourism and Sports Corporation Knoxville at DMOZ City charter Convention and Visitors Bureau Municipalities and communities of Knox County , Tennessee , United States County seat : Knoxville City Knoxville Town Farragut ‡ CDP Mascot Other unincorporated communities Beech Grove Bonny Kate Concord Corinth Corryton Gibbs Grandview Halls Crossroads Harbison Crossroads Heiskell ‡ Karns Kimberlin Heights Midway New Hopewell Powell Shady Grove Solway Strawberry Plains ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Knoxville , Tennessee metropolitan area Principal City Knoxville Other Cities Alcoa Clinton Farragut LaFollette Lenoir City Maryville Morristown Oak Ridge Newport Sevierville Counties Anderson County Blount County Campbell County Cocke County Grainger County Hamblen County Knox County Jefferson County Loudon County Morgan County Roane County Sevier County Union County Neighborhoods of Knoxville , Tennessee Neighborhoods Bearden Chilhowee Park Colonial Village Forest Heights Fort Sanders Fountain City Fourth and Gill Island Home Park Lake Forest Lindbergh Forest Lonsdale Mechanicsville North Hills Norwood Oakwood - 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-2730455966878304274 | Czech language | Czech language - wikipedia Czech language Jump to : navigation , search Czech Bohemian čeština , český jazyk Native to Czech Republic Ethnicity Czechs Native speakers 10.7 million ( 2015 ) Language family Indo - European Balto - Slavic Slavic West Slavic Czech -- Slovak Czech Writing system Latin script ( Czech alphabet ) Czech Braille Official status Official language in Czech Republic European Union Recognised minority language in Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Poland Romania Slovakia Regulated by Institute of the Czech Language Language codes ISO 639 - 1 cs ISO 639 - 2 cze ( B ) ces ( T ) ISO 639 - 3 ces Glottolog czec1258 Linguasphere 53 - AAA - da < 53 - AAA - b ... - d ( varieties : 53 - AAA - daa to 53 - AAA - dam ) regions where Czech is the language of the majority regions where Czech is the language of a significant minority This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Czech ( / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : ( ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna ) ) , historically also Bohemian ( / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) , is a West Slavic language of the Czech -- Slovak group , which is extensively influenced by Latin and German . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree . The Czecho - Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period , and the standardisation of Czech and Slovak within the Czech -- Slovak dialect continuum emerges in the early modern period . In the later 18th to mid-19th century , the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The main vernacular , known as Common Czech , is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken throughout most of the Czech Republic . The Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are also classified as Czech , although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak . Czech has a moderately - sized phoneme inventory , comprising five vowels ( each short or long ) and twenty - five consonants ( divided into `` hard '' , `` neutral '' and `` soft '' categories ) . Words may contain uncommon ( or complicated ) consonant clusters , including one consonant represented by the grapheme ř , or lack vowels altogether . Czech uses a simple orthography which phonologists have used as a model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 History 2.1 Medieval / Old Czech 2.2 Early Modern Czech 2.3 Modern Czech 3 Geographic distribution 3.1 United States 4 Varieties 4.1 Common Czech 4.2 Bohemian dialects 4.3 Moravian dialects 4.4 Sample 4.5 Mutual intelligibility 5 Vocabulary 6 Standard Czech 6.1 Phonology 6.2 Grammar 6.2. 1 Sentence and clause structure 6.2. 2 Declension 6.2. 3 Verb conjugation 6.3 Orthography 6.4 Sample text 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Classification ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages and West Slavic Classification of Czech within the Balto - Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . Czech and Slovak make up a `` Czech -- Slovak '' subgroup . Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . This branch includes Polish , Kashubian , Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak . Slovak is the closest language genetic neighbor of Czech , followed by Polish and Silesian . The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe . Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more - restricted distinction between `` hard '' and `` soft '' consonants ( see Phonology below ) . History ( edit ) The Bible of Kralice was the first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language from the original languages . Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593 . Main article : History of the Czech language See also : History of the Czech lands Medieval / Old Czech ( edit ) The term `` Old Czech '' is applied to the period predating the 16th century , with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as `` early Old Czech '' , but it is also possible to speak simply about `` Medieval Czech '' . Around the 7th century , the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe , settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire . The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century . The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries . The diversification of the Czech - Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time , marked among other things by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant ( / ɣ / ) and consistent stress on the first syllable . The Bohemian ( Czech ) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries . Literary works written in Czech appear in the early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century . The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period . Old Czech texts , including poetry and cookbooks , were produced outside the university as well . Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation . Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners ( particularly in religion ) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language . Early modern Czech ( edit ) There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century . In the 16th century , the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent , marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics , especially Slovak Jesuits , beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on the language of the Trnava region . The publication of the Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 ( the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages ) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries . In 1615 , the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom . After the Bohemian Revolt ( of predominantly Protestant aristocracy ) which was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620 , the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country . This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years ' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language . In 1627 , Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia , especially among the upper classes . Modern Czech ( edit ) Josef Dobrovský , whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language See also : Czech National Revival The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century . By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty . Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í ( although é survives for some uses ) and the merging of í and the former ejí . Sometime before the 18th century , the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic / l / and / ʎ / which survives in Slovak . Prohibition signs written in Czech , by entry # 3 into the building of National Technical Library in Prague . With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century , Czech historians began to emphasize their people 's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries , rebelling against the Counter-Reformation ( the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages ) . Czech philologists studied sixteenth - century texts , advocating the return of the language to high culture . This period is known as the Czech National Revival ( or Renaissance ) . During the national revival , in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German - language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ( Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language ) . Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language . However , Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský 's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival . Changes during this time included spelling reform ( notably , í in place of the former j and j in place of g ) , the use of t ( rather than ti ) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns ( which had been a late borrowing from German ) . These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak . Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal , widespread use . Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech ( a widespread , informal register ) , such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined . This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of the language . Geographic distribution ( edit ) A map of the languages of Central and Eastern Europe . Within the Czech Republic , Standard Czech is represented by dark yellow ( C1 ) and Moravian dialects by medium yellow ( C2 ) and light green ( C3 ) . Official use of Czech in Vojvodina , Serbia In 2005 and 2007 , Czech was spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic . A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech , the third - highest in the European Union ( behind Greece and Hungary ) . Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic ( a member of the European Union since 2004 ) , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia . Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages . The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic ( 98.77 percent ) , Slovakia ( 24.86 percent ) , Portugal ( 1.93 percent ) , Poland ( 0.98 percent ) and Germany ( 0.47 percent ) . Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities . Since it is a recognised minority language in Slovakia , Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so . United states ( edit ) See also : Czech American and Czech Texan Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914 . Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools , and is taught at Czech heritage centers . Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin . In the 2000 United States Census , Czech was reported as the most - common language spoken at home ( besides English ) in Valley , Butler and Saunders Counties , Nebraska and Republic County , Kansas . With the exception of Spanish ( the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide ) , Czech was the most - common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , North Dakota and Minnesota . As of 2009 , 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language ( 49th place nationwide , behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish ) . Varieties ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages The main vernacular is `` Common Czech '' , based on the dialect of the Prague region . Other Bohemian dialects have become marginalized , while Moravian dialects remain more widespread , with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s . Common Czech ( edit ) The main Czech vernacular , spoken primarily near Prague but also throughout the country , is known as Common Czech ( obecná čeština ) . This is an academic distinction ; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with vernacular ( or incorrect ) Czech . Compared to standard Czech , Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution . Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century . It is usually defined as an interdialect used in common speech in Bohemia and western parts of Moravia ( by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the Czech Republic ) . Common Czech is not codified , but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard . Since the second half of the 20th century , Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected , as a consequence of media influence . Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians , businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations , but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media . Common Czech is characterized by quite regular differences from the standard morphology and phonology . These variations are more or less common to all Common Czech dialects : é usually replaced by ý / í : malý město ( small town ) , plamínek ( little flame ) , lítat ( to fly ) ; ý ( sometimes also í ) replaced by ej : malej dům ( small house ) , mlejn ( mill ) , plejtvat ( to waste ) , bejt ( to be ) -- as a consequence of the loss of the difference in the pronunciation of y / ý and i / í in the 15th century ; unified plural endings of adjectives : malý lidi ( small people ) , malý ženy ( small women ) , malý města ( small towns ) -- stand. : malí lidé , malé ženy , malá města ; unified instrumental ending - ma in plural : s těma dobrejma lidma , ženama , chlapama , městama ( with the good people , women , guys , towns ) -- stand. : s těmi dobrými lidmi , ženami , chlapy , městy ( in essence , this form resembles the form of the dual , which was once a productive form , but now is almost extinct , except a few examples ; in Common Czech it can often be used indiscriminately , i.e. it can substitute a regular plural form , not just as it was once used ) ; prothetic v - added to most words beginning o - : votevřít vokno ( to open the window ) -- stand. : otevřít okno ; but ovoce not * vovoce ( fruit ) omitting of the syllabic - l in the masculine ending of past tense verbs : řek ( he said ) , moh ( he could ) , pích ( he pricked ) -- stand. : řekl , mohl , píchl . Example of declension ( with the comparison with the standard Czech ) : Masculine animate Masculine inanimate Feminine Neuter Sg . Nominative mladej člověk mladý člověk mladej stát mladý stát mladá žena mladá žena mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Genitive mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladýho státu mladého státu mladý ženy mladé ženy mladýho zvířete mladého zvířete Dative mladýmu člověkovi mladému člověku mladýmu státu mladému státu mladý ženě mladé ženě mladýmu zvířeti mladému zvířeti Accusative mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladej stát mladý stát mladou ženu mladou ženu mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Vocative mladej člověče ! mladý člověče ! mladej státe ! mladý státe ! mladá ženo ! mladá ženo ! mladý zvíře ! mladé zvíře ! Locative mladym člověkovi mladém člověkovi mladym státě mladém státě mladý ženě mladé ženě mladym zvířeti mladém zvířeti Instrumental mladym člověkem mladým člověkem mladym státem mladým státem mladou ženou mladou ženou mladym zvířetem mladým zvířetem Pl . Nominative mladý lidi mladí lidé mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Genitive mladejch lidí mladých lidí mladejch států mladých států mladejch žen mladých žen mladejch zvířat mladých zvířat Dative mladejm lidem mladým lidem mladejm státům mladým státům mladejm ženám mladým ženám mladejm zvířatům mladým zvířatům Accusative mladý lidi mladé lidi mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Vocative mladý lidi ! mladí lidé ! mladý státy ! mladé státy ! mladý ženy ! mladé ženy ! mladý zvířata ! mladá zvířata ! Locative mladejch lidech mladých lidech mladejch státech mladých státech mladejch ženách mladých ženách mladejch zvířatech mladých zvířatech Instrumental mladejma lidma mladými lidmi mladejma státama mladými státy mladejma ženama mladými ženami mladejma zvířatama mladými zvířaty mladý člověk -- young man / person , mladí lidé -- young people , mladý stát -- young state , mladá žena -- young woman , mladé zvíře -- young animal Bohemian dialects ( edit ) Further information : Chod dialect Apart from the Common Czech vernacular , there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialect , mostly in marginal rural areas . Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century , and by the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized , associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect . Increased travel and media availability to dialect - speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to ( or add to their own dialect ) standard Czech . Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language , this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and historical texts rather than dialects . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Bohemian dialects : Nářečí středočeská ( Central Bohemian dialects ) Nářečí jihozápadočeská ( Southwestern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina chodská ( Chod subgroup ) Podskupina doudlebská ( Doudleby subgroup ) Nářečí severovýchodočeská ( Northeastern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina podkrknošská ( Krkonoše subgroup ) Moravian dialects ( edit ) Main article : Moravian dialects Further information : Lach dialects The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian ( moravština ) . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire , `` Bohemian - Moravian - Slovak '' was a language citizens could register as speaking ( with German , Polish and several others ) . Of the Czech dialects , only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office . As of 2011 , 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal ( speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages ) . Beginning in the sixteenth century , some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak ; the southeastern Moravian dialects , in particular , are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech . These dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages , using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Moravian dialects : Nářečí českomoravská ( Bohemian -- Moravian dialects ) Nářečí středomoravská ( Central Moravian dialects ) Podskupina tišnovská ( Tišnov subgroup ) Nářečí východomoravská ( Eastern Moravian dialects ) Podskupina slovácká ( Moravian Slovak subgroup ) Podskupina valašská ( Moravian Wallachian subgroup ) Nářečí slezská ( Silesian dialects ) Sample ( edit ) In a 1964 textbook on Czech dialectology , Břetislav Koudela used the following sentence to highlight phonetic differences between dialects : Standard Czech : Dej mouku ze mlýna na vozík . Common Czech : Dej mouku ze mlejna na vozejk . Central Moravian : Dé móku ze mléna na vozék . Eastern Moravian : Daj múku ze młýna na vozík . Silesian : Daj muku ze młyna na vozik . Slovak : Daj múku zm lyna na vozík . English : Put the flour from the mill into the cart . Mutual intelligibility ( edit ) Further information : Comparison of Slovak and Czech Czech and Slovak have been considered mutually intelligible ; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages . Since the 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia , mutual intelligibility has declined for younger speakers , probably because Czech speakers now experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa . In phonetic differences , Czech is characterized by a glottal stop before initial vowels and Slovak by its less - frequent use of long vowels than Czech ; however , Slovak has long forms of the consonants r and l when they function as vowels . Phonemic differences between the two languages are generally consistent , typical of two dialects of a language . Grammatically , although Czech ( unlike Slovak ) has a vocative case , both languages share a common syntax . One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular ( when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak ) . The two lexicons are generally considered similar , with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology . Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech . The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th - century scholars who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' ( Čechoslované ) , believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and ( to a lesser extent ) Hungarians and other Slavs . During the First Czechoslovak Republic ( 1918 -- 1938 ) , although `` Czechoslovak '' was designated as the republic 's official language , both Czech and Slovak written standards were used . Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech , and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic . Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars , and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State ( which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II ) , literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech . When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed , Slovak developed somewhat on its own ( with Czech influence ) ; during the Prague Spring of 1968 , Slovak gained independence from ( and equality with ) Czech , due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation . Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , `` Czechoslovak '' has referred to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility . Vocabulary ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Czech origin Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic , Baltic and other Indo - European roots . Although most verbs have Balto - Slavic origins , pronouns , prepositions and some verbs have wider , Indo - European roots . Some loanwords have been restructured by folk etymology to resemble native Czech words ( hřbitov , `` graveyard '' and listina , `` list '' ) . Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods . Earlier loanwords , primarily from German , Greek and Latin , arrived before the Czech National Revival . More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and French , and also from Hebrew , Arabic and Persian . Many Russian loanwords , principally animal names and naval terms , also exist in Czech . Although older German loanwords were colloquial , recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture . During the nineteenth century , words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots ; `` music '' is muzyka in Polish and музыка ( muzyka ) in Russian , but in Czech it is hudba . Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages -- for example , robot ( from robota , `` labor '' ) and polka ( from polka , `` Polish woman '' or from `` půlka '' `` half '' ) . Standard Czech ( edit ) The modern written standard is directly based on the standardisation during the Czech National Revival in the 1830s , significantly influenced by Josef Jungmann 's Czech - German dictionary published during 1834 -- 1839 . Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice ( 1579 -- 1613 ) period and of the language used by his contemporaries . He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Czech phonology Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three more found only in loanwords . They are / a / , / ɛ / , / ɪ / , / o / , and / u / , their long counterparts / aː / , / ɛː / , / iː / , / oː / and / uː / , and three diphthongs , / ou̯ / , / au̯ / and / ɛu̯ / . The latter two diphthongs and the long / oː / are exclusive to loanwords . Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed . Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics ( minor , monosyllabic , unstressed syllables ) . In all words of more than two syllables , every odd - numbered syllable receives secondary stress . Stress is unrelated to vowel length , and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features ( such as English ) . Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word , or when they are followed by unvoiced consonants . Czech consonants are categorized as `` hard '' , `` neutral '' or `` soft '' : Hard : / d / , / ɡ / , / ɦ / , / k / , / n / , / r / , / t / , / x / Neutral : / b / , / f / , / l / , / m / , / p / , / s / , / v / , / z / Soft : / c / , / ɟ / , / j / , / ɲ / , / r̝ / , / ʃ / , / ts / , / tʃ / , / ʒ / This distinction describes the declension patterns of nouns , which is based on the category of a noun 's ending consonant . Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing , or soft ones by y or ý ( except in loanwords such as kilogram ) . Neutral consonants may take either character . Hard consonants are sometimes known as `` strong '' , and soft ones as `` weak '' . The phoneme represented by the letter ř ( capital Ř ) is considered unique to Czech . It represents the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ( IPA : ( r̝ ) ) , a sound somewhere between Czech 's r and ž ( example : `` řeka '' ( river ) ( help info ) ) , and is present in Dvořák . The consonants / r / and / l / can be syllabic , acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel . This can be difficult for non-native speakers to pronounce , and Strč prst skrz krk ( `` Stick ( your ) finger down ( your ) throat '' ) is a Czech tongue twister . Consonants Labial Alveolar Post - alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive voiceless p k voiced d ɟ ( ɡ ) Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ voiced ( d͡z ) ( d͡ʒ ) Fricative voiceless ( f ) s ʃ x voiced z ʒ ɦ Trill plain r fricative r̝ Approximant l j Vowels A Czech vowel chart Grammar ( edit ) Slavic grammar is fusional ; its nouns , verbs , and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions , and the easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited . Slavic - language inflection is complex and pervasive , inflecting for case , gender and number in nouns and tense , aspect , mood , person and subject number and gender in verbs . Parts of speech include adjectives , adverbs , numbers , interrogative words , prepositions , conjunctions and interjections . Adverbs are primarily formed by taking the final ý or í of an adjective and replacing it with e , ě , or o . Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne - to the verb of a clause , with one exception : je ( he , she or it is ) becomes není . Sentence and clause structure ( edit ) See also : Czech word order Czech pronouns , nominative case Person Singular Plural 1 . já my 2 . ty vy ( formal ) vy 3 . on ( masculine ) ona ( feminine ) ono ( neuter ) oni ( masculine ) ony ( feminine ) ona ( neuter ) Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence ( instead of relying on word order , as English does ) , its word order is flexible . As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb ; information about its subject is encoded in the verb . Enclitics ( primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns ) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence , after the first stressed unit . The first slot must contain a subject and object , a main form of a verb , an adverb or a conjunction ( except for the light conjunctions a , `` and '' , i , `` and even '' or ale , `` but '' ) . Czech syntax has a subject -- verb -- object sentence structure . In practice , however , word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus . Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction ( like English ) , colloquial word - order changes frequently produce the passive voice . For example , to change `` Peter killed Paul '' to `` Paul was killed by Peter '' the order of subject and object is inverted : Petr zabil Pavla ( `` Peter killed Paul '' ) becomes `` Paul , Peter killed '' ( Pavla zabil Petr ) . Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object ( in this case , the victim ) of the verb . A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized , unless an upward intonation indicates that the sentence is a question : Pes jí bagetu . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than eating something else ) . Bagetu jí pes . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than someone else doing so ) . Pes bagetu jí . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than doing something else to it ) . Jí pes bagetu ? -- Does the dog eat the baguette ? ( emphasis ambiguous ) In portions of Bohemia ( including Prague ) , questions such as Jí pes bagetu ? without an interrogative word ( such as co , `` what '' or kdo , `` who '' ) are intoned in a slow rise from low to high , quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase . In Czech syntax , adjectives precede nouns . Relative clauses are introduced by relativizers such as the adjective který , analogous to the English relative pronouns `` which '' , `` that '' , `` who '' and `` whom '' . As with other adjectives , it is declined into the appropriate case ( see Declension below ) to match its associated noun , person and number . Relative clauses follow the noun they modify , and the following is a glossed example : Czech : Chc - i navštív - it univerzit - u , na kter - ou chod - í Jan . Gloss : want-1.SG visit - INF university - SG. ACC , on which - SG. F. ACC attend-3.SG John. SG. NOM English : I want to visit the university that John attends . Declension ( edit ) Main article : Czech declension In Czech , nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases . Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence . A nominative -- accusative language , Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case . The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement . The remaining cases ( instrumental , locative , vocative and dative ) indicate semantic relationships , such as secondary objects , movement or position ( dative case ) and accompaniment ( instrumental case ) . An adjective 's case agrees with that of the noun it describes . When Czech children learn their language 's declension patterns , the cases are referred to by number : No . Ordinal name ( Czech ) Full name ( Czech ) Case Main usage 1 . první pád nominativ nominative Subjects 2 . druhý pád genitiv genitive Belonging , movement away from something ( or someone ) 3 . třetí pád dativ dative Indirect objects , movement toward something ( or someone ) 4 . čtvrtý pád akuzativ accusative Direct objects 5 . pátý pád vokativ vocative Addressing someone 6 . šestý pád lokál locative Location 7 . sedmý pád instrumentál instrumental Being used for a task ; acting with someone ( or something ) Some Czech grammatical texts order the cases differently , grouping the nominative and accusative ( and the dative and locative ) together because those declension patterns are often identical ; this order accommodates learners with experience in other inflected languages , such as Latin or Russian . This order is nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental and vocative . Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case . The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical ( or metaphorical ) direction , or location , conveyed by it . For example , od ( from , away from ) and z ( out of , off ) assign the genitive case . Other prepositions take one of several cases , with their meaning dependent on the case ; na means `` onto '' or `` for '' with the accusative case , but `` on '' with the locative . Examples of declension patterns ( using prepositions ) for a few nouns with adjectives follow . Only one plural example is given , since plural declension patterns are similar across genders . Case Noun / adjective Big dog ( m . ) Small cat ( f . ) Hard wood ( n . ) Young dragons ( pl . ) Nom . velký pes ( big dog ) malá kočka ( small cat ) tvrdé dřevo ( hard wood ) mladí draci ( young dragons ) Gen . z velkého psa ( from the big dog ) z malé kočky ( from the small cat ) z tvrdého dřeva ( from the hard wood ) z mladých draků ( from the young dragons ) Dat . k velkému psovi ( to the big dog ) k malé kočce ( to the small cat ) ke tvrdému dřevu ( to the hard wood ) ke mladým drakům ( to the young dragons ) Acc . na velkého psa ( for the big dog ) na malou kočku ( for the small cat ) na tvrdé dřevo ( for the hard wood ) na mladé draky ( for the young dragons ) Voc . velký pse ! ( big dog ! ) malá kočko ! ( small cat ! ) tvrdé dřevo ! ( hard wood ! ) mladí draci ! ( young dragons ! ) Loc . o velkém psovi ( about the big dog ) o malé kočce ( about the small cat ) o tvrdém dřevě ( about the hard wood ) o mladých dracích ( about the young dragons ) Ins . s velkým psem ( with the big dog ) s malou kočkou ( with the small cat ) s tvrdým dřevem ( with the hard wood ) s mladými draky ( with the young dragons ) This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases : Czech : Nes - l js - em krabic - i do dom - u se sv - ým přítel - em . Gloss : carry - SG. M. PST be-1.SG box - SG. ACC into house - SG. GEN with own - SG. INS friend - SG. INS English : I carried the box into the house with my friend . Czech distinguishes three genders -- masculine , feminine , and neuter -- and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate . With few exceptions , feminine nouns in the nominative case end in - a , - e , or - ost ; neuter nouns in - o , - e , or - í , and masculine nouns in a consonant . Adjectives agree in gender and animacy ( for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural ) with the nouns they modify . The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension , but other effects include past - tense verb endings : for example , dělal ( he did , or made ) ; dělala ( she did , or made ) and dělalo ( it did , or made ) . Nouns are also inflected for number , distinguishing between singular and plural . Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case . The Czech koruna is an example of this feature ; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence , and declined as genitive for numbers five and up . English Czech one crown jedna koruna two crowns dvě koruny three crowns tři koruny four crowns čtyři koruny five crowns pět korun Numerical words decline for case and , for numbers one and two , for gender . Numbers one through five are shown below as examples , and have some of the most exceptions among Czech numbers . The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the demonstrative pronoun , to . 5 Nominative jeden ( male ) jedna ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Genitive jednoho ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednoho ( neuter ) dvou tří čtyř pěti Dative jednomu ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednomu ( neuter ) dvěma třem čtyřem pěti Accusative jednoho ( male an . ) jeden ( male in . ) jednu ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Locative jednom ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednom ( neuter ) dvou třech čtyřech pěti Instrumental jedním ( male ) jednou ( female ) jedním ( neuter ) dvěma třemi čtyřmi pěti Although Czech 's grammatical numbers are singular and plural , several residuals of dual forms remain . Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases : ruka ( hand ) -- ruce ( nominative ) ; noha ( leg ) -- nohama ( instrumental ) , nohou ( genitive / locative ) ; oko ( eye ) -- oči , and ucho ( ear ) -- uši . While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms , all plural forms are considered feminine ; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs . These forms are plural semantically , used for any non-singular count , as in mezi čtyřma očima ( face to face , lit . among four eyes ) . The plural number paradigms of these nouns are actually a mixture of historical dual and plural forms . For example , nohy ( legs ; nominative / accusative ) is a standard plural form of this type of noun . Verb conjugation ( edit ) Main articles : Czech conjugation and Morphological classification of Czech verbs Czech verb conjugation is less complex than noun and adjective declension because it codes for fewer categories . Verbs agree with their subjects in person ( first , second or third ) and number ( singular or plural ) , and are conjugated for tense ( past , present or future ) . For example , the conjugated verb mluvíme ( we speak ) is in the present tense and first - person plural ; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the infinitive mluvit by its ending , me . See also : Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages Typical of Slavic languages , Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects : perfective and imperfective . Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs -- for example , koupit ( perfective ) and kupovat ( imperfective ) . Although the verbs ' meaning is similar , in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing . This is distinct from past and present tense , and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses . Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense . The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways : by prefix or by suffix . In prefix pairs , the perfective verb has an added prefix -- for example , the imperfective psát ( to write , to be writing ) compared with the perfective napsat ( to write down , to finish writing ) . The most common prefixes are na - , o - , po - , s - , u - , vy - , z - and za - . In suffix pairs , a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem ; for example , the perfective verbs koupit ( to buy ) and prodat ( to sell ) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat . Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs ( iterative and frequentative forms ) , denoting repeated or regular action . The verb jít ( to go ) has the iterative form chodit ( to go repeatedly ) and the frequentative form chodívat ( to go regularly ) . Many verbs have only one aspect , and verbs describing continual states of being -- být ( to be ) , chtít ( to want ) , moct ( to be able to ) , ležet ( to lie down , to be lying down ) -- have no perfective form . Conversely , verbs describing immediate states of change -- for example , otěhotnět ( to become pregnant ) and nadchnout se ( to become enthusiastic ) -- have no imperfective aspect . Although Czech 's use of present and future tense is largely similar to that of English , the language uses past tense to represent the English present perfect and past perfect ; ona běžela could mean she ran , she has run or she had run . Conjugation of být in future tense Person Singular Plural 1 . budu budeme 2 . budeš budete 3 . bude budou In some contexts , Czech 's perfective present ( which differs from the English present perfect ) implies future action ; in others , it connotes habitual action . As a result , the language has a proper future tense to minimize ambiguity . The future tense does not involve conjugating the verb describing an action to be undertaken in the future ; instead , the future form of být ( as shown in the table at left ) is placed before the infinitive ( for example , budu jíst -- `` I will eat '' ) . This conjugation is not followed by být itself , so future - oriented expressions involving nouns , adjectives , or prepositions ( rather than verbs ) omit být . `` I will be happy '' is translated as Budu šťastný ( not Budu být šťastný ) . Conditional form of koupit ( to buy ) Person Singular Plural 1 . koupil / a bych koupili / y bychom 2 . koupil / a bys koupili / y byste 3 . koupil / a / o by koupili / y / a by The infinitive form ends in t ( archaically , ti ) . It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs ( for example , můžu tě slyšet -- `` I can hear you '' ) . Czech verbs have three grammatical moods : indicative , imperative and conditional . The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person ( or number ) categories : - Ø / - i / - ej for second - person singular , - te / - ete / - ejte for second - person plural and - me / - eme / - ejme for first - person plural . The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past - tense verb . This mood indicates possible events , expressed in English as `` I would '' or `` I wish '' . Most Czech verbs fall into one of five classes , which determine their conjugation patterns . The future tense of být would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings . Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below : Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Definition to carry to print to wander to suffer to do , to make Infinitive nést tisknout putovat trpět dělat 1st p. sg . nesu tisknu putuji trpím dělám 2nd p. sg . neseš tiskneš putuješ trpíš děláš 3rd p. sg . nese tiskne putuje trpí dělá 1st p. pl . neseme tiskneme putujeme trpíme děláme 2nd p. pl . nesete tisknete putujete trpíte děláte 3rd p. pl . nesou tisknou putují trpí dělají Irregular verbs Definition to be to want to eat to know Infinitive být chtít jíst vědět 1st p. sg . jsem chci jím vím 2nd p. sg . jsi chceš jíš víš 3rd p. sg . je chce jí ví 1st p. pl . jsme chceme jíme víme 2nd p. pl . jste chcete jíte víte 3rd p. pl . jsou chtějí jedí vědí Orthography ( edit ) The handwritten Czech alphabet Main article : Czech orthography See also : Czech Braille Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages . Its thirty - one graphemes represent thirty sounds ( in most dialects , i and y have the same sound ) , and it contains only one digraph : ch , which follows h in the alphabet . As a result , some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages . The characters q , w and x appear only in foreign words . The háček ( ˇ ) is used with certain letters to form new characters : š , ž , and č , as well as ň , ě , ř , ť , and ď ( the latter five uncommon outside Czech ) . The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above ( ʼ , an abbreviated háček ) because of their height . The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia . Unlike most European languages , Czech distinguishes vowel length ; long vowels are indicated by an acute accent or , occasionally with ů , a ring . Long u is usually written ú at the beginning of a word or morpheme ( úroda , neúrodný ) and ů elsewhere , except for loanwords ( skútr ) or onomatopoeia ( bú ) . Long vowels and ě are not considered separate letters . Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages , including English . Proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations are capitalized , and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages . Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages . The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point . When writing a long number , spaces between every three numbers ( e.g. between hundreds and thousands ) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts , but not in decimal places , like in English . The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567 , 8910 or 1 234 567 , 8910 . Ordinal numbers ( 1st ) use a point as in German ( 1 . ) . In proper noun phrases ( except personal names ) , only the first word is capitalized ( Pražský hrad , Prague Castle ) . Sample text ( edit ) 1846 sample of printed Czech According to Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Czech : Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv . Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství . English : `` All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . '' See also ( edit ) Czech Republic portal Language portal Czech Centers Czech name Czech Sign Language Swadesh list of Slavic words Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Minahan . One Europe , many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups . Greenwood Press , 2000 . Page 200 . Jump up ^ Czech at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN Jump up ^ Ministry of Interior of Poland : Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Czech '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech language '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/naughton/lit_to_1918.html . University of Oxford Jump up ^ http://slavic.ucla.edu/czech/czech-republic/ . 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Eurobarometer . June 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ van Parys , Jonathan ( 2012 ) . `` Language knowledge in the European Union '' . Language Knowledge . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Škrobák , Zdeněk . `` Language Policy of Slovak Republic '' ( PDF ) . Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hrouda , Simone J. `` Czech Language Programs and Czech as a Heritage Language in the United States '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 8 : Language '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov. 2000 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Languages of the U.S.A. '' ( PDF ) . U.S. English . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2009 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Daneš , František ( 2003 ) . `` The present - day situation of Czech '' . Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Eckert 1993 , pp. 143 -- 144 ^ Jump up to : `` Map of Czech Dialects '' . Český statistický úřad ( Czech Statistical Office ) . 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 , p. 714 Jump up ^ `` Tab . 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku , mateřského jazyka a pohlaví ( Population by Age , Mother Tongue , and Gender ) '' ( in Czech ) . Český statistický úřad ( Czech Statistical Office ) . March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 , p. 516 Jump up ^ Šustek , Zbyšek ( 1998 ) . `` Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka ( The question of codifying a written Moravian language ) '' ( in Czech ) . University of Tartu . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 201 -- 205 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Lukeš , Dominik ( 2001 ) . `` Gramatická terminologie ve vyučování - Terminologie a platonický svět gramatických idejí '' . DominikLukeš.net . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Rothstein & Thieroff 2010 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 136 -- 140 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hajičová 1986 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` Všeobecná deklarace lidských prav '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Information Centre Prague . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Agnew , Hugh LeCaine ( 1994 ) . Origins of the Czech National Renascence . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 8549 - 5 . Dankovičová , Jana ( 1999 ) . `` Czech '' . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ( 9th ed . ) . International Phonetic Association / Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63751 - 0 . Cerna , Iva ; Machalek , Jolana ( 2007 ) . Beginner 's Czech . Hippocrene Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 1156 - 9 . Chloupek , Jan ; Nekvapil , Jiří ( 1993 ) . Studies in Functional Stylistics . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1545 - 1 . Eckert , Eva ( 1993 ) . Varieties of Czech : Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics . Editions Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5183 - 490 - 1 . Esposito , Anna ( 2011 ) . Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment : The Processing Issues . Springer Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 25774 - 2 . Hajičová , Eva ( 1986 ) . Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics ( 9th ed . ) . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1527 - 7 . Harkins , William Edward ( 1952 ) . A Modern Czech Grammar . King 's Crown Press ( Columbia University ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 09937 - 0 . Kortmann , Bernd ; van der Auwera , Johan ( 2011 ) . The Languages and Linguistics of Europe : A Comprehensive Guide ( World of Linguistics ) . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022025 - 4 . Koudela , Břetislav ( 1964 ) . Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie ( in Czech ) . Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství . Liberman , Anatoly ; Trubetskoi , Nikolai S. ( 2001 ) . N.S. Trubetzkoy : Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2299 - 3 . Mann , Stuart Edward ( 1957 ) . Czech Historical Grammar . Helmut Buske Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 87118 - 261 - 7 . Mathesius , Vilém ( 2013 ) . A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis . De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3077 - 4 . Maxwell , Alexander ( 2009 ) . Choosing Slovakia : Slavic Hungary , the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism . Tauris Academic Studies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 074 - 3 . Naughton , James ( 2005 ) . Czech : An Essential Grammar . Routledge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28785 - 2 . Pansofia ( 1993 ) . Pravidla českého pravopisu ( in Czech ) . Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR . ISBN 978 - 80 - 901373 - 6 - 3 . Piotrowski , Michael ( 2012 ) . Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts . Morgan & Claypool Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60845 - 946 - 9 . Qualls , Eduard J. ( 2012 ) . The Qualls Concise English Grammar . Danaan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890000 - 09 - 7 . Rothstein , Björn ; Thieroff , Rolf ( 2010 ) . Mood in the Languages of Europe . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 0587 - 2 . Short , David ( 2009 ) . `` Czech and Slovak '' . In Bernard Comrie . The World 's Major Languages ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 305 -- 330 . Scheer , Tobias ( 2004 ) . A Lateral Theory of Phonology : What is CVCV , and why Should it Be ? , Part 1 . Walter De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017871 - 5 . Stankiewicz , Edward ( 1986 ) . The Slavic Languages : Unity in Diversity . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009904 - 1 . Sussex , Rolan ; Cubberley , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Slavic Languages . Cambridge Language Surveys . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29448 - 5 . Wilson , James ( 2009 ) . Moravians in Prague : A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech . Peter Lang International Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 58694 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Czech edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Czech . For a list of words relating to Czech language , see the Czech language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Czech Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czech language . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Czech language . Ústav pro jazyk český -- Czech Language Institute , the regulatory body for the Czech language ( in Czech ) A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE , written by Karel Tahal Czech National Corpus Czech Monolingual Online Dictionary Czech Translation Dictionaries ( Lexilogos ) Czech Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words ( from Wiktionary 's Swadesh - list appendix ) Basic Czech Phrasebook with Audio Pimsleur Czech Comprehensive Course Czech Republic articles History Unetice culture Boii Marcomanni Samo Great Moravia Přemyslid dynasty Lands of the Bohemian Crown Czech lands ( 1526 -- 1648 ) 1648 -- 1867 1867 -- 1918 Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Geography Czech lands Protected areas Regions Rivers Urban planning Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Judiciary Law enforcement Legal system LGBT history Military Parliament Political parties Economy Energy Koruna ( currency ) Oil and gas deposits Stock Exchange Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Religion Culture Art Coat of arms Cuisine Czech language Flag Literature Music Nationalism Panelák ( architectural style ) Philosophy Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Category Portal Languages of the Czech Republic Official language Czech Minority languages German Moravian Polish Romani Slovak Vietnamese Sign languages Czech Sign Language See also : Minority languages of Czech Republic Languages of Slovakia Official language Slovak Minority languages Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Hungarian Polish Romani Rusyn Ukrainian Sign languages Slovak Sign Language Slavic languages History Proto - Balto - Slavic Up to Proto - Slavic Proto - Slavic ( Accent ) Old Church Slavonic Modern languages Cyril and Methodius Cyrillic script Glagolitic alphabet West Czech Kashubian Knaanic Polabian Middle Polish Old Polish Polish Pomeranian Slovak Slovincian Lower Sorbian Upper Sorbian East Belarusian Iazychie Old East Slavic Old Novgorodian Russian Ruthenian Ukrainian South Bulgarian Macedonian Serbo - Croatian Bosnian Croatian ( Kajkavian , generally regarded as a subset of Croatian ) Montenegrin Serbian Slovene Constructed languages Church Slavonic Pan-Slavic language Interslavic Slovio Slavonic - Serbian Separate Slavic dialects and microlanguages Balachka Banat Bulgarian Burgenland Croatian Carpathian Rusyn Canadian Ukrainian Chakavian Cieszyn Silesian Czechoslovak Eastern Slovak Kajkavian Lach Lesser Polish Masovian Masurian Moravian Molise Croatian Pannonian Rusyn Podhale Prekmurje Slovene Resian Shtokavian Silesian Slavic dialects of Greece Surzhyk Torlakian Trasianka West Polesian Historical phonology Slavic first palatalization Slavic second palatalization Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony Dybo 's law Havlík 's law Hirt 's law Illič - Svityč 's law Ivšić 's law Meillet 's law Pedersen 's law Ruki sound law Winter 's law Italics indicate extinct languages . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what language do they speak in the czech republic | [
"Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), historically also Bohemian[6] (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/;[7] lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group,[6] which is extensively influenced by Latin[8] and German.[9] Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree.[10]",
"Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), historically also Bohemian[6] (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/;[7] lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group,[6] which is extensively influenced by Latin[8] and German.[9] Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree.[10]"
] | [
"Czech",
"Bohemian"
] |
-7329304782451631274 | Amado Carrillo Fuentes | Amado Carrillo Fuentes - wikipedia Amado Carrillo Fuentes Amado Carrillo Amado Carrillo Fuentes Amado Carrillo Fuentes December 17 , 1956 Guamuchilito , Sinaloa , Mexico July 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 40 ) Mexico City , Mexico Other names El Señor de los Cielos Occupation Drug lord Employer Head of Juárez Cartel Known for Drug trafficking and weapons Net worth U.S $25 billion Predecessor Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Successor Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Spouse ( s ) Candaleria Leyva Cardenas Children Vicente Carrillo Leyva Relatives Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Rosa Carrillo Carrillo Jose Cruz Carrillo Fuentes Alberto Carrillo Fuentes Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes Aurora Fuentes López Amado Carrillo Fuentes ( / fuˈɛntəs / ; December 17 , 1956 -- July 4 , 1997 ) was a Mexican drug lord who seized control of the Juárez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo . Amado Carrillo became known as `` El Señor de Los Cielos '' ( `` The Lord of the Skies '' ) , because of the large fleet of jets he used to transport drugs . He was also known for laundering money via Colombia to finance his large fleet of airplanes . He died in July 1997 , in a Mexican hospital , after undergoing extensive plastic surgery to change his appearance . In his final days Carrillo was being tracked by Mexican and U.S. authorities . Contents 1 Family relations and alliances 2 Career 3 Death 4 Juárez Cartel after Carrillo 5 Funeral 6 Media portrayals 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Family relations and alliances ( edit ) Carrillo was born to Walter Vicente Carrillo Vega and Aurora Fuentes in Guamuchilito , Navolato , Sinaloa , Mexico . He was the first of seven sons ; the others were : Cipriano , Enrique B. , Vicente , José Cruz , Enrique C. , and Jorge . He also had five sisters : María Luisa , Berthila , Flor , Alicia , and Aurora . These children were the nieces and nephews of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo , a / k / a `` Don Neto '' , the Guadalajara Cartel leader . Amado got his start in the drug business under the tutelage of his uncle Ernesto and later brought in his brothers , and eventually his son Vicente José Carrillo Leyva . Carrillo 's father died in April 1986 . Carillo 's brother , Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes , died in 1989 under mysterious circumstances . Career ( edit ) Initially , Carrillo was part of the Guadalajara Cartel , sent to Ojinaga , Chihuahua to oversee the cocaine shipments of his uncle , Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo ( `` Don Neto '' ) , and to learn about border operations from Pablo Acosta Villarreal ( `` El Zorro de Ojinaga '' ; `` The Ojinaga Fox '' ) and Rafael Aguilar Guajardo . Later Carrillo worked with Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel smuggling drugs from Colombia to Mexico and the United States . He worked with El Chapo Joaquin Guzman Loera , The Arellano Felix family and The Beltran Leyva Organization . During his tenure , Carrillo reportedly built a multibillion - dollar drug empire . It was estimated that he may have made over US $25 billion in revenue in his career . Death ( edit ) The pressure to capture Carrillo intensified among U.S. and Mexican authorities , and perhaps for this reason , Carrillo underwent facial plastic surgery and abdominal liposuction to change his appearance on July 4 , 1997 , at Santa Mónica Hospital in Mexico City . However , during the operation , he died of complications apparently caused either by a medication or a malfunctioning respirator . Two of Carrillo 's bodyguards were in the operating room during the procedure . On November 7 , 1997 , the two physicians who performed the surgery on Fuentes were found dead , encased in concrete inside steel drums , with their bodies showing signs of torture . Juárez Cartel after Carrillo ( edit ) On the night of August 3 , 1997 , at around 9 : 30 p.m. , four drug traffickers walked into a restaurant in Ciudad Juárez , pulled out their guns , and opened fire on five diners , killing them instantly . Police estimated that more than 100 bullet casings were found at the crime scene . According to a report issued by the Los Angeles Times , four men went to the restaurant carrying at least two AK - 47 assault rifles while others stood at the doorstep . On their way out , the gunmen claimed another victim : Armando Olague , a prison official and off - duty law enforcement officer , who was gunned down outside the restaurant after he had walked from a nearby bar to investigate the shooting . Reportedly , Olague had run into the restaurant from across the street with a gun in his hand to check out the commotion . It was later determined that Olague was also a known lieutenant of the Juarez cartel . Mexican authorities declined to comment on the motives behind the killing , stating the shootout was not linked to the death of Amado Carrillo Fuentes . Nonetheless , it was later stated that the perpetrators were gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel . Although confrontations between narcotraficantes were commonplace in Ciudad Juárez , they rarely occurred in public places . What happened in the restaurant threatened to usher in a new era of border crime in the city . In Ciudad Juárez , the PGR seized warehouses they believed the cartel used to store weapons and cocaine ; they also seized over 60 properties all over Mexico belonging to Carrillo , and began an investigation into his dealings with police and government officials . Officials also froze bank accounts amounting to $10 billion belonging to Carrillo . In April 2009 , Mexican authorities arrested Carillo 's son , Vicente Carrillo Leyva . Funeral ( edit ) Carrillo was given a large and expensive funeral in Guamuchilito , Sinaloa . In 2006 , Governor Eduardo Bours asked the federal government to tear down Carrillo 's mansion in Hermosillo , Sonora . The mansion , dubbed `` The Palace of a Thousand and One Nights '' , although still standing , remains unoccupied . Media portrayals ( edit ) In El Chapo , the 2017 Netflix and Univision TV series about the life of Joaquín `` El Chapo '' Guzmán , Fuentes is portrayed by Rodrigo Abed . El Señor de los Cielos ( 2013 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 2 ( 2014 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 3 ( 2015 ) , and El Señor de los Cielos 4 , aired as part of Telemundo 's nighttime programming , stars the Mexican actor Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas ( a fictionalized version of Amado Carrillo Fuentes ) . In the Netflix Original series Narcos , Fuentes is portrayed by José María Yazpik . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal Biography portal Criminal justice portal Mérida Initiative Mexican Drug War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Getty , Mark ( February 2004 ) . `` Mexico 's Forgotten Disappeared : The Victims of the Border Narco Bloodbath '' . Frontera NorteSur . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ González , Héctor A. ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Los prófugos del salinato '' . El Diario ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Sam ( November 7 , 1997 ) . `` Drug Barons and Plastic Surgeons : Who 's Dead , Who 's Hiding ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Poppas , Terrence E. `` Cast of Characters : Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . Drug Lord . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DEA Map of Juarez Cartel operations '' . Frontline . PBS . February 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Poppa , Terrance ( 2009 ) . `` Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ DEA Congressional Testimony , August 8 , 1995 Archived May 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( July 12 , 1997 ) . `` Drug lord goes home in coffin '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( 7 November 1997 ) . `` Top Mexican Surgeons Found Entombed in Concrete Drums '' . The Tech . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Times Wire Services ( 5 August 1997 ) . `` Gunmen Kill 6 People at Ciudad Juarez Restaurant '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ 2 September 1997 . `` More gunfire in Ciudad Juarez leaves at least three dead in bar '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( July 1998 ) . `` Crime : Line of Fire '' ( PDF ) . Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Serían los Arellano responsables de las seis ejecuciones en Ciudad Juárez '' . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . 6 August 1997 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Phil Gunson ( July 17 , 1997 ) . `` This is the face of Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mexico catches drug baron as U.S. tightens border Reuters , April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marizc , Michel ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Narco - Power '' . Border Reporter . Jump up ^ Infante , Victoria ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Rafael Amaya está listo para ser el ' Señor de los Cielos ' '' . The Huffington Post ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Novela El Senor de los Cielos 2 - Telemundo Novela El Senor de los Cielos - Telemundo Public Broadcasting , information from the Drug Enforcement Administration Drugwar.com - Commentary and Info https://web.archive.org/web/20100602114845/http://www.madcowprod.com/guardian.htm Mexican Drug War ( 2006 -- present ) Names in italics represent dead or arrested individuals . Timeline Federal forces Mexican Army Mexican Air Force Mexican Navy Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales ( formerly GAFE ) ( special forces ) Policía Federal Ministerial SEIDO ( organized crime investigation ) Federal Police Beltrán - Leyva Cartel disbanded 2010 Armed wings Los Mazatlecos South Pacific Cartel Founders Arturo Beltrán Leyva Alfredo Beltrán Leyva Carlos Beltrán Leyva Edgar Valdez Villarreal Sergio Villarreal Barragán Héctor Beltrán Leyva Leaders Héctor Beltrán Leyva Fausto Isidro Meza Flores La Familia Cartel Disbanded 2011 Founders Nazario Moreno González Carlos Rosales Mendoza Arnoldo Rueda Medina Dionisio Loya Plancarte Rafael Cedeño Hernández Alberto Espinoza Barrón Enrique Plancarte Solís José de Jesús Méndez Vargas Servando Gómez Martínez Gulf Cartel Factions Los Metros Los Rojos Founders Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Leaders Óscar Malherbe de León Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Antonio Cárdenas Guillén Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez Mario Ramírez Treviño Homero Cárdenas Guillén Juárez Cartel Armed wings La Línea Founders Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Pablo Acosta Villarreal Amado Carrillo Fuentes Leaders Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Juan Pablo Ledezma Knights Templar Cartel Armed wings La Resistencia Founders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Leaders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Sinaloa Cartel Armed wings Gente Nueva Jalisco New Generation Cartel Los Ántrax Artistas Asesinos Founders Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Adrián Gómez González Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Leaders Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Juan José Esparragoza Moreno Ignacio Coronel Villarreal Tijuana Cartel Founders Ramón Arellano Félix Benjamín Arellano Félix Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix Carlos Arellano Félix Eduardo Arellano Félix Francisco Javier Arellano Félix Leaders Enedina Arellano Félix Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano Edgardo Leyva Escandón Los Zetas Founders Arturo Guzmán Decena Jaime González Durán Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar Heriberto Lazcano Galindo Mellado Cruz Leaders Heriberto Lazcano Miguel Treviño Morales Omar Treviño Morales Jalisco New Generation Cartel Founders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Érick Valencia Salazar Abigael González Valencia Martín Arzola Ortega Leaders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Jorge Luis Mendoza Cárdenas Érick Valencia Salazar Martín Arzola Ortega Rubén Oseguera González Abigael González Valencia Antonio Oseguera Cervantes Elvis González Valencia Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez Gerardo González Valencia José González Valencia Other cartels and drug lords Corrupt officials Other cartels Guadalajara Sonora Colima Oaxaca Milenio Los Negros Independent Acapulco Early drug lords Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Rafael Caro Quintero Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Jesús Amezcua Contreras Pedro Avilés Pérez Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Corrupt officials Miguel Nazar Haro José de Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo Arturo Durazo Moreno Noé Ramírez Mandujano Raúl Salinas de Gortari Julio César Godoy Toscano Tomás Yarrington Projects Operations Projects Coronado Delirium Gunrunner Shadowfire Southern Tempest Wildfire Operations Baja California Bishop Black Swan Blue Storm Chihuahua Community Shield Coyote Diablo Express Escorpión Fast and Furious Jump Start Kruz Control Lince Norte Michoacán Nuevo León - 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-5181428485961467195 | Atomism | Atomism - wikipedia Atomism Jump to : navigation , search `` atomistic '' redirects here . For the order theoretical concept , see atomistic ( order theory ) . Atomism ( from Greek ἄτομον , atomon , i.e. `` uncuttable '' , `` indivisible '' ) is a natural philosophy that developed in several ancient traditions . The atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental principles : atom and void . Unlike their modern scientific namesake in atomic theory , philosophical atoms come in an infinite variety of shapes and sizes , each indestructible , immutable and surrounded by a void where they collide with the others or hook together forming a cluster . Clusters of different shapes , arrangements , and positions give rise to the various macroscopic substances in the world . References to the concept of atomism and its atoms are found in ancient India and ancient Greece . In the West , atomism emerged in the 5th century BCE with Leucippus and Democritus . In India the Jain , Ajivika and Carvaka schools of atomism may date back to the 4th century BCE . The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools later developed theories on how atoms combined into more complex objects . The particles of chemical matter for which chemists and other natural philosophers of the early 19th century found experimental evidence were thought to be indivisible , and therefore were given the name `` atom '' , long used by the atomist philosophy . However , in the 20th century , the `` atoms '' of the chemists were found to be composed of even smaller entities : electrons , neutrons and protons , and further experiments showed that protons and neutrons are made of quarks . Although the connection to historical atomism is at best tenuous , elementary particles have thus become a modern analog of philosophical atoms , despite the misnomer in chemistry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reductionism 2 Greek atomism 2.1 Geometry and atoms 2.2 The rejection of atoms 2.3 Later ancient atomism 2.4 Atomism and ethics 3 Indian atomism 3.1 Nyaya -- Vaisesika school 3.2 Buddhist school 3.3 Jaina school 4 Islamic atomism 4.1 Asharite atomism 4.2 Averroism 5 Medieval European speculations 5.1 Scholastic minima naturalia 6 Atomic renaissance 6.1 Corpuscularianism 7 Atomic theory 7.1 Atomic theory controversy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Reductionism ( edit ) Philosophical atomism is a reductive argument : not only that everything is composed of atoms and void , but that nothing they compose really exists : the only things that really exist are atoms ricocheting off each other mechanistically in an otherwise empty void . Atomism stands in contrast to a substance theory wherein a prime material continuum remains qualitatively invariant under division ( for example , the ratio of the four classical elements would be the same in any portion of a homogeneous material ) . Indian Buddhists , such as Dharmakirti and others , also developed distinctive theories of atomism , for example , involving momentary ( instantaneous ) atoms , that flash in and out of existence ( Kalapas ) . Greek atomism ( edit ) In the 5th century BCE , Leucippus and his pupil Democritus proposed that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles called atoms , in order to reconcile two conflicting schools of thought on the nature of reality . On one side was Heraclitus , who believed that the nature of all existence is change . On the other side was Parmenides , who believed instead that all change is illusion . Parmenides denied the existence of motion , change and void . He believed all existence to be a single , all - encompassing and unchanging mass ( a concept known as monism ) , and that change and motion were mere illusions . This conclusion , as well as the reasoning that led to it , may indeed seem baffling to the modern empirical mind , but Parmenides explicitly rejected sensory experience as the path to an understanding of the universe , and instead used purely abstract reasoning . Firstly , he believed there is no such thing as void , equating it with non-being ( i.e. `` if the void is , then it is not nothing ; therefore it is not the void '' ) . This in turn meant that motion is impossible , because there is no void to move into . He also wrote all that is must be an indivisible unity , for if it were manifold , then there would have to be a void that could divide it ( and he did not believe the void exists ) . Finally , he stated that the all encompassing Unity is unchanging , for the Unity already encompasses all that is and can be . Democritus accepted most of Parmenides ' arguments , except for the idea that change is an illusion . He believed change was real , and if it was not then at least the illusion had to be explained . He thus supported the concept of void , and stated that the universe is made up of many Parmenidean entities that move around in the void . The void is infinite and provides the space in which the atoms can pack or scatter differently . The different possible packings and scatterings within the void make up the shifting outlines and bulk of the objects that organisms feel , see , eat , hear , smell , and taste . While organisms may feel hot or cold , hot and cold actually have no real existence . They are simply sensations produced in organisms by the different packings and scatterings of the atoms in the void that compose the object that organisms sense as being `` hot '' or `` cold '' . The work of Democritus only survives in secondhand reports , some of which are unreliable or conflicting . Much of the best evidence of Democritus ' theory of atomism is reported by Aristotle in his discussions of Democritus ' and Plato 's contrasting views on the types of indivisibles composing the natural world . Geometry and atoms ( edit ) Element Polyhedron Number of Faces Number of Triangles Fire Tetrahedron ( Animation ) 24 Air Octahedron ( Animation ) 8 48 Water Icosahedron ( Animation ) 20 120 Earth Cube ( Animation ) 6 24 Geometrical Simple Bodies According to Plato Plato ( c. 427 -- c. 347 BCE ) , if he had been familiar with the atomism of Democritus , would have objected to its mechanistic materialism . He argued that atoms just crashing into other atoms could never produce the beauty and form of the world . In Plato 's Timaeus , ( 28B -- 29A ) the character of Timeaus insisted that the cosmos was not eternal but was created , although its creator framed it after an eternal , unchanging model . One part of that creation were the four simple bodies of fire , air , water , and earth . But Plato did not consider these corpuscles to be the most basic level of reality , for in his view they were made up of an unchanging level of reality , which was mathematical . These simple bodies were geometric solids , the faces of which were , in turn , made up of triangles . The square faces of the cube were each made up of four isosceles right - angled triangles and the triangular faces of the tetrahedron , octahedron , and icosahedron were each made up of six right - angled triangles . He postulated the geometric structure of the simple bodies of the four elements as summarized in the adjacent table . The cube , with its flat base and stability , was assigned to earth ; the tetrahedron was assigned to fire because its penetrating points and sharp edges made it mobile . The points and edges of the octahedron and icosahedron were blunter and so these less mobile bodies were assigned to air and water . Since the simple bodies could be decomposed into triangles , and the triangles reassembled into atoms of different elements , Plato 's model offered a plausible account of changes among the primary substances . The rejection of atoms ( edit ) Sometime before 330 BCE Aristotle asserted that the elements of fire , air , earth , and water were not made of atoms , but were continuous . Aristotle considered the existence of a void , which was required by atomic theories , to violate physical principles . Change took place not by the rearrangement of atoms to make new structures , but by transformation of matter from what it was in potential to a new actuality . A piece of wet clay , when acted upon by a potter , takes on its potential to be an actual drinking mug . Aristotle has often been criticized for rejecting atomism , but in ancient Greece the atomic theories of Democritus remained `` pure speculations , incapable of being put to any experimental test . Granted that atomism was , in the long run , to prove far more fruitful than any qualitative theory of matter , in the short run the theory that Aristotle proposed must have seemed in some respects more promising '' . Later ancient atomism ( edit ) Epicurus ( 341 -- 270 BCE ) studied atomism with Nausiphanes who had been a student of Democritus . Although Epicurus was certain of the existence of atoms and the void , he was less sure we could adequately explain specific natural phenomena such as earthquakes , lightning , comets , or the phases of the Moon ( Lloyd 1973 , 25 -- 6 ) . Few of Epicurus ' writings survive and those that do reflect his interest in applying Democritus ' theories to assist people in taking responsibility for themselves and for their own happiness -- since he held there are no gods around that can help them . He understood gods ' role as moral ideals . His ideas are also represented in the works of his follower Lucretius , who wrote On the Nature of Things . This scientific work in poetic form illustrates several segments of Epicurean theory on how the universe came into its current stage and it shows that the phenomena we perceive are actually composite forms . The atoms and the void are eternal and in constant motion . Atomic collisions create objects , which are still composed of the same eternal atoms whose motion for a while is incorporated into the created entity . Human sensations and meteorological phenomena are also explained by Lucretius in terms of atomic motion . Atomism and ethics ( edit ) Some later philosophers attributed the idea , that man created gods and the gods did not create man , to Democritus . For example , Sextus Empiricus noted : Some people think that we arrived at the idea of gods from the remarkable things that happen in the world . Democritus ... says that the people of ancient times were frightened by happenings in the heavens such as thunder , lightning , ... , and thought that they were caused by gods . Three hundred years after Epicurus , Lucretius in his epic poem On the Nature of Things would depict him as the hero who crushed the monster Religion through educating the people in what was possible in the atoms and what was not possible in the atoms . However , Epicurus expressed a non-aggressive attitude characterized by his statement : `` The man who best knows how to meet external threats makes into one family all the creatures he can ; and those he can not , he at any rate does not treat as aliens ; and where he finds even this impossible , he avoids all dealings , and , so far as is advantageous , excludes them from his life . '' ( 1 ) Indian atomism ( edit ) Will Durant wrote in Our Oriental Heritage : `` Two systems of Indian thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece . Kanada , founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy , held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements . The Jains more nearly approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind , producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations . Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance ; Udayana taught that all heat comes from the sun ; and Vachaspati , like Newton , interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye . '' Indian atomism in the Middle Ages was still mostly philosophical and / or religious in intent , though it was also scientific . Because the `` infallible Vedas '' , the oldest Hindu texts , do not mention atoms ( though they do mention elements ) , atomism was not orthodox in many schools of Hindu philosophy , although accommodationist interpretations or assumptions of lost text justified the use of atomism for non-orthodox schools of Hindu thought . The Buddhist and Jaina schools , however , were more willing to accept the ideas of atomism . Nyaya -- Vaisesika school ( edit ) Main articles : Nyaya and Vaisesika The Nyaya -- Vaisesika school developed one of the earliest forms of atomism ; scholars date the Nyaya and Vaisesika texts from the 6th to 1st centuries BC . Like the Buddhist atomists , the Vaisesika had a pseudo-Aristotelian theory of atomism . They posited the four elemental atom types , but in Vaisesika physics atoms had 24 different possible qualities , divided between general extensive properties and specific ( intensive ) properties . Like the Jaina school , the Nyaya -- Vaisesika atomists had elaborate theories of how atoms combine . In both Jaina and Vaisesika atomism , atoms first combine in pairs ( dyads ) , and then group into trios of pairs ( triads ) , which are the smallest visible units of matter . Buddhist school ( edit ) Main article : Buddhist atomism The Buddhist atomists had very qualitative , Aristotelian - style atomic theory . According to ancient Buddhist atomism , which probably began developing before the 4th century BCE , there are four kinds of atoms , corresponding to the standard elements . Each of these elements has a specific property , such as solidity or motion , and performs a specific function in mixtures , such as providing support or causing growth . Like the Hindu Jains , the Buddhists were able to integrate a theory of atomism with their theological presuppositions . Later Indian Buddhist philosophers , such as Dharmakirti and Dignāga , considered atoms to be point - sized , durationless , and made of energy . Jaina school ( edit ) Further information : Jain cosmology , Dravya ( Jainism ) , and Karma in Jainism The most elaborate and well - preserved Indian theory of atomism comes from the philosophy of the Jaina school , dating back to at least the 6th century BC . Some of the Jain texts that refer to matter and atoms are Pancastikayasara , Kalpasutra , Tattvarthasutra and Pannavana Suttam . The Jains envisioned the world as consisting wholly of atoms , except for souls . Paramāņus or atoms were considered as the basic building blocks of all matter . Their concept of atoms was very similar to classical atomism , differing primarily in the specific properties of atoms . Each atom , according to Jain philosophy , has one kind of taste , one smell , one color , and two kinds of touch , though it is unclear what was meant by `` kind of touch '' . Atoms can exist in one of two states : subtle , in which case they can fit in infinitesimally small spaces , and gross , in which case they have extension and occupy a finite space . Certain characteristics of Paramāņu correspond with that sub-atomic particles . For example , Paramāņu is characterized by continuous motion either in a straight line or in case of attractions from other Paramāņus , it follows a curved path . This corresponds with the description of orbit of electrons across the Nucleus . Ultimate particles are also described as particles with positive ( Snigdha i.e. smooth charge ) and negative ( Rūksa -- rough ) charges that provide them the binding force . Although atoms are made of the same basic substance , they can combine based on their eternal properties to produce any of six `` aggregates '' , which seem to correspond with the Greek concept of `` elements '' : earth , water , shadow , sense objects , karmic matter , and unfit matter . To the Jains , karma was real , but was a naturalistic , mechanistic phenomenon caused by buildups of subtle karmic matter within the soul . They also had detailed theories of how atoms could combine , react , vibrate , move , and perform other actions , all of which were thoroughly deterministic . Islamic atomism ( edit ) See also : Early Islamic philosophy : Atomism and Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam Atomistic philosophies are found very early in Islamic philosophy and was influenced by earlier Greek and to some extent Indian philosophy . Like both the Greek and Indian versions , Islamic atomism was a charged topic that had the potential for conflict with the prevalent religious orthodoxy , but it was instead more often favoured by orthodox Islamic theologians . It was such a fertile and flexible idea that , as in Greece and India , it flourished in some leading schools of Islamic thought . Asharite atomism ( edit ) See also : Ash'ari The most successful form of Islamic atomism was in the Asharite school of Islamic theology , most notably in the work of the theologian al - Ghazali ( 1058 -- 1111 ) . In Asharite atomism , atoms are the only perpetual , material things in existence , and all else in the world is `` accidental '' meaning something that lasts for only an instant . Nothing accidental can be the cause of anything else , except perception , as it exists for a moment . Contingent events are not subject to natural physical causes , but are the direct result of God 's constant intervention , without which nothing could happen . Thus nature is completely dependent on God , which meshes with other Asharite Islamic ideas on causation , or the lack thereof ( Gardet 2001 ) . Al - Ghazali also used the theory to support his theory of occasionalism . In a sense , the Asharite theory of atomism has far more in common with Indian atomism than it does with Greek atomism . Averroism ( edit ) See also : Averroism Other traditions in Islam rejected the atomism of the Asharites and expounded on many Greek texts , especially those of Aristotle . An active school of philosophers in Al - Andalus , including the noted commentator Averroes ( 1126 -- 1198 CE ) explicitly rejected the thought of al - Ghazali and turned to an extensive evaluation of the thought of Aristotle . Averroes commented in detail on most of the works of Aristotle and his commentaries did much to guide the interpretation of Aristotle in later Jewish and Christian scholastic thought . Medieval european speculations ( edit ) While Aristotelian philosophy eclipsed the importance of the atomists in late Roman and medieval Europe , their work was still preserved and exposited through commentaries on the works of Aristotle . In the 2nd century , Galen ( AD 129 -- 216 ) presented extensive discussions of the Greek atomists , especially Epicurus , in his Aristotle commentaries . According to historian of atomism Joshua Gregory , there was no serious work done with atomism from the time of Galen until Gassendi and Descartes resurrected it in the 17th century ; `` the gap between these two ' modern naturalists ' and the ancient Atomists marked `` the exile of the atom '' and `` it is universally admitted that the Middle Ages had abandoned Atomism , and virtually lost it . '' However , although the ancient atomists ' works were unavailable , Scholastic thinkers still had Aristotle 's critiques of atomism . In the medieval universities there were expressions of atomism . For example , in the 14th century Nicholas of Autrecourt considered that matter , space , and time were all made up of indivisible atoms , points , and instants and that all generation and corruption took place by the rearrangement of material atoms . The similarities of his ideas with those of al - Ghazali suggest that Nicholas may have been familiar with Ghazali 's work , perhaps through Averroes ' refutation of it ( Marmara , 1973 -- 74 ) . Scholastic minima naturalia ( edit ) Main article : Minima naturalia Although the atomism of Epicurus had fallen out of favor in the centuries of Scholasticism , a related Aristotelian concept , that of minima naturalia ( natural minima ) received extensive consideration . Minima naturalia were theorized by Aristotle as the smallest parts into which a homogeneous natural substance ( e.g. , flesh , bone , or wood ) could be divided and still retain its essential character . Speculation on minima naturalia provided philosophical background for the mechanistic philosophy of early modern thinkers such as Descartes , and for the alchemical works of Geber and Daniel Sennert , who in turn influenced the corpuscularian alchemist Robert Boyle , one of the founders of modern chemistry . Unlike the atomism of Leucippus , Democritus , and Epicurus , and also unlike the later atomic theory of John Dalton , the Aristotelian natural minimum was not conceptualized as physically indivisible -- `` atomic '' in the contemporary sense . Instead , the concept was rooted in Aristotle 's hylomorphic worldview , which held that every physical thing is a compound of matter ( Greek hyle ) and an immaterial substantial form ( Greek morphe ) that imparts its essential nature and structure . For instance , a rubber ball for a hylomorphist like Aristotle would be rubber ( matter ) structured by spherical shape ( form ) . Aristotle 's intuition was that there is some smallest size beyond which matter could no longer be structured as flesh , or bone , or wood , or some other such organic substance that for Aristotle , living before the microscope , could be considered homogeneous . For instance , if flesh were divided beyond its natural minimum , what would be left might be a large amount of the element water , and smaller amounts of the other elements . But whatever water or other elements were left , they would no longer have the `` nature '' of flesh : in hylomorphic terms , they would no longer be matter structured by the form of flesh ; instead the remaining water , e.g. , would be matter structured by the form of water , not the form of flesh . This is suggestive of modern chemistry , in which , e.g. , a bar of gold can be continually divided until one has a single atom of gold , but further division yields only subatomic particles ( electrons , quarks , etc . ) which are no longer `` gold . '' However , the parallel is not exact : minima naturalia are not a direct anticipation of modern chemical and physical concepts . A chief theme in late Roman and Scholastic commentary on this concept is reconciling minima naturalia with the general Aristotelian principle of infinite divisibility . Commentators like John Philoponus and Thomas Aquinas reconciled these aspects of Aristotle 's thought by distinguishing between mathematical and `` natural '' divisibility . With few exceptions , much of the curriculum in the universities of Europe was based on such Aristotelianism for most of the Middle Ages ( Kargon 1966 ) . Scholasticism was standard science in the time of Isaac Newton , but in the 17th century , a renewed interest in Epicurean atomism and corpuscularianism as a hybrid or an alternative to Aristotelian physics had begun to mount outside the classroom . Atomic Renaissance ( edit ) The main figures in the rebirth of atomism were René Descartes , Pierre Gassendi , and Robert Boyle , as well as other notable figures . One of the first groups of atomists in England was a cadre of amateur scientists known as the Northumberland circle , led by Henry Percy , 9th Earl of Northumberland ( 1564 -- 1632 ) . Although they published little of account , they helped to disseminate atomistic ideas among the burgeoning scientific culture of England , and may have been particularly influential to Francis Bacon , who became an atomist around 1605 , though he later rejected some of the claims of atomism . Though they revived the classical form of atomism , this group was among the scientific avant - garde : the Northumberland circle contained nearly half of the confirmed Copernicans prior to 1610 ( the year of Galileo 's The Starry Messenger ) . Other influential atomists of late 16th and early 17th centuries include Giordano Bruno , Thomas Hobbes ( who also changed his stance on atomism late in his career ) , and Thomas Hariot . A number of different atomistic theories were blossoming in France at this time , as well ( Clericuzio 2000 ) . Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) was an advocate of atomism in his 1612 , Discourse on Floating Bodies ( Redondi 1969 ) . In The Assayer , Galileo offered a more complete physical system based on a corpuscular theory of matter , in which all phenomena -- with the exception of sound -- are produced by `` matter in motion '' . Galileo identified some basic problems with Aristotelian physics through his experiments . He utilized a theory of atomism as a partial replacement , but he was never unequivocally committed to it . For example , his experiments with falling bodies and inclined planes led him to the concepts of circular inertial motion and accelerating free - fall . The current Aristotelian theories of impetus and terrestrial motion were inadequate to explain these . While atomism did not explain the law of fall either , it was a more promising framework in which to develop an explanation because motion was conserved in ancient atomism ( unlike Aristotelian physics ) . René Descartes ' ( 1596 -- 1650 ) `` mechanical '' philosophy of corpuscularism had much in common with atomism , and is considered , in some senses , to be a different version of it . Descartes thought everything physical in the universe to be made of tiny vortices of matter . Like the ancient atomists , Descartes claimed that sensations , such as taste or temperature , are caused by the shape and size of tiny pieces of matter . The main difference between atomism and Descartes ' concept was the existence of the void . For him , there could be no vacuum , and all matter was constantly swirling to prevent a void as corpuscles moved through other matter . Another key distinction between Descartes ' view and classical atomism is the mind / body duality of Descartes , which allowed for an independent realm of existence for thought , soul , and most importantly , God . Gassendi 's concept was closer to classical atomism , but with no atheistic overtone . Pierre Gassendi ( 1592 -- 1655 ) was a Catholic priest from France who was also an avid natural philosopher . He was particularly intrigued by the Greek atomists , so he set out to `` purify '' atomism from its heretical and atheistic philosophical conclusions ( Dijksterhius 1969 ) . Gassendi formulated his atomistic conception of mechanical philosophy partly in response to Descartes ; he particularly opposed Descartes ' reductionist view that only purely mechanical explanations of physics are valid , as well as the application of geometry to the whole of physics ( Clericuzio 2000 ) . Corpuscularianism ( edit ) Main article : Corpuscularianism Corpuscularianism is similar to atomism , except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible , corpuscles could in principle be divided . In this manner , for example , it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure , a step on the way towards transmutative production of gold . Corpuscularianism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the properties that objects appear to have are artifacts of the perceiving mind : ' secondary ' qualities as distinguished from ' primary ' qualities . Not all corpuscularianism made use of the primary - secondary quality distinction , however . An influential tradition in medieval and early modern alchemy argued that chemical analysis revealed the existence of robust corpuscles that retained their identity in chemical compounds ( to use the modern term ) . William R. Newman has dubbed this approach to matter theory `` chymical atomism , '' and has argued for its significance to both the mechanical philosophy and to the chemical atomism that emerged in the early 19th century . Corpuscularianism stayed a dominant theory over the next several hundred years and retained its links with alchemy in the work of scientists such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton in the 17th century . It was used by Newton , for instance , in his development of the corpuscular theory of light . The form that came to be accepted by most English scientists after Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1692 ) was an amalgam of the systems of Descartes and Gassendi . In The Sceptical Chymist ( 1661 ) , Boyle demonstrates problems that arise from chemistry , and offers up atomism as a possible explanation . The unifying principle that would eventually lead to the acceptance of a hybrid corpuscular -- atomism was mechanical philosophy , which became widely accepted by physical sciences . Atomic theory ( edit ) Main article : Atomic theory By the late 18th century , the useful practices of engineering and technology began to influence philosophical explanations for the composition of matter . Those who speculated on the ultimate nature of matter began to verify their `` thought experiments '' with some repeatable demonstrations , when they could . Roger Boscovich provided the first general mathematical theory of atomism , based on the ideas of Newton and Leibniz but transforming them so as to provide a programme for atomic physics . In 1808 , John Dalton assimilated the known experimental work of many people to summarize the empirical evidence on the composition of matter . He noticed that distilled water everywhere analyzed to the same elements , hydrogen and oxygen . Similarly , other purified substances decomposed to the same elements in the same proportions by weight . Therefore we may conclude that the ultimate particles of all homogeneous bodies are perfectly alike in weight , figure , etc . In other words , every particle of water is like every other particle of water ; every particle of hydrogen is like every other particle of hydrogen , etc . Furthermore , he concluded that there was a unique atom for each element , using Lavoisier 's definition of an element as a substance that could not be analyzed into something simpler . Thus , Dalton concluded the following . Chemical analysis and synthesis go no farther than to the separation of particles one from another , and to their reunion . No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency . We might as well attempt to introduce a new planet into the solar system , or to annihilate one already in existence , as to create or destroy a particle of hydrogen . All the changes we can produce , consist in separating particles that are in a state of cohesion or combination , and joining those that were previously at a distance . And then he proceeded to give a list of relative weights in the compositions of several common compounds , summarizing : 1st . That water is a binary compound of hydrogen and oxygen , and the relative weights of the two elementary atoms are as 1 : 7 , nearly ; 2nd . That ammonia is a binary compound of hydrogen and azote nitrogen , and the relative weights of the two atoms are as 1 : 5 , nearly ... Dalton concluded that the fixed proportions of elements by weight suggested that the atoms of one element combined with only a limited number of atoms of the other elements to form the substances that he listed . Atomic theory controversy ( edit ) Dalton 's atomic theory remained controversial throughout the 19th century . Whilst the Law of definite proportion was accepted , the hypothesis that this was due to atoms was not so widely accepted . For example , in 1826 when Sir Humphry Davy presented Dalton the Royal Medal from the Royal Society , Davy said that the theory only became useful when the atomic conjecture was ignored . Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie in 1866 published the first part of his Calculus of Chemical Operations as a non-atomic alternative to the Atomic Theory . He described atomic theory as a ' Thoroughly materialistic bit of joiners work ' . Alexander Williamson used his Presidential Address to the London Chemical Society in 1869 to defend the Atomic Theory against its critics and doubters . This in turn led to further meetings at which the positivists again attacked the supposition that there were atoms . The matter was finally resolved in Dalton 's favour in the early 20th century with the rise of atomic physics . See also ( edit ) Becoming ( philosophy ) History of chemistry Infinite divisibility Ontological pluralism Physical ontology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ἄτομον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` atom '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ The term ' atomism ' is recorded in English since 1670 -- 80 ( Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary , 2001 , `` atomism '' ) . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Metaphysics I , 4 , 985 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Ancient Atomism '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/atomism-ancient/ Jump up ^ The atomists , Leucippus and Democritus : fragments , a text and translation with a commentary by C.C.W. Taylor , University of Toronto Press Incorporated 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 4390 - 9 , pp. 157 - 158 . Jump up ^ Gangopadhyaya , Mrinalkanti ( 1981 ) . Indian Atomism : History and Sources . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Humanities Press . ISBN 0 - 391 - 02177 - X . OCLC 10916778 . Jump up ^ Iannone , A. Pablo ( 2001 ) . Dictionary of World Philosophy . Routledge . pp. 83,356 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17995 - 5 . OCLC 44541769 . Jump up ^ Thomas McEvilley , The Shape of Ancient Thought : Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies ISBN 1 - 58115 - 203 - 5 , Allwarth Press , 2002 , p. 317 - 321 . Jump up ^ Richard King , Indian philosophy : an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought , Edinburgh University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0954 - 7 , pp. 105 - 107 . Jump up ^ Pullman , Bernard ( 1998 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 31 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Henri ; Lefebvre , Claire , eds. ( 2017 ) . Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science ( Second ed . ) . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier . p. 427 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 101107 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew G. van Melsen ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0486495841 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Russel ( 1946 ) . History of Western Philosophy . London : Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 0415325056 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen. ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom : The History and Concept of the Atom . Dover Phoenix Editions . ISBN 0 - 486 - 49584 - 1 Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Democritus '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democritus Jump up ^ Lloyd , Geoffrey ( 1970 ) . Early Greek Science : Thales to Aristotle . London ; New York : Chatto and Windus ; W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 74 -- 77 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00583 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cornford , Francis Macdonald ( 1957 ) . Plato 's Cosmology : The Timaeus of Plato . New York : Liberal Arts Press . pp. 210 -- 239 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 386 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Geoffrey ( 1968 ) . Aristotle : The Growth and Structure of his Thought . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09456 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Geoffrey ( 1970 ) . Early Greek Science : Thales to Aristotle . London ; New York : Chatto and Windus ; W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00583 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , C.C.W. ( 1999 ) . The Atomists , Leucippus and Democritus : a text and translation with commentary by C.C.W. Taylor . Toronto ; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 4390 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Georgia Review - Volume 5 - Page 62 1951 `` One important philosophic influence of the Greek theory of `` atoma '' was that it led to the doctrine of `` materialism , '' or the idea that the only realities behind nature are these hard material particles and that all natural processes , including life ... '' Jump up ^ Teresi , Dick ( 2003 ) . Lost Discoveries : The Ancient Roots of Modern Science . Simon & Schuster . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4379 - X . Jump up ^ Saeed , Abdullah ( 2006 ) . Islamic Thought : An Introduction . Routledge . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0415364096 . Jump up ^ Michael Marmura ( 1976 ) . `` God and his creation : Two medieval Islamic views '' . In R.M. Savory . Introduction to Islamic Civilization . Cambridge University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) . Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science . 2 . Brill Publishers . pp. 355 -- 6 . ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Emery Murdoch ; Christoph Herbert Lüthy ; William Royall Newman ( 1 January 2001 ) . `` The Medieval and Renaissance Tradition of Minima Naturalia '' . Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories . BRILL . pp. 91 -- 133 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11516 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alan Chalmers ( 4 June 2009 ) . The Scientist 's Atom and the Philosopher 's Stone : How Science Succeeded and Philosophy Failed to Gain Knowledge of Atoms . Springer . pp. 75 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2362 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Mechanical Philosophy Archived June 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . - Early modern ' atomism ' ( `` corpuscularianism '' as it was known ) Jump up ^ William R. Newman , `` The Significance of ' Chymical Atomism ' , '' in Edith Sylla and W.R. Newman , eds. , Evidence and Interpretation : Studies on Early Science and Medicine in Honor of John E. Murdoch ( Leiden : Brill , 2009 ) , pp. 248 - 264 and Newman , Atoms and Alchemy : Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Levere , Trevor , H. ( 2001 ) . Transforming Matter -- A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the Buckyball . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6610 - 3 . Jump up ^ Corpuscularianism - Philosophical Dictionary Jump up ^ Lancelot Law Whyte Essay on Atomism , 1961 , p 54 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2003 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brock ( ed ) , W.H. ( 1967 ) . The Atomic Debates . Leicester University Press . p. 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davy ( ed ) , J. Collected Works of Sir Humphrey Davy . Bart . p. 93 vol 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brodie , Sir Benjamin Collins ( 1866 ) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . pp. 781 -- 859 vol I56 . Jump up ^ Brock ( ed ) , W.H. ( 1967 ) . The Atomic Debates . Leicester University Press . p. 12 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brock ( ed ) , W.H. ( 1967 ) . The Atomic Debates . Leicester University Press . p. 15 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) References ( edit ) Clericuzio , Antonio . Elements , Principles , and Corpuscles ; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century . Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2000 . Cornford , Francis MacDonald . Plato 's Cosmology : The Timaeus of Plato . New York : Liberal Arts Press , 1957 . Dijksterhuis , E. The Mechanization of the World Picture . Trans . by C. Dikshoorn . New York : Oxford University Press , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02396 - 4 Firth , Raymond . Religion : A Humanist Interpretation . Routledge , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12897 - 8 . Gangopadhyaya , Mrinalkanti . Indian Atomism : history and sources . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Humanities Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 391 - 02177 - X Gardet , L. `` djuz ' '' in Encyclopaedia of Islam CD - ROM Edition , v. 1.1 . Leiden : Brill , 2001 . Gregory , Joshua C. A Short History of Atomism . London : A. and C. Black , Ltd , 1981 . Kargon , Robert Hugh . Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1966 . Lloyd , G.E.R. Aristotle : The Growth and Structure of his Thought . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09456 - 9 Lloyd , G.E.R. Greek Science After Aristotle . New York : W.W. Norton , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00780 - 4 Marmara , Michael E. `` Causation in Islamic Thought . '' Dictionary of the History of Ideas . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1973 - 74 . online at the of Virginia Electronic Text Center . McEvilley , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The Shape of Ancient Thought : Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies . New York : Allworth Communications Inc . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 203 - 5 . Redondi , Pietro . Galileo Heretic . Translated by Raymond Rosenthal . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02426 - X External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of atomism at Wiktionary Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Atomism : Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Atomism in the Seventeenth Century Jonathan Schaffer , `` Is There a Fundamental Level ? '' Nous 37 ( 2003 ) : 498 -- 517. ( 2 ) Article by a philosopher who opposes atomism Article on traditional Greek atomism Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Ancient Greek schools of philosophy Pre-Socratic Schools Atomism Eleatics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Pluralism Pythagoreanism Sophistic Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Democritus Empedocles Heraclitus Leucippus Melissus Parmenides Protagoras Pythagoras Thales Zeno of Elea Socratic Schools Cynicism Cyrenaics Eretrian school Megarian school Peripateticism Platonism Philosophers Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Diogenes of Sinope Euclid of Megara Phaedo of Elis Plato Socrates Hellenistic Schools Epicureanism Neoplatonism Neopythagoreanism Pyrrhonism Stoicism Philosophers Apollonius of Tyana Augustine Epictetus Epicurus John Philoponus Lucretius Plotinus Proclus Pyrrho Sextus Empiricus Zeno of Citium Pre-Socratic philosophers by school Milesian Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Pythagorean Pythagoras Alcmaeon Hippasus Philolaus Archytas Ephesian Heraclitus Eleatic Parmenides Zeno Melissus Pluralist Anaxagoras Archelaus Empedocles Atomist Leucippus Democritus Sophistic Protagoras Gorgias Prodicus Hippias Others Xenophanes Pherecydes Hippo Diogenes Indian philosophy Topics Atheism Atomism Idealism Logic Monotheism Vedic philosophy Āstika Hindu : Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Acintya bheda abheda Advaita Bhedabheda Dvaita Dvaitadvaita Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Shaiva Pratyabhijña Pashupata Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Nāstika Ājīvika Ajñana Cārvāka Jain Anekantavada Syādvāda Buddhist philosophy and Early Buddhist schools Śūnyatā Madhyamaka Yogacara Sautrāntika Svatantrika Texts Abhinavabharati Arthashastra Bhagavad Gita Bhagavata Purana Brahma Sutra Buddhist texts Dharmashastra Hindu texts Jain Agamas Kamasutra Mimamsa Sutras All 108 texts Principal Nyāya Sūtras Nyayakusumanjali Panchadasi Samkhyapravachana Sutra Shiva Sutras Tarka - Sangraha Tattvacintāmaṇi Upanishads Minor Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Vedangas Vedas Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Yoga Vasistha More ... 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-4179065950438643969 | Root-finding algorithm | Root - finding algorithm - wikipedia Root - finding algorithm In mathematics and computing , a root - finding algorithm is an algorithm for finding roots of continuous functions . A root of a function f , from the real numbers to real numbers or from the complex numbers to the complex numbers , is a number x such that f ( x ) = 0 . As , generally , the roots of a function can not be computed exactly , nor expressed in closed form , root - finding algorithms provide approximations to roots , expressed either as floating point numbers or as small isolating intervals , or disks for complex roots ( an interval or disk output being equivalent to an approximate output together with an error bound ) . Solving an equation f ( x ) = g ( x ) is the same as finding the roots of the function h ( x ) = f ( x ) -- g ( x ) . Thus root - finding algorithms allow solving any equation defined by continuous functions . However , most root - finding algorithms do not guarantee that they will find all the roots ; in particular , if such an algorithm does not find any root , that does not mean that no root exists . Most numerical root - finding methods use iteration , producing a sequence of numbers that hopefully converge towards the root as a limit . They require one or more initial guesses of the root as starting values , then each iteration of the algorithm produces a successively more accurate approximation to the root . Since the iteration must be stopped at some point these methods produce an approximation to the root , not an exact solution . Many methods compute subsequent values by evaluating an auxiliary function on the preceding values . The limit is thus a fixed point of the auxiliary function , which is chosen for having the roots of the original equation as fixed points , and for converging rapidly to these fixed points . The behaviour of root - finding algorithms is studied in numerical analysis . The efficiency of an algorithm may depend dramatically on the characteristics of the given functions . For example , many algorithms use the derivative of the input function , while others work on every continuous function . In general , numerical algorithms are not guaranteed to find all the roots of a function , so failing to find a root does not prove that there is no root . However , for polynomials , there are specific algorithms that use algebraic properties for locating the roots in intervals ( or disks for complex roots ) that are small enough to ensure the convergence of numerical methods ( typically Newton 's method ) to the unique root so located . Contents 1 Bracketing methods 1.1 Bisection method 1.2 False position ( regula falsi ) 2 Interpolation 3 Iterative methods 3.1 Newton 's method ( and similar derivative - based methods ) 3.2 Secant method 3.3 Steffensen 's method 3.4 Inverse interpolation 4 Combinations of methods 4.1 Brent 's method 5 Finding roots of polynomials 5.1 Finding one root at a time 5.2 Finding roots in pairs 5.3 Finding all roots at once 5.4 Exclusion and enclosure methods 5.5 Method based on the Budan -- Fourier theorem or Sturm chains 5.6 Finding multiple roots of polynomials 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Bracketing methods ( edit ) Bracketing methods determine successively smaller intervals ( brackets ) that contain a root . When the interval is small enough , then a root has been found . They generally use the intermediate value theorem , which asserts that if a continuous function has values of opposite signs at the end points of an interval , then the function has at least one root in the interval . ( In the case of polynomials there are other methods , based on Sturm 's theorem or Descartes ' rule of signs , that give the exact number of roots in an interval . ) These methods provide absolute error bounds on the root that is found . Bisection method ( edit ) The simplest root - finding algorithm is the bisection method . Let f be a continuous function , for which one knows an interval ( a , b ) such that f ( a ) and f ( b ) have opposite signs ( a bracket ) . Let c = ( a + b ) / 2 be the middle of the interval ( the midpoint or the point that bisects the interval ) . Then either f ( a ) and f ( c ) , or f ( c ) and f ( b ) have opposite signs , and one has divided by two the size of the interval . Although the bisection method is robust , it gains one and only one bit of accuracy with each iteration . Other methods , under appropriate conditions , can gain accuracy faster . False position ( regula falsi ) ( edit ) The false position method , also called the regula falsi method , is similar to the bisection method , but instead of using bisection search 's middle of the interval it uses the x-intercept of the line that connects the plotted function values at the endpoints of the interval , that is c = a f ( b ) − b f ( a ) f ( b ) − f ( a ) . ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ frac ( af ( b ) - bf ( a ) ) ( f ( b ) - f ( a ) ) ) . ) False position is similar to the secant method , except that , instead of retaining the last two points , it makes sure to keep one point on either side of the root . The false position method can be faster than the bisection method and will never diverge like the secant method ; however , it may fail to converge in some naive implementations due to roundoff errors . Ridders ' method is a variant of the false position method that uses the value of function at the midpoint of the interval , for getting a function with the same root , to which the false position method is applied . This gives a faster convergence with a similar robustness . Interpolation ( edit ) Many root - finding processes work by interpolation . This consists in using the last computed approximate values of the root for approximating the function by a polynomial of low degree , which takes the same values at these approximate roots . Then the root of the polynomial is computed and used as a new approximate value of the root of the function , and the process is iterated . Two values allow interpolating a function by a polynomial of degree one ( that is approximating the graph of the function by a line ) . This is the basis of the secant method . Three values define a quadratic function , which approximates the graph of the function by a parabola . This is Muller 's method . Regula falsi is also an interpolation method , which differs secant method by using , for interpolating by a line , two points that are not necessarily the last two computed points . Iterative methods ( edit ) Although all root - finding algorithms proceed by iteration , an iterative root - finding method generally use a specific type of iteration , consisting of defining an auxiliary function , which is applied to the last computed approximations of a root for getting a new approximation . The iteration stops when a fixed point ( up to the desired precision ) of the auxiliary function is reached , that is when the new computed value is sufficiently close to the preceding ones . Newton 's method ( and similar derivative - based methods ) ( edit ) Newton 's method assumes the function f to have a continuous derivative . Newton 's method may not converge if started too far away from a root . However , when it does converge , it is faster than the bisection method , and is usually quadratic . Newton 's method is also important because it readily generalizes to higher - dimensional problems . Newton - like methods with higher orders of convergence are the Householder 's methods . The first one after Newton 's method is Halley 's method with cubic order of convergence . Secant method ( edit ) Replacing the derivative in Newton 's method with a finite difference , we get the secant method . This method does not require the computation ( nor the existence ) of a derivative , but the price is slower convergence ( the order is approximately 1.6 ) . A generalization of the secant method in higher dimensions is Broyden 's method . Steffensen 's method ( edit ) If we use a polynomial fit to remove the quadratic part of the finite difference used in the Secant method , so that it better approximates the derivative , we obtain Steffensen 's method , which has quadratic convergence , and whose behavior ( both good and bad ) is essentially the same Newton 's method , but does not require a derivative . Inverse interpolation ( edit ) The appearance of complex values in interpolation methods can be avoided by interpolating the inverse of f , resulting in the inverse quadratic interpolation method . Again , convergence is asymptotically faster than the secant method , but inverse quadratic interpolation often behaves poorly when the iterates are not close to the root . Combinations of methods ( edit ) Brent 's method ( edit ) Brent 's method is a combination of the bisection method , the secant method and inverse quadratic interpolation . At every iteration , Brent 's method decides which method out of these three is likely to do best , and proceeds by doing a step according to that method . This gives a robust and fast method , which therefore enjoys considerable popularity . Finding roots of polynomials ( edit ) Much attention has been given to the special case that the function f is a polynomial , and there are several root - finding algorithms for polynomials . For univariate polynomials of degrees one ( linear polynomial ) through four ( quartic polynomial ) , there are closed - form solutions which produce all roots . Linear polynomials are easy to solve , but using the quadratic formula to solve quadratic ( second degree ) equations may require some care to ensure numerical stability . The closed - form solutions for degrees three ( cubic polynomial ) and four ( quartic polynomial ) are complicated and require much more care ; consequently , numerical methods such as Bairstow 's method may be easier to use . Fifth - degree ( quintic ) and higher - degree polynomials do not have a general algebraic solution according to the Abel -- Ruffini theorem ( 1824 , 1799 ) . Finding one root at a time ( edit ) The general idea is to find a root of the polynomial and then apply Horner 's method to remove the corresponding factor according to the Ruffini rule . This iterative scheme is numerically unstable ; the approximation errors accumulate during the successive factorizations , so that the last roots are determined with a polynomial that deviates widely from a factor of the original polynomial . To reduce this error , it is advisable to find the roots in increasing order of magnitude . Wilkinson 's polynomial illustrates that high precision may be necessary when computing the roots of a polynomial given its coefficients : the problem of finding the roots from the coefficients is in general ill - conditioned . The most simple method to find a single root fast is Newton 's method . One can use Horner 's method twice to efficiently evaluate the value of the polynomial function and its first derivative ; this combination is called Birge -- Vieta 's method . This method provides quadratic convergence for simple roots at the cost of two polynomial evaluations per step . Closely related to Newton 's method are Halley 's method and Laguerre 's method . Using one additional Horner evaluation , the value of the second derivative is used to obtain methods of cubic convergence order for simple roots . If one starts from a point x close to a root and uses the same complexity of 6 function evaluations , these methods perform two steps with a residual of O ( f ( x ) ) , compared to three steps of Newton 's method with a reduction O ( f ( x ) ) , giving a slight advantage to these methods . When applying these methods to polynomials with real coefficients and real starting points , Newton 's and Halley 's method stay inside the real number line . One has to choose complex starting points to find complex roots . In contrast , the Laguerre method with a square root in its evaluation will leave the real axis of its own accord . Another class of methods is based on translating the problem of finding polynomial roots to the problem of finding eigenvalues of the companion matrix of the polynomial . In principle , one can use any eigenvalue algorithm to find the roots of the polynomial . However , for efficiency reasons one prefers methods that employ the structure of the matrix , that is , can be implemented in matrix - free form . Among these methods are the power method , whose application to the transpose of the companion matrix is the classical Bernoulli 's method to find the root of greatest modulus . The inverse power method with shifts , which finds some smallest root first , is what drives the complex ( cpoly ) variant of the Jenkins -- Traub method and gives it its numerical stability . Additionally , it is insensitive to multiple roots and has fast convergence with order 1 + Φ ≈ 2.6 ( \ displaystyle 1 + \ Phi \ approx 2.6 ) even in the presence of clustered roots . This fast convergence comes with a cost of three Horner evaluations per step , resulting in a residual of O ( f ( x ) ) , which is slower than three steps of Newton 's method . Finding roots in pairs ( edit ) If the given polynomial only has real coefficients , one may wish to avoid computations with complex numbers . To that effect , one has to find quadratic factors for pairs of conjugate complex roots . The application of the multi-dimensional Newton 's method to this task results in Bairstow 's method . In the framework of inverse power iterations of the companion matrix , the double shift method of Francis results in the real ( rpoly ) variant of the Jenkins -- Traub method . Finding all roots at once ( edit ) The simple Durand -- Kerner and the slightly more complicated Aberth methods simultaneously find all of the roots using only simple complex number arithmetic . Accelerated algorithms for multi-point evaluation and interpolation similar to the fast Fourier transform can help speed them up for large degrees of the polynomial . It is advisable to choose an asymmetric , but evenly distributed set of initial points . Another method with this style is the Dandelin -- Gräffe method ( sometimes also ascribed to Lobachevsky ) , which uses polynomial transformations to repeatedly and implicitly square the roots . This greatly magnifies variances in the roots . Applying Viète 's formulas , one obtains easy approximations for the modulus of the roots , and with some more effort , for the roots themselves . Exclusion and enclosure methods ( edit ) Several fast tests exist that tell if a segment of the real line or a region of the complex plane contains no roots . By bounding the modulus of the roots and recursively subdividing the initial region indicated by these bounds , one can isolate small regions that may contain roots and then apply other methods to locate them exactly . All these methods involve finding the coefficients of shifted and scaled versions of the polynomial . For large degrees , FFT - based accelerated methods become viable . For real roots , Sturm 's theorem and Descartes ' rule of signs with its extension in the Budan -- Fourier theorem provide guides to locating and separating roots . This plus interval arithmetic combined with Newton 's method yields robust and fast algorithms . The Lehmer -- Schur algorithm uses the Schur -- Cohn test for circles , Wilf 's global bisection algorithm uses a winding number computation for rectangular regions in the complex plane . The splitting circle method uses FFT - based polynomial transformations to find large - degree factors corresponding to clusters of roots . The precision of the factorization is maximized using a Newton - type iteration . This method is useful for finding the roots of polynomials of high degree to arbitrary precision ; it has almost optimal complexity in this setting . Method based on the Budan -- Fourier theorem or Sturm chains ( edit ) The methods in this class give for polynomials with rational coefficients , and when carried out in rational arithmetic , provably complete enclosures of all real roots by rational intervals . The test of an interval for real roots using Budan 's theorem is computationally simple but may yield false positive results . However , these will be reliably detected in the following transformation and refinement of the interval . The test based on Sturm chains is computationally more involved but gives always the exact number of real roots in the interval . The algorithm for isolating the roots , using Descartes ' rule of signs and Vincent 's theorem , had been originally called modified Uspensky 's algorithm by its inventors Collins and Akritas . After going through names like `` Collins -- Akritas method '' and `` Descartes ' method '' ( too confusing if ones considers Fourier 's article ) , it was finally François Boulier , of Lille University , who gave it the name Vincent -- Collins -- Akritas ( VCA ) method , p. 24 , based on `` Uspensky 's method '' not existing and neither does `` Descartes ' method '' . This algorithm has been improved by Rouillier and Zimmerman , and the resulting implementation is , to date , the fastest bisection method . It has the same worst case complexity as the Sturm algorithm , but is almost always much faster . It is the default algorithm of Maple root - finding function fsolve . Another method based on Vincent 's theorem is the Vincent -- Akritas -- Strzeboński ( VAS ) method ; it has been shown that the VAS ( continued fractions ) method is faster than the fastest implementation of the VCA ( bisection ) method , which was independently confirmed elsewhere ; more precisely , for the Mignotte polynomials of high degree , VAS is about 50,000 times faster than the fastest implementation of VCA . VAS is the default algorithm for root isolation in Mathematica , SageMath , SymPy , Xcas . See Budan 's theorem for a description of the historical background of these methods . For a comparison between Sturm 's method and VAS , use the functions realroot ( poly ) and time ( realroot ( poly ) ) of Xcas . By default , to isolate the real roots of poly realroot uses the VAS method ; to use Sturm 's method , write realroot ( sturm , poly ) . See also the External links for a pointer to an iPhone / iPod / iPad application that does the same thing . Finding multiple roots of polynomials ( edit ) Main article : Square - free factorization Most root - finding algorithms behave badly when there are multiple roots or very close roots . However , for polynomials whose coefficients are exactly given as integers or rational numbers , there is an efficient method to factorize them into factors that have only simple roots and whose coefficients are also exactly given . This method , called square - free factorization , is based on the multiple roots of a polynomial being the roots of the greatest common divisor of the polynomial and its derivative . The square - free factorization of a polynomial p is a factorization p = p 1 p 2 2 ⋯ p k k ( \ displaystyle p = p_ ( 1 ) p_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ cdots p_ ( k ) ^ ( k ) ) where each p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) is either 1 or a polynomial without multiple roots , and two different p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) do not have any common root . An efficient method to compute this factorization is Yun 's algorithm . See also ( edit ) Broyden 's method Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator -- a class of functions designed specifically to be unsolvable by root - finding algorithms . GNU Scientific Library Graeffe 's method Lill 's method List of root finding algorithms MPSolve Multiplicity ( mathematics ) nth root algorithm Polynomial greatest common divisor System of polynomial equations -- root - finding algorithms in the multivariate case Steffensen 's method References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Collins , George E. ; Akritas , Alkiviadis G. ( 1976 ) . Polynomial Real Root Isolation Using Descartes ' Rule of Signs . SYMSAC ' 76 , Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation . Yorktown Heights , NY , USA : ACM . pp. 272 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Fourier , Jean - Baptiste Joseph ( 1820 ) . `` Sur l'usage du théorème de Descartes dans la recherche des limites des raciness '' ( On the use of Descartes ' theorem in the search for the bounds of roots ) . Bulletin des Sciences , par la Société Philomatique de Paris ( in French ) : 156 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Boulier , François ( 2010 ) . Systèmes polynomiaux : que signifie `` résoudre '' ? ( Polynomial systems : what does `` solve '' mean ? ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Université Lille 1 . Jump up ^ Akritas , Alkiviadis G. ( 1986 ) . There 's no `` Uspensky 's Method '' . Proceedings of the fifth ACM Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation ( SYMSAC ' 86 ) . Waterloo , Ontario , Canada . pp. 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Akritas , Alkiviadis G. ( 2008 ) . `` There is no `` Descartes ' method '' `` . In Wester , M.J. ; Beaudin , M. Computer Algebra in Education ( PDF ) . USA : Aullona Press . pp. 19 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Rouillier , F. ; Zimmerman , P. ( 2004 ) . `` Efficient isolation of polynomial 's real roots '' . Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 162 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cam. 2003.08. 015 . Jump up ^ Akritas , Alkiviadis G. ; Strzeboński , A.W. ; Vigklas , P.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Improving the performance of the continued fractions method using new bounds of positive roots '' ( PDF ) . Nonlinear Analysis : Modelling and Control . 13 : 265 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Akritas , Alkiviadis G. ; Strzeboński , Adam W. ( 2005 ) . `` A Comparative Study of Two Real Root Isolation Methods '' ( PDF ) . Nonlinear Analysis : Modelling and Control . 10 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Tsigaridas , P.E. ; Emiris , I.Z. ( 2006 ) . `` Univariate polynomial real root isolation : Continued fractions revisited '' . LNCS. 4168 : 817 -- 828 . arXiv : cs / 0604066 . doi : 10.1007 / 11841036_72 . Sources Press , W.H. ; Teukolsky , S.A. ; Vetterling , W.T. ; Flannery , B.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 9 . Root Finding and Nonlinear Sets of Equations '' . Numerical Recipes : The Art of Scientific Computing ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88068 - 8 . External links ( edit ) GAMS : Roots of polynomials with real coefficients Free online polynomial root finder for both real and complex coefficients Kehagias , Spyros : RealRoots , a free App for iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad to compare Sturm 's method and VAS https://itunes.apple.com/gr/app/realroots/id483609988?mt=8 Root - finding algorithms Bracketing ( no derivative ) Bisection method Quasi-Newton False position Secant method Newton Newton 's method Hybrid methods Brent 's method Polynomial methods Bairstow 's method Jenkins -- Traub method Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Root-finding_algorithm&oldid=852778671 '' Categories : Root - finding algorithms Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 09 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | numerical methods for finding the roots of a function | [] | [] |
-4841256912131158069 | Rick Allen (drummer) | Rick Allen ( drummer ) - wikipedia Rick Allen ( drummer ) Jump to : navigation , search Rick Allen Allen live with Def Leppard on 13 August 2008 in Winnipeg Background information Birth name Richard John Cyril Allen Also known as The Thunder God ( 1963 - 11 - 01 ) 1 November 1963 ( age 53 ) Dronfield , Derbyshire , England Genres Hard rock , heavy metal , glam metal Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Drums , percussion , vocals Years active 1978 -- present Labels Island , Mercury , Polygram Associated acts Def Leppard Website rickallen.com Richard John Cyril `` Rick '' Allen ( born 1 November 1963 ) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978 . He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band , which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase . He is known as `` The Thunder God '' by fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Accident and recovery 3 Gear 4 Raven Drum Foundation 5 One Hand Drum Company 6 Side projects 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Allen started playing drums at the age of 9 . He performed in bands called Grad , Smokey Blue , Rampant , and the Johnny Kalendar Band . When Allen was 14 , his mother replied on his behalf to an ad placed by a band called `` Def Leppard '' looking for a drummer to replace Tony Kenning ( `` Leppard loses skins '' was the ad 's headline ) . Later , on 1 November 1978 , his fifteenth birthday , Allen joined the band . In 1979 , he dropped out of school ( other band members left their jobs around the same time ) to concentrate on a career in music . In September 1979 , they opened for Sammy Hagar at London 's Hammersmith Odeon . Subsequently , Def Leppard played shows as a support act for AC / DC during October and November 1979 . Allen celebrated his 16th birthday with a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon . On 14 March 1980 , the band released their first album , On Through the Night . Since their first album , Allen still continues to record and tour with the band . Accident and recovery ( edit ) `` What I 've experienced through losing my arm , I would n't change . The human spirit is so strong . '' Rick Allen On the afternoon of 31 December 1984 , Allen was involved in a car accident with his girlfriend Miriam Barendsen in the English countryside a few miles west of Sheffield . While trying to pass another car at a high speed , he lost control of his Corvette C4 , which hit a dry stone wall and entered a field . He was thrown from the car because his seatbelt had been improperly fastened , causing his left arm to be severed , while his girlfriend suffered head injuries , resulting in grade 2 concussion and brain swelling ; she also suffered neck and spine injuries from severe whiplash . Doctors initially reattached Allen 's arm , but because of an infection , it had to be re-amputated . His right shoulder was also severely broken in the accident . Allen initially had doubts about continuing to play with the band , but was encouraged by the other members to continue . Allen , along with a few engineers , started to design a drum set to assist his drumming . At the time , he was still able to play some drum rhythms with one hand and use his left leg , typically for hi - hat pedals in common drum kits , to play the snare drum . Then - Status Quo drummer Jeff Rich helped and encouraged Allen during his convalescence , and designed an electronic kit Allen could play using only one arm . The Ludwig acoustic drum kit he used on earlier albums High ' n ' Dry and Pyromania was later given away by Def Leppard 's one - time management . Electronic drum manufacturer Simmons created a kit to their specifications , and Allen made his post-accident debut in 1986 at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington . Gear ( edit ) Allen has used custom - manufactured cable routing by Whirlwind . He uses four electronic pedals for his left foot to play the pieces he used to play with his left arm , which from left to right trigger sounds of a closing hi - hat , bass drum , snare drum , and a tom drum . He is ranked No. 7 on the UK website Gigwise in The Greatest Drummers of All Time list . On 16 October 2009 , Yamaha announced the addition of Rick Allen to their artist roster . Allen plays Yamaha Oak Custom drums with a matching subkick . Along with Yamaha Oak Custom drums , Allen also uses Remo drumheads ( usually he has coated ambassadors on his drums and a clear powerstroke 3 on his bass drum ) , Zildjian cymbals ( mostly K customs and A customs ) , and a LP rock cowbell for Rock of Ages . Rick Allen had used Vater drumsticks and Zildjian drumsticks from the 1980s until 1994 . In 1995 up to the present , he uses Easton Ahead drumsticks . Raven drum Foundation ( edit ) Allen and his wife Lauren Monroe are the co-founders of The Raven Drum Foundation , a charity located in Malibu , California , with a mission to serve , educate , and empower veterans and people in crisis . The Raven Drum Foundation commonly works to help individuals and communities in crisis through healing arts programs , drum circle events , and collaborative partnerships . Allen described the foundations involvement with Camp Kilpatrick in 2009 : Rhythm is such a big part of their culture and their own way of communicating , so we were able to go in there and design a program around them . It developed into drum council , which is an ongoing program that we provided for the camp . We had tremendous success . One Hand drum Company ( edit ) The One Hand Drum Company was created by Allen to assist in providing awareness and funding for his Raven Drum Foundation . Currently , the primary focus of the One Hand Drum Company is promoting StikRick , a drawing by Rick of a one - armed drummer that he sometimes uses with his autograph . The StikRick site sells T - shirts , hats , and other items with the StikRick drawing along with a `` Life Is Great ! ! Be A Rockstar ! ! '' slogan . Proceeds from the One Hand Drum Company go to support the Raven Drum Foundation charity . Side projects ( edit ) In May and June 2000 , Allen played two shows with the Mark Mason Project , featuring guitarist Mark Englert previously of Dramarama . Allen has written music with his wife Lauren as well as played on her albums . In November 2004 , Allen collaborated with Krishna Das in the recording of a CD entitled All One . Personal Life ( edit ) Allen was married to his first wife Stacy from 1991 to 2000 ; they had a daughter in 1997 . In 1995 , Allen was arrested for spousal abuse . He pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced on 6 August 1996 to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings , sought counselling , and served 30 days on a graffiti - removal work crew . They divorced in 2000 . Allen married again , on 10 October 2003 , to Lauren Monroe . On 1 December 2010 , Monroe gave birth to a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gold , Adam ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Def Leppard 's Rick Allen : The Cream Interview ( Updated ) '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Allen -- Bio -- About Rick Allen '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Biography '' . Zildjian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Laura ( 2010 ) . Def Leppard : Arena Rock Band . Enslow . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 766 - 03234 - 7 . Jump up ^ page of a Def Leppard web site with details about Rick Allen 's car accident Jump up ^ Fricke , D. , and M. Selinger . `` To Hell & Back . ( Cover Story ) . '' Rolling Stone 629 ( 1992 ) : 38 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christine . `` Reclaiming the Rhythm : An Interview with Rick Allen . '' Percussive Notes 08 2002 : 54 , 56 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Les ( 2010 ) . The Day the Music Died . Xlibris . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 469 - 11356 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whirlwind / Def Leppard Archived 19 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Drummers Of All Time ! '' . gigwise.com . Gigwise . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamaha Welcomes Legendary Rick Allen to its Drum Roster Yamaha Artists . Yamaha.com ( 16 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solid as Oak : Def Leppard Drummer Plays Yamaha -- Drums -- News & Events -- Yamaha United States . Usa.yamaha.com ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mission and Vision . Raven Drum Foundation . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine : Def Leppard 's Rick Allen '' ( 2009 ) `` . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ One Hand Drum Company -- About Us . Noflash.stikrick.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Monroe Music Store -- Freedom Sessions . Laurenmonroe.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Helligar , Jeremy ( 19 August 1996 ) . `` Passages '' . People . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) RickAllen.com The Raven Drum Foundation Rick Allen @ DefLeppard.com Preceded by Tony Kenning Def Leppard Drummer 1978 -- present Incumbent ( hide ) Def Leppard Joe Elliott Rick Savage Rick Allen Phil Collen Vivian Campbell Tony Kenning Pete Willis Steve Clark Studio albums On Through the Night High ' n ' Dry Pyromania Hysteria Adrenalize Slang Euphoria X Yeah ! Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Def Leppard Live albums Mirror Ball -- Live & More Viva ! Hysteria Compilations Retro Active Vault : Def Leppard Greatest Hits ( 1980 -- 1995 ) Best of Def Leppard Rock of Ages : The Definitive Collection EPs The Def Leppard E.P. Live : In the Clubs , in Your Face Videography Historia Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize Video Archive Historia / Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize / Video Archive Best of the Videos Rock of Ages : The DVD Collection CMT Crossroads -- Taylor Swift and Def Leppard Viva ! Hysteria And There Will Be A Next Time - Live From Detroit Concert tours Def Leppard Early Tours 1978 -- 1979 On Through the Night World Tour Pyromania World Tour Hysteria World Tour Slang World Tour Yeah ! Tour Downstage Thrust Tour Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Tour Mirror Ball Tour Viva ! Hysteria Heroes Tour World Tour 2015 Related Articles Discography Members Awards & Nominations Hysteria -- The Def Leppard Story Groups Cybernauts Man Raze Down ' n ' Outz Atomic Mass Gogmagog People Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Jeff Rich Ross Halfin Frank Noon VIAF : 226863730 MusicBrainz : fc555fbc - a441 - 47e5 - 8ee4 - 21af15c454dd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Allen_(drummer)&oldid=807399011 '' Categories : 1963 births Def Leppard members English amputees English rock drummers English heavy metal drummers Living people People from Dronfield Amputee musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 EngvarB from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year did the drummer lose his arm | [
"Richard John Cyril \"Rick\" Allen (born 1 November 1963) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978. He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band, which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase. He is known as \"The Thunder God\" by fans.[1][2]"
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"1985"
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-94403399256334473 | List of Prime Ministers of India | List of Prime Ministers of India - Wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of India Jump to : navigation , search Narendra Modi is the current ( 14th ) Prime Minister of India , since 26 May 2014 . The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India . In India 's parliamentary system , the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure , but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers . Appointed and sworn - in by the President , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's Parliament . Since 1947 , India has had fourteen Prime Ministers , fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role . The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party , who was sworn - in on 15 August 1947 , when India gained independence from the British . Serving until his death in May 1964 , Nehru remains India 's longest - serving prime minister . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri , whose 19 - month term also ended in death . Indira Gandhi , Nehru 's daughter , succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country 's first woman premier . Eleven years later , she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party , whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister . After he resigned in 1979 , his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later . Indira Gandhi 's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984 , when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards . That evening , her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn - in as India 's youngest premier , and the third from his family . Thus far , members of Nehru -- Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days . Rajiv 's five - year term ended with his former cabinet colleague , V.P. Singh of the Janata Dal , forming the year - long National Front coalition government in 1989 . A six - month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed , after which the Congress party returned to power , forming the government under P.V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991 . Rao 's five - year term was succeeded by four short - lived governments -- the Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996 , a year each under United Front prime ministers H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral , and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998 -- 99 . After Vajpayee was sworn - in for the third time , in 1999 , he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government to a full five - year term , the first non-Congressman to do so . Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh , the first Sikh premier , whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014 . The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP - led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India 's first non-Congress single party majority government . Prime Ministers of India ( by state of birth ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers of India 3 See also 4 References Key ( edit ) Colour key for party of the prime ministers Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress designated Indian National Congress ( I ) 1977 -- 1996 Janata Dal Janata Party Janata Party ( Secular ) Samajwadi Janata Party Other key No : Incumbent number Assassinated or died in office Returned to office after a previous term Resigned Resigned following a no - confidence motion Prime Ministers of India ( edit ) No Name ( birth -- death ) ; constituency Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Elections ( Lok Sabha ) Ministry Appointed by Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Indian freedom fighter Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 7003613000000000000 ♠ 16 years , 286 days -- Nehru I Lord Mountbatten 1952 ( 1st ) Nehru II Rajendra Prasad 1957 ( 2nd ) Nehru III 1962 ( 3rd ) Nehru IV -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Union Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days ( 3rd ) ( acting ) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 7002581000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 216 days ( 3rd ) Shastri -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days ( 3rd ) ( acting ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 24 March 1977 7003407700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 59 days ( 3rd ) I. Gandhi I Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Rae Bareli , Uttar Pradesh 1967 ( 4th ) Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 1971 ( 5th ) I. Gandhi II V.V. Giri Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 126 days 1977 ( 6th ) Desai B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days -- ( 6th ) C. Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 3 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 7003175200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 291 days 1980 ( 7th ) I. Gandhi III 6 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 2 December 1989 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 32 days ( 7th ) R. Gandhi Zail Singh Former Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 1984 ( 8th ) 7 V.P. Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days 1989 ( 9th ) V.P. Singh R. Venkataraman 8 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days ( 9th ) Chandra Shekhar 9 P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 7003179100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 330 days 1991 ( 10th ) Rao 10 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days 1996 ( 11th ) Vajpayee I Shankar Dayal Sharma 11 H.D. Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days ( 11th ) Deve Gowda 12 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days ( 11th ) Gujral ( 10 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 22 May 7003225600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 64 days 1998 ( 12th ) Vajpayee II K.R. Narayanan Former Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 1999 ( 13th ) Vajpayee III 13 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 26 May 2014 7003365600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 4 days 2004 ( 14th ) M. Singh I A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Former Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 2009 ( 15th ) M. Singh II Pratibha Patil 14 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 7003123500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 139 days 2014 ( 16th ) Modi Pranab Mukherjee Jump up ^ Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991 , but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him See also ( edit ) Government of India portal India portal Prime Minister 's Office List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity List of Presidents of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In India , next generation of Gandhi dynasty '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Ankit Panda , The . `` BJP , Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers '' . PM India . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister , swearing in on May 26 '' . The Times of India . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. 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3362411381579885228 | Redding, California | Redding , California - Wikipedia Redding , California City in California in California , United States Redding , California City in California City of Redding Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Jewel of Northern California '' Location of Redding in Shasta County , California Redding Location in the United States Redding Redding ( the US ) Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ N 122 ° 22 ′ W / 40.583 ° N 122.367 ° W / 40.583 ; - 122.367 Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ N 122 ° 22 ′ W / 40.583 ° N 122.367 ° W / 40.583 ; - 122.367 Country United States State California County Shasta Incorporated October 4 , 1887 Founded by Pierson B. Reading Government Type Council - manager City council Mayor Kristen Schreder Brent Weaver Francie Sullivan Julie Winter Adam McElvain City manager Barry Tippin Area Total 61.17 sq mi ( 158.44 km ) Land 59.65 sq mi ( 154.49 km ) Water 1.53 sq mi ( 3.96 km ) 2.50 % Elevation 344 ft ( 172 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 89,861 Estimate ( 2016 ) 91,808 Density 1,539.19 / sq mi ( 594.28 / km ) Demonym ( s ) Reddingite Time zone UTC − 8 ( Pacific Time Zone ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 7 ( PDT ) ZIP codes 96001 -- 96003 , 96049 , 96099 Area code 530 FIPS code 06 - 59920 GNIS feature IDs 277582 , 2411531 Website Official website Redding , officially the City of Redding , is the county seat of Shasta County , California , in the northern part of the state . It lies along the Sacramento River , 162 miles ( 261 kilometers ) north of Sacramento , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of California 's northern border , shared with the state of Oregon . Interstate 5 bisects the entire city , from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake , which is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north . The 2010 population was 89,861 . Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region , and it is the sixth - largest city in the Sacramento Valley , behind Sacramento , Elk Grove , Roseville , Vacaville and Chico . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous culture 2.2 First settlers 2.3 Founding of Redding 2.4 Early 20th century 2.5 Mid to late 20th century 2.6 21st century 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Location 3.2 Subdivisions / Areas 3.2. 1 Official 3.2. 2 Non-Official 3.2. 3 Mobile Home Communities 3.2. 4 Shopping Centers 3.3 Ecology 3.4 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 5 Economy 5.1 Top employers 6 Government 6.1 State and federal representation 6.2 Municipal government 7 Parks and recreation 7.1 Museums and public art 7.2 Architecture 7.3 Venues 7.4 Performing arts 8 Education 8.1 Higher education 8.1. 1 Public 8.1. 2 Private 8.2 High schools 8.2. 1 Public 8.2. 2 Secondary 8.3 Charter schools 8.4 Other schools 8.5 Trade schools 8.6 Non-academic learning 9 Media 9.1 Print 9.2 Broadcast 9.2. 1 Television 9.2. 2 Radio 9.2. 2.1 AM radio 9.2. 2.2 FM radio 10 Transportation 10.1 Major highways 10.2 Rail and bus transportation 10.3 Air transportation 11 Prominent persons 11.1 Actors and entertainment industry 11.2 Authors 11.3 Business leaders and entrepreneurs 11.4 Musicians and bands 11.5 Athletes 11.6 Politicians , civil servants and activists 11.7 Other people 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 15 Geographic Location Etymology ( edit ) Benjamin Bernard Redding , namesake of the city . During the gold rush , the area that is now composed of Redding was called Poverty Flats . In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad so that it could build a northern terminus there . In the process of building the terminus , the railroad also built a town in the same area , which they named Redding in honor of Benjamin Redding . In 1874 there was a dispute over the name by local legislators and it was changed for a time to Reading , in order to honor Pierson B. Reading , who founded the community of Shasta , but the name was officially changed back to Redding by 1880 . It has been called Redding ever since . History ( edit ) Indigenous culture ( edit ) Before European settlers came to the area , it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu . At their height , the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area . First settlers ( edit ) Although Europeans had been to California as early as 1542 , when Juan Cabrillo sailed to what is now the San Diego Bay , the indigenous Indians were probably the only inhabitants of far Northern California region until Russian fur trappers came through the area in 1815 . The first European settlement in the area was established in 1844 by Pierson B. Reading , an early California pioneer who received a Rancho Buena Ventura Mexican land grant for 26,632 acres ( 10,778 ha ) that is now covered by Redding and Cottonwood , California . At the time , it was the northernmost nonnative settlement in California . Founding of Redding ( edit ) During the gold rush , the area that is now Redding was called Poverty Flats . In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad for a northern terminus . In the process of building the terminus , the railroad also built the town of Redding which was officially incorporated on October 4 , 1887 . Early 20th century ( edit ) In the early twentieth century the town 's economic growth was spurred by the significant copper and iron mineral extraction industry nearby . However , the mining industry eventually declined , causing the economy and population to falter by 1920 . It recovered in the thirties as the economy boomed due to the construction of Shasta Dam to the northwest . The building of the dam , which was completed in 1945 , caused Redding 's population to nearly double , also spurring the growth and development of other towns in the area . Mid to late 20th century ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Redding continued to grow steadily in the nineteen fifties due to the region 's growing lumber industry and tourism brought about by the newly completed dam . The constructions of Whiskeytown and Keswick dams also helped boost the economy by bringing new workers to the area . Highway Interstate 5 was built during the sixties and seventies , which added to development and tourism in the region . Growth in Redding during the 60s and 70s was also caused by annexation of an area east of the Sacramento River made up of the unincorporated community of Enterprise . Enterprise residents voted to support the annexation primarily to acquire less expensive electricity via Redding 's municipal utility , which receives power from the dam . During the 1970s , the lumber industry suffered from decline . Lumber mills in the area closed down and heavily impacted the Redding area . Things later picked up , due to a retail and housing boom in the late 1980s that continued until the mid-1990s . 21st century ( edit ) In 2017 , the city adopted a new flag after holding a redesign contest . In late July 2018 , the Carr Fire in Shasta county seriously impacted the Redding area with the destruction of at least 1100 buildings , with several thousand more threatened , and 38,000 people instructed to evacuate . Geography and Climate ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Redding is located at 40 ° 34 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 13 '' W / 40.57667 ° N 122.37028 ° W / 40.57667 ; - 122.37028 ( 40.576606 , − 122.370325 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 61.2 square miles ( 159 square kilometers ) . 59.6 square miles ( 154 km ) of it is land , and 1.5 square miles ( 3.9 km ) of it ( 2.50 % ) is beneath water . Redding is located at the very northwestern end of the Central Valley , which transitions into the Cascade foothills . The city is surrounded by mountains to the north , east , and west and fertile farm land to the south . Outermost parts of the city are part of the Cascade foothills , whereas southern and central areas are in the Sacramento Valley . The elevation in Redding is 495 feet ( 151 meters ) on average , whereas anywhere to the north , east , or west of downtown ranges between 550 feet ( 170 m ) and 800 feet ( 240 m ) feet . Southern portions range between 400 feet ( 120 m ) and 500 feet ( 150 m ) . The Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River provides a considerable level of flood protection for Redding . The dam is capable of controlling flows up to 79,000 cubic feet ( 7,300 cubic meters ) per second . The flow rate exceeded this threshold in both 1970 and 1974 . Soils in and around town are composed mostly of clay or gravelly loam texture , with red or brown mineral horizons . They are slightly or moderately acidic in their natural state . Subdivisions / Areas ( edit ) Official ( edit ) Bonnyview Boulder Creek College Highlands Garden Tract Gold Hills Hacienda Heights Hidden Hills Lake Redding Estates Layton Oaks Mary Lake Miracle Mile Parkview Plateau Circle Ridgewood Estates Shasta View Gardens Stanford Hills Sunset Terrace Sunset West The Bluffs Western Ranches ( Greenbelt ) Westwood Manor Non-Official ( edit ) Blossom Park Buckeye Buckeye Terrace Downtown Enterprise Girvan Greenwood Heights Kutras Tract Mt . Shasta Mall Oasis Powerline Quartz Hill Spring Hill West Ridge Mobile Home Communities ( edit ) Redwood Estates Los Robles Estates Mountain Shadows Mobile Home Estates Twin View Terrace Mobile Home Park Redding Lakeside Mobile Homes Estates Shopping Centers ( edit ) Cobblestone Shopping Center Cypress Square Shopping Center Mt . Shasta Mall Ecology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are several rare and endangered species in Redding and its immediate vicinity . The Redding Redevelopment Plan EIR notes the California State listed endangered species , slender Orcutt grass ( Orcuttia tenuis ) , occurs in eastern Redding near the municipal airport , where vernal pools are known to exist . This endemic grass is a Federal Candidate for listing and is endangered throughout its range , confined to several populations , and seriously threatened by agriculture , overgrazing , and residential development . Vernal pools provide the preferred habitat for this plant , which the California Native Plant Society considers a rare and endangered species . These same vernal pools also support federally protected species such as the federally threatened vernal pool fairy shrimp ( Branchinecta lynchi ) . Climate ( edit ) Redding has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) , with very hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters . Winter ( October -- April ) provides the most precipitation of any season in Redding -- the weather tends to be either rainy or foggy and at times , snow occurs . Summers are hot and dry , but rain is possible , usually with a thunderstorm . The average daily maximum temperature in July stays near 100 degrees Fahrenheit ( 38 degrees Celsius ) . The highest official recorded temperature in Redding was 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) on July 20 , 1988 . That was recorded at the nearby Redding airport . Some people in town recorded as high as 122 ° F ( 50 ° C ) that same day . Redding has an average possible sunshine of 88 % , the second - highest percentage ( after Yuma , Arizona ) of any US city . The city receives an average of 4.8 inches ( 12 centimeters ) of snow annually . It rarely gets sleet or freezing rain . Frost occurs commonly in December through February , less often in March or November . In spring , rain is common . The city is located near the southernmost point of the influence of the westerlies , and it therefore gets much more rain than most places in the Sacramento Valley ; temperature differentials between land and sea cause moist air from the latter to flow over the city , producing precipitation , cloud and fog in the winter . The direction of this wind reverses in the summer , as hot , high - pressure air flows from land to sea , making the area very dry . Tornadoes are extremely rare ; flooding occurs only around the area near the Sacramento River . The coldest temperature recorded in Redding was 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) . hide Climate data for Redding Municipal Airport ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 106 ( 41 ) 117 ( 47 ) 118 ( 48 ) 115 ( 46 ) 116 ( 47 ) 105 ( 41 ) 88 ( 31 ) 78 ( 26 ) 118 ( 48 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 98.4 ( 36.9 ) 96.6 ( 35.9 ) 90.4 ( 32.4 ) 77.8 ( 25.4 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 39.3 ( 4.1 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 16 ( − 9 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 42 ( 6 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 40 ( 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 16 ( − 9 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.96 ( 151.4 ) 5.51 ( 140 ) 4.37 ( 111 ) 2.48 ( 63 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 0.09 ( 2.3 ) 0.18 ( 4.6 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 4.48 ( 113.8 ) 6.27 ( 159.3 ) 34.62 ( 879.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.4 ( 3.6 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 5.5 ( 14 ) Average precipitation days 13.1 8.7 12.3 7.9 7.2 4.0 0.6 0.9 2.1 4.1 6.8 10.2 77.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 226 256 312 351 395 423 451 421 338 314 251 204 3,942 Source : Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 600 -- 1890 1,821 203.5 % 1900 2,946 61.8 % 1910 3,572 21.2 % 1920 2,962 − 17.1 % 1930 4,188 41.4 % 1940 8,109 93.6 % 1950 10,256 26.5 % 1960 12,773 24.5 % 1970 16,659 30.4 % 1980 42,103 152.7 % 66,462 57.9 % 2000 80,865 21.7 % 89,861 11.1 % Est. 2016 91,808 2.2 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Redding had a population of 89,861 . The population density was 1,468.9 people per square mile ( 567.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Redding was 77,117 ( 85.8 % ) White , 1,092 ( 1.2 % ) African American , 2,034 ( 2.3 % ) Native American , 3,034 ( 3.4 % ) Asian , 156 ( 0.2 % ) Pacific Islander , 2,307 ( 2.6 % ) from other races , and 4,121 ( 4.6 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7,787 persons ( 8.7 % ) . The Census reported that 87,841 people ( 97.8 % of the population ) lived in households , 1,138 ( 1.3 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 882 ( 1.0 % ) were institutionalized . There were 36,130 households , out of which 11,012 ( 30.5 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 16,001 ( 44.3 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 4,806 ( 13.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 1,984 ( 5.5 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 2,570 ( 99.0 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 204 ( 0.6 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 10,344 households ( 28.6 % ) were made up of individuals and 4,622 ( 12.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.43 . There were 22,791 families ( 63.1 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 2.94 . The population was spread out with 20,518 people ( 22.8 % ) under the age of 18 , 9,436 people ( 10.5 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 21,725 people ( 24.2 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 23,424 people ( 26.1 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 14,758 people ( 16.4 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38.5 years . For every 100 females , there were 93.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 90.4 males . There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 per square mile ( 244.1 / km2 ) , of which 19,968 ( 55.3 % ) were owner - occupied , and 16,162 ( 44.7 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9 % . 48,179 people ( 53.6 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 39,662 people ( 44.1 % ) lived in rental housing units . Economy ( edit ) The economy in Redding is largely a service economy . Therefore , employment is spread across a wide range of service professions that include healthcare , retail , and tourism . Top employers ( edit ) According to the City 's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report ( CAFR ) , these are the top employers in the city : # Employer # of employees Mercy Medical Center 1,832 Shasta County 1,750 City of Redding 1,129 Shasta Regional Medical Center 856 5 CA Transportation Department 663 6 Redding Rancheria 523 7 Wal - Mart 450 8 Shasta Union High School District 406 9 Shasta College 352 10 Blue Shield of California 330 Government ( edit ) State and Federal representation ( edit ) In the California State Legislature , Redding is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Ted Gaines , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle . In the United States House of Representatives , Redding is in California 's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . Municipal government ( edit ) The city council is composed of Mayor Brent Weaver , Vice Mayor Kristen Schreder , Adam McElvain , Francie Sullivan , and Julie Winter . The city manager is Barry Tippin . Redding is a general law city operating under the council - manager form of government . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Dancing Shiva by Bryan Tedrick at Old City Hall , Redding , Ca Museums and public art ( edit ) Calatrava Sculpture Sculpture park at City Hall Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Architecture ( edit ) Carnegie Library Cascade Theatre Hotel Lorenz Pilgrim Congregational Church Sundial Bridge The Cascade Theater Venues ( edit ) Redding Civic Auditorium Cascade Theatre Riverfront Amphitheater Old City Hall Performing arts ( edit ) Riverfront Playhouse Redding Improv Players Education ( edit ) Higher education ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Shasta College Private ( edit ) Simpson University National University Shasta Bible College and Graduate School High schools ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Shasta High School Enterprise High School Foothill High School Pioneer High School University prep school Secondary ( edit ) Freedom High School University Preparatory School North State Independence High School Redding Christian High School Liberty Christian High School Charter schools ( edit ) Monarch Learning Center Stellar Charter School Academy of Personalized Learning Redding Collegiate Academy Redding School of the Arts Rocky Point Charter School Shasta Charter Academy Other schools ( edit ) Redding Adventist Academy Bethel Christian School Trade schools ( edit ) Redding Institute of Technology Shasta School of Cosmetology Non-academic learning ( edit ) Code IT Build It Shasta County Public Library Media ( edit ) Print ( edit ) Redding Record Searchlight After Five Broadcast ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Channel Call sign Network 7.1 KRCR - DT ABC 9.1 KIXE - DT PBS 9.2 KIXE - DT2 Create 9.3 KIXE - DT3 PBS World 12.1 KHSL - DT CBS 12.2 KHSL - DT2 The CW 17.1 KXVU - LD Telemundo 20.1 KCVU - DT Fox 20.2 KCVU - DT2 ThisTV 21.1 KRVU - LD MyNetworkTV 23.1 KRDT - LD Religious 23.2 KRDT - LD2 HSN 24.1 KNVN - DT NBC 26 KGEC - LD Religious 27.1 KUCO - LD Univision 33 K33HH 3ABN 35.1 KKTF - LD Telefutura 41.1 KRHT - LD Azteca America Radio ( edit ) AM radio ( edit ) Call letters kHz Format KVIP 540 Religious KLXR 1230 Nostalgia KQMS 1400 News / Talk KCNR 1460 Talk KNRO 1670 Sports FM radio ( edit ) Call letters MHz Format KNNN - LP 87.7 Indie & Alternative Rock KKRN 88.5 Community Radio KFPR 88.9 Public Radio K211CO ( KHRI translator ) 90.1 Air 1 Christian Contemporary K227AE ( KHRD translator ) 93.3 Classic Rock KEWB 94.7 Top 40 KALF 95.7 Hot Country KNCQ 97.3 Country K249EW ( KAWZ translator ) 97.7 Religious KWLZ 99.3 Rhythmic Contemporary KWCA 101.1 Hot AC / Mix ( licensed to suburb Palo Cedro ) K268AJ ( KHAP translator ) 101.5 Religious KSHA 104.3 Adult Contemporary KRDG 105.3 Classic Hits KRRX 106.1 Rock K298AF ( KAWZ translator ) 107.5 Religious ( licensed to nearby Shasta ) KKLC 107.9 Christian Contemporary Transportation ( edit ) Major highways ( edit ) Interstate 5 runs through the east central portion of this city . CA 299 , formerly U.S. 299 , runs through the western , central , and northeastern parts of the city . CA 44 runs through the middle and eastern part of town . Its western terminus is at Market Street ( California 273 ) in downtown Redding . CA 273 , was formerly the Interstate 5 Business Route , and also formerly the U.S. 99 , directly through the city . Rail and bus transportation ( edit ) Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Redding , operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle , Washington , and Los Angeles , California VA Portland , Oregon ; Sacramento , California ; Oakland , California ; San Jose , California ; Santa Barbara , California and all Intermediate station stops . Amtrak California also provides Thruway Motorcoach service to Stockton or Sacramento for connections to the San Joaquins , which serve the San Francisco Bay Area , San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles area via bus connections . Redding provides a city bus transportation system called RABA ( Redding Area Bus Authority ) . RABA provides routes throughout the city of Redding and also provides transportation throughout Redding 's suburbs . Transportation is also available by Sage Stage to Alturas and Trinity Transit to Weaverville . Redding is also served by the intercity bus companies Greyhound and Fronteras del Norte . Air transportation ( edit ) Air transportation for the Redding area is provided by two general aviation airports . Redding Municipal Airport , located south of Redding , has scheduled flights from SkyWest ( United Express ) . The smaller Benton Airpark is located on the western side of Redding . Prominent persons ( edit ) This list includes persons who were born / raised / worked in , lived in , or whose identity was significantly influenced by Redding , as well as music groups that were founded in the area . Actors and entertainment industry ( edit ) Ashley Parker Angel -- recording artist and Broadway actor David de Berry -- theater composer and actor Kathleen Kennedy -- film producer Shane Drake -- music video director Rich Eisen -- sportscaster Francesca Eastwood -- actor Authors ( edit ) Bill Johnson , author and Senior Pastor of Bethel Church in Redding Matthew Kennedy -- author Business leaders and entrepreneurs ( edit ) Kevin Rose -- Internet entrepreneur Musicians and bands ( edit ) Duffy Bishop -- electric blues singer and songwriter Randy Miller -- drummer of the Myriad Roy Rogers -- guitarist Craig Padilla -- ambient electronic musician and film score composer Athletes ( edit ) Bill Plummer -- MLB player , coach and manager Greg Cadaret -- MLB player Mark Parent -- MLB player and coach Rick Bosetti -- professional baseball player Mel Hein -- football player , 1938 MVP , NFL Hall of Fame inductee Eddie Machen -- heavyweight boxer Buck Martinez -- professional MLB player , manager , broadcaster Matt Nichols -- player in Canadian Football League Ryan O'Callaghan -- NFL football player Megan Rapinoe -- professional soccer player , Olympic gold medalist Ricky Ray -- football player in the Canadian Football League Lynne Roberts -- college basketball coach D.J. Seeley -- basketball player in Israeli Premier League and Euroleague Jason Sehorn -- former NFL player Politicians , civil servants and activists ( edit ) Raymond Jacobs -- US Marine , said to be in photo of first flag raised on Iwo Jima Brian Sandoval -- 29th governor of Nevada Other people ( edit ) Ruggles brothers -- stagecoach robbers Sam Butcher -- Artist , Precious Moments See also ( edit ) 2018 Shasta County Wildfires : Carr Fire , Hirz Fire , Delta Fire California portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Redding , CA Real Estate and Living '' . Reddingshomebuyers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redding '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Redding city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Redding ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Redding got its Name '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Papers On Wintu Ethnography : 239 Wintu Villages In Shasta County Circa 1850 . Redding , CA : Redding Museum and Art Center . 1980 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Redding California '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City of Redding Flag '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Incident Update 7 / 29 / 18 PM '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Terrifying ' tornadoes of flame leave 2 dead as inferno destroys Californian city of Redding '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impact Report for the Redding Redevelopment Plan , Earth Metrics , City of Redding and California State Clearinghouse Report ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Web Soil Survey '' . Websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA '' . noaa.gov . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redding , CA Climate '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' . cityofredding.org . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . State of California . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Members Assembly '' . State of California . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 1st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Council Information '' . City of Redding . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redding 's City Manager '' . City of Redding . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio Stations in Redding , California '' . Radio-locator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ United States . Congress ( 1969 ) . Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Stations in Redding , California '' . Radio-locator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Modoc County , California : Redding '' . Sage Stage. 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AIBRA -- Find a Station '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redding , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Redding , California . Official website Images of Redding from the Eastman 's Originals Collection , Special Collections Dept. , University of California , Davis . `` Redding , California '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . May 2017 . Geographic location ( edit ) Places adjacent to Redding , California Shasta Lake City Weaverville Redding Burney via 299E Palo Cedro via 44 Anderson California county seats Consolidated city - county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas Auburn Bakersfield Colusa Crescent City El Centro Eureka Fairfield Fresno Hanford Hollister Jackson Lakeport Los Angeles Madera Martinez Marysville Merced Modesto Napa Nevada City Oakland Oroville Placerville Red Bluff Redding Redwood City Riverside Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Diego San Jose San Luis Obispo San Rafael Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Sonora Stockton Susanville Ukiah Ventura Visalia Willows Woodland Yreka Yuba City CDPs Bridgeport Downieville Independence Mariposa Markleeville Quincy San Andreas Weaverville Sacramento Valley Counties Butte Colusa Glenn Placer Sacramento Shasta Sutter Tehama Yolo Yuba Major cities Sacramento Cities and towns 100k - 250k Elk Grove Roseville Cities and towns 25k - 99k Antelope Arden - Arcade Carmichael Chico Citrus Heights Davis Fair Oaks Florin Folsom Foothill Farms Lincoln North Highlands Orangevale Paradise Rancho Cordova Redding Rocklin West Sacramento Woodland Yuba City Cities and towns 10k - 25k Auburn Galt Granite Bay La Riviera Linda Magalia Marysville North Auburn Olivehurst Oroville Parkway Red Bluff Rio Linda Rosemont Shasta Lake Vineyard Sub-regions Sacramento Metropolitan Area Yuba -- Sutter area Shasta Cascade Mountains Mount Shasta Lassen Peak Black Butte Castle Crags Chaos Crags Cinder Cone Hat Mountain Medicine Lake Volcano Schonchin Butte Shastina Mount Tehama Twin Buttes Bodies of Water Shasta Lake Trinity Lake Lake Almanor Eagle Lake Lake Oroville Lake Siskiyou Castle Lake Lake McCloud Manzanita Lake Lake Britton Whiskeytown Lake Rivers Sacramento River McCloud River Pit River Hat Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Big Chico Creek Klamath River Trinity River Shasta River Incorporated Cities Alturas Anderson Biggs Chico Corning Dorris Dunsmuir Etna Fort Jones Gridley Montague Mount Shasta City Oroville Paradise Portola Red Bluff Redding Shasta Lake City Susanville Tehama Weed Yreka Counties Butte Lassen Modoc Plumas Shasta Siskiyou Tehama Trinity Parks Lassen Volcanic NP Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity NRA Lava Beds NM Castle Crags Wilderness Mount Shasta Wilderness South Warner Wilderness Ahjumawi Lava Springs SP Bidwell - Sacramento River SP McArthur - Burney Falls Memorial SP Plumas - Eureka SP Bidwell Mansion SHP William B. Ide Adobe SHP Woodson Bridge SRA Municipalities and communities of Shasta County , California , United States County seat : Redding Cities Anderson Redding Shasta Lake CDPs Bella Vista Big Bend Burney Cassel Cottonwood Fall River Mills French Gulch Hat Creek Keswick Lakehead McArthur Millville Montgomery Creek Mountain Gate Old Station Palo Cedro Round Mountain Shasta Shingletown Unincorporated communities Beegum Castella Centerville Cloverdale Dana Enterprise Gas Point Happy Valley Igo Ingot Lakehead - Lakeshore Matheson Minnesota Motion Oak Run O'Brien Olinda Ono Platina Pollard Flat Tunnel Inn Viola Whitmore Indian reservations Big Bend Rancheria Redding Rancheria Ghost towns Buzzards Roost Delamar Kennett Whiskeytown Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties NARA : 10040620 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redding,_California&oldid=864008896 '' Categories : Redding , California 1887 establishments in California Cities in Shasta County , California County seats in California Geography of the Sacramento Valley Incorporated cities and towns in California Logging communities in the United States Populated places established in 1887 Populated places on the Sacramento River Shasta Cascade Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with short description Infobox settlement pages with bad settlement type Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is redding california located on a map | [
"Redding, officially the City of Redding, is the county seat of Shasta County, California, in the northern part of the state. It lies along the Sacramento River, 162 miles (261 kilometers) north of Sacramento, and 120 miles (190 km) south of California's northern border, shared with the state of Oregon. Interstate 5 bisects the entire city, from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake, which is located 15 miles (24 km) to the north. The 2010 population was 89,861.[5][6] Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region, and it is the sixth-largest city in the Sacramento Valley, behind Sacramento, Elk Grove, Roseville, Vacaville and Chico.\n"
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"along the Sacramento River, 162 miles (261 kilometers) north of Sacramento, and 120 miles (190 km) south of California's northern border, shared with the state of Oregon"
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-8766658266278533560 | Freikorps | Freikorps - wikipedia Freikorps Jump to : navigation , search For Freikorps units that started German war against Czechoslovakia , see Sudetendeutsches Freikorps . Armed Freikorps paramilitaries in Weimar Germany in 1919 Freikorps ( pronounced ( ˈfʀaɪ̯ˌkoːɐ̯ ) , `` Free Corps '' ) were German volunteer units that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries , which effectively fought as mercenary or private armies , regardless of their own nationality . In German - speaking countries , the first so - called Freikorps ( `` free regiments '' , German : Freie Regimenter ) were formed in the 18th century from native volunteers , enemy renegades and deserters , and criminals . These sometimes exotically equipped units served as infantry and cavalry ( or more rarely as artillery ) , sometimes in just company strength , sometimes in formations up to several thousand strong ; there were also various mixed formations or legions . The Prussian von Kleist Freikorps included infantry , jäger , dragoons and hussars . The French Volontaires de Saxe combined uhlans and dragoons . In the aftermath of World War I and during the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 , Freikorps consisting largely of World War I veterans were raised as right - wing paramilitary militias , ostensibly to fight on behalf of the government against the Soviet - backed German Communists attempting to overthrow the Weimar Republic . However , the Freikorps also despised the Republic and were involved in assassinations of its supporters . The Freikorps were widely seen as a precursor to Nazism , and many of their volunteers ended up joining the Nazi militia , the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) . An entire series of Freikorps awards also existed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Napoleonic era 3 1815 -- 1871 4 Post -- World War I 4.1 Freikorps units 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Serbian , Wurmser , Odonel and Mahony Free Corps in 1798 The very first Freikorps were recruited by Frederick the Great during the Seven Years ' War . On 15 July 1759 , Frederick ordered the creation of a squadron of volunteer hussars to be attached to the 1st Regiment of Hussars ( von Kleist 's Own ) . He entrusted the creation and command of this new unit to Colonel Friedrich Wilhelm von Kleist . This first squadron ( 80 men ) was raised in Dresden and consisted mainly of Hungarian deserters . This squadron was placed under the command of Lieutenant Johann Michael von Kovacs . At the end of 1759 , the first four squadrons of dragoons ( also called horse grenadiers ) of the Freikorps were organised . They initially consisted of Prussian volunteers from Berlin , Magdeburg , Mecklenburg and Leipzig , but later recruited deserters . The Freikorps were regarded as unreliable by regular armies , so they were mainly used as sentries and for minor duties . These early Freikorps appeared during the War of the Austrian Succession and especially the Seven Years ' War , when France , Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy embarked on an escalation of petty warfare while conserving their regular regiments . Even during the last Kabinettskrieg , the War of the Bavarian Succession , Freikorp formations were formed in 1778 . Germans , Hungarians , Poles , Lithuanians and South Slavs , as well as Turks , Tatars and Cossacks , were believed by all warring parties to be inherently good fighters . The nationality of many soldiers can no longer be ascertained as the ethnic origin was often described imprecisely in the regimental lists . Slavs ( Serbs , Croats ) were often referred to as `` Hungarians '' or `` Croats '' , and Muslim recruits ( Albanians , Bosnians , Tatars ) as `` Turks '' . For Prussia , the Pandurs , who were made up of Serbs and Croats , were a clear model for the organization of such `` free '' troops . Frederick the Great created 14 `` free infantry '' ( Frei - Infanterie ) units , mainly between 1756 and 1758 , which were intended to be attractive to those soldiers who wanted military `` adventure '' , but did not want to have to do military drill . A distinction should be made between the Freikorps formed up to 1759 for the final years of the war , which operated independently and disrupted the enemy with surprise attacks and the free infantry which consisted of various military branches ( such as infantry , hussars , dragoons , jäger ) and were used in combination . They were often used to ward off Maria Theresa 's Pandurs . In the era of linear tactics , light troops had been seen necessary for outpost , reinforcement and reconnaissance duties . During the war , eight such volunteer corps were set up : Trümbach 's Freikorps ( Voluntaires de Prusse ) ( FI ) Kleist 's Freikorps ( FII ) Glasenapp 's Free Dragoons ( F III ) Schony 's Freikorps ( F IV ) Gschray 's Freikorps ( FV ) Bauer 's Free Hussars ( F VI ) Légion Britannique ( FV - of the Electorate of Brunswick - Lüneburg ) Volontaires Auxiliaires ( F VI ) . Because , with some exceptions , they were seen as undisciplined and less battleworthy , they were used for less onerous guard and garrison duties . In the so - called `` petty wars '' , the Freikorps interdicted enemy supply lines with guerrilla warfare . In the case of capture , their members were at risk of being executed as irregular fighters . In Prussia the Freikorps , which Frederick the Great had despised as `` vermin '' , were disbanded . Their soldiers were given no entitlement to pensions or invalidity payments . In France , many corps continued to exist until 1776 . They were attached to regular dragoon regiments as jäger squadrons . During the Napoleonic Wars , Austria recruited various Freikorps of Slavic origin . The Slavonic Wurmser Freikorps fought in Alsace . The combat effectiveness of the six Viennese Freikorps ( 37,000 infantrymen and cavalrymen ) , however , was low . An exception were the border regiments of Croats and Serbs who served permanently on the Austro - Ottoman border . Napoleonic era ( edit ) Painting of three famous Free Corps members in 1815 : Heinrich Hartmann , Theodor Körner , and Friedrich Friesen Freikorps in the modern sense emerged in Germany during the course of the Napoleonic Wars . They fought not so much for money but rather out of patriotic motives , seeking to shake off the French Confederation of the Rhine . After the French under Emperor Napoleon had either conquered the German states or forced them to collaborate , remnants of the defeated armies continued to fight on in this fashion . Famous formations included the King 's German Legion , who had fought for Britain in French - occupied Spain and were mainly recruited from Hanoverians , the Lützow Free Corps and the Black Brunswickers . The Freikorps attracted many nationally disposed citizens and students . Freikorps commanders such as Ferdinand von Schill , Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow or Frederick William , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel , known as the `` Black Duke '' , led their own attacks on Napoleonic occupation forces in Germany . Those led by Schill were decimated in the Battle of Stralsund ( 1809 ) ; many were killed in battle or executed at Napoleon 's command in the aftermath . The Freikorps were very popular during the period of the German War of Liberation ( 1813 -- 15 ) , during which von Lützow , a survivor of Schill 's Freikorps , formed his Lützow Free Corps . The anti-Napoleonic Freikorps often operated behind French lines as a kind of commando or guerrilla force . Throughout the 19th century , these anti-Napoleonic Freikorps were greatly praised and glorified by German nationalists , and a heroic myth built up around their exploits . This myth was invoked , in considerably different circumstances , in the aftermath of Germany 's defeat in World War I . 1815 -- 1871 ( edit ) Even in the aftermath of the Napoleonic era , Freikorps were set up with varying degrees of success . During the March 1848 riots , student Freikorps were set up in Munich . In First Schleswig War of 1848 the Freikorps of von der Tann , Zastrow and others distinguished themselves . In 1864 in Mexico , the French formed the so - called Contreguerrillas under former Prussian hussar officer , Milson . In Italy Garibaldi formed his famous Freischars , notably the `` Thousand of Marsala '' , which landed in Sicily in 1860 . Even before the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 / 71 , Freikorps were developed in France that were known as franc - tireurs . Post -- World War I ( edit ) The meaning of the word Freikorps changed over time . After 1918 , the term was used for the paramilitary organizations that sprang up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. They were the key Weimar paramilitary groups active during that time . Many German veterans felt disconnected from civilian life , and joined a Freikorps in search of stability within a military structure . Others , angry at their sudden , apparently inexplicable defeat , joined up in an effort to put down communist uprisings , such as the Spartacist uprising , or exact some form of revenge on those they considered responsible for the armistice . They received considerable support from Minister of Defence Gustav Noske , a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany . Noske used them to crush the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 and the Marxist Spartacist League , including arresting Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg , who were killed on 15 January 1919 . They were also used to defeat the Bavarian Soviet Republic in May 1919 . On 5 May 1919 , members of Freikorps Lützow in Perlach near Munich , acted on a tip from a local cleric and arrested and killed twelve alleged communist workers ( most of them actually members of the Social Democratic Party ) . A memorial on Pfanzeltplatz in Munich today commemorates the incident . A recruitment poster for the Freikorps Hülsen Freikorps also fought against the communists in the Baltics , Silesia , Poland and East Prussia after the end of World War I , including aviation combat , often with significant success . Anti-Slavic racism was sometimes present , although the ethnic cleansing ideology and anti-Semitism that would be expressed in later years had not yet developed . In the Baltics they fought against communists as well as against the newborn independent democratic countries Estonia and Latvia . In Latvia , Freikorps murdered 300 civilians in Mitau who were suspected of having `` Bolshevik sympathies '' . After the capture of Riga , another 3000 alleged communists were killed , including summary executions of 50 -- 60 prisoners daily . Though officially disbanded in 1920 , some of them continued to exist for several years and many Freikorps ' attempted , unsuccessfully , to overthrow the government in the Kapp Putsch in March 1920 . Their attack was halted when German citizens loyal to the government went on strike , cutting off many services and making daily life so problematic that the coup was called off . In 1920 , Adolf Hitler had just begun his political career as the leader of the tiny and as - yet - unknown Deutsche Arbeiterpartei / DAP German Workers ' Party , which was soon renamed the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei / NSDAP ( National Socialist German Workers Party ) or Nazi Party in Munich . Numerous future members and leaders of the Nazi Party had served in the Freikorps , including Ernst Röhm , future head of the Sturmabteilung , or SA , Heinrich Himmler , future head of the Schutzstaffel , or SS , and Rudolf Höß , the future Kommandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp . Hermann Ehrhardt , founder and leader of Marinebrigade Ehrhardt , and his deputy Commander Eberhard Kautter , leaders of the Viking League , refused to help Hitler and Erich Ludendorff in their Beer Hall Putsch and conspired against them . Hitler eventually viewed some of them as threats . A huge ceremony was arranged on 9 November 1933 in which the Freikorps leaders symbolically presented their old battle flags to Hitler 's SA and SS . It was a sign of allegiance to their new authority , the Nazi state . When Hitler 's internal purge of the party , the Night of the Long Knives , came in 1934 , a large number of Freikorps leaders were targeted for killing or arrest , including Ehrhardt and Röhm . Historian Robert GL Waite claims that in Hitler 's `` Röhm Purge '' speech to the Reichstag on 13 July 1934 , he implied that the Freikorps were one of the groups of `` pathological enemies of the state '' . Freikorps units ( edit ) Friekorps artillery , c. 1919 Freikorps soldiers pictured during the Kapp Putsch of 1920 Sudeten German Freikorps in Czechoslovakia , 1938 Iron Division ( Eiserne Division , related to Eiserne Brigade and Baltische Landeswehr ) Fought in the Baltic . Defeated by the Estonian Army in the Battle of Cēsis Trapped in Thorensberg by the Latvian Army . Rescued by the Rossbach Freikorps . Volunteer Division of Horse Guards ( Garde - Kavallerie - Schützendivision ) Killed Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht , 15 January 1919 Led by Captain Waldemar Pabst Disbanded on order of Defence Minister Gustav Noske , 7 July 1919 , after Pabst threatened to kill him Freikorps Caspari Fought against the Bremen Soviet Republic Fought under the command of Walter Caspari Freikorps Lichtschlag Fought against the Red Ruhr Army Fought under the command of Oskar von Watter Freikorps Lützow Occupied Munich following the revolution of April 1919 . Commanded by Major Schulz Marinebrigade Ehrhardt ( The Second Naval Brigade ) Participated in the Kapp Putsch of 1920 Disbanded members eventually formed the Organisation Consul , which performed hundreds of political assassinations Freikorps Maercker ( Maercker 's Volunteer Rifles , or Freiwilliges Landesjägerkorps ) Had Reinhard Heydrich as a member Founded by Ludwig Maercker Freikorps Oberland Kurt Benson Freikorps Roßbach ( Rossbach ) Founded by Gerhard Roßbach Rescued the Iron Division after an extremely long march across Eastern Europe . had Rudolph Hoess as a member . Sudetendeutsches Freikorps Formed by Czech German nationalists with Nazi sympathies which operated from 1938 to 1939 Part of Hitler 's successful effort to absorb Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich See also ( edit ) List of defunct Paramilitary Organizations List of Free Corps List of Freikorps members List of Paramilitary Organizations Organisation Consul Freikorps in the Baltic Battle of Annaberg Free Corps Denmark Viking League related Freikorps activities Free company Medieval units with some similarities References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Haffner , Sebastian ( 2000 ) . Defying Hitler . Picador . pp. 30 -- 31 , 33 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42113 - 3 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , New York , NY , Simon & Schuster , 2011 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Heiden , Konrad ( 1944 ) . Der Fuehrer : Hitler 's Rise to Power . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Heiden , Konrad ( 1944 ) . Der Fuehrer : Hitler 's Rise to Power . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Heiden , Konrad ( 1944 ) . Der Fuehrer : Hitler 's Rise to Power . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Haffner , Sebastian ( 2000 ) . Defying Hitler . Picador . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42113 - 3 . Jump up ^ Background , formation and numbering according to Bleckwenn ( 1986 ) Vol. IV , pp. 82ff Jump up ^ Carlos Caballero Jurado , Ramiro Bujeiro ( 2001 ) . The German Freikorps 1918 -- 23 : 1918 -- 23 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 184 - 2 . Jump up ^ Max Hirschberg & Reinhard Weber . Jude und Demokrat : Erinnerungen eines Münchener Rechtsanwalts 1883 bis 1939 . Jump up ^ Morris , Justice Imperiled : The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany Jump up ^ Freikorps Lützow in the Axis History Factbook Jump up ^ Michael Mann , Fascists , Cambridge / New York : Cambridge University , 2004 , ISBN 9780521831314 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of the Birth of the Nazis : How the Freikorps Blazed a Trail for Hitler Nigel Jones , Carroll & Graf , 2004 Jump up ^ Walking Since Daybreak : A Story of Eastern Europe , World War II , and the Heart of Our Century by Modris Eksteins , page 73 , 2000 Jump up ^ Kolko 1994 . Jump up ^ Mason , K.J. ; Fielden , Philip ( 2007 ) . Republic to Reich : A History of Germany 1918 -- 1939 ( Third ed . ) . Melbourne , Australia : Cengage Learning Australia . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Waite , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Waite , pp. 280 -- 1 . See also the full text of the speech at http://members.tripod.com/~Comicism/340713.html Jump up ^ Osprey - Elite 76 - The German Freikorps 1918 - 23 . 2001 . ( page 20 ) ^ Jump up to : Waite , p. 131 , 132 . ^ Jump up to : Waite , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Waite , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Waite , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Waite , pp. 140 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waite , p. 203 , 216 . Jump up ^ Waite , pp. 33 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Axis History Factbook '' . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Mueller , p 61 Bibliography Blanke , Richard ( 1993 ) . Orphans of Versailles : The Germans in Western Poland , 1918 -- 1939 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1803 - 4 . Eley , Geoff ( 1990 ) . `` Conservatives and radical nationalists in Germany : the production of fascist potentials , 1912 -- 28 '' . In Blinkhorn , Martin . Fascists and Conservatives : The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth - Century Europe . New York , NY : Routledge . pp. 50 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 049 - 40087 - 0 . Gerwarth , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` The Central European Counter-Revolution : Paramilitary Violence in Germany , Austria and Hungary after the Great War '' . Past & Present. 200 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 209 . doi : 10.1093 / pastj / gtm046 . Hoess , Rudolf ; Fitzgibbon , Constantine ; Levi , Primo ( 2000 ) . Commandant of Auschwitz : The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess . Translated by Constantine Fitzgibbon , Joachim Neugroschel . Sterling Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 024 - 7 . Koepp , Roy G. ( 2010 ) . Conservative Radicals : The Einwohnerwehr , Bund Bayern Und Reich , and the Limits of Paramilitary Politics in Bavaria , 1918 -- 1928 ( PhD ) . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1994 ) . Century of War : Politics , Conflicts , and Society since 1914 . New York , NY : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 565 - 84192 - 5 . Morris , Douglas G. ( 2005 ) . Justice Imperiled : The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11476 - X . Mueller , Michael ( 2007 ) . Canaris . Naval Institute Press . Read , Anthony ( 2004 ) . The Devil 's Disciples : Hitler 's Inner Circle . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04800 - 4 . Waite , Robert G.L. ( 1969 ) ( 1952 ) . Vanguard of Nazism : The Free Corps Movement in Post-War Germany , 1918 -- 1923 . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . OCLC 3633548 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Freikorps at Wikimedia Commons GND : 4155319 - 6 HDS : 24629 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freikorps&oldid=843203510 '' Categories : Military units and formations established in 1759 1759 establishments in Prussia Military units and formations disestablished in 1939 1939 disestablishments in Germany Freikorps Anti-communism in Germany Military history of Germany Political repression in Germany Terrorism in Germany Counter-revolutionaries German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2014 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 16 : 09 . 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-4346284956588320220 | Boxing Day | Boxing Day - wikipedia Boxing Day This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Christmas box '' redirects here . For the genus of shrubs , see Sarcococca . For other uses , see Boxing Day ( disambiguation ) . Boxing Day Observed by Commonwealth nations Type Bank holiday , public holiday Date 26 December Frequency Annual Related to St. Stephen 's Day Day of Goodwill Second Day of Christmastide Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated the day after Christmas Day . It originated in the United Kingdom , and is celebrated in a number of countries that previously formed part of the British Empire . Boxing Day is on 26 December , although the attached bank holiday or public holiday may take place either on that day or two days later . In the liturgical calendar of Western Christianity , Boxing Day is the second day of Christmastide , and also St. Stephen 's Day . In some European countries , notably Germany , Poland , Belgium , the Netherlands and the Nordic countries , 26 December is celebrated as a Second Christmas Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Date 3 Shopping 4 Sport 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) There are competing theories for the origins of the term , none of which is definitive . The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest attestations from Britain in the 1830s , defining it as `` the first week - day after Christmas - day , observed as a holiday on which post-men , errand - boys , and servants of various kinds expect to receive a Christmas - box '' . The term `` Christmas - box '' dates back to the 17th century , and among other things meant : A present or gratuity given at Christmas : in Great Britain , usually confined to gratuities given to those who are supposed to have a vague claim upon the donor for services rendered to him as one of the general public by whom they are employed and paid , or as a customer of their legal employer ; the undefined theory being that as they have done offices for this person , for which he has not directly paid them , some direct acknowledgement is becoming at Christmas . In Britain , it was a custom for tradespeople to collect `` Christmas boxes '' of money or presents on the first weekday after Christmas as thanks for good service throughout the year . This is mentioned in Samuel Pepys ' diary entry for 19 December 1663 . This custom is linked to an older British tradition : since they would have to wait on their masters on Christmas Day , the servants of the wealthy were allowed the next day to visit their families . The employers would give each servant a box to take home containing gifts , bonuses , and sometimes leftover food . In South Africa ( a former British colony ) as recently as the 1980s , milkmen and garbage collectors , who normally had little if any interaction with those they served , were accustomed to knock on their doors asking for a `` Christmas box '' , being a small cash donation , in the week or so before and after Christmas . The European tradition , which has long included giving money and other gifts to those who were needy and in service positions , has been dated to the Middle Ages , but the exact origin is unknown . It is believed to be in reference to the Alms Box placed in areas of worship to collect donations to the poor . Also , it may come from a custom in the late Roman / early Christian era , wherein metal boxes placed outside churches were used to collect special offerings tied to the Feast of Saint Stephen , which in the Western Church falls on the same day as Boxing Day . Date ( edit ) Boxing Day is a secular holiday that is traditionally celebrated on 26 December , the day after Christmas Day . 26 December is also St. Stephen 's Day , a religious holiday . In the UK , Boxing Day is a bank holiday ( in England , Wales and Northern Ireland since 1871 ) . When 26 December falls on a Saturday , the Boxing Day public holiday is moved to the substitute day , which is the following Monday . If 26 December falls on a Sunday , the substitute public holiday is the following Tuesday . As Boxing Day was traditionally the first week day ( historically Monday -- Saturday ) after Christmas , it can not technically be on a Sunday as that is considered to be the day of worship . However , 26 December is nowadays generally referred to as Boxing Day , even when it falls on the Sunday . In Scotland , Boxing Day has been specified as an additional bank holiday since 1974 , by Royal Proclamation under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 . In Ireland -- when the island as a whole was part of the United Kingdom -- the Bank Holidays Act 1871 established the feast day of St. Stephen as a non-movable public holiday on 26 December . Following partition in 1920 , Northern Ireland reverted to the British name , Boxing Day . In Australia , Boxing Day is a federal public holiday . The Australian state of South Australia instead observes a public holiday known as Proclamation Day on the first weekday after Christmas Day or the Christmas Day holiday . In New Zealand , Boxing Day is a statutory holiday ; penalty rates and lieu time are provided to employees who work on Boxing Day . In Canada , Boxing Day is a federal statutory holiday . Government offices , banks and post offices / delivery are closed . In some Canadian provinces , Boxing Day is a statutory holiday that is always celebrated on 26 December . In Canadian provinces where Boxing Day was a statutory holiday , and it falls on a Saturday or Sunday , compensation days are given in the following week . In the United States , 26 December is not observed as `` Boxing Day '' , per se , by the Federal Government ; however , it may be converted to an extension of `` Christmas Day Observed '' when Christmas falls on a Sunday , thus affecting Federal offices and services , as well as banking , regular postal delivery and trading markets . The 26th is given as a holiday to some state employees , mainly in southern states : Kentucky , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Texas , but it is not known as Boxing Day . On 5 December 1996 , Massachusetts Gov. William F. Weld declared 26 December as Boxing Day in Massachusetts , in response to the efforts of a local coalition of British citizens to `` transport the English tradition to the United States '' , but not as an employee holiday . In Nigeria , 26 December is a public holiday for working people or students . When it falls on Saturday or Sunday , there is always a holiday on Monday . Shopping ( edit ) Boxing Day crowds shopping at the Toronto Eaton Centre in Canada , 2007 In the UK , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand , Boxing Day is primarily known as a shopping holiday , much like Black Friday ( the day after Thanksgiving ) in the United States . Boxing Day sales are common in Canada , Australia and New Zealand . It is a time when shops hold sales , often with dramatic price reductions . For many merchants , Boxing Day has become the day of the year with the greatest revenue . In the UK in 2009 it was estimated that up to 12 million shoppers appeared at the sales ( a rise of almost 20 % compared to 2008 , although this was also affected by the fact that the VAT was about to revert to 17.5 % from 1 January , following the temporary reduction to 15 % ) . Many retailers open very early ( typically 5 am or even earlier ) and offer doorbuster deals and loss leaders to draw people to their stores . It is not uncommon for long queues to form early in the morning of 26 December , hours before the opening of shops holding the big sales , especially at big - box consumer electronics retailers . Many stores have a limited quantity of big draw or deeply discounted items . Because of the shoulder - to - shoulder crowds , many choose to stay at home and avoid the hectic shopping experience . The local media often cover the event , mentioning how early the shoppers began queuing up , and showing video of shoppers queuing and later leaving with their purchased items . Many retailers have implemented practices aimed at managing large numbers of shoppers . They may limit entrances , restrict the number of patrons in a store at a time , provide tickets to people at the head of the queue to guarantee them a hot ticket item or canvass queued - up shoppers to inform them of inventory limitations . In recent years , retailers have expanded deals to `` Boxing Week '' . While Boxing Day is 26 December , many retailers will run the sales for several days before or after 26 December , often up to New Year 's Eve . Notably , in the recession of late 2008 , a record number of retailers were holding early promotions due to a weak economy . Canada 's Boxing Day has often been compared with the American Super Saturday ( the Saturday before Christmas ) and Black Friday . From 2009 onward Black Friday deals become more prominent among Canadian retailers to discourage shoppers from crossing the border to the USA when the Canadian and USA dollars was close to parity , and this has lessened the appeal of Boxing Day in Canada somewhat as it was overtaken by Black Friday in terms of sales in 2013 . Boxing Day is not and has never been a shopping holiday in the USA . In some areas of Canada , particularly in Atlantic Canada and parts of Northern Ontario , most retailers are prohibited from opening on Boxing Day , either by provincial law or by municipal bylaw , or instead by informal agreement among major retailers to provide a day of relaxation following Christmas Day . In these areas , sales otherwise scheduled for 26 December are moved to the 27th . The city council of Greater Sudbury , Ontario , which was the largest city in Canada to maintain this restriction as of the early 2010s , formally repealed its store hours bylaw on 9 December 2014 . In 2009 , many retailers with both online and High Street stores launched their online sales on Christmas Eve and their High Street sales on Boxing Day . Sport ( edit ) Boxing Day Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , 2006 Boxing Day Meet of the Blencathra Foxhounds in Keswick , 1962 In the United Kingdom , it is traditional for both top - tier football leagues in England , Scotland and Northern Ireland , and the lower ones , as well as the rugby leagues , to hold a full programme of football and rugby union matches on Boxing Day . Originally , matches on Boxing Day were played against local rivals to avoid teams and their fans having to travel a long distance to an away game on the day after Christmas Day . Prior to the formation of leagues , a number of traditional rugby union fixtures took place on Boxing Day each year , notably Llanelli v London Welsh and Leicester v The Barbarians . In rugby league , festive fixtures were a staple of the traditional winter season . Since the transition to a summer season in the 1990s , no formal fixtures are now arranged on boxing day but some clubs , such as Wakefield Trinity , arrange a traditional local derby friendly fixture instead . In Australia , New Zealand and South Africa , Test cricket matches are played on Boxing Day : for more details see Boxing Day Test . In Australia , the first day of the Boxing Day Test in Melbourne and the start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race are on Boxing Day . In horse racing , there is the King George VI Chase at Kempton Park Racecourse in Surrey , England . It is the second most prestigious chase in Britain , after the Cheltenham Gold Cup . In addition to the prestigious race at Kempton , in Britain it is usually the day with the highest number of racing meetings of the year , with eight in 2016 , in addition to three more in Ireland . Boxing Day is one of the main days in the hunting calendar for hunts in the UK and US , with most hunts ( both mounted foxhound or harrier packs and foot packs of beagles or bassets ) holding meets , often in town or village centres . Several ice hockey contests are associated with the day . The IIHF World U20 Championship typically begins on 26 December , while the Spengler Cup also begins on 26 December in Davos , Switzerland ; the Spengler Cup competition includes HC Davos , Team Canada , and other top European Hockey teams . The National Hockey League traditionally had close to a full slate of games ( 10 were played in 2011 ) , following the league - wide days off given for Christmas Eve and Christmas Day . However , the 2013 collective bargaining agreement ( which followed a lock - out ) extended the league mandate of Christmas Eve and Christmas Day off to include Boxing Day , except when it falls on a Saturday , in which case the league can choose to make 23 December a league - wide off day instead for that year . In some African Commonwealth nations , particularly Ghana , Uganda , Malawi , Zambia and Tanzania , prize fighting contests are held on Boxing Day . This practice has also been followed for decades in Guyana and Italy . A notable tradition in Sweden is Annandagsbandy , which formerly marked the start of the bandy season and always draws large crowds . Games traditionally begin at 1 : 15 pm . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meghalaya celebrates Boxing Day '' . The Statesman. 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Boxing Day -- December 26 -- is the feast day of Saint Stephen and is also called St. Stephen 's Day . Boxing Day got its name because it was the tradition for employers to give a Christmas gift to their staff on that day -- a Christmas box . Boxing Day is also part of the 12 days of Christmas tradition and is officially classed as the second day of Christmastide . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 2433 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brown , Cameron ( 28 August 2006 ) . Christmas Facts , Figures & Fun : Facts , Figures and Fun . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904332 - 27 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` snopes.com : Boxing Day Origins '' . Snopes.com . Jump up ^ `` Boxing - day , n . '' , OED Online , 1st ed . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1887 ) . Jump up ^ `` Christmas - box , n . '' , OED Online , 1st edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1889 ) , sense 3 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 1953 `` Boxing day '' Jump up ^ `` Saturday 19 December 1663 ( Pepys ' Diary ) '' . Pepysdiary.com . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Collins , 2003 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary , Fourth Edition -- ' Boxing Day ' Jump up ^ Oxford English Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 schedule , 3 December 2004 '' . 17 November 2004 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Year Planner Calendar ; 2010 '' . hraconsulting-ltd.co.uk. 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London Gazette , 18 October 1974 '' . London-gazette.co.uk. 18 October 1974 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays in Scotland -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Public Holidays ^ Jump up to : Manitoba Employment Standards Branch ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` Fact Sheet '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Kentucky Personnel Cabinet . Commonwealth of Kentucky . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays '' . Office of State Human Resources . Raleigh , NC : State of North Carolina . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Code of Laws -- Title 53 -- Sundays , Holidays and Other Special Days '' . Legislative Services Agency . Columbia , SC : State of South Carolina . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Legal Holiday Laws '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Texas State Holidays '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Austin , TX . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts celebrates Boxing Day '' , Associated Press , Sun - Journal , Lewiston , Maine , December 26 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Federal and State Holidays 2017 '' . Public Holidays Global Pty Ltd . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays in Nigeria in 2017 '' . Time and Date . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry Kirby ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Boxing Day sales soar as shoppers flock to malls '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : CTV.ca News Staff ( 26 December 2005 ) . `` Boxing Day expected to rake in $1.8 billion '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day sales to top $2 bn : retailers '' . Special Broadcasting Service . 26 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day still big for bargain hunters despite pre-christmas retail sales '' . Stuff. 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day sales attract ' record ' number of shoppers '' . BBC News . 28 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ashleigh Patterson ( 25 December 2007 ) . `` How to become a Boxing Day shopping pro '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ toronto.ctv.ca ( 26 December 2007 ) . `` Boxing Day begins with early rush of bargain hunters '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ CTV.ca News Staff ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Boxing Day comes early as shoppers search for deals '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the shopping extravaganza that Black Friday has become in Canada '' . Jump up ^ soonews.ca ( 22 December 2007 ) . `` Boxing Day , The Debate Continues '' . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( 26 December 2009 ) . `` Boxing Day madness : shoppers descend on stores looking for deals '' . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Council repeals Sudbury 's store hours bylaw '' . Sudbury Star , 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ IMRG ( 22 December 2009 ) . `` Many retailers ' sales to start on Christmas Eve '' . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Telegraph ( 22 December 2009 ) . `` Boxing Day sales start on Christmas Eve '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Racecards -- 26th December 2016 '' . Racing Post . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of thousands turn out for Boxing Day hunts '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Hockey Schedule for December 26 , 2011 '' . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Hockey League CBA '' ( PDF ) . National Hockey League . p. 101 -- not digital page 101 but the printed 101 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joel ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` Season 's Beatings : ' Boxing Day ' Takes a Pugilistic Turn '' . The Wall Street Journal ( Asia ed . ) . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosqvist , Berndt ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Festligt och fullsatt på stora bandydagen '' ( Festive and packed with great bandy day ) . Dagens Nyheter ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . 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6308033204650186082 | Mussel | Mussel - wikipedia Mussel Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Muscle . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mussel A bed of blue mussels , Mytilus edulis , in the intertidal zone in Cornwall , England Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Mollusca Class : Bivalvia Subclasses Pteriomorphia ( marine mussels ) Palaeoheterodonta ( freshwater mussels ) Heterodonta ( zebra mussels ) Mussel is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs , from saltwater and freshwater habitats . These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams , which are often more or less rounded or oval . The word `` mussel '' is most frequently used to mean the edible bivalves of the marine family Mytilidae , most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone , attached by means of their strong byssal threads ( `` beard '' ) to a firm substrate . A few species ( in the genus Bathymodiolus ) have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges . In most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide , being wedge - shaped or asymmetrical . The external colour of the shell is often dark blue , blackish , or brown , while the interior is silvery and somewhat nacreous . The common name `` mussel '' is also used for many freshwater bivalves , including the freshwater pearl mussels . Freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes , ponds , rivers , creeks , canals , and they are classified in a different subclass of bivalves , despite some very superficial similarities in appearance . Freshwater zebra mussels and their relatives in the family Dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups , even though they resemble many Mytilus species in shape , and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner , using a byssus . They are classified with the Heterodonta , the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as `` clams '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 General anatomy 2 Life habits 2.1 Feeding 2.2 Reproduction 2.3 Predators 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Aquaculture 4.1 Culture methods 4.2 Harvest 5 Medical 6 Environmental applications 7 Mussels and nutrient mitigation 8 Conservation 8.1 Freshwater Mussels 9 As food 9.1 Preparation 9.2 Nutrition highlights 10 See also 11 References 12 External links General anatomy ( edit ) Marine blue mussel , Mytilus edulis , showing some of the inner anatomy . The white posterior adductor muscle is visible in the upper image , and has been cut in the lower image to allow the valves to open fully . Play media Flight around a 3D - Rendering of a μCT - Scan of a young Mytilus that is almost completely covered with Balanidae ( barnacles ) . Resolution of the scan is 29μm / Voxel . The mussel 's external shell is composed of two hinged halves or `` valves '' . The valves are joined together on the outside by a ligament , and are closed when necessary by strong internal muscles ( anterior and posterior adductor muscles ) . Mussel shells carry out a variety of functions , including support for soft tissues , protection from predators and protection against desiccation . The shell has three layers . In the pearly mussels there is an inner iridescent layer of nacre ( mother - of - pearl ) composed of calcium carbonate , which is continuously secreted by the mantle ; the prismatic layer , a middle layer of chalky white crystals of calcium carbonate in a protein matrix ; and the periostracum , an outer pigmented layer resembling a skin . The periostracum is composed of a protein called conchin , and its function is to protect the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids ( especially important in freshwater forms where the decay of leaf materials produces acids ) . Like most bivalves , mussels have a large organ called a foot . In freshwater mussels , the foot is large , muscular , and generally hatchet - shaped . It is used to pull the animal through the substrate ( typically sand , gravel , or silt ) in which it lies partially buried . It does this by repeatedly advancing the foot through the substrate , expanding the end so it serves as an anchor , and then pulling the rest of the animal with its shell forward . It also serves as a fleshy anchor when the animal is stationary . In marine mussels , the foot is smaller , tongue - like in shape , with a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit . In this pit , a viscous secretion is exuded , entering the groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water . This forms extremely tough , strong , elastic , byssal threads that secure the mussel to its substrate allowing it to remain sessile in areas of high flow . The byssal thread is also sometimes used by mussels as a defensive measure , to tether predatory molluscs , such as dog whelks , that invade mussel beds , immobilising them and thus starving them to death . In cooking , the byssus of the mussel is known as the `` beard '' and is removed before the mussels are prepared . Life habits ( edit ) A Mytilus with its byssus clearly showing , at Ocean Beach , San Francisco , California A starfish consuming a mussel in Northern California Feeding ( edit ) Both marine and freshwater mussels are filter feeders ; they feed on plankton and other microscopic sea creatures which are free - floating in seawater . A mussel draws water in through its incurrent siphon . The water is then brought into the branchial chamber by the actions of the cilia located on the gills for ciliary - mucus feeding . The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon . The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth , where digestion begins . Marine mussels are usually found clumping together on wave - washed rocks , each attached to the rock by its byssus . The clumping habit helps hold the mussels firm against the force of the waves . At low tide mussels in the middle of a clump will undergo less water loss because of water capture by the other mussels . Reproduction ( edit ) Both marine and freshwater mussels are gonochoristic , with separate male and female individuals . In marine mussels , fertilization occurs outside the body , with a larval stage that drifts for three weeks to six months , before settling on a hard surface as a young mussel . There , it is capable of moving slowly by means of attaching and detaching byssal threads to attain a better life position . Freshwater mussels reproduce sexually . Sperm is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon . After fertilization , the eggs develop into a larval stage called a glochidium ( plural glochidia ) , which temporarily parasitizes fish , attaching themselves to the fish 's fins or gills . Prior to their release , the glochidia grow in the gills of the female mussel where they are constantly flushed with oxygen - rich water . In some species , release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel 's minnow or other mantle flaps shaped like prey ; an example of aggressive mimicry . Glochidia are generally species - specific , and will only live if they find the correct fish host . Once the larval mussels attach to the fish , the fish body reacts to cover them with cells forming a cyst , where the glochidia remain for two to five weeks ( depending on temperature ) . They grow , break free from the host , and drop to the bottom of the water to begin an independent life . Predators ( edit ) Marine mussels are eaten by humans , starfish , seabirds , and by numerous species of predatory marine gastropods in the family Muricidae , such as the dog whelk , Nucella lapillus . Freshwater mussels are eaten by otters , raccoons , ducks , baboons , humans ( off the coast of South Africa ) and geese , although the main cause of mortality is starfish . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Mussels completely covering rocks in intertidal zone , in Dalian , Liaoning Province , China Marine mussels are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally . Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas , but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones . Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt marshes or quiet bays , while others thrive in pounding surf , completely covering wave - washed rocks . Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents . The South African white mussel exceptionally does n't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes . Freshwater mussels inhabit permanent lakes , rivers , canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions . They require a constant source of cool , clean water . They prefer water with a substantial mineral content , using calcium carbonate to build their shells . Aquaculture ( edit ) Mussel dredgers Bouchots are marine pilings for growing mussels , here shown at an agricultural fair . Bamboo is used for mussel breeding and propagation ( Abucay , Bataan , Philippines ) . In 2005 , China accounted for 40 % of the global mussel catch according to a FAO study . Within Europe , where mussels have been cultivated for centuries , Spain remained the industry leader . Aquaculture of mussels in North America began in the 1970s . In the US , the northeast and northwest have significant mussel aquaculture operations , where Mytilus edulis ( blue mussel ) is most commonly grown . While the mussel industry in the US has increased , in North America , 80 % of cultured mussels are produced in Prince Edward Island in Canada . In Washington State , an estimated 2.9 M pounds of mussels were harvested in 2010 , valued at roughly $4.3 M . Culture methods ( edit ) Longline culture ( rope culture ) mussel farm in Bay of Kotor , ( Montenegro ) . Freshwater mussels are used as host animals for the cultivation of freshwater pearls . Some species of marine mussel , including the Blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) and the New Zealand green - lipped mussel ( Perna canaliculus ) , are also cultivated as a source of food . In some areas of the world , mussel farmers collect naturally occurring marine mussel seed for transfer to more appropriate growing areas , however , most North American mussel farmers rely on hatchery - produced seed . Growers typically purchase seed after it has set ( about 1mm in size ) or after it has been nursed in upwellers for 3 - 6 additional weeks and is 2 - 3mm . The seed is then typically reared in a nursery environment , where it is transferred to a material with a suitable surface for later relocation to the growing area . After about three months in the nursery , mussel seed is `` socked '' ( placed in a tube - like mesh material ) and hung on longlines or rafts for grow - out . Within a few days , the mussels migrate to the outside of the sock for better access food sources in the water column . Mussels grow quickly and are usually ready for harvest in less than two years . Unlike other cultured bivalves , mussels use byssus threads ( beard ) to attach themselves to any firm substrate , which makes them suitable for a number of culture methods . There are a variety of techniques for growing mussels . Bouchot culture : Intertidal growth technique , or bouchot technique : pilings , known in French as bouchots , are planted at sea ; ropes , on which the mussels grow , are tied in a spiral on the pilings ; some mesh netting prevents the mussels from falling away . This method needs an extended tidal zone . On - bottom culture : On - bottom culture is based on the principle of transferring mussel seed ( spat ) from areas where they have settled naturally to areas where they can be placed in lower densities to increase growth rates , facilitate harvest , and control predation ( Mussel farmers must remove predators and macroalgae during the growth cycle ) . Raft culture : Raft culture is a commonly used method throughout the world . Lines of rope mesh socks are seeded with young mussels and suspended vertically from a raft . The specific length of the socks depends on depth and food availability . Longline culture ( rope culture ) : Mussels are cultivated extensively in New Zealand , where the most common method is to attach mussels to ropes which are hung from a rope back - bone supported by large plastic floats . The most common species cultivated in New Zealand is the New Zealand green - lipped mussel . Longline culture is the most recent development for mussel culture and are often used as an alternative to raft culture in areas that are more exposed to high wave energy . A long - line is suspended by a series of small anchored floats and ropes or socks of mussels are then suspended vertically from the line . Harvest ( edit ) In roughly 12 -- 15 months , mussels reach marketable size ( 40mm ) and are ready for harvest . Harvesting methods depend on the grow - out area and the rearing method being used . Dredges are currently used for on - bottom culture . Mussels grown on wooden poles can be harvested by hand or with a hydraulic powered system . For raft and longline culture , a platform is typically lowered under the mussel lines , which are then cut from the system and brought to the surface and dumped into containers on a nearby vessel . After harvest , mussels are typically placed in seawater tanks to rid them of impurities before marketing . Cleaning mussels in a mussel farm ( Bay of Kotor , Montenegro ) . Medical ( edit ) Byssal threads , used to anchor mussels to substrates , are now recognized as superior bonding agents . A number of studies have investigated mussel `` glues '' for industrial and surgical applications . Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into the construction of artificial tendons . Environmental applications ( edit ) Mussels are widely used as bio-indicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments . They are particularly useful since they are distributed worldwide and they are sessile . These characteristics ensure that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed . Their population status or structure , physiology , behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the status of the ecosystem . Mussels and nutrient mitigation ( edit ) Marine nutrient bioextraction is the practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of reducing nutrient pollution . Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consume phytoplankton containing nutrients such as nitrogen ( N ) and phosphorus ( P ) . On average , one live mussel is 1.0 % N and 0.1 % P. When the mussels are harvested and removed , these nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the form of seafood or mussel biomass , which can be used as an organic fertilizer or animal feed - additive . These ecosystem services provided by mussels are of particular interest to those hoping to mitigate excess anthropogenic marine nutrients , particularly in eutrophic marine systems . While mussel aquaculture is actually promoted in some countries such as Sweden as a water management strategy to address coastal eutrophication , mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation tool is still in its infancy in most parts of the world . Ongoing efforts in the Baltic Sea ( Denmark , Sweden , Germany , Poland ) and Long Island Sound and Puget Sound in the U.S. are currently examining nutrient uptake , cost - effectiveness , and potential environmental impacts of mussel farming as a means to mitigate excess nutrients and complement traditional wastewater treatment programs . Conservation ( edit ) Freshwater mussels ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , areas home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world , there are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa . Of the 297 known species , 213 ( 71.7 % ) taxa are listed as endangered , threatened , of special concern . The main factors contributing to the decline of freshwater mussels include destruction from dams , increased siltation , channel modification , and the introduction of invasive species like the Zebra mussel . As food ( edit ) Mussel farm , New Zealand . The Asian green mussel , Perna viridis , gathered in Chonburi Province , Thailand Humans have used mussels as food for thousands of years . About 17 species are edible , of which the most commonly eaten are Mytilus edulis , M. galloprovincialis , M. trossellus and Perna canaliculus . Freshwater mussels nowadays are generally considered to be unpalatable , though the native peoples in North America ate them extensively . During the second World War in the United States , mussels were commonly served in diners . This was due to the unavailability of red meat related to wartime rationing . In Belgium , the Netherlands , and France , mussels are consumed with french fries ( `` mosselen met friet '' or `` moules - frites '' ) or bread . In Belgium , mussels are sometimes served with fresh herbs and flavorful vegetables in a stock of butter and white wine . Fries and Belgian beer sometimes are accompaniments . In the Netherlands , mussels are sometimes served fried in batter or breadcrumbs , particularly at take - out food outlets or informal settings . In France , the Éclade des Moules , or , locally , Terré de Moules , is a mussel bake that can be found along the beaches of the Bay of Biscay . In Italy , mussels are mixed with other sea food , they are consumed often steam cooked ( most popular ) , sometimes with white wine , herbs , and served with the remaining water and some lemon . In Spain , they are consumed mostly steam cooked , sometimes boiling white wine , onion and herbs , and served with the remaining water and some lemon . They can also be eaten as `` tigres '' , a sort of croquette using the mussel meat , shrimps and other pieces of fish in a thick bechamel then breaded and fried in the clean mussel shell . They are used in other sort of dishes such as rices or soups or commonly eaten canned in a pickling brine made of oil , vinegar , peppercorns , bay leaves and paprika . In Turkey , mussels are either covered with flour and fried on shishs ( ' midye tava ' ) , or filled with rice and served cold ( ' midye dolma ' ) and are usually consumed after alcohol ( mostly raki or beer ) . They are used in Ireland boiled and seasoned with vinegar , with the `` bray '' or boiling water as a supplementary hot drink . In Cantonese cuisine , mussels are cooked in a broth of garlic and fermented black bean . In New Zealand , they are served in a chili or garlic - based vinaigrette , processed into fritters and fried , or used as the base for a chowder . In India , mussels are popular in Kerala , Maharashtra , Karnataka - Bhatkal , and Goa . They are either prepared with drumsticks , breadfruit or other vegetables , or filled with rice and coconut paste with spices and served hot . Fried mussels ( ' Kadukka ' കടുക്ക in Malayalam ) of north Kerala especially in Kozhikode are a spicy , favored delicacy . In coastal Karnataka Beary 's prepare special rice ball stuffed with spicy fried mussels and steamed locally known as `` pachilede pindi '' . Preparation ( edit ) Moules frites A mussel dish with cherry tomatoes and croutons Simple mussels roasting in a mussel farm ( Bay of Kotor , Montenegro . Mussels can be smoked , boiled , steamed , roasted , barbecued or fried in butter or vegetable oil . As with all shellfish , except shrimp , mussels should be checked to ensure they are still alive just before they are cooked ; enzymes quickly break down the meat and make them unpalatable or poisonous after dying or uncooked . Some mussels might contain toxins . A simple criterion is that live mussels , when in the air , will shut tightly when disturbed . Open , unresponsive mussels are dead , and must be discarded . Unusually heavy , wild - caught , closed mussels may be discarded as they may contain only mud or sand . ( They can be tested by slightly opening the shell halves . ) A thorough rinse in water and removal of `` the beard '' is suggested . Mussel shells usually open when cooked , revealing the cooked soft parts . Historically , it has been believed that after cooking all the mussels should have opened and those that have not are not safe to eat and should be discarded . However , according to marine biologist Nick Ruello , this advice may have arisen from an old , poorly researched cookbook 's advice , which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish . Ruello found 11.5 % of all mussels failed to open during cooking , but when forced open , 100 % were `` both adequately cooked and safe to eat . '' Although mussels are valued as food , mussel poisoning due to toxic planktonic organisms can be a danger along some coastlines . For instance , mussels should be avoided along the west coast of the United States during the warmer months . This poisoning is usually due to a bloom of dinoflagellates ( red tides ) , which contain toxins . The dinoflagellates and their toxin are harmless to mussels , even when concentrated by the mussel 's filter feeding , but if the mussels are consumed by humans , the concentrated toxins cause serious illness , such as paralytic shellfish poisoning . A person affected in this way after eating mussels is said to be musselled . Nutrition highlights ( edit ) Raw blue mussels Serving size 3 ounces ( 85 g ) Calories 70 Protein 10.1 g Carbohydrate 3.1 g Fiber 0.0 g Total fat 1.9 g Saturated fat 0.4 g Sodium 243 mg Excellent source of : selenium ( 44.8 μg ) , and vitamin B12 ( 12 μg ) Good source of : zinc ( 1.6 mg ) , and folate ( 42 μg ) Foods that are an `` excellent source '' of a particular nutrient provide 20 % or more of the recommended daily value . Foods that are a `` good source '' of a particular nutrient provide between 10 and 20 % of the recommended daily value . See also ( edit ) Marine life portal Food portal Clam Oyster Zebra mussel California mussel Dwarf wedgemussel Water purification References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( 22 May 2009 ) . `` Mussel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Eleonora ; Waite , J. Herbert ( 2001 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Yield and Post-Yield Behavior of Mussel Byssal Thread : A Self - Healing Biomolecular Material '' . Biomacromolecules. 2 ( 3 ) : 906 -- 911 . doi : 10.1021 / bm0100514 . ISSN 1525 - 7797 . Jump up ^ China catches 0.77 m tonnes of mussels in 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Mussel Culture in British Columbia '' . BC Shellfish Growers Association . Jump up ^ Calta , Marialisa ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Mussels on Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northern Economics , Inc . `` The Economic Impact of Shellfish Aquaculture in Washington , Oregon and California '' ( PDF ) . Prepared for Pacific Shellfish Institute . Retrieved April 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme , Mytilus edulis '' . FAO . Jump up ^ Bilic , Grozdana ; Brubaker , Carrie ; Messersmith , Phillip B. ; Mallik , Ajit S. ; Quinn , Thomas M. ; Haller , Claudia ; Done , Elisa ; Gucciardo , Leonardo ; Zeisberger , Steffen M. ; Zimmermann , Roland ; Deprest , Jan ; Zisch , Andreas H. ( 2010 ) . `` Injectable candidate sealants for fetal membrane repair : bonding and toxicity in vitro '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 202 ( 1 ) : 85. e1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2009.07. 051 . PMC 2837921 . PMID 20096254 . Lay summary -- Science Daily ( January 23 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Qin , Zhao ; Buehler , Markus J. ( 2013 ) . `` Impact tolerance in mussel thread networks by heterogeneous material distribution '' . Nature Communications . 4 : 2187 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3187 . PMID 23880603 . Lay summary -- redOrbit ( July 24 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Mussel Watch Programme Archived 2015 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Lindahl , O , Hernroth , R. , Kollberg , S. , Loo , L. - O , Olrog , L. , Rehnstam - Holm , A. - S. , Svensson , J. , Svensson S. , Syversen , U. ( 2005 ) . `` Improving marine water quality by mussel farming : A profitable solution for Swedish society '' . Ambio. 34 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 138 . doi : 10.1579 / 0044 - 7447 - 34.2. 131 . PMID 15865310 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ribbed Mussel Pilot Study in the Bronx River , New York City '' . Long Island Sound Study . Jump up ^ `` Nutrient Mitigation '' . Puget Sound Restoration Fund . ^ Jump up to : Haag , Wendell ( 2012 ) . North American Freshwater Mussels : Natural History , Ecology , and Conservation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521199384 . Jump up ^ Williams , James D. ; Jr , Melvin L. Warren ; Cummings , Kevin S. ; Harris , John L. ; Neves , Richard J. ( 1993 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Conservation Status of Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada '' . Fisheries. 18 ( 9 ) : 6 -- 22 . doi : 10.1577 / 1548 - 8446 ( 1993 ) 0182.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0363 - 2415 . Jump up ^ Zeldes , Leah A. ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Eat this ! Mussels , mighty fine mollusks '' . Dining Chicago . Chicago 's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Alton Brown , Good Eats , Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Poisoning - fish and shellfish Jump up ^ `` Mussel myth an open and shut case '' . ABC Science . 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : mussel ( verb ) . Jump up ^ `` Calories in Mussel , raw Nutrition , Carbohydrate and Calorie Counter '' . Calorieking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Full Nutrition Info and calories in Raw Blue Mussels '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mussel . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Mussel Look up mussel in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The MUSSEL Project - Hosted by The University of Alabama and Funded by The National Science Foundation MolluSCAN eye , online biomonitoring project hosted by the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS Freshwater Mussel Genera Methods of mussel farming Mississippi River Mussels Marine Ecology Station Nutrition Facts for Mussels Commercial mollusks Marine gastropods Abalone Periwinkle Whelk Buccinum undatum Bullacta exarata Land and freshwater gastropods Helix pomatia Helix aspersa Helix aperta Cepaea nemoralis Otala lactea Escargot Free - swimming marine bivalves Scallop Queen scallop Pecten maximus Pecten jacobaeus Argopecten irradians Placopecten magellanicus Infaunal bivalves Clam Atlantic surf clam Soft - shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria Austrovenus stutchburyi Saxidomus nuttalli Arctica islandica Cockle Geoduck Spisula solidissima Paphies ventricosa Paphies australis Tuatua Ruditapes largillierti Grooved carpet shell Sessile bivalves Oyster Mussel Pearl oyster Pinctada maxima Freshwater bivalves Freshwater pearl mussel Cephalopods Octopus Squid Techniques Heliciculture Gathering by hand Clam digging Dredging Oyster farming Oyster boats Pearl farming Pearl diving Ama divers Trawling List of fishing topics by subject Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Saury Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Sprat european Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Alaska pollock Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Rockfish Smelt - whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more ... Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp more ... Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more ... Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more ... Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Gilt - head bream Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Commercial species Fishing topics Fisheries glossary Edible mollusks Bivalves Clams Atlantic jackknife Atlantic surf Geoduck Grooved carpet shell Hard clam Horse Mactra stultorum Blunt gaper Ocean quahog Pacific razor Venus California butterclam Senilia senilis Smooth clam Soft - shell Triangle shell Tuatua Japanese littleneck Razor clam Pod razor Ensis ( razor genus ) Paphies Cockles Common Blood Goolwa New Zealand Sydney Mussels Blue Mediterranean New Zealand green - lipped California Brown Asian / Philippine green Date Mytilidae ( mussel family ) Oysters Auckland Eastern Olympia Southern mud Colchester native Pacific Portuguese Windowpane Rock Sydney rock Ostra chilena / Bluff Gillardeau oysters Crassostrea ( `` true oyster '' genus ) Scallops Atlantic bay Great / king New Zealand Pecten jacobaeus Peruvian calico Yesso Placopecten magellanicus Gastropods Abalone White Red Black Green Pink Blacklip Greenlip Green ormer Pāua ( group of three species ) South African abalone Chilean Conches Queen Elegant Dog Limpets Black - foot opihi / Hawaiian Turtle / talc Yellow - foot opihi China Common European Rayed Mediterranean Ribbed Mediterranean Rustic Periwinkles Common Banded Littorina sitkana Whelks Common Kellet 's Knobbed Lightning Channeled Other snails Sea Mud - flat Korean mud Chorus giganteus Land Cornu aspersum Helix lucorum Helix pomatia Freshwater Nerites Inkfish Cuttlefish Spineless Bottletail Octopus Common Atlantic white - spotted Big blue Pacific giant Southern red Mimic Amphioctopus fangsiao Squid New Zealand arrow Japanese flying Humboldt Neon flying Chitons Chiton magnificus Acanthopleura granulata Related topics Oyster farming Land snail farming Gastropod anatomy Bivalve anatomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussel&oldid=822173271 '' Categories : Belgian cuisine Commercial molluscs Marine edible bivalves Mollusc common names Conservation Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 20 : 42 . 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-6159413466190492675 | Celebs Go Dating (series 3) | Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) Promotional poster Starring Eden Blackman Nadia Essex Tom Read Wilson Dr Pam Spurr Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 20 ( 1 unaired ) Release Original network E4 Original release 4 September ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- 29 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 The third series of the British reality dating programme Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017 . It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016 . The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love . The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts , and Tom Read Wilson as the agency 's receptionist . An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air , seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time . The show 's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening 's episode hours before airing . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show would return on 18 September . Scenes from the pulled episode were broadcast on 18 September . The series was also cut down from 20 episodes to 19 episodes . On 27 September 2017 , Blackman confirmed that the show had been renewed for a fourth series , set to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Dating timeline 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) A third series was announced alongside the second series in November 2016 . It was filmed over three months . Nadia Essex and Eden Blackman returned as the dating experts , along with receptionist Tom Read Wilson . Psychologist Dr. Pam Spurr helped the celebrities get in touch with their feelings and analyse their body language . The series features same - sex relationships for the first time , as well as blind and silent dating . Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 for four weeks . Cast ( edit ) The Only Way Is Essex cast member Bobby Norris was confirmed to be appearing in the series in May 2017 . He previously made a brief appearance at the end of the second series . Norris became the first gay man to appear on the show . Norris 's co-star James Argent also joined the cast , making his first television appearance since quitting The Only Way Is Essex earlier in the year . They were joined by television presenter Sarah - Jane Crawford , The X Factor finalist and singer Frankie Cocozza , Made in Chelsea 's Georgia Toffolo , model and television personality Calum Best , and Charlotte Dawson from Ex on the Beach . American reality star Courtney Stodden joined the cast in July , and made her first appearance in the show during the third week . Celebrities Known for Notes Bobby Norris Television personality James Argent Television personality Sarah - Jane Crawford Television presenter Not in the first 5 episodes Frankie Cocozza Singer Not in the first 6 episodes Georgia Toffolo Television personality Calum Best Model and television personality Charlotte Dawson Television personality Courtney Stodden Television personality Not in the first 12 episodes Dating timeline ( edit ) Perfect plus one date Unsuccessful date Second or fourth date was a fail Went on more than one date Successful couple Unsuccessful couple Not on show Two celebs went to the final party together as a couple Celeb or date did not show up Celebrity Singles Mixer One Date One Date Two Date Three Singles Mixer Two ( Girls ) Singles Mixer Two ( Boys ) Date Four Date Five Date Six Speed Dating One Date Seven Date Eight Date Nine Date Ten Date Eleven Date Twelve Final Bobby Norris Paul Jack Not at mixer Jack Andrew N / A Sion Jack N / A Jack James Argent Yasemin Holly Not at mixer Victoria Chantel Sinitta Serena Yasemin Jessica Emily N / A Yasemin Sarah - Jane Crawford Not on show Will Not at mixer Will Adrian N / A Dean Neil Kieron N / A Kieron Frankie Cocozza Not on show Not at mixer Katrina N / A Katie Jourdan N / A Charlotte Georgia Toffolo Laurent Adam Benjie Angus Not at mixer Angus N / A Did n't find a date Rufus Jackson N / A Jackson Calum Best Naomi Louise N / A Not at mixer Did n't find a date Izzy Victoria N / A Victoria Celine Victoria N / A Victoria Charlotte Dawson Jordan Shaun James Travis Not at mixer Travis Harry Chris Kieran Joe N / A Frankie Courtney Stodden Not on show Liam Kirk Adrian Jeremy Adrian Episodes ( edit ) Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 36 Episode 1 4 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04TAutumn ) 0.819 Celebs Go Dating returns to E4 for a third series . 37 Episode 2 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05TAutumn ) 0.724 38 Episode 3 6 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06TAutumn ) 0.703 39 Episode 4 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07TAutumn ) TBA 40 5 Episode 5 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08TAutumn ) TBA 41 6 Episode 6 11 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11TAutumn ) 0.576 42 7 Episode 7 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12TAutumn ) 0.575 43 8 Episode 8 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13TAutumn ) 0.626 44 9 Episode 9 14 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14TAutumn ) TBA 45 10 Episode 10 18 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18TAutumn ) TBA Note : An episode was due to be aired on 15 September but was pulled from broadcast moments before it was about to air . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show will return on 18 September . The best moments from the scheduled episode were combined with the episode scheduled to be aired on 18 September so no footage was left unaired . 46 11 Episode 11 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19TAutumn ) TBA 47 12 Episode 12 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20TAutumn ) TBA 48 13 Episode 13 21 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21TAutumn ) TBA 49 14 Episode 14 22 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22TAutumn ) TBA 50 15 Episode 15 25 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25TAutumn ) TBA 51 16 Episode 16 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26TAutumn ) TBA 52 17 Episode 17 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27TAutumn ) TBA 53 18 Episode 18 28 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28TAutumn ) TBA 54 19 Celebs Go Dating : The Final 29 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29TAutumn ) TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saunders , Emmeline ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Reason Celebs Go Dating was pulled from E4 schedule without warning revealed '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Series 3 '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Westbrook , Caroline ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` 12 behind the scenes secrets from Celebs Go Dating -- as revealed by Eden Blackman '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Celebs Go Dating ( @ CelebsGoDating ) ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` We are pleased to announce that Celebs Go Dating will be back on @ E4Tweets in 2017 , with not just one series but 2 ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 1 October 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bhunjun , Avinash ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating : What 's new ? When is it on ? What channel ? And Line - up ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Tasha ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating was full of cringe group therapy and a gross date for Courtney Stodden '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Bobby Norris becomes first ever gay star to sign up to Celebs Go Dating '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Ellie ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Frankie Cocozza , Sarah - Jane Crawford and MIC 's Toff join new Celebs Go Dating line - up '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Stodden hoping to find love on Celebs Go Dating - report '' . Belfast Telegraph . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ellie ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating : Courtney Stodden reveals SHOCKING past as the 22 year old blonde admits to dating a 78 year old man '' . OK ! . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes -- E4 Total '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Celebs Go Dating at Channel4.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebs_Go_Dating_(series_3)&oldid=803321468 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons British dating and relationship reality television series British LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use British English from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 20 : 05 . About Wikipedia | when does celebs go dating series 3 start | [
"The third series of the British reality dating programme Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017. It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016. The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, and Tom Read Wilson as the agency's receptionist."
] | [
"4 September 2017"
] |
-8785728513543482888 | Federalism in India | Federalism in India - wikipedia Federalism in India hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Constitution of India gives a federal structure to the Republic of India , declaring it to be a `` Union of the States '' . Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative , administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government , and the States of India . The legislative powers are categorised under the Union List , a State List and a Concurrent List , representing , respectively , the powers conferred upon the Union government , those conferred upon the State governments and the shared powers . The federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all that same . The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under the Article 370 . The Union Territories are unitary type directly governed by the Union government though Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution stipulates a two tier - governance with an additional local elected government by the local citizens throughout the country . However , Delhi and Puducherry have been accorded their own legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A respectively . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The fundamental rights of the citizens can be applicable differently to each state per Article 31 ( B ) when the required changes are added to the schedule IX of the constitution by constitutional amendments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative powers 1.1 Union List 1.2 State List 1.3 Concurrent List 1.4 Residuary Subjects 2 Executive powers 3 Financial powers 4 Disputes with Union / other states 5 Territories of India 6 Jammu and Kashmir state 7 Criticism and issues 8 Comparison of federalism in Government of India Act 1935 and Constitution of India 1950 9 Comparison with USA and EU 10 See also 11 References Legislative powers ( edit ) The power of the states and the Centre are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists : Union List ( edit ) Main article : Union List Union List consists of 100 items ( previously 97 items ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including : defence , armed forces , arms and ammunition , atomic energy , foreign affairs , war and peace , citizenship , extradition , railways , shipping and navigation , airways , posts and telegraphs , telephones , wireless and broadcasting , currency , foreign trade , inter-state trade and commerce , banking , insurance , control of industries , regulation and development of mines , mineral and oil resources , elections , audit of Government accounts , constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court , High Courts and union public service commission , income tax , custom duties and export duties , duties of excise , corporation tax , taxes on capital value of assets , estate duty , terminal taxes . State List ( edit ) Main article : State List State List consists of 61 items ( previously 66 items ) . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : maintaining law and order , police forces , healthcare , transport , land policies , electricity in the state , village administration , etc . The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects . But in certain circumstances , the parliament can also make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List , then the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) has to pass a resolution with a two - thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate on this state list in the national interest . Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List , articles 249 , 250 , 252 , and 253 state situations in which the Union government can legislate on these items . Concurrent List ( edit ) Main article : Concurrent List Concurrent List consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) items . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : Marriage and divorce , transfer of property other than agricultural land , education , contracts , bankruptcy and insolvency , trustees and trusts , civil procedure , contempt of court , adulteration of foodstuffs , drugs and poisons , economic and social planning , trade unions , labour welfare , electricity , newspapers , books and printing press , stamp duties . Residuary subjects ( edit ) The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects . However , there are many provisions made in the constitution outside these lists permitting parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate . Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245 , the power to legislate on residuary subjects ( not mentioned anywhere in the constitution ) , rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248 . Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the procedure per Article 368 as constitutional amendments . In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended , the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per Article 368 with ratification by the majority of the states . Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution which can not be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court . Executive powers ( edit ) The Union and states have independent executive staffs fully controlled by their respective governments and executive power of the states and the Centre are extended on issues they are empowered to legislate . As in legislative matters , in administrative matters also , the Central government can not overrule the constitutional rights / powers of a state government except when president rule is promulgated in a state . It is the duty of the Union to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution as per Article 355 . Article 256 of the Constitution has made it clear that the State governments can not go against the Central laws in administrative matters . When a State has failed to work according to the Constitution , President 's rule is imposed under Article 356 and President takes over its ( the State 's ) administration with post facto consent of the Parliament per Article 357 . Financial powers ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available to the states for public purpose . Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the Union government . However , the Union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India . President constitutes a Finance Commission after every five years to recommend the modality for devolving Union government revenues between central and state governments . Under Article 360 of the constitution , President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the Central government . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by a simple majority . It has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the supreme court and high courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe certain principles ( economy measures ) relating to financial matters . Disputes with Union / other states ( edit ) States can make agreements between themselves without violating applicable laws in respective states . When a dispute arises with another state or group of states or Union Territory or central government , Supreme Court shall adjudicate in such disputes per Article 141 of the constitution . However , article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of any dispute in the use , distribution or control of the interstate river waters per Article 262 . Under Article 263 , President can also establish an interstate council for serving the public interest to coordinate / resolve the disputes between states and the Union and for better implementation of policies . Territories of India ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) of the Indian constitution says that India ( Bharat ) shall be Union of States which are elaborated under Parts V ( The Union ) and VI ( The States ) of the constitution . Article 1 ( 3 ) says territories of India constitute territories of states , union territories and other acquired territories . The concept of union territory was not there from the beginning of the constitution and it was incorporated by the Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 . In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India , it is applicable to the whole country including union territories . Where it refers to only India , it is applicable to all states only but not to union territories . Thus , union public service commission role is not applicable to the union territories as it refers to India only in the Part XIV . Jammu and Kashmir state ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a separate set of applicable laws under Article 370 read with Appendix I & II ( The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 ) of the Indian constitution . Only matters related to defence , foreign relations and communications of Jammu and Kashmir are under the jurisdiction of Union government . The laws enacted by the parliament ( including amendments to the Indian constitution ) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly . The Government of India can declare a state of emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose governor 's rule in certain conditions . The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution . Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two - thirds majority by the state assembly . Part VI ( The states ) and Part XIV ( Services ) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308 . Criticism and issues ( edit ) The Government of India Act 1935 aimed to establish India as a Federation of States . It emphasized division of powers , independent and apolitical Governors and Governors - General and introduced provincial autonomy for the first time in India . On 26 January 1950 , India adopted a new constitution . The unitary bias of the constitution Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution says India shall be a union of states and its citizens shall have at least two tier governance . So the people of a UT have every right to opt for statehood in India . However , the amended ( in 1956 ) Article 3 , allows the union government power with prior consent of the President ( common head of states and union governments ) to ( a ) form a new state / UT by separating a territory of any state , or by uniting two or more states / UTs or parts of states / UTs , or by uniting any territory to a part of any state / UT . ( b ) the power to establish new states / UT ( which were not previously under India 's territory ) which were not in existence before . Appointment and role of governors The appointment of Governor of States in India is vested with the President but only on the advice of the Union Government . The governors of states are generally not residents of the state . In the case of a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state , Article 356 brings about state emergency which dissolves the state government and results in President 's rule during which the Union Government can make laws for a state . There is no emergency at the centre which can dissolve the Union government unlike Government of India Act 1935 . Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following the adoption of the new constitution especially during the prime ministry of Indira Gandhi . In 1991 , Supreme court passed a landmark judgement which acknowledged misuse of the article and laid down principles for the Union government to follow before the state emergency can be invoked . The Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories of India are designed as administrators and are once again appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government . These Lieutenant Governors can override policies made by the local government . Economic federalism States are at liberty to manage their finances as long it is not leading to financial emergency per Article 360 . Instead , the Government of India is trying to impose uniform taxation laws throughout India and trying to take over of tax collection mechanism of states without regards for the positive and negative inherent aspects of each state which are to be addressed by each state from time to time . Recently Supreme court upheld the constitutional right of states to impose Entry Tax which is against the principle of GST . Control of industries , which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act , was transferred to the Union List . The Union government in 1952 introduced the repulsive Freight equalisation policy which resulted in the resource drain and backwardness of a number of Indian states . The sufferers of this policy were the states of West Bengal , Bihar ( including present - day Jharkhand ) , Madhya Pradesh ( including present - day Chhattisgarh ) and Orissa . These states lost their competitive advantage of holding the minerals , as the factories could now be set up anywhere in India . This was not the case in the pre-independence era when the major business houses like the Tatas and the Dalmias set up industries in these states , and most of the engineering industry was located in the state of West Bengal . Even after the removal of the policy in the early 1990s , these states could not catch up with the more industrialised states . In 1996 , the Commerce & Industry Minister of West Bengal complained that `` the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies can not compensate for the ill that has already been done '' . GoI laws permit a private / public limited company to raise loans internally and externally to its capacity based on its performance / repayment reputation . Whereas states are unconstitutionally limited by the GoI to limit the borrowings when they have not defaulted / led to a financial emergency . The employees ' salary and pension expenditure of many state governments are exceeding their total revenue , but no financial emergency by the President is imposed to restrict the expenditure for enhancing the productivity of the government employees . Article 47 of Directive Principles of the state policy stipulates prohibition of intoxicating drinks which are injurious to health but it is not imposed even after the constitution is adopted 65 years ago . In contrary , many states promote liquor sales exponentially and collect a major chunk of their tax revenues from liquor sales for meeting expenditure on developmental works . The political economy issues GoI is devolving central funds to the states under specifically identified schemes ( like NREGA , etc . ) whose implementation by the states is subject to the satisfaction of the GoI which is highly controversial and against Article 282 . The controversy arises from the fact that the grants for centrally sponsored schemes and central plan schemes are under complete control and discretion of the ruling party . The ruling party does not use it to help the states in need or where poor people are concentrated , but to pursue its own partisan and political goals . This distributive tendency of the ruling party is known as pork - barrel politics . The nomenclature of schemes is specifically designed to convey that the central government is the source of these progressive policies . This is done to prevent leakage of benefit to state governments . Comparison of federalism in government of India Act 1935 and constitution of India 1950 ( edit ) Government of India Act 1935 Constitution of India Defines India as a Federation of States Defines India as a Union of States Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the Instrument of Accession States have no right to leave the Union . The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of Jammu & Kashmir via Article 370 . Princely states could have their own constitution Only Jammu & Kashmir has its own constitution . Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins , use state flags , follow own civil and criminal codes and maintain state paramilitary forces With the exception of Jammu & Kashmir , no state can follow a separate criminal code . Only Goa has a different civil code . Paramilitary forces are controlled by Union government only . No state can mint currency . The Emperor of India and Governor - General of India are apolitical heads of state The President of India is an indirectly elected head of state . Governors of provinces are appointed by the Governor - General and apolitical Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government . Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state Governors of states need not be residents of the state . Right to create , modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor - General of India Right to create , modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India . Powers are divided into Federal , Concurrent and Provincial lists Powers are divided into Union , Concurrent and State lists Residuary powers are vested with the Governor - General of India Residuary powers are vested with the Parliament of India . A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor - General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period . Provincial assembly remains dissolved . State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period . State assembly remains dissolved . A central emergency is declared by the Governor - General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period . Central legislative assembly remains dissolved . There is no concept of central or Union emergency . Parliament should always be functional . Judicial matters like clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor - General on the advice of judicial councils Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government . Railways and Industries are subject matters in concurrent list Railways and Industries are subject matters in Union List . Freedom of movement throughout the British Empire and right to own property and settle only in respective provinces Freedom of movement throughout India and right to own property and settle anywhere in India except Jammu & Kashmir . Amendment in the Act is not possible unless made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom Amendment of many articles in the constitution can be made by two - thirds of majority in the Parliament . Some articles would need the assent of half of the state legislatures as well . Comparison with usa and eu ( edit ) Indian federalism comparison with United States ( USA ) and European Union ( EU ) USA EU India A state can not come out of the Union It is a loosely held federation of sovereign countries with monetary union only . A state can leave the union at any time Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the constitution . Territory is ceded to Bangladesh under the 9 and 100 constitutional amendment acts . Merging or splitting of a state not allowed except with the consent of the states affected and the Congress Merging or splitting of a country possible with the citizens consent of respective countries Constitution provides provision for merging with another state or splitting of a state into few states and such powers are vested with the Central Government alone under Article 3 . Head of the Union is directly elected by its citizens through popular electoral college . It is a presidential democracy No head of the Union created . Head of state ( President of India ) is indirectly elected whereas head of the Union government ( Prime minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the House of the People who is not directly elected by the people throughout the country and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Lok Sabha constituency as a member of House of the People or can be indirectly elected as the member of Council of States . Heads of the States are directly elected by their citizens . Heads of constituent units are directly or indirectly elected Head of state ( governor ) is appointed by the Union Government whereas head of the state government ( chief minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the Vidhan Sabha who is not directly elected by the people throughout the state and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Vidhan Sabha constituency as a member of State Legislature . Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states The main purpose of the Union is for the free movement of labour and goods across the states Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states per Articles 301 and 303 . Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 protects the interests of migrant workmen . A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of union government A single currency , individual foreign policy and individual armed forces A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of Union government . Every state has constitutional rights to impose taxes and raise debt . EU body has no power to raise taxes and works as a common central bank of all countries except for the United Kingdom Every state has constitutional rights to impose certain taxes and raise debt . Part of Union government revenue is devolved to the states for public purposes . Predominantly , people speak one language and follow one religion under a secular constitution Multilingual people with predominantly following one religion under secular constitutions Multilingual and multiracial people following multi religions under a secular constitution . Highly developed democratic country Highly developed democratic countries Developing and largest democratic country with one sixth of the world population . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Th effectiveness of executive and lawmakers hampered by inefficient functioning and corruption . Uneasy relationship of the executive with judiciary with attempts to bring latter under its control . Instances of attempts by Central Government to try to topple opposition - ruled states by unconstitutional means . High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . Subsstandard and delayed justice delivery set up in a constitutional democracy . Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts do not give any reasons for not taking up a case for proceedings and many important cases which needs constitutional interpretation keep on pending for many years under the pressure of executive . Highest Judiciary does not take any responsibility morally and sometimes issue name sake written apologies in their judgements . See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Governors of states of India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Koachanek ( 2008 ) . India : Government and politics in a developing nation ( Seventh ed . ) . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Babulal Fadia ( 1984 ) . State politics in India Volume I. Radiant publishers , New Delhi . pp. 92 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Pages 311 & 312 of A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Fincomindia.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central acts applicable to J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklaw.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklegislativeassembly.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Prabhat ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Has Article 356 been the Centre 's AK - 56 ? '' . Livemint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Check on the Use and Abuse of President 's Rule in India '' . Thequint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegde , Sanjay . `` The Judiciary Can Stop the Misuse of Article 356 , If It Chooses to Act - The Wire '' . Thewire.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 356 : Its Use and Misuse '' . Jagranjosh.com. 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court refuses to stay order declaring L-G Jung Delhi 's boss '' . Hindustantimes.com. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat opposes GST regime '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There is merit in Jayalalithaa 's arguments against GST bill says Subramanian Swamy '' . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules states have right to levy entry tax on goods coming in '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aseema Sinha ( 2005 ) . The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India : A Divided Leviathan . Indiana University Press . pp. 114 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34404 - 5 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` A Situational Theory of Pork - Barrel Politics : The Shifting Logic of Discretionary Allocations in India '' . GIGA Hamburg . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` A situational theory of pork - barrel politics '' . India Review . 16 : 14 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Who Gets the Most and Why ? New Lessons in Pork Barrel Politics from India '' . BW Business World . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Government Of India ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` The Government Of India Act 1935 '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prez assents : Constitution ( One Hundredth Amendment ) Act , 2015 '' . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Trade , Commerce and Intercourse in India '' . Desikanoon.co.in . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India ranks 76 in Corruption Perception Index '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC declares NJAC unconstitutional , upholds Collegium '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shailesh Gandhi , Ex Central Information Commissioner . `` Do n't need 70,000 judges . Just fill vacancies to cut backlog '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Data.worldjusticeproject.org . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government biggest litigant need to lessen load on judiciary , PM Modi '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court judgement on `` The Punjab termination of agreement Act , 2004 ( last page ) '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourtofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_India&oldid=843440380 '' Categories : Federalism by country Federalism in India Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from March 2018 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2018 All articles needing copy edit Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 05 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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3721148073375265498 | List of The Drew Carey Show characters | List of the Drew Carey show characters - wikipedia List of the Drew Carey show characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters who have appeared on The Drew Carey Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Drew 's marriages 3 Other characters 4 Notable guest stars 4.1 Celebrity cameos 4.2 Musical artist cameos 4.3 Sports personality cameos 5 See also 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Drew Allison Carey Sr. ( Drew Carey ) - Drew Carey is the main protagonist of the series . He is a perpetual `` nice guy . '' For most of the series , he works in the human resources department of Winfred - Louder , a multinational department store chain . He 's portrayed as a lovable loser , though he 's the most successful of his group of friends . Drew is the founder and co-owner of Buzz Beer , a coffee - flavored caffeinated beer ( at the time , such drinks were legal but uncommon in the United States ) . He has a long - standing feud with Mimi Bobeck ; his pranks have included destroying her clothes , shredding her vacation requests , and masquerading as Antonio Banderas to taunt her . Mimi Bobeck ( Kathy Kinney ) - Mimi Bobeck is Mr. Wick 's assistant / secretary and the main antagonist of the series . Much like Fonzie from Happy Days and Steve Urkel from Family Matters , the Mimi character was originally a one - time character , only appearing in the pilot episode . She is an overweight woman who wears a lot of makeup , yet has a very high but unstable self - esteem . ( As an in - joke , Mimi 's mother was played by Tammy Faye Bakker . ) Mimi is Drew 's nemesis ; she vowed to make Drew 's life a living hell after Drew denied her a job based on her makeup . Mimi 's pranks have included gluing Drew 's hand to a pornographic magazine , covering Drew 's desk with garbage , and eventually sending Drew to China while he is unconscious . She is also known for calling him `` Pig '' and `` Doughboy . '' Mimi 's past has a lot of connections to the world of music ; she often talks about being a roadie for Foghat and was married to Eddie Money for two weeks after appearing at his first concert . Additionally , she admits to sleeping with both Joe Walsh and Peter Frampton . Frampton still carries a torch for Mimi ; he has a tattoo of her likeness on his chest . Later on , Mimi becomes more of a friend to Drew ( they agree to put their feud on hold while Mimi dates / marries Steve ) and a good , if unconventional , mother to Gus . Early in the series , it was revealed that Mimi was of Polish ancestry , and inherited the title of Duchess of Kraków after her aunt died . However , the episode with this content received a great deal of complaint from the Polish community , and all mention of Mimi 's heritage has been removed from the show ( with alternative footage placed over these bits in syndication ) . Starting in 2009 , Mimi resurfaced as a guest on The Price is Right during the show 's April Fool 's episode ( hosted by Drew since October 15 , 2007 ) , first as a model ( 2009 ) and ransacking Mike Richards ' position as executive producer on the show ( 2010 ) . Carey usually promotes Kinney 's next project during the closing of that episode . Lewis Kiniski ( Ryan Stiles ) - Forms a double - act with Oswald . Lewis , who is tall , lanky , and blonde , is in his forties and can be counted on to nonchalantly say bizarre and offensive things . Ryan Stiles once described Lewis as `` Not even a character at first , just a creep really . '' He possesses an IQ of 162 , but works as a janitor for a company called DrugCo . Due to accidentally releasing a strain of bacteria into the population , he was busted down to janitor from a position that required him to wear a lab coat . It 's uncertain if he was a scientist or lab assistant , though it 's possible he was joking . At one point , he posed as Drew to take his physical exam for him , unexpectedly taking a psychiatric exam as well . He tried to give answers which he thought suited Drew 's life and situation , and the results showed him to be mentally unstable and possibly criminally insane . He mentioned in one episode he was adopted . Oswald Lee Harvey ( Diedrich Bader ) - Lewis 's slightly shorter , dark - haired friend is the dumb one of the double - act , which tends to be his most distinguishing characteristic . Lewis described him once as a `` man - child stuck in a sort of prolonged adolescence . '' At one point Oswald trained to be a nurse , but he proved unsuitable . Oswald was a deejay at the beginning of the first season but later on became a delivery driver for Global Parcel ( a fictional package - delivery service whose uniforms are modeled after those of UPS ) . He later attempted to become a nurse , but he failed the required tests . Drew later got him a job as a delivery man for Never Ending Store , but Oswald was injured on store property . After receiving damages , he bought the Warsaw . His name is a play on Lee Harvey Oswald . In the episode Bus - ted , it is revealed that Oswald joined the group of friends to replace Adam , a childhood friend who fell through the ice on a lake . Kate O'Brien ( Christa Miller ) - Friends with Drew , Lewis , and Oswald since they were kids . Kate is a bit of a tomboy and a hothead . She and Oswald almost got married at one point , but she called it off just after Oswald threw her a surprise wedding ( essentially leaving Oswald at the altar ) . Kate later found out about Drew 's long - standing crush on her at their high school reunion , and she realized that she had feelings for him too . They dated for a season ( even becoming engaged ) but broke up when they disagreed about having kids . Drew and Kate were married for a short time in a later season , although this was illegal , as Drew had just become married to his old girlfriend , Nicki . Eventually , Drew 's sham was discovered and Kate felt betrayed . Drew eventually regained Kate 's trust and they became friends again . Kate left at the beginning of the eighth season , marrying a Naval aviator and moving from Cleveland to Guam . Nigel Algernon Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) - Drew 's boss after the first season , replacing Mr. Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) . English , crude , boisterous and offensive , he was also a cocaine addict before he was forced to go into rehab . For some time , he and Drew were in a same - sex marriage ( technically a civil union ) in order for Mr. Wick to get his green card and Drew to get his job back . When he first appeared on stage in guest episodes in the last two seasons he was greeted with thunderous applause . Wick always had unusual methods of firing employees ( and nearly always fired someone named Johnson ) . He is almost always referred to as `` Mr. Wick , '' and his first name is rarely used . In the show 's first April Fool 's Day episode , Mr. Wick was shot in the crotch with a crossbow and had to have one of his testicles removed ( a gag that was referred to for the rest of the series ) . Wick also lost a toe and a nipple in a fox hunt that went terribly wrong . Craig Ferguson initially auditioned at Warner Bros. for a role as a Hispanic photographer on Suddenly Susan , and after he failed his audition , the casting director referred him to The Drew Carey Show which was auditioning across the studio . Ferguson , who is Scottish , played the role with an over-the - top posh English accent `` to make up for generations of English actors doing crap Scottish accents . '' At the end of one episode , though , Ferguson broke the fourth wall and begin talking to the audience at home in his regular Scottish accent . Steve Carey ( John Carroll Lynch ) - Drew 's cross-dressing brother . He came to Cleveland and got a job in the cosmetics department at Winfred - Louder . He fell in love with Mimi and after one season of dating they married in a ceremony in Drew 's backyard , with Drew officiating along with an online minister from an Internet website . In later seasons the concept of Steve being a cross-dresser is abandoned entirely with little explanation ( though it is hinted that he gave it up to make Mimi happy ) . He left , along with Kate and Wick , early in the eighth season . Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) - Drew 's childhood friend . She has had a crush on Drew since high school but never told him . She was married but her husband cheated on her with her sister . Her mother is an alcoholic and leaves her father , eventually hooking up with Lewis . After Kate leaves , Drew realizes that he loves Kellie . Drew is afraid to tell Kellie because it may ruin their friendship like it did with Kate . After Lily leaves Drew , they confess their feelings for each other . When Kellie comes out while Drew is talking to his dad and asks Drew what they are going to do about their feelings for each other , Drew 's dad falls off the roof and dies . Eventually during the beginning stage of their relationship Kellie finds out she is pregnant with Drew Jr. but wo n't marry Drew because she does n't think he is ready for marriage . During the finale she decides Drew is ready . But her water breaks and she and Drew get married right when the baby is born . Drew 's marriages ( edit ) Much of the show 's humor revolved around Drew 's single life ( in real life , Drew was engaged for the first time in 2007 , shortly after becoming a game show host ) . However , Drew was married a number of times during the show 's run . His spouses during the series were : Diane ( Nicole Sullivan ) - A cocktail waitress Drew met on a business trip to Las Vegas . She tricked Drew into marrying her because she believed having a husband would give her an edge in winning custody of her children . Drew agreed to help her with the social workers , and they divorced a week later . Nicki Fifer ( Kate Walsh ) - A real estate agent whom Drew dated and became engaged to ; she dumped him after gaining a large amount of weight while they were dating ( and , in her own words , `` could n't be with a man who loved to eat '' ) . She lost the weight , got married and came back to Drew after her divorce ( when Drew had just left a mental institution ) . Drew asked her to marry him on an impulse , and she agreed . Unfortunately , Drew also got married to Kate soon after ( thus becoming a bigamist ) and she left him . Nicki returned later , having regained all her previous weight , and attempted to kill Drew because she blamed him for all the recent problems in her life . Drew let Nicki stay at his house until she could get back on her feet , after which she was never seen or heard from again . Kate - The love of Drew 's life and his best friend since childhood , Drew and Kate first broke off their engagement after a disagreement about having kids . After Drew 's stint in the mental hospital , Kate realized that she still loved Drew and asked him to marry her . Drew agreed ( despite having recently married Nicki and still being married to Mr. Wick ) and kept both his marriages a secret for a time . Both wives discovered the situation , and Kate , furious , dumped Drew and told the newspapers about the situation ; Drew became known as `` The Impotent Bisexual Bigamist . '' Lily ( Tammy Lauren ) - A Southern belle who met Drew after Oswald and Lewis started a campaign to find him a wife . Drew brought Lily to Cleveland and attempted to establish a relationship with her , but found it difficult to deal with Lily 's night terrors . Drew ended up proposing to Lily on three different occasions : once in his house , another in a movie theater , and finally , back at his home again . After Drew tore up all of his pre-determined wedding plan receipts , Lily agreed to marry him . Lily left Drew after the wedding , driving off without him after giving Drew his ring back . At the reception , Drew and Kellie expressed their hidden love for each other and began their relationship , which would also lead to Drew 's final marriage . Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) - Drew 's childhood friend who was introduced in the eighth season . Drew went to a strip club and discovered that Kellie was working as a stripper to support herself after her divorce from her husband . Drew takes her into his home and their friendship blossoms . They were both reluctant to confess their feelings for each other , but they became a couple after Drew and Lily 's wedding . Kellie soon becomes pregnant , but refuses to marry Drew for another eight months . On their wedding day and the series finale , Kellie gave birth to Drew Jr . Other characters ( edit ) Larry Almada ( Ian Gomez ) -- One of Drew 's co-workers , Larry is a bumbling and somewhat unprofessional employee who is often willing to resort to less than savory methods to gain the upper hand . During a competition to determine the new employee representative on the Winfred - Louder board of directors , he managed to obtain the position by having sex with Mrs. Louder , a practice that he repeats several times after being dumped by his wife . He loses his job on the board shortly after receiving the promotion , but continues his secret relationship with Mrs. Louder . He also ends up in jail for selling drugs , but is released and continues his job at the department store . After leaving Winfred - Louder , he set up a reasonably successful dating service which later expanded into a television chat show . Gerald Hawthorne Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) -- Drew 's boss for the show 's first season . Mr. Bell only appeared in person for his last appearance . He gets caught having relations with a woman in his office and he and Mrs. Louder have to talk it out , but when he appears , he is wearing a Santa costume . We only heard his voice on Drew 's speakerphone , despite the fact that Drew had his desk very close to Mr. Bell 's office . Little was known about him , but he did not come across as a nice person . He seemed sexist and self - centered and had an office romance with a staff member ( unlike Drew 's romance with Lisa , Bell was only after the sex ) . In the last episode of the first season , Mr. Bell finally appeared on camera as he was seen leaving his office after getting fired from the store . The running joke of his never being officially seen until this moment is referenced in dialogue when he says ; `` What 's the matter , Carey ? You act like you 've never seen me before ! '' Fran Louder ( Nan Martin ) -- Mrs. Louder is one of the executives ' `` cougars '' and partial namesake of the Winfred - Louder corporation who originally inherited the store from her dead husband . She is the CEO of the company that owns the department store , and retains her position even after the corporation is bought out by a larger company located in Amsterdam . As the head of the store , she thinks very little of Drew , and openly expresses surprise at the assertion that he still has dreams of becoming more successful , although on occasion she does n't hesitate to refer to Drew as a good employee . Mrs. Louder occasionally gives him minor promotions throughout the series , but his personality clashes with her ruthless and businesslike nature . She is last seen accompanying Mimi and Steve on their honeymoon , but is removed from power shortly after when a member of the board improvises a speech slurring every major ethnic group . The insulted employees begin to riot , gaining the attention of the bosses in Amsterdam , who fire and replace her along with the entire board of directors except for Mr. Wick . Robert Soulard ( Mark Curry ) -- One of Drew 's bosses at Winfred - Louder , Mr. Soulard was appointed by the Dutch as Mrs. Louder 's replacement after the latter was fired along with the original board of directors . Slightly more open - minded than his predecessor , Mr. Soulard agrees to listen to the employees after he is made the new boss , and quickly appoints Drew to be the new Store Manager when Mr. Wick 's incompetence gets him sent to Toledo for retraining . Beulah Carey ( Marion Ross ) -- Drew 's and Steve 's mother , married to George Carey ( Stanley Anderson ) . Kim Harvey ( Adrienne Barbeau ) - Oswald 's mother . King Augustus Antonio Carey -- ( Dakota and Ryan Williams ) - Gus is Steve and Mimi 's son as well as Drew 's nephew , who saved Mimi from being fired by Drew in the episode `` Drew Pops Something On Kate '' . Just as Drew is about to fire Mimi , he kicks while in the womb for the first time , causing him to feel compassion for Mimi and preventing him from firing her . Gus was born while Drew was in a coma , and his spirit ( voiced by Jon Polito ) met Drew up in Heaven before being born . After hearing Drew make jokes about how horrible Mimi was , Gus was afraid to be born . Drew convinced him that Mimi would be a good mother by going back down to Earth and spending time in the baby 's body . Drew told this story to the others after coming out of his coma , but nobody believed him . Gus was an infant for most of his time on the show , but received an age boost ( putting him somewhere between 5 and 6 years old ) for the final season . He burns down his house , initially thought to be with a wood - burning kit that Drew gives him as a gift . Since Mimi and Gus had nowhere to live , Drew offers his home to them , and they stay there almost until the end of the show . It was later discovered that Gus was a pyromaniac and intentionally started a fire in the house . Lisa Robbins ( Katy Selverstone ) -- Drew 's girlfriend from season one , she is prevented from dating him as the rules at Winfred - Louder do not allow management to participate in romantic relationships with their employees . Although this initially forces them to hide their relationship in public , they eventually find a way to overcome this obstacle . She vies for a job as the head of the personal shopper department to become a member of the store 's management , prompting a competition with fellow applicants Kate and Mimi . Lisa begins dating Drew after she gets the job , but after a failed attempt to live together they agree to break up . She leaves her dog , Speedy , behind to stay with him and departs for good after her marriage in the second season . Lord Mercer ( Jim Piddock ) -- An extremely wealthy Englishman , who bought Winfred - Louder and became the new owner after the Dutch divested themselves of the company / store ( s ) . He also brings back Mr. Wick , saying only Englishmen know how to run a business . Christine Watson ( Wanda Sykes ) -- Hired to replace Nigel Wick as manager , falls in love with Drew . Jay Clemens ( Robert Torti ) -- Kate 's boyfriend from season one . Evan ( Kyle Howard ) -- Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother , Scott ( of the two bosses , he is regarded as the ' nice ' one ) . He is a Zen - seeking Buddhist who promotes peace and support , although he himself has a life coach , sees a family therapist with his brother , and takes anti-anxiety pills . He has a tenuous relationship with Scott because they spend so much time together . Scott ( Jonathan Mangum ) -- Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother , Evan . He is more business - minded than Evan , and can get very irritated by Evan 's peace - seeking way of life . He teaches computer classes during the summer . Mrs. Wick ( Richard Chamberlain ) -- Nigel Wick 's `` Mum '' Maggie . Chuck ( Kelly Perine ) - Security Guard / Head of Security at Winfred - Louder . Chuck is a fellow employee at Winfred - Louder who seems to have a friendly relationship with Drew , as he , in his first appearance in the episode `` No Two Things Are Exactly Alike '' in Season 1 , he tips Drew to the person who complained about a fellow employee who became offended at a sexually offensive cartoon which he put on a memo in the hopes of boosting company morale . In Chuck 's final appearance in the Season 5 episode `` Drew and the Racial Tension Play '' , Chuck is among the many minority employees who become offended at the socially insensitive comments of senior company board member Arthur Crawford ( Hansford Rowe ) who try to solicit Drew to get Crawford to apologize for his comments or resign . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Celebrity cameos ( edit ) Tim Allen - Himself David Lander - Himself Jamie Lee Curtis - Sioux David Cross - Earl Tammy Faye - Mimi 's Mother Brian Haley - Drew Look - Alike Martin Mull - Himself Michael R. White - Himself Dan Castellaneta - Stan Rachel Hunter - Herself Donald Trump - Himself Carol Channing - Herself Rush Limbaugh - Himself Eugene Levy - Dr. Rider Joe Alaskey - Daffy Duck Dick Clark - Himself Paul Michael Levesque - The Disciplinarian Bo Derek - Herself Wayne Brady - Himself Greg Proops - Himself Brad Sherwood - Himself Laura Hall - Herself Arturo Brachetti - Himself J.P. Manoux - Malcolm Cameron Mathison - Kirk Norm Macdonald - Simon Tate Heather Locklear - Herself Dave Mustaine - Himself Chip Esten - Himself Kathy Greenwood - Herself Carmen Electra - Lewis 's Boss Jay Leno - Lewis 's Boss Charles Nelson Reilly - Lewis 's Boss Ben Stein - Heavenly Guide Gary Coleman - Drew 's Double Jimmie Walker - Lewis 's Double Meshach Taylor - Oswald 's Double Kim Fields - Kate 's Double Thea Vidale - Mimi 's Double Jenny McCarthy - Sketch Player / Marlo Kelly Amanda Bynes - Sketch Player Henry Winkler - Mr. Newsome John Ratzenberger - Himself Leslie Sykes - Herself Lacey Chabert - Grace Roselyn Sanchez - Maria Kathryn Joosten - Natalie French Stewart - Buddy Lorenzo Music - Store Announcer Jeff Davis - Himself / D'artagnan Jessica Cauffiel - Milan Illeana Douglas - Rachel Murray Tom Poston - Oswald 's father Kathy Griffin Colin Mochrie - Eugene Anderson Wayne Knight - Insurance examiner The Go - Go 's Musical artist cameos ( edit ) Little Richard Joe Walsh ( initially as himself , then as Ed , lead guitarist of Drew 's band The Horn Dogs ) Dionne Warwick Roy Clark Dusty Hill Jonny Lang Lisa Loeb Dave Mustaine Rick Nielsen Joey Ramone Slash Michael Stanley Henry Rollins Matthew Sweet `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Eddie Money Charlotte Caffey Belinda Carlisle Gina Schock Kathy Valentine Jane Wiedlin SHeDAISY Smash Mouth John Regan Peter Frampton Bob Mayo Uncle Kracker Sugar Ray Motörhead Blue Man Group Dee Snider Goo Goo Dolls The Reverend Horton Heat Sports personality cameos ( edit ) Rosey Brown Dave Winfield Bernie Kosar Bob Costas Kenny Mayne Lynn Swann Chris Palmer Bobby Bonds Jeff Gordon Triple H See also ( edit ) The Drew Carey Show List of Drew Carey Show episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` ' Drew Carey Show ' bowing out quietly '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/the-drew-carey-show-reunion/ Jump up ^ `` Miami Herald '' . Talk about an unlikely path to stardom . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . This television - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . ( hide ) The Drew Carey Show Created by : Drew Carey & Bruce Helford Episodes `` Pilot '' `` New York and Queens '' `` The Dog and Pony Show '' `` In Ramada Da Vida '' `` The High Road to China '' `` Drew Live '' `` Drew Cam '' `` Drew Live II '' `` Drew 's in a Coma '' `` Drew Carey 's Back - to - School Rock ' n ' Roll Comedy Hour '' Related articles Characters Cleveland Rocks ! Music from The Drew Carey Show Mohawk Productions Warner Bros. Television Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Drew_Carey_Show_characters&oldid=805982574 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Incomplete television lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 21 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played drew carey's girlfriend on his show | [] | [] |
6968536352148111903 | The Winds of Winter | The Winds of Winter - wikipedia The Winds of Winter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the episode of the television series , see The Winds of Winter ( Game of Thrones ) . The Winds of Winter Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Series A Song of Ice and Fire Genre Fantasy Publisher Bantam Spectra / US Voyager Books / UK Preceded by A Dance with Dragons Followed by A Dream of Spring The Winds of Winter is the planned sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin . Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter . Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . In 2014 , estimates based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Viewpoint characters 3 Background and publication 3.1 Chapters 3.2 Publication date 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in the book . The previous installment , A Dance with Dragons , covered less story than Martin intended , excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers . Martin intends to resolve these storylines `` very early '' in The Winds of Winter , saying `` I 'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen -- the battle of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons , taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders ' arrival in Slaver 's Bay . Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin 's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon . Viewpoint characters ( edit ) George R.R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point - of - view chapters in The Winds of Winter : Sansa Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin 's website in April 2015 . Arya Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin 's website in March 2014 . Arianne Martell : Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 . One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in January 2013 , and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015 . Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016 . In May 2016 , Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon . Aeron Greyjoy : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010 . A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon . It was written in , or before , 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons . Theon Greyjoy : One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in December 2011 . It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons ( part two ) . Victarion Greyjoy : Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012 . Tyrion Lannister : One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012 , and another one at Worldcon in August 2013 , the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20 , 2014 . Barristan Selmy : One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons . In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone . George R.R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter . Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah and Melisandre will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in , and that Bran Stark will appear in the novel , but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint . In addition , he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con that Jeyne Westerling , Robb Stark 's widow , will appear in the prologue chapter , but did not reveal who will be the POV character . Background and publication ( edit ) Chapters ( edit ) The Winds of Winter was originally intended , in the very early stages of the series , to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire ( then conceived as a trilogy ) . Following his expansion of the series , Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel , A Dream of Spring . By June 2010 , Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , and Arianne Martell . In July 2010 , he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter , accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages . Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011 , Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012 , having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions . He continued to work , with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson , on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history , which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011 . He also worked on a Westeros story , the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella , that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere . A year after that eventual publication , the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand - alone fix - up novel . In December 2011 , Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter ; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons , which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012 , but was released on October 29 , 2013 . ( International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new , as yet unpublished sample chapter . ) In the first quarter of 2012 , Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events , including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister . Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large , highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire , which was published in October 2012 . Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell 's POV on his website in January 2013 . On March 27 , ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere , Martin posted a chapter on his website , titled Mercy . Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one , though never published nor publicly read . In April 2015 , Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne . In May 2016 , Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon , and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon . As of June 2016 , a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter . The point of view characters with released material are Victarion , Aeron , Tyrion , Barristan , Arianne , Theon , Mercy ( Arya ) , and Alayne ( Sansa ) . Several websites , including Goodreads , have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter , including plot twists , theories , and speculations . At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 , George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter : ... `` I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places ... Things get worse before they get better , so things are getting worse for a lot of people . '' Publication date ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . He does not intend to separate characters by geography again , as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows ' original manuscript . But , as Martin stated in a 2011 interview , `` Three years from now when I 'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight , who the hell knows '' . In April 2011 , shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write , Martin hoped that `` the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has '' and estimated that it would take `` three years to finish the next one at a good pace '' . By October 2012 , 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written , although Martin considered only the first 200 as `` really finished '' , the rest still needing revisions . In April 2013 , Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book . In the past , Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically ; therefore , he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . Ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' . In 2012 , Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel , A Dream of Spring , not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels . In January 2014 , Martin 's UK publisher , Jane Johnson , declared on Twitter that the book would `` certainly '' not be published before 2015 . In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was `` not a 2015 release '' , a statement she repeated in January 2015 . In April 2015 , Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones ( which would cover material from the book ) aired in 2016 . In Autumn 2015 , statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016 . In early January 2016 , Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well '' . Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones but one of the showrunners , David Benioff , claimed that while certain key elements would be the same , the show would diverge from the book in many respects . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . In September 2014 , Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 , based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace . In 2017 , Goodreads advertised its expected publication in 2020 . On January 10 , 2017 , Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he had believed the same thing would occur the previous year . He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22 , 2017 , being `` still months away '' from finishing the book . He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Webchat Transcript '' . empireonline.com. April 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two , ' The Winds of Winter , ' and Real - World Influences for ' A Song of Ice and Fire ' '' . SmarterTravel . March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Fantasy King '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Walt . `` Predicting When ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book '' . Fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ingraham , Christopher ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ' Game of Thrones ' , using the magic of geometry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 30 : 50 min . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Arianne '' . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing in Circles '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . georgerrmartin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Winds Of Winter ' Chapter -- George RR Martin Releases ' Game Of Thrones ' Excerpt - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Mercy '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2015 ) . George R.R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015 Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon '' . Winter is Coming . ^ Jump up to : `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Theon Chapter '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EasterCon -- Eat , Drink and talk SFF ! '' . harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Winds of Winter : Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin 's next Game of Thrones novel '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today '' . Tor.com . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Dragons Are Here '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Much of George R.R. Martin 's The Winds of Winter is Out So Far ? '' . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27 : 22 Jump up ^ `` Conventions and Cancellations '' . GRRM Not A Blog. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin teases the prologue and plotlines of ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM Archived February 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ) Jump up ^ Harte , Bryant ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` An Interview with George R.R. Martin , Part I '' . indigo.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Treat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons by George R.R. Martin '' . Random House . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons : A Song of Ice and Fire : Book Five '' . amazon.de . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R ( April 8 , 2012 ) . George R.R. Martin Interview . Eastercon . Event occurs at 58 : 00 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Winds of Winter : release date , news , plot , chapters and returning characters '' . NME. 2017 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Just Write It ! A fantasy author and his impatient fans '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R.R. Martin Interview . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Bryant ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Martin Talks ' Game Of Thrones , ' ' The Winds Of Winter ' '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jane ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr : @ bonefish914 Certainly not this year '' . Twitter . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Alison Flood . `` George RR Martin 's The Winds of Winter : no plans for publication in 2015 '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Reading for Rockets '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Winds of Winter release date : Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date 2016 : George RR Martin 's next book might finally be coming '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesús Baratheon . `` Alejo Cuervo ( Gigamesh ) : `` Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 ( también en español ) '' `` . Los Siete Reinos . Jump up ^ `` Relacja z konwentu Kapitularz 2015 '' . Pieśń lodu i ognia - Gra o tron . Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date news : Polish translator slip suggests late 2015 / early 2016 for next George RR Martin book '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Last Year ( Winds of Winter ) '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' showrunners : Season 6 wo n't spoil the books - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER '' `` . Winter is Coming . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12111823-the-winds-of-winter ? Jump up ^ George R.R. Martin ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doom , Despair , Defeat '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date : ' I think this year ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://grrm.livejournal.com/544709.html External links ( edit ) Official website of author George R.R. Martin George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Winds_of_Winter&oldid=827503829 '' Categories : 21st - century American novels A Song of Ice and Fire books American fantasy novels HarperCollins books Novels by George R.R. 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7988697316650824761 | The Walking Dead (season 2) | The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the second season of the television series . For the second season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead : Season Two . The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Jon Bernthal Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Jeffrey DeMunn Steven Yeun Chandler Riggs Norman Reedus Melissa McBride Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network AMC Original release October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) -- March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of The Walking Dead episodes The second season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 16 , 2011 , and concluded on March 18 , 2012 , consisting of 13 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Darabont , Kirkman , Glen Mazzara , David Alpert , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont 's departure from the series . The season was well received by critics . It won Best Television Presentation at the 38th Saturn Awards and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special at the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . The season finale was viewed by 9 million viewers , making it the highest - rated episode of the series up to that point and the most viewed episode of an original series on AMC in history , up until the premiere of the series ' third season , which was watched by 10.9 million viewers . This season adapts material from issues # 7 -- 12 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) and his daughter , Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) . Mainly set at the Greene Family Farm , after the escape and destruction of the CDC , the season continues the story of Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and his group of survivors as they continue to survive in a post-apocalyptic world overrun by flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After leaving Atlanta , Rick and the group are stopped on the highway by a threat unlike anything they have seen before . While searching for someone who has gone missing , the group eventually discovers an isolated farm , where tensions arise among members of the main group , and the mysterious and ignorant inhabitants of the farm , whose secrets and motives are unclear . In the midst of events , Rick and the others try to restore order after a terrible discovery as differences begin to openly erupt between Rick and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Production 2.1 Webisodes 2.2 Talking Dead 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media releases 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the second season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Sophia , Carol , Lori , Carl , T - Dog , Glenn , Andrea , Dale , Daryl , and Shane Main cast ( edit ) The second season features eight actors receiving opening credits billing , all returning from the first season ; seven are listed as main cast members in the first season , while Norman Reedus and Melissa McBride were promoted from recurring status . While McBride is credited as `` Also starring '' , she is a series regular . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and a former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , who is the husband of Lori and the father of Carl . Rick has taken leadership from Shane after his actions almost killed them in the previous season . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's close friend , and former fellow sheriff 's deputy . He had a love affair with Lori in the previous season , believing that Rick was dead , which has steamed into jealousy towards Rick , and is also the primary antagonist of the season . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's emotionally fragile wife and mother of Carl . She had a love affair with Shane in the previous season , which has put her and Shane at odds . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former civil rights attorney , who has formed a close bond with Dale . She deals with suicidal tendencies after the loss of her sister by trying to contribute more to the group 's safety by becoming a sharp shooter . Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath , an older member of the group , who owns the RV with which the group travels . He is often the voice of reason ; he forms a protectiveness over Andrea and becomes a mentor to the group , especially to Rick and Glenn . He is also a good friend of T - Dog . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy , who saved Rick 's life in previous season . He is an integral member of the group and does many supply runs for them . He cares very much for the core group of survivors . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's young son , whose innocence has slowly declined due to the brutality of the world around him , even wanting to use a gun . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , an antihero - like Southern redneck , the group 's hunter , and expert tracker . He is less friendly with the group and maintains a careless facade , but is reasonable enough to fight with them when needed and is the most active in the group for the search for Sophia . Also starring ( edit ) Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a former victim of domestic abuse , who has found new strength after the death of her abusive husband Ed . Supporting cast ( edit ) IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a member of the group and a man of honor , duty and well - intentions , who feels under - appreciated and tries to contribute as much as possible . He also has a strong friendship with Dale . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene , Hershel 's elder tomboyish daughter , who is strong - willed and determined , yet slightly stubborn . Maggie is , like her father , ignorant of what the walkers are . Emily Kinney as Beth Greene , Hershel 's younger daughter and Maggie 's half - sister . She is shy , soft - spoken and compassionate , but lacks the strong - will of her sister . Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , a veterinarian and religious farmer , who is blinded by his own refusal to accept the world 's new state , believing that the walkers are just sick . Jane McNeill as Patricia , Otis ' quiet wife and Hershel 's medical aid . James Allen McCune as Jimmy , Beth 's protective and helpful boyfriend . Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier , Carol 's daughter and Carl 's best friend . Michael Zegen as Randall Culver , a teenager , whom Rick , Glenn and Hershel encounter as part of another group . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Otis , Hershel 's ranch hand and Patricia 's husband . Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier , Carol 's deceased abusive husband ; seen in a flashback sequence . Michael Raymond - James as Dave , a member of Randall 's group , who runs into Rick , Hershel , and Glenn . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , Daryl 's violent and unreasonable older brother , who disappeared in the first season ; seen in a hallucination . Production ( edit ) The cast and crew of The Walking Dead at PaleyFest in 2011 ( left to right ) : executive producer Gale Anne Hurd , Andrew Lincoln ( Rick Grimes ) , Sarah Wayne Callies ( Lori Grimes ) , Jon Bernthal ( Shane Walsh ) , Laurie Holden ( Andrea ) , Steven Yeun ( Glenn Rhee ) , and Emma Bell ( Amy ) After the first season aired , Deadline Hollywood reported that Frank Darabont had let the entire writing staff go and planned to use only freelance writers for the second season . This turned out to be not entirely accurate , and Robert Kirkman was quoted as saying the changes to the writing staff would not affect the production of the show . In February 2011 , it was announced that Glen Mazzara , who had written the first - season episode `` Wildfire '' , had been hired again as a writer / executive producer for the second season and will put together a staff of five more writers . At C2E2 members of the cast confirmed that the second season would begin shooting on June 1 , 2011 , and that Frank Darabont would write the season premiere episode . At the same event , cast members speculated that acclaimed author and long - time Darabont collaborator Stephen King may write an episode . Kirkman later confirmed that along with himself , Darabont and Mazzara the writing staff will consist of Scott M. Gimple , Evan Reilly , Angela Kang and one freelance writer , David Leslie Johnson . Four actors have joined the cast as new characters for season 2 -- Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , Lauren Cohan as his daughter Maggie , Pruitt Taylor Vince as Hershel 's ranch hand , Otis , and Michael Zegen as Randall . A preview of season 2 was shown during the fourth - season premiere of Breaking Bad on July 17 , 2011 and a full length trailer was released to promote season 2 at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 22 , 2011 . In July 2011 , series developer and showrunner Frank Darabont stepped down from his position as showrunner for the series , amidst rumors that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series . Executive producer Glen Mazzara succeeded Darabont as showrunner for the series . Darabont 's sudden departure further sparked controversy in August when The Hollywood Reporter broke a story revealing that Darabont had in fact been fired due to issues of the show 's reduced budget and a strained relationship with AMC executives . The premiere aired in an extended 90 - minute time slot , similar to the pilot episode . After the first seven episodes aired , the series went on a hiatus and returned on February 12 , 2012 , with the final six episodes of the season airing until its conclusion on March 18 , 2012 . Webisodes ( edit ) Torn Apart , a six - part web series , premiered on October 3 , 2011 on AMC 's official website . The web series is directed by special effects makeup artist and co-executive producer Greg Nicotero and tells the origin story of Hannah , also known as `` Bicycle Girl '' , the walker whom Rick Grimes mercy - killed in the pilot episode . Talking Dead ( edit ) Main article : Talking Dead Following the encore presentation of the second - season premiere on October 16 , 2011 , a live after - show titled Talking Dead , hosted by Chris Hardwick , premiered . The series airs after encore presentations of The Walking Dead on Sunday nights . It features host Chris Hardwick discussing the latest episode with fans , actors , and producers of the show . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` What Lies Ahead '' Ernest Dickerson Gwyneth Horder - Payton Ardeth Bey and Robert Kirkman October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 7.26 While traveling to Fort Benning , the survivors are forced to hide among a number of abandoned vehicles as a walker horde passes . Sophia , Carol 's daughter , is chased off into the woods by two walkers before they are killed by Rick . While searching for Sophia , Carl is accidentally shot . 8 `` Bloodletting '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 6.70 Otis , the hunter that accidentally shot Carl , helps Rick to bring Carl to a farmstead owned by veterinarian Hershel Greene , who stabilizes Carl , but needs further medical supplies to heal him . Shane and Otis leave to a walker - infested school to find supplies . They do so , but are caught and attacked by the horde . 9 `` Save the Last One '' Phil Abraham Scott M. Gimple October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 6.10 Shane manages to escape with the supplies by shooting Otis in the leg , while the walkers devour him instead ; when he returns to the farm , Shane lies that Otis sacrificed himself . Daryl continues the search for Sophia , while the other survivors start arriving at the farm and their wounds tended to by Hershel . 10 `` Cherokee Rose '' Billy Gierhart Evan Reilly November 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 6.29 With Hershel 's surgery on Carl successful , Hershel tells Rick that his group should leave his farm once Carl is well enough , but Rick convinces him to allow them to stay if they follow Hershel 's rules . The survivors attempt to remove a walker from the farm 's well - water . Glenn and Hershel 's daughter , Maggie , begin a romantic relationship , while Lori discovers she is pregnant . 11 5 `` Chupacabra '' Guy Ferland David Leslie Johnson November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 6.12 Daryl continues to search for Sophia , despite Rick and Shane arguing whether it is pointless and Hershel becoming more unnerved by the group 's presence . As Glenn 's relationship with Maggie continues in secret , Glenn offers to meet Maggie in the barn 's hayloft , and Maggie is too late to stop him from discovering the barn is filled with walkers . 12 6 `` Secrets '' David Boyd Angela Kang November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 6.08 Glenn tells Dale about the walkers , and together discreetly approach Hershel , who explains the walkers are his friends and family , and believes they can be cured . Rick discovers that Lori is pregnant , and tensions rise between Rick and Shane over what transpired with Lori while Rick was in a coma . 13 7 `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' Michelle MacLaren Scott M. Gimple November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) 6.62 Glenn reveals the presence of the walkers in the barn to the rest of the group , and Rick confronts Hershel about it . Hershel tells Rick their group can only stay if they promise not to kill any walkers , and takes Rick out to demonstrate how to capture them . When they return , Shane becomes enraged , and releases the barn 's locks , letting the walkers trickle out , and the group is forced to kill them . One last walker appears : Sophia . Rick is forced to shoot her in the head . 14 8 `` Nebraska '' Clark Johnson Evan Reilly February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 8.10 Hershel demands Rick 's group leave . The group is shaken by the loss of Sophia and they bury her along with Hershel 's wife and son - in - law . Hershel goes missing ; Rick and Glenn find him drinking in a nearby town bar . When they turn to leave , they are confronted by two men , Dave and Tony , that want to know about Hershel 's farm . Rick kills them before they attack the three . 15 9 `` Triggerfinger '' Billy Gierhart David Leslie Johnson February 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 19 ) 6.89 Three other men arrive at the bar to investigate the gunfire , and Rick , Glenn , and Hershel attempt to sneak away . Their activities have lured walkers to the town , and in their haste to escape , one of the three men , Randall , gets his leg impaled on a fence . Rick is unable to leave him behind and helps to free him , taking him with them back to the farm . The other survivors at the farm start to recognize Shane is becoming more unhinged . 16 10 `` 18 Miles Out '' Ernest Dickerson Scott M. Gimple & Glen Mazzara February 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) 7.04 Rick and Shane take a healed Randall several miles from the farm with the intent to abandon him without knowledge of the farm 's location , but once there , have an argument , which turns physical , about not only what to do with Randall , but the fissure between Rick and Shane 's leadership with the group . When the brawl attract a pack of walkers , they are forced to take Randall back to the farm . Meanwhile , Hershel 's daughter Beth attempts suicide while under Andrea 's watch , but is saved by Maggie and Lori . 17 11 `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 6.77 Randall is kept in custody , and they learn his group would be dangerous to bring to the farm , and that letting Randall live to reveal the farm 's location would be a risk . Dale tries to calm tensions reminding everyone about their humanity and warning them the group is broken . Carl attempts to kill a walker in the forest , but it scares him away . Shane , Rick , and Daryl take Randall out to the barn to execute him , but Ricks stops when he sees that Carl was watching . Later , as Dale paces on the outskirts of the farm , he is mortally wounded by the walker Carl failed to kill . Daryl dispatches the walker before mercifully killing Dale . 18 12 `` Better Angels '' Guy Ferland Evan Reilly & Glen Mazzara March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 6.89 As Dale is laid to rest , his advice to the group sits heavy with Rick , and he decides they should spare Randall 's life . However , Shane secretly takes Randall deep into the woods and murders him , then returns and claims Randall escaped . The group searches for him , and Shane uses the opportunity to confront Rick at gunpoint , intent on killing him . Rick , after trying unsuccessfully to calm Shane down , is forced to stab him to death , unaware Carl is watching nearby . Carl holds his gun at Rick , but uses it to shoot Shane , who has reanimated as a walker , in the head . The gunfire draws a horde of walkers to the farm . 19 13 `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Ernest Dickerson Robert Kirkman & Glen Mazzara March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 8.99 Hershel 's farm is swarmed by walkers and overwhelm the survivors , forcing them to abandon it , bringing Hershel , Maggie , and Beth with them . After regrouping , Rick is forced to tell them what Jenner told him ; they are all infected and will become walkers when they die . He takes charge of the group to find them a safe haven . Andrea is separated from the others during the evacuation from the farm , but found by a mysterious hooded person , who has two armless walker pets and wields a katana . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The second season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 80 out of 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' , based on 22 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 83 % with an average rating of 8.09 out of 10 , based on 22 reviews , and an average episode score of 79 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The second season of The Walking Dead fleshes out the characters while maintaining the grueling tension and gore that made the show a hit . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post wrote , `` You 'll be happy to know that at least as far as the first two episodes go ... the show is better than ever -- which would have seemed impossible . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today also praised the direction in which the second season was heading stating that the show delivers `` edge - of - your - chair tension '' and noting , `` what separates this fine series from similar shows is the honesty of its human interactions '' . Some critics were less enthused midway through the second season , including Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly who described the series as `` a nighttime soap with occasional appearances by deceased but moving , flesh - rotting , flesh - eating cameo monsters '' adding that it `` had not been dramatic enough '' or had a `` tendency ... to botch truly dramatic situations '' . Nate Rawlings of TIME magazine criticized the show 's pacing saying , `` the first half of this season has been brutally slow '' . Following the season 's finale , Scott Wampler of Collider.com , described the second half of the season as `` far more intense , more interesting , better written '' despite `` a helluva lot of water - treading '' in the first half . Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant further emphasized this point : `` It was with the last half of season 2 -- arguably the last four episodes -- where the writers succeeded in unshackling themselves from the intermittent monotony brought about by the serial nature of the show . '' The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead The second season of The Walking Dead received three nominations for the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special ( `` What Lies Ahead '' ) , and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects ( both for `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) . The season also won Best Television Presentation at the 38th Saturn Awards , while Norman Reedus was nominated for Best Supporting Actor on Television . Additionally , the second half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Ratings ( edit ) On October 16 , 2011 , the season two premiere set a new record of 7.3 million viewers . The episode also set new records for the most viewers in the 18 - 49 and 25 - 54 demographics , with 4.8 million and 4.2 million viewers respectively , making it the most watched episode of a drama in the history of basic cable television in these measures . The original broadcast and the two subsequent encore presentations of the episode drew a collective total of 11 million viewers . On February 12 , 2012 , the show 's mid season premiere beat its previous record by attaining 8.1 million viewers , 5.4 million in the 18 - 49 key demographic , despite airing at the same time as the second most watched Grammy Awards in history . The series once again beat its own record with the airing of the season two finale on March 18 , 2012 , which received 9 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` What Lies Ahead '' October 16 , 2011 3.8 7.26 `` Bloodletting '' October 23 , 2011 3.6 6.70 `` Save the Last One '' October 30 , 2011 3.1 6.10 `` Cherokee Rose '' November 6 , 2011 3.4 6.29 5 `` Chupacabra '' November 13 , 2011 3.2 6.12 6 `` Secrets '' November 20 , 2011 3.1 6.08 7 `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' November 27 , 2011 3.5 6.62 8 `` Nebraska '' February 12 , 2012 4.2 8.10 9 `` Triggerfinger '' February 19 , 2012 3.6 6.89 10 `` 18 Miles Out '' February 26 , 2012 3.8 7.04 11 `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' March 4 , 2012 3.5 6.77 12 `` Better Angels '' March 11 , 2012 3.6 6.89 13 `` Beside the Dying Fire '' March 18 , 2012 4.7 8.99 Home media releases ( edit ) Limited Edition Blu - ray packaging showing a screwdriver in a zombie 's eye socket The second season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 28 , 2012 , in region 2 on August 27 , 2012 , and in region 4 on June 20 , 2012 . Special features include eleven featurettes -- `` All the Guts Inside '' , `` Live or Let Die '' , `` The Meat of the Music '' , `` Fire on Set '' , `` The Ink is Alive '' , `` The Sound of the Effects '' , `` In the Dead Water '' , `` You Could Make a Killing '' , `` She Will Fight '' , `` The Cast on Season 2 '' , and `` Extras Wardrobe '' . Six audio commentaries , for episodes `` What Lies Ahead '' , `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' , `` Nebraska '' , `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' , and `` Beside the Dying Fire '' . Also included is the six - part webisode series The Walking Dead : Torn Apart , with optional commentary by Greg Nicotero , and 30 minutes of deleted scenes across eight episodes , with optional commentary by Glen Mazzara . The second season was also released in limited edition Blu - ray packaging , featuring a zombie head with a screwdriver in the zombie 's eye socket , a recreation of a scene from the second - season premiere . The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for 13 Episode Season Two as Second Episode = Big Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' exclusive : Exec producer Gale Anne Hurd denies Frank Darabont fired writers , talks season two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Take Home Saturn Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' finale draws record ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on HIMYM , Private Practice , Bones , Walking Dead , Parks and Rec and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Melissa McBride Clears Up Walking Dead Contract Mystery , Declares : ' I Am a Series Regular ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Lets Go of Writers ; Considers No Writing Staff For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Robert Kirkman : Writing Staff Changes Wo n't Affect the Show '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Getting Itself a Writing Staff '' . Dread Central . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Mike ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` C2E2 : ' The Walking Dead ' Panel Offers Tasty Season 2 Details '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Robert Kirkman Dispels Fired Writers Rumor , Wants Stephen King '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Josie ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` CCI : `` The Walking Dead '' Cast And Creators Talk Season Two `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : The Walking Dead Casts Greene Family '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanh , Nguyen ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fresh Meat ! Walking Dead Casts Season 2 's Otis '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` AMC to Debut First Look of The Walking Dead During Premiere of Breaking Bad '' . AMC . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' season 2 trailer is here ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' WALKING DEAD ' SHOCKER : Frank Darabont Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Glen Mazzara To Succeed Frank Darabont As ' Walking Dead ' Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : What Really Happened to Fired Showrunner Frank Darabont '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Walking Dead '' Season 2 Kicks Off with an Extra Half Hour of Zombie Drama '' ( Press release ) . AMC . September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Launches `` The Walking Dead '' Webisodes on Monday , October 3 at 2 PM '' ( Press release ) . AMC . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` AMC Launches Talking Dead -- A Live After - Show Following The Walking Dead '' . AMC . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Doubles NLCS + NJ Housewives , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Talking Dead , ' ' Dexter ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Slips , Still Tops ; + NJ Housewives , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seldman , Robert ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Drops , Still Tops ; + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seldman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Hell On Wheels ' Lead AMC + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Stays On Top + ' Housewives Atl , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Stays On Top + NASCAR Championship , ' Housewives ATL , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Goes Out on Top + Kardashians , ' Housewives ' ' Soul Train Awards , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' Mid-Season Two Premiere Draws 8.1 Million Viewers , Reigns As The Strongest Drama Telecast in Basic Cable History Against Key Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Cable Beats Broadcast -- ' The Walking Dead ' Down , But Still Dominates + ' Ax Men ' , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Shameless , ' ' House Of Lies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Rises + ' NBA All - Star Game , ' ' Ax Men ' , Oscar 's Red Carpet & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Storage Wars , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Real Housewives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Dominates , ' Oprah 's Next Chapter ' Sees Series High '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Season Finale Laps the Field + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Frozen Planet , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ewww la la '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's The Walking Dead stands with TV 's best '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Pretty Much Dead Already ' : A cheap thrill - kill , or new life for the season ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Walking Dead Recap : Pretty Much Dead Already '' . TIME . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` THE WALKING DEAD Season Finale Recap : `` Beside the Dying Fire '' `` . Collider . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , Kevin ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 2 Finale Review '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Sound Editing For A Series - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Special Visual Effects - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Harry Potter , ' ' Hugo , ' ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Premiere Shatters Cable Demo Ratings Records , Draws 7.3 Million Total Viewers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' Mid-Season Two Premiere Reigns as The Strongest Drama Telecast in Basic Cable History Against Key Demos `` . The Futon Critic . February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Anchor Bay Announces The Walking Dead Season 2 Blu - ray / DVD '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead -- Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead , The : Season 2 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2012 : Exclusive Look at AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' DVD Case From McFarlane Toys `` . MTV Geek . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead season 2 episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_2)&oldid=842783711 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 16 : 54 . 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1991566853932105735 | Morse code | Morse code - Wikipedia Morse code Jump to : navigation , search Chart of the Morse code letters and numerals . Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on - off tones , lights , or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment . It is named for Samuel F.B. Morse , an inventor of the telegraph . The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet , some extra Latin letters , the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals ( prosigns ) as standardized sequences of short and long signals called `` dots '' and `` dashes '' , or `` dits '' and `` dahs '' , as in amateur radio practice . Because many non-English natural languages use more than the 26 Roman letters , extensions to the Morse alphabet exist for those languages . Each Morse code symbol represents either a text character ( letter or numeral ) or a prosign and is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes . The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in code transmission . The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot . Each dot or dash is followed by a short silence , equal to the dot duration . The letters of a word are separated by a space equal to three dots ( one dash ) , and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots . To increase the speed of the communication , the code was designed so that the length of each character in Morse is approximately inverse to its frequency of occurrence in English . Thus the most common letter in English , the letter `` E '' , has the shortest code , a single dot . Morse code is used by some amateur radio operators , although knowledge of and proficiency with it is no longer required for licensing in most countries . Pilots and air traffic controllers usually need only a cursory understanding . Aeronautical navigational aids , such as VORs and NDBs , constantly identify in Morse code . Compared to voice , Morse code is less sensitive to poor signal conditions , yet still comprehensible to humans without a decoding device . Morse is , therefore , a useful alternative to synthesized speech for sending automated data to skilled listeners on voice channels . Many amateur radio repeaters , for example , identify with Morse , even though they are used for voice communications . SOS , the standard emergency signal , is a Morse code prosign In an emergency , Morse code can be sent by improvised methods that can be easily `` keyed '' on and off , making it one of the simplest and most versatile methods of telecommunication . The most common distress signal is SOS -- three dots , three dashes , and three dots -- internationally recognized by treaty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and history 2 User proficiency 3 International Morse Code 3.1 Aviation 3.2 Amateur radio 3.3 Other uses 3.4 Applications for the general public 3.5 Morse code as an assistive technology 4 Representation , timing , and speeds 4.1 Transmission 4.2 Cable code 4.3 Timing 4.4 Spoken representation 4.5 Speed in words per minute 4.6 Farnsworth speed 4.7 Alternative display of common characters in International Morse code 4.8 Link budget issues 5 Learning methods 5.1 Mnemonics 6 Letters , numbers , punctuation , prosigns for Morse code and non-English variants 6.1 Prosigns 6.2 Symbol representations 6.3 Non-Latin extensions 6.4 Unusual variants 7 Decoding software 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Development and History Typical `` straight key '' . This U.S. model J - 38 , was manufactured in huge quantities during World War II . The signal is `` on '' when the knob is pressed , and `` off '' when it is released . Length and timing of the dots and dashes are entirely controlled by the telegraphist . Morse code receiver , recording on paper tape Beginning in 1836 , the American artist Samuel F.B. Morse , the American physicist Joseph Henry , and Alfred Vail developed an electrical telegraph system . This system sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system . A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses , and the silence between them . Around 1837 , Morse , therefore , developed an early forerunner to the modern International Morse code . Around the same time , Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber ( 1833 ) as well as Carl August von Steinheil ( 1837 ) had already used codes with varying word lengths for their telegraphs . Since around 1800 , European experimenters had been making progress with earlier battery - powered signaling systems in emitting oxygen and hydrogen bubbles through liquid , flipping magnetic semaphore flags , tripping alarms across long distances over wire , and other techniques . The numerous ingenious experimental encoding designs they devised and demonstrated were telegraphic precursors to practical applications . In 1837 , William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in England began using an electrical telegraph that also used electromagnets in its receivers . However , in contrast with any system of making sounds of clicks , their system used pointing needles that rotated above alphabetical charts to indicate the letters that were being sent . In 1841 , Cooke and Wheatstone built a telegraph that printed the letters from a wheel of typefaces struck by a hammer . This machine was based on their 1840 telegraph and worked well ; however , they failed to find customers for this system and only two examples were ever built . On the other hand , the three Americans ' system for telegraphy , which was first used in about 1844 , was designed to make indentations on a paper tape when electric currents were received . Morse 's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape . When an electrical current was received , an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape , making an indentation on the tape . When the current was interrupted , a spring retracted the stylus , and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked . The Morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentations marked on the paper tape into text messages . In his earliest code , Morse had planned to transmit only numerals , and to use a codebook to look up each word according to the number which had been sent . However , the code was soon expanded by Alfred Vail in 1840 to include letters and special characters , so it could be used more generally . Vail estimated the frequency of use of letters in the English language by counting the movable type he found in the type - cases of a local newspaper in Morristown . The shorter marks were called `` dots '' , and the longer ones `` dashes '' , and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes . This code was used since 1844 and became known as Morse landline code or American Morse code . Comparison of historical versions of Morse code with the current standard . 1 . American Morse code as originally defined . 2 . The modified and rationalized version used by Gerke on German railways. 3 . The current ITU standard . In the original Morse telegraphs , the receiver 's armature made a clicking noise as it moved in and out of position to mark the paper tape . The telegraph operators soon learned that they could translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes , and write these down by hand , thus making the paper tape unnecessary . When Morse code was adapted to radio communication , the dots and dashes were sent as short and long tone pulses . It was later found that people become more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught as a language that is heard , instead of one read from a page . To reflect the sounds of Morse code receivers , the operators began to vocalize a dot as `` dit '' , and a dash as `` dah '' . Dots which are not the final element of a character became vocalized as `` di '' . For example , the letter `` c '' was then vocalized as `` dah - di - dah - dit '' . Morse code was sometimes facetiously known as `` iddy - umpty '' , and a dash as `` umpty '' , leading to the word `` umpteen '' . The Morse code , as it is used internationally today , was derived from a much refined proposal which became known as `` Hamburg alphabet '' by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 . It was adopted by the Deutsch - Österreichischer Telegraphenverein ( German - Austrian Telegraph Society ) in 1851 . This finally led to the International Morse code in 1865 . In the 1890s , Morse code began to be used extensively for early radio communication , before it was possible to transmit voice . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , most high - speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines , undersea cables and radio circuits . In aviation , Morse code in radio systems started to be used on a regular basis in the 1920s . Although previous transmitters were bulky and the spark gap system of transmission was difficult to use , there had been some earlier attempts . In 1910 , the US Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane . That same year , a radio on the airship America had been instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew . Zeppelin airships equipped with radio were used for bombing and naval scouting during World War I , and ground - based radio direction finders were used for airship navigation . Allied airships and military aircraft also made some use of radiotelegraphy . However , there was little aeronautical radio in general use during World War I , and in the 1920s , there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris in 1927 . Once he and the Spirit of St. Louis were off the ground , Lindbergh was truly alone and incommunicado . On the other hand , when the first airplane flight was made from California to Australia in 1928 on the Southern Cross , one of its four crewmen was its radio operator who communicated with ground stations via radio telegraph . Beginning in the 1930s , both civilian and military pilots were required to be able to use Morse code , both for use with early communications systems and for identification of navigational beacons which transmitted continuous two - or three - letter identifiers in Morse code . Aeronautical charts show the identifier of each navigational aid next to its location on the map . Radiotelegraphy using Morse code was vital during World War II , especially in carrying messages between the warships and the naval bases of the belligerents . Long - range ship - to - ship communication was by radio telegraphy , using encrypted messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security . Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by warplanes , especially by long - range patrol planes that were sent out by those navies to scout for enemy warships , cargo ships , and troop ships . In addition , rapidly moving armies in the field could not have fought effectively without radiotelegraphy because they moved more rapidly than telegraph and telephone lines could be erected . This was seen especially in the blitzkrieg offensives of the Nazi German Wehrmacht in Poland , Belgium , France ( in 1940 ) , the Soviet Union , and in North Africa ; by the British Army in North Africa , Italy , and the Netherlands ; and by the U.S. Army in France and Belgium ( in 1944 ) , and in southern Germany in 1945 . A U.S. Navy Morse Code training class in 2015 . The sailors will use their new skills to collect signals intelligence . Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until 1999 when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System . When the French Navy ceased using Morse code on January 31 , 1997 , the final message transmitted was `` Calling all . This is our last cry before our eternal silence . '' In the United States the final commercial Morse code transmission was on July 12 , 1999 , signing off with Samuel Morse 's original 1844 message , `` What hath God wrought '' , and the prosign `` SK '' . As of 2015 , the United States Air Force still trains ten people a year in Morse . The United States Coast Guard has ceased all use of Morse code on the radio , and no longer monitors any radio frequencies for Morse code transmissions , including the international medium frequency ( MF ) distress frequency of 500 kHz . However , the Federal Communications Commission still grants commercial radiotelegraph operator licenses to applicants who pass its code and written tests . Licensees have reactivated the old California coastal Morse station KPH and regularly transmit from the site under either this Call sign or as KSM . Similarly , a few US Museum ship stations are operated by Morse enthusiasts . User proficiency A commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate high - speed Morse code , the timing of which is controlled by the electronic keyer . Manipulation of dual - lever paddles is similar to the Vibroplex , but pressing the right paddle generates a series of dahs , and squeezing the paddles produces dit - dah - dit - dah sequence . The actions are reversed for left - handed operators . Morse code speed is measured in words per minute ( wpm ) or characters per minute ( cpm ) . Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of dots and dashes . Consequently , words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration , even when they contain the same number of characters . For this reason , a standard word is helpful to measure operator transmission speed . `` PARIS '' and `` CODEX '' are two such standard words . Operators skilled in Morse code can often understand ( `` copy '' ) code in their heads at rates in excess of 40 wpm . In addition to knowing , understanding , and being able to copy the standard written alpha - numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds , skilled high speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard Prosigns for Morse code and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code communications protocol . International contests in code copying are still occasionally held . In July 1939 at a contest in Asheville , North Carolina in the United States Ted R. McElroy set a still - standing record for Morse copying , 75.2 wpm . William Pierpont N0HFF also notes that some operators may have passed 100 wpm . By this time , they are `` hearing '' phrases and sentences rather than words . The fastest speed ever sent by a straight key was achieved in 1942 by Harry Turner W9YZE ( d . 1992 ) who reached 35 wpm in a demonstration at a U.S. Army base . To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words ( 50 dot durations versus 60 dot durations ) and different interword gaps ( 5 dot durations versus 7 dot durations ) may have been used when determining such speed records . For example , speeds run with the CODEX standard word and the PARIS standard may differ by up to 20 % . Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high - speed code ability , one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60 wpm . Also , Certificates of Code Proficiency are issued by several amateur radio societies , including the American Radio Relay League . Their basic award starts at 10 wpm with endorsements as high as 40 wpm , and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text . Members of the Boy Scouts of America may put a Morse interpreter 's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5 wpm . International Morse code Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years -- longer than any other electrical coding system . What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse . The Modern International Morse code , or continental code , was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany . Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals , providing the foundation for the modern form of the code . After some minor changes , International Morse Code was standardized at the International Telegraphy Congress in 1865 in Paris and was later made the standard by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Morse 's original code specification , largely limited to use in the United States and Canada , became known as American Morse code or railroad code . American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments . Aviation In aviation , instrument pilots use radio navigation aids . To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable , the stations all transmit a short set of identification letters ( usually a two - to - five - letter version of the station name ) in Morse code . Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts . For example , the VOR based at Manchester Airport in England is abbreviated as `` MCT '' , and MCT in Morse code is transmitted on its radio frequency . In some countries , during periods of maintenance , the facility may radiate a T-E-S-T code ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) or the code may be removed which tells pilots and navigators that the station is unreliable . In Canada , the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used . In the aviation service , Morse is typically sent at a very slow speed of about 5 words per minute . In the U.S. , pilots do not actually have to know Morse to identify the transmitter because the dot / dash sequence is written out next to the transmitter 's symbol on aeronautical charts . Some modern navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters . The sound of non directional beacon WG , on 248 kHz , located at 49.8992 North , 97.349197 West , near Winnipeg 's main airport Amateur radio Vibroplex brand semiautomatic key ( generically called a `` bug '' ) . The paddle , when pressed to the right by the thumb , generates a series of dits , the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit . When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger , the paddle generates a single dah , the length of which is controlled by the operator . Multiple dahs require multiple presses . Left - handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one . International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators , in the mode commonly referred to as `` continuous wave '' or `` CW '' . ( This name was chosen to distinguish it from the damped wave emissions from spark transmitters , not because the transmission is continuous . ) Other keying methods are available in radio telegraphy , such as frequency shift keying . The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice - capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920 . Until 2003 , the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide . However , the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional . Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their licence requirements . Until 1991 , a demonstration of the ability to send and receive Morse code at a minimum of five words per minute ( wpm ) was required to receive an amateur radio license for use in the United States from the Federal Communications Commission . Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the HF bands . Until 2000 , proficiency at the 20 wpm level was required to receive the highest level of amateur license ( Amateur Extra Class ) ; effective April 15 , 2000 , the FCC reduced the Extra Class requirement to five wpm . Finally , effective on February 23 , 2007 , the FCC eliminated the Morse code proficiency requirements from all amateur radio licenses . While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U.S. rules , Morse code is permitted on all amateur bands -- LF , MF , HF , VHF , and UHF . In some countries , certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only . The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication . These include prosigns , Q codes , and a set of Morse code abbreviations for typical message components . For example , CQ is broadcast to be interpreted as `` seek you '' ( I 'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal ) . OM ( old man ) , YL ( young lady ) and XYL ( `` ex-YL '' -- wife ) are common abbreviations . YL or OM is used by an operator when referring to the other operator , XYL or OM is used by an operator when referring to his or her spouse . QTH is `` location '' ( `` My QTH '' is `` My location '' ) . The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages . Although the traditional telegraph key ( straight key ) is still used by some amateurs , the use of mechanical semi-automatic keyers ( known as `` bugs '' ) and of fully automatic electronic keyers is prevalent today . Software is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals . Other uses A U.S. Navy signalman sends Morse code signals in 2005 . Through May 2013 , the First , Second , and Third Class ( commercial ) Radiotelegraph Licenses using code tests based upon the CODEX standard word were still being issued in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission . The First Class license required 20 WPM code group and 25 WPM text code proficiency , the others 16 WPM code group test ( five letter blocks sent as simulation of receiving encrypted text ) and 20 WPM code text ( plain language ) test . It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory . A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse . This allowed the holder to be chief operator on board a passenger ship . However , since 1999 the use of satellite and very high - frequency maritime communications systems ( GMDSS ) has made them obsolete . ( By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult . ) Currently , only one class of license , the Radiotelegraph Operator License , is issued . This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license . For new applicants , it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and radiotelegraphy practices , as well as 16 WPM codegroup and 20 WPM text tests . However , the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20 WPM test requirement . Radio navigation aids such as VORs and NDBs for aeronautical use broadcast identifying information in the form of Morse Code , though many VOR stations now also provide voice identification . Warships , including those of the U.S. Navy , have long used signal lamps to exchange messages in Morse code . Modern use continues , in part , as a way to communicate while maintaining radio silence . ATIS ( Automatic Transmitter Identification System ) uses Morse code to identify uplink sources of analog satellite transmissions . Applications for the general public Representation of SOS - Morse code . An important application is signalling for help through SOS , `` ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ '' . This can be sent many ways : keying a radio on and off , flashing a mirror , toggling a flashlight , and similar methods . SOS is not three separate characters , rather , it is a prosign SOS , and is keyed without gaps between characters . Some Nokia mobile phones offer an option to alert the user of an incoming text message with the Morse tone `` ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ '' ( representing SMS or Short Message Service ) . In addition , applications are now available for mobile phones that enable short messages to be input in Morse Code . Morse code as an assistive technology Morse code has been employed as an assistive technology , helping people with a variety of disabilities to communicate . Morse can be sent by persons with severe motion disabilities , as long as they have some minimal motor control . An original solution to the problem that caretakers have to learn to decode has been an electronic typewriter with the codes written on the keys . Codes were sung by users ; see the voice typewriter employing morse or votem , Newell and Nabarro , 1968 . Morse code can also be translated by computer and used in a speaking communication aid . In some cases , this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube ( `` sip - and - puff '' interface ) . An important advantage of Morse code over row column scanning is that once learned , it does not require looking at a display . Also , it appears faster than scanning . People with severe motion disabilities in addition to sensory disabilities ( e.g. people who are also deaf or blind ) can receive Morse through a skin buzzer. . In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine QST , an old shipboard radio operator who had a stroke and lost the ability to speak or write could communicate with his physician ( a radio amateur ) by blinking his eyes in Morse . Two examples of communication in intensive care units were also published in QST , Another example occurred in 1966 when prisoner of war Jeremiah Denton , brought on television by his North Vietnamese captors , Morse - blinked the word TORTURE . In these two cases , interpreters were available to understand those series of eye - blinks . Representation , timing , and speeds A sample Morse code transmission The text `` Welcome to Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit . '' sent as Morse code at 13 wpm . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Morse code A through Z `` ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU VWXY Z '' in Morse code at 8 wpm . Problems playing this file ? See media help . This section includes inline links to audio files . If you have trouble playing the files , see Wikipedia Media help . International Morse code is composed of five elements : short mark , dot or `` dit '' ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) : `` dot duration '' is one time unit long longer mark , dash or `` dah '' ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) : three time units long inter-element gap between the dots and dashes within a character : one dot duration or one unit long short gap ( between letters ) : three time units long medium gap ( between words ) : seven time units long Transmission Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways : originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire , but also as an audio tone , a radio signal with short and long tones , or as a mechanical , audible , or visual signal ( e.g. a flashing light ) using devices like an Aldis lamp or a heliograph , a common flashlight , or even a car horn . Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dash . Morse code is transmitted using just two states ( on and off ) . Historians have called it the first digital code . Morse code may be represented as a binary code , and that is what telegraph operators do when transmitting messages . Working from the above ITU definition and further defining a bit as a dot time , a Morse code sequence may be made from a combination of the following five - bit strings : short mark , dot or `` dit '' ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) : 1 longer mark , dash or `` dah '' ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) : 111 intra-character gap ( between the dots and dashes within a character ) : 0 short gap ( between letters ) : 000 medium gap ( between words ) : 0000000 Note that the marks and gaps alternate : dots and dashes are always separated by one of the gaps , and that the gaps are always separated by a dot or a dash . Morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand - operated device such as a telegraph key , so there are variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver -- more experienced operators can send and receive at faster speeds . In addition , individual operators differ slightly , for example , using slightly longer or shorter dashes or gaps , perhaps only for particular characters . This is called their `` fist '' , and experienced operators can recognize specific individuals by it alone . A good operator who sends clearly and is easy to copy is said to have a `` good fist '' . A `` poor fist '' is a characteristic of sloppy or hard to copy Morse code . Cable code The very long time constants of 19th and early 20th century submarine communications cables required a different form of Morse signalling . Instead of keying a voltage on and off for varying times , the dits and dahs were represented by two polarities of voltage impressed on the cable , for a uniform time . Timing Below is an illustration of timing conventions . The phrase `` MORSE CODE '' , in Morse code format , would normally be written something like this , where -- represents dahs and represents dits : − − − − − − − − − − − − MORSECODE Next is the exact conventional timing for this phrase , with = representing `` signal on '' , and . representing `` signal off '' , each for the time length of exactly one dit : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 M -- -- -- O -- -- -- -- -- R -- -- -- S -- -- E C -- -- -- -- -- O -- -- -- -- -- D -- -- -- E = = =. = = = ... = = =. = = =. = = = ... =. = = =. = ... =. =. = ... = ... = = =. =. = = =. = ... = = =. = = =. = = = ... = = =. =. = ... = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ dah dit symbol space letter space word space Spoken representation Morse code is often spoken or written with `` dah '' for dashes , `` dit '' for dots located at the end of a character , and `` di '' for dots located at the beginning or internally within the character . Thus , the following Morse code sequence : MORSECODE − − − − − − ( space ) − − − − − − is orally : Dah - dah dah - dah - dah di - dah - dit di - di - dit dit , Dah - di - dah - dit dah - dah - dah dah - di - dit dit . There is little point in learning to read written Morse as above ; rather , the sounds of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned , for both sending and receiving . Speed in words per minute All Morse code elements depend on the dot length . A dash is the length of 3 dots , and spacings are specified in number of dot lengths . An unambiguous method of specifying the transmission speed is to specify the dot duration as , for example , 50 milliseconds . Specifying the dot duration is , however , not the common practice . Usually , speeds are stated in words per minute . That introduces ambiguity because words have different numbers of characters , and characters have different dot lengths . It is not immediately clear how a specific word rate determines the dot duration in milliseconds . Some method to standardize the transformation of a word rate to a dot duration is useful . A simple way to do this is to choose a dot duration that would send a typical word the desired number of times in one minute . If , for example , the operator wanted a character speed of 13 words per minute , the operator would choose a dot rate that would send the typical word 13 times in exactly one minute . The typical word thus determines the dot length . It is common to assume that a word is 5 characters long . There are two common typical words : `` PARIS '' and `` CODEX '' . PARIS mimics a word rate that is typical of natural language words and reflects the benefits of Morse code 's shorter code durations for common characters such as `` e '' and `` t '' . CODEX offers a word rate that is typical of 5 - letter code groups ( sequences of random letters ) . Using the word PARIS as a standard , the number of dot units is 50 and a simple calculation shows that the dot length at 20 words per minute is 60 milliseconds . Using the word CODEX with 60 dot units , the dot length at 20 words per minute is 50 milliseconds . Because Morse code is usually sent by hand , it is unlikely that an operator could be that precise with the dot length , and the individual characteristics and preferences of the operators usually override the standards . For commercial radiotelegraph licenses in the United States , the Federal Communications Commission specifies tests for Morse code proficiency in words per minute and in code groups per minute . The Commission specifies that a word is 5 characters long . The Commission specifies Morse code test elements at 16 code groups per minute , 20 words per minute , 20 code groups per minute , and 25 words per minute . The word per minute rate would be close to the PARIS standard , and the code groups per minute would be close to the CODEX standard . While the Federal Communications Commission no longer requires Morse code for amateur radio licenses , the old requirements were similar to the requirements for commercial radiotelegraph licenses . A difference between amateur radio licenses and commercial radiotelegraph licenses is that commercial operators must be able to receive code groups of random characters along with plain language text . For each class of license , the code group speed requirement is slower than the plain language text requirement . For example , for the Radiotelegraph Operator License , the examinee must pass a 20 word per minute plain text test and a 16 word per minute code group test . Based upon a 50 dot duration standard word such as PARIS , the time for one dot duration or one unit can be computed by the formula : T = 1200 / W Where : T is the unit time , or dot duration in milliseconds , and W is the speed in wpm . High - speed telegraphy contests are held ; according to the Guinness Book of Records in June 2005 at the International Amateur Radio Union 's 6th World Championship in High Speed Telegraphy in Primorsko , Bulgaria , Andrei Bindasov of Belarus transmitted 230 morse code marks of mixed text in one minute . Farnsworth speed Sometimes , especially while teaching Morse code , the timing rules above are changed so two different speeds are used : a character speed and a text speed . The character speed is how fast each individual letter is sent . The text speed is how fast the entire message is sent . For example , individual characters may be sent at a 13 words - per - minute rate , but the intercharacter and interword gaps may be lengthened so the word rate is only 5 words per minute . Using different character and text speeds is , in fact , a common practice , and is used in the Farnsworth method of learning Morse code . Alternative display of common characters in International Morse code See also : Huffman coding Some methods of teaching Morse code use a dichotomic search table . Graphical representation of the dichotomic search table . The graph branches left for each dot and right for each dash until the character representation is exhausted . Link budget issues Morse Code can not be treated as a classical radioteletype ( RTTY ) signal when it comes to calculating a link margin or a link budget for the simple reason of it possessing variable length dots and dashes as well as variant timing between letters and words . For the purposes of Information Theory and Channel Coding comparisons , the word PARIS is used to determine Morse Code 's properties because it has an even number of dots and dashes . Morse Code , when transmitted essentially , creates an AM signal ( even in on / off keying mode ) , assumptions about signal can be made with respect to similarly timed RTTY signalling . Because Morse code transmissions employ an on - off keyed radio signal , it requires less complex transmission equipment than other forms of radio communication . Morse code also requires less signal bandwidth than voice communication , typically 100 -- 150 Hz , compared to the roughly 2400 Hz used by single - sideband voice , although at a lower data rate . Morse code is usually heard at the receiver as a medium - pitched on / off audio tone ( 600 -- 1000 Hz ) , so transmissions are easier to copy than voice through the noise on congested frequencies , and it can be used in very high noise / low signal environments . The transmitted power is concentrated into a limited bandwidth so narrow receiver filters can be used to suppress interference from adjacent frequencies . The audio tone is usually created by use of a beat frequency oscillator . The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain , further enhancing weak signal readability . This efficiency makes CW extremely useful for DX ( distance ) transmissions , as well as for low - power transmissions ( commonly called `` QRP operation '' , from the Q - code for `` reduce power '' ) . The ARRL has a readability standard for robot encoders called ARRL Farnsworth Spacing that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders . Some programs like WinMorse have implemented the standard . Learning methods People learning Morse code using the Farnsworth method are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed , that is with normal relative timing of the dots , dashes , and spaces within each symbol for that speed . The Farnsworth method is named for Donald R. `` Russ '' Farnsworth , also known by his call sign , W6TTB . However , initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used , to give `` thinking time '' to make the sound `` shape '' of the letters and symbols easier to learn . The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity . Another popular teaching method is the Koch method , named after German psychologist Ludwig Koch , which uses the full target speed from the outset but begins with just two characters . Once strings containing those two characters can be copied with 90 % accuracy , an additional character is added , and so on until the full character set is mastered . In North America , many thousands of individuals have increased their code recognition speed ( after initial memorization of the characters ) by listening to the regularly scheduled code practice transmissions broadcast by W1AW , the American Radio Relay League 's headquarters station . Mnemonics Main article : Morse code mnemonics Scout movement founder Baden - Powell 's mnemonic chart from 1918 Visual mnemonic charts have been devised over the ages . Baden - Powell included one in the Girl Guides handbook in 1918 . In the United Kingdom , many people learned the Morse code by means of a series of words or phrases that have the same rhythm as a Morse character . For instance , `` Q '' in Morse is dah - dah - di - dah , which can be memorized by the phrase `` God save the Queen '' , and the Morse for `` F '' is di - di - dah - dit , which can be memorized as `` Did she like it . '' A well - known Morse code rhythm from the Second World War period derives from Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony , the opening phrase of which was regularly played at the beginning of BBC broadcasts . The timing of the notes corresponds to the Morse for `` V '' , di - di - di - dah , understood as `` V for Victory '' ( as well as the Roman numeral for the number five ) . Letters , numbers , punctuation , prosigns for Morse code and non-English variants Category Character Code Letters A , a − Letters B , b − Letters C , c − − Letters D , d − Letters E , e Letters F , f − Letters G , g − − Letters H , h Letters I , i Letters J , j − − − Letters K , k Prosign for `` Invitation to transmit '' − − Letters L , l − Letters M , m − − Letters N , n − Letters O , o − − − Letters P , p − − Letters Q , q − − − Letters R , r − Letters S , s Letters T , t − Letters U , u − Letters V , v − Letters W , w − − Letters X , x − − Letters Y , y − − − Letters Z , z − − Numbers 0 − − − − − Numbers − − − − Numbers − − − Numbers − − Numbers − Numbers 5 Numbers 6 − Numbers 7 − − Numbers 8 − − − Numbers 9 − − − − Punctuation Period ( . ) − − − Punctuation Comma ( , ) − − − − Punctuation Question Mark ( ? ) − − Punctuation Apostrophe ( ' ) − − − − Punctuation Exclamation Point ( ! ) KW digraph − − − − Punctuation Slash / Fraction Bar ( / ) − − Punctuation Parenthesis ( Open ) − − − Punctuation Parenthesis ( Close ) − − − − Punctuation Ampersand ( or `` Wait '' ) ( & ) AS digraph Prosign for `` Wait '' Not in ITU - R recommendation − Punctuation Colon ( : ) − − − Punctuation Semicolon ( ; ) − − − Punctuation Double Dash ( = ) − − Punctuation Plus sign ( + ) − − Punctuation Hyphen , Minus Sign ( - ) − − Punctuation Underscore ( _ ) Not in ITU - R recommendation − − − Punctuation Quotation mark ( `` ) − − Punctuation Dollar sign ( $ ) SX digraph Not in ITU - R recommendation − − Punctuation At Sign ( @ ) AC digraph − − − Prosigns End of work − − Prosigns Error Prosigns Invitation to Transmit Also used for K − − Prosigns Starting Signal − − − Prosigns New Page Signal AR digraph Message separator Single - line display may use printed `` + '' − − Prosigns Understood Also used for Ŝ − Prosigns Wait also used for Ampersand ( & ) − Non-English extensions À , à Shared by À , Å − − − Non-English extensions Ä , ä Shared by Ä , Æ , Ą − − Non-English Extensions Å , å Shared by À , Å − − − Non-English extensions Ą , ą Shared by Ä , Æ , Ą − − Non-English extensions Æ , æ Shared by Ä , Æ , Ą − − Non-English extensions Ć , ć Shared by Ć , Ĉ , Ç − − Non-English extensions Ĉ , ĉ Shared by Ć , Ĉ , Ç − − Non-English Extensions Ç , ç Shared by Ć , Ĉ , Ç − − Non-English extensions CH , ch Shared by CH , Ĥ , Š − − − − Non-English extensions Đ , đ Shared by Đ , É , Ę Not to be confused with Eth ( Ð , ð ) − Non-English extensions Ð , ð Not to be confused with D with stroke ( Đ , đ ) − − Non-English extensions É , é Shared by Đ , É , Ę − Non-English extensions È , è Shared by È , Ł − − Non-English extensions Ę , ę Shared by Đ , É , Ę − Non-English extensions Ĝ , ĝ − − − Non-English extensions Ĥ , ĥ Shared by CH , Ĥ , Š − − − − Non-English extensions Ĵ , ĵ − − − Non-English extensions Ł , ł Shared by È , Ł − − Non-English extensions Ń , ń Shared by Ń , Ñ − − − − Non-English extensions Ñ , ñ Shared by Ń , Ñ − − − − Non-English extensions Ó , ó Shared by Ó , Ö , Ø − − − Non-English extensions Ö , ö Shared by Ó , Ö , Ø − − − Non-English extensions Ø , ø Shared by Ó , Ö , Ø − − − Non-English extensions Ś , ś − Non-English extensions Ŝ , ŝ Prosign for `` Understood '' − Non-English extensions Š , š Shared by CH , Ĥ , Š − − − − Non-English extensions Þ , þ − − Non-English extensions Ü , ü Shared by Ü , Ŭ − − Non-English extensions Ŭ , ŭ Shared by Ü , Ŭ − − Non-English extensions Ź , ź − − − Non-English extensions Ż , ż − − − Prosigns Main article : Prosigns for Morse code Prosigns for Morse code are special ( usually ) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that are used to indicate changes in communications protocol status or white space text formatting actions . Symbol representations The symbols ! , $ and & are not defined inside the ITU recommendation on Morse code , but conventions for them exist . The @ symbol was formally added in 2004 . Exclamation mark There is no standard representation for the exclamation mark ( ! ) , although the KW digraph ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) was proposed in the 1980s by the Heathkit Company ( a vendor of assembly kits for amateur radio equipment ) . While Morse code translation software prefers the Heathkit version , on - air use is not yet universal as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to prefer the older MN digraph ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) carried over from American landline telegraphy code . Currency symbols The ITU has never codified formal Morse Code representations for currencies as the ISO 4217 Currency Codes are preferred for transmission . The $ sign code was represented in the Phillips Code , a huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy , as SX . Ampersand The representation of the & sign given above , often shown as AS , is also the Morse prosign for wait . In addition , the American landline representation of an ampersand was similar to `` ES '' ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) and hams have carried over this usage as a synonym for `` and '' ( WX HR COLD ES RAINY , `` the weather here is cold & rainy '' ) . Keyboard AT @ On May 24 , 2004 -- the 160th anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission -- the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU - R ) formally added the @ ( `` commercial at '' or `` commat '' ) character to the official Morse character set , using the sequence denoted by the AC digraph ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) . This sequence was reportedly chosen to represent `` A ( T ) C ( OMMERCIAL ) '' or a letter `` a '' inside a swirl represented by a `` C '' . The new character facilitates sending email addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I . Non-latin extensions Main article : Other alphabets in Morse code For Chinese , Chinese telegraph code is used to map Chinese characters to four - digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code . Korean Morse code uses the SKATS mapping , originally developed to allow Korean to be typed on western typewriters . SKATS maps hangul characters to arbitrary letters of the Latin script and has no relationship to pronunciation in Korean . For Russian and Bulgarian , Russian Morse code is used to map the Cyrillic characters to four - element codes . Many of the characters are encoded the same way ( A , O , E , I , T , M , N , R , K , etc . ) . Bulgarian alphabet contains 30 characters , which exactly match all possible combinations of 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 dots and dashes . Russian requires 1 extra character , `` Ы '' which is encoded with 5 elements . Unusual variants During early World War I ( 1914 -- 1916 ) , Germany briefly experimented with ' dotty ' and ' dashy ' Morse , in essence adding a dot or a dash at the end of each Morse symbol . Each one was quickly broken by Allied SIGINT , and standard Morse was restored by Spring 1916 . Only a small percentage of Western Front ( North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea ) traffic was in ' dotty ' or ' dashy ' Morse during the entire war . In popular culture , this is mostly remembered in the book The Codebreakers by Kahn and in the national archives of the UK and Australia ( whose SIGINT operators copied most of this Morse variant ) . Kahn 's cited sources come from the popular press and wireless magazines of the time . Other forms of ' Fractional Morse ' or ' Fractionated Morse ' have emerged . Decoding software Decoding software for Morse code ranges from software - defined wide - band radio receivers coupled to the Reverse Beacon Network , which decodes signals and detects CQ messages on ham bands , to smartphone applications . See also ACP - 131 CW Operators ' Club Guglielmo Marconi High - speed telegraphy Hog morse Instructograph Morse code abbreviations Morse code mnemonics NATO phonetic alphabet Tap code Alfred Vail Wabun code Wireless telegraphy Theodore Roosevelt McElroy References ^ Jump up to : `` International Morse code Recommendation ITU - R M. 1677 - 1 '' . itu.int . International Telecommunication Union . October 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Fahie , John Jacob ( 1884 ) . A History of Electric Telegraphy , to the Year 1837 ( PDF ) . E. & F.N. Spon . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns 2004 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Burns 2004 , p. 84 Jump up ^ `` Learning Morse Code '' . Arrl.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ L. Peter Carron , `` Morse Code : The Essential Language '' , Radio amateur 's library , issue 69 , American Radio Relay League , 1986 ISBN 0 - 87259 - 035 - 6 . Jump up ^ R.J. Eckersley , Amateur radio operating manual , Radio Society of Great Britain , 1985 ISBN 0 - 900612 - 69 - X . Jump up ^ `` Iddy - umpty '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . ( available online to subscribers ) Jump up ^ `` Howeth : Table of Contents ( 1963 ) '' . earlyradiohistory.us . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K2TQN Vintage Radio Column '' . K2tqn.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the Zeppelin Raiders Are Guided by Radio Signals '' . EarlyRadioHistory.us . United States Early Radio History / Popular Science Monthly ( April 1918 ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An obituary for Morse code '' , The Economist , January 23 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Radio Historical Society '' . radiomarine.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morse code training in the Air Force '' . Swling.com. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amendments to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue ( IAMSAR ) Manual '' ( PDF ) . Uscg.mil . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiotelegraph Operator License ( T ) '' . fcc.gov . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Radio Historical Society '' . radiomarine.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Perera , Tom . `` The `` Morse '' Code and the Continental Code `` . W1TP Telegraph & Scientific Instruments Museums . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Art & Skill of Radio Telegraphy '' ( PDF ) . 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Extremely High Speed Club official web page '' . Morsecode.nl . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 . Air Navigation '' . faa.gov . January 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ COM 3.2 , Canadian AIM Archived November 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WG - WINNIPEG '' . Pilotnav.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ IARUWeb : The International Amateur Radio Union Archived September 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Italy Joins No - Code Ranks as FCC Revives Morse Debate in the US '' . The ARRL Letter . 24 ( 31 ) . August 12 , 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review -- Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission 's Amateur Service Rules '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2005 . Retrieved December 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Aeronautical Information Manual ( AIM ) '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Prosigns '' . Qsl.net . QTH.Com . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nokia files patent for Morse Code - generating cellphone , 12 March 2005 , Engadget . Jump up ^ Dennis W. Ross , `` Morse Code : A Place in the Mind , '' QST , March , 1992 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Curt , `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' QST , July 1990 p. 44 . Jump up ^ Donna Burch , `` Morse Code from the Heart , '' QST July 1990 p. 45 . Jump up ^ Ken Beauchamp , History of Telegraphy , Institution of Electrical Engineers IET , 2001 ISBN 0852967926 page 150 Jump up ^ Title 47 Code of Federal Regulations § 13.207 ( c ) and Title 47 Code of Federal Regulations § 13.209 ( d ) Jump up ^ 47 CFR § 13.203 ( b ) Jump up ^ Title 47 Code of Federal Regulations § 97.503 , 1996 version Jump up ^ `` Fastest speed for a morse code transmission '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Standard for Morse Timing Using the Farnsworth Technique '' ( PDF ) . Arrl.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Custom Farnsworth Spacing Configuration '' . Winmorse.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Guiding by Lord Baden - Powell '' ( PDF ) . Pearson . 1938 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Some people find it easier to remember the does ( sic ) and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters -- thus : -- ( p61 ) Jump up ^ Glenn Stanley , The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven , p. 269 , Cambridge University Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 521 - 58934 - 7 . Jump up ^ William Emmett Studwell , The Americana Song Reader , p. 62 , Routledge , 1997 ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0150 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` International Morse Code Gets a New ITU Home , New Character '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wythoff , Grant ( July 2014 ) . `` The Invention of Wireless Cryptography '' . The Appendix : Futures of the Past. 2 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fractionated Morse , and Other Oddities '' . Quadibloc.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome ! - Reverse Beacon Network '' . Reversebeacon.net . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morse Decoder Test -- iPhone / iPad Gerolf Ziegenhain '' . Gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com. 2013 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Bibliography Burns , R.W. ( 2004 ) , Communications : an international history of the formative years , Institution of Electrical Engineers , ISBN 0 - 86341 - 327 - 7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morse code . Morse code at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Everyone Knows Morse '' . TV Tropes ... Includes a list of uses and appearances of Morse Code in movies , television episodes , and other popular culture . Morse Code resources Morse code MP3 practice files . 200 hours of at increasing speeds plus an ASCII - to - CW file generator program . International Morse Code , Hand Sending US Army training video 1966 . Morse Code Radio Operator Training `` Technique of Hand Sending '' US Navy 1944 . Codes of the World International Morse code Transmission methods Electrical telegraph On - off keying Continuous wave Modulated continuous wave Heliograph Signal lamp Notable signals SOS CQD Morse code mnemonics Prosigns for Morse code Morse code abbreviations Q code Z code Other writing systems in Morse code American Morse code Greek alphabet Cyrillic alphabet Hebrew alphabet Arabic alphabet Wabun code Chinese telegraph code Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Optical fiber Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Category Portal Character encodings Early telecommunications ASCII ISO / IEC 646 ISO / IEC 6937 T. 61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 Bibliographic use ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426 - 2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC - 8 National standards ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI - 7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS - 620 TSCII VISCII YUSCII EUC CN JP KR TW ISO / IEC 2022 CN JP KR CCCII MacOS code pages ( `` scripts '' ) Arabic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC - CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Esperanto Farsi Gaelic Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Japanese / ShiftJIS Korean / EUC - KR Latin - 1 Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS - 620 Turkish Ukrainian DOS code pages 100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855 / 872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 / 17248 865 866 / 808 867 868 869 874 / 1161 / 1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950 / 1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125 / 848 1126 1127 1131 / 849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 Kamenický Mazovia CWI - 2 KOI8 MIK Iran System IBM AIX code pages 367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921 / 901 922 / 902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129 / 1163 1133 1350 1382 1383 IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations 1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 IBM Adobe emulations 1038 1276 1277 IBM DEC emulations 1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288 IBM HP emulations 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Windows code pages CER - GS 874 / 1162 ( TIS - 620 ) 932 / 943 ( Shift JIS ) 936 / 1386 ( GBK ) 950 / 1370 ( Big5 ) 949 / 1363 ( EUC - KR ) 1169 1174 Extended Latin - 8 1200 ( UTF - 16LE ) 1201 ( UTF - 16BE ) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 ( GB18030 ) EBCDIC code pages 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 / 1140 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273 / 1141 274 275 276 277 / 1142 278 / 1143 279 280 / 1144 281 282 283 284 / 1145 285 / 1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297 / 1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420 / 16804 421 423 424 / 8616 / 12712 425 435 500 / 1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838 / 838 839 870 / 1110 / 1153 871 / 1149 875 / 4971 / 9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930 / 1390 931 933 / 1364 935 / 1388 937 / 1371 939 / 1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025 / 1154 1026 / 1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112 / 1156 1113 1122 / 1157 1123 / 1158 1130 / 1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS Platform specific Acorn Adobe Standard Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix - 50 DEC MCS / NRCS DG International ELWRO - Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman - 8 HP Roman - 9 HP calculators LICS LMBCS MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators TI calculators TRS - 80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum Unicode / ISO / IEC 10646 UTF - 1 UTF - 7 UTF - 8 UTF - 16 ( UTF - 16LE / UTF - 16BE ) / UCS - 2 UTF - 32 ( UTF - 32LE / UTF - 32BE ) / UCS - 4 UTF - EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU - 1 CESU - 8 SCSU Miscellaneous code pages ABICOMP APL ARIB STD - B24 Cork HZ INIS INIS - 8 Johab LY1 OML OMS OT1 SEASCII TACE16 TRON UTF - 5 UTF - 6 WTF - 8 Related topics Code page Control character ( C0 C1 ) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429 / IEC 6429 / ANSI X3. 64 Mojibake Character sets Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - 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Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - 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9088641159348104510 | Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom | Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.295 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the billion dollar mark . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 12th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , while others suggested the series had run its course , criticizing the screenplay and lack of innovation . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire Dearing to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . On finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone is destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin get away safely , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group in San Francisco to save Isla Nublar 's surviving dinosaurs . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum spoke of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations about the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and that he would direct the film if asked . He later told Spielberg he would only focus on directing one film in the series , but in May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' He felt different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow said that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , he did not deny the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' . He felt future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted the next film might not involve the Jurassic World theme park , and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several unnamed Spanish horror film directors . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they had for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' . He confirmed the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said the script was being written , and it was announced the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film . He chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project for which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film ; it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by his 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World . He declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before he was hired , Bayona had met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said of the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer . He spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow said that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half where dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings . Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but these locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was shot partly in England , Spielberg felt the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting for the second half . He and the producers did not want the film to spend too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back '' . Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return as composer for the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel . He retained final approval on the project . In June 2015 , about two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow so they could discuss a basic set of ideas Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , they began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow said that the story was heavily influenced by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate it into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' saying , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' for John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs . This made Trevorrow realize there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film . The producers felt it was important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world . He chose to remove them to keep the story focused . The script 's structure , Trevorrow said , was inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , saying , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow was familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes for the sequel that would allow for their use . For example , animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow said that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also said he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact . He added , `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism of the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow said for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow said the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona said that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' The `` gothic element '' of suspense was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films . He compared it to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in their script . Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . One of Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow said he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall said that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character '' . Trevorrow said of Malcolm , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the part , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed a role in the film with Bayona , but did not believe he would be available because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvise . Pineda auditioned seven times before being given the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley but did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had appeared in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role from the first two films as Dr. Ian Malcolm . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . Most of the filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , it was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 exclusively . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and offered Bayona his opinions . During filming , and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors , as he had done with his previous films . He also played sound effects from other films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving Owen 's character before it was shot . Many of Pratt 's ideas were used in the film . Discussing Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. President Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow where a news ticker says the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a comment that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . It was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , it was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surroundings , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes . He noted , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt said the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot there until the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes where Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes where characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . This specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck being driven over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar where Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . It was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England . Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene where the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to express genuine fear for the scene . The last part of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . This portion of the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single continuous shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor while he shot the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith being underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required a crew of 85 . It was shot primarily by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team asked `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' The lava was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene where Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had been built previously in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . It was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene removed from the film for runtime reasons revealed the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created using a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke were visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures . Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were often brought up and said , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the earlier films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film featured only one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene where Howard rides atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona said that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan felt animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios working on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World . Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic , which had the ability to breathe and move its head , was controlled with joysticks . It was used for a scene where the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots of the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI . The middle portion of the scene used a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable Indoraptor stand - in was operated by two puppeteers on set , to be later replaced by a CGI version of the creature . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms . The creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) tall while standing on two legs . Bayona chose black for the Indoraptor 's color because he wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , saying `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created by coordinating with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors used for a scene with Pratt . The scene 's final , wider shots used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump . The feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . They chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , said the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team worked through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . He advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . He also advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements and worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 . This was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , before the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group . It included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world . This frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes before the film 's release . Universal had the benefit of a global marketing campaign by its partners valued at $185 million , more than double the value of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners -- Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles -- who aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion promotional items including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , more than any film trailer watched online following its Super Bowl television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt where a dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners Mattel , Lego , and Funko created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . Mattel released a mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts as a tie - in to its dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego released a number of Lego sets and characters based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue , created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in , featuring Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins created a website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' ( the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group ) , which was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The film 's international theatrical release began in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 , and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 28 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $413.2 million in the United States and Canada and $881.5 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.295 billion . The production budget was in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film of all - time to reach this milestone , and the seventh film for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( after Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting at $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the second time two films opened to over $100 million on back - to - back weekends , following Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before , since May 2007 when Shrek the Third and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End opened to $121.6 million and $114.7 million , respectively . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend . In its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain . It was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million on its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . The film went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing its two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 50 % based on 331 reviews , and an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring . '' In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species ' role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael . It is based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . 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Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow Explains the ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ending , Teases Where ' Jurassic World 3 ' Will Go '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Director Says Sequel Will Be A Better Movie '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow answers Fallen Kingdom burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JA Bayona studying Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novels to prepare for Jurassic World Sequel ! '' . JurassicWorld.org. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pugh , Chris ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Director J.A. Bayona on Ian Malcolm : `` He 's a Great Character ! '' `` . Jurassic Outpost . 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Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Justice Smith on Terrifying Stunts and More Terrifying Dinosaurs ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . 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So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World Facts '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ® Jurassic World TM - Products and Sets '' . lego.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Delivers $150 M Debut ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Reaches $350 M Domestic '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . 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"Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World (2015). Directed by J. A. Bayona, it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series, as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy. Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers, with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers.\n"
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934627533394252867 | Protestantism | Protestantism - wikipedia Protestantism Jump to : navigation , search `` Protestant '' redirects here . For the album by Rorschach , see Protestant ( album ) . Part of a series on Protestantism Topics ( show ) Reformation Great Awakenings History Culture Demographics Persecution Criticism Major branches ( show ) Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptist churches Calvinism Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Minor branches ( show ) Hussitism Waldensianism Plymouth Brethren Holiness movement Quakerism Multiple others Interdenominational movements ( show ) Evangelicalism Charismatic movement Neo-charismatic movement Other developments ( show ) Arminianism Pietism Puritanism Neo-orthodoxy Paleo - orthodoxy Christian fundamentalism Modernism and liberalism Related movements ( show ) Nondenominational churches House churches Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40 % of all Christians . It originated with the Reformation , a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church . Ever since , Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments , but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist . They emphasize the priesthood of all believers , justification by faith alone ( sola fide ) rather than by good works , and the highest authority of the Bible alone ( rather than with sacred tradition ) in faith and morals ( sola scriptura ) . The `` Five solae '' summarize basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church . Protestantism is popularly considered to have begun in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety - five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church , which purported to offer remission of sin to their purchasers . However , the term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical . Although there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church -- notably by Peter Waldo , John Wycliffe , and Jan Hus -- only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider , lasting , and modern movement . In the 16th century , Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Latvia , Estonia , and Iceland . Reformed ( or Calvinist ) denominations spread in Germany , Hungary , the Netherlands , Scotland , Switzerland and France by reformers such as John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli , and John Knox . The political separation of the Church of England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism , bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement . Protestants developed their own culture , with major contributions in education , the humanities and sciences , the political and social order , the economy and the arts , and many other fields . Protestantism is diverse , being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either the Roman Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , or Oriental Orthodoxy . Without structural unity or central human authority , Protestants developed the concept of an invisible church , in contrast to the Roman Catholic view of the Catholic Church as the visible one true Church founded by Jesus Christ . Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership , while others are confined to a single country . A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families : Adventists , Anabaptists , Anglicans , Baptists , Reformed , Lutherans , Methodists , and Pentecostals . Nondenominational , evangelical , charismatic , independent and other churches are on the rise , and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity . Proponents of the branch theory consider Protestantism one of the three major divisions of Christendom , together with the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodoxy ( both Eastern and Oriental ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Protestant 1.2 Evangelical 2 Theology 2.1 Main principles 2.2 Trinity 2.3 Five solae 2.4 Christ 's presence in the Eucharist 3 History 3.1 Pre-Reformation 3.2 Reformation proper 3.3 Post-Reformation 4 Radical Reformation 5 Denominations 5.1 United and uniting churches 6 Major branches 6.1 Adventism 6.2 Anabaptism 6.3 Anglicanism 6.4 Baptists 6.5 Calvinism 6.6 Lutheranism 6.7 Methodism 6.8 Pentecostalism 6.9 Other Protestants 7 Interdenominational movements 7.1 Evangelicalism 7.2 Charismatic movement 7.3 Neo-charismatic churches 8 Other Protestant developments 8.1 Arminianism 8.2 Pietism 8.3 Puritanism , English dissenters and nonconformists 8.4 Neo-orthodoxy and Paleo - orthodoxy 8.5 Christian fundamentalism 8.6 Modernism and liberalism 9 Protestant culture 9.1 Thought and work ethic 9.2 Science 9.3 Government 9.4 Rights and liberty 9.5 Social teaching 9.6 Arts 10 Catholic responses 11 Ecumenism 12 Spread and demographics 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Terminology ( edit ) Memorial Church ( finished and consecrated 1904 ) in Speyer commemorates the Protestation . The Protesting Speyer , a part of the Luther Memorial in Worms . Protestant ( edit ) During the Reformation , the term protestant was hardly used outside of German politics . People who were involved in the religious movement used the word evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) . For further details , see the section below . Gradually , protestant became a general term , meaning any adherent of the Reformation in the German - speaking area . It was ultimately somewhat taken up by Lutherans , even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ . French and Swiss Protestants instead preferred the word reformed ( French : réformé ) , which became a popular , neutral , and alternative name for Calvinists . Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities , who issued a protest ( or dissent ) against the edict of the Diet of Speyer , were the first individuals to be called Protestants . The edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier . The term protestant later acquired a broader sense , referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles . However , it is often misused to mean any church outside the Roman and Eastern Orthodox communions . Protestantism as a general term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions , i.e. Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy . Evangelical ( edit ) Direction signs showing ways to two different Protestant churches in the German city of Wiesbaden . The word evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) , which refers to the gospel , was widely used for those involved in the religious movement in the German - speaking area . Nowadays , evangelical is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran , Calvinist , and United Protestant ( Lutheran & Reformed ) traditions in Europe , and those with strong ties to them ( e.g. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod ) . Above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German - speaking area , such as the Evangelical Church in Germany . In continental Europe , an Evangelical is either a Lutheran , a Calvinist , or a United Protestant ( Lutheran & Reformed ) . The German word evangelisch means Protestant , and is different from the German evangelikal , which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism . The English word evangelical usually refers to evangelical Protestant churches , and therefore to a certain part of Protestantism rather than to Protestantism as a whole . The English word traces its roots back to the Puritans in England , where Evangelicalism originated , and then was brought to the United States . The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German , and is different from English reformed ( German : reformiert ) , which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians . Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran , preferring the term evangelical , which was derived from euangelion , a Greek word meaning `` good news '' , i.e. `` gospel '' . The followers of John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli , and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term . To distinguish the two evangelical groups , others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed . Nowadays , the word also pertains in the same way to some other mainline groups , for example Evangelical Methodist . As time passed by , the word evangelical was dropped . Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century , in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists . Theology ( edit ) Main principles ( edit ) Key figures of the Protestant Reformation : Martin Luther and John Calvin depicted on a church pulpit . These reformers emphasised preaching and made it a centerpiece of worship . The Bible translated into vernacular by Martin Luther . The supreme authority of scripture is a fundamental principle of Protestantism . Various experts on the subject tried to determine what makes a Christian denomination a part of Protestantism . A common consensus approved by most of them is that if a Christian denomination is to be considered Protestant , it must acknowledge the following three fundamental principles of Protestantism . Scripture alone The belief , emphasized by Luther , in the Bible as the highest source of authority for the church . The early churches of the Reformation believed in a critical , yet serious , reading of scripture and holding the Bible as a source of authority higher than that of church tradition . The many abuses that had occurred in the Western Church before the Protestant Reformation led the Reformers to reject much of its tradition , though some would maintain tradition has been maintained and reorganized in the liturgy and in the confessions of the Protestant churches of the Reformation . In the early 20th century , a less critical reading of the Bible developed in the United States , leading to a `` fundamentalist '' reading of Scripture . Christian fundamentalists read the Bible as the `` inerrant , infallible '' Word of God , as do the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican and Lutheran churches , but interpret it in a literalist fashion without using the historical critical method . `` Biblical Christianity '' focused on a deep study of the Bible is characteristic of most Protestants as opposed to `` Church Christianity , '' focused on performing rituals and good works , represented by Catholic and Orthodox traditions . However Quakers and Pentecostalists , emphasize the Holy Spirit and personal closeness to God. . Justification by faith alone The belief that believers are justified , or pardoned for sin , solely on condition of faith in Christ rather than a combination of faith and good works . For Protestants , good works are a necessary consequence rather than cause of justification . Universal priesthood of believers The universal priesthood of believers implies the right and duty of the Christian laity not only to read the Bible in the vernacular , but also to take part in the government and all the public affairs of the Church . It is opposed to the hierarchical system which puts the essence and authority of the Church in an exclusive priesthood , and makes ordained priests the necessary mediators between God and the people . Trinity ( edit ) See also : Trinity and Nontrinitarianism Protestants who adhere to the Nicene Creed believe in three persons ( God the Father , God the Son , and the Holy Spirit ) as one God . Movements emerging around the time of the Protestant Reformation , but not a part of Protestantism , e.g. Unitarianism also reject the Trinity . This often serves as a reason for exclusion of the Stone - Campbell Restoration Movement , Unitarian Universalism , Oneness Pentecostalism and other movements from Protestantism by various observers . Unitarianism continues to have a presence mainly in Transylvania , England and the United States , as well as elsewhere . Five solae ( edit ) Main article : Five solae Five solae of the Protestant Reformation Sola scriptura Sola fide Sola gratia Solus Christus Soli Deo gloria The Five solae are five Latin phrases ( or slogans ) that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the reformers ' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Catholic Church of the day . The Latin word sola means `` alone '' , `` only '' , or `` single '' . The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation , based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura ( by scripture alone ) . This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible : that its teaching is needed for salvation ( necessity ) ; that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone ( sufficiency ) ; that everything taught in the Bible is correct ( inerrancy ) ; and that , by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin , believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself , though understanding is difficult , so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church ( clarity ) . The necessity and inerrancy were well - established ideas , garnering little criticism , though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment . The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation . Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology ( the doctrine of how the church as a body works ) , they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers , compared to the Catholics ' idea that certain people within the church , or ideas that were old enough , had a special status in giving understanding of the text . The second main principle , sola fide ( by faith alone ) , states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation . Though argued from scripture , and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura , this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers . Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching , sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to , namely the direct , close , personal connection between Christ and the believer , hence the reformers ' contention that their work was Christocentric . The other solas , as statements , emerged later , but the thinking they represent was also part of the early Reformation . Solus Christus : Christ alone The Protestants characterize the dogma concerning the Pope as Christ 's representative head of the Church on earth , the concept of works made meritorious by Christ , and the Catholic idea of a treasury of the merits of Christ and his saints , as a denial that Christ is the only mediator between God and man . Catholics , on the other hand , maintained the traditional understanding of Judaism on these questions , and appealed to the universal consensus of Christian tradition . Sola Gratia : Grace alone Protestants perceived Roman Catholic salvation to be dependent upon the grace of God and the merits of one 's own works . The reformers posited that salvation is a gift of God ( i.e. , God 's act of free grace ) , dispensed by the Holy Spirit owing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ alone . Consequently , they argued that a sinner is not accepted by God on account of the change wrought in the believer by God 's grace , and that the believer is accepted without regard for the merit of his works , for no one deserves salvation . Soli Deo Gloria : Glory to God alone All glory is due to God alone since salvation is accomplished solely through his will and action -- not only the gift of the all - sufficient atonement of Jesus on the cross but also the gift of faith in that atonement , created in the heart of the believer by the Holy Spirit . The reformers believed that human beings -- even saints canonized by the Catholic Church , the popes , and the ecclesiastical hierarchy -- are not worthy of the glory . Christ 's presence in the Eucharist ( edit ) Main article : Eucharistic theology A Lutheran depiction of the Last Supper by Lucas Cranach the Elder , 1547 . The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to - late 16th century . One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist . Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation , which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body , blood , soul , and divinity of Christ . They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion . Lutherans hold that within the Lord 's Supper the consecrated elements of bread and wine are the true body and blood of Christ `` in , with , and under the form '' of bread and wine for all those who eat and drink it , a doctrine that the Formula of Concord calls the Sacramental union . God earnestly offers to all who receive the sacrament , forgiveness of sins , and eternal salvation . The Reformed churches emphasize the real spiritual presence , or sacramental presence , of Christ , saying that the sacrament is a means of saving grace through which only the elect believer actually partakes of Christ , but merely with the bread and wine rather than in the elements . Calvinists deny the Lutheran assertion that all communicants , both believers and unbelievers , orally receive Christ 's body and blood in the elements of the sacrament but instead affirm that Christ is united to the believer through faith -- toward which the supper is an outward and visible aid . This is often referred to as dynamic presence . A Protestant holding a popular simplification of the Zwinglian view , without concern for theological intricacies as hinted at above , may see the Lord 's Supper merely as a symbol of the shared faith of the participants , a commemoration of the facts of the crucifixion , and a reminder of their standing together as the body of Christ ( a view referred to somewhat derisively as memorialism ) . Anglicans refuse to define the Presence preferring to leave it a mystery . The Prayer Books describe the bread and wine as outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace which is the Body and Blood of Christ . However , the words of their liturgies suggest that one can hold to a belief in the Real Presence and Spiritual and Sacramental Present at the same time . For example , `` ... and you have fed us with the spiritual food in the Sacrament of his body and Blood ; '' `` ... the spiritual food of the most precious Body and Blood of your Son our Savior Jesus Christ , and for assuring us in these holy mysteries ... '' American Book of Common Prayer , 1977 , pp. 365 - 366 . Perhaps the best way to see it is that the Anglican view incorporates all three of the above positions and the Roman nd Orthodox . The classic Anglican view is that the bread and win are instruments of God 's Grace . Perhaps the closest that one can get to pinning down an Anglican view ( they are notorious for refusing to so ) are the words of St. John of Damascus , `` the bread and wine are visible symbols of a spiritual reality . '' The symbol is not empty but the visible to another reality present . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Protestantism Pre-reformation ( edit ) See also : Arnoldists , Waldensians , Hussites , Lollards , and Girolamo Savonarola Execution of Jan Hus in 1415 . Spread of Lollardy in medieval England and medieval Scotland . In the late 1130s , Arnold of Brescia , an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church . After his death , his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists , and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans , though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation . In the early 1170s , Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians . He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church . By 1215 , the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution . Despite that , the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy , as a part of the wider Reformed tradition . In the 1370s , John Wycliffe -- later dubbed the `` Morning Star of Reformation '' -- started his activity as an English reformer . He rejected papal authority over secular power , translated the Bible into vernacular English , and preached anticlerical and biblically - centred reforms . Beginning in the first decade of the 15th century , Jan Hus -- a Roman Catholic priest , Czech reformist and professor -- influenced by John Wycliffe 's writings , founded the Hussite movement . He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination . He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance , Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy . After his execution , a revolt erupted . Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope . Later on , theological disputes caused a split within the Hussite movement . Utraquists maintained that both the bread and the wine should be administered to the people during the Eucharist . Another major faction were the Taborites , who opposed the Utraquists in the Battle of Lipany during the Hussite Wars . There were two separate parties among the Hussites : moderate and radical movements . Other smaller regional Hussite branches in Bohemia included Adamites , Orebites , Orphans and Praguers . The Hussite Wars concluded with the victory of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund , his Catholic allies and moderate Hussites and the defeat of the radical Hussites . Tensions arised as the Thirty Years ' War reached Bohemia in 1620 . Both moderate and radical Hussitism was increasingly persecuted by Catholics and Holy Roman Emperor 's armies . Starting in 1475 , an Italian Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola was calling for a Christian renewal . Later on , Martin Luther himself read some of the friar 's writings and praised him as a martyr and forerunner whose ideas on faith and grace anticipated Luther 's own doctrine of justification by faith alone . Some of Hus ' followers founded the Unitas Fratrum -- `` Unity of the Brethren '' -- which was renewed under the leadership of Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf in Herrnhut , Saxony in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the Thirty Years ' War and the Counter-Reformation . Today , it is usually referred to in English as the Moravian Church and in German as the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine . Evolution of the Hussite movement in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1419 to 1620 , superimposed on modern borders . Reformation proper ( edit ) Main article : Protestant Reformation Distribution of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in Central Europe on the eve of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 ) . Henry VIII of England , known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church . John Knox , who led the Reformation in Scotland , founding Presbyterianism . Part of a series on Reformation Ninety - five Theses Precursors ( show ) Arnold of Brescia and Arnoldists Peter Waldo and Waldensians Girolamo Savonarola John Wycliffe and Lollardy William Tyndale Jan Hus and Hussites Beginning ( show ) Ninety - five Theses Diet of Worms Luther Bible Iconoclasm Magisterials Radicals Contributing factors ( show ) Western Schism Avignon Papacy Bohemian Reformation Northern Renaissance Humanism Johann Reuchlin German mysticism Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press Erasmus Propaganda Art Theologies of seminal figures ( show ) Theology of Martin Luther Theology of Huldrych Zwingli Theology of John Calvin Protestant Reformers ( show ) Martin Luther Philip Melanchthon Huldrych Zwingli John Calvin Martin Bucer Theodore Beza Heinrich Bullinger Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel John Knox Roger Williams Thomas Müntzer Balthasar Hubmaier Andreas Karlstadt Menno Simons Thomas Cranmer Richard Hooker Many others Major political leaders ( show ) Henry VIII of England Elizabeth I of England Oliver Cromwell James VI and I William the Silent Gaspard II de Coligny Henry IV of France Jeanne d'Albret Stephen Bocskai Gabriel Bethlen Gustav II Adolf Frederick V , Elector Palatine Philip I of Hesse Frederick III , Elector of Saxony John Frederick I , Elector of Saxony By location ( show ) Germany Switzerland ( Geneva / Zürich ) England Scotland Netherlands Czech Lands Slovakia Hungary Romania Slovenia Denmark -- Norway and Holstein Sweden and Finland Iceland Estonia and Latvia Austria France Italy Poland - Lithuania Ireland Political and religious conflicts ( show ) Thirty Years ' War French Wars of Religion Eighty Years ' War War of the Three Kingdoms German Peasants ' War Wars of Kappel Schmalkaldic War Opposition ( show ) Catholic Church Council of Trent Anti-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor Conclusion ( show ) Peace of Westphalia Rise of Pietism No end thesis Commemoration ( show ) Reformation Day Reformation Wall Lutheran commemorations Anglican commemorations Protestantism The Protestant Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church . On 31 October 1517 ( All Hallows ' Eve ) Martin Luther allegedly nailed his Ninety - five Theses ( Disputation on the Power of Indulgences ) on the door of the All Saints ' Church in Wittenberg , Germany , detailing doctrinal and practical abuses of the Roman Catholic Church , especially the selling of indulgences . The theses debated and criticized many aspects of the Church and the papacy , including the practice of purgatory , particular judgment , and the authority of the pope . Luther would later write works against the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary , the intercession of and devotion to the saints , the sacraments , mandatory clerical celibacy , monasticism , the authority of the pope , the ecclesiastical law , censure and excommunication , the role of secular rulers in religious matters , the relationship between Christianity and the law , good works , and the sacraments . The Reformation was a triumph of literacy and the new printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg . Luther 's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy , and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets . From 1517 onward , religious pamphlets flooded much of Europe . Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope , the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland , Scotland , Hungary , Germany and elsewhere . After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526 , and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel , Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the city of Geneva . His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life . After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559 , Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement , providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries . The faith continued to spread after Calvin 's death in 1563 . Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France , where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots . Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva . He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there . Despite heavy persecution , the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation , appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment . French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character , made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s . This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts , known as the French Wars of Religion . The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559 . Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time , illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of August 1572 , when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France . The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes , promising official toleration of the Protestant minority , but under highly restricted conditions . Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion , and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century , culminating in Louis XIV 's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again . In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau , Frederick William I , Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam , giving free passage to Huguenot refugees . In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England , the Netherlands , Prussia , Switzerland , and the English and Dutch overseas colonies . A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region . Parallel to events in Germany , a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . Zwingli was a scholar and preacher , who in 1518 moved to Zurich . Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology , some unresolved differences kept them separate . A long - standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism . The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther . A meeting was held in his castle in 1529 , now known as the Colloquy of Marburg , which has become infamous for its failure . The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine . In 1534 , King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England , after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon ; this opened the door to reformational ideas . Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles , gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way ( via media ) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions . The English Reformation followed a particular course . The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII . King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome . In 1534 , the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England . Between 1535 and 1540 , under Thomas Cromwell , the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect . Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I , a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I . The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition . The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other . It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century . The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age . The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England . The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe , especially Geneva . The later Puritan movement , often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists , eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations . The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland . The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines , and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France . John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation . The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope 's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 , forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith . It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise , who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter . Some of the most important activists of the Protestant Reformation included Jacobus Arminius , Theodore Beza , Martin Bucer , Andreas von Carlstadt , Heinrich Bullinger , Balthasar Hubmaier , Thomas Cranmer , William Farel , Thomas Müntzer , Laurentius Petri , Olaus Petri , Philipp Melanchthon , Menno Simons , Louis de Berquin , Primož Trubar and John Smyth . In the course of this religious upheaval , the German Peasants ' War of 1524 -- 25 swept through the Bavarian , Thuringian and Swabian principalities . After the Eighty Years ' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion , the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years ' War between 1618 and 1648 . It devastated much of Germany , killing between 25 % and 40 % of its population . The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia , which ended the Thirty Years ' War , were : All parties would now recognise the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 , by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state , the options being Roman Catholicism , Lutheranism , and now Calvinism . ( the principle of cuius regio , eius religio ) Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will . The treaty also effectively ended the papacy 's pan-European political power . Pope Innocent X declared the treaty `` null , void , invalid , iniquitous , unjust , damnable , reprobate , inane , empty of meaning and effect for all times '' in his bull Zelo Domus Dei . European sovereigns , Roman Catholic and Protestant alike , ignored his verdict . Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation ( 1545 - 1620 ) End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation ( 1648 ) Religious situation in Europe , late 16th & early to mid 17th century Post-reformation ( edit ) See also : Great Awakenings and Azusa Street Revival Great Awakening First ( c. 1730 -- 1755 ) Second ( c. 1790 -- 1840 ) Third ( c. 1855 -- 1900 ) Fourth ( c. 1960 -- 1980 ) The Great Awakenings were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo - American religious history . The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America , especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s , leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism . It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ . Pulling away from ritual , ceremony , sacramentalism and hierarchy , it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption , and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality . 1839 Methodist camp meeting during the Second Great Awakening in the U.S. The Second Great Awakening began around 1790 . It gained momentum by 1800 . After 1820 , membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the late 1840s . It has been described as a reaction against skepticism , deism , and rationalism , although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century . It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism . It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth . It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement , which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement . New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness , Nazarene , and Christian Science movements . The Fourth Great Awakening was a Christian religious awakening that some scholars -- most notably , Robert Fogel -- say took place in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s , while others look at the era following World War II . The terminology is controversial . Thus , the idea of a Fourth Great Awakening itself has not been generally accepted . In 1814 , Le Réveil swept through Calvinist regions in Switzerland and France . In 1904 , a Protestant revival in Wales had tremendous impact on the local population . A part of British modernization , it drew many people to churches , especially Methodist and Baptist ones . A noteworthy development in 20th - century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement . Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots , it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles . From there it spread around the world , carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there . These Pentecost - like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history , such as seen in the two Great Awakenings . Pentecostalism , which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations , continues to be an important force in Western Christianity . In the United States and elsewhere in the world , there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations , especially those that are more exclusively evangelical , and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches . In the post -- World War I era , Liberal Christianity was on the rise , and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well . In the post -- World War II era , the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America 's seminaries and church structures . In Europe , there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism . The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism . Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism , attributing it to the wide - ranging freedom in the Protestant countries . In North America , South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe . United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries . South America , historically Roman Catholic , has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries . Radical Reformation ( edit ) Main article : Radical Reformation Dissatisfaction with the outcome of a disputation in 1525 prompted Swiss Brethren to part ways with Huldrych Zwingli . Unlike mainstream Lutheran , Calvinist and Zwinglian movements , the Radical Reformation , which had no state sponsorship , generally abandoned the idea of the `` Church visible '' as distinct from the `` Church invisible '' . It was a rational extension of the state - approved Protestant dissent , which took the value of independence from constituted authority a step further , arguing the same for the civic realm . The Radical Reformation was non-mainstream , though in parts of Germany , Switzerland and Austria , a majority would sympathize with the Radical Reformation despite the intense persecution it faced from both Roman Catholics and Magisterial Protestants . The early Anabaptists believed that their reformation must purify not only theology but also the actual lives of Christians , especially their political and social relationships . Therefore , the church should not be supported by the state , neither by tithes and taxes , nor by the use of the sword ; Christianity was a matter of individual conviction , which could not be forced on anyone , but rather required a personal decision for it . Protestant ecclesial leaders such as Hubmaier and Hofmann preached the invalidity of infant baptism , advocating baptism as following conversion ( `` believer 's baptism '' ) instead . This was not a doctrine new to the reformers , but was taught by earlier groups , such as the Albigenses in 1147 . Though most of the Radical Reformers were Anabaptist , some did not identify themselves with the mainstream Anabaptist tradition . Thomas Müntzer was involved in the German Peasants ' War . Andreas Karlstadt disagreed theologically with Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther , teaching nonviolence and refusing to baptize infants while not rebaptizing adult believers . Kaspar Schwenkfeld and Sebastian Franck were influenced by German mysticism and spiritualism . In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation , the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough . Radical Reformer , Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt , for example , referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the `` new papists '' . Since the term `` magister '' also means `` teacher '' , the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher . This is made evident in the prominence of Luther , Calvin , and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry . Because of their authority , they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes . A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut , although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism . Anabaptism in shape of its various diversification such as the Amish , Mennonites and Hutterites came out of the Radical Reformation . Later in history , Schwarzenau Brethren , Bruderhof , and the Apostolic Christian Church would emerge in Anabaptist circles . Denominations ( edit ) See also : List of Christian denominations § Protestantism , and List of the largest Protestant churches Protestantism as state religion : Lutheranism Anglicanism Calvinism Methodism Protestants refer to specific groupings of congregations or churches that share in common foundational doctrines and the name of their groups as denominations . The term denomination ( national body ) is to be distinguished from branch ( denominational family ; tradition ) , communion ( international body ) and congregation ( church ) . An example ( this is no universal way to classify Protestant churches , as these may sometimes vary broadly in their structures ) to show the difference : Branch / denominational family / tradition : Methodism Communion / international body : World Methodist Council Denomination / national body : United Methodist Church Congregation / church : First United Methodist Church ( Paintsville , Kentucky ) Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church 's doctrine that it is the one true church , believing in the invisible church , which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ . Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations , and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others . Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences . Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs . Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith , non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant . Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations , according to various models of union , but divisions continue to outpace unions , as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance , which can authoritatively define the faith . Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines , although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief . Several countries have established their national churches , linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state . Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries ; Denmark ( including Greenland ) , the Faroe Islands ( its church being independent since 2007 ) , Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches . Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world , while Tonga -- in the Methodist tradition . The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England , and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion . In 1869 , Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act . Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state , it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament . In 2000 , Sweden was the second Nordic country to do so . United and uniting churches ( edit ) Protestant Church in the Netherlands , founded in 2004 , brings together most Reformed and Lutherans in the Netherlands . Main article : United and uniting churches See also : Continuing churches United and uniting churches are churches formed from the merger or other form of union of two or more different Protestant denominations . Historically , unions of Protestant churches were enforced by the state , usually in order to have a stricter control over the religious sphere of its people , but also other organizational reasons . As modern Christian ecumenism progresses , unions between various Protestant traditions are becoming more and more common , resulting in a growing number of united and uniting churches . Some of the recent major examples are the United Protestant Church of France ( 2013 ) and the Protestant Church in the Netherlands ( 2004 ) . As mainline Protestantism shrinks in Europe and North America due to the rise of secularism , Reformed and Lutheran denominations merge , often creating large nationwide denominations . The phenomenon is much less common among evangelical , nondenominational and charismatic churches as new ones arise and plenty of them remain independent of each other . Perhaps the oldest official united church is found in Germany , where the Evangelical Church in Germany is a federation of Lutheran , United ( Prussian Union ) and Reformed churches , a union dating back to 1817 . The first of the series of unions was at a synod in Idstein to form the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau in August 1817 , commemorated in naming the church of Idstein Unionskirche one hundred years later . Around the world , each united or uniting church comprises a different mix of predecessor Protestant denominations . Trends are visible , however , as most united and uniting churches have one or more predecessors with heritage in the Reformed tradition and many are members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches . Major branches ( edit ) Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation , today regarded as branches . Some of these movements have a common lineage , sometimes directly spawning individual denominations . Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations , this section discusses only the largest denominational families , or branches , widely considered to be a part of Protestantism . These are , in alphabetical order : Adventist , Anglican , Baptist , Calvinist ( Reformed ) , Lutheran , Methodist and Pentecostal . A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed . The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main Protestant denominational families , or their parts . Adventism ( edit ) Main article : Adventism Adventism began in the 19th century in the context of the Second Great Awakening revival in the United States . The name refers to belief in the imminent Second Coming ( or `` Second Advent '' ) of Jesus Christ . William Miller started the Adventist movement in the 1830s . His followers became known as Millerites . Although the Adventist churches hold much in common , their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness , whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment , the nature of immortality , whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium , and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth . The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible , leading Seventh - day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath . The General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists has compiled that church 's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs ( 1980 and 2005 ) , which use Biblical references as justification . In 2010 , Adventism claimed some 22 million believers scattered in various independent churches . The largest church within the movement -- the Seventh - day Adventist Church -- has more than 18 million members . James Springer White and his wife , Ellen G. White founded the Seventh - day Adventist Church . An Adventist pastor baptizes a young man in Mozambique . Loma Linda University Seventh - day Adventist Church in Loma Linda , California , United States . Anabaptism ( edit ) Main article : Anabaptism Anabaptism traces its origins to the Radical Reformation . Anabaptists believe in delaying baptism until the candidate confesses his or her faith . Although some consider this movement to be an offshoot of Protestantism , others see it as a distinct one . The Amish , Hutterites , and Mennonites are direct descendants of the movement . Schwarzenau Brethren , Bruderhof , and the Apostolic Christian Church are considered later developments among the Anabaptists . The name Anabaptist , meaning `` one who baptizes again '' , was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants . Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants . The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist , claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void , the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism . As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues , Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics . While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount , which precluded taking oaths , participating in military actions , and participating in civil government , some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise . They were thus technically Anabaptists , even though conservative Amish , Mennonites , and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism . Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are divided into Radical and the so - called Second Front . Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden , Thomas Müntzer , Kaspar Schwenkfeld , Sebastian Franck , Menno Simons . Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck , Conrad Grebel , Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz . Balthasar Hubmaier , one of the earliest and most prominent Anabaptist theologians . An Amish family in a horse - drawn square buggy . Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church in rural Goessel , Kansas , United States . Anglicanism ( edit ) Main article : Anglicanism Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs , worship practices and church structures . The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana , a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church . There is no single `` Anglican Church '' with universal juridical authority , since each national or regional church has full autonomy . As the name suggests , the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury . The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion , which has 85 million adherents . The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement . Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition . These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them , the then Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer , as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions , namely Lutheranism and Calvinism . By the end of the century , the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles . Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer , the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries . While it has since undergone many revisions and Anglican churches in different countries have developed other service books , the Book of Common Prayer is still acknowledged as one of the ties that bind the Anglican Communion together . Thomas Cranmer , one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self - identity . The various editions of the Book of Common Prayer contain the words of structured services of worship in the Anglican Church . British coronations are held in Westminster Abbey , a royal peculiar under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch . Baptists ( edit ) Main article : Baptists Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and that it must be done by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or sprinkling ) . Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency ( liberty ) , salvation through faith alone , Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice , and the autonomy of the local congregation . Baptists recognize two ministerial offices , pastors and deacons . Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches , though some Baptists disavow this identity . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the mid-18th century , the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South . The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership , as did the preachers ' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery , which had been part of the 18th - century teachings . Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent . The Baptist World Alliance reports more than 41 million members in more than 150,000 congregations . In 2002 , there were over 100 million Baptists and Baptistic group members worldwide and over 33 million in North America . The largest Baptist association is the Southern Baptist Convention , with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million . Roger Williams was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state . Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers . The First Baptist Church in America . Baptists are roughly one - third of U.S. Protestants . Calvinism ( edit ) Main article : Calvinism Calvinism , also called the Reformed tradition , was advanced by several theologians such as Martin Bucer , Heinrich Bullinger , Peter Martyr Vermigli , and Huldrych Zwingli , but this branch of Christianity bears the name of the French reformer John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 16th century . Today , this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader . Less commonly , it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself . The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways . Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism , though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole . Broadly speaking , Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things -- in salvation but also in all of life . This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity . The biggest Reformed association is the World Communion of Reformed Churches with more than 80 million members in 211 member denominations around the world . There are more conservative Reformed federations like the World Reformed Fellowship and the International Conference of Reformed Churches , as well as independent churches . John Calvin 's theological thought influenced a variety of Congregational , Continental Reformed , United , Presbyterian , and other Reformed churches . The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk , by John Henry Lorimer , 1891 . A Congregational church in Cheshire , Connecticut , United States . Lutheranism ( edit ) Main article : Lutheranism Lutheranism identifies with the theology of Martin Luther -- a German friar , ecclesiastical reformer , and theologian . Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification `` by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone '' , the doctrine that scripture is the final authority on all matters of faith , denying the belief of the Catholic Church defined at the Council of Trent concerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition . In addition , Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first four ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church . Unlike the Reformed tradition , Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church , with a particular emphasis on the Eucharist , or Lord 's Supper . Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology , the purpose of God 's Law , the divine grace , the concept of perseverance of the saints , and predestination . Today , Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism . With approximately 80 million adherents , it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism . The Lutheran World Federation , the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people . Additionally , there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference , as well as independent churches . Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . Philip Melanchthon , the co-founder of Lutheranism , baptizing an infant . Martin Luther nailed the Ninety - five Theses to the main door of the Schlosskirche . Methodism ( edit ) Main article : Methodism Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley -- an Anglican priest and evangelist . This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th - century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley 's death . Because of vigorous missionary activity , the movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . Originally it appealed especially to labourers and slaves . Soteriologically , most Methodists are Arminian , emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being , and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it ( as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism ) . Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy , although this varies greatly between individual congregations ; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition . Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition ; John Wesley 's brother , Charles , was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church , and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition . John Wesley , the primary founder of the Methodism . A United Methodist elder celebrating the Eucharist . Methodist Central Hall in Westminster , London . Pentecostalism ( edit ) Main article : Pentecostalism Pentecostalism is a movement that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit . The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost , the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks . For Christians , this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ , as described in the second chapter of the Book of Acts . This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit -- filled and empowered life . This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing -- two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism . Because of their commitment to biblical authority , spiritual gifts , and the miraculous , Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church . For this reason , some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement . Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations , including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ , both in the United States and elsewhere . There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide , and the movement is growing in many parts of the world , especially the global South . Since the 1960s , Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions , and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement . Together , Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents . Charles Fox Parham , who associated glossolalia with the baptism in the Holy Spirit . A modern Protestant worship band leading a contemporary worship session . A Pentecostal church in Ravensburg , Germany . Other Protestants ( edit ) Main article : List of Christian denominations § Protestantism There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches , and are far smaller in membership . Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as `` Christians '' or `` born - again Christians '' . They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and / or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves `` non-denominational '' or `` evangelical '' . Often founded by individual pastors , they have little affiliation with historic denominations . Hussitism follows the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus , who became the best - known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation . This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness . Among present - day Christians , Hussite traditions are represented in the Moravian Church , Unity of the Brethren , and the refounded Czechoslovak Hussite churches . The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative , low church , evangelical movement , whose history can be traced to Dublin , Ireland , in the late 1820s , originating from Anglicanism . Among other beliefs , the group emphasizes sola scriptura . Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination , but as a network , or even as a collection of overlapping networks , of like - minded independent churches . Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself -- a stance that some of them still maintain -- the title The Brethren , is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren . The Holiness movement refers to a set of beliefs and practices emerging from 19th - century Methodism , and a number of evangelical denominations , parachurch organizations , and movements which emphasized those beliefs as a central doctrine . There are an estimated 12 million adherents in Holiness movement churches . The Salvation Army and The Wesleyan Church are notable examples . Quakers , or Friends , are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends . The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers . Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity . Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity , the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . Unitarianism is sometimes considered Protestant due to its origins in the Reformation and strong cooperation with other Protestants since the 16th century . It is excluded due to its Nontrinitarian nature . Unitarians can be regarded as Nontrinitarian Protestants , or simply Nontrinitarians . Unitarianism has been popular in the region of Transylvania within today 's Romania , England , and the United States . It originated almost simultaneously in Transylvania and the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . George Fox was an English dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends , commonly known as the Quakers or Friends . Friedensthal Moravian Church Christiansted , St Croix , USVI founded in 1755 . A night shelter of The Salvation Army in Geneva , Switzerland . Interdenominational movements ( edit ) There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches , and can not be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms . Evangelicalism is a prominent example . Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism , some are Christian - wide . Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church , such as does it the Charismatic Movement , which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity . Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement . Both are put under a common label of Charismatic Christianity ( so - called Renewalists ) , along with Pentecostals . Nondenominational churches and various house churches often adopt , or are akin to one of these movements . Megachurches are usually influenced by interdenominational movements . Globally , these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity . In the United States , the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the past two decades . It has since spread worldwide . The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism . Evangelicalism ( edit ) Main article : Evangelicalism Evangelicalism , or evangelical Protestantism , is a worldwide , transdenominational movement which maintains that the essence of the gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ 's atonement . Evangelicals are Christians who believe in the centrality of the conversion or `` born again '' experience in receiving salvation , believe in the authority of the Bible as God 's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message . It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America . The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement , Nicolaus Zinzendorf , the Moravian Church , Lutheran pietism , Presbyterianism and Puritanism . Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley , George Whitefield , Jonathan Edwards , Billy Graham , Harold John Ockenga , John Stott and Martyn Lloyd - Jones . There are an estimated 285,480,000 Evangelicals , corresponding to 13.1 % of the Christian population and 4.1 % of the total world population . The Americas , Africa and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals . The United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals . Evangelicalism is gaining popularity both in and outside the English - speaking world , especially in Latin America and the developing world . William Wilberforce , a British evangelical abolitionist . Billy Graham , a prominent evangelical revivalist , preaching in Duisburg , Germany in 1954 . Calvary Church , a non-denominational evangelical church in Charlotte , North Carolina . Charismatic movement ( edit ) Christian Open Door Church , an evangelical charismatic church in Mulhouse , France . Main article : Charismatic movement The Charismatic movement is the international trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals . Fundamental to the movement is the use of spiritual gifts . Among Protestants , the movement began around 1960 . In America , Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement 's seminal influence . In the United Kingdom , Colin Urquhart , Michael Harper , David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments . The Massey conference in New Zealand , 1964 was attended by several Anglicans , including the Rev. Ray Muller , who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966 , and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars . Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky . Larry Christenson , a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro , California , did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans . A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis . Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential ; especially `` Hosanna ! '' in Lakeville , and North Heights in St. Paul . The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches . There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach . Richard A. Jensen 's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974 , played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement . In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present - day continuation or cessation of the gifts ( charismata ) of the Spirit . Generally , however , Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional , such as Word of Faith , Toronto Blessing , Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival . Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the US , in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement , which leading figure is Terry Virgo . A minority of Seventh - day Adventists today are charismatic . They are strongly associated with those holding more `` progressive '' Adventist beliefs . In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace . Neo-charismatic churches ( edit ) Main article : Neo-charismatic churches Neo-charismatic churches are a category of churches in the Christian Renewal movement . Neo-charismatics include the Third Wave , but are broader . Now more numerous than Pentecostals ( first wave ) and charismatics ( second wave ) combined , owing to the remarkable growth of postdenominational and independent charismatic groups . Neo-charismatics believe in and stress the post-Biblical availability of gifts of the Holy Spirit , including glossolalia , healing , and prophecy . They practice laying on of hands and seek the `` infilling '' of the Holy Spirit . However , a specific experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit may not be requisite for experiencing such gifts . No single form , governmental structure , or style of church service characterizes all neo-charismatic services and churches . Some nineteen thousand denominations , with approximately 295 million individual adherents , are identified as neo-charismatic . Neo-charismatic tenets and practices are found in many independent , nondenominational or post-denominational congregations , with strength of numbers centered in the African independent churches , among the Han Chinese house - church movement , and in Latin American churches . Other Protestant developments ( edit ) A plenty of other movements and thoughts to be distinguished from the widespread transdenominational ones and branches appeared within Protestant Christianity . Some of them are also in evidence today . Others appeared during the centuries following the Reformation and disappeared gradually with the time , such as much of Pietism . Some inspired the current transdenominational ones , such as Evangelicalism which has its foundation in the Christian fundamentalism . Arminianism ( edit ) Main articles : Arminianism , Remonstrants , and Calvinist - Arminian debate Jacobus Arminius was a Dutch Reformed theologian , whose views influenced parts of Protestantism . A small Remonstrant community remains in the Netherlands . Arminianism is based on theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius ( 1560 -- 1609 ) and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants . His teachings held to the five solae of the Reformation , but they were distinct from particular teachings of Martin Luther , Huldrych Zwingli , John Calvin , and other Protestant Reformers . Jacobus Arminius was a student of Theodore Beza at the Theological University of Geneva . Arminianism is known to some as a soteriological diversification of Calvinism . However , to others , Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus . Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance ( 1610 ) , a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the States General of the Netherlands . Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views on the will of man being freed by grace prior to regeneration , notably the Baptists in the 16th century , the Methodists in the 18th century and the Seventh - day Adventist Church in the 19th century . The original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself are commonly defined as Arminianism , but more broadly , the term may embrace the teachings of Hugo Grotius , John Wesley , and others as well . Classical Arminianism and Wesleyan Arminianism are the two main schools of thought . Wesleyan Arminianism is often identical with Methodism . The two systems of Calvinism and Arminianism share both history and many doctrines , and the history of Christian theology . However , because of their differences over the doctrines of divine predestination and election , many people view these schools of thought as opposed to each other . In short , the difference can be seen ultimately by whether God allows His desire to save all to be resisted by an individual 's will ( in the Arminian doctrine ) or if God 's grace is irresistible and limited to only some ( in Calvinism ) . Some Calvinists assert that the Arminian perspective presents a synergistic system of Salvation and therefore is not only by grace , while Arminians firmly reject this conclusion . Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine , while others find them to be relatively minor . Pietism ( edit ) Main articles : Pietism and Haugean movement Pietism was an influential movement within Lutheranism that combined the 17th century Lutheran principles with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life . It began in the late 17th century , reached its zenith in the mid-18th century , and declined through the 19th century , and had almost vanished in America by the end of the 20th century . While declining as an identifiable Lutheran group , some of its theological tenets influenced Protestantism generally , inspiring the Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Brethren movement among Anabaptists . Though Pietism shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the Puritan movement , and the two are often confused , there are important differences , particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government . Philipp Jakob Spener , German pioneer and founder of Pietism . Pietism has been a strong cultural influence in Scandinavia . The Broad and the Narrow Way , a popular German Pietist painting , 1866 . Puritanism , English dissenters and nonconformists ( edit ) Main articles : Puritanism , English Dissenters , Independent ( religion ) , Nonconformism , English Presbyterianism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries , which sought to purify the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices , maintaining that the church was only partially reformed . Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary I shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558 , as an activist movement within the Church of England . Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within , and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion . Their beliefs , however , were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands ( and later to New England ) , and by evangelical clergy to Ireland ( and later into Wales ) , and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system , particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge . They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system , particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops . They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century , and were influenced by millennialism . They formed , and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine , as well as personal and group piety . Puritans adopted a Reformed theology , but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva . In church polity , some advocated for separation from all other Christians , in favor of autonomous gathered churches . These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s , when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church . Nonconforming Protestants along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe were the primary founders of the United States of America . John Cotton , who sparked the Antinomian Controversy with his free grace theology . Pilgrim Fathers landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620 . Built in 1681 , the Old Ship Church in Hingham , Massachusetts is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use . Neo-orthodoxy and paleo - Orthodoxy ( edit ) Main articles : Neo-orthodoxy and Paleo - orthodoxy Karl Barth , often regarded as the greatest Protestant theologian of the twentieth century A non-fundamentalist rejection of liberal Christianity , associated primarily with Karl Barth and Jürgen Moltmann , neo-orthodoxy sought to counter-act the tendency of liberal theology to make theological accommodations to modern scientific perspectives . Sometimes called `` Crisis theology '' , according to the influence of philosophical existentialism on some important segments of the movement ; also , somewhat confusingly , sometimes called neo-evangelicalism . Paleo - orthodoxy is a movement similar in some respects to neo-evangelicalism but emphasizing the ancient Christian consensus of the undivided church of the first millennium AD , including in particular the early creeds and church councils as a means of properly understanding the scriptures . This movement is cross-denominational and the most notable exponent in the movement is United Methodist theologian Thomas Oden . Christian fundamentalism ( edit ) Main article : Christian fundamentalism In reaction to liberal Bible critique , fundamentalism arose in the 20th century , primarily in the United States , among those denominations most affected by Evangelicalism . Fundamentalist theology tends to stress Biblical inerrancy and Biblical literalism . Toward the end of the 20th century , some have tended to confuse evangelicalism and fundamentalism ; however , the labels represent very distinct differences of approach that both groups are diligent to maintain , although because of fundamentalism 's dramatically smaller size it often gets classified simply as an ultra-conservative branch of evangelicalism . Modernism and liberalism ( edit ) Main article : Liberal Christianity Modernism and liberalism do not constitute rigorous and well - defined schools of theology , but are rather an inclination by some writers and teachers to integrate Christian thought into the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment . New understandings of history and the natural sciences of the day led directly to new approaches to theology . Its opposition to the fundamentalist teaching resulted in religious debates , such as the Fundamentalist -- Modernist Controversy within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in the 1920s . Protestant culture ( edit ) Main article : Protestant culture The Berlin Cathedral , a United Protestant cathedral in Berlin . Max Weber 's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Although the Reformation was a religious movement , it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life : marriage and family , education , the humanities and sciences , the political and social order , the economy , and the arts . Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry . Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries . Since about 1950 , women have entered the ministry , and some have assumed leading positions ( e.g. bishops ) , in most Protestant churches . As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible , education on all levels got a strong boost . By the middle of the eighteenth century , the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent , in Scotland 65 per cent , and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write . Colleges and universities were founded . For example , the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later . About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century , including Yale ( 1701 ) . Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning . Members of mainline Protestant denominations have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life , including politics , business , science , the arts , and education . They founded most of the country 's leading institutes of higher education . Thought and work ethic ( edit ) See also : Protestant work ethic The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God - given faculties , including the power of reason . That means that they are allowed to explore God 's creation and , according to Genesis 2 : 15 , make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way . Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences . Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers , in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ , are to follow God 's commandments . Industry , frugality , calling , discipline , and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code . In particular , Calvin rejected luxury . Therefore , craftsmen , industrialists , and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology . As a result , productivity grew , which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages . In this way , the economy , the sciences , and technology reinforced each other . The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors . The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution . This idea is also known as the `` Protestant ethic thesis . '' However , eminent historian Fernand Braudel ( d . 1985 ) , a leader of the important Annales School wrote : `` all historians have opposed this tenuous theory ( the Protestant Ethic ) , although they have not managed to be rid of it once and for all . Yet it is clearly false . The northern countries took over the place that earlier had been so long and brilliantly been occupied by the old capitalist centers of the Mediterranean . They invented nothing , either in technology or business management . '' Social scientist Rodney Stark moreover comments that `` during their critical period of economic development , these northern centers of capitalism were Catholic , not Protestant -- the Reformation still lay well into the future , '' while British historian Hugh Trevor - Roper ( d . 2003 ) said , `` The idea that large - scale industrial capitalism was ideologically impossible before the Reformation is exploded by the simple fact that it existed . '' In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data , Arno Tausch ( Corvinus University of Budapest ) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism . The Global Value Development Index , calculated by Tausch , relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law , no support for shadow economy , postmaterial activism , support for democracy , a non-acceptance of violence , xenophobia and racism , trust in transnational capital and Universities , confidence in the market economy , supporting gender justice , and engaging in environmental activism , etc . Episcopalians and Presbyterians , as well as other WASPs , tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated ( having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita ) than most other religious groups in United States , and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business , law and politics , especially the Republican Party . Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors , Rockefeller , Du Pont , Roosevelt , Forbes , Whitneys , the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families . Science ( edit ) See also : Merton thesis Columbia University , established by the Church of England . Protestantism has had an important influence on science . According to the Merton Thesis , there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other . The Merton Thesis has two separate parts : Firstly , it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology ; secondly , it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th - century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society ( English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants ) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values . Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries . He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science . Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God 's influence on the world -- his creation -- and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research . According to Scientific Elite : Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman , a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972 , 72 % of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background . Overall , 84.2 % of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry , 60 % in Medicine , and 58.6 % in Physics between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants . According to 100 Years of Nobel Prize ( 2005 ) , a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000 , 65.4 % of Nobel Prize Laureates , have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference ( 423 prizes ) . While 32 % have identified with Protestantism in its various forms ( 208 prizes ) , although Protestant comprise 11.6 % to 13 % of the world 's population . Government ( edit ) Church flags , as used by German Protestants . In the Middle Ages , the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related . Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle ( doctrine of the two kingdoms ) . The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way . Luther 's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably . The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and , if necessary , to vote for his dismissal ( Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call , install and dismiss teachers , as testified in Scripture ; 1523 ) . Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen ( church elders , presbyters ) in his representative church government . The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod , whose members were elected by the congregations , to Calvin 's system of church self - government . This system was taken over by the other reformed churches . Politically , Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy . He appreciated the advantages of democracy : `` It is an invaluable gift , if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords . '' Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God . To further protect the rights of ordinary people , Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances ( separation of powers ) . Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy . Besides England , the Netherlands were , under Calvinist leadership , the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle . Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural - law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible . Consistent with Calvin 's political ideas , Protestants created both the English and the American democracies . In seventeenth - century England , the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War , Oliver Cromwell , John Milton , John Locke , the Glorious Revolution , the English Bill of Rights , and the Act of Settlement . Later , the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies , e.g. Australia , New Zealand , and India . In North America , Plymouth Colony ( Pilgrim Fathers ; 1620 ) and Massachusetts Bay Colony ( 1628 ) practised democratic self - rule and separation of powers . These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God . The Mayflower Compact was a social contract . Rights and liberty ( edit ) Enlightenment philosopher John Locke argued for individual conscience , free from state control . Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom . Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological , philosophical , and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms ( 1521 ) . In his view , faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could , therefore , not be forced on a person . The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience , and they practised separation of church and state . In the early seventeenth century , Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom . Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke 's stance on tolerance . Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams , Congregationalist Thomas Hooker , and Quaker William Penn , respectively , Rhode Island , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion . These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities , including Jews . The United States Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework . The great majority of American Protestants , both clergy and laity , strongly supported the independence movement . All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses . In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world ( e.g. , Latin America , Japan , and Germany ) . The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette , an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles . The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette 's draft of this document . The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition . Democracy , social - contract theory , separation of powers , religious freedom , separation of church and state -- these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers . Some of the philosophers of the English , Scottish , German , and Swiss Enlightenment -- Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , John Toland , David Hume , Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Christian Wolff , Immanuel Kant , and Jean - Jacques Rousseau -- had Protestant backgrounds . For example , John Locke , whose political thought was based on `` a set of Protestant Christian assumptions '' , derived the equality of all humans , including the equality of the genders ( `` Adam and Eve '' ) , from Genesis 1 , 26 -- 28 . As all persons were created equally free , all governments needed `` the consent of the governed . '' These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence , which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation : `` We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness . '' Also , other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants . For example , torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740 , slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 ( William Wilberforce , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Abraham Lincoln -- against Southern Protestants ) . Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law . The Geneva Convention , an important part of humanitarian international law , was largely the work of Henry Dunant , a reformed pietist . He also founded the Red Cross . Social teaching ( edit ) The Young Men 's Christian Association founded by Congregationalist George Williams and aimed at empowering young people . Protestants have founded hospitals , homes for disabled or elderly people , educational institutions , organizations that give aid to developing countries , and other social welfare agencies . In the nineteenth century , throughout the Anglo - American world , numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery , prison reforms , and woman suffrage . As an answer to the `` social question '' of the nineteenth century , Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state ( health insurance , accident insurance , disability insurance , old - age pensions ) . To Bismarck this was `` practical Christianity '' . These programs , too , were copied by many other nations , particularly in the Western world . Arts ( edit ) The arts have been strongly inspired by Protestant beliefs . Martin Luther , Paul Gerhardt , George Wither , Isaac Watts , Charles Wesley , William Cowper , and many other authors and composers created well - known church hymns . Musicians like Heinrich Schütz , Johann Sebastian Bach , George Frideric Handel , Henry Purcell , Johannes Brahms , Philipp Nicolai and Felix Mendelssohn - Bartholdy composed great works of music . Prominent painters with Protestant background were , for example , Albrecht Dürer , Hans Holbein the Younger , Lucas Cranach the Elder , Lucas Cranach the Younger , Rembrandt , and Vincent van Gogh . World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser , John Milton , John Bunyan , John Donne , John Dryden , Daniel Defoe , William Wordsworth , Jonathan Swift , Johann Wolfgang Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Edgar Allan Poe , Matthew Arnold , Conrad Ferdinand Meyer , Theodor Fontane , Washington Irving , Robert Browning , Emily Dickinson , Emily Brontë , Charles Dickens , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Thomas Stearns Eliot , John Galsworthy , Thomas Mann , William Faulkner , John Updike , and many others . Martin Luther Memorial in Worms , Germany , which features some of the Reformation 's crucial figures . The International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva , Switzerland . The Adoration of the Trinity by Albrecht Dürer . The Crucifixion of Christ by Lucas Cranach the Elder . The Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Younger . A Huguenot , on St. Bartholomew 's Day , Refusing to Shield Himself from Danger by Wearing the Roman Catholic Badge by John Everett Millais . The Return of the Prodigal Son , detail , c. 1669 by Rembrandt . The Church at Auvers , 1890 . Musée d'Orsay , Paris . By Vincent van Gogh . Catholic Responses ( edit ) Main articles : Anti-Protestantism , Counter-Reformation , Council of Trent , and Criticism of Protestantism Passional Christi und Antichristi , by Lucas Cranach the Elder , from Luther 's 1521 Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist . The Pope as the Antichrist , signing and selling indulgences . St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of French Protestants , 1572 . The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations can not be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith - believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas , and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession . According to Bishop Hilarion ( Alfeyev ) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject . Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized , the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation . On the contrary , the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation . The Magisterial reformers , such as Martin Luther , John Calvin , and Huldrych Zwingli , believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church , which they viewed as having become corrupted . Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation , denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them . In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church , Protestants often posited a new argument , saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority , only a spiritual , invisible , and hidden church -- this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation . Wherever the Magisterial Reformation , which received support from the ruling authorities , took place , the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church , but disagreeing , in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine - linked practice , with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters , namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church . The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity , founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement , rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils , but rejecting the latest ecumenical council , the Council of Trent . Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character , wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ , not common identity , doctrine , belief , and collaborative action . There are Protestants , especially of the Reformed tradition , that either reject or down - play the designation Protestant because of the negative idea that the word invokes in addition to its primary meaning , preferring the designation Reformed , Evangelical or even Reformed Catholic expressive of what they call a Reformed Catholicity and defending their arguments from the traditional Protestant confessions . Ecumenism ( edit ) Main article : Christian ecumenism The Edinburgh Missionary Conference is considered the symbolic starting point of the contemporary ecumenical movement . The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches , beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference . Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa , Asia and Oceania . Since 1948 , the World Council of Churches has been influential , but ineffective in creating a united church . There are also ecumenical bodies at regional , national and local levels across the globe ; but schisms still far outnumber unifications . One , but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement , has been the move to form united churches , such as the Church of South India , the Church of North India , the US - based United Church of Christ , the United Church of Canada , the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships . There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement , though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine . A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize . However , as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church , all other sacraments ( except marriage ) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid . Therefore , Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized ( although they are confirmed ) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study . In 1999 , the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation , although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement . This is understandable , since there is no compelling authority within them . On 18 July 2006 , delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration . Spread and Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Protestants by country See also : Christianity by country Protestant majority countries . Countries by percentage of Protestants . There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide , among approximately 2.4 billion Christians . In 2010 , a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa , 260 million in the Americas , 140 million in Asia - Pacific region , 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East - North Africa . Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population . Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world 's Christians at 33 % , 36 % , 36.7 % , and 40 % , while in relation to the world 's population at 11.6 % and 13 % . In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation , Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion . These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom . In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Latvia , Estonia and Hungary , it remains one of the most popular religions . Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements , there are only few Protestant adherents ; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs , restrictions during the Communist rule , and also the ongoing secularization . Over the last several decades , religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased . According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer , Protestants made up 12 % of the EU population . According to Pew Research Center , Protestants constituted nearly one fifth ( or 17.8 % ) of the continent 's Christian population in 2010 . Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15 % of all Europeans in 2009 , while Noll claims that less than 12 % of them lived in Europe in 2010 . Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant . Since 1900 , Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa , Asia , Oceania and Latin America . That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion . Much of the growth has occurred after World War II , when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred . According to one source , Protestants constituted respectively 2.5 % , 2 % , 0.5 % of Latin Americans , Africans and Asians . In 2000 , percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17 % , more than 27 % and 5.5 % , respectively . According to Mark A. Noll , 79 % of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910 , while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth . By 2010 , 59 % of Anglicans were found in Africa . In 2010 , more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany , while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined . Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe . China is home to world 's largest Protestant minority . Protestantism is growing in Africa , Asia , Latin America , and Oceania , while declining in Anglo America and Europe , with some exceptions such as France , where it was eradicated after the abolition of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau and the following persecution of Huguenots , but now is claimed to be stable in number or even growing slightly . According to some , Russia is another country to see a Protestant revival . In 2010 , the largest Protestant denominational families were historically Pentecostal denominations ( 10.8 % ) , Anglican ( 10.6 % ) , Lutheran ( 9.7 % ) , Baptist ( 9 % ) , United and uniting churches ( unions of different denominations ) ( 7.2 % ) , Presbyterian or Reformed ( 7 % ) , Methodist ( 3.4 % ) , Adventist ( 2.7 % ) , Congregationalist ( 0.5 % ) , Brethren ( 0.5 % ) , The Salvation Army ( 0.3 % ) and Moravian ( 0.1 % ) . Other denominations accounted for 38.2 % of Protestants . United States is home to approximately 20 % of Protestants . According to a 2012 study , Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religion of the majority for the first time . The decline is attributed mainly to the dropping membership of the Mainline Protestant churches , while Evangelical Protestant and Black churches are stable or continue to grow . By 2050 , Protestantism is projected to rise to slightly more than half of the world 's total Christian population . According to other experts such as Hans J. Hillerbrand , Protestants will be as numerous as Catholics . According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the University of California , popular Protestantism is the most dynamic religious movement in the contemporary world , alongside the resurgent Islam . See also ( edit ) Religion portal Christianity portal Seventh - day Adventist Church portal Anabaptism portal Anglicanism portal Arminianism portal Baptist portal Calvinism portal Lutheranism portal Methodism portal Evangelical Christianity portal Anti-Catholicism Anti-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Criticism of the Catholic Church European wars of religion Islamic Protestantism Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Messianic Judaism Protestantism and Islam Restorationism Stone - Campbell Restoration Movement Unitarianism Universalism Unitarian Universalism Oneness Pentecostalism The New Church / Swedenborgianism Christadelphians Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Most current estimates place the world 's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than a billion . For example , author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total 2004 Protestant population of 833,457,000 , while a report by Gordon - Conwell Theological Seminary -- 961,961,000 ( with inclusion of independents as defined in this article ) in mid-2015 . Jump up ^ Some movements such as the Hussites or the Lollards are also considered Protestant today , although their origins date back to years before the launch of the Reformation . Others , such as the Waldensians , were later incorporated into another branch of Protestantism ; in this case , the Reformed branch . Jump up ^ At the time Germany and the surrounding region was fragmented into numerous states of the Holy Roman Empire . Areas which turned Protestant were primarily located in northern , central , and eastern areas of the Reich . Jump up ^ Several states of the Holy Roman Empire adopted Calvinism , including the County Palatine of the Rhine . Jump up ^ Further information : English Reformation . In this article , Anglicanism is considered a branch of Protestantism as a part of movements derived directly from the 16th century Reformation . While today the Church of England often considers itself to be a via media between Protestantism and the Roman Catholic Church , until the rise of the Oxford Movement in the 1830s the church generally considered itself to be Protestant . ( Neill , Stephen . Anglicanism Pelican 1960 , pp. 170 ; 259 -- 60 ) Jump up ^ According to Pew 2011 report on Christianity about 60 % ( defined strictly , as some denominations given individual percentages in the report could be considered a part of one of the seven main distinguishable Protestant branches , e.g. The Salvation Army could be considered a part of Methodism ) . The majority figures given in such reports , or in other sources may vary considerably . Jump up ^ This branch was first called Calvinism by Lutherans who opposed it , but many find the word Reformed to be more descriptive . It includes Presbyterianism , Congregationalism , many of United and uniting churches , as well as historic Reformed churches in France , Switzerland , Germany , and Hungary . Jump up ^ In the end , while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy , the impact of printing itself , the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price , and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a lucrative post , were also significant contributory factors . Jump up ^ In the first decade of the Reformation , Luther 's message became a movement , and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height . Jump up ^ Finland 's State Church was the Church of Sweden until 1809 . As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809 -- 1917 , Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system , and a state church separate from Sweden , later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , was established . It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869 . After Finland had gained independence in 1917 , religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922 . Through this arrangement , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church , whose position , however , is not codified in the constitution . Jump up ^ Since the middle of the 20th century , the German - speaking world no longer uses the term `` Wiedertäufer '' ( translation : `` Re-baptizers '' ) considering it biased . The term `` Täufer '' ( translation : `` Baptizers '' ) is now used , which is considered more impartial . From the perspective of their persecutors , the `` Baptizers '' baptized for the second time those `` who as infants had already been baptized '' . Since the denigrative term Anabaptist signifies re-baptizing , it is considered a polemic term and therefore has been dropped from use in modern German . However , in the English - speaking world it is still in use in order to distinguish the `` Baptizers '' more clearly from the `` Baptists '' who emerged later . Jump up ^ For example , the followers of Thomas Müntzer and Balthasar Hubmaier . Jump up ^ Primarily in the United States , where Protestants are usually placed in one of two categories -- Mainline or Evangelical . Jump up ^ Estimates vary considerably , from 400 up to more than a billion . One of the reasons is the lack of a common agreement among scholars which denominations constitute Protestantism . Nevertheless , 800 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars , and thus is used in this article . For example , author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total 2004 Protestant population of 833,457,000 , while a report by Gordon - Conwell Theological Seminary -- 961,961,000 ( with inclusion of independents as defined in this article ) in mid-2015 . Jump up ^ Current sources are in general agreement that Christians make up about 33 % of the world 's population -- slightly over 2.4 billion adherents in mid-2015 . Jump up ^ Estimates for China vary in dozens of millions . Nevertheless , in comparison to the other countries , there is no disagreement that China has the most numerous Protestant minority . Jump up ^ Protestant , Independent and Anglican parties are understood as Protestant as stated previously in the article , as well as in the book : Statistics for the P , I and A megablocs are often combined because they overlap so much - hence the order followed here . Jump up ^ A flexible term ; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pewforum : Christianity ( 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christianity 2015 : Religious Diversity and Personal Contact '' ( PDF ) . gordonconwell.edu . January 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CCC -- Global Statistics '' . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hillerbrand , Hans J. ( 2 August 2004 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Protestantism : 4 - volume Set '' . Routledge -- via Google Books . 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This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement , which are closely associated with evangelicalism . However , there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition `` per se '' has become one of the major components of world Christianity . Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches . In regions like Africa and Latin America , the boundaries between `` evangelical '' and `` mainline '' are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities . '' ^ Jump up to : Juergensmeyer , Mark ( 3 November 2005 ) . `` Religion in Global Civil Society '' . Oxford University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Divisions of womens weave Christianity '' . North Virginia College . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` protestant - Origin and meaning of protestant by Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . 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Torbet , A History of the Baptists , third edition Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Justo L. The Story of Christianity , Vol . Two : The Reformation to the Present Day ( New York : Harpercollins Publishers , 1985 ; reprint -- Peabody : Prince Press , 2008 ) 180 Jump up ^ In places , such as parts of England and America , where Pietism was frequently juxtaposed with Roman Catholicism , Catholics also became naturally influenced by Pietism , helping to foster a stronger tradition of congregational hymn - singing , including among Pietists who converted to Catholicism and brought their pietistic inclination with them , such as Frederick William Faber . Jump up ^ Calvinist Puritans believed that government was ordained by God to enforce Christian behavior upon the world ; pietists see the government as a part of the world , and believers were called to voluntarily live faithful lives independent of government . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Fox ( 14 May 1989 ) . `` The Perfect New England Town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E ( 14 January 2011 ) , Christian Theology : An Introduction , John Wiley & Sons , pp. 76 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9770 - 3 Jump up ^ Brown , Stuart ; Collinson , Diane ; Wilkinson , Robert ( 10 September 2012 ) , Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth - Century Philosophers , Taylor & Francis , pp. 52 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 06043 - 1 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , p. 319 Jump up ^ Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third , Revised Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p. 233 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ) , History of Religion in the United States , Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , pp. 69 -- 80 , 88 -- 89 , 114 -- 117 , 186 -- 188 Jump up ^ M. Schmidt , Kongregationalismus , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band III ( 1959 ) , Tübingen ( Germany ) , col. 1770 Jump up ^ McKinney , William . `` Mainline Protestantism 2000 . '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 558 , Americans and Religions in the Twenty - First Century ( July 1998 ) , pp. 57 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Lenski ( 1963 ) , The Religious Factor : A Sociological Study of Religion 's Impact on Politics , Economics , and Family Life , Revised Edition , A Doubleday Anchor Book , Garden City , New York , pp. 348 -- 351 Jump up ^ Cf . Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 , Revised and Expanded Edition , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Jan Weerda , Soziallehre des Calvinismus , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , 3 . Auflage ( 1958 ) , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , col. 934 Jump up ^ Eduard Heimann , Kapitalismus , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band III ( 1959 ) , Tübingen ( Germany ) , col. 1136 -- 1141 Jump up ^ Hans Fritz Schwenkhagen , Technik , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , 3 . Auflage , col. 1029 -- 1033 Jump up ^ Georg Süßmann , Naturwissenschaft und Christentum , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band IV , col. 1377 -- 1382 Jump up ^ C. Graf von Klinckowstroem , Technik . Geschichtlich , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band VI , col. 664 -- 667 Jump up ^ Kim , Sung Ho ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Max Weber '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , CSLI , Stanford University . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Braudel , Fernand. 1977 . Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism . Baltimore : Johns Hopskins University Press . Jump up ^ Manager . `` Protestant Modernity '' . Jump up ^ Trevor - Roper . 2001 . The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century . Liberty Fund Jump up ^ Tausch , Arno ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Towards new maps of global human values , based on World Values Survey ( 6 ) data '' -- via ideas.repec.org . ^ Jump up to : B. DRUMMOND AYRES Jr. ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` The Episcopalians : An American Elite with Roots Going Back To Jamestown '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Irving Lewis Allen , `` WASP -- From Sociological Concept to Epithet , '' Ethnicity , 1975 154 + Jump up ^ Hacker , Andrew ( 1957 ) . `` Liberal Democracy and Social Control '' . American Political Science Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 1009 -- 1026 ( p. 1011 ) . JSTOR 1952449 . Jump up ^ Baltzell ( 1964 ) . The Protestant Establishment . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sztompka , 2003 Jump up ^ Gregory , 1998 Jump up ^ Becker , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Harriet Zuckerman , Scientific Elite : Nobel Laureates in the United States New York , The Free Pres , 1977 , p. 68 : Protestants turn up among the American - reared laureates in slightly greater proportion to their numbers in the general population . Thus 72 percent of the seventy - one laureates but about two thirds of the American population were reared in one or another Protestant denomination - ) ^ Jump up to : Baruch A. Shalev , 100 Years of Nobel Prizes ( 2003 ) , Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , p. 57 : between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion Most 65.4 % have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference . While separating Roman Catholic from Protestants among Christians proved difficult in some cases , available information suggests that more Protestants were involved in the scientific categories and more Catholics were involved in the Literature and Peace categories . Atheists , agnostics , and freethinkers comprise 10.5 % of total Nobel Prize winners ; but in the category of Literature , these preferences rise sharply to about 35 % . A striking fact involving religion is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith -- over 20 % of total Nobel Prizes ( 138 ) ; including : 17 % in Chemistry , 26 % in Medicine and Physics , 40 % in Economics and 11 % in Peace and Literature each . The numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people ( 0.02 % of the world 's population ) are Jewish . By contrast , only 5 Nobel Laureates have been of the Muslim faith - 0.8 % of total number of Nobel prizes awarded -- from a population base of about 1.2 billion ( 20 % of the world 's population ) Jump up ^ Heinrich Bornkamm , Toleranz . In der Geschichte des Christentums in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band VI ( 1962 ) , col. 937 Jump up ^ Original German title : Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe , alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen , ein - und abzusetzen : Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 4 -- 10 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , 11 . Auflage , p. 325 Jump up ^ Quoted in Jan Weerda , Calvin , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , 3 . Auflage ( 1958 ) , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , col. 210 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , p. 10 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , pp. 396 -- 397 Jump up ^ Cf . M. Schmidt , England . Kirchengeschichte , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band II ( 1959 ) , Tübingen ( Germany ) , col. 476 -- 478 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick ( 2006 ) , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War , Penguin Group , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03760 - 5 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 65 -- 76 Jump up ^ Christopher Fennell ( 1998 ) , Plymouth Colony Legal Structure Jump up ^ `` Liberties '' . history.hanover.edu . Jump up ^ M. Schmidt , Pilgerväter , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band V ( 1961 ) , col. 384 Jump up ^ Christopher Fennell , Plymouth Colony Legal Structure Jump up ^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel ( 2002 ) , The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower , DK Publishing , Inc. , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8903 - 1 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , p. 5 Jump up ^ Heinrich Bornkamm , Toleranz . In der Geschichte des Christentums , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band VI ( 1962 ) , col. 937 - 938 Jump up ^ H. Stahl , Baptisten , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band I , col. 863 Jump up ^ G. Müller - Schwefe , Milton , John , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band IV , col. 955 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , p. 398 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 99 -- 106 , 111 -- 117 , 124 Jump up ^ Edwin S. Gaustad ( 1999 ) , Liberty of Conscience : Roger Williams in America , Judson Press , Valley Forge , p. 28 Jump up ^ Hans Fantel ( 1974 ) , William Penn : Apostle of Dissent , William Morrow & Co. , New York , N.Y. , pp. 150 -- 153 Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 , Revised and Expanded Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 , pp. 4 -- 6 , 49 -- 52 , 622 -- 685 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 192 -- 209 Jump up ^ Cf . R. Voeltzel , Frankreich . Kirchengeschichte , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band II ( 1958 ) , col. 1039 Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Ernst Klett Verlag , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ G. Jasper , Vereinte Nationen , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band VI , col. 1328 -- 1329 Jump up ^ Cf . G. Schwarzenberger , Völkerrecht , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band VI , col. 1420 -- 1422 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , 11 . Auflage , pp. 396 -- 399 , 401 -- 403 , 417 -- 419 Jump up ^ Jeremy Waldron ( 2002 ) , God , Locke , and Equality : Christian Foundations in Locke 's Political Thought , Cambridge University Press , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 978 - 0521 - 89057 - 1 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Jeremy Waldron , God , Locke , and Equality , pp. 21 -- 43 , 120 Jump up ^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel , The Story of America , pp. 189 -- 309 Jump up ^ Karl Heussi , Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte , 11 . Auflage , pp. 403 , 425 Jump up ^ M. Elze , Grotius , Hugo , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band II , col. 1885 -- 1886 Jump up ^ H. Hohlwein , Pufendorf , Samuel , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band V , col. 721 Jump up ^ R. Pfister , Schweiz . Seit der Reformation , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band V ( 1961 ) , col. 1614 -- 1615 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 484 -- 494 Jump up ^ H. Wagner , Diakonie , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band I , col. 164 -- 167 Jump up ^ J.R.H. Moorman , Anglikanische Kirche , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band I , col. 380 -- 381 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 461 -- 465 Jump up ^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel , The Story of America , pp. 274 -- 275 Jump up ^ M. Schmidt , Kongregationalismus , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band III , col. 1770 Jump up ^ K. Kupisch , Bismarck , Otto von , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3 . Auflage , Band I , col. 1312 -- 1315 Jump up ^ P. Quante , Sozialversicherung , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , Band VI , col. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church , 29 June 2007 , Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith . Jump up ^ Stuard - will , Kelly ; Emissary ( 2007 ) . Karitas Publishing , ed . A Faraway Ancient Country . United States : Gardners Books . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 15801 - 3 . Jump up ^ OrthodoxEurope.org . `` Bishop Hilarion of Vienna and Austria : The Vatican Document Brings Nothing New '' . Orthodoxeurope.org . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ The Protestant Reformers formed a new and radically different theological opinion on ecclesiology , that the visible Church is `` catholic '' ( lower - case `` c '' ) rather than `` Catholic '' ( upper - case `` C '' ) . Accordingly , there is not an indefinite number of parochial , congregational or national churches , constituting , as it were , so many ecclesiastical individualities , but one great spiritual republic of which these various organizations form a part , although they each have very different opinions . This was markedly far - removed from the traditional and historic Roman Catholic understanding that the Roman Catholic Church was the one true Church of Christ . Yet in the Protestant understanding , the visible church is not a genus , so to speak , with so many species under it . It is thus you may think of the State , but the visible church is a totum integrale , it is an empire , with an ethereal emperor , rather than a visible one . The churches of the various nationalities constitute the provinces of this empire ; and though they are so far independent of each other , yet they are so one , that membership in one is membership in all , and separation from one is separation from all ... This conception of the church , of which , in at least some aspects , we have practically so much lost sight , had a firm hold of the Scottish theologians of the seventeenth century . James Walker in The Theology of Theologians of Scotland . ( Edinburgh : Rpt . Knox Press , 1982 ) Lecture iv . pp. 95 -- 6 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Reformed Magazine , 18 ( 20 -- 27 September , 4 -- 11 October , 18 , 1 , 8 November 1969 ) http://spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_theca.htm Jump up ^ `` History -- World Council of Churches '' . www.oikoumene.org . Jump up ^ `` Orthodox Church : text -- IntraText CT '' . Intratext.com . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justification '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 27 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . A document which is aimed at settling differences needs to address those differences unambiguously . The Joint Declaration does not do this . At best , it sends confusing mixed signals and should be repudiated by all Lutherans . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` News Archives '' . UMC.org . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CNS STORY : Methodists adopt Catholic - Lutheran declaration on justification '' . Catholicnews.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Peter B. ; Beyer , Peter ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` The World 's Religions : Continuities and Transformations '' . Taylor & Francis -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Brown , Stephen F. ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Protestantism '' . Infobase Publishing -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Noll , Mark A. ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Protestantism : A Very Short Introduction '' . OUP Oxford -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Jay Diamond , Larry . Plattner , Marc F. and Costopoulos , Philip J. World Religions and Democracy . 2005 , page 119 . link ( saying `` Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world 's population -- about 800 million people -- but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . ' ) Jump up ^ 33.39 % of ~ 7.2 billion world population ( under the section ' People ' ) `` World '' . CIA world facts . Jump up ^ `` Major Religions Ranked by Size '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ ANALYSIS ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Global Christianity '' . Pewforum.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Protestant Demographics and Fragmentations Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Religious Populations in England '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Edgar ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2012 '' . Pearson Education India -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia ( Czech Republic ) - Musée virtuel du Protestantisme '' . www.museeprotestant.org . Jump up ^ `` Tab 7.1 Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups '' ( PDF ) ( in Czech ) . Czso.cz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tab 7.2 Population by religious belief and by regions '' ( PDF ) ( in Czech ) . Czso.cz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mastrini , Hana ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Frommer 's Prague & the Best of the Czech Republic '' . Wiley -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Lilla , Mark ( 31 March 2006 ) . `` Europe and the legend of secularization '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Discrimination in the EU in 2012 '' ( PDF ) , Special Eurobarometer , 383 , European Union : European Commission , p. 233 , 2012 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2012 , retrieved 14 August 2013 ^ Jump up to : Witte , John ; Alexander , Frank S. ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law , Politics , and Human Nature '' . Columbia University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Study : Christianity grows exponentially in Africa '' . ^ Jump up to : OSTLING , RICHARD N. ( 24 June 2001 ) . `` The Battle for Latin America 's Soul '' -- via content.time.com . Jump up ^ `` In China , Protestantism 's Simplicity Yields More Converts Than Catholicism '' . 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Arsenault , Chris . `` Evangelicals rise in Latin America '' . www.aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ America 's Changing Religious Landscape , by Pew Research Center , 12 May 2015 Jump up ^ Halman , Loek ; Riis , Ole ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Religion in a Secularizing Society : The Europeans ' Religion at the End of the 20th Century '' . BRILL -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Sengers , Erik ; Sunier , Thijl ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Religious Newcomers and the Nation State : Political Culture and Organized Religion in France and the Netherlands '' . Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Moscow Church Spearheads Russia Revival '' . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Protestantism in Postsoviet Russia : An Unacknowledged Triumph '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Felix Corley and Geraldine Fagan . `` Growing Protestants , Catholics Draw Ire '' . ChristianityToday.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nones '' on the Rise : One - in - Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation , Pew Research Center ( The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ) , 9 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` US Protestants no longer majority '' . 10 October 2012 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Mainline Churches : The Real Reason for Decline '' . www.leaderu.com . Jump up ^ Johnstone , Patrick , `` The Future of the Global Church : History , Trends and Possibilities '' , p. 100 , fig 4.10 & 4.11 Jump up ^ Hillerbrand , Hans J. , `` Encyclopedia of Protestantism : 4 - volume Set '' , p. 1815 , `` Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first time ever in the history of Protestantism , Wider Protestants will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Roman Catholics -- each with just over 1.5 billion followers , or 17 percent of the world , with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year . '' Further reading ( edit ) Cook , Martin L. ( 1991 ) . The Open Circle : Confessional Method in Theology . Minneapolis , Minn. : Fortress Press . xiv , 130 p . N.B. : Discusses the place of Confessions of Faith in Protestant theology , especially in Lutheranism . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2482 - 3 Dillenberger , John , and Claude Welch ( 1988 ) . Protestant Christianity , Interpreted through Its Development . Second ed . New York : Macmillan Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 02 - 329601 - 1 Giussani , Luigi ( 1969 ) , trans . Damian Bacich ( 2013 ) . American Protestant Theology : A Historical Sketch . Montreal : McGill - Queens UP . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2007 ) . Christianity 's Dangerous Idea . New York : HarperOne . Nash , Arnold S. , ed. ( 1951 ) . Protestant Thought in the Twentieth Century : Whence & Whither ? New York : Macmillan Co . Noll , Mark A. ( 2011 ) . Protestantism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Hillerbrand , Hans Joachim ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism : 4 - volume set . Oxford : Routledge . -- comprehensive scholarly coverage on Protestantism worldwide , current and historical ; 2195pp ; index in vol 4 is online Melton , J , Gordon . Encyclopedia of Protestantism ( Facts On File , 2005 ) , 800 articles in 628pp Ryrie , Alec Protestants : The Radicals Who Made the Modern World ( Harper Collins , 2017 ) . Ryrie , Alec `` The World 's Local Religion '' History Today ( Sept 20 , 2017 ) online External links ( edit ) Look up Protestant , Protestantism , or evangelical in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protestantism . 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8254847793146818002 | St Thomas More Catholic School, Nuneaton | St Thomas More Catholic School , Nuneaton - wikipedia St Thomas More Catholic School , Nuneaton Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) St Thomas More Catholic School and Sixth Form College Type Academy Religion Roman Catholic Headteacher L Thomas Location Greenmoor Road Nuneaton Warwickshire CV10 7EX England 52 ° 31 ′ 01 '' N 1 ° 28 ′ 51 '' W / 52.5169 ° N 1.4808 ° W / 52.5169 ; - 1.4808 Coordinates : 52 ° 31 ′ 01 '' N 1 ° 28 ′ 51 '' W / 52.5169 ° N 1.4808 ° W / 52.5169 ; - 1.4808 Local authority Warwickshire County Council DfE URN 141836 Tables Ofsted Reports Students 911 approx Gender Coeducational , Ages 11 -- 18 Houses Arrowsmith , Clitherow , Kirby , Sherwin , Webster Colours Maroon and Gold ( Sixth Form colours are Royal Blue and Gold ) Website http://www.st-thomas-more.net St Thomas More Catholic School and Sixth Form College ( formerly St Thomas More Catholic School and Technology College ) is a mixed Roman Catholic secondary school located on Greenmoor Road , Nuneaton , Warwickshire , England . It is listed as a specialist Technology school by Ofsted , which requires the school to offer GCSEs in Technology to all students . The headteacher is Mrs Leearna Thomas who has been in the position since the beginning of 2018 after taking over from Mr Francis Hickey . As of September 2012 , the educational establishment has been rated as ' good ' ' by Ofsted , who previously gave it an ' outstanding ' . Academy status ( edit ) In March 2015 , the school , together with its feeder schools , completed its conversion into an academy . Whilst retaining its previous name , the school is now a part of the Holy Spirit Catholic Multi-Academy . Its fellow members are : Our Lady of the Angels Infant School , Nuneaton . St. Joseph 's Junior School , Nuneaton . St. Anne 's Primary School , Nuneaton . St. Francis of Assisi Primary School , Bedworth . St. Benedict 's Primary School , Atherstone . Sixth Form ( edit ) St Thomas More Sixth Form was established in September 2011 with the first and current director of the Sixth Form being Neil Harding . The current requirements for admission to the sixth form is 5 GCSEs A * - C with at least a C in both Maths and English . Currently only AS and A2 levels are taught at the sixth form as the main education ; as well as additional ASDAN course . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/125758 Jump up ^ http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/index.php?q=filedownloading/&id=2075655&type=1&refer=0 Schools in Warwickshire Primary Clifton - upon - Dunsmore C of E Primary School Coten End Primary School St Mary Immaculate RC Primary School Secondary Alcester Academy Ash Green School Avon Valley School Aylesford School Bilton School Campion School The Coleshill School Etone College The George Eliot School Harris Church of England Academy Hartshill School Henley - in - Arden School Higham Lane School Kenilworth School Kineton High School Kingsbury School Myton School Nicholas Chamberlaine School North Leamington School The Nuneaton Academy The Polesworth School Queen Elizabeth Academy St Benedict 's Catholic High School St Thomas More Catholic School Shipston High School Stratford - upon - Avon High School Studley High School Trinity Catholic School Sixth Form Colleges King Edward VI College Trinity Catholic School Further Education Colleges Stratford - upon - Avon College Warwickshire College North Warwickshire and Hinckley College Grammar Alcester Grammar School Ashlawn School King Edward VI School Lawrence Sheriff School Rugby High School for Girls Stratford - upon - Avon Grammar School for Girls Partially selective Ashlawn School Independent Arnold Lodge School The Crescent School Bilton Grange The King 's High School For Girls Kingsley School Princethorpe College Rugby School Warwick School Special Exhall Grange School River House School RNIB Pears Centre Former Bishop Wulstan School Dunchurch - Winton Hall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Thomas_More_Catholic_School,_Nuneaton&oldid=831659564 '' Categories : Secondary schools in Warwickshire Catholic secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Birmingham Academies in Warwickshire Nuneaton Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox UK school with unknown parameters Talk More About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 17 : 06 . About Wikipedia | st thomas more catholic school and sixth form college | [] | [] |
7193015052844565345 | Sparkle: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack | Sparkle : Original Motion Picture soundtrack - wikipedia Sparkle : Original Motion Picture soundtrack This article is about the soundtrack album for the 2012 film . For the soundtrack album for the 1976 film , see Sparkle ( Aretha Franklin album ) . Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) Recorded 2011 -- 12 Genre Soul R&B disco Length 36 : 45 Label RCA Records Producer R. Kelly Jameel Roberts The Underdogs Chuck Harmony Claude Kelly Bigg Makk Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel Singles from Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Celebrate '' Released : June 5 , 2012 `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Released : June 8 , 2012 Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2012 Sony / TriStar Pictures film Sparkle , a remake of the 1976 film of the same name . The album was released through Sony Music Entertainment 's RCA Records on July 31 , 2012 . The film 's soundtrack includes new recordings of four songs from the original film 's soundtrack as well as new original music by Jordin Sparks , Whitney Houston and Cee Lo Green . The soundtrack 's first official lead single is the last song recorded by Whitney Houston before she died on February 11 , 2012 , a duet with R&B / pop singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks on a song called `` Celebrate '' . The song premiered on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 21 , 2012 and was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5 . Whitney Houston 's other track , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , debuted only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . The official music video for `` Celebrate '' was filmed on May 30 , 2012 . It made its world premiere on BET 's 106 & Park on June 27 , 2012 . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 2.1 Music and themes 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Chart performance 5 Singles 6 Track listing 7 Charts 8 Credits and personnel 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) The songs on the soundtrack are performed by the actors in the film , including Jordin Sparks , Whitney Houston , Cee Lo Green , Carmen Ejogo , Tika Sumpter , and others . Sparkle features songs from the original film written by soul musician Curtis Mayfield as well as new compositions by R&B artist R. Kelly and others . The soundtrack includes new songs not present in the 1976 version of Sparkle : `` Celebrate '' , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , among others . `` Celebrate '' was sent to radio the week of May 21 , 2012 as the first official from the Sparkle soundtrack . The song premiered on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 21 . and was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5 . Houston 's other track , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , debuted only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . Composition ( edit ) Music and themes ( edit ) Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack takes on matters of the celebration , heartache , heartbreak and seduction with a mixture of ballads , mid - and up - tempos . Release ( edit ) The Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on July 31 , 2012 ; though announced with 13 tracks , it was released with only 11 tracks . Five days before the soundtrack 's official release the entire soundtrack was made available to stream exclusively through Sparks ' Official store and Essence.com . Jordin Sparks , who worked closely with Houston throughout the making of Sparkle , finds the release of the soundtrack to be `` bittersweet . '' Sparks states , `` I worked with my idol and that was a dream come true . I used to watch the Cinderella adaptation with her and Brandy every day after school . But she should really be here promoting it with me and ( it 's ) really hard for me to be doing it alone . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Entertainment Weekly ( B ) Rolling Stone Allmusic writer Andy Kellman gave it three and a half out of five stars and called the soundtrack `` an enjoyable if muddled affair '' and commended the four songs covered on the new soundtrack stating `` the 2012 soundtrack features faithful and decent covers of four songs from the original . When it comes to `` Something He Can Feel , '' it would be an understatement to say that the deck is stacked against Sparks and her vocal partners , Carmen Ejogo and Tika Sumpter . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Melissa Maerz gave Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack a B rating and praised Sparks version of `` Look Into Your Heart '' stating `` Sparks bellows Mayfield 's power ballad Look Into Your Heart with absolute conviction . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave the soundtrack 31⁄2 of 5 stars , commenting that `` Sparkle revives four soul chestnuts and includes three originals written and produced by R. Kelly . It 's the second-most - satisfying retro - soul album of the year -- after Kelly 's Write Me Back '' ; however , he was ambivalent towards Houston 's last two recordings before her passing , saying that , `` Celebrate is forgettable disco - pop , and on the gospel standard `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Houston sings -- and croaks -- in a voice octaves lower than in her prime . At times the song has a ravaged magnificence , but mostly it 's painful . '' Chart performance ( edit ) For the week ending August 18 , 2012 the soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 at # 26 , # 7 on the Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and # 1 on the Billboard Top Soundtracks Albums , selling 12,000 copies in its first week . To date , the soundtrack has sold 86,000 copies . Singles ( edit ) `` Celebrate '' is the first official single from the soundtrack . It is the last song recorded by Whitney Houston before she died on February 11 , 2012 , a duet featuring her and R&B / pop singer Jordin Sparks . It was officially released on June 5 , 2012 for digital download and it was written by R. Kelly who also produced the track . For the week June 16 , 2012 , `` Celebrate '' debuted at number 34 on the US Adult R&B Airplay chart , having amassed 45 spins for that week ending . During that same week , `` Celebrate '' also debuted at number 84 on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , and has since peaked at number 54 . The music video for `` Celebrate '' was filmed on May 30 , 2012 . A preview of the video premiered on Entertainment Tonight on June 4 , 2012 . The music video made its world premiere on BET 's 106 & Park on June 27 , 2012 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' is the second official single from the soundtrack . The song is a gospel hymn performed by Whitney Houston . Houston is seen performing the song in a church scene in the film trailer . The song was officially released on June 8 , 2012 for digital download from Amazon and iTunes . The song was originally written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel . The song is most associated with actress - singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography . Track listing ( edit ) See `` Performers '' section below for credited singers on each track . Credits adapted from Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack liner notes . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm a Man '' ( Cee Lo Green ) Thomas DeCarlo Callaway , Kevin Risto , Waynne Nugent , Charlie Gambetta The MIDI Mafia 3 : 09 2 . `` Yes I Do '' ( Carmen Ejogo ) Guordan Banks , Warren Felder , Andrew Wansel Oak 3 : 14 3 . `` Running '' ( Goapele ) Charles Harmon , Claude Kelly Chuck Harmony , Claude Kelly 3 : 16 4 . `` Jump '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Oak , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * 2 : 28 5 . `` Hooked on Your Love '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * , Jameel Roberts * 4 : 09 6 . `` Something He Can Feel '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 3 : 28 7 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( Whitney Houston ) Civilla D. Martin , Charles H. Gabriel R. Kelly , The Underdogs 3 : 32 8 . `` Look into Your Heart '' ( Jordin Sparks ) Curtis Mayfield Oak 2 : 26 9 . `` One Wing '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 4 : 15 10 . `` Love Will '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 12 11 . `` Celebrate '' ( Whitney Houston and Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 36 Total length : 36 : 45 Notes ( * ) donates as co-producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard 200 21 U.S. Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Albums U.S. Billboard Soundtracks Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from allmusic.com . Creativity and management Debra Martin Chase -- Executive Producer T.D. Jakes -- Executive Producer Erwin Gorostiza -- Art Direction , Design Donnie Meadows -- Production Coordination Carlos Taylor -- Production Coordination Mara Brock Akil -- Executive Producer Salim Akil -- Executive Producer Trina Bowman -- Production Coordination Tanisha Broadwater -- P Production Coordination Performances Jordin Sparks -- Primary Artist Whitney Houston -- Primary Artist Cee Lo Green -- Primary Artist Olga Konospelsky -- Background Vocals Emma Kummrow -- Background Vocals Charles Parker -- Background Vocals Tika Sumpter -- Primary Artist Carmen Ejogo -- Primary Artist Goapele -- Primary Artist R. Kelly - Additional Vocals The Rumor -- Background Vocals Voices of Praise -- Background Vocals Eliza Cho -- Background Vocals Technical Bigg Makk -- Arranger , Bass , Keyboards , Producer R. Kelly -- Arranger , Composer , Keyboards , Mixing , Producer David Boyd -- Assistant Michael Daley -- Assistant Trehy Harris -- Assistant Dabling Harward -- Assistant James Jones III -- Bass Ray Nesmith -- Bass Matt Taylor -- Bass Maria C. Ward -- Cello Joan Collaso -- Choir / Chorus Yvonne Gage -- Choir / Chorus Pastor Chris Harris -- Choir / Chorus Mike Harvey -- Choir / Chorus Jeff Morrow -- Choir / Chorus Lauren Pilot Morrow -- Choir / Chorus Robin Robinson -- Choir / Chorus Claude Kelly -- Composer , Producer , Vocal Producer Guordan Banks -- Composer , Vocals Thomas DeCarlo Callaway -- Composer Warren Felder -- Composer Charles Gabriel -- Composer Charlie Gambetta -- Composer Charles Harmon -- Composer Curtis Mayfield -- Composer Waynne Nugent -- Composer Kevin Risto -- Composer Andrew Wansel -- Composer Autoro `` Toro '' Whitfield -- Drums , Engineer , Piano Margis Miles -- Drums Abel Garibaldi -- Engineer , Programming Andrew Hey -- Engineer , Vocal Engineer The MIDI Mafia -- Engineer , Producer Ian Mereness -- Engineer , Programming Benjamin Adamson -- Engineer Mike `` TrakGuru '' Johnson -- Engineer Craig White -- Engineer Joel Geddis -- Guitar Donnie Lyle -- Guitar Andrew Meixner -- Guitar Ben Oniel -- Guitar Mark Strowbridge -- Guitar Harry Wilson -- Guitar Dexter Wansel -- Horn Arrangements , String Arrangements The Regiment -- Horn Kenneth Crouch -- Keyboards , Organ Rodney East -- Keyboards Herb Powers , Jr . -- Mastering Phil Seaford -- Mixing Assistant Dirty Swift -- Mixing , Programming Harvey Mason , Jr . -- Mixing , Vocal Producer Kevin `` KD '' Davis -- Mixing Serban Ghenea -- Mixing John Hanes -- Mixing Jaycen Joshua -- Mixing Spring Aspers -- Music Supervisor Kier Lehman -- Music Supervisor Chuck Harmony -- Musician , Producer , Vocal Producer The Underdogs -- Musician , Producer Jameel Roberts -- Organ , Producer Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson @ Flippa123 -- Producer Pop Wansel -- Producer Bruce Waynne -- Programming Ron Kerber -- Saxophone Hitomi Oba -- Saxophone Paul Arbogast -- Trombone Michael Jorosz -- Trumpet Tom Terrell -- Trumpet Nina Cottman -- Viola Ruth S. Fraizier -- Viola Release history ( edit ) List of radio and release dates with formats and record labels Region Release date Format Label Australia July 27 , 2012 CD , digital download RCA Records Belgium Denmark Finland France Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Sweden United States July 31 , 2012 Canada Mexico References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/sparkle-mw0002390300/credits Jump up ^ http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21554641 ^ Jump up to : Ballhorn , Kelly ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` WORLD PREMIERE : Whitney Houston & Jordin Sparks Duet ' Celebrate ' From ' Sparkle ' ( AUDIO ) '' . ryanseacrest.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/sparklemovie/status/204684417338322945 ^ Jump up to : http://www.classichitsandoldies.com/v2/2012/05/24/whitney-houstons-his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow-released/ ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/iamtikasumpter/status/208056583874293760 ^ Jump up to : http://www.sparkle-movie.com/site/ Jump up ^ http://www.eurweb.com/2011/11/sparkles-brely-evans-says-give-the-remake-a-chance/ Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's Sparkling Big - Screen Comeback '' . ETonline.com. 2011 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/sparkle-mw0002390300 Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sparkle-soundtrack-whitney-houston-july-release-337957 Jump up ^ http://www.essence.com/2012/07/24/sparkle-movie-soundtrack-exclusive-first-listen/ Jump up ^ http://www.jordinsparks.com/us/news/stream-entire-sparkle-soundtrack-jordin-spark%E2%80%99s-official-store ^ Jump up to : http://www.mstarz.com/articles/3449/20120724/sparkle-soundtrack-whitney-houston-jordan-sparks-remake-music.htm#FlOIChGDSRkFbIQB.99 Jump up ^ http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/07/24/sparkle-soundtrack-jordin-sparks-whitney-houston/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20614877,00.html Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20120731 Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20120731#ixzz23kvvItpY Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/whitney-houston-greatest-hits-album-songs-360507 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/radio/whitney-houston-jordin-sparks-celebrate-1007229752.story Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2012-06-16/r-b-hip-hop-songs?order=gainer Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Album & Song Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2012 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/deavanebersole/status/209727259861463042 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/His-Eye-Is-The-Sparrow/dp/B00880IT98/ Jump up ^ Waters , Ethel , with Charles Samuels , His Eye Is On The Sparrow : An Autobiography , New York , 1951 , reprinted by Da Capo Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( liner notes ) . RCA Records . 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/fi/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/no/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/se/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ http://www.jordinsparks.com/us/news/celebrate-sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-july-31st Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Sparkle 1976 film 1976 soundtrack 2012 film 2012 soundtrack `` Something He Can Feel '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparkle:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack&oldid=843089188 '' Categories : Film soundtracks Pop soundtracks Rhythm and blues soundtracks Soul soundtracks 2012 soundtracks Albums produced by R. Kelly Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song one wing from sparkle | [
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"I'm a Man\" (Cee Lo Green)Thomas DeCarlo Callaway, Kevin Risto, Waynne Nugent, Charlie GambettaThe MIDI Mafia3:092.\"Yes I Do\" (Carmen Ejogo)Guordan Banks, Warren Felder, Andrew WanselOak3:143.\"Running\" (Goapele)Charles Harmon, Claude KellyChuck Harmony, Claude Kelly3:164.\"Jump\" (Carmen Ejogo, Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter)Curtis MayfieldPop Wansel, Oak, Ronald \"Flippa\" Colson*2:285.\"Hooked on Your Love\" (Carmen Ejogo, Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter)Curtis MayfieldPop Wansel, Ronald \"Flippa\" Colson*, Jameel Roberts*4:096.\"Something He Can Feel\" (Carmen Ejogo, Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter)Curtis MayfieldR. Kelly, Bigg Makk3:287.\"His Eye Is on the Sparrow\" (Whitney Houston)Civilla D. Martin, Charles H. GabrielR. Kelly, The Underdogs3:328.\"Look into Your Heart\" (Jordin Sparks)Curtis MayfieldOak2:269.\"One Wing\" (Jordin Sparks)R. KellyR. Kelly, Bigg Makk4:1510.\"Love Will\" (Jordin Sparks)R. KellyR. Kelly3:1211.\"Celebrate\" (Whitney Houston and Jordin Sparks)R. KellyR. Kelly3:36Total length:36:45"
] | [
"R. Kelly"
] |
5977158353763109702 | Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd song) | Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd song ) - wikipedia Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd song ) For other uses , see Wish You Were Here ( disambiguation ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album Wish You Were Here Released 12 September 1975 ( album ) Recorded January -- July 1975 Length 5 : 41 ( Wish You Were Here version ) 5 : 21 ( Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd version ) Label Harvest ( UK ) Columbia / CBS ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd `` Wish You Were Here '' is the title track on Pink Floyd 's 1975 album Wish You Were Here . David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music , and Gilmour sang the lead vocal . In 2011 , the song was ranked No. 324 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Live performances 4 Other recorded versions by Pink Floyd 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Wish You Were Here ( Live ) 7.1 Track listing 7.2 Charts 7.3 Release history 8 Covers 8.1 Wyclef Jean version 8.2 Other covers 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) In the original album version , the song segues from `` Have a Cigar '' as if a radio had been tuned away from one station , through several others ( including a radio play and one playing the opening of the finale movement of Tchaikovsky 's Fourth Symphony ) , and finally to a new station where `` Wish You Were Here '' is beginning . The radio was recorded from Gilmour 's car radio . He performed the intro on a twelve - string guitar , processed to sound like it was playing through an AM radio , and then overdubbed a fuller - sounding acoustic guitar solo . This passage was mixed to sound as though a guitarist were listening to the radio and playing along . As the acoustic part becomes more complex , the ' radio broadcast ' fades away and Gilmour 's voice enters , becoming joined by the full band . The intro riff is repeated several times , before Gilmour plays further solos with scat singing accompaniment . A third verse follows , featuring an increasingly expressive vocal from Gilmour and audible backing vocals . At the end of the recorded song , the final solo crossfades with wind sound effects , and finally segues into the second section of the multi-part suite `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' . Lyrically , the song is often considered to be a direct tribute to Syd Barrett . However , on the documentary The Story of Wish You Were Here , Gilmour and Waters separately describe the original concept that differs from this interpretation . Waters , who mainly wrote the lyrics complementing Gilmour 's initial riff idea and subsequent joint composition , describes the lyrics as being directed at himself , as his lyrics often are . Being present in one 's own life and freeing one 's self in order to truly experience life is a main topic in this song . Gilmour , on the other hand , recognizes that he does not ever perform the song without remembering Syd Barrett . Waters later adds that the song is nevertheless open to interpretation . Both David Gilmour and Roger Waters have praised the song as one of Pink Floyd 's finest . Roger Waters has noted that the collaboration between himself and David Gilmour on the song was `` ... really good . All bits of it are really , really good . I 'm very happy about it . '' David Gilmour has playfully called `` Wish You Were Here '' `` a very simple country song '' and stated that `` because of its resonance and the emotional weight it carries , it is one of our best songs . '' Recording ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , as part of the sessions for the entire album . A noted part of the song was a planned contribution by Stéphane Grappelli . A jazz violinist popular at the time and well known for his collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin , both violinists were recording in a downstairs studio at Abbey Road at the time . Gilmour had suggested that there be a little `` country fiddle '' at the end of the song and invited them to participate . Grappelli duly obliged ( Menuhin declined ) on arranging a session fee of £ 300 , equivalent to £ 2,300 in 2018 . Ultimately during mixing it was decided to almost remove his contribution , although it can just be heard around 5 : 21 . According to Waters it was decided that it would be insulting to credit Grappelli in the sleeve notes for something so inaudible , although he did receive the agreed - upon fee . As part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , the Experience and Immersion versions of the Wish You Were Here album include an alternative version of the song where Grappelli 's part is heard in the instrumental break after the second verse and throughout the third verse before a considerably extended outro . Other less obvious differences are audible , for example at the section leading into the second verse . The master tape of the original recording includes an entire performance of pedal steel guitar and electric guitar solos , played by Gilmour , that were not used in the final mix . Live performances ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' made its stage debut on the band 's 1977 tour , which featured a performance of the entire album at every show . It was not played live by the band for nearly ten years after this , yet became a concert staple after its reappearance in 1987 , and was performed at nearly all subsequent Pink Floyd concerts . In the original 1977 concert performances , Gilmour would play his Fender Stratocaster instead of acoustic guitar , while Snowy White played a twelve - string Ovation acoustic guitar . At these shows , Nick Mason tuned an actual transistor radio on stage to a local radio station , seguing into the pre-recorded part from the album to start the song and Richard Wright would perform an extended piano coda as the wind effects played . A live version is included on Pulse . When Pink Floyd were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Gilmour and Wright ( Mason was in the audience ) performed the song with the assistance of their presenter Billy Corgan on rhythm guitar . Gilmour has made the song a part of most of his tours , and included a live version on his Live in Gdansk album . On 13 December 2014 David Gilmour was a guest performer at a concert by the Bombay Bicycle Club at Earls Court Arena , their concert being the final event ever to take place there before its demolition . Band member Jamie MacColl introduced Gilmour , saying ; `` This man gave me my first guitar and was one of the first people to play this venue and by my count has played here more than 27 times . '' Gilmour then played with the band on their song `` Rinse Me Down '' before a performance of `` Wish You Were Here '' . In 2005 , Waters and Eric Clapton performed the song at the Tsunami Aid concert , and in 2005 's Live 8 , Waters rejoined his former bandmates in London to perform it , along with four other classic Pink Floyd songs . Waters sung half the verses during Live 8 , while in the original version Gilmour did all the vocals . Other recorded versions by Pink Floyd ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' appeared as the fifth track on A Collection of Great Dance Songs in 1981 ( with the radio intro following the end of a heavily edited `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' ) and as the 23rd track on the Echoes compilation in 2001 ( with the radio intro following `` Arnold Layne '' , and at the end crossfading with `` Jugband Blues '' ) . A live recording included on the 1995 live album P U L S E was issued as a single / EP . Its intro replicates the sound of the original , semi-ambient intro . The cover of the EP features two men whose faces are distorted by fish bowls , referring to the line `` We 're just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl , year after year '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Gilmour -- six and twelve - string acoustic guitars , pedal steel guitar , tape effects , lead and backing vocals , scat singing Nick Mason -- drums , tape effects Roger Waters -- bass , tape effects Richard Wright -- Steinway piano , Minimoog Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) 18 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 48 France ( SNEP ) 192 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 67 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 68 Wish You Were Here ( live ) ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' Single by Pink Floyd from the album Pulse B - side `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' `` Keep Talking ( Live ) '' Released 20 July 1995 Format CD CD ( maxi ) CD - R Recorded 20 September ( Cinecittà , Rome ) , 1994 Genre Progressive rock acoustic rock Label Columbia ( US ) EMI ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Producer ( s ) James Guthrie David Gilmour Pink Floyd singles chronology `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Louder than Words '' ( 2014 ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Louder than Words '' ( 2014 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' is a live recording of Pink Floyd 's title track off their ninth studio album Wish You Were Here , recorded by the band for their third live album , Pulse . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' was released as a single on 20 July 1995 in the United Kingdom and Europe , notably the very last single released by the band until October 2014 . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 2 . `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' 6 : 40 CD Maxi No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 2 . `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' 6 : 40 3 . `` Keep Talking ( Live ) '' 6 : 54 Netherlands promotional single No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 13 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Catalog no . Netherlands 20 July 1995 CD - R ( Contemporary hit radio ) CD CD ( maxi ) EMI PFSING1 ( CD - R ) 724388220828 ( CD ) 7243 8 82207 2 9 ( CD maxi ) United Kingdom CD CD maxi 724388220828 ( CD ) 7243 8 82207 2 9 ( CD maxi ) Covers ( edit ) Wyclef Jean version ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' Single by Wyclef Jean from the album The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book B - side `` No Woman , No Cry '' Released 3 December 2001 Format CD single cassette Recorded 2000 Genre Progressive rock rap rock acoustic Length 4 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis Wyclef Jean Producer ( s ) Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis Wyclef Jean Wyclef Jean singles chronology `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( 2001 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 2001 ) `` Two Wrongs '' ( 2002 ) `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( 2001 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 2001 ) `` Two Wrongs '' ( 2002 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' served as the fourth and final single from Wyclef Jean 's second studio album , The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book . It was released in December 2001 , peaking at # 28 on the UK Singles Chart . UK CD single ( 672156 2 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 04 `` No Woman , No Cry '' ( Live version ) -- 4 : 33 `` 911 '' ( Live version ) -- 4 : 23 `` Wish You Were Here '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 25 UK cassette ( 672156 5 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 25 `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( Remix radio edit ) -- 3 : 59 Other covers ( edit ) British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran performed a cover at the Closing Ceremonies of the London Summer Olympic Games in 2012 with Mike Rutherford of Genesis on guitar , Richard Jones of The Feeling on bass , David Arnold and Nick Mason on drums . A performer , dressed in a suit , tightrope - walked across the stadium and shook hands with a mannequin at the end , which then burst into flames , referencing the album 's cover . American band Sparklehorse recorded a 2005 version featuring Thom Yorke of Radiohead . American metal band Avenged Sevenfold covered this song on the deluxe version of their 2016 album , The Stage , along with five other covers . They perform the song live with the lead vocalist of the band Halestorm , Lzzy Hale . American comedy rock duo Ninja Sex Party covered this song on their 2016 cover album Under the Covers , and also produced a music video . The song can also be heard in the movie War Dogs ( 2016 film ) . Although it has been cut from its instrumental introduction and starts directly at the first verse . Ivorian singer Alpha Blondy included a reggae cover of Wish You Were Here on his 2007 album Jah Victory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2004 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 7th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . p. 1177 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 551 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Pink Floyd , ' Wish You Were Here ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Absolute sound , Volume 18 , Issues 87 - 90 p. 113 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pink Floyd : Wish You Were Here ( Songbook. 1975 Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd. , London , England . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 1029 - 4 ( USA ISBN 0 - 8256 - 1079 - 6 ) . Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment . 48 minutes in minutes in . YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment . YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) 49 : 58 Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment. YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) 52 : 38 Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard , Metzger ( 26 April 2013 ) , `` Wish You Were Here : Pink Floyd Jam with Stéphane Grappelli , 1975 '' , Dangerous Minds , retrieved 27 April 2013 Jump up ^ Shea , Stuart ; Floyd , Pink ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . Pink Floyd FAQ : Everything Left to Know ... and More ! . Backbeat Books . ISBN 9781617133947 . Jump up ^ Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . `` Riding the Gravy Train '' . Comfortably Numb : The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 383 - 9 . Roy Harper was n't the only special guest , or old friend to drop by the sessions . When it was discovered that classical violinists Yehudi Menuhin and Stéphane Grappelli were recording a duet at Abbey Road , ( David ) Gilmour suggested Grappelli come in and play a final violin coda to the song ' Wish You Were Here ' . Grappelli haggled over his fee but finally settled at £ 300 . In the end , his playing is virtually inaudible on the final mix . Jump up ^ Pink Floyd , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1996 . Jump up ^ Povey , Glenn . ( 2007 ) Echoes : the complete history of Pink Floyd Mind Head Publishing , Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pink Floyd Visionary Syd Barrett Dies At 60 Billboard 22 Jul 2006 . p. 46 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Echoes : the album credits '' . Pink Floyd . Archived from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet '' . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Single ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Maxi - Single ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Single , Promo ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History ( Singles ) -- Pink Floyd '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands CD Singles '' . Pink Floyd Discography Archive . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` polyhex - UK singles chartruns '' . Jump up ^ `` Olympics Closing Ceremony : Ed Sheeran Performs With Pink Floyd And Genesis Musicians '' . Jump up ^ `` Lzzy Hale Joins Avenged Sevenfold Onstage for Pink Floyd Cover '' . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here - Ninja Sex Party music video '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd album ) Pink Floyd 's version on Last.fm Wyclef Jean 's version on Last.fm Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Wish You Were Here on IMDb Wish You Were Here Songs Side one `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- V ) '' `` Welcome to the Machine '' Side two `` Have a Cigar '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts VI -- IX ) '' Related articles Wish You Were Here Tour The Story of Wish You Were Here The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Pink Floyd Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There ? The Wall Live 1980 -- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' ( US ) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' ( UK ) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' ( US ) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe , Eugene '' ( UK ) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' ( US ) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' ( US ) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' ( US ) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' ( US ) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' ( Europe ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' ( Europe / some US ) or `` Comfortably Numb '' ( later US ) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' ( US ) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' ( `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero 's Return ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and / or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' ( UK ) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine ( live ) '' ( US ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' / `` Coming Back to Life ( live ) / `` Keep Talking ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967 : The First Three Singles Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd : A Foot in the Door 1965 : Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh , by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965 -- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66 -- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66 -- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Grantchester Meadows '' `` Embryo '' Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason 's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia `` Proper Education '' Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Members Bootleg recordings Pink Floyd live performances The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd ... ? Book Portal Wyclef Jean Discography Studio albums The Carnival The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book Masquerade The Preacher 's Son Welcome to Haiti : Creole 101 Carnival Vol. II : Memoirs of an Immigrant From the Hut , To the Projects , To the Mansion Carnival III : The Fall and Rise of a Refugee Compilations Greatest Hits EPs If I Were President : My Haitian Experience J'ouvert Singles `` We Trying to Stay Alive '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Gone till November '' `` Cheated ( To All the Girls ) '' `` Gunpowder '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` New Day '' `` It Does n't Matter '' `` 911 '' `` Perfect Gentleman '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Two Wrongs '' `` Pussycat '' `` Party to Damascus '' `` Sweetest Girl ( Dollar Bill ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' `` Divine Sorrow '' Featured singles `` No , No , No '' `` In the Zone '' `` Maria Maria '' `` Loving You ( Ole Ole Ole ) '' `` One Nite Stand '' `` Shape of You ( Reshaped ) '' `` Learn Chinese '' `` Hips Do n't Lie '' `` Nuestro Himno '' `` Dangerous '' `` You Know What It Is '' `` Five - O '' `` Dimelo '' Tours The Carnival Tour See also Barikad Crew Jimmy O The Fugees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_song)&oldid=856997375 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1995 singles 2001 singles Pink Floyd songs Wyclef Jean songs Songs written by David Gilmour Songs written by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis Live singles Capitol Records singles EMI Records singles Columbia Records singles Songs in memory of Syd Barrett Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang wish you were here pink floyd | [
"\"Wish You Were Here\" is the title track on Pink Floyd's 1975 album Wish You Were Here.[1][2] David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music, and Gilmour sang the lead vocal.\n"
] | [
"David Gilmour"
] |
5326879697156767976 | Arlington National Cemetery | Arlington National Cemetery - wikipedia Arlington National Cemetery Jump to : navigation , search For Arlington Cemetery in Pennsylvania , see Arlington Cemetery ( Pennsylvania ) . Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery Seal Details Established May 13 , 1864 Location Arlington County , Virginia Country United States of America Coordinates 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 12 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.070 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.070 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 12 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.070 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.070 Type National Owned by U.S. Department of the Army Size 624 acres ( 253 ha ) No. of graves ~ 400,000 Website www.ArlingtonCemetery.mil Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon in December 2012 Arlington National Cemetery is a United States military cemetery in Arlington County , Virginia , across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , in whose 624 acres ( 253 ha ) the dead of the nation 's conflicts have been buried , beginning with the Civil War , as well as reinterred dead from earlier wars . The United States Department of the Army , a component of the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) , controls the cemetery . The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House , which had been the estate of the family of Confederate general Robert E. Lee 's wife Mary Anna ( Custis ) Lee ( a great - granddaughter of Martha Washington ) . The Cemetery , along with Arlington House , Memorial Drive , the Hemicycle , and the Arlington Memorial Bridge , form the Arlington National Cemetery Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2014 . Like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County , it has a Washington , D.C. mailing address . In recent years , the Department of the Army has made plans and taken actions to expand the cemetery onto public lands that the National Park Service ( NPS ) controlled or that Arlington County or the Commonwealth of Virginia owned , as well as to restrict bicycle use within the cemetery . These plans and actions have become controversial . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Freedmen 's Village 1.2 Recent expansion 1.2. 1 Navy Annex property expansion controversy 1.2. 2 Arlington Woods expansion controversy 1.3 2010 mismanagement controversy 1.4 Management turnover 1.5 Wreaths Across America 1.6 150th anniversary 2 Sections 3 Grave markers , niches , and headstones 4 Arlington Memorial Amphitheater 5 Memorials 5.1 Tomb of the Unknowns 5.2 Other memorials 6 Burial procedures 6.1 Burial criteria 6.2 Inurnment criteria for columbarium 6.3 Prohibitions against interment or memorialization 7 Notable burials 8 Visitor requirements 8.1 Bicycle use policy 8.2 Security procedures 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Custis Lee Mansion with Union soldiers on lawn George Washington Parke Custis , grandson of Martha Washington , acquired the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802 , and began construction of Arlington House ( the name is ultimately derived from the village of Arlington , Gloucestershire , England , where Custis ' family was originally from ) . The estate passed to Custis ' daughter , Mary Anna , who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee . Custis ' will gave a `` life inheritance '' to Mary Lee , allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life but not enabling her to sell any portion of it . Upon her death , the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . When Virginia seceded from the Union at the start of the American Civil War , Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20 , 1861 , and took command of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia , later becoming commander of the Army of Northern Virginia . On May 7 , troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House . With Confederate forces occupying Arlington 's high ground , the capital of the Union was left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be recaptured by federal soldiers . So she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sister 's estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County , Virginia , on May 14 . On May 3 , General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , of all troops not loyal to the United States . McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . Arlington House At the outbreak of the Civil War , most military personnel who died in battle near Washington , D.C. , were buried at the United States Soldiers ' Cemetery in Washington , D.C. , or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria , Virginia , but by late 1863 both were nearly full . On July 16 , 1862 , Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead , and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program . In May 1864 , Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness . Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery . Within weeks , his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area . The property was high and free from floods ( which might unearth graves ) , it had a view of the District of Columbia , and it was aesthetically pleasing . It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America , and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration . The first military burial at Arlington , for William Henry Christman , was made on May 13 , 1864 , close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27 . However , Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15 , 1864 . Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26 , 1948 . The Old Guard transports the flag - draped casket of the second Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway who was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery . The government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800 , equal to $420,000 today . Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent , attempting to pay the $92.07 in property taxes ( equal to $1,400 today ) assessed on the estate in a timely manner . The government turned away her agent , refusing to accept the tendered payment . In 1874 , Custis Lee , heir under his grandfather 's will passing the estate in trust to his mother , sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington . On December 9 , 1882 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in Lee 's favor in United States v. Lee , deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process . After that decision , Congress returned the estate to him , and on March 3 , 1883 , Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000 ( equal to $3,342,727 in 2018 ) at a signing ceremony with Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln . The land then became a military reservation . President Herbert Hoover conducted the first national Memorial Day ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery , on May 30 , 1929 . Freedmen 's Village ( edit ) Beginning in 1863 , the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves , giving the name of `` Freedmen 's Village '' to the land . The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming 1,100 acres ( 450 ha ) of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training during the Civil War and after War ended . However , after the land became part of a military reservation , the government asked the Villagers to leave . When some remained , John A. Commerford , the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery , asked the Army 's Quartermaster General in 1887 to close the Village on the grounds that people living in the Village had been taking trees at night from the cemetery for use as firewood . The Quartermaster General and the Secretary of War then approved Commerford 's request . The last of the Village 's residents departed after the 56th United States Congress appropriated $75,000 in 1900 to settle the government 's debts to them . Recent expansion ( edit ) With limited space but large numbers of World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , and other veterans dying and wanting to be buried at Arlington , the need for additional burial space at the cemetery became a pressing issue . In 1991 , Cemetery superintendent John C. Metzler , Jr. , implemented a $1.4 million plan to clear a former 13 acres ( 5.3 ha ) parking lot to create space for about 9,000 new grave sites . The Cemetery received the authority to transfer 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of woodland from the NPS - controlled Arlington House in 1996 and 2001 , 37 acres ( 15 ha ) of land in 1999 from the DoD that was the site of the Navy Annex building , 8 acres ( 3.2 ha ) of land in 1999 from the Department of the Army that was part of Fort Myer , 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) of land from Arlington County 's Southgate Road right - of - way in 2004 , and just under 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of land from Fort Myer in 2005 . Gravestones at Arlington National Cemetery are marked by U.S. flags each Memorial Day . In 2007 , Metzler implemented the Millennium Project , a $35 million expansion plan to begin utilizing the Arlington woodland , Fort Myer , and Navy Annex land . The project also included converting 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of unused space and 4 acres ( 16,000 m ) of maintenance property on the cemetery grounds into burial space in 2006 and 2007 to allow an additional 26,000 graves and 5,000 inurnments . The Millennium Project expanded the cemetery 's physical boundaries for the first time since the 1960s , and was the largest expansion of burial space at the site since the American Civil War . Several environmental and historical preservation groups criticized Metzler 's plans , as did the NPS and the manager of Arlington House . On March 26 , 2013 , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ( Public Law 113 - 6 ) appropriated to the DoD $84 million to plan , design and construct the Millennium Project . The legislation additionally appropriated to the DoD $19 million to study , plan and design a future expansion of the cemetery 's burial space . Navy Annex property expansion controversy ( edit ) In 1998 , a Congressional proposal to expand the cemetery onto land that the Navy Annex and Fort Myer then occupied led to concerns that Arlington County officials had not been properly consulted , leading to the withdrawal of the proposal . However , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( Public Law 106 - 65 ) , which was enacted into law during October 1999 , subsequently required the Secretary of Defense to transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction of the 36 acres ( 15 ha ) Navy Annex property . The Act required the Secretary of Defense to demolish the Annex 's buildings and prepare the property for use as part of the cemetery , while requiring the Secretary of the Army to incorporate the Annex property into the cemetery . In January 2013 , the County Manager of Arlington County , Virginia , and the Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries ( consisting of Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery ) signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) between the Arlington County Board and the Department of the Army to expand the cemetery even further . Under the tentative plan , Arlington County would give up the easement for Southgate Road ( which lies between the Navy Annex property and the cemetery 's 2012 boundary ) , and obtain a narrow easement along the southwest border of the Navy Annex site for a new Southgate Road . In exchange , the Department of Defense would give the Navy Annex parking lot to the county . The Army would also transfer land west of South Joyce Street to Columbia Pike to Arlington County . Additionally , the Commonwealth of Virginia would convey to the cemetery roughly the northern half of the Virginia Department of Transportation land bounded by South Joyce Street , Columbia Pike , and South Washington Boulevard . The cloverleaf interchange between Columbia Pike and S. Washington Blvd . would be eliminated , and the hairpin turn in Columbia Pike straightened , to provide a safer , more natural exit from S. Washington Blvd . onto Columbia Pike . Although exact acreages were not specified and the plan depended upon the Commonwealth of Virginia 's cooperation , the MOU if implemented would have created a more contiguous plot of land for the cemetery . However , in December 2016 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 ( Public Law 114 - 328 ) authorized the Secretary of the Army to expand the cemetery by acquiring from Arlington County and the Commonwealth of Virginia by condemnation and other means properties near the cemetery that contain the Southgate Road , South Joyce Street and Washington Boulevard right - of - ways , including the Washington Boulvard - Columbia Pike interchange . The Army then informed the Arlington County government in June 2017 that the Army would no longer pursue a land exchange with the County . The Army told the County that the Army would use the entire Navy Annex site to expand the cemetery and would acquire for the cemetery about 5 acres ( 2.0 ha ) of public land that Arlington County then owned . The Army would also acquire for the cemetery expansion about 7 acres ( 2.8 ha ) of land located between Columbia Pike and Interstate 395 that the Commonwealth of Virginia then owned . Arlington Woods expansion controversy ( edit ) A portion of Arlington Woods on Humphreys Drive ( 2013 ) On February 22 , 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of NPS land , was intended to permit Metzler to start expanding the cemetery beyond its existing boundaries . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the 24 acres ( 9.7 ha ) remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . A historical marker near the woodland notes that , while visiting Arlington House in 1825 , Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette had warned Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis , the wife of George Washington Parke Custis : `` Cherish these forest trees around your mansion . Recollect how much easier it is to cut a tree than to make one grow . '' The marker further notes that the Virginia Native Plant Society had recognized the woodland as being one of the best examples of old growth terraced gravel forest remaining in Virginia . On September 23 , 1996 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 ( Public Law 104 - 201 ) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army all of the land in Section 29 that was within an `` Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone '' and some of the land in the Section that was within a `` Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone '' . On March 5 , 1998 , the NPS , which is a component of the Department of the Interior , informed the National Capital Planning Commission that it wanted to transfer only 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) to the cemetery , rather than the 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) that the 1995 agreement had described . In response , Metzler stated : `` I was surprised . But we will continue to work with the Department of Interior and see what happens . '' On July 12 , 1999 , the NPS issued a Federal Register notice that announced the availability of an environmental assessment ( EA ) for the transfer . The EA stated that the Interment Zone contained the oldest and largest tract of climax eastern hardwood forest in Arlington County . This forest was the same type that once covered the Arlington estate , and had regenerated from trees that were present historically . A forestry study determined that a representative tree was 258 years old . The Interment Zone was also determined to contain significant archeological and cultural landscape resources , in addition to those in the Preservation Zone . The EA described four alternative courses of action . In contrast to the NPS 's March 1998 statement to the National Capital Planning Commission , the 1999 EA stated that the preferred alternative ( Alternative 1 ) would transfer to the cemetery approximately 9.6 acres ( 3.9 ha ) , comprising most of the Interment Zone and the northern tip of the Preservation Zone . Another alternative ( Alternative 3 ) would transfer to the cemetery the 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Interment Zone , while keeping the 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) Preservation Zone under NPS jurisdiction . The EA concluded : `` Public Law 104 - 201 directed the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army jurisdiction over the Interment Zone , which is the plan in Alternative 3 . Adoption of any of the other alternatives would require legislative action to amend the existing law . '' Map showing the Millennium Project 's expansion of Arlington National Cemetery into Arlington Woods and Fort Myer . On December 28 , 2001 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 ( Public Law 107 - 107 ) repealed the `` obsolete '' part of Public Law 104 - 201 that had authorized the transfer of portions of Section 29 to the Secretary of the Army . The new legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army within 30 days the approximately 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Interment Zone . The transfer therefore involved the entire 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of NPS land that the 1995 agreement and Alternative 3 in the 1999 EA had described . The 2001 legislation required the Secretary of the Army to use the Interment Zone for in - ground burial sites and columbarium . In addition , the legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to manage the remainder of Section 29 `` in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial . '' On December 12 , 2012 , the United States Army Corps of Engineers asked for comments on a draft EA that described a further expansion of Arlington National Cemetery as part of the Millennium Project . The 2012 draft EA was intended to implement conversion into burial space of the 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) of Ft . Myer grounds as well as 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of Section 29 woodland . The draft EA described seven alternatives . The preferred alternative ( Alternative E ) called for the removal of about one - half of the 1,700 trees with a diameter of 6 inches ( 15 cm ) or greater on the site . About 640 of the trees were within a 135 - year - old portion of Arlington Woods . The draft EA concluded : `` Based on the evaluation of environmental impacts ... , no significant impacts would be expected from the Proposed Action ; therefore , an Environmental Impact Statement will not be prepared and a Finding of No Significant Impact will be prepared and signed . '' On March 12 , 2013 , the Corps of Engineers released a revised EA for the Millennium Project . The revised EA contained copies of a number of public comments on the draft EA that had criticized the project and parts of the EA while proposing alternative locations for new military burials near the cemetery and elsewhere . However , the Department of Forestry of the Commonwealth of Virginia found that , based on information in the draft EA , the project would not have a significant adverse impact on the Commonwealth 's forest resources . The revised EA did not change the preferred alternative ( Alternative E ) or the Army 's plans to prepare and sign the Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) that the draft EA had described . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on the revised EA , the Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed FONSI for the Millennium Project . The Final EA and the FONSI retained Alternative E as the preferred alternative . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than 2.63 acres ( 1.06 ha ) area containing a portion of a 145 - year - old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . Approximately 203 trees with ages of 50 to 145 years would be removed from a former picnic area . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the Millennium Project . 2010 mismanagement controversy ( edit ) Main article : Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy On June 9 , 2010 , United States Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh reprimanded the cemetery 's superintendent , John C. Metzler , Jr. , and his deputy , Thurman Higgenbotham , after a DOD inspector general 's report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs , buried coffins in shallow graves , and buried bodies on top of one another . Metzler , who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2 , 2010 , admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement . The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day - to - day work by `` dysfunctional management , lack of established policy and procedures , and an overall unhealthy organizational climate . '' Both Metzler and Higgenbotham retired soon after the investigation commenced . In March 2011 , as a result of the problems discovered , Kathryn Condon , the recently appointed Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries , announced that the cemetery 's staff had been increased from 102 to 159 . She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because , `` They did n't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do . '' The mismanagement controversy included a limitation on mass media access to funerals , which also proved controversial . Until 2005 , the cemetery 's administration gave free access , with the family 's permission , to the press to cover funerals at the cemetery . According to the Washington Post in 2008 , the cemetery gradually imposed increasing restrictions on media coverage of funerals beginning about 2005 . Management turnover ( edit ) After the cemetery 's management controversy began to end , the Army appointed Patrick K. Hallinan the acting superintendent of the cemetery in June 2010 . He was promoted permanently to the position in October 2010 . Hallinan had previously worked for the Office of Field Programs in the National Cemetery Administration , an agency of the United States Department of Veterans ' Affairs . In that capacity , Hallinan had oversight of 131 national cemeteries , national cemetery policy , procedures , and operations . Hallinan was promoted to Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries upon the retirement of Kathryn Condon in spring 2014 . In May 2014 , Hallinan stepped down and was replaced by Jack E. Lechner , Jr. as superintendent of the cemetery . Lechner had been a funeral director for 10 years in the private sector before joining the U.S. Army . He rose to the rank of colonel ( retiring in November 2011 ) , having spent 2008 to 2010 as chief of the Supply Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , overseeing the equipping of Iraqi and Afghanistan national security forces . Since June 2010 , he had served as executive officer and deputy superintendent of the cemetery under Hallinan . The Army removed Lechner as superintendent of the cemetery in early August 2015 after a performance review `` called into question his ability to serve successfully as a senior leader '' . The Army declined to elaborate further and appointed Hallinan to be the temporary Cemetery superintendent until the Army could find a successor . Wreaths Across America ( edit ) Wreaths laid at Arlington National Cemetery , December 2013 Beginning in 1992 , the Morrill Worcester wreath company in Harrington , Maine , had a surplus at the end of the holiday season . Recalling a boyhood trip to the cemetery , Worcester donated to the cemetery 5,000 wreaths to honor the cemetery 's dead , with the help of volunteers and a local trucking company . After thirteen years of similar donations , in 2005 a photo of snowy gravestones covered with wreaths at the cemetery received widespread circulation on the Internet . Thousands of people called Worcester , wanting to replicate the wreath - laying service at their own veteran cemeteries . In 2006 , over 150 different locations simultaneously held ceremonies with Arlington 's . Additionally , the project had its first `` Veterans Honor Parade '' with `` Patriot Guard Riders '' who escorted the wreaths from Maine to the cemetery . The parade , which is held each year , now visits schools , monuments , veterans ' homes and communities along its route . At the end of 2006 , Worcester 's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country . Assisted by veterans and truckers , Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named `` Wreaths Across America '' . In December 2008 , the United States Senate agreed to a resolution that designated December 13 , 2008 , as `` Wreaths Across America Day '' . In 2014 , volunteers placed over 700,000 memorial wreaths at 1,000 locations in the United States and overseas , including the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor , Bunker Hill , Valley Forge , and the National September 11 Memorial at the World Trade Center site in New York City . During that year , volunteers were able to place wreaths in all sections of the cemetery for the first time . In 2016 , this number increased to 1.2 million wreaths being placed at more than 1,230 cemeteries across the nation . Conflict of interest charges have been made against Wreaths Across America because this charity has an exclusive for - profit supplier , Worcestor Wreath Company , also run by the Morrill family in the same town . The charity 's purchases of wreaths from this company account for most of the company 's revenue and profits . In late 2015 , the Wall Street Journal reported serious conflicts of interest with potential malfeasance in governance and contracting . In 2015 alone the WSJ reported profits of over $1 million on sales of over 850,000 wreaths to the charity raising concerns about competitive bidding , reporting that several competitors had asked to bid significantly below the price offered by Worcestor Wreath Company but were denied access . 150th anniversary ( edit ) During May and June 2014 , the cemetery celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding with a month - long series of events , tours , and lectures . During these celebrations , cemetery officials formally re-designated the Old Amphitheater as the James Tanner Amphitheater . James R. Tanner was a Union Army officer who lost both legs during the war . He later became a War Department stenographer , and recorded much of the early evidence in the investigation into the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . He later was active in the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union Army veterans group . Tanner is buried a few yards from the amphitheater . Sections ( edit ) Arlington National Cemetery The Cemetery is divided into 70 sections , with some sections in the southeast and western part of the cemetery reserved for future expansion . Section 60 , in the southeast part of the cemetery , is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Global War on Terror since 2001 . Section 21 , also known as the Nurses Section , is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried and is the site of the Spanish - American War Nurses Memorial and the Nurses Memorial . Another section -- Chaplains Hill -- includes monuments to Jewish , Protestant , and Roman Catholic military chaplains . In 1901 , Confederate soldiers buried at the Soldiers ' Home and various locations within Arlington were reinterred in a Confederate section that was authorized by Congress in 1900 . On June 4 , 1914 , the United Daughters of the Confederacy dedicated the Confederate Memorial designed by Moses Ezekiel . Upon his death in 1917 , Ezekiel was buried at the base of the monument as he was a veteran of the Confederate army . All Confederate headstones in this section are peaked rather than rounded . More than 3,800 former slaves , called `` Contrabands '' during the Civil War , are buried in Section 27 . Their headstones are designated with the word `` Civilian '' or `` Citizen '' . Grave markers , niches , and headstones ( edit ) The United States Department of Veterans Affairs oversees the National Cemetery Administration 's orders for placement of inscriptions and faith emblems at no charge to the estate of the deceased , submitted with information provided by the next of kin that is placed on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers . The Department of Veterans Affairs currently offers 63 authorized faith emblems for placement on markers to represent the deceased 's faith . This number has grown in recent years due to legal challenges to policy . Prior to 2007 , the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) did not allow the use of the pentacle as an `` emblem of belief '' on tombstones in military cemeteries . This policy was changed following an out - of - court settlement on April 23 following a series of lawsuits by the family of Patrick Stewart against the VA . Between 1947 and 2001 , privately purchased markers were permitted in the cemetery . The sections in which the cemetery permitted such markers are nearly filled and the cemetery generally does not allow new burials in these sections . Nevertheless , the older sections of the cemetery have a wide variety of private markers placed prior to 2001 , including an artillery piece . There are 32 Commonwealth war dead burials and some headstones are Commonwealth War Graves Commission style . Arlington Memorial Amphitheater ( edit ) Main article : Arlington Memorial Amphitheater The interior of Memorial Amphitheater The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater . The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies . Ceremonies are also held for Easter . About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year . The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont . The Memorial Display room , between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns , uses Botticino stone , imported from Italy . The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America 's servicemen / women . Congress authorized the structure on March 4 , 1913 . Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15 , 1915 . The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution . Before the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater was completed in 1921 , important ceremonies were held at what is now known as the `` Old Amphitheater . '' This structure sits where Robert E. Lee once had his gardens . The amphitheater was built in 1868 under the direction of Civil War General John A. Logan . Gen. James A. Garfield was the featured speaker at the Decoration Day dedication ceremony , May 30 , 1868 , later being elected as President of the United States 1881 . The amphitheater has an encircling colonnade with a latticed roof that once supported a web of vines . The amphitheater has a marble dais , known as `` the rostrum '' , which is inscribed with the U.S. national motto found on the Great Seal of the United States , E pluribus unum ( `` Out of many , one '' ) . The rostrum was designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs , then Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army . The amphitheater seats 1,500 people and has hosted speakers such as William Jennings Bryan . Memorials ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknowns ( edit ) Main article : Tomb of the Unknowns The Tomb of the Unknowns with guards The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington , D.C. One of the more well - attended sites at the cemetery , the tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado . It consists of seven pieces , with a total weight of 79 short tons ( 72 metric tons ) . The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9 , 1932 , at a cost of $48,000 . It was initially named the `` Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . '' Other unknown servicemen were later entombed there , and it became known as the `` Tomb of the Unknowns '' , though it has never been officially named . The soldiers entombed there are : Unknown Soldier of World War I , interred November 11 , 1921 . President Warren G. Harding presided . Unknown Soldier of World War II , interred May 30 , 1958 . President Dwight D. Eisenhower presided . Unknown Soldier of the Korean War , also interred May 30 , 1958 . President Dwight Eisenhower presided again , Vice President Richard Nixon acted as next of kin . Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War , interred May 28 , 1984 . President Ronald Reagan presided . The remains of the Vietnam Unknown were disinterred , under the authority of President Bill Clinton , on May 14 , 1998 , and were identified as those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael J. Blassie , whose family had them reinterred near their home in St. Louis , Missouri . It has been determined that the crypt at the Tomb of the Unknowns that contained the remains of the Vietnam Unknown will remain empty . The Tomb of the Unknowns has been perpetually guarded since July 2 , 1937 , by the U.S. Army . The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ( `` The Old Guard '' ) began guarding the Tomb on April 6 , 1948 . There is a meticulous routine which the guard follows when watching over the graves . The Tomb Guard : Marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb . Turns , faces east for 21 seconds . Turns and faces north for 21 seconds . Takes 21 steps down the mat . Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the changing of the guard . After each turn , the Guard executes a sharp `` shoulder - arms '' movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the Guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat . Twenty - one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed -- the 21 - gun salute . Each turn the guard makes precise movements and followed by a loud click of the heels as he snaps them together . The guard is changed every half - hour during daylight in the summer , and every hour during daylight in the winter and every two hours at night ( when the cemetery is closed to the public ) , regardless of weather conditions . Arlington Amphitheater 1922 issue A commemorative stamp was issued on November 11 , 1922 , the first anniversary of the first entombment picturing the Amphitheater . It encompasses the original Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . The remains of an unidentified WW I American soldier was entombed on Armistice Day , November 11 , 1921 , later covered in 1931 by a more elaborate marble sarcophagus . Other memorials ( edit ) The Maine Mast Memorial There are several memorials on the grounds of the cemetery . However , due to the lack of space for burials and the large amount of space that memorials take up , the U.S. Army now requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials at Arlington . Near the Tomb of the Unknowns stands the USS Maine Mast Memorial , which commemorates the 266 men who lost their lives aboard the USS Maine . The memorial is built around a mast salvaged from the Maine 's wreckage . The USS Maine Memorial served as the temporary resting place for foreign heads of state or government , Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippines and Ignacy Jan Paderewski of Poland , who died in exile in the United States during World War II . The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial was dedicated on May 20 , 1986 , in memory of the crew of flight STS - 51 - L , who died during launch on January 28 , 1986 . Transcribed on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee , Jr. poem High Flight , which was quoted by then President Ronald Reagan when he addressed the disaster . Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial , some were not , and were laid to rest under the marker . Two crew members , Scobee and Smith , are buried in Arlington . On February 1 , 2004 , NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe dedicated a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry on February 1 , 2003 . Astronauts Laurel Clark , David Brown and Michael Anderson , who were killed in the Columbia disaster , are also buried in Arlington . The Lockerbie Cairn is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie , Scotland . The memorial is constructed of 270 stones , one for each person killed in the disaster . In section 64 , a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon was dedicated September 11 , 2002 . The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon , and lists the names of all the victims that were killed . Unidentified remains from the victims are buried beneath it . On June 25 , 1925 , President Calvin Coolidge approved a request to erect a Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during World War I . The monument was dedicated November 11 , 1927 and after the Korean War and World War II the names of US citizens who died in those conflicts were added . The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is adjacent to the Ceremonial Entrance to the cemetery . The Laos Memorial , or Lao Veterans of America memorial , dedicated to Lao and Hmong veterans who served with US Special Forces and CIA advisors during the Vietnam War , to defend the Royal Kingdom of Laos from the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos by selling opium to the CIA in exchange for weapons and promises for their own country , is located on Grant Avenue near the eternal flame memorial to U.S. President John F. Kennedy . In 2012 , legislation began moving through Congress to approve a `` Place of Remembrance '' at the cemetery . The memorial will be an ossuary designed to contain fragments of remains which are unidentifiable through DNA analysis . The remains will be cremated before placement in the memorial . Burial procedures ( edit ) Arlington House flag flying at half - staff . The flag is lowered during interments . The flags in the cemetery are flown at half - staff from a half - hour before the first funeral until a half hour after the last funeral each day . Funerals are normally conducted five days a week , excluding weekends . Funerals , including interments and inurnments , average between 27 -- 30 per day . The Cemetery conducts approximately 6,900 burials each year . With more than 400,000 interments , the cemetery has the second - largest number of burials of any national cemetery in the United States . The largest of the 130 national cemeteries is the Calverton National Cemetery , on Long Island , near Riverhead , New York , which conducts more than 7,000 burials each year . Military funeral procession in Arlington National Cemetery , July 1967 In addition to in - ground burial , the cemetery also has one of the larger columbaria for cremated remains in the country . Four courts are currently in use , each with 5,000 niches . When construction is complete , there will be nine courts with a total of 50,000 niches ; capacity for 100,000 remains . Any honorably discharged veteran is eligible for inurnment in the columbarium , if s / he served on active duty at some point in her / his career ( other than for training ) . Burial criteria ( edit ) Part 553 ( Army National Military Cemeteries ) of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) establishes regulations for the cemetery , including eligibility for interment ( ground burial ) and inurnment . Due to limited space , the criteria for ground burial eligibility are more restrictive than at other national cemeteries , as well as more restrictive than for inurnment in the columbarium . The persons specified below are eligible for ground burial in the cemetery , unless otherwise prohibited . The last period of active duty of former members of the armed forces must have ended honorably . Interment may be of casketed or cremated remains . Any active - duty member of the armed forces ( except those members serving on active duty for training only ) . Any veteran who is retired and eligible for retirement pay from service in the armed forces ( including service members retired from a reserve component who served a period of active duty ( other than for training ) ) . Any former member of the armed forces separated honorably prior to October 1 , 1949 , for medical reasons and who was rated at 30 % or greater disabled effective on the day of discharge . Any former member of the armed forces who has been awarded one of the following decorations : Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross , Navy Cross , or Air Force Cross Silver Star Purple Heart Any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty ( other than for training ) and who held any of the following positions : An elective office of the U.S. Government ( such as a term in Congress ) . Office of the Chief Justice of the United States or of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . An office listed , at the time the person held the position , in 5 USC 5312 or 5313 ( Levels I and II of the Executive Schedule ) . The chief of a mission who was at any time during his / her tenure classified in Class I under the provisions of Section 411 , Act of August 13 , 1946 , 60 Stat. 1002 , as amended ( 22 USC 866 ) or as listed in State Department memorandum dated March 21 , 1988 . Any former prisoner of war who , while a prisoner of war , served honorably in the active military , naval , or air service , whose last period of military , naval or air service terminated honorably and who died on or after November 30 , 1993 . The spouse , widow or widower , minor child , or permanently dependent child , and certain unmarried adult children of any of the above eligible veterans . Respectful silence is requested at the Arlington National Cemetery . The widow or widower of : a member of the armed forces who was lost or buried at sea or fell out of a plane or officially determined to be permanently absent with a status of either missing or missing in action . a member of the armed forces who is interred in a US military cemetery overseas that is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission . The spouse , minor child , or permanently dependent child of any person already buried in Arlington National Cemetery . The parents of a minor child , or permanently dependent child whose remains , based on the eligibility of a parent , are already buried at Arlington . A spouse divorced from the primary eligible , or widowed and remarried , is not eligible for interment . Provided certain conditions are met , a former member of the armed forces may be buried in the same grave with a close relative who is already buried and is the primary eligible . Inurnment criteria for columbarium ( edit ) Due at least partly to the lack of space at the cemetery for ground burial , standards for inurnment ( burial of cremated remains ) in the columbarium are currently much less restrictive than for ground burial at the cemetery . In general , any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty ( other than for training ) and whose last service terminated honorably is eligible for inurnment . Eligibility for inurnment is described fully in 32 C.F.R. § 553.15 a . Prohibitions against Interment or memorialization ( edit ) Congress has from time to time created prohibited categories of persons that , even if otherwise eligible for burial , lose that eligibility . One such prohibition is against certain persons who are convicted of committing certain state or federal capital crimes , as defined in 38 U.S. Code § 2411 . Capital crime is a specifically defined term in the statute , and for state offenses can include offenses that are eligible for a life sentence ( with or without parole ) . The reasoning for this provision originally was to prevent Timothy McVeigh from being eligible at Arlington National Cemetery , but it has since been amended to prevent others . Also prohibited under the same statute are those determined , with clear and convincing evidence , to have avoided such conviction by death or flight . Notable burials ( edit ) Main article : List of people buried at Arlington National Cemetery The grave marker of former US President John F. Kennedy The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13 , 1864 . There are 396 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery , nine of whom are Canadian . Five state funerals have been held at Arlington : those of Presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy , his two brothers , Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward `` Ted '' Kennedy , and General of the Armies John J. Pershing . Whether or not they were wartime service members , U.S. presidents are eligible to be buried at Arlington , since they oversaw the armed forces as commanders - in - chief . Among the most frequently visited sites in the cemetery is the grave of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis who is buried nearby along with their son Patrick and their stillborn daughter Arabella . His remains were interred there on March 14 , 1967 , a reinterment from his original Arlington burial site , some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) away , where he was buried in November 1963 . The grave is marked with an `` eternal flame '' . The remains of his brothers , Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward M. `` Ted '' Kennedy , are buried nearby . The latter two graves are marked with simple crosses and footstones . On December 1 , 1971 , Robert Kennedy 's body was re-interred 100 feet ( 30 m ) from its original June 1968 burial site . Two of the astronauts who were killed in January 27 , 1967 flash fire inside the Apollo 1 Command Module , Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee , are buried at the cemetery . John Glenn , the first American to orbit Earth and a longtime U.S. Senator from Ohio , was buried at the cemetery in April 2017 . British Diplomat and Field Marshal Sir John Dill was buried at the cemetery when he died in Washington D.C. during World War II . The equestrian statue on Dill 's grave is one of only two such statues at the cemetery ; the other is Major General Philip Kearny 's . Visitor requirements ( edit ) President Donald Trump participates in the Memorial Day Ceremony The cemetery has within recent years announced policies and procedures that limit visitor access to the cemetery 's grounds . The Cemetery 's executive director has stated that some of these may create delays for visitors . Some have become controversial . Bicycle use policy ( edit ) On August 6 , 2013 , Patrick Hallinan , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries , issued an official memorandum that contained the cemetery 's then - current bicycle use policy . The memorandum permitted cyclists to travel in only one direction on only one route unless otherwise authorized by the executive director . This `` White Line '' route traveled from the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall towards the main entrance of the cemetery at Memorial Avenue , using Meigs Drive , Sherman Drive and Schley Drive . The memorandum stated without explanation : '' Bicycle traffic will not be permitted to travel in the reverse direction , ... '' . Cyclists could only use this route between 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 45 p.m. from April 1 to September 30 and between 8 : 00 a.m. and 4 : 45 p.m. from October 1 to March 31 . Cyclists had to wear bicycle helmets that certain designated organizations had approved . Bicycles had to be equipped with headlights , tail lights or red reflectors in lieu of tail lights , regardless of the time of travel . On May 11 , 2016 , the Department of the Army published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would , among other things , prohibit a visitor to an Army National Military Cemetery ( Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery ) from riding a bicycle without first acquiring a pass to visit a relative 's gravesite or columbarium niche . After receiving 13 comments from 13 individuals concerning the use of bicycles in the cemetery ( including comments from representatives of the Arlington County Board and local bicycle advocacy groups that opposed the new restrictions ) , the Department of the Army published a final rule in the Federal Register on September 26 , 2016 , that implemented the proposed rule , effective October 26 , 2016 . In accordance with the final rule , the cemetery issued a new bicycle use policy , effective October 26 , 2016 . The policy stated that bicycling would no longer be allowed on Cemetery grounds without a family pass . The policy further stated that `` bicyclists traversing the cemetery grounds do impact funeral services and the experience that families expect and deserve as they visit their loved one 's grave ... As there are no bike paths on the cemetery grounds , mixing cyclists with pedestrians and vehicles creates a safety hazard . '' Security procedures ( edit ) In September 2016 , Hallinan announced that the cemetery was increasing security measures for its visitors . In addition to random identification checks and other security measures already in place , the cemetery will require pedestrians to enter at set access points : the main entrance on Memorial Avenue , the Ord and Weitzel gate , and the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall . Before entering the cemetery through its main entrance , all pedestrians will be screened through the cemetery 's Welcome Center . All vehicle access will require presenting valid , government - issued photo identification , such as a driver 's license or passport , when entering the cemetery . Vehicles will also be subject to random inspections . Hallinan stated that these processes may result in delays when entering the cemetery . In popular culture ( edit ) In Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the cemetery appeared as the backdrop for a state funeral held for Superman by the United States Army . However , the physical filming took place in Michigan , using green screen . See also ( edit ) Terrorism portal United States Army portal List of national cemeteries McKee Grave Theodore Wint Grave United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers Further reading ( edit ) Micki McElya , The Politics of Mourning : Death and Honor at Arlington National Cemetery . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2016 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Christian . `` Arlington Cemetery Trying to Account for Missing $12 Million . '' Washington Post . January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly list of actions take : 04 / / 07 / 14 to 04 / 11 / 14 '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ; Tooker , Megan ; Enscore , Susan , US Army Corps of Engineers , ERDC - CERL , Champaign , Illinois ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form : Arlington National Cemetery Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 62 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ezra J. Warner ( 1959 ) . Generals in Gray . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0823 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hansen , 2001 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ McCaslin , 2004 , p. 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 175 - 176 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 84 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 88 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 86 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennee , p. 4 . Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 85 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Mark ( 1995 ) . Bivouac of the Dead . Heritage Books . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 0260 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Information '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Lee Kaufman . Wikisource . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Arlington , Virginia : United States Army . October 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schildt , Roberta ( 1984 ) . `` Freedmen 's Village : Arlington , Virginia , 1863 -- 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington Historical Magazine . Arlington County , Virginia : Arlington Historical Society , Inc. 7 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . At arlcivilwar.net : Arlington 's Civil War Memorial Website . Jump up ^ John T. Wolley and Gerhard Peters . `` Herbert Hoover : Memorial Day Address at Arlington National Cemetery '' . The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Schildt , Roberta ( 1984 ) . `` Freedmen 's Village : Arlington , Virginia , 1863 -- 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington Historical Magazine . Arlington County , Virginia : Arlington Historical Society , Inc. 7 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 21 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . At arlcivilwar.net : Arlington 's Civil War Memorial Website Archived May 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2 ) `` Freedman 's Village '' . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial . National Park Service : United States Department of the Interior . 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` Black History at Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Arlington , Virginia : United States Army . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Letter from J.A. Commerford to G.B. Dandy , November 12 , 1887 , Consolidated Quartermaster General File . R.G. 105 , cited as Footnote 66 in Schildt , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Kaplow , Bobby ( October 24 , 1991 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Being Expanded '' . The Washington Post . p . VA2C . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Arlington National Cemetery is undergoing its first expansion since 1976 , as work began in mid-August to clear a 13 - acre tract to make space for about 9,000 new grave sites . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle C -- Land Conveyances : Section 2821 ( a ) . Transfer of lands , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia ( 110 Stat. 2791 -- 2792 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 104 - 201 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 . United States Government Printing Office . September 23 , 1996 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ( a ) REQUIREMENT FOR SECRETARY OF INTERIOR TO TRANSFER CERTAIN SECTION 29 LANDS. -- ( 1 ) Subject to paragraph ( 2 ) , the Secretary of the Interior shall transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction over the following lands located in section 29 of the National Park System at Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia : ( A ) The lands known as the Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone . ( B ) All lands in the Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone , other than those lands in the Preservation Zone that the Secretary of the Interior determines must be retained because of the historical significance of such lands or for the maintenance of nearby lands or facilities . ^ Jump up to : Wee , Eric L. ( March 6 , 1998 ) . `` Good News for Tree Lovers , Not for Arlington Cemetery ; Park Service Wants to Give 4 Acres , Not 12 '' . Metro Section . The Washington Post . p . B7 . arlingtoncemetery.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2005 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . In 1995 , the Park Service agreed to move forward with plans to give the cemetery the 12 acres of woodlands near the Arlington House mansion , where Robert E. Lee lived before the Civil War . Congress approved the transfer on the condition that an archaeological and cultural study be done on the land . Another 12 - acre parcel near the house already had been largely ruled out for graves because of its historic value . Article preview in website of The Washington Post Archived September 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Rudi , American Forces Press Service ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Gains 70 Acres of Land '' . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle E -- Other Matters : Section 2863 ( h ) : Alternate Site for United States Air Force Memorial , Preservation of Open Space on Arlington Ridge Tract , and Related Land Transfer At Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia : Land Transfer , Section 29 ( 115 Stat. 1332 -- 1333 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 107 - 107 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 . United States Government Printing Office . December 28 , 2001 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . SEC . 2863 . ALTERNATE SITE FOR UNITED STATES AIR FORCE MEMORIAL , PRESERVATION OF OPEN SPACE ON ARLINGTON RIDGE TRACT , AND RELATED LAND TRANSFER AT ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY , VIRGINIA ... ( h ) Land Transfer , Section 29. -- ( 1 ) Transfer required. -- Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act , the Secretary of the Interior shall transfer , without reimbursement , to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction over that portion of Section 29 designated as the interment zone and consisting of approximately 12 acres . The Secretary of the Interior shall modify the boundaries of the George Washington Memorial Parkway as may be necessary to reflect the land transfer required by this subsection. ( 2 ) Use of transferred land. -- The Secretary of the Army shall use the transferred property for the development of in - ground burial sites and columbarium that are designed to meet the contours of Section 29 . ( 3 ) Management of remainder. -- The Secretary of the Interior shall manage that portion of Section 29 not transferred under this subsection in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial . ( 4 ) Repeal of obsolete law. -- Section 2821 ( a ) of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 ( division B of Public Law 104 - 201 ; 110 Stat. 2791 ) is repealed . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Steve ( October 8 , 1999 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery Gains Land to Expand '' . Metro . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle F -- Expansion of Arlington National Cemetery : Sec. 2881 . Transfer from Navy Annex , Arlington , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 106 - 65 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 113 STAT. 879 -- 113 STAT. 880 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . SEC . 2881 . TRANSFER FROM NAVY ANNEX , ARLINGTON , VIRGINIA ( a ) Land Transfer Required. -- The Secretary of Defense shall provide for the transfer to the Secretary of the Army of administrative jurisdiction over three parcels of real property consisting of approximately 36 acres and known as the Navy Annex ( in this section referred to as the `` Navy Annex property '' ) . ( b ) Use of Land. -- Subject to paragraph ( 2 ) , the Secretary of the Army shall incorporate the Navy Annex property transferred under subsection ( a ) into Arlington National Cemetery . ( 2 ) ... ( c ) Remediation of Land for Cemetery Use. -- Immediately after the transfer of administrative jurisdiction over the Navy Annex property , the Secretary of Defense shall provide for the removal of any improvements on that property and shall prepare the property for use as part of Arlington National Cemetery ... Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 : Title XVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle F -- Expansion of Arlington National Cemetery : Section 2882 . Transfer from Fort Myer , Arlington , Virginia ( 113 Stat. 880 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 106 - 65 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 . United States Government Printing Office . October 5 , 1999 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . SEC . 2882 . TRANSFER FROM FORT MYER , ARLINGTON , VIRGINIA. ( a ) Land Transfer Required. -- The Secretary of the Army shall modify the boundaries of Arlington National Cemetery and of Fort Myer to include in Arlington National Cemetery the following parcels of real property situated in Fort Myer , Arlington , Virginia : ( 1 ) A parcel comprising approximately five acres bounded by the Fort Myer Post Traditional Chapel to the southwest , McNair Road to the northwest , the Vehicle Maintenance Complex to the northeast , and the masonry wall of Arlington National Cemetery to the southeast . ( 2 ) A parcel comprising approximately three acres bounded by the Vehicle Maintenance Complex to the southwest , Jackson Avenue to the northwest , the water pumping station to the northeast , and the masonry wall of Arlington National Cemetery to the southeast . Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle D -- Land Conveyances : Part IV -- Other Conveyances : Section 2881 . Land Exchange , Arlington County , Virginia ( 118 Stat. 2153 -- 2154 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 108 - 375 : Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 . United States Government Printing Office . October 28 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . SEC . 2881 . LAND EXCHANGE , ARLINGTON COUNTY , VIRGINIA . ( a ) Exchange Authorized. -- The Secretary of Defense may convey to Arlington County , Virginia ( in this section referred to as the `` County '' ) , all right , title , and interest of the United States in and to a parcel of real property , together with any improvements thereon , that consists of not more than 4.5 acres and is located north of Columbia Pike on the Navy Annex property in Arlington County , Virginia , for the purpose of the construction of a freedmen heritage museum and an Arlington history museum . ( b ) Consideration. -- As consideration for the conveyance of the real property under subsection ( a ) , the County shall convey to the United States all right , title , and interest of the County in and to a parcel of real property , together with any improvements thereon , that is of a size equivalent to the total acreage of the real property conveyed by the Secretary under subsection ( a ) and is located in the area known as the Southgate Road right - of - way between Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia , and the Navy Annex property ... ( g ) Inclusion of Southgate Road Right - of - Way Property in Transfer of Navy Annex Property for Arlington National Cemetery. -- Subsection ( a ) of section 2881 of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( division B of Public Law 106 - 65 ; 113 Stat. 879 ) is amended by striking `` three parcels of real property consisting of approximately 36 acres '' and inserting `` four parcels of real property consisting of approximately 40 acres '' . ^ Jump up to : Ruane , Michael E. ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` For Warriors Past and Future '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . The Millennium expansion has involved , among other things , the sensitive transfer of 12 acres within the cemetery from the National Park Service 's historic Arlington House , the onetime home of Robert E. Lee . The Park Service has lamented the likely loss of woodland and the cemetery 's encroachment on the majestic hilltop home , which dates to 1802 . The project , which focuses on the northwest edge of the cemetery , includes expansion into about 10 acres taken from the Army 's adjacent Fort Myer and four acres of cemetery maintenance property inside the boundaries , officials said . The extra space would provide room for 14,000 ground burials and 22,000 inurnments in a large columbarium complex , officials said . The project comes on the heels of extensive work underway to utilize 40 acres of unused space in the cemetery , creating room for 26,000 more graves and 5,000 inurnments . And there are plans for further outside expansion in the years ahead . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Jerome L. ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` More space for fallen heroes at Arlington '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Gearan , Anne ( July 3 , 1995 ) . `` Admirers of Lee Upset by Cemetery Expansion Plan '' . News Archive . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Nakashima , Ellen ( July 6 , 1995 ) . `` Environmentalists Fear Effects of Expanded Arlington Cemetery '' . Metro . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division E -- Military Construction and Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2013 : Title III : Related Agencies : Department of Defense -- Civil : Cemeterial Expenses , Army : Construction '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 113 - 6 : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ( 127 STAT. 198 ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . March 26 , 2013 . p. 127 STAT. 409 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . For necessary expenses for planning and design and construction at Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery , $103,000,000 , to remain available until September 30 , 2017 , of which , $84,000,000 shall be for planning and design and construction associated with the Millennium Project at Arlington National Cemetery ; and $19,000,000 shall be for study , planning , design , and architect and engineer services for future expansion of burial space at Arlington National Cemetery . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( August 11 , 1998 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery Proposal Put on Hold ; Officials Say Plan to Transfer Land From Navy Annex , Fort Myer Needs Review '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . A congressional proposal to expand Arlington National Cemetery onto land now occupied by the Navy Annex and Fort Myer has been at least temporarily put on hold , but officials predicted that in the long term , at least some of the property may be turned into grave sites . Members of a House -- Senate conference committee said yesterday they have agreed to remove language from a Defense Department appropriations bill that would have transferred the land to the cemetery , which is approaching full capacity . ( Bob ) Stump 's proposal , attached to a bill that cleared the House earlier this summer , would have transferred 36.5 acres from the Navy Annex and eight acres from Fort Myer to Arlington Cemetery . The move would create sufficient burial sites to last until 2040 , officials said . The proposal has sparked anxiety in Arlington County , where community leaders complained that they had not been consulted about such a major decision . Jump up ^ `` Title 10 : Subtitle B : Part IV : Chapter 446 -- Army National Military Cemeteries '' ( PDF ) . United States Code ( 2012 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office : 2011 -- 2012 . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Donnellen , Barbara M. , County Manager , Arlington County , Virginia ; Condon , Kathryn A. , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Memorandum of Understanding Between Department of the Army and County Board of Arlington County , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Arlington County government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ( 2 ) `` County Reaches Agreement With Army Over Arlington Nat'l Cemetery Expansion '' . ARLnow.com . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 : Title XXVIII -- Military Construction General Provisions : Subtitle C -- Land Conveyances : Sec . 2829A . Land Acquisitions , Arlington County , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 114 - 328 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office . pp. 130 STAT. 2728 -- 130 STAT. 2730 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . SEC . 2829A . LAND ACQUISITIONS , ARLINGTON COUNTY , VIRGINIA. ( a ) ACQUISITION AUTHORIZED. -- ( 1 ) IN GENERAL. -- The Secretary of the Army may acquire by purchase , exchange , donation , or by other means , including condemnation , which the Secretary determines is sufficient for the expansion of Arlington National Cemetery for purposes of ensuring maximization of interment sites and compatible use of adjacent properties , including any appropriate cemetery or memorial parking , all right , title , and interest in and to land -- ( A ) from Arlington County ( in this section referred to as the `` County '' ) , one or more parcels of real property in the area known as the Southgate Road right - of - way , Columbia Pike right - of - way , and South Joyce Street right - of - way located in Arlington County , Virginia ; and ( B ) from the Commonwealth of Virginia ( in this section referred to as the `` Commonwealth '' ) , one or more parcels of property in the area known as the Columbia Pike right - of - way , including the Washington Boulevard - Columbia Pike interchange , but excluding the Virginia Department of Transportation Maintenance and Operations Facility ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Army Opts Out of Land Exchange with Arlington County '' . News Release . Arlington County , Virginia , government . June 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( 2 ) `` Arlington Cemetery Southern Expansion and Roadway Realignment Project '' . Projects & Planning . Arlington County government . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( 3 ) Sullivan , Patricia ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Army , county break off land swap talks over Arlington Cemetery expansion '' . Virginia . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Interactive map of Arlington National Cemetery showing Section 29 and Future Expansion Site '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ( 2 ) Coordinates of Section 29 : 38 ° 52 ′ 55 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W / 38.8820646 ° N 77.0770195 ° W / 38.8820646 ; - 77.0770195 ( Section 29 ) ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( October 2001 ) . `` Arlington House : The Robert E. Lee Memorial : Cultural Landscape Report : History '' ( PDF ) . Cultural History Program . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service : National Capital Region. 1 : 169 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( July 6 , 1995 ) . `` Environmentalists Fear Effects of Expanded Arlington Cemetery '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Arlington Woodlands : Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' marker `` . The Historical Marker Database . September 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Audrey F. , Superintendent , National Capital Region , National Park Service , United States Department of the Interior ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Notice : Environmental Assessment of Proposed Land Transfer , Arlington House -- The Robert E. Lee Memorial , George Washington Memorial Parkway to Department of the Army , Arlington National Cemetery '' ( pdf ) . Federal Register . United States Government Printing Office . 64 ( 132 ) : 37564 -- 37565 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Notice : NAO - 121207 - Millennium : Environmental assessment for expansion of Arlington National Cemetery , known as the Millennium Project ) '' . Norfolk District Media & Public Affairs . United States Army Corps of Engineers . December 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Standifer , Cid ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Cemetery Plan Would Remove Old Growth Trees '' . Arlington Mercury . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Taylor ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Arlington cemetery expansion threatens 890 trees '' . The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : United States Army Corps of Engineers ( December 2012 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment '' ( PDF ) . United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District : 12 , 35 , 40 , 53 -- 59 , 78 , 97 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Project Revised Environmental Assessment '' . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Holland , Taylor ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery would spare just 8 of nearly 900 trees in expansion '' . Washington , D.C. : The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Svrluga , Susan ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery plans expansion to take it into 2050s '' . Post Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix F : Comments to Draft Millennium EA : Public Comment Period : 6 December 2012 to 21 January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment , March 2013 , pp. 222 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Irons , Elie L. , Program Manager , Environmental Impact Review ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Forest Resources '' ( PDF ) . Letter to Ms. Susan L. Conner , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Norfolk District re . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project : Federal Consistency Determination ( DEQ - 12 - 203F ) and Environmental Assessment ( DEQ - 12 - 225F ) . Richmond , Virginia : Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Environmental Quality . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment , March 2013 , ( Appendix F : Comments to Draft Millennium EA : Public Comment Period : December 6 , 2012 to January 21 , 2013 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Impacts to Trees '' . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 2013 . pp. 43 -- 45 , 147 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ( 2 ) `` Draft Finding of No Significant Impact Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 8 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Federoff , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Finding of No Significant Impact Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia '' ( pdf ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Appendix J : Comments on Revised Millennium EA : Public Comment Period 12 March 2013 to 12 April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment , June 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Sullivan , Patricia ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Army Corps says go ahead with Arlington cemetery expansion '' . Post Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impacts to Trees '' . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . pp. 114 -- 115 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tree Tag # 1026 ( Black Cherry , Prunus serotina ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment , June 2013 , Appendix I ( Tree Inventory and Analysis ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Figure A : Millennium Project with Tree Ages and NPS Property ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Figure 38 : Existing conditions , impacts , and contributing areas of Arlington House : Historic Landscape Effects : ANC Boundary Wall and Arlington House Forest ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . p. 133 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 3 ) Seagraves , Anna ; Fuqua , Ann ; Veloz , Nicholas , George Washington Memorial Parkway , National Capital Region , National Park Service ( January 15 , 1980 ) . `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service : National Register of Historic Places -- Nomination Form for Federal Properties . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department of Historic Resources . p. 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Young , Deborah B. ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Commission Action : Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , VA ( NCPC File Number 7457 ) '' ( pdf ) . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ( 2 ) `` Executive Director 's Recommendation : Commission Meeting : July 11 , 2013 : Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , VA ( NCPC File Number 7457 ) '' ( pdf ) . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission . July 11 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Barnes ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery 's top supervisors ousted in mismanagement case '' . Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William H. McMichael ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Errors at Arlington affected 211 graves '' . Military Times . armytimes.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery superintendent retiring '' . Army Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aaron C. Davis ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery 's Deputy Chief Retires Amid Investigation '' . Washington Post . WashingtonPost.com . p . B1 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christian Davenport ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` For first time in decades , Arlington National Cemetery must bury multiple ' unknowns ' '' . Washington Post . Washingtonpost.com . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dana Milbank ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Putting Her Foot Down And Getting The Boot '' . Washington Post . WashingtonPost.com . p. 3 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army names new superintendent for Arlington National Cemetery '' . Army News Service . October 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lechner Named Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery '' . Memorial Business Journal . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery superintendent removed '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Story '' . Columbia Falls , Maine : Wreaths Across America . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leipold , J.D. ( December 15 , 2006 ) . `` Veterans ' Cemeteries Across America Receive Wreaths '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 110th Congress , 2nd Session : S. Res. 726 : Designating December 13 , 2008 , as '' Wreaths Across America Day '' '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ writer , LINDA CARMICHAEL Contributing . `` Wreaths Across America in planning stages '' . Tehachapi News . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wreaths Across America Has Family - Ties To Its Supplier '' . Wall Street Journal . December 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery 150th Anniversary Commemoration , May 13 , 2014 to June 16 , 2014 '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery : United States Army . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery to Rename Old Ampitheater for Civil War Double Amputee James Tanner '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mementos adorn ' saddest acre ' '' . CNN . May 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nurses Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Government Furnished Headstones and Markers '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . February 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington National Cemetery Facts '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordering a Headstone or Marker '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Application for Standard Government Headstone or Marker for Installation Cemetery or State Veterans ' Cemetery '' ( PDF ) . Department of Veterans Affairs . August 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Denied Right to Post Religious Symbol on Headstones , ACLU Charges '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . September 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Wiccans symbols allowed on grave markers in government cemeteries '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Affairs Department Must Accommodate Wiccan Symbol On Memorial Markers At Government Cemeteries , Says Americans United '' ( Press release ) . Americans United ( AU.org ) . June 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers '' . VA.gov . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Private Headstone Markers '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poole , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` The Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlingtoncemetery.org . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poole , Robert M. ( 2010 ) . On hallowed ground : the story of Arlington National Cemetery . New York : Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 9780802715494 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old Amphitheatre '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Changing of the Guard '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juell , Rod . `` 50 - cent Arlington Amphitheater '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Memorial Dedicated at Arlington '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Garamone ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` Remains of Pentagon Attack Victims Buried at Arlington '' . American Forces Press Service . Department of Defense . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Philip , Lao Veterans of America , Inc . Washington , D.C. ( May 15 , 1997 ) , http://www.laoveteransofamerica.org Archived December 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fast Track : ' Place of Remembrance ' Planned for Arlington . '' Navy Times . June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Location of Arlington House flagpole : 38 ° 52 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 20 '' W / 38.881187 ° N 77.072128 ° W / 38.881187 ; - 77.072128 ( Arlington House flagpole ) Jump up ^ `` Wikimapia -- Let 's describe the whole world ! '' . wikimapia.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 32 CFR 553.15 a -- Persons eligible for inurnment of cremated remains in Columbarium in Arlington National Cemetery '' . National Archives and Records Administration . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 -- National Defense ) : Subtitle A -- Department of Defense : Chapter V -- Department of the Army : Subchapter D: Military Reservations and National Cemeteries : Part 553 -- Army National Military Cemeteries '' . United States Government Publishing Office . July 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Establishing Eligibility -- Eligibility for Interment ( Ground Burial ) '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 10 , 2005 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Burial Law Eyed '' . Fox News . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery Section 27 facts '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Walking Tour '' ( PDF ) . arlingtoncemetery.mil . U.S. Army . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Astronaut , senator , Marine : John Glenn is buried in Arlington Cemetery '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CWGC : John Dill '' . Jump up ^ McLeroy , Carrie ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` There 's a lot you do n't know about Arlington National Cemetery '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . There are only two equestrian monuments at Arlington National Cemetery . The first is for Maj. Gen. Philip Kearney , located in Section 2 . The second is Field Marshall Sir John Dill in Section 32 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Use Policy '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery , United States Army . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hallinan , Patrick , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Memorandum For All Visitors to Arlington National Cemetery : Subject : Bicycle Use on Arlington National Cemetery '' ( PDF ) . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery : Army National Military Cemeteries : Department of the Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Department of Defense ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` 81 FR 29230 : Proposed rule : Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 ( Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries ) '' . Federal Register . 81 : 29230 -- 29243 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( c ) ... Specifically , no person shall : ... ( 8 ) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery , except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche . An individual visiting a relative 's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Department of the Army , Department of Defense ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` 81 FR 65875 : Final rule : Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 ( Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries ) '' . Federal Register . 81 : 65875 -- 65888 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( c ) ... Specifically , no person shall : ... ( 8 ) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery , except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche . An individual visiting a relative 's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance . ( 2 ) Wentling , Nikki ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery to impose bicycle ban '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Bicyclists will no longer be allowed to ride through the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery under a new policy that 's set to start next week despite protest from local officials and bicycle groups . Bicyclists disrupt funeral services , affect other visitors ' experiences and pose safety concerns , the Army said in an announcement of the new rule , which goes into effect Oct. 26 . But the Arlington County Board and bicycle advocacy organizations in Arlington and nearby Fairfax County argued cyclists using the cemetery do so respectfully . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Bicycle Use Policy '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery , United States Army . October 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( 2 ) Kelleher , Colleen ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bikes , pets banned from Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington , VA News . WTOP . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Arlington National Cemetery Announces Enhanced Visitor Security Measures '' . United States Department of Defense . September 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ( 2 ) St. Martin , Victoria ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery increases security measures '' . Metro . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben . `` Batman V Superman Ending Explained '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent . `` BATMAN V SUPERMAN -- DAWN OF JUSTICE : BRYAN HIROTA -- VFX SUPERVISOR -- SCANLINE VFX '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Atkinson , Rick . Where Valor Rests : Arlington National Cemetery . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2007 . ISBN 1426200897 Chase , Enoch Aquila . `` The Arlington Case : George Washington Custis Lee against the United States of America . '' Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 31 / 32 : 1930 . Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : National Capital Region , National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 62 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Dennee , Tim . `` African - American Civilians Interred in Section 27 of Arlington National Cemetery , 1864 -- 1867 . '' Friends of Freedmen 's Cemetery . FreedmensCemetery.org. 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 07 - 09 . Hansen , Harry . The Civil War : A History . New York : Signet , 2001 . McCaslin , Richard B. Lee in the Shadow of Washington . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0807126969 Poole , Robert M. On Hallowed Ground : The Story of Arlington National Cemetery . New York , N.Y. : Bloomsbury Publishing USA , 2010 . ISBN 9780802715494 Webcast Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on May 27 , 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arlington National Cemetery . ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Arlington National Cemetery home page '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Arlington National Cemetery at Find a Grave `` National Park Service site '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . `` Arlington Cemetery : Hallowed Ground '' . Life magazine . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . 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Gathright Turkeycock Weston White Oak Mountain Other Registered Historic Places in Virginia Virginia Landmarks Register National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Bridges National Historic Landmarks Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Virginia Department of Historic Resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlington_National_Cemetery&oldid=817628908 '' Categories : Protected areas of Arlington County , Virginia Arlington National Cemetery National cemeteries United States national cemeteries Tourist attractions in Arlington County , Virginia Monuments and memorials in Virginia 1864 establishments in Virginia Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County , Virginia Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Robert E. 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-1094812083870943318 | Flag of India | Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 71 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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-7949969790248963514 | Federal Communications Commission | Federal Communications Commission - wikipedia Federal Communications Commission Jump to : navigation , search `` FCC '' redirects here . For other uses , see FCC ( disambiguation ) . Federal Communications Commission FCC Official seal Logo Agency overview Formed June 19 , 1934 ; 83 years ago ( 1934 - 06 - 19 ) Preceding agency Federal Radio Commission Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters 445 12th Street SW , Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ 00 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 44 '' W / 38.8834 ° N 77.0288 ° W / 38.8834 ; - 77.0288 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 00 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 44 '' W / 38.8834 ° N 77.0288 ° W / 38.8834 ; - 77.0288 Employees 1,688 Annual budget US $ 388 million ( FY 2016 , requested ) Agency executive Ajit Pai , Chairman Website www.fcc.gov Footnotes The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) is an independent agency of the United States government created by statute ( 47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154 ) to regulate interstate communications by radio , television , wire , satellite , and cable . The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband , competition , the spectrum , the media , public safety and homeland security , and modernizing itself . The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission . The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission . The FCC 's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states , the District of Columbia , and the Territories of the United States . The FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation , oversight , and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America . The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees . It has an estimated fiscal - 2016 budget of US $ 388 million . It has 1,688 federal employees , made up of 50 % males and 50 % females as of December , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission and strategy 2 Organization and procedures 2.1 Commissioners 2.2 Bureaus 2.3 Offices 2.4 Headquarters 3 History 3.1 Communications Act of 1934 3.2 Report on Chain Broadcasting 3.3 Freeze of 1948 3.4 Telecommunications Act of 1996 3.5 Modernization of the FCC 's information technology systems 3.6 Past chairs and notable commissioners 4 Media policy 4.1 Broadcast television and radio 4.2 Cable and satellite 4.3 Content regulation and indecency 4.4 Media ownership 4.4. 1 Diversity 4.4. 2 Localism 4.5 Digital television transition 5 Wireline policy 5.1 Telephone 5.1. 1 From monopoly to competition 5.2 Internet 5.2. 1 Net neutrality 5.3 NSA wiretapping 6 Wireless policy 6.1 Commercial mobile service 6.1. 1 Spectrum auctions 6.2 Unlicensed spectrum 6.2. 1 White spaces 6.3 Amateur radio 6.4 Broadcasting tower database 6.5 Criticism for use of proprietary standards 7 Public consultation 7.1 History of the issue 7.1. 1 1927 Radio Act 7.1. 2 Public hearings 8 See also 8.1 Media Policy 8.2 Wireline / Broadband Policy 8.3 Wireless Policy 8.4 International 8.5 Process / Other 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Further reading 10 External links Mission and strategy ( edit ) The FCC 's mission , specified in Section One of the Communications Act of 1934 and amended by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 ( amendment to 47 U.S.C. § 151 ) is to `` make available so far as possible , to all the people of the United States , without discrimination on the basis of race , color , religion , national origin , or sex , rapid , efficient , Nationwide , and world - wide wire and radio communication services with adequate facilities at reasonable charges . '' The Act furthermore provides that the FCC was created `` for the purpose of the national defense '' and `` for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communications . '' Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act ( GPRA ) , the FCC has identified six goals in its 2006 -- 2011 Strategic Plan . These are : Broadband `` All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services . Regulatory policies must promote technological neutrality , competition , investment , and innovation to ensure that broadband service providers have sufficient incentives to develop and offer such products and services . '' Competition `` Competition in the provision of communication services , both domestically and overseas , supports the Nation 's economy . The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable , meaningful choice in affordable services . '' Spectrum `` Efficient and effective use of non-federal spectrum domestically and internationally promotes the growth and rapid development of innovative and efficient communication technologies and services . '' Media `` The Nation 's media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery . '' Public Safety and Homeland Security `` Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety , health , defense , and emergency personnel , as well as all consumers in need . The Nation 's critical communications infrastructure must be reliable , interoperable , redundant , and rapidly restorable . '' Modernize the FCC `` The Commission shall strive to be highly productive , adaptive , and innovative organization that maximizes the benefits to stakeholders , staff , and management from effective systems , processes , resources , and organizational culture . '' ( 2008 ) . Organization and procedures ( edit ) Commissioners ( edit ) The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five - year terms , except when filling an unexpired term . The U.S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman . Only three commissioners may be members of the same political party . None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC - related business . Name Position State of Residence Party Term Expires Max . Extended Time Ajit Pai Chairman Kansas Republican June 30 , 2021 Jan. 3 , 2023 Mignon Clyburn Commissioner South Carolina Democratic June 30 , 2017 Jan. 3 , 2019 Brendan Carr Virginia Republican June 30 , 2018 Jan. 3 , 2020 Michael O'Rielly New York Republican June 30 , 2019 Jan. 3 , 2021 Jessica Rosenworcel Connecticut Democratic June 30 , 2020 Jan. 3 , 2022 † Commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements . However , they may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration . In practice , this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1 / 2 years beyond the official term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed . This would end on the date that Congress adjourns its annual session , generally no later than noon on January 3 . Bureaus ( edit ) The FCC is organized into seven Bureaus , which process applications for licenses and other filings , analyze complaints , conduct investigations , develop and implement regulations , and participate in hearings . The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau ( CGB ) develops and implements the FCC 's consumer policies , including disability access . CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education , as well as through their Consumer Center , which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints . CGB also maintains collaborative partnerships with state , local , and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness and implementation of new technologies . The Enforcement Bureau ( EB ) is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934 , FCC rules , FCC orders , and terms and conditions of station authorizations . Major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection , local competition , public safety , and homeland security . The International Bureau ( IB ) develops international policies in telecommunications , such as coordination of frequency allocation and orbital assignments so as to minimize cases of international electromagnetic interference involving U.S. licensees . The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations and other international agreements . The Media Bureau ( MB ) develops , recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating to electronic media , including cable television , broadcast television , and radio in the United States and its territories . The Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service . The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies , including licensing . The bureau also implements competitive bidding for spectrum auctions and regulates wireless communications services including mobile phones , public safety , and other commercial and private radio services . The Wireline Competition Bureau ( WCB ) develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications . The Wireline Competition Bureau 's main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in wireline technology infrastructure , development , markets , and services . The Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau was launched in 2006 with a focus on critical communications infrastructure . Offices ( edit ) The FCC has eleven Staff Offices . The FCC 's Offices provide support services to the Bureaus . The Office of Administrative Law Judges ( OALJ ) is responsible for conducting hearings ordered by the Commission . The hearing function includes acting on interlocutory requests filed in the proceedings such as petitions to intervene , petitions to enlarge issues , and contested discovery requests . An Administrative Law Judge , appointed under the Administrative Procedure Act , presides at the hearing during which documents and sworn testimony are received in evidence , and witnesses are cross-examined . At the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of a proceeding , the presiding Administrative Law Judge writes and issues an Initial Decision which may be appealed to the Commission . The Office of Communications Business Opportunities ( OCBO ) promotes telecommunications business opportunities for small , minority - owned , and women - owned businesses . OCBO works with entrepreneurs , industry , public interest organizations , individuals , and others to provide information about FCC policies , increase ownership and employment opportunities , foster a diversity of voices and viewpoints over the airwaves , and encourage participation in FCC proceedings . The Office of Engineering and Technology ( OET ) advises the Commission concerning engineering matters . Its chief role is to manage the electromagnetic spectrum , specifically frequency allocation and spectrum usage . OET conducts technical studies of advanced phases of terrestrial and space communications and administers FCC rules regarding radio devices , experimental radio services , and industrial , scientific , and medical equipment . OET organizes the Technical Advisory Council , a committee of FCC advisors from major telecommunication and media corporations . OET operates the Equipment Authorization Branch , which has the task of overseeing equipment authorization for all devices using the electromagnetic energy from 9 kHz to 300 GHz . OET maintains an electronic database of all Certified equipment which can be easily accessed by the public . The Office of General Counsel serves as the chief legal adviser to the Commission . The General Counsel also represents the Commission in litigation in United States federal courts , recommends decisions in adjudicatory matters before the Commission , assists the Commission in its decision making capacity and performs a variety of legal functions regarding internal and other administrative matters . The Office of the Inspector General ( OIG ) recommends policies to prevent fraud in agency operations . The Inspector General recommends corrective action where appropriate , referring criminal matters to the United States Department of Justice for potential prosecution . The Office of Legislative Affairs ( OLA ) is the FCC 's liaison to the United States Congress , providing lawmakers with information about FCC regulations . OLA also prepares FCC witnesses for Congressional hearings , and helps create FCC responses to legislative proposals and Congressional inquiries . In addition , OLA is a liaison to other federal agencies , as well as state and local governments . The Office of the Managing Director ( OMD ) is responsible for the administration and management of the FCC , including the agency 's budget , personnel , security , contracts , and publications . The Office of Media Relations ( OMR ) is responsible for the dissemination of Commission announcements , orders , proceedings , and other information per media requests . OMR manages the FCC Daily Digest , website , and Audio Visual Center . The Office of the Secretary ( OSEC ) oversees the receipt and distribution of documents filed by the public through electronic and paper filing systems and the FCC Library collection . In addition , OSEC publishes legal notices of Commission decisions in the Federal Register and the FCC Record . The Office of Strategic Planning & Policy Analysis ( OSP ) , essentially a think tank within the FCC , identifies policy objectives for the agency . OSP works closely with the FCC Chairman and is responsible for monitoring the state of the communications industry to identify trends , issues and overall industry health . OSP acts as expert consultants to the Commission in areas of economic , business , and market analysis . The Office also reviews legal trends and developments not necessarily related to current FCC proceedings , such as intellectual property law , the Internet , and electronic commerce . Previously OSP was called the Office of Plans and Policy ( OPP ) . OSP is also the home of the FCC 's Chief Economist and the Chief Technologist . The Office of Workplace Diversity ( OWD ) develops policy to provide a full and fair opportunity for all employees , regardless of non-merit factors such as race , religion , gender , color , age , disability , sexual orientation or national origin , to carry out their duties in the workplace free from unlawful discriminatory treatment , including sexual harassment and retaliation for engaging in legally protected activities . Headquarters ( edit ) Federal Communications Commission in Washington , D.C. The FCC leases space in the Portals building in southwest Washington , D.C. Construction of the Portals building was scheduled to begin on March 1 , 1996 . In January 1996 the General Services Administration signed a lease with the building 's owners , agreeing to let the FCC lease 450,000 square feet ( 42,000 m ) of space in Portals for 20 years , at a cost of $17.3 million per year in 1996 dollars . Prior to its current arrangement , the FCC had space in six buildings by 19th Street NW and M Street NW . The FCC first solicited bids for a new headquarters complex in 1989 . In 1991 the GSA selected the Portals site . The FCC had wanted to move into a more expensive area along Pennsylvania Avenue . History ( edit ) Federal Communications Commission seen in Washington , D.C. , in 1937 . Seated ( l-r ) Eugene Octave Sykes , Frank R. McNinch , Chairman Paul Atlee Walker , Standing ( l-r ) T.A.M. Craven , Thad H. Brown , Norman S. Case , and George Henry Payne . FCC Commissioners inspect the latest in television , December 1 , 1939 . Communications Act of 1934 ( edit ) In 1934 , Congress passed the Communications Act , which abolished the Federal Radio Commission and transferred jurisdiction over radio licensing to a new Federal Communications Commission , including in it also the telecommunications jurisdiction previously handled by the Interstate Commerce Commission . Title II of the Communications Act focused on telecommunications using many concepts borrowed from railroad legislation and Title III contained provisions very similar to the Radio Act of 1927 . Report on Chain broadcasting ( edit ) In 1940 , the Federal Communications Commission issued the `` Report on Chain Broadcasting '' which was led by new FCC Chairman James Lawrence Fly ( and Telford Taylor as general counsel ) . The major point in the report was the breakup of the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , which ultimately led to the creation of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , but there were two other important points . One was network option time , the culprit here being the Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) . The report limited the amount of time during the day and at what times the networks may broadcast . Previously a network could demand any time it wanted from an affiliate . The second concerned artist bureaus . The networks served as both agents and employers of artists , which was a conflict of interest the report rectified . Freeze of 1948 ( edit ) In assigning television stations to various cities after World War II , the FCC found that it placed many stations too close to each other , resulting in interference . At the same time , it became clear that the designated VHF channels , 2 through 13 , were inadequate for nationwide television service . As a result , the FCC stopped giving out construction permits for new licenses in October 1948 , under the direction of chairman Rosel H. Hyde . Most expected this `` Freeze '' to last six months , but as the allocation of channels to the emerging UHF technology and the eagerly awaited possibilities of color television were debated , the FCC 's re-allocation map of stations did not come until April 1952 , with July 1 , 1952 , as the official beginning of licensing new stations . Other FCC actions hurt the fledgling DuMont and ABC networks . American Telephone and Telegraph ( AT&T ) forced television coaxial cable users to rent additional radio long lines , discriminating against DuMont , which had no radio network operation . DuMont and ABC protested AT&T 's television policies to the FCC , which regulated AT&T 's long - line charges , but the commission took no action . The result was that financially marginal DuMont was spending as much in long - line charge as CBS or NBC while using only about 10 to 15 percent of the time and mileage of either larger network . The FCC 's `` Sixth Report & Order '' ended the Freeze . It would take five years for the U.S. to grow from 108 stations to more than 550 . New stations came on line slowly , only five by the end of November 1952 . The Sixth Report and Order required some existing TV stations to change channels , but only a few existing VHF stations were required to move to UHF , and a handful of VHF channels were deleted altogether in smaller media markets like Peoria , Fresno , Bakersfield and Fort Wayne , Indiana to create markets which were UHF `` islands . '' The report also set aside a number of channels for the newly emerging field of educational television , which hindered struggling ABC and DuMont 's quest for affiliates in the more desirable markets where VHF channels were reserved for non-commercial use . The Sixth Report and Order also provided for the `` intermixture '' of VHF and UHF channels in most markets ; UHF transmitters in the 1950s were not yet powerful enough , nor receivers sensitive enough ( if they included UHF tuners at all - they were not formally required until the 1960s All - Channel Receiver Act ) , to make UHF viable against entrenched VHF stations . In markets where there were no VHF stations and UHF was the only TV service available , UHF survived . In other markets , which were too small to financially support a television station , too close to VHF outlets in nearby cities , or where UHF was forced to compete with more than one well - established VHF station , UHF had little chance for success . Denver had been the largest U.S. city without a TV station by 1952 . Senator Edwin Johnson ( D - Colorado ) , chair of the Senate 's Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee , had made it his personal mission to make Denver the first post-Freeze station . The Senator had pressured the FCC , and proved ultimately successful as the first new station ( a VHF station ) came on - line a remarkable ten days after the Commission formally announced the first post-Freeze construction permits . KFEL ( now KWGN - TV ) 's first regular telecast was on July 21 , 1952 . Telecommunications Act of 1996 ( edit ) Main article : Telecommunications Act of 1996 In 1996 , Congress enacted the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , in the wake of the break - up of AT&T resulting from the U.S. Department of Justice 's antitrust suit against AT&T . The legislation attempted to create more competition in local telephone service by requiring Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers to provide access to their facilities for Competitive Local Exchange Carriers . This policy has thus far had limited success and much criticism . The development of the Internet , cable services and wireless services has raised questions whether new legislative initiates are needed as to competition in what has come to be called ' broadband ' services . Congress has monitored developments but as of 2009 has not undertaken a major revision of applicable regulation . The Local Community Radio Act in the 111th Congress has gotten out of committee and will go before the house floor with bi-partisan support , and unanimous support of the FCC . By passing the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , Congress also eliminated the cap on the number of radio stations any one entity could own nationwide and also substantially loosened local radio station ownership restrictions . Substantial radio consolidation followed . Restrictions on ownership of television stations were also loosened . Public comments to the FCC indicated that the public largely believed that the severe consolidation of media ownership had resulted in harm to diversity , localism , and competition in media , and was harmful to the public interest . Modernization of the FCC 's information technology systems ( edit ) David A. Bray joined the Commission in 2013 as Chief Information Officer and quickly announced goals of modernizing the FCC 's legacy information technology ( IT ) systems , citing 200 different systems for only 1750 people a situation he found `` perplexing '' . These efforts later were documented in a 2015 Harvard Case Study . In 2017 , Christine Calvosa replaced Bray as the CIO of FCC . Past chairs and notable commissioners ( edit ) Main article : List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission A complete list of commissioners is available on the FCC website . In addition , Frieda B. Hennock ( D - NY ) was the first female commissioner of the FCC . Media policy ( edit ) Broadcast television and radio ( edit ) The FCC regulates broadcast stations , repeater stations as well as commercial broadcasting operators who operate and repair certain radiotelephone , television and radio stations . Broadcast licenses are to be renewed if the station meets the `` public interest , convenience , or necessity '' . The FCC 's enforcement powers include fines and broadcast license revocation ( see FCC MB Docket 04 - 232 ) . Burden of proof would be on the complainant in a petition to deny . Fewer than 1 % of station renewals are not immediately granted , and only a small fraction of those are ultimately denied . Cable and satellite ( edit ) The FCC first promulgated rules for cable television in 1965 , with cable and satellite television now regulated by the FCC under Title VI of the Communications Act . Congress added Title VI in the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 , and made substantial modifications to Title VI in the Cable Television and Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 . Further modifications to promote cross-modal competition ( telephone , video , etc . ) were made in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , leading to the current regulatory structure . Content regulation and indecency ( edit ) Broadcast television and radio stations are subject to FCC regulations including restrictions against indecency or obscenity . The Supreme Court has repeatedly held , beginning soon after the passage of the Communications Act of 1934 , that the inherent scarcity of radio spectrum allows the government to impose some types of content restrictions on broadcast license holders notwithstanding the First Amendment . Cable and satellite providers are also subject to some content regulations under Title VI of the Communications Act such as the prohibition on obscenity , although the limitations are not as restrictive compared to broadcast stations . The 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan as President of the United States accelerated an already ongoing shift in the FCC towards a decidedly more market - oriented stance . A number of regulations felt to be outdated were removed , most controversially the Fairness Doctrine in 1987 . In terms of indecency fines , there was no action taken by the FCC on the case FCC v. Pacifica until 1987 , about ten years after the landmark United States Supreme Court decision that defined the power of the FCC over indecent material as applied to broadcasting . After the 1990s had passed , the FCC began to increase its censorship and enforcement of indecency regulations in the early 2000s to include a response to the Janet Jackson `` wardrobe malfunction '' that occurred during the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII . Then on June 15 , 2006 , President George W. Bush signed into law the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 sponsored by then - Senator Sam Brownback ( now Governor of Kansas ) , a former broadcaster himself , and endorsed by Congressman Fred Upton of Michigan who authored a similar bill in the United States House of Representatives . The new law stiffens the penalties for each violation of the Act . The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for each violation by each station that violates decency standards . The legislation raised the fine ten times over the previous maximum of $32,500 per violation . Media ownership ( edit ) Main article : Media cross-ownership in the United States The FCC has established rules limiting the national share of media ownership of broadcast television or radio stations . It has also established cross-ownership rules limiting ownership of a newspaper and broadcast station in the same market , in order to ensure a diversity of viewpoints in each market and serve the needs of each local market . Diversity ( edit ) With the major demographic shifts occurring in the country in terms of the racial - ethnic composition of the population , the FCC has been criticized for ignoring the issue of decreasing racial - ethnic diversity of the media . This includes charges that the FCC has been watering down the limited affirmative action regulations it had on the books , including no longer requiring stations to make public their data on their minority staffing and hiring . In the second half of 2006 , groups such as the National Hispanic Media Coalition , the National Latino Media Council , the National Association of Hispanic Journalists , the National Institute for Latino Policy , the League of United Latin American Citizens ( LULAC ) and others held town hall meetings in California , New York and Texas on media diversity as its effects Latinos and minority communities . They documented widespread and deeply felt community concerns about the negative effects of media concentration and consolidation on racial - ethnic diversity in staffing and programming . At these Latino town hall meetings , the issue of the FCC 's lax monitoring of obscene and pornographic material in Spanish - language radio and the lack of racial and national - origin diversity among Latino staff in Spanish - language television were other major themes . President Barack Obama appointed Mark Lloyd to the FCC in the newly created post of Associate General Counsel / Chief Diversity Officer . Localism ( edit ) After being successful in opening the FM band as a superior alternative to the AM band by allowing colleges and other schools to start ten - watt LPFM stations , the FCC banned new ones around 1980 . Numerous controversies have surrounded the city of license concept as the internet has made it possible to broadcast a single signal to every owned station in the nation at once , particularly when Clear Channel , now IHeartMedia , became the largest FM broadcasting corporation in the US after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law - owning over 1200 stations at its peak . As part of its license to buy more radio stations , Clear Channel was forced to divest all TV stations . Digital television transition ( edit ) To facilitate the adoption of digital television , the FCC issued a second digital TV ( DTV ) channel to each holder of an analog TV station license . All stations were required to buy and install all new equipment ( transmitters , TV antennas , and even entirely new broadcast towers ) , and operate for years on both channels . Each licensee was required to return one of their two channels following the end of the digital television transition . After delaying the original deadlines of 2006 , 2008 , and eventually February 17 , 2009 , on concerns about elderly and rural folk , on June 12 , 2009 all full - power analog terrestrial TV licenses in the U.S. were terminated as part of the DTV transition , leaving terrestrial television available only from digital channels and a few low - power LPTV stations . To help U.S. consumers through the conversion , Congress established a federally sponsored DTV Converter Box Coupon Program for two free converters per household . Wireline policy ( edit ) The FCC regulates telecommunications services under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Title II imposes common carrier regulation under which carriers offering their services to the general public must provide services to all customers and may not discriminate based on the identity of the customer or the content of the communication . This is similar to and adapted from regulation of transportation providers ( railroad , airline , shipping , etc . ) and some public utilities . Wireless carriers providing telecommunications services are also generally subject to Title II regulation except as exempted by the FCC . Telephone ( edit ) The FCC regulates interstate telephone services under Title II . The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first major legislative reform since the 1934 Act and took several steps to de-regulate the telephone market and promote competition in both the local and long - distance marketplace . From monopoly to competition ( edit ) See also : History of AT&T The important relationship of the FCC and the American Telephone and Telegraph ( AT&T ) Company evolved over the decades . For many years , the FCC and state officials agreed to regulate the telephone system as a natural monopoly . The FCC controlled telephone rates and imposed other restrictions under Title II to limit the profits of AT&T and ensure nondiscriminatory pricing . In the 1960s , the FCC began allowing other long - distance companies , namely MCI , to offer specialized services . In the 1970s , the FCC allowed other companies to expand offerings to the public . A lawsuit in 1982 led by the Justice Department after AT&T underpriced other companies , resulted in the Breakup of the Bell System from AT&T . Beginning in 1984 , the FCC implemented a new goal that all long - distance companies had equal access to the local phone companies ' customers . Effective January 1 , 1984 , the Bell System 's many member - companies were variously merged into seven independent `` Regional Holding Companies '' , also known as Regional Bell Operating Companies ( RBOCs ) , or `` Baby Bells '' . This divestiture reduced the book value of AT&T by approximately 70 % . Internet ( edit ) The FCC initially exempted `` information services '' such as broadband Internet access from regulation under Title II . The FCC held that information services were distinct from telecommunications services that are subject to common carrier regulation . However , Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 required the FCC to help accelerate deployment of `` advanced telecommunications capability '' which included high - quality voice , data , graphics , and video , and to regularly assess its availability . In August 2015 , the FCC said that nearly 55 million Americans did not have access to broadband capable of delivering high - quality voice , data , graphics and video offerings . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC reclassified broadband Internet access as a telecommunications service , thus subjecting it to Title II regulation , although several exemptions were also created . The reclassification was done in order to give the FCC a legal basis for imposing net neutrality rules ( see below ) , after earlier attempts to impose such rules on an `` information service '' had been overturned in court . Net neutrality ( edit ) Main article : Net neutrality in the United States In 2005 , the FCC formally established the following principles : To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet , Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice ; Consumers are entitled to run applications and use services of their choice , subject to the needs of law enforcement ; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network ; Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers , application and service providers , and content providers . However , broadband providers were permitted to engage in `` reasonable network management . '' On August 1 , 2008 the FCC formally voted 3 - to - 2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast , the largest cable company in the US , ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high - speed Internet service from using file - sharing software . The FCC imposed no fine , but required Comcast to end such blocking in 2008 . FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent that Internet providers , and indeed all communications companies , could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit unless there is a good reason . In an interview Martin stated that `` We are preserving the open character of the Internet '' and `` We are saying that network operators ca n't block people from getting access to any content and any applications . '' Martin 's successor , Julius Genachowski has maintained that the FCC has no plans to regulate the internet , saying : `` I 've been clear repeatedly that we 're not going to regulate the Internet . '' The Comcast case highlighted broader issues of whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain net neutrality , i.e. treat all uses of their networks equally . The legal complaint against Comcast related to BitTorrent , software that is commonly used for downloading larger files . In December 2010 , the FCC revised the principles from the original Internet policy statement and adopted the Open Internet Order consisting of three rules regarding the Internet : Transparency . Fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose the network management practices , performance characteristics , and terms and conditions of their broadband services ; No blocking . Fixed broadband providers may not block lawful content , applications , services , or non-harmful devices ; mobile broadband providers may not block lawful websites , or block applications that compete with their voice or video telephony services ; and No unreasonable discrimination . On January 14 , 2014 Verizon won their lawsuit over the FCC in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Court . Verizon was suing over increased regulation on internet service providers on the grounds that `` even though the Commission has general authority to regulate in this arena , it may not impose requirements that contravene express statutory mandates . Given that the Commission has chosen to classify broadband providers in a manner that exempts them from treatment as common carriers , the Communications Act expressly prohibits the Commission from nonetheless regulating them as such . '' After these setbacks in court , in April 2014 the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking regarding a path forward for The Open Internet Order . On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . The rules prompted debate about the applicability of First Amendment protections to Internet service providers and edge providers . Republican Commissioner Ajit Pai said the Open Internet Order `` posed a special danger '' to `` First Amendment speech , freedom of expression , ( and ) even freedom of association . '' Democratic member and then - Chairman Tom Wheeler said in response that the rules were `` no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' According to a Washington Post poll , 81 % of Americans supported net neutrality in 2014 . According to the poll , 81 % of Democrats and 85 % of Republicans said they opposed fast lanes . On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations . On April 27 , 2017 , FCC Chairman Ajit Pai released a draft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would revise the legal foundation for the agency 's Open Internet regulations . The NPRM was voted on at the May 18th Open Meeting . On December 14 , the Commission voted 3 - 2 in favor of passing the repeal of the 2015 rules . NSA wiretapping ( edit ) When it emerged in 2006 that AT&T , BellSouth and Verizon may have broken U.S. laws by aiding the National Security Agency in possible illegal wiretapping of its customers , Congressional representatives called for an FCC investigation into whether or not those companies broke the law . The FCC declined to investigate , however , claiming that it could not investigate due to the classified nature of the program -- a move that provoked the criticism of members of Congress . `` Today the watchdog agency that oversees the country 's telecommunications industry refused to investigate the nation 's largest phone companies ' reported disclosure of phone records to the NSA , '' said Rep. Edward Markey ( D - Mass . ) in response to the decision . `` The FCC , which oversees the protection of consumer privacy under the Communications Act of 1934 , has taken a pass at investigating what is estimated to be the nation 's largest violation of consumer privacy ever to occur . If the oversight body that monitors our nation 's communications is stepping aside then Congress must step in . '' Wireless policy ( edit ) The FCC regulates all non-Federal uses of radio frequency spectrum in the United States under Title III of the Communications Act of 1934 . In addition to over-the - air broadcast television and radio stations , this includes commercial mobile ( i.e. , mobile phone ) services , amateur radio , citizen 's band radio , theatrical wireless microphone installations , and a very wide variety of other services . Use of radio spectrum by U.S. federal government agencies is coordinated by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration , an agency within the Department of Commerce . Commercial mobile service ( edit ) Commercial mobile radio service ( CMRS ) providers , including all mobile phone carriers , are subject to spectrum and wireless regulations under Title III ( similar to broadcasters ) as well as common carrier regulations under Title II ( similar to wireline telephone carriers ) , except as provided by the FCC . Spectrum auctions ( edit ) Main article : Spectrum auction § United States Beginning in 1994 , the FCC has usually assigned commercial spectrum licenses through the use of competitive bidding , i.e. , spectrum auctions . These auctions have raised tens of billions of dollars for the U.S. Treasury , and the FCC 's auction approach is now widely emulated throughout the world . The FCC typically obtains spectrum for auction that has been reclaimed from other uses , such as spectrum returned by television broadcasters after the digital television transition , or spectrum made available by federal agencies able to shift their operations to other bands . Unlicensed spectrum ( edit ) Normally , any intentional radio transmission requires an FCC license pursuant to Title III . However , in recent decades the FCC has also opened some spectrum bands for unlicensed operations , typically restricting them to low power levels conducive to short - range applications . This has facilitated the development of a very wide range of common technologies from wireless garage door openers , cordless phones , and baby monitors to Wi - Fi and Bluetooth among others . However , unlicensed devices -- like most radio transmission equipment -- must still receive technical approval from the FCC before being sold into the marketplace , including to ensure that such devices can not be modified by end users to increase transmit power above FCC limits . White spaces ( edit ) `` White spaces '' are radio frequencies that went unused after the federally mandated transformation of analog TV signal to digital . On October 15 , 2008 , FCC Chairman Kevin Martin announced his support for the unlicensed use of white spaces . Martin said he was `` hoping to take advantage of utilizing these airwaves for broadband services to allow for unlicensed technologies and new innovations in that space . '' Google , Microsoft and other companies are vying for the use of this white - space to support innovation in Wi - Fi technology . Broadcasters and wireless microphone manufacturers fear that the use of white space would `` disrupt their broadcasts and the signals used in sports events and concerts . '' Cell phone providers such as T - Mobile USA have mounted pressure on the FCC to instead offer up the white space for sale to boost competition and market leverage . On November 4 , 2008 , the FCC commissioners unanimously agreed to open up unused broadcast TV spectrum for unlicensed use . Amateur radio ( edit ) Amateur radio operators in the United States must be licensed by the FCC before transmitting . While the FCC maintains control of the written testing standards , it no longer administers the exams , having delegated that function to private volunteer organizations . No amateur license class still requires examination in Morse code ; neither the FCC nor the volunteer organizations still test code skills for amateur licenses ( commercial license examiners do test code skills for the Radiotelegraph Operator license ) . Broadcasting Tower database ( edit ) An FCC database provides information about the height and year built of broadcasting towers in the US . It does not contain information about the structural types of towers or about the height of towers used by Federal agencies , such as most NDBs , LORAN - C transmission towers or VLF transmission facilities of the US Navy , or about most towers not used for transmission like the BREN Tower . These are instead tracked by the Federal Aviation Administration as obstructions to air navigation . Criticism for use of proprietary standards ( edit ) The FCC has been criticized for ignoring international open standards , and instead choosing proprietary closed standards , or allowing communications companies to do so and implement the anticompetitive practice of vendor lock - in , thereby preventing a free market . In the case of digital TV , it chose the ATSC standard , even though DVB was already in use around the world , including DVB - S satellite TV in the U.S. Unlike competing standards , the ATSC system is encumbered by numerous patents , and therefore royalties that make TV sets and DTV converters much more expensive than in the rest of the world . Additionally , the claimed benefit of better reception in rural areas is more than negated in urban areas by multipath interference , which other systems are nearly immune to . It also can not be received while in motion for this reason , while all other systems can , even without dedicated mobile TV signals or receivers . For digital radio , the FCC chose proprietary HD Radio , which crowds the existing FM broadcast band and even AM broadcast band with in - band adjacent - channel sidebands , which create noise in other stations . This is in contrast to worldwide DAB , which uses unused TV channels in the VHF band III range . This too has patent fees , while DAB does not . While there has been some effort by iBiquity to lower them , the fees for HD Radio are still an enormous expense when converting each station , and this fee structure presents a potentially high cost barrier to entry for community radio and other non-commercial educational stations when entering the HD Radio market . Satellite radio ( also called SDARS by the FCC ) uses two proprietary standards instead of DAB - S , which requires users to change equipment when switching from one provider to the other , and prevents other competitors from offering new choices as stations can do on terrestrial radio . Had the FCC picked DAB - T for terrestrial radio , no separate satellite receiver would have been needed at all , and the only difference from DAB receivers in the rest of the world would be the need to tune S band instead of L band . In mobile telephony , the FCC abandoned the `` any lawful device '' principle decided against AT&T landlines , and has instead allowed each mobile phone company to dictate what its customers can use . Public consultation ( edit ) As the public interest standard has always been important to the FCC when determining and shaping policy , so too has the relevance of public involvement in U.S. communication policy making . The FCC Record is the comprehensive compilation of decisions , reports , public notices , and other documents of the FCC , published since 1986 . History of the issue ( edit ) 1927 radio Act ( edit ) In the 1927 Radio Act , which was formulated by the predecessor of the FCC ( the Federal Radio Commission ) , section 4 ( k ) stipulated that the commission was authorized to hold hearings for the purpose of developing a greater understanding of the issues for which rules were being crafted . Section 4 ( k ) stated that : Except as otherwise provided in this Act , the commission , from time to time , as public convenience , interest , or necessity requires , shall ... have the authority to hold hearings , summon witnesses , administer oaths , compel the production of books , documents , and papers and to make such investigations as may be necessary in the performance of its duties . Thus , it is clear that public consultation , or at least consultation with outside bodies was regarded as central to the Commission 's job from early on . Though it should not be surprising , the Act also stipulated that the Commission should verbally communicate with those being assigned licenses . Section 11 of the Act noted : If upon examination of any application for a station license or for the renewal or modification of a station license the licensing authority shall determine that public interest , convenience , or necessity would be served by the granting thereof , it shall authorize the issuance , renewal , or modification thereof in accordance with said finding . In the event the licensing authority upon examination of any such application does not reach such decision with respect thereto , it shall notify the applicant thereof , shall fix and give notice of a time and place for hearing thereon , and shall afford such applicant an opportunity to be heard under such rules and regulations as it may prescribe . Public hearings ( edit ) As early as 1927 , there is evidence that public hearings were indeed held ; among them , hearings to assess the expansion of the radio broadcast band . At these early hearings , the goal of having a broad range of viewpoints presented was evident , as not only broadcasters , but also radio engineers and manufacturers were in attendance . Numerous groups representing the general public appeared at the hearings as well , including amateur radio operators and inventors as well as representatives of radio listeners ' organizations . Interestingly , While some speakers at the 1927 hearings referred to having received `` invitations , '' Herbert Hoover 's assistant observed in a letter at the time that `` the Radio Commission has sent out a blanket invitation to all people in the country who desire either to appear in person or to submit their recommendations in writing . I do not understand that the Commission has sent for any particular individuals , however '' ( Letter from George Akerson , assistant to Sec . Hoover , to Mrs. James T. Rourke , Box 497 , Commerce Period Papers , Herbert Hoover Presidential Library ( March 29 , 1927 ) ) ( FN 14 ) Including members of the general public in the discussion was regarded ( or at least articulated ) as very important to the Commission 's deliberations . In fact , FCC Commissioner Bellows noted at the time that `` it is the radio listener we must consider above everyone else . '' Though there were numerous representatives of the general public at the hearing , some expressing their opinions to the commission verbally , overall there was not a great turnout of everyday listeners at the hearings . Though not a constant fixture of the communications policy - making process , public hearings were occasionally organized as a part of various deliberation processes as the years progressed . For example , seven years after the enactment of the Radio Act , the Communications Act of 1934 was passed , creating the FCC . That year the Federal Government 's National Recovery Agency ( associated with the New Deal period ) held public hearings as a part of its deliberations over the creation of new broadcasting codes . A few years later , the FCC held hearings to address early cross-ownership issues ; specifically , whether newspaper companies owning radio stations was in the public interest . These `` newspaper divorcement hearings '' were held between 1941 and 1944 , though it appears that these hearings were geared mostly towards discussion by industry stakeholders . Around the same time , the Commission held hearings as a part of its evaluation of the national television standard , and in 1958 held additional hearings on the television network broadcasting rules . Though public hearings were organized somewhat infrequently , there was an obvious public appeal . In his now famous `` vast wasteland '' speech in 1961 , FCC Chairman Newton Minow noted that the commission would hold a `` well advertised public hearing '' in each community to assure broadcasters were serving the public interest , clearly a move to reconnect the Commission with the public interest ( at least rhetorically ) . See also ( edit ) Media Policy ( edit ) 1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership Bleep censor Broadcast Standards and Practices ( US ) Censorship of broadcasting in the United States Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Public , educational , and government access ( PEG ) Wireline / Broadband Policy ( edit ) Comcast Corp. v. FCC National broadband plans from around the world Wireless Policy ( edit ) Frequency assignment authority Open spectrum Part 15 ( FCC rules ) International ( edit ) International Telecommunication Union List of telecommunications regulatory bodies Process / Other ( edit ) FCC Record Internet portal Telecommunication portal Television in the United States portal Government of the United States portal References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Employee Profile at the FCC '' . FCC . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2016 Budget Estimate FCC Budget Estimates . FCC . ^ Jump up to : Cecilia Kang ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Obama names FCC commissioners , both agency , Hill veterans '' . The Washington Post ; Post Tech . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . September 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.fcc.gov/general/employee-profile-fcc Jump up ^ `` FCC Commissioners '' . FCC . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 47 USC 154 ( c ) ^ Jump up to : `` FCC Bureaus & Offices '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Opens Bureau of Public Safety and Homeland Security '' . PCMAG . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FCC Ends Long Fight , Will Move to Southwest D.C. The Washington Post . January 24 , 1996 . Financial F01 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ERH Report on Chain Broadcasting : May 1941 HTML version Jump up ^ Boddy , William . Fifties Television : the Industry and Its Critics . University of Illinois Press , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06299 - 5 Jump up ^ Clarke Ingram , `` The DuMont Television Network : Historical Web Site '' Archived August 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas . `` Television Sweeps the Nation : The Story Behind the Pioneering Post - '' Freeze '' Stations '' ( From the W.D. `` Dub '' Rogers , Jr . Television Collection ) `` . South Plains College . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Robert W. Crandall '' . The Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Local Community Radio Act of 2009 '' . Govtrack.us . October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FCC Oversight Hearing ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` FCC : Unanimous , bipartisan support for LPFM '' . Jump up ^ Rachel M. Stilwell , `` Which Public - Whose Interest - How the FCC 's Deregulation of Radio Station Ownership Has Harmed the Public Interest , and How We Can Escape from the Swamp , '' 26 Loy . L.A. Ent . L. Rev. 369 , March 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Oxenford , David ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Broadcast Law Blog : On the 15th Anniversary of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , The Effect on Broadcasters is Still Debated '' . Jump up ^ See Rachel M. Stilwell , 26 Loy . L.A. Ent . L. Rev. 369 , supra . Jump up ^ `` FCC 's CIO started young '' . FCW.com . Retrieved May 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FCC Names New CIO and Acting Director '' . FedScoop Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Harvard University 's Leadership for a Networked World Program '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University 's Leadership for a Networked World Program . Harvard University 's Leadership for a Networked World Program . Retrieved March 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Case in Point : Building an Agile Workforce and Enterprise at the FCC '' . Case in Point : Building an Agile Workforce and Enterprise at the FCC . Harvard University 's Leadership for a Networked World Program . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved March 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FCC Commissioners 1934 - present '' . FCC . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ FCC Media Bureau , Engineering Division , Cable Television , https://www.fcc.gov/media/engineering/cable-television , visited Nov. 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Red Lion Broadcasting Co. vs. FCC , 395 U.S. 367 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ FCC Media Bureau , Program Content Regulations , https://www.fcc.gov/media/program-content-regulations , visited Nov. 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bensky , Larry ( June 4 , 1997 ) , Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin , Pacifica Radio Archives , retrieved February 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bensky , Larry ( June 4 , 1997 ) , PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO , Pacifica Radio Archives , retrieved February 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nekesa Mumbi Moody ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` Janet Jackson Apologizes for Bared Breast '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Frank ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` The Price for On - Air Indecency Goes Up '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Number S. 193 '' . Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 ( Introduced in Senate ) from Congressional THOMAS DB . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved April 11 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ferris , David ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` publish.nyc.indymedia.org FCC Town Hall Meeting Marked by Concerns over Media Consolidation '' . Nyc.indymedia.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See El Diario La Prensa s editorial on media diversity . Jump up ^ SSRC Archived August 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Obama 's Diversity Offensive Against Talk Radio August 30 , 2009 By Christopher Ruddy Archived September 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ 41 USC 332 ( c ) Jump up ^ `` The End of AT&T '' . Celnet . Celnet . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 327 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Telephone System '' . Jump up ^ `` AT&T BREAKUP II : Highlights in the History of a Telecommunications Giant '' . latimes . Jump up ^ FCC Launches Inquiry For Annual Broadband Progress Report , FCC , August 6 , 2015 , Mark Wigfield Jump up ^ The FCC Does n't Need to Be by Peter Suderman , Reason Jump up ^ Hansell , Saul ( August 2 , 2008 ) . `` F.C.C. Vote Sets Precedent on Unfettered Web Usage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Preserving the Open Internet '' . fcc.gov . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ United States Court of Appeals . Verizon v. Federal Communications Commission . 14 Jan. 2014 . https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/3AF8B4D938CDEEA685257C6000532062/$file/11-1355-1474943.pdf Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NYT Editorial Board ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepulveda , Ambassador Daniel A. ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate , So Let 's Get It Right '' . Wired ( website ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Adopts Strong , Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Lohr , Steve ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` In Net Neutrality Victory , F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` FACT CHECK : Talking heads skew ' net neutrality ' debate '' . AP News . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Takala , Rudy ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Is online free speech under attack ? '' . Washington Examiner . Jump up ^ Liebelson , Dana ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ehrenfreund , Max . `` New poll : Republicans and Democrats both overwhelmingly support net neutrality '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Jeff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` What the Net Neutrality Rules Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FCC Staff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15 - 24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14 - 28 - Report and Order on Remand , Declaratory Ruling , and Order '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin '' . CNET . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04 / 13 / 2015 '' . Federal Register . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fact Sheet : Restoring Internet Freedom '' ( PDF ) . FCC . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) . `` F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ FCC Refuses to Investigate NSA Program , Predicting Likely Administration Road Blocks Edward J. Markey . May 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 47 USC 332 ( c ) Jump up ^ Olga Kharif ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` FCC 's Kevin Martin Supports Freeing White Spaces '' . Business Week . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Gonzalez ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` FCC Chairman Kevin Martin wants to allow the use of portable devices on white spaces '' . UnWiredView.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marguerite Reardon ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` FCC opens free ' white space ' spectrum '' . CNET . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ FCC opens up wireless ' white spaces ; ' Assessing winners , losers and wild - cards November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ History of NCVEC Jump up ^ ASR Registration Search . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stimson , Leslie ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` IBiquity Illuminates License Fees '' . Radio World . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greer , Clarke ; Ferguson , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` Factors Influencing the Adoption of HD Radio by Local Radio Station Managers '' . The International Journal on Media Management . doi : 10.1080 / 14241270802426725 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCullagh D ( November 7 , 2008 ) Democratic win could herald wireless Net neutrality . CNET , viewed 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Verizon blocks Nexus 7 and will probably get away with it '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Obar , Jonathan , A. ; Schejter , A.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Inclusion or illusion ? An analysis of the FCC 's '' . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media . 54 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 227 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838151003735000 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Websites and Information '' . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Communications Commission Record '' . University of North Texas Libraries . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , D.A. ; Lackow , J.B. `` Rethinking the role of history in law & economics : the case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 ( working paper ) '' . SSRN 1220743 . Jump up ^ Mazzocco , D. `` Radio 's New Deal : The NRA and U.S. Broadcasting , 1933 -- 1935 '' . Journal of Radio Studies . 12 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 46 . doi : 10.1207 / s15506843jrs1201_4 . Jump up ^ Risley , F. ( 1995 ) . `` A First Step : The FCC 's Investigation Into Newspaper Ownership of Radio Stations '' . Journal of Radio Studies . 3 : 118 -- 129 . doi : 10.1080 / 19376529509361978 . Jump up ^ Slotten , H. ( 2000 ) . Radio and Television Regulation . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Jump up ^ Barrow , R ( 1957 ) . `` Network Broadcasting -- The Report of the FCC Network Study Staff '' . Law and Contemporary Problems . 22 : 611 -- 625 . Jump up ^ Minow , N ( 2003 ) . `` Television and the Public Interest '' . Federal Communications Law Journal . 55 : 395 -- 406 . Further reading ( edit ) The FCC Does n't Need to Be By Peter Suderman , April 5 , 2010 New Wave : The case for killing the FCC and selling off spectrum By Jack Shafer , January 17 , 2007 FCC Hits Chinese Company C.T.S. Technology Co. Ltd with Record Fine for Selling Signal Jammers from the pcmag Harvey J. Levin : Pioneering the Economics of the Airwaves The Invisible Resource : Use and Regulation of the Radio Spectrum Papers of Robert E. Lee , Commissioner of the FCC , 1953 -- 1981 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library The Federal Communications Commission : Current Structure and Its Role in the Changing Telecommunications Landscape Congressional Research Service External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Communications Commission . Official website FCC Rules ( CFR Title 47 ) from the Government Printing Office FCC in the Federal Register The FCC Record from the UNT Digital Library Current Federal Communication Commissioners Brendan Carr Mignon Clyburn Michael O'Rielly Ajit Pai ( Chairman ) Jessica Rosenworcel Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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-8572895772331564347 | 400 metres at the Olympics | 400 metres at the Olympics - wikipedia 400 metres at the Olympics 400 metres at the Olympic Games The 2012 Olympic men 's 400 m final Overview Sport Athletics Gender Men and women Years held Men : 1896 -- 2016 Women : 1964 -- 2016 Olympic record Men 43.03 Wayde van Niekerk ( 2016 ) Women 48.25 Marie - José Pérec ( 1996 ) Reigning champion Men Wayde van Niekerk ( RSA ) Women Shaunae Miller ( BAH ) The 400 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event . The men 's 400 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896 but nearly seventy years passed before the introduction of the women 's 400 m , which has been held continuously since the 1964 Games . It is the most prestigious 400 m race at elite level . The competition format typically has two qualifying rounds leading to a final race between eight athletes . The Olympic record for the men 's race was set in 2016 , and the record for the women 's race was set in 1996 . Wayde van Niekerk holds the men 's record of 43.03 seconds , breaking world and Olympic records that had been held by Michael Johnson since 1999 and 1996 respectively . Marie - José Pérec is the women 's record holder at 48.25 seconds . The men 's world record has been broken several times at the Olympics : in 1912 , 1932 , 1960 , 1968 , and 2016 . Irena Szewińska is the only person to break the women 's world record at the competition , doing so in 1976 . Only two athletes have won the event twice : Marie - José Pérec became the first to defend the title in 1996 , then Michael Johnson followed with victories in 1996 and 2000 . No athlete has won more than three medals . Several medalists in the event have also had success in the 200 metres at the Olympics : Johnson , Perec , Szewińska and Valerie Brisco - Hooks have all won titles at both distances . Athletes chosen for the event almost always form part of their nation 's team for the 4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics . The United States is by far the most successful nation in the event , with 21 gold medals and 44 medals in total . The next most successful nation is Great Britain with three gold among its 13 medals . The 1908 men 's 400 metres saw the only walkover in Olympic history , as the American finalists refused to compete in a re-run due to British rules . Contents 1 Medal summary 1.1 Men 1.1. 1 Multiple medalists 1.1. 2 Medals by country 1.2 Women 1.2. 1 Multiple medalists 1.2. 2 Medalists by country 2 Olympic record progression 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 3 Intercalated Games 4 Non-canonical Olympic events 5 References 6 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1896 Athens details Thomas Burke United States Herbert Jamison United States Charles Gmelin Great Britain 1900 Paris details Maxie Long United States William Holland United States Ernst Schultz Denmark 1904 St. Louis details Harry Hillman United States Frank Waller United States Herman Groman United States 1908 London details Wyndham Halswelle Great Britain None awarded None awarded 1912 Stockholm details Charles Reidpath United States Hanns Braun Germany Edward Lindberg United States 1920 Antwerp details Bevil Rudd South Africa Guy Butler Great Britain Nils Engdahl Sweden 1924 Paris details Eric Liddell Great Britain Horatio Fitch United States Guy Butler Great Britain 1928 Amsterdam details Ray Barbuti United States James Ball Canada Joachim Büchner Germany 1932 Los Angeles details Bill Carr United States Ben Eastman United States Alex Wilson Canada 1936 Berlin details Archie Williams United States Godfrey Brown Great Britain James LuValle United States 1948 London details Arthur Wint Jamaica Herb McKenley Jamaica Mal Whitfield United States 1952 Helsinki details George Rhoden Jamaica Herb McKenley Jamaica Ollie Matson United States 1956 Melbourne details Charles Jenkins United States Karl - Friedrich Haas United Team of Germany Voitto Hellstén Finland Ardalion Ignatyev Soviet Union 1960 Rome details Otis Davis United States Carl Kaufmann United Team of Germany Malcolm Spence South Africa 1964 Tokyo details Mike Larrabee United States Wendell Mottley Trinidad and Tobago Andrzej Badeński Poland 1968 Mexico City details Lee Evans United States Larry James United States Ron Freeman United States 1972 Munich details Vincent Matthews United States Wayne Collett United States Julius Sang Kenya 1976 Montreal details Alberto Juantorena Cuba Fred Newhouse United States Herman Frazier United States 1980 Moscow details Viktor Markin Soviet Union Rick Mitchell Australia Frank Schaffer East Germany 1984 Los Angeles details Alonzo Babers United States Gabriel Tiacoh Ivory Coast Antonio McKay United States 1988 Seoul details Steve Lewis United States Butch Reynolds United States Danny Everett United States 1992 Barcelona details Quincy Watts United States Steve Lewis United States Samson Kitur Kenya 1996 Atlanta details Michael Johnson United States Roger Black Great Britain Davis Kamoga Uganda 2000 Sydney details Michael Johnson United States Alvin Harrison United States Greg Haughton Jamaica 2004 Athens details Jeremy Wariner United States Otis Harris United States Derrick Brew United States 2008 Beijing details LaShawn Merritt United States Jeremy Wariner United States David Neville United States 2012 London details Kirani James Grenada Luguelín Santos Dominican Republic Lalonde Gordon Trinidad and Tobago 2016 Rio details Wayde van Niekerk South Africa Kirani James Grenada LaShawn Merritt United States Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Michael Johnson United States ( USA ) 1996 -- 2000 0 0 Steve Lewis United States ( USA ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Jeremy Wariner United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2008 0 Kirani James Grenada ( GRN ) 2012 -- 2016 0 5 LaShawn Merritt United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2016 0 6 Herb McKenley Jamaica ( JAM ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 7 Guy Butler Great Britain ( GBR ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Medals by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 19 13 11 38 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Jamaica ( JAM ) 5 4 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 4 = Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 6 = Cuba ( CUB ) 0 0 6 = Grenada ( GRN ) 0 8 Germany ( GER ) 0 9 = Canada ( CAN ) 0 9 = Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 0 11 = Australia ( AUS ) 0 0 11 = Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 0 0 11 = Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 0 0 14 Kenya ( KEN ) 0 0 15 = Denmark ( DEN ) 0 0 15 = East Germany ( GDR ) 0 0 15 = Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 15 = Poland ( POL ) 0 0 15 = Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 15 = Uganda ( UGA ) 0 0 The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the United Team of Germany , but not East or West Germany . Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1964 Tokyo details Betty Cuthbert Australia Ann Packer Great Britain Judy Amoore Australia 1968 Mexico City details Colette Besson France Lillian Board Great Britain Natalya Pechonkina Soviet Union 1972 Munich details Monika Zehrt East Germany Rita Wilden West Germany Kathy Hammond United States 1976 Montreal details Irena Szewińska Poland Christina Brehmer East Germany Ellen Streidt East Germany 1980 Moscow details Marita Koch East Germany Jarmila Kratochvílová Czechoslovakia Christina Lathan East Germany 1984 Los Angeles details Valerie Brisco - Hooks United States Chandra Cheeseborough United States Kathy Smallwood - Cook Great Britain 1988 Seoul details Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union Petra Müller East Germany Olga Nazarova Soviet Union 1992 Barcelona details Marie - José Pérec France Olga Bryzgina Unified Team Ximena Restrepo Colombia 1996 Atlanta details Marie - José Pérec France Cathy Freeman Australia Falilat Ogunkoya Nigeria 2000 Sydney details Cathy Freeman Australia Lorraine Graham Jamaica Katharine Merry Great Britain 2004 Athens details Tonique Williams - Darling Bahamas Ana Guevara Mexico Natalya Antyukh Russia 2008 Beijing details Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain Shericka Williams Jamaica Sanya Richards United States 2012 London details Sanya Richards - Ross United States Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain DeeDee Trotter United States 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Shaunae Miller Bahamas Allyson Felix United States Shericka Jackson Jamaica Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Marie - José Pérec France ( FRA ) 1992 -- 1996 0 0 2 = Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 2 = Cathy Freeman Australia ( AUS ) 1996 -- 2000 0 2 = Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain ( GBR ) 2008 -- 2012 0 5 Sanya Richards - Ross United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2012 0 6 Christina Lathan East Germany ( GDR ) 1976 -- 1980 0 Medalists by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total France ( FRA ) 0 0 East Germany ( GDR ) 6 United States ( USA ) 6 Australia ( AUS ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 7 Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 8 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 0 8 = Poland ( POL ) 0 0 5 Bahamas ( BAH ) 0 0 9 Jamaica ( JAM ) 0 0 10 = Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 0 10 = Mexico ( MEX ) 0 0 10 = Unified Team ( EUN ) 0 0 10 = West Germany ( FRG ) 0 0 14 = Colombia ( COL ) 0 0 14 = Nigeria ( NGR ) 0 0 14 = Russia ( RUS ) 0 0 Olympic record progression ( edit ) Men ( edit ) See also : Men 's 400 metres world record progression Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date 56.8 Herbert Jamison United States ( USA ) 1896 Heat 1 54.2 Tom Burke United States ( USA ) 1896 Final 50.4 Maxie Long United States ( USA ) 1900 Heat 1 49.4 Maxie Long United States ( USA ) 1900 Final 49.2 Harry Hillman United States ( USA ) 1904 Finl 48.4 Wyndham Halswelle Great Britain ( GBR ) 1904 Quarterfinal 2 48.2 Charles Reidpath United States ( USA ) 1912 Final 48.0 Joseph Imbach Switzerland ( SUI ) 1924 Quarterfinal 6 47.8 Horatio Fitch United States ( USA ) 1924 Semifinal 1 47.6 WR Eric Liddell Great Britain ( GBR ) 1924 Final 47.2 Bill Carr United States ( USA ) 1932 Semifinal 1 46.2 WR Bill Carr United States ( USA ) 1932 Final 46.2 Arthur Wint Jamaica ( JAM ) 1948 Final 45.9 George Rhoden Jamaica ( JAM ) 1952 Final 45.9 Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Quarterfinal 4 45.5 Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Semifinal 1 44.9 WR Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Final 44.83 Lee Evans United States ( USA ) 1968 Semifinal 2 43.86 WR Lee Evans United States ( USA ) 1968 Final 43.71 Quincy Watts United States ( USA ) 1992 Semifinal 1 43.50 Quincy Watts United States ( USA ) 1992 Final 43.49 Michael Johnson United States ( USA ) Final 43.03 WR Wayde van Niekerk South Africa ( RSA ) 2016 Final Women ( edit ) See also : Women 's 400 metres world record progression Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date 54.4 Antónia Munkácsi Hungary ( HUN ) 1964 Heat 1 53.1 Ann Packer Great Britain ( GBR ) 1964 Heat 3 52.7 Ann Packer Great Britain ( GBR ) 1964 Semifinal 1 52.0 Betty Cuthbert Australia ( AUS ) 1964 Final 52.03 Colette Besson France ( FRA ) 1968 Final 51.94 Charlene Rendina Australia ( AUS ) 1972 Heat 1 51.71 Györgyi Balogh - Szomo Hungary ( HUN ) 1972 Quarterfinal 3 51.68 Helga Seidler East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Semifinal 1 51.47 Monika Zehrt East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Semifinal 2 51.08 Monika Zehrt East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Final 50.48 Irena Szewińska Poland ( POL ) 1976 Semifinal 1 49.28 WR Irena Szewińska Poland ( POL ) 1976 Final 48.88 Marita Koch East Germany ( GDR ) 1980 Final 48.83 Valerie Brisco - Hooks United States ( USA ) 1984 Final 48.65 Olha Bryzhina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1988 Final 48.25 Marie - José Pérec France ( FRA ) Final Intercalated Games ( edit ) The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series , with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two - year intervals between the internationally - held Olympics . However , this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series . Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon . At this event a men 's 400 m was held and Paul Pilgrim , a 1904 Olympic gold medalist in the 4 - mile team race , won the competition . Wyndham Halswelle , later the 1908 Olympic champion in the 800 metres , was the runner - up while Australia 's Nigel Barker was the bronze medalist . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1906 Athens details Paul Pilgrim ( USA ) Wyndham Halswelle ( GBR ) Nigel Barker ( AUS ) Non-canonical Olympic events ( edit ) In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men 's 400 metres , a handicap competition was contested seven days after the final . Twenty men entered , with Hungary 's Pál Koppán , Germany 's Albert Werkmüller and Dave Hall of the United States being the only non-French entrants . Koppán was the victor with a handicap of 35 m , Werkmüller was second with a handicap of 35 m , and Frenchman André Lemonnier took third with a 26 m handicap . Two professionals - only events were also held in 1900 . The 400 metres world record holder Edgar Bredin won with a time of 53.2 seconds , ahead of Legrain of France ( possibly Paul Legrain ) and his compatriot Jules Bouchoux . A handicap professional race was also held but the results have not been located . A handicap 440 - yard dash ( 402.3 m ) competition was held at 1904 Summer Olympics after the 1904 Olympic men 's 400 m race . An American , F. Darcy , won the race with a time of 50.8 ( 12 - yard start ) . George Underwood , also of the United States , came second with no handicap and John Peck of Canada came third off a six - yard headstart . These events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 400 metres or the athletics programme in general . Consequently , medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all - time medal tables . References ( edit ) Participation and athlete data Athletics Men 's 400 metres Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Athletics Women 's 400 metres Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Olympic record progressions Mallon , Bill ( 2012 ) . TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS . Track and Field News . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Specific Jump up ^ London 1908 Olympic Games . Britannica . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres , Handicap . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Handicap Olympic Athletics Events . GBR Athletics . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres , Professionals . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) IAAF 400 metres homepage Official Olympics website Olympic athletics records from Track & Field News 400 metres at the Olympic Games Summary Men 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Women 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Athletics at the Summer Olympics Editions 1896 1900 1904 1906 ( Intercalated ) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Events Track 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m 5000 m 10,000 m 4 × 100 m relay 4 × 400 m relay Sprint hurdles 400 m hurdles Steeplechase Field Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Pole vault High jump Long jump Triple jump Others Combined events Marathon Race walking Defunct Cross country Team races 60 metres Weight throw Wheelchair racing Professional events List of medalists men women Records Venues Medal sweeps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=400_metres_at_the_Olympics&oldid=861162432 '' Categories : 400 metres at the Olympics 400 metres Athletics events at the Olympics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 14 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the women's 400 meter dash in the olympics | [
"400 metresat the Olympic Games\nThe 2012 Olympic men's 400 m finalOverviewSport\nAthleticsGender\nMen and womenYears held\nMen: 1896 – 2016 Women: 1964 – 2016Olympic recordMen\n43.03 Wayde van Niekerk (2016)Women\n48.25 Marie-José Pérec (1996)Reigning championMen\n Wayde van Niekerk (RSA)Women\n Shaunae Miller (BAH)"
] | [
"Shaunae Miller"
] |
4075867477161867877 | List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article provides two lists : a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff points scored . a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . ) Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2006 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2017 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 6,163 217 28.4 2,182 331 1,468 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) 5,987 179 33.4 2,188 148 1,463 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1989 ) 5,762 237 24.3 2,356 0 1,050 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2012 ) 5,640 220 25.6 2,014 292 1,320 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2011 ) 5,250 216 24.3 2,041 0 1,168 6 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2016 ) 5,172 251 20.6 1,975 5 1,217 7 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2004 ) 4,761 193 24.7 1,743 6 1,269 8 West , Jerry Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1961 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 ) 4,457 153 29.1 1,622 0 1,213 9 Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ PG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- 2017 ) 4,012 221 18.2 1,599 119 695 10 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1988 , 1990 -- 1992 ) 3,897 164 23.8 1,458 80 901 11 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2017 ) 3,871 172 22.5 1,419 103 930 12 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1963 -- 1969 , 1972 -- 1977 ) 3,776 172 22.0 1,451 0 874 13 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1985 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1999 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2002 ) 3,755 145 25.9 1,504 743 14 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 -- 1991 , 1996 ) 3,701 190 19.5 1,291 51 1,068 15 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 ) 3,663 145 25.3 1,220 149 1,074 16 Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * SF Chicago Bulls ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Houston Rockets ( 1999 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 3,642 208 17.5 1,335 200 772 17 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1959 -- 1970 ) 3,623 134 27.0 1,388 0 847 18 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1969 -- 1973 ) 3,607 160 22.5 1,425 0 757 19 McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * PF Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 1993 ) 3,182 169 18.8 1,204 8 766 20 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2008 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3,180 170 18.7 1,022 276 860 21 Johnson , Dennis Dennis Johnson * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 3,116 180 17.3 1,167 26 756 22 Erving , Julius Julius Erving * SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1977 -- 1987 ) 3,088 141 21.9 1,187 7 707 23 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2010 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2017 ) 3,048 106 28.8 1,026 222 774 24 Worthy , James James Worthy * SF Los Angeles Lakers ( 1984 -- 1991 , 1993 ) 3,022 143 21.1 1,267 14 474 25 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2017 ) 3,009 213 14.1 941 318 809 Contents ( hide ) 1 Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BAL Baltimore Bullets HOU Houston Rockets OKC Oklahoma City Thunder SFW San Francisco Warriors BOS Boston Celtics IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns STL St. Louis Hawks CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat PHW Philadelphia Warriors SYR Syracuse Nationals DAL Dallas Mavericks MNL Minneapolis Lakers ROC Rochester Royals UTA Utah Jazz GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SAS San Antonio Spurs WAS Washington Wizards Playoff scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - Year Leader Pts Active Player Scoring Leader Pts Career Scoring Record Pts Single Season Scoring Record Pts Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 282 504 504 282 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 303 George Mikan * 000MNL 303 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 376 George Mikan * 000MNL 679 George Mikan * 000MNL 679 376 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 Arnie Risen * 000ROC 273 847 847 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 George Mikan * 000MNL 307 1,154 1,154 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 238 1,392 1,392 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 252 1,644 1,644 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 209 Jim Pollard * 000MNL 977 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 289 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,680 1,680 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Bob Pettit * 000STL 298 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 1,192 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 Cliff Hagan * 000STL 305 1,272 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Elgin Baylor * 000MNL 331 1,526 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Bob Pettit * 000STL 365 1,614 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 457 1,779 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 1,779 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 457 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 502 1,836 1,836 502 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 424 Bob Cousy * 000BOS 2,018 Bob Cousy * 000BOS 2,018 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * 000SFW 416 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,194 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,194 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 Jerry West * 000LAL 447 2,240 2,240 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 479 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 2,511 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 2,511 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 521 2,582 2,582 Rick Barry * 000SFW 521 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 John Havlicek * 000BOS 493 3,010 3,010 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Jerry West * 000LAL 556 3,287 3,287 Jerry West * 000LAL 556 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 562 Jerry West * 000LAL 3,708 Jerry West * 000LAL 3,708 562 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 Earl Monroe * 000BAL 397 3,708 3,708 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 Walt Frazier * 000NYK 388 4,052 4,052 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Jerry West * 000LAL 401 4,453 4,453 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 515 4,457 4,457 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 Rick Barry * 000GSW 479 John Havlicek * 000BOS 3,413 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 Jo Jo White * 000BOS 408 3,611 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Julius Erving * 000PHI 518 3,776 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 Elvin Hayes * 000WSB 457 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 Gus Williams 000SEA 454 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 2,382 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 479 2,861 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Moses Malone * 000HOU 562 2,941 Jerry West * & Moses Malone * 000HOU 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Julius Erving * 000PHI 461 3,226 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 406 3,632 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Larry Bird * 000BOS 632 4,134 Larry Bird * 000BOS 632 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 520 4,550 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 4,550 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Hakeem Olajuwon * 000HOU 537 4,912 4,912 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Larry Bird * 000BOS 622 5,257 5,257 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 James Worthy * 000LAL 506 5,595 5,595 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 591 5,762 5,762 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 587 Larry Bird * 000BOS 3,681 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 529 3,852 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 759 3,897 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 759 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 666 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,850 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Hakeem Olajuwon * 000HOU 664 James Worthy * 000LAL 3,022 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 725 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 4,165 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 552 4,717 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 590 5,307 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 680 5,987 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 5,987 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Latrell Sprewell 000NYK 407 Karl Malone * 000UTA 3,931 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 707 4,203 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 723 4,341 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 541 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 5,987 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Tim Duncan 000SAS 593 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 539 Karl Malone * 000LAL 4,761 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Tim Duncan 000SAS 542 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2004 -- 07 000PHO 2007 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 4,546 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 654 4,970 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 501 5,045 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 633 5,121 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 695 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 671 5,248 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 582 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 5,280 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 LeBron James ^ 000MIA 697 5,640 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 596 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 563 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 601 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Klay Thompson ^ 000GSW 582 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 591 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 6,163 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 6,163 2016 -- 17 Season Year - by - Year Leader Pts Active Player Scoring Leader Pts Career Scoring Record Pts Single Season Scoring Record Pts Season See also ( edit ) Basketball statistics NBA post-season records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . The years listed are only ones in which the player played in a playoff game . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Playoff Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ineligible was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career playoff leaders in points scored ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_playoff_scoring_leaders&oldid=801107793 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 21 . About Wikipedia | who has the most points in nba history career | [
"\n1\nJames, LeBronLeBron James^\nSF\nCleveland Cavaliers (2006–2010, 2015–2017)\nMiami Heat (2011–2014)\n6,163\n217\n28.4\n2,182\n331\n1,468\n"
] | [
"LeBron James"
] |
7377830952005291488 | Paige Larson | Paige Larson - Wikipedia Paige Larson Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2015 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for films . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Paige Larson '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paige Larson Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by True O'Brien Duration 2014 -- 15 , 2017 First appearance March 3 , 2014 Last appearance October 31 , 2017 Created by Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell Introduced by Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Eduardo Hernandez Mother Eve Donovan Half - brothers Rafe Hernandez Dario Hernadez Half - sisters Arianna Hernandez Gabi Hernandez Aunts and uncles Andrew Donovan Theresa Donovan Nieces Arianna Horton First cousins Tate Black Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng , the character is portrayed by True O'Brien , who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off . O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015 . O'Brien once again returned to the role for a one - off appearance in October 2017 . Paige is introduced as a good samaritan who returns JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) his wallet which he dropped and is in a relationship with him for majority of her time on the show . She is the daughter of Eve Donovan ( Kassie DePaiva ) and niece of Theresa Donovan ( Jen Lilley ) . Following her death , it is revealed she is the daughter of Eduardo Hernandez making her the sister of Rafe Hernandez and Gabi Hernandez , and an aunt of Arianna Horton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 Background 2.2 2014 - 15 3 References 4 External links Casting ( edit ) In February 2014 , Soap Opera Digest announced that model True O'Brien had been cast as Paige Larson on the series . O'Brien made her first on - screen debut on March 3 , 2014 . About her audition , O'Brien said `` It was an intense process . It was the first time I had really tested for anything . I did n't know what was going on , so I just let it happen. When I walked out of there , I felt good . I was very thankful to have had that opportunity to even experience something like that . '' In June 2015 , it was confirmed that O'Brien was let go from the series , she exited on September 9 , 2015 when her character was the second to be killed off as part of the Necktie Killer storyline to commemorate with the show 's 50th anniversary . O'Brien returned in flashbacks on September 28 , when Paige 's death scene was shown and in her mother 's visions on October 2 , 2015 . In October 2017 , O'Brien reprises the role of Paige as part of special dream - sequence episode on October 31 , 2017 . Storylines ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2015 ) Background ( edit ) Paige was born on May 29 , 1995 and would grew up with her single mother Eve Donovan . Her father would later be revealed to be Eduardo Hernandez , aka Eddie Larson ; which makes Rafe , Arianna , Dario and Gabi her half - siblings . 2014 - 15 ( edit ) In early 2014 , Paige Larson arrives in Salem without her mother , Eve Donovan ( Kassie DePaiva ) , and quickly develops a connection to JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) . Upon Eve 's arrival back to Salem , Paige 's relationship with J.J. begins to hit a hard spot , ultimately ending with them parting ways multiples times . She becomes close to another guy , Cole Hines ( Riley Bodenstab ) , and asks him out on a date , which he accepts . After their date , Paige meets up with J.J. at the park , where he apologizes profusely and asks for a second chance . She forgives him , leading them to reconcile . Cole finds her at the park watching Parker play and tells her that J.J. will hurt her and that she deserves better , but when he sees that she 's not listening to him , he leaves . He then works with her mother Eve to break J.J. and Paige up . Cole plants drugs in J.J. 's backpack to frame him . When Paige realizes what Cole has done , she angrily confronts him . At first he denies the accusations , but then Cole tells her how amazing she is and that she deserves better . Paige tells him to stay away from her and J.J. before leaving . Paige would find out that her mother and J.J. had an affair and Jennifer Horton knew about it and she confronts him at her surprise nineteenth birthday party , on May 21 . She becomes very cynical and wants nothing to do with them . Paige begins a relationship with Kyle to make J.J. jealous , not knowing that he is a drug dealer and that J.J. works for him ; however the relationship would later end . Paige and J.J. begin to reconnect the following month . She becomes a witness to the Chad and Serena fight and would reveal what she saw , since Serena would later be found murdered . Since they become close again , Paige is the first person J.J. tells about the Clyde / drug ring and was sworn not to involve the police . In early September , she would retell what she saw to Rafe and exchanges words with Chad , who does n't remember what happened after the fight , and calls J.J. afterward ; Paige had something to tell him , however when J.J. arrives at her dorm , he finds her in the shower with a tie loosely around her neck . Paige is pronounced dead , much to the horror of J.J. and Eve who apologizes to Paige over her body . Chad DiMera is seen as the prime suspect , due to the fact that a flower found near the crime scene can only be found at the DiMera mansion ; following the arrest of Chad , he was released after Aiden Jennings was believed to be the Neck Tie Killer . In December 2015 , Ben Rogers was arrested for the string of murders , following a statement by Abigail Deveraux . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` DAYS CASTS NEW ROLE '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Actress Headed to ' Days ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell ( Head writers ) ; Herb Stein ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( March 3 , 2014 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 49 . Episode 12286 . NBC . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Nancy M. ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' DOOL ' : O'Brien Finds Her ' True ' Calling '' . U Express . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards Wilows , Mark ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Days of Our Lives True o'Brien loves playing Paige and talks about working with Justin Bieber '' . Soapdom.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` True O'Brien Leaving Days of our Lives '' . We Love Soaps . United States . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc. 40 ( 37 ) : 11 . September 21 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Grant A. Johnson ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( September 9 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12671 . NBC . Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Grant A. Johnson ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( September 28 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12684 . NBC . Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Scott McKinsey ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( October 2 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12688 . NBC . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` John Enos , True O'Brien , Melissa Archer to Days of Our Lives on Halloween '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paige had a surprised nineteenth birthday party on - screen on May 21 , 2015 . Although , she states that her birthday was the next day . However , her birthdate was revealed on her tombstone on November 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Soapcentral.com Who 's Who in Salem Paige Larson Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paige_Larson&oldid=813280174 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2014 Days of Our Lives characters Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from February 2015 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from February 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is paige on days of our lives | [
"Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives. Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng, the character is portrayed by True O'Brien, who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off. O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015. O'Brien once again returned to the role for a one-off appearance in October 2017."
] | [
"True O'Brien"
] |
8894624496335784547 | Jürgen Klinsmann | Jürgen Klinsmann - wikipedia Jürgen Klinsmann Jürgen Klinsmann Klinsmann in 2014 Full name Jürgen Klinsmann Date of birth ( 1964 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1964 ( age 54 ) Place of birth Göppingen , West Germany Height 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Playing position Striker Youth career 1972 -- 1974 TB Gingen 1974 -- 1978 SC Geislingen 1978 -- 1981 Stuttgarter Kickers Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1981 -- 1984 Stuttgarter Kickers 61 ( 22 ) 1984 -- 1989 VfB Stuttgart 156 ( 79 ) 1989 -- 1992 Inter Milan 95 ( 34 ) 1992 -- 1994 AS Monaco 65 ( 29 ) 1994 -- 1995 Tottenham Hotspur 41 ( 21 ) 1995 -- 1997 Bayern Munich 65 ( 31 ) 1997 -- 1998 Sampdoria 8 ( 2 ) 1997 -- 1998 → Tottenham Hotspur ( loan ) 15 ( 9 ) 2003 Orange County Blue Star 8 ( 5 ) Total 514 ( 232 ) National team 1980 -- 1981 West Germany U16 ( 0 ) 1984 -- 1985 West Germany U21 8 ( 3 ) 1987 -- 1988 West Germany Olympic 14 ( 8 ) 1987 -- 1990 West Germany 26 ( 7 ) 1990 -- 1998 Germany 82 ( 40 ) Teams managed 2004 -- 2006 Germany 2008 -- 2009 Bayern Munich 2011 -- 2016 United States Honours ( show ) As player VfB Stuttgart Runner - up DFB - Pokal 1986 Runner - up UEFA Cup 1989 Inter Milan Winner Supercoppa Italiana 1989 Winner UEFA Cup 1991 Bayern Munich Winner UEFA Cup Winner Bundesliga 1997 Germany Olympics 1988 Winner FIFA World Cup 1990 Runner - up European Championship 1992 Winner European Championship As coach Germany FIFA World Cup 2006 United States Winner CONCACAF Gold Cup 2013 * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Jürgen Klinsmann ( German pronunciation : ( ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈkliːnsˌman ) , born 30 July 1964 ) is a German football manager , pundit and former player who was most recently the head coach of the United States national team . As a player , Klinsmann played for several prominent clubs in Europe and was part of the West German team that won the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the unified German team that won the 1996 UEFA European Championship . One of Germany 's premier strikers during the 1990s , he scored in all six major international tournaments he participated in , from Euro 1988 to the 1998 World Cup . In 1995 , he came in third in the FIFA World Player of the Year award ; in 2004 he was named in the FIFA 100 list of the `` 125 Greatest Living Footballers '' . Klinsmann managed the German national team to a third - place finish in the 2006 World Cup . On 12 July 2006 , he officially announced that he would step down as Germany 's coach after two years in charge and be replaced by assistant coach Joachim Löw . He took over as coach of Bundesliga club Bayern Munich in July 2008 when Ottmar Hitzfeld stepped down . On 27 April 2009 , he was released early , even though he had won five of the previous seven league games and was only three points behind league leader VfL Wolfsburg . During the jointly initiated reforms at Bayern , a severe clash of opinions emerged between coach and club management . On 29 July 2011 , the U.S. Soccer Federation named Klinsmann the coach of the United States men 's national team . In 2013 he won the CONCACAF Gold Cup with the United States and was named CONCACAF Coach of the Year 2013 . He led the United States team to the round of 16 of the World Cup in Brazil in 2014 . On 3 November 2016 , he became the fourth male and sixth person to become the German national football team 's honorary captain . On 21 November 2016 , Klinsmann was fired as head coach of the United States national team , after losing to Mexico and Costa Rica in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers . Contents 1 Club career 1.1 1972 -- 1981 : Youth career 1.2 1981 -- 1989 : Stuttgarter Kickers and VfB Stuttgart 1.3 1989 -- 1992 : Inter Milan 1.4 1992 -- 1994 : AS Monaco 1.5 1994 -- 1995 : Tottenham Hotspur 1.6 1995 -- 2003 : Final years 2 International career 3 Coaching career 3.1 Germany 3.2 Bayern Munich 3.3 Toronto FC 3.4 United States 3.4. 1 2014 World Cup 3.4. 2 2018 World Cup cycle 3.5 Overview 4 Charity work and social engagements 5 Personal life 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 6.3 Managerial 7 Honours 7.1 Player 7.1. 1 Club 7.1. 2 International 7.1. 3 Individual 7.2 Manager 7.2. 1 International 7.2. 2 Individual 8 Literature 9 References 10 External links Club career ( edit ) 1972 -- 1981 : youth career ( edit ) Klinsmann is one of four sons of master baker Siegfried Klinsmann ( died 2005 ) and his wife Martha . At age eight , he began playing for TB Gingen , an amateur football club in Gingen an der Fils . Six months later , he scored 16 goals in a single match for his new club . At age ten , he moved to SC Geislingen . When he was 14 years old , his father bought a bakery in Stuttgart . After the family relocated to the state capital Stuttgart , Klinsmann continued to play for SC Geislingen , even after he was spotted in a youth selection of Württemberg . At age 16 , he signed a contract with Stuttgarter Kickers , at which he would turn professional two years later . His parents decided he would first finish his apprenticeship as a baker in their family business , which he completed in 1982 . 1981 -- 1989 : Stuttgarter Kickers and VfB Stuttgart ( edit ) Klinsmann ( centre ) playing for VfB Stuttgart against Dynamo Dresden in the semi-final of the 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup . Klinsmann began his professional career in 1982 at the then - second division side Stuttgarter Kickers , where he had been playing since 1978 as a youth player . By 1982 -- 83 , he was already a regular starter and by the end of the 1983 -- 84 season , he had scored 19 goals for his club . Horst Buhtz , a Stuttgarter Kickers former coach , recalls Klinsmann benefited from an intensive sprint - training from Horst Allman , who was one of the best sprint coaches in Germany at that time . At the beginning of the new season , he managed to improve his 100 m dash from 11.7 to 11.0 seconds . In 1984 , Klinsmann moved to first division rivals VfB Stuttgart . In his first season at the club , he scored 15 goals and was the team 's joint top scorer with Karl Allgöwer . Despite his goal scoring efforts , he could not prevent his new club from finishing tenth in the league . During each of the 1985 -- 86 and 1986 -- 87 seasons , he scored 16 goals and reached the 1986 final of the DFB - Pokal , losing against Bayern Munich 2 -- 5 , but scoring the last goal of the match . In the 1987 -- 88 season , he scored 19 goals -- including a legendary overhead kick against Bayern -- and was the Bundesliga 's top goalscorer . In 1988 , the 24 - year - old Klinsmann was named German Footballer of the Year . After reaching the 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup final with Stuttgart ( which eventually lost to Diego Maradona 's inspired Napoli 1 -- 2 and 3 -- 3 ) , Klinsmann moved to Italian club Inter Milan and joined the ranks of two other German internationals , Lothar Matthäus and Andreas Brehme . 1989 -- 1992 : Inter Milan ( edit ) Klinsmann signed a three - year contract with Inter . In spite of the heavily defensive orientated tactics of head coach Giovanni Trapattoni , Klinsmann scored 13 goals as the Nerazzurri finished third in Serie A. He became one of the most popular foreign players in Italy , mostly because he had learnt Italian and earned himself the respect of the fans with his appearance and language skills . During the next season , Klinsmann won the UEFA Cup with Inter ( 2 -- 1 on aggregate against Roma ) and repeated his previous performance in the league with 14 goals . Klinsmann 's contract was extended until 1994 . A disastrous 1991 -- 92 season made all plans fall through . Inter never managed to gain any momentum under coach Corrado Orrico and finished eighth in the league , with Klinsmann only scoring seven goals and the team being divided and fragmented into groups . It was clear for Klinsmann this would be his last season at the San Siro . 1992 -- 1994 : as Monaco ( edit ) After UEFA Euro 1992 , Klinsmann moved to Monaco and catapulted the club to a second - place finish in the league in his first season . After the bribery scandal by Marseille and their subsequent disqualification as league winners , Monaco was to replace them in the UEFA Champions League the following year . Monaco reached the semi-final before finally losing to eventual winners Milan . The following season , Monaco only managed a ninth - place finish in the league . Klinsmann , who had missed two months due to a torn ligament , was mostly deployed as a lone - striker and started criticizing the attitude of his teammates . In 1994 , he left the club early , with one more year remaining on his contract . 1994 -- 1995 : Tottenham Hotspur ( edit ) Klinsmann moved to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League for the 1994 -- 95 season , where the fans and media were very critical of the German , partly because he played in the 1990 West Germany team that eliminated England from the World Cup , and partly because of his reputation as a diver . He was signed by Spurs in July 1994 from Monaco for £ 2 million . On his debut against Sheffield Wednesday , he scored a header and immediately won over fans by self - deprecatingly diving to the ground as a celebration . A Guardian journalist who had written an article called `` Why I Hate Jürgen Klinsmann '' , wrote another two months later called `` Why I Love Jürgen Klinsmann '' . Klinsmann went on to win the 1995 Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year . Because of his humour , but also because of his athletic achievements and his combative playing style , Klinsmann quickly became extremely popular in England ; over 150,000 of his shirts were sold . He now holds legendary status at Spurs and was inducted into Madame Tussauds Wax Museum . Klinsmann scored 21 goals in the 1994 -- 95 season for Spurs and a total of 30 in all competitions , including a late winner against Liverpool in the quarter - final of the FA Cup . He also found the net in the semi-final , but Spurs missed out on a place in the final by losing the game 4 -- 1 to Everton . 1995 -- 2003 : final years ( edit ) Klinsmann then had a successful spell at Bayern Munich during the 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 season . During both seasons , he was the top goalscorer of his club , won the 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup and set a new goalscoring record of 15 goals in 12 matches during the competition , a record that stood until 2011 . A year later , he also became German champion as he won the Bundesliga . He then briefly moved to Italy for Sampdoria , but left the team again in the winter and returned to Tottenham Hotspur . During his second stint at Tottenham in the 1997 -- 98 season , his goals saved the club from relegation , particularly the four goals he scored in a 6 -- 2 win at Wimbledon . He played the last match of his high - level club career in 1998 on the final day of the Premier League against Southampton . After retiring and moving to the United States , in 2003 Klinsmann played for fun for Orange County Blue Star , an amateur team in the fourth - tier Premier Development League . International career ( edit ) Klinsmann had a good international career , seeing his first West Germany duty in 1987 and ultimately collecting 108 caps , making him the country 's fourth-most capped player behind Lothar Matthäus , Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski . Klinsmann scored 47 goals for West Germany / Germany in top - level international matches , sharing the all - time fourth place with Rudi Völler , and only surpassed by Klose 's record of 71 goals for the national team , Gerd Müller 's 68 goals and Podolski 's 49 . Klinsmann scored 11 goals in the FIFA World Cup , ranking sixth all - time . In 1987 , Klinsmann made his debut for Germany against Brazil in a 1 -- 1 draw . He participated in the 1988 Summer Olympics , winning a bronze medal ; the 1988 , 1992 and 1996 UEFA European Championships , reaching the final in 1992 and becoming champion in 1996 . Klinsmann was the first player to score in three different European Championships . Five other players -- Vladimír Šmicer , Thierry Henry , Zlatan Ibrahimović , Nuno Gomes and Cristiano Ronaldo -- have since equalled this record . Klinsmann was an important part of the West German team during the 1990 FIFA World Cup . After qualifying for the round of 16 , Germany was to play the Netherlands , against which they lost two years earlier in Euro 88 . It was to be Klinsmann 's best international game . After Rudi Völler was sent off in the 22nd minute , Klinsmann was forced to play as a lone striker . He delivered a running and pressure performance with which he occupied the entire Dutch defence , scored the 1 -- 0 opener and was a constant threat . The next day , German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung wrote the following about Klinsmann : `` In the last decade , not a single forward of a DFB team has offered such a brilliant , almost perfect performance . '' After further victories over Czechoslovakia ( 1 -- 0 ) and England ( 1 -- 1 after extra time , 4 -- 3 on penalties ) , he became a world champion after beating Argentina 1 -- 0 in the final . Klinsmann is remembered for being fouled by the Argentinian Pedro Monzón , who was subsequently sent off , reducing Argentina to ten men . Many critics called the incident a prime example of Klinsmann 's diving , a claim he contradicted . In an interview in 2004 , he noted that the foul left a 15 - cm gash on his shin . Klinsmann also competed for the unified Germany team at the 1994 ( five goals ) , and 1998 ( three goals ) , World Cups . He became the first player to score at least three goals in three consecutive World Cups , later joined by Ronaldo of Brazil and compatriot Miroslav Klose . Klinsmann is currently the sixth - highest goalscorer at World Cups overall and the third - highest goalscorer for Germany in this competition , behind Klose ( 16 goals ) and Gerd Müller ( 14 ) . Coaching career ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) On 26 July 2004 , Klinsmann returned to Germany as the new head coach of the national team , succeeding former teammate and strike partner Rudi Völler . Klinsmann subsequently embarked on an aggressive program to revamp the management of the team . Bringing fellow German striker Oliver Bierhoff on board helped diffuse public relations duties of the previous combined post away from the actual coaching aspect of the position . Furthermore , he created a youth movement to breathe life into an aging squad on the heels of a disastrous showing at Euro 2004 . In the run - up to the 2006 World Cup , Klinsmann attracted criticism from German fans and the media following poor results , such as the 4 -- 1 loss to Italy . A particular subject of criticism was that Klinsmann commuted to Germany from the U.S. , which was the target of a campaign by the tabloid Bild . It should be noted Klinsmann previously eliminated some privileges Bild traditionally had with the national team , such as receiving the team lineup the day before a match and 24 / 7 exclusive access to the team . His largely offensive tactics have irritated some , who complained he ignored defensive football . He announced a squad of young players for the 2006 World Cup , basing his selection policy on performance , not reputation . Klinsmann as manager of Germany in 2005 During the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup , he regularly rotated his goalkeepers regardless of their performances , which drew the ire of Bayern Munich 's Oliver Kahn . On 7 April 2006 , Klinsmann finally decided to relegate Kahn to the bench and designated Arsenal 's Jens Lehmann as his first choice goalkeeper . This choice followed Lehmann 's performances in the 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League in which his Arsenal team bowed out in the final against Barcelona . In the 2006 World Cup , Germany 's performances silenced Klinsmann 's critics , which included the form of an English song : `` Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann ? '' The team recorded three - straight wins against Costa Rica , Poland and Ecuador in the group stage , earning Germany first place in Group A . The first match of the knockout stage was a 2 -- 0 victory over Sweden , and in the quarter - finals , Klinsmann 's team defeated Argentina , winning 4 -- 2 on penalties . The teams drew 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes after an equalising goal from Miroslav Klose in the 80th minute . In the semi-final on 4 July , Germany lost a close match with Italy 2 -- 0 after goals in the final minutes of extra time from Fabio Grosso and Alessandro Del Piero . After the match , Klinsmann praised the performance of his young team . They beat Portugal 3 -- 1 in the third place play - off , where he played Kahn instead of Jens Lehmann . The victory triggered a massive parade in Berlin the following day where Klinsmann and the team were honoured by the public . Afterward , Franz Beckenbauer , previously a strident critic of Klinsmann 's , declared his desire to see Klinsmann continue as coach . There was also widespread public support for Klinsmann due to his team 's spirit and attacking style of play . The team 's strong performance is thought by some to have renewed national pride and restored Germany 's reputation as a top footballing nation . Due to his success coaching the national team , Klinsmann was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz . Despite the highly acclaimed performance at the World Cup and the praise earned , Klinsmann declined to renew his contract , informing the German Football Association ( DFB ) of his decision on 11 July 2006 . The decision was officially announced by the DFB on 12 July 2006 . Klinsmann 's assistant , Joachim Löw , was appointed as the new head coach at the same press conference . Klinsmann said , `` My big wish is to go back to my family , to go back to leading a normal life with them ... After two years of putting in a lot of energy , I feel I lack the power and the strength to continue in the same way . '' Bayern Munich ( edit ) Klinsmann as manager of Bayern Munich in 2009 In July 2008 , Klinsmann took over as coach of Bayern Munich , succeeding Ottmar Hitzfeld . Klinsmann helped design a new player development and performance center for Bayern and then launched into molding the team for the Bundesliga and 2008 -- 09 Champions League campaigns . Under his guidance , Bayern reached the quarter - final of the Champions League , losing to eventual champion Barcelona . Klinsmann was sacked on 27 April 2009 with five matches remaining . His final match was a 1 -- 0 loss to Schalke 04 . Bayern were in third - place at the time of the sacking . Klinsmann finished with a record of 25 wins , nine draws , and 10 losses in all competitions . Following Klinsmann 's time with Bayern , Bayern team captain Phillip Lahm wrote in his autobiography that Klinsmann 's tenure with the club was a `` failure '' and that Klinsmann 's lack of tactical instruction required the players to meet before kickoff to discuss strategy . Toronto FC ( edit ) In November 2010 , Klinsmann was hired as a technical consultant for Major League Soccer ( MLS ) club Toronto FC to advise on an overhaul of the club 's coaching and playing personnel , leading the club to hire Aron Winter as head coach and Paul Mariner as technical director the following year . Both Winter and Mariner would later be fired by the club during a last place finish in the 2012 season . United States ( edit ) Klinsmann as manager of the United States On 29 July 2011 , Klinsmann was named the 35th head coach of the United States national team , replacing previous manager Bob Bradley , who had been fired following a 4 -- 2 loss to Mexico in the final of the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . The U.S. struggled in friendly games early in Klinsmann 's tenure , losing four matches and drawing one before ending the 2011 season with a victory over Slovenia . On 29 February 2012 , the U.S. national team recorded a historic 1 -- 0 victory in a friendly match away against Italy , its first win against the four - time World Cup champions . On 15 August 2012 , Klinsmann coached the U.S. to a historic 1 -- 0 win against long time rivals Mexico in a friendly held at the Estadio Azteca , giving the U.S. its first victory in the stadium . In 2013 , Klinsmann led the U.S. team into the final round of qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , beginning with a 2 -- 1 loss at Honduras before earning a point with a scoreless draw against Mexico in the Azteca . On 2 June 2013 , the United States played their centennial celebratory game against Germany , where Klinsmann coached them to a 4 -- 3 win over his native country . On 28 July , Klinsmann coached the U.S. team to their fifth CONCACAF Gold Cup title , defeating Panama 1 -- 0 in the final . On 10 September 2013 , following a 2 -- 0 win over Mexico , the United States secured qualification for the World Cup . On 12 December 2013 , Klinsmann signed a new contract extension with the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) , lasting until 2018 . 2014 World Cup ( edit ) Klinsmann received criticism in May 2014 when he cut all - time leading U.S. scorer Landon Donovan from the final roster for the 2014 World Cup following the team 's preliminary training camp . Klinsmann described it as `` the most difficult decision of ( his ) coaching career '' but that he sees other players `` slightly ahead of ( Donovan ) '' . Klinsmann faced further controversy after his son Jonathan posted a comment on Twitter ridiculing Donovan , causing some to speculate that the decision was influenced by personal animosity between Klinsmann and Donovan . On 16 June , Klinsmann guided the United States to a 2 -- 1 win over Ghana in their first match of the 2014 World Cup , behind an early strike from captain Clint Dempsey and a dramatic 86th - minute header from substitute John Brooks . On 22 June , his side drew 2 -- 2 against Portugal in the second group match . A defensive miscue early in the game led to an easy Portugal goal , but Jermaine Jones equalized with a strike from 30 yards out in the second half . Then , in the 81st minute , Dempsey scored to give the U.S. a 2 -- 1 lead . The score remained 2 -- 1 until the final seconds of stoppage time where Cristiano Ronaldo sent a cross that was headed past U.S. goalkeeper Tim Howard by Silvestre Varela . On 26 June , the U.S. faced Germany . With possible elimination looming again as their round of 16 spot hung in the balance , the U.S. fell to the Germans , 1 -- 0 , but the hope of surviving the `` group of death '' remained alive in the Portugal -- Ghana game in which Portugal defeated Ghana , 2 -- 1 , sending the U.S. to the round of 16 . The U.S. drew Belgium in the round of 16 . After spending much of the match defending against Belgium 's potent attack , with goalkeeper Tim Howard setting a World Cup finals record for saves in a match , the U.S. survived with a 0 -- 0 score after 90 minutes , sending the match to extra time . After quickly falling behind 2 -- 0 to Belgium in extra time , the U.S. cut the deficit in half in the 107th minute when substitute Julian Green volleyed in a lobbed through ball from Michael Bradley , but were unable to score a second and were eliminated . 2018 World Cup cycle ( edit ) Klinsmann led the U.S. to a 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic to open the new 2018 World Cup cycle on 3 September , its first win over the Czechs . On 5 June 2015 , Klinsmann guided the U.S. to a dramatic 4 -- 3 win over the Netherlands in a friendly in Amsterdam and another friendly victory over Germany five days later . The U.S. under Klinsmann finished fourth in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup following losses to Jamaica in the semifinals and Panama in the third place match , the team 's worst performance in the tournament since 2000 . In 2016 , Klinsmann successfully advanced the U.S. through its first round of World Cup qualification out of a group containing Guatemala , Trinidad and Tobago , and St. Vincent and the Grenadines . The U.S. opened the final World Cup qualification round in November 2016 with a 2 -- 1 home defeat to Mexico and a 4 -- 0 away defeat to Costa Rica . Following the losses , which left the U.S. at the bottom of the qualification table , Klinsmann was fired by the USSF on 21 November 2016 , being replaced by LA Galaxy manager Bruce Arena , who had previously coached the team from 1998 to 2006 . Overview ( edit ) Club Club Season League Cup Europe Ref . GF GA Win % Pos . Pos . Pos . Bayern Munich 2008 -- 09 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 07001551700000000000 ♠ 55.17 3rd QF QF International As of 15 November 2016 Team Year Competitions Friendly matches Ref . GF GA Win % GF GA Win % Germany 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ! -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001714300000000000 ♠ 71.43 2005 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 2006 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001714300000000000 ♠ 71.43 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Total 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 -- United States 2011 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 ! -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 07001285700000000000 ♠ 28.57 2012 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 2013 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 07001812500000000000 ♠ 81.25 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 07001428600000000000 ♠ 42.86 2014 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 07001454500000000000 ♠ 45.45 2015 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 07001444400000000000 ♠ 44.44 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 2016 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 07001857109999999999 ♠ 85.71 Total 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 07001595700000000000 ♠ 59.57 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 07001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 -- Total 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 07001610200000000000 ♠ 61.02 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 07001534200000000000 ♠ 53.42 -- Charity work and social engagements ( edit ) In 1995 , Klinsmann and some of his close friends founded the children charity foundation Agapedia , which stems from the Greek language and translates to `` Love for Children '' . In 1997 , Klinsmann , acting as the captain of the Germany national team , visited the Holocaust memorial place Yad Vashem in Israel alongside his coach Berti Vogts . This visit was televised around the globe and drew worldwide attention . Klinsmann is also a board member of the German Initiative Für die Zukunft lernen , which means `` Learning for the future '' , and supports the education of young people about the Holocaust . In May 1999 , Klinsmann donated all the proceeds from his farewell match ( more than US $1 million ) to different children charity organizations . The match was a sell - out with 54,000 fans in Stuttgart 's Mercedes - Benz Arena . Famous personalities such as Bryan Adams , Boris Becker and many others contributed to this event . Personal life ( edit ) Klinsmann Bakery in Botnang , Stuttgart Klinsmann was born in Göppingen . His family moved to Stuttgart when he was a teenager . Klinsmann 's family operates a bakery in Stuttgart 's Botnang district and consequently he is sometimes affectionately referred to as the `` baker 's son from Botnang '' . Klinsmann is in fact a journeyman baker , having served an apprenticeship . He is married to Debbie Chin , an American former model , and lives in Huntington Beach , California . Klinsmann and his wife have two children , Jonathan and Laila . Son Jonathan , a goalkeeper , has been capped at age group level for the United States U-20 team . Aside from German , Klinsmann is fluent in English , Italian and French , and is a certified commercial helicopter pilot . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Club performance League Cup League Cup Continental Total Ref . Club League Season Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Germany League DFB - Pokal -- Europe Total Stuttgarter Kickers 2 . Bundesliga 1981 -- 82 6 0 0 -- 6 1982 -- 83 20 22 1983 -- 84 35 19 37 21 Stuttgarter Kicker totals 61 22 -- 65 25 -- VfB Stuttgart Bundesliga 1984 -- 85 32 15 -- 0 38 17 1985 -- 86 33 16 6 -- 39 20 1986 -- 87 32 16 37 19 1987 -- 88 34 19 0 -- 35 19 1988 -- 89 25 13 8 37 19 VfB Stuttgart totals 156 79 16 10 -- 14 5 186 94 -- Italy League Coppa Italia -- Europe Total Ref . Inter Milan Serie A 1989 -- 90 31 13 -- 0 37 15 1990 -- 91 33 14 0 12 49 17 1991 -- 92 31 7 5 0 37 8 Inter Milan totals 95 34 13 -- 15 123 40 -- France League Coupe de France Coupe de la Ligue Europe Total Ref . Monaco Division 1 1992 -- 93 35 20 0 -- 0 41 20 1993 -- 94 30 10 -- 10 43 16 Monaco totals 65 30 5 -- 14 84 36 -- England League FA Cup League Cup Europe Total Ref . Tottenham Hotspur Premier League 1994 -- 95 41 21 6 5 -- 50 30 Germany League DFB - Pokal -- Europe Total Ref . Bayern Munich Bundesliga 1995 -- 96 32 16 0 -- 12 15 45 31 1996 -- 97 33 15 0 39 17 Bayern Munich totals 65 31 5 -- 14 15 84 48 -- Italy League Coppa Italia -- Europe Total Ref . Sampdoria Serie A 1997 -- 98 8 0 -- 0 10 England League FA Cup League Cup Europe Total Ref . Tottenham Hotspur Premier League 1997 -- 98 15 9 0 0 -- 18 9 Career totals 506 228 53 25 58 27 620 284 -- International ( edit ) West Germany national team Year Apps Goals 0 1988 8 1989 1990 12 Total 26 7 Germany national team Year Apps Goals 1990 1991 0 1992 13 1993 10 6 1994 14 11 1995 9 6 14 7 1997 7 1998 8 Total 82 40 show # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Goals scored for West Germany 1 . 27 April 1988 Fritz - Walter - Stadion , Kaiserslautern , West Germany Switzerland 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Friendly 2 . 14 June 1988 Parkstadion , Gelsenkirchen , West Germany Denmark 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 1988 3 . 4 October 1989 Westfalenstadion , Dortmund , West Germany Finland 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 1990 FIFA World Cup qualifying 4 . 25 April 1990 Neckarstadion , Stuttgart , West Germany Uruguay 3 -- 2 3 -- 3 Friendly 5 . 10 June 1990 Stadio Giuseppe Meazza , Milan , Italy Yugoslavia 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 1990 FIFA World Cup 6 . 15 June 1990 Stadio Giuseppe Meazza , Milan , Italy United Arab Emirates 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 1990 FIFA World Cup 7 . 24 June 1990 Stadio Giuseppe Meazza , Milan , Italy Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1990 FIFA World Cup Goals scored for Germany 8 . 10 October 1990 Råsunda Stadium , Stockholm , Sweden Sweden 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Friendly 9 . 31 October 1990 Stade Josy Barthel , Luxembourg , Luxembourg Luxembourg 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying 10 . 18 June 1992 Ullevi , Gothenburg , Sweden Netherlands 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 UEFA Euro 1992 11 . 20 December 1992 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo , Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 Friendly 12 . 14 April 1993 Ruhrstadion , Bochum , Germany Ghana 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 Friendly 13 . 14 April 1993 Ruhrstadion , Bochum , Germany Ghana 5 -- 1 6 -- 1 Friendly 14 . 10 June 1993 Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Brazil 1 -- 3 3 -- 3 U.S. Cup 15 . 10 June 1993 Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Brazil 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 U.S. Cup 16 . 13 June 1993 Soldier Field , Chicago , U.S. United States 1 -- 0 4 -- 3 U.S. Cup 17 . 19 June 1993 Silverdome , Pontiac , U.S. England 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 U.S. Cup 18 . 23 March 1994 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart , Germany Italy 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Friendly 19 . 23 March 1994 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart , Germany Italy 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Friendly 20 . 2 June 1994 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna , Austria Austria 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 Friendly 21 . 17 June 1994 Soldier Field , Chicago , U.S. Bolivia 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1994 FIFA World Cup 22 . 21 June 1994 Soldier Field , Chicago , U.S. Spain 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1994 FIFA World Cup 23 . 27 June 1994 Cotton Bowl , Dallas , U.S. South Korea 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1994 FIFA World Cup 24 . 27 June 1994 Cotton Bowl , Dallas , U.S. South Korea 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 1994 FIFA World Cup 25 . 2 July 1994 Soldier Field , Chicago , U.S. Belgium 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 1994 FIFA World Cup 26 . 16 November 1994 Qemal Stafa , Tirana , Albania Albania 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 27 . 14 December 1994 Stadionul Republican , Chişinău , Moldova Moldova 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 28 . 18 December 1994 Fritz - Walter - Stadion , Kaiserslautern , Germany Albania 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 29 . 29 March 1995 Boris Paichadze Stadium , Tbilisi , Georgia Georgia 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 30 . 29 March 1995 Boris Paichadze Stadium , Tbilisi , Georgia Georgia 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 31 . 7 June 1995 Vasil Levski National Stadium , Sofia , Bulgaria Bulgaria 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 32 . 11 October 1995 Cardiff Arms Park , Cardiff , Wales Wales 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 33 . 15 November 1995 Olympic Stadium , Berlin , Germany Bulgaria 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 34 . 15 November 1995 Olympic Stadium , Berlin , Germany Bulgaria 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying 35 . 24 April 1996 Feijenoord Stadion , Rotterdam , Netherlands Netherlands 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Friendly 36 . 4 June 1996 Carl - Benz - Stadion , Mannheim , Germany Liechtenstein 8 -- 1 9 -- 1 Friendly 37 . 16 June 1996 Old Trafford , Manchester , England Russia 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 1996 38 . 16 June 1996 Old Trafford , Manchester , England Russia 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 1996 39 . 23 June 1996 Old Trafford , Manchester , England Croatia 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 1996 40 . 4 September 1996 Ernest Pohl Stadium , Zabrze , Poland Poland 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 41 . 9 October 1996 Hrazdan Stadium , Yerevan , Armenia Armenia 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifying 42 . 10 September 1997 Westfalenstadion , Dortmund , Germany Armenia 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifying 43 . 10 September 1997 Westfalenstadion , Dortmund , Germany Armenia 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifying 44 . 5 June 1998 Carl - Benz - Stadion , Mannheim , Germany Luxembourg 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 Friendly 45 . 15 June 1998 Parc des Princes , Paris , France United States 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1998 FIFA World Cup 46 . 25 June 1998 Stade de la Mosson , Montpellier , France Iran 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1998 FIFA World Cup 47 . 29 June 1998 Stade de la Mosson , Montpellier , France Mexico 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1998 FIFA World Cup Managerial ( edit ) As of matches played on 15 November 2016 . Team From To Record GF GA GD Win % Ref . Germany 26 July 2004 11 July 2006 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 + 40 07001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 Bayern Munich 1 July 2008 27 April 2009 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 + 46 07001568200000000000 ♠ 56.82 United States 29 July 2011 21 November 2016 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 + 69 07001561200000000000 ♠ 56.12 Total 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 + 155 07001568200000000000 ♠ 56.82 -- Honours ( edit ) Player ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Inter Milan Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 UEFA Cup : 1990 -- 91 Bayern Munich UEFA Cup : 1995 -- 96 Bundesliga : 1996 -- 97 International ( edit ) West Germany / Germany FIFA World Cup : 1990 UEFA European Championship : 1996 ; Runner - up 1992 Summer Olympic Games : Bronze medal 1988 U.S. Cup : 1993 Individual ( edit ) Bundesliga Top Goalscorer : 1987 -- 88 West German Footballer of the Year : 1988 Bravo Otto -- Silver award : 1988 , 1990 FIFA World Cup All - Star Team : 1990 German Footballer of the Year : 1994 Premier League Player of the Month : August 1994 Tottenham Hotspur Club Player of the Year : 1994 FWA Footballer of the Year : 1994 -- 95 ( Tottenham Hotspur ) PFA Team of the Year : 1994 -- 95 ESM Team of the Year : 1994 -- 95 IFFHS World 's Top Goal Scorer of the Year : 1995 Ballon d'Or ( Runner - up ) : 1995 FIFA World Player of the Year ( Bronze award ) : 1995 UEFA Cup Top Scorer : 1995 -- 96 FIFA XI : 1996 , 1999 FIFA 100 Manager ( edit ) International ( edit ) Germany FIFA World Cup : 3rd place 2006 FIFA Confederations Cup : 3rd place 2005 United States CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2013 Individual ( edit ) German Football Manager of the Year : 2006 CONCACAF Coach of the Year : 2013 Literature ( edit ) Dietrich Schulze - Marmeling : Strategen des Spiels -- Die legendären Fußballtrainer , Verlag Die Werkstatt , Göttingen 2005 , ISBN 3 - 89533 - 475 - 8 , S. 332ff . Jens Mende : Jürgen Klinsmann -- Wie wir Weltmeister werden , Südwest - Verlag , München 2006 , ISBN 3 - 517 - 08208 - 2 . Michael Horeni : Klinsmann . Stürmer Trainer Weltmeister . Scherz , Frankfurt / Main 2005 , ISBN 3 - 502 - 15045 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . Barry Hugman 's Footballers . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele 's list of the greatest '' . BBC Sport. 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coach Klinsmann sacked by Bayern '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 27 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ich hätte Bayern zum Titel führen können '' ( I could have won the league ) . Stern TV ( in German ) . 22 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann named coach of U.S Men 's National Team '' . US Soccer. 29 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Horeni , Michael ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Der blitzsaubere Strahlemann '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine ( in German ) . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann gets rare German soccer honor '' . USA Today . 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Jurgen Klinsmann Fired as U.S. Soccer Coach '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Manfred , Tony ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Jurgen Klinsmann : The Charismatic German Who 's Leading The Chase For America 's First World Cup '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Chris ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` Jürgen Klinsmann : One - on - One '' . FourFourTwo . Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann Biographie '' . wissen.de ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsi stand heulend vor mir '' ( Klinsmann stood crying in front of me ) . 11freunde.de ( in German ) . 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Thürmer / Götting : Jürgen Klinsmann -- Vom Weltmeister zum Superstar. 1996 , p. 75f Jump up ^ Blickensdörfer : Jürgen Klinsmann , 1995 , p. 55f Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann Bio '' . TalkFootball. 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Andrew ( 7 March 2004 ) . `` Klinsmann : the rise ... and the falls '' . London : Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann : The rise ... and the falls '' . Observer . London . 7 March 2004 . Retrieved 19 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Thürmer / Götting : Jürgen Klinsmann -- Vom Weltmeister zum Superstar. 1996 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` Jürgen Klinsmann Bio '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Jurgen KLINSMANN -- Tottenham Hotspur FC -- Biography 1994 / 95 , 1997 / 98 '' . sporting-heroes.net . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 13 August 1995 ) . `` Club - by - club guide : The prospects , the players to watch , the arrivals and departures '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Brave Barnsley go down as Klinsmann saves Spurs '' . Agence France - Presse. 2 May 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann The Player -- Official website '' . Official website . 10 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann : the rise ... and the falls '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . 7 March 2004 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Klinsmann wird neuer DFB - Teamchef '' . kicker ( in German ) . 26 July 2004 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 0 -- 2 Italy ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC Sport. 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits due to ' burned out ' feeling '' . CBS SportsLine.com wire reports . 11 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shock for Germany -- Klinsmann quits as German coach '' . Spiegel Online . 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Klinsmann quits as Germany coach '' . BBC Sport -- World Cup 2006 . 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann to take charge of Bayern '' . The Guardian . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jupp Heynckes wird neuer Bayern - Trainer '' ( in German ) . kicker. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Die harte Kritik von Weltmeister Kroos an Klinsmann '' ( in German ) . Die Welt. 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bayern München '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1 . Bundesliga - Spieltag / Tabelle '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bayern München '' ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lahm : Klinsmann does n't do tactics '' . ESPN FC. 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 3 January 2011 ) . `` Report : Aron Winter To Become Toronto FC Technical Director '' . Goal . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann Named Head Coach of US Men 's National Team '' . ussoccer.com. 29 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Klinsmann trainiert das US - Team '' . kicker ( in German ) . 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann Italy win means a lot '' . miamiherald.com. 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States win fifth Gold Cup title '' . Fox Sports . 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer and Jurgen Klinsmann Agree to Four - Year Contract Extension '' . United States Soccer Federation . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fatsis , Stefan ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Why Jürgen Klinsmann Never Trusted Landon Donovan '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Borg , Simon ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` World Cup : Jurgen Klinsmann explains decision to leave LA Galaxy star Landon Donovan off US national team roster '' . MLSSoccer.com . MLSSoccer.com . Jump up ^ Oshan , Jeremiah ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Jurgen Klinsmann expresses disappointment over son 's tweet about Landon Donovan '' . SBNation . SBNation.com . Jump up ^ Galarcep , Ives ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Klinsmann 's son causes a stir with tweet mocking Donovan 's World Cup omission '' . Soccer By Ives . soccerbyives.net . Jump up ^ `` Group Stage -- Group G -- USA vs PORTUGAL '' . fifa.com . FIFA . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Group State -- Group G USA vs Germany '' . fifa.com . FIFA . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA coach Jurgen Klinsmann proud after exit '' . BBC Sport. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wood winner lifts United States to historic victory in Germany '' . ESPN FC. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' Fixtures & Results 2004 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' Fixtures & Results 2005 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' Fixtures & Results 2006 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA '' Fixtures & Results 2011 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA '' Fixtures & Results 2012 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA '' Fixtures & Results 2013 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA '' Fixtures & Results 2014 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA '' Fixtures & Results 2015 `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA '' Fixtures & Results 2016 `` . World Football . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` German Team Visits Holocaust Memorial '' . New York Times . 26 February 1997 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuer die Zukunft lernen '' ( in German ) . www.fuer-die-zukunft-lernen.de . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann to say farewell with charity match '' . Rediff. 22 May 1999 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 19 : `` The Age of `` Klinsmann '' `` . Eight World Cups : My Journey through the Beauty and Dark Side of Soccer . New York City : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9848 - 8 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Amy ( 13 November 2005 ) . `` Jurgen 's hip hop generation '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann may finally be next U.S. soccer coach '' . Yahoo Sports . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Zeigler , Mark ( 7 June 2006 ) . `` The face of Germany '' . utsandiego.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` J. Klinsmann '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Person '' . klinsmann.com. 16 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ US SOCCER ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Air Klinsmann '' . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' Club matches `` . Worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann -- Century of International Appearances '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jürgen Klinsmann - All internationals '' . eu-football.info . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jürgen Klinsmann '' ( in German ) . fussballdaten.de . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J. Klinsmann '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Player '' . Klinsmann.com . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fußballer des Jahres seit 1960 : Die Siegerliste '' ( in German ) . kicker.de . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER RESULTS '' . IFFHS.de . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weah crowned in Milan '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fairs / UEFA Cup Topscorers '' . RSSSF. 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` FIFA XI _́ s Matches - Full Info '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Trainer des Jahres '' 2006 : Jürgen Klinsmann '' ( in German ) . dfb.de. 9 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' The CONCACAF Awards 2013 `` '' . concacaf.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJürgen Klinsmannat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Sporting positions Preceded by Lothar Matthäus Germany captain 1994 -- 1998 Succeeded by Oliver Bierhoff Awards FIFA 100 UEFA Baggio Ballack Banks Baresi Van Basten Beckenbauer Beckham Bergkamp Bergomi Best Boniek Boniperti Breitner Buffon Butragueño Cantona Ceulemans Charlton Cruyff Dalglish Dasayev Davids Del Piero Desailly Deschamps Emre Eusébio Facchetti Figo Fontaine Gullit Hagi Henry Kahn Keane Keegan R. van de Kerkhof W. van de Kerkhof Klinsmann Kluivert Kopa B. Laudrup M. Laudrup Lineker Luis Enrique Maier Maldini Masopust Matthäus Müller Nedvěd Neeskens Nesta Van Nistelrooy Owen Papin Pfaff Pirès Platini Puskás Raúl Rensenbrink Rijkaard Rivera Rossi Rui Costa Rummenigge Rüştü Schmeichel Seedorf Seeler Shearer Shevchenko Stoichkov Šuker Thuram Totti Trésor Trezeguet Van der Elst Vieira Vieri Zidane Zoff CONMEBOL Carlos Alberto Batistuta Cafu Crespo Cubillas Di Stéfano Falcão Figueroa Francescoli Júnior Kempes Maradona Passarella Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Romero Ronaldinho Ronaldo Djalma Santos Nílton Santos Saviola Sívori Sócrates Valderrama Verón Zamorano Zanetti Zico CAF Diouf Milla Okocha Abedi Pelé Weah CONCACAF Akers Hamm Sánchez AFC Hong Nakata UEFA European Championship winning captains 1960 : Netto 1964 : Olivella 1968 : Facchetti 1972 : Beckenbauer 1976 : Ondruš 1980 : Dietz 1984 : Platini 1988 : Gullit 1992 : Olsen 1996 : Klinsmann 2000 : Deschamps 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2016 : Ronaldo UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers UEFA Cup 1971 -- 72 : Bründl 1972 -- 73 : Heynckes & Jeuring 1973 -- 74 : Schoenmaker 1974 -- 75 : Heynckes 1975 -- 76 : Geels 1976 -- 77 : Bowles 1977 -- 78 : Deijkers & Ponte 1978 -- 79 : Simonsen 1979 -- 80 : Hoeneß & Nickel 1980 -- 81 : Wark 1981 -- 82 : Nilsson 1982 -- 83 : Filipović 1983 -- 84 : Nyilasi 1984 -- 85 : Bahtić & Bannister 1985 -- 86 : Allofs 1986 -- 87 : Cascavel , Houtman , Kieft & Rantanen 1987 -- 88 : Brylle & Saravakos 1988 -- 89 : Gütschow 1989 -- 90 : Götz & Riedle 1990 -- 91 : Völler 1991 -- 92 : Saunders 1992 -- 93 : Baticle 1993 -- 94 : Bergkamp & Schmitt 1994 -- 95 : Kirsten 1996 -- 96 : Klinsmann 1996 -- 97 : Ganz 1997 -- 98 : Guivarc'h 1998 -- 99 : Chiesa & Kovačević & Kulawik 1999 -- 2000 : Kovačević 2000 -- 01 : Berbatov & Bolo 2001 -- 02 : Van Hooijdonk 2002 -- 03 : Derlei & Larsson 2003 -- 04 : Anderson 2004 -- 05 : Shearer 2005 -- 06 : Delgado 2006 -- 07 : Pandiani 2007 -- 08 : Pogrebnyak & Toni 2008 -- 09 : Vágner Love UEFA Europa League 2009 -- 10 : Cardozo & Pizarro 2010 -- 11 : Falcao 2011 -- 12 : Falcao 2012 -- 13 : Kozák 2013 -- 14 : Soriano 2014 -- 15 : Alan & Lukaku 2015 -- 16 : Aduriz 2016 -- 17 : Džeko & Giuliano 2017 -- 18 : Aduriz & Immobile Bundesliga top scorers 1964 : Seeler 1965 : Brunnenmeier 1966 : Emmerich 1967 : Emmerich & G. Müller 1968 : Löhr 1969 : G. Müller 1970 : G. Müller 1971 : Kobluhn 1972 : G. Müller 1973 : G. Müller 1974 : Heynckes & G. Müller 1975 : Heynckes 1976 : Fischer 1977 : D. Müller 1978 : D. Müller & G. Müller 1979 : K. Allofs 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Hrubesch 1983 : Völler 1984 : Rummenigge 1985 : K. Allofs 1986 : Kuntz 1987 : Rahn 1988 : Klinsmann 1989 : T. Allofs & Wohlfarth 1990 : Andersen 1991 : Wohlfarth 1992 : Walter 1993 : Kirsten & Yeboah 1994 : Kuntz & Yeboah 1995 : Basler & Herrlich 1996 : Bobic 1997 : Kirsten 1998 : Kirsten 1999 : Preetz 2000 : Max 2001 : Barbarez & Sand 2002 : Amoroso & Max 2003 : Christiansen & Élber 2004 : Aílton 2005 : Mintál 2006 : Klose 2007 : Gekas 2008 : Toni 2009 : Grafite 2010 : Džeko 2011 : Gómez 2012 : Huntelaar 2013 : Kießling 2014 : Lewandowski 2015 : Meier 2016 : Lewandowski 2017 : Aubameyang 2018 : Lewandowski German Footballer of the Year 1960 : Seeler 1961 : Morlock 1962 : Schnellinger 1963 : Schäfer 1964 : Seeler 1965 : Tilkowski 1966 : Beckenbauer 1967 : Müller 1968 : Beckenbauer 1969 : Müller 1970 : Seeler 1971 : Vogts 1972 : Netzer 1973 : Netzer 1974 : Beckenbauer 1975 : Maier 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Maier 1978 : Maier 1979 : Vogts 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Breitner 1982 : K. Förster 1983 : Völler 1984 : Schumacher 1985 : Briegel 1986 : Schumacher 1987 : Rahn 1988 : Klinsmann 1989 : Häßler 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Kuntz 1992 : Häßler 1993 : Köpke 1994 : Klinsmann 1995 : Sammer 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Kohler 1998 : Bierhoff 1999 : Matthäus 2000 : Kahn 2001 : Kahn 2002 : Ballack 2003 : Ballack 2004 : Aílton 2005 : Ballack 2006 : Klose 2007 : Gómez 2008 : Ribéry 2009 : Grafite 2010 : Robben 2011 : Neuer 2012 : Reus 2013 : Schweinsteiger 2014 : Neuer 2015 : De Bruyne 2016 : Boateng 2017 : Lahm 2018 : Kroos FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year 1987 : Mabbutt 1988 : Waddle 1989 : Thorstvedt 1990 : Gascoigne 1991 : Allen 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Anderton 1994 : Klinsmann 1995 : Sheringham 1996 : Campbell 1997 : Campbell 1998 : Ginola 1999 : Carr 2000 : Carr 2001 : Sullivan 2002 : Davies 2003 : Keane 2004 : Defoe 2005 : Award not given 2006 : Keane 2007 : Berbatov 2008 : Keane 2009 : Lennon 2010 : Dawson 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Parker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Eriksen 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alderweireld 2017 : Eriksen 2018 : Vertonghen 1994 -- 95 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Flowers DF : Jones DF : Pallister DF : Hendry DF : Le Saux MF : Sherwood MF : Le Tissier MF : Ince FW : Klinsmann FW : Sutton FW : Shearer IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 1991 : Papin 1992 : Bergkamp 1993 : Al - Owairan 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Daei 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Al - Huwaidi 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Rivaldo 2001 : Al - Dhabit 2002 : van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Daei 2005 : Adriano 2006 : Suazo 2007 : Mputu 2008 : Rico 2009 : Okazaki 2010 : Al - Mutawa 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Ronaldo 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Lewandowski 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Ronaldo 1990 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Defenders Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Midfielders Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Forwards Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann UEFA Euro 1996 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers David Seaman Andreas Köpke Defenders Radoslav Látal Laurent Blanc Marcel Desailly Matthias Sammer Paolo Maldini Midfielders Didier Deschamps Steve McManaman Paul Gascoigne Rui Costa Karel Poborský Dieter Eilts Forwards Alan Shearer Hristo Stoichkov Davor Šuker Youri Djorkaeff Pavel Kuka Jürgen Klinsmann German Football Manager of the Year 2002 : Toppmöller 2003 : Magath 2004 : Schaaf 2005 : Magath 2006 : Klinsmann 2007 : Veh 2008 : Hitzfeld 2009 : Magath 2010 : Van Gaal 2011 : Klopp 2012 : Klopp 2013 : Heynckes 2014 : Löw 2015 : Hecking 2016 : Schuster 2017 : Nagelsmann 2018 : Heynckes International tournaments West Germany squads West Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 Semi-finalists 1 Immel 2 Buchwald 3 Brehme 4 Kohler 5 Herget 6 Borowka 7 Littbarski 8 Matthäus ( c ) 9 Völler 10 Thon 11 Mill 12 Illgner 13 Wuttke 14 Berthold 15 Pflügler 16 Eckstein 17 Dorfner 18 Klinsmann 19 Sauer 20 Rolff Coach : Beckenbauer West Germany football squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medalists 1 Reck 2 Schulz 3 Görtz 4 Funkel 5 Hörster 6 Janßen 7 Bommer 8 Fach 9 Klinsmann 10 Wuttke 11 Mill 12 Kamps 13 Grahammer 14 Häßler 15 Schreier 16 Walter 17 Sievers 18 Kleppinger 19 Riedle 20 Sauer Coach : Löhr West Germany squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Illgner 2 Reuter 3 Brehme 4 Kohler 5 Augenthaler 6 Buchwald 7 Littbarski 8 Häßler 9 Völler 10 Matthäus ( c ) 11 Mill 12 Aumann 13 Riedle 14 Berthold 15 Bein 16 Steiner 17 Möller 18 Klinsmann 19 Pflügler 20 Thon 21 Hermann 22 Köpke Coach : Beckenbauer Germany squads Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 1992 runners - up 1 Illgner 2 Reuter 3 Brehme ( c ) 4 Kohler 5 Binz 6 Buchwald 7 Möller 8 Häßler 9 Völler 10 Doll 11 Riedle 12 Köpke 13 Thom 14 Helmer 15 Frontzeck 16 Sammer 17 Effenberg 18 Klinsmann 19 Schulz 20 Wörns Coach : Vogts Germany squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Illgner 2 Strunz 3 Brehme 4 Kohler 5 Helmer 6 Buchwald 7 Möller 8 Häßler 9 Riedle 10 Matthäus ( c ) 11 Kuntz 12 Köpke 13 Völler 14 Berthold 15 Gaudino 16 Sammer 17 Wagner 18 Klinsmann 19 Kirsten 20 Effenberg 21 Basler 22 Kahn Coach : Vogts Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Köpke 2 Reuter 3 Bode 4 Freund 5 Helmer 6 Sammer 7 Möller 8 Scholl 9 Bobic 10 Häßler 11 Kuntz 12 Kahn 13 Basler 14 Babbel 15 Kohler 16 Schneider 17 Ziege 18 Klinsmann ( c ) 19 Strunz 20 Bierhoff 21 Eilts 22 Reck 23 Todt Coach : Vogts Germany squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Köpke 2 Wörns 3 Heinrich 4 Kohler 5 Helmer 6 Thon 7 Möller 8 Matthäus 9 Kirsten 10 Häßler 11 Marschall 12 Kahn 13 Jeremies 14 Babbel 15 Freund 16 Hamann 17 Ziege 18 Klinsmann ( c ) 19 Reuter 20 Bierhoff 21 Tarnat 22 Lehmann Coach : Vogts Germany squad -- 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Kahn 2 Hinkel 3 Friedrich 4 Huth 5 Owomoyela 6 Engelhardt 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Frings 9 Hanke 10 Deisler 11 Brdarić 12 Lehmann 13 Ballack ( c ) 14 Asamoah 15 Ernst 16 Hitzlsperger 17 Mertesacker 18 Borowski 19 Schneider 20 Podolski 21 Schulz 22 Kurányi 23 Hildebrand Coach : Klinsmann Germany squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Lehmann 2 Jansen 3 Friedrich 4 Huth 5 Kehl 6 Nowotny 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Frings 9 Hanke 10 Neuville 11 Klose 12 Kahn 13 Ballack ( c ) 14 Asamoah 15 Hitzlsperger 16 Lahm 17 Mertesacker 18 Borowski 19 Schneider 20 Podolski 21 Metzelder 22 Odonkor 23 Hildebrand Coach : Klinsmann United States squads United States squad -- 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 5th title ) 1 Rimando 2 Castillo 3 Ashe 4 Orozco 5 Onyewu 6 Corona 7 Beasley ( c ) 8 Diskerud 9 Gomez 10 Donovan 11 Holden 12 S. Johnson 13 Beltran 14 Beckerman 15 Parkhurst 16 Torres 17 Bruin 18 McInerney 19 Wondolowski 20 Bedoya 21 Goodson 22 Hamid 23 Shea 24 Gonzalez 25 Besler 26 E. Johnson 27 Gordon Coach : Klinsmann United States squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Howard 2 Yedlin 3 Gonzalez 4 Bradley 5 Besler 6 Brooks 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey ( c ) 9 Jóhannsson 10 Diskerud 11 Bedoya 12 Guzan 13 Jones 14 Davis 15 Beckerman 16 Green 17 Altidore 18 Wondolowski 19 Zusi 20 Cameron 21 Chandler 22 Rimando 23 Johnson Coach : Klinsmann United States squad -- 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Fourth Place 1 Guzan 2 Yedlin 3 Gonzalez 4 Bradley ( c ) 5 Beckerman 6 Brooks 7 Morales 8 Dempsey 9 Jóhannsson 10 Diskerud 11 Bedoya 12 Rimando 13 Alvarado 14 Garza 15 Ream 16 Evans 17 Altidore 18 Wondolowski 19 Zusi 20 Zardes 21 Chandler 22 Yarbrough 23 Johnson 24 Corona 25 Beasley 26 Gordon Coach : Klinsmann United States squad -- 2016 Copa América Centenario Fourth Place 1 Guzan 2 Yedlin 3 Birnbaum 4 Bradley ( c ) 5 Besler 6 Brooks 7 Wood 8 Dempsey 9 Zardes 10 Nagbe 11 Bedoya 12 Howard 13 Jones 14 Orozco 15 Beckerman 16 Kitchen 17 Pulisic 18 Wondolowski 19 Zusi 20 Cameron 21 Castillo 22 Horvath 23 Johnson Coach : Klinsmann Managerial positions Germany national football team -- managers DFB committee ( 1908 -- 26 ) Nerz ( 1926 -- 36 ) Herberger ( 1936 -- 64 ) Schön ( 1964 -- 78 ) Derwall ( 1978 -- 84 ) Beckenbauer ( 1984 -- 90 ) Vogts ( 1990 -- 98 ) Ribbeck ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Völler ( 2000 -- 04 ) Klinsmann ( 2004 -- 06 ) Löw ( 2006 -- ) FC Bayern Munich -- managers Hesselink ( 1903 -- ? ) Taylor ( 1907 -- ? ) Hoer ( 1909 -- 11 ) Taylor ( 1911 ) Griffiths ( 1911 -- 12 ) Townley ( 1914 ) Kreisel ( 1915 ) Baumann ( 1916 -- 17 ) Kirstner ( 1917 -- 18 ) Storch ( 1918 -- 19 ) Townley ( 1919 -- 21 ) Schmid ( 1921 -- 24 ) McPherson ( 1924 -- 27 ) Weisz ( 1927 -- 28 ) Konrád ( 1928 -- 30 ) Kohn ( 1931 -- 33 ) Tauchert ( 1933 -- 34 ) Hofmann ( 1934 -- 35 ) Michalke ( 1935 -- 37 ) Körner ( 1937 -- 38 ) Goldbrunner ( 1938 -- 43 ) Heidkamp ( 1943 -- 45 ) Högg ( 1945 -- 46 ) Pöttinger ( 1946 -- 47 ) Riemke ( 1947 ) Dietl ( 1947 -- 48 ) Riemke ( 1948 -- 50 ) Davison ( 1950 -- 51 ) Riemke ( 1951 ) Schäfer ( 1951 -- 53 ) Bayerer ( 1953 -- 54 ) Knöpfle ( 1954 ) Streitle ( 1954 -- 55 ) Moll ( 1955 -- 56 ) Hahn ( 1956 -- 58 ) Moll ( 1958 ) Patek ( 1958 -- 61 ) Schneider ( 1961 -- 63 ) Čajkovski ( 1963 -- 68 ) Zebec ( 1968 -- 70 ) Lattek ( 1970 -- 75 ) Cramer ( 1975 -- 77 ) Lóránt ( 1977 -- 79 ) Csernai ( 1979 -- 83 ) Saftig ( 1983 ) Lattek ( 1983 -- 87 ) Heynckes ( 1987 -- 91 ) Lerby ( 1991 -- 92 ) Ribbeck ( 1992 -- 93 ) Beckenbauer ( 1994 ) Trapattoni ( 1994 -- 95 ) Rehhagel ( 1995 -- 96 ) Beckenbauer ( 1996 ) Trapattoni ( 1996 -- 98 ) Hitzfeld ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Magath ( 2004 -- 07 ) Hitzfeld ( 2007 -- 08 ) Klinsmann ( 2008 -- 09 ) Heynckes ( 2009 ) Van Gaal ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonker ( 2011 ) Heynckes ( 2011 -- 13 ) Guardiola ( 2013 -- 16 ) Ancelotti ( 2016 -- 17 ) Sagnol ( 2017 ) Heynckes ( 2017 -- 18 ) Kovač ( 2018 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager United States men 's national soccer team -- Head coaches Cahill ( 1916 ) Burford ( 1924 ) Agar ( 1925 -- 26 ) Burford ( 1928 ) Millar ( 1930 ) Gould ( 1934 ) Lloyd ( 1937 ) Brown ( 1947 ) Giesler ( 1948 -- 49 ) Jeffrey ( 1950 ) Wood ( 1952 ) Schwarz ( 1953 -- 55 ) Meyer ( 1957 ) Reed ( 1959 -- 61 ) Herberger ( 1964 ) Meyer ( 1965 ) Woosnam ( 1968 ) Jago ( 1969 ) Kehoe ( 1971 -- 72 ) Wosniak ( 1973 ) E. Chyzowych ( 1973 ) G. Bradley ( 1973 ) Cramer ( 1974 ) Miller ( 1975 ) Schellscheidt ( 1975 ) W. Chyzowych ( 1976 -- 80 ) Gansler ( 1982 ) Panagoulias ( 1983 -- 85 ) Osiander ( 1986 -- 88 ) Gansler ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Kowalski ( 1991 ) Milutinović ( 1991 -- 95 ) Sampson ( 1995 -- 98 ) Arena ( 1998 -- 2006 ) B. Bradley ( 2006 -- 11 ) Klinsmann ( 2011 -- 16 ) Arena ( 2016 -- 17 ) Sarachan ( 2017 -- ) ( i ) = interim head coach GND : 118841181 LCCN : n2016020532 VIAF : 311575335 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Jürgen_Klinsmann&oldid = 850406575 '' Categories : 1964 births Living people People from Göppingen Sportspeople from Baden - Württemberg 1990 FIFA World Cup players 1994 FIFA World Cup players 1998 FIFA World Cup players 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup managers 2006 FIFA World Cup managers AS Monaco FC players FC Bayern Munich managers FC Bayern Munich footballers Inter Milan players FIFA 100 FIFA Century Club FIFA World Cup - winning players Bundesliga players 2 . Bundesliga players Bundesliga managers CONCACAF Gold Cup - winning managers Association football forwards Footballers at the 1988 Summer Olympics Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Italy Expatriate footballers in Monaco Expatriate soccer players in the United States German expatriate footballers German expatriates in Italy German expatriates in Monaco German expatriates in England German expatriates in the United States German footballers German football managers Germany international footballers Germany national football team managers Germany under - 21 international footballers Germany youth international footballers Kicker - Torjägerkanone Award winners Ligue 1 players Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Orange County Blue Star players Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany Olympic footballers of West Germany Sportspeople from Newport Beach , California Premier League players Serie A players Stuttgarter Kickers players Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players U.C. 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954595084521353145 | Monera | Monera - wikipedia Monera Jump to : navigation , search `` Monora '' redirects here . For the Romanian village of Mănărade , called Monora in Hungarian , see Blaj . Monera Scientific classification Included groups Bacteria and Archaea Excluded groups Domain Eukaryota Monera ( Greek - μονήρης ( monḗrēs ) , `` single '' , `` solitary '' ) ( / məˈnɪərə / mə - NEER - ə ) is a kingdom that contained unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization ( having no nuclear membrane ) , such as bacteria . They are single - celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane ( prokaryotic organisms ) . The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 . Subsequently , the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton . The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five - kingdom classification system established by Robert Whittaker in 1969 . Under the three - domain system of taxonomy , introduced by Carl Woese in 1977 , which reflects the evolutionary history of life , the organisms found in kingdom Monera have been divided into two domains , Archaea and Bacteria ( with Eukarya as the third domain ) . Furthermore , the taxon Monera is paraphyletic ( does not include all descendants of their most - recent common ancestor ) , as Archaea and Eukarya are currently believed to be more closely related than either is to Bacteria . The term `` moneran '' is the informal name of members of this group and is still sometimes used ( as is the term `` prokaryote '' ) to denote a member of either domain . Most bacteria were classified under Monera ; however , Cyanobacteria ( often called the blue - green algae ) were initially classified under Plantae due to their ability to photosynthesize Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Haeckel 's classification 1.2 Subsequent classifications 1.3 Rise to prominence 1.4 Three - domain system 2 Blue - green algae 3 Summary 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : Bacterial taxonomy Haeckel 's classification ( edit ) Tree of Life in Generelle Morphologie der Organismen ( 1866 ) Traditionally the natural world was classified as animal , vegetable , or mineral as in Systema Naturae . After the development of the microscope , attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdoms . In 1676 , Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and called them `` animalcules , '' assigning them to the class Vermes of the Animalia . Due to the limited tools -- the sole references for this group were shape , behaviour , and habitat -- the description of genera and their classification was extremely limited , which was accentuated by the perceived lack of importance of the group . Ten years after The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin , in 1866 Ernst Haeckel , a supporter of evolution , proposed a three - kingdom system which added the Protista as a new kingdom that contained most microscopic organisms . One of his eight major divisions of Protista was composed of the monerans ( called Moneres by Haeckel ) , which he defined as completely structureless and homogeneous organisms , consisting only of a piece of plasma . Haeckel 's Monera included not only bacterial groups of early discovery but also several small eukaryotic organisms ; in fact the genus Vibrio is the only bacterial genus explicitly assigned to the phylum , while others are mentioned indirectly , which led Copeland to speculate that Haeckel considered all bacteria to belong to the genus Vibrio , ignoring other bacterial genera . One notable exception were the members of the modern phylum Cyanobacteria , such as Nostoc , which were placed in the phylum Archephyta of Algae ( vide infra : Blue - green algae ) . The Neolatin noun Monera and the German noun Moneren / Moneres are derived from the ancient Greek noun moneres ( ) which Haeckel states to mean `` simple '' , however it actually means `` single , solitary '' . Haeckel also describes the protist genus Monas in the two pages about Monera in his 1866 book . The informal name of a member of the Monera was initially moneron , but later moneran was used . Due to its lack of features , the phylum was not fully subdivided , but the genera therein were divided into two groups : die Gymnomoneren ( no envelope ( sic . ) ) : Gymnomonera Protogenes -- such as Protogenes primordialis , an unidentified amoeba ( eukaryote ) and not a bacterium Protamaeba -- an incorrectly described / fabricated species Vibrio -- a genus of comma - shaped bacteria first described in 1854 Bacterium -- a genus of rod - shaped bacteria first described in 1828 . Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera . Bacillus -- a genus of spore - forming rod - shaped bacteria first described in 1835 Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera kingdom . Spirochaeta -- thin spiral - shaped bacteria first described in 1835 Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera . Spirillum -- spiral - shaped bacteria first described in 1832 Haeckel does not explicitly assign this genus to the Monera . etc. : Haeckel does provide a comprehensive list . die Lepomoneren ( with envelope ) : Lepomonera Protomonas -- identified to a synonym of Monas , a flagellated protozoan , and not a bacterium . The name was reused in 1984 for an unrelated genus of bacteria . Vampyrella -- now classed as a eukaryote and not a bacterium . Subsequent classifications ( edit ) Like Protista , the Monera classification was not fully followed at first and several different ranks were used and located with animals , plants , protists or fungi . Furthermore , Häkel 's classification lacked specificity and was not exhaustive -- it in fact covers only a few pages -- , consequently a lot of confusion arose even to the point that the Monera did not contain bacterial genera and others according to Huxley . They were first recognized as a kingdom by Enderlein in 1925 ( Bakterien - Cyclogenie . de Gruyter , Berlin ) . The most popular scheme was created in 1859 by C. Von Nägeli who classified non-phototrophic Bacteria as the class Schizomycetes . The class Schizomycetes was then emended by Walter Migula ( along with the coinage of the genus Pseudomonas in 1894 ) and others . This term was in dominant use even in 1916 as reported by Robert Earle Buchanan , as it had priority over other terms such as Monera . However , starting with Ferdinand Cohn in 1872 the term bacteria ( or in German Bacterien ) became prominently used to informally describe this group of species without a nucleus : Bacterium was in fact a genus created in 1828 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Additionally , Cohn divided the bacteria according to shape namely : Spherobacteria for the cocci Microbacteria for the short , non-filamentous rods Desmobacteria for the longer , filamentous rods and Spirobacteria for the spiral forms . Successively , Cohn created the Schizophyta of Plants which contained the non-photrophic bacteria in the family Schizomycetes and the phototrophic bacteria ( blue green algae / Cyanobacteria ) in the Schizophyceae This union of blue green algae and Bacteria was much later followed by Haeckel , who classified the two families in a revised phylum Monera in the Protista . Stanier and van Neil ( 1941 , The main outlines of bacterial classification . J Bacteriol 42 : 437 - 466 ) recognized the Kingdom Monera with 2 phyla , Myxophyta and Schizomycetae , the latter comprising classes Eubacteriae ( 3 orders ) , Myxobacteriae ( 1 order ) , and Spirochetae ( 1 order ) ; Bisset ( 1962 , Bacteria , 2nd ed. , Livingston , London ) distinguished 1 class and 4 orders : Eubacteriales , Actinomycetales , Streptomycetales , and Flexibacteriales ; Orla - Jensen ( 1909 , Die Hauptlinien des naturalischen Bakteriensystems nebst einer Ubersicht der Garungsphenomene . Zentr . Bakt . Parasitenk. , II , 22 : 305 - 346 ) and Bergey et al ( 1925 , Bergey 's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology , Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins Co . ) with many subsequent editions ) also presented classifications . Rise to prominence ( edit ) The term Monera became well established in the 20s and 30s when to rightfully increase the importance of the difference between species with a nucleus and without , In 1925 Édouard Chatton divided all living organisms into two empires Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : the Kingdom Monera being the sole member of the Prokaryotes empire . The anthropic importance of the crown group of animals , plants and fungi was hard to depose ; consequently , several other megaclassification schemes ignored on the empire rank but maintained the kingdom Monera consisting of bacteria , such Copeland in 1938 and Whittaker in 1969 . The latter classification system was widely followed , in which Robert Whittaker proposed a five kingdom system for classification of living organisms . Whittaker 's system placed most single celled organisms into either the prokaryotic Monera or the eukaryotic Protista . The other three kingdoms in his system were the eukaryotic Fungi , Animalia , and Plantae . Whittaker , however , did not believe that all his kingdoms were monophyletic . Whittaker subdivided the kingdom into two branches containing several phyla : Myxomonera branch Cyanophyta , now called Cyanobacteria Myxobacteria Mastigomonera branch Eubacteriae Actinomycota Spirochaetae Alternative commonly followed subdivision systems were based on Gram stains . This culminated in the Gibbons and Murray classification of 1978 : Gracilicutes ( gram negative ) Photobacteria ( photosynthetic ) : class Oxyphotobacteriae ( water as electron acceptor , includes the order Cyanobacteriales = blue green algae , now phylum Cyanobacteria ) and class Anoxyphotobacteriae ( anaerobic phototrophs , orders : Rhodospirillales and Chlorobiales Scotobacteria ( non-photosynthetic , now the Proteobacteria and other gram negative nonphotosynthetic phyla ) Firmacutes ( sic ) ( gram positive , subsequently corrected to Firmicutes ) several orders such as Bacillales and Actinomycetales ( now in the phylum Actinobacteria ) Mollicutes ( gram variable , e.g. Mycoplasma ) Mendocutes ( uneven gram stain , `` methanogenic bacteria '' now known as the Archaea ) Three - domain system ( edit ) Main article : Three - domain system For current subdivision of Bacteria , see Bacterial phyla . In 1977 , a PNAS paper by Carl Woese and George Fox demonstrated that the archaea ( initially called archaebacteria ) are not significantly closer in relationship to the bacteria than they are to eukaryotes . The paper received front - page coverage in The New York Times , and great controversy initially . The conclusions have since become accepted , leading to replacement of the kingdom Monera with the two kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea . A minority of scientists , including Thomas Cavalier - Smith , continue to reject the widely accepted division between these two groups . Cavalier - Smith has published classifications in which the archaebacteria are part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria . Blue - green algae ( edit ) Main article : cyanobacteria Although it was generally accepted that one could distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes on the basis of the presence of a nucleus , mitosis versus binary fission as a way of reproducing , size , and other traits , the monophyly of the kingdom Monera ( or for that matter , whether classification should be according to phylogeny ) was controversial for many decades . Although distinguishing between prokaryotes from eukaryotes as a fundamental distinction is often credited to a 1937 paper by Édouard Chatton ( little noted until 1962 ) , he did not emphasize this distinction more than other biologists of his era . Roger Stanier and C.B. van Niel believed that the bacteria ( a term which at the time did not include blue - green algae ) and the blue - green algae had a single origin , a conviction which culminated in Stanier writing in a letter in 1970 , `` I think it is now quite evident that the blue - green algae are not distinguishable from bacteria by any fundamental feature of their cellular organization '' . Other researchers , such as E.G. Pringsheim writing in 1949 , suspected separate origins for bacteria and blue - green algae . In 1974 , the influential Bergey 's Manual published a new edition coining the term cyanobacteria to refer to what had been called blue - green algae , marking the acceptance of this group within the Monera . Summary ( edit ) Linnaeus 1735 Haeckel 1866 Chatton 1925 Copeland 1938 Whittaker 1969 Woese et al . Cavalier - Smith 1998 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 6 kingdoms ( not treated ) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa Chromista Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) § Summary Monerans are a group of organisms having prokaryotic structure . Archaea differ from Bacteria in having a different 16Ssrna . They also have a different cell wall structure . See also ( edit ) Bacterial cell structure Endosymbiont Kingdom ( biology ) Prokaryote Symbiogenesis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Moneran '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 2011 , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 ^ Jump up to : Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ( 1867 ) . Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer , Berlin . ISBN 1 - 144 - 00186 - 2 . Jump up ^ van Leeuwenhoek A ( 1684 ) . `` An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leevvenhoek at Delft , dated Sep. 17 , 1683 , Containing Some Microscopical Observations , about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth , the Substance Call 'd Worms in the Nose , the Cuticula Consisting of Scales '' . Philosophical Transactions ( 1683 -- 1775 ) . 14 ( 155 -- 166 ) : 568 -- 574 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1684.0030 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ van Leeuwenhoek A ( 1700 ) . `` Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek , concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers , Gnats , and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Transactions ( 1684 -- 1775 ) . 22 ( 260 -- 276 ) : 509 -- 518 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1700.0013 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ van Leeuwenhoek A ( 1702 ) . `` Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek , F.R.S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water , and Some Animalcula Found about Them '' . Philosophical Transactions ( 1683 -- 1775 ) . 23 ( 277 -- 288 ) : 1304 -- 11 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1702.0042 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Don J. Brenner ; Noel R. Krieg ; James T. Staley ( July 26 , 2005 ) ( 1984 ( Williams & Wilkins ) ) . George M. Garrity , ed . Introductory Essays . Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2A ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Springer . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 24143 - 2 . British Library no . GBA561951 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , H. ( 1938 ) . `` The kingdoms of organisms '' . Quarterly Review of Biology . 13 : 383 -- 420 . doi : 10.1086 / 394568 . Jump up ^ Woese , C.R. ( 1987 ) . `` Bacterial evolution '' . Microbiological Reviews . 51 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 271 . PMC 373105 . PMID 2439888 . Jump up ^ μονήρης . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . ^ Jump up to : Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe ( 1880 ) . Zoological classification ; a handy book of reference with tables of the subkingdoms , classes , orders , etc. , of the animal kingdom , their characters and lists of the families and principal genera . Jump up ^ PACINI ( F . ) : Osservazione microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico . Gazette Medicale de Italiana Toscano Firenze , 1854 , 6 , 405 - 412 . Jump up ^ EHRENBERG ( C.G. ) : Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes . Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus den Jahren 1833 - 1835 , 1835 , pp. 143 - 336 . Jump up ^ EHRENBERG ( C.G. ) : Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes . Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ( Berlin ) aus den Jahre 1833 - 1835 , pp. 143 - 336 . Jump up ^ EHRENBERG ( C.G. ) : Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organization der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung besonders in Sibirien . Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin , 1832 , 1830 , 1 - 88 . Jump up ^ Protomonas entry in LPSN ( Euzéby , J.P. ( 1997 ) . `` List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature : a folder available on the Internet '' . Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 ( 2 ) : 590 -- 2 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713 - 47 - 2 - 590 . ISSN 0020 - 7713 . PMID 9103655. ) Jump up ^ C. Von Nägeli ( 1857 ) . R. Caspary , ed . `` Bericht über die Verhandlungen der 33 . Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte , gehalten in Bonn von 18 bis 24 September 1857 '' ( Report on the negotiations on 33 Meeting of German Natural Scientists and Physicians , held in Bonn , 18 to 24 September 1857 ) . Botanische Zeitung. 15 : 749 -- 776 . Jump up ^ Migula W ( 1894 ) . `` Über ein neues System der Bakterien '' . Arb Bakteriol Inst Karlsruhe. 1 : 235 -- 328 . Jump up ^ CHESTER F.D. ( 1897 ) . `` Classification of the Schizomycetes '' . Annual Report Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station . 9 : 62 . Jump up ^ Buchanan RE ( Nov 1916 ) . `` Studies in the Nomenclature and Classification of Bacteria : The Problem of Bacterial Nomenclature '' . J Bacteriol. 1 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 6 . PMC 378679 . PMID 16558720 . Jump up ^ Ferdinand Cohn ( 1872 ) . `` Untersuchungen uber Bakterien '' . Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 1 . pp. 127 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Ferdinand Cohn ( 1875 ) . `` Untersuchungen uber Bakterien '' . Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 1 . pp. 141 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Ernst Haeckel . The Wonders of Life . Translated by Joseph McCabe . New York and London . I904 . ^ Jump up to : Chatton , É. ( 1925 ) . `` Pansporella perplexa . Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires '' . Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10 - VII : 1 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : RH Whittaker ( 1969 ) . `` New concepts of kingdoms or organisms . Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms '' . Science . 163 ( 3863 ) : 150 -- 160 . Bibcode : 1969Sci ... 163 ... 150W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 163.3863. 150 . PMID 5762760 . ^ Jump up to : Jan Sapp ( June 2005 ) . `` The Prokaryote - Eukaryote Dichotomy : Meanings and Mythology '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 69 ( 2 ) : 292 -- 305 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 69.2. 292 - 305.2005 . PMC 1197417 . PMID 15944457 . Jump up ^ GIBBONS ( N.E. ) and MURRAY ( R.G.E. ) : Proposals concerning the higher taxa of bacteria . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , 1978 , 28 , 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ MURRAY ( R.G.E. ) : The higher taxa , or , a place for everything ... ? In : N.R. KRIEG and J.G. HOLT ( ed . ) Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology , vol. 1 , The Williams & Wilkins Co. , Baltimore , 1984 , p. 31 - 34 Jump up ^ Lyons , Richard D. ( Nov 3 , 1977 ) . `` Scientists Discover a Form of Life That Predates Higher Organisms '' . The New York Times . pp. A1 , A20 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Holland L. ( 22 May 1990 ) . `` Woese , Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution '' . scientist . 4 ( 10 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cavalier - Smith , T. ( 1998 ) . `` A revised six - kingdom system of life '' . Biological Reviews . 73 ( 03 ) : 203 -- 66 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1998. tb00030. x . PMID 9809012 . Jump up ^ Roger Stanier to Peter Raven , 5 November 1970 , National Archives of Canada , MG 31 , accession J35 , vol. 6 , as quoted in Sapp , 2005 Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C. ( 1735 ) . Systemae Naturae , sive regna tria naturae , systematics proposita per classes , ordines , genera & species . Jump up ^ Haeckel , E. ( 1866 ) . Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer , Berlin . Jump up ^ Whittaker , R.H. ( January 1969 ) . `` New concepts of kingdoms of organisms '' . Science . 163 ( 3863 ) : 150 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1969Sci ... 163 ... 150W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 163.3863. 150 . PMID 5762760 . Jump up ^ Woese , C. ; Kandler , O. ; Wheelis , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Towards a natural system of organisms : proposal for the domains Archaea , Bacteria , and Eucarya '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 87 ( 12 ) : 4576 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1990PNAS ... 87.4576 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 87.12. 4576 . PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744 . External links ( edit ) Woese CR ( June 1987 ) . `` Bacterial evolution '' . Microbiol. Rev. 51 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 71 . PMC 373105 . PMID 2439888 . Woese reviewed the historical steps leading to the use of the term `` Monera '' and its later abandonment . What is Monera ? A descriptive details of the entire kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monera&oldid=818498097 '' Categories : Obsolete prokaryote taxa Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu বাংলা Bosanski Català Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-294134548400541220 | Get Me to the Church on Time | Get Me to the Church on Time - Wikipedia Get Me to the Church on Time Jump to : navigation , search `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' Song Released 1956 ( 1956 ) in My Fair Lady Genre Musical theatre Composer ( s ) Frederick Loewe Lyricist ( s ) Alan Jay Lerner Track listing Act I `` Overture '' `` Busker Sequence '' `` Why Ca n't the English ? '' `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` I 'm an Ordinary Man '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck ( Reprise ) '' `` Just You Wait '' `` The Servants ' Chorus ( Poor Professor Higgins ) '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` Ascot Gavotte '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Eliza 's Entrance / Embassy Waltz '' Act II `` You Did It '' `` Just You Wait ( Reprise ) '' `` On the Street Where You Live ( Reprise ) '' `` Show Me '' `` The Flower Market / Would n't It Be Loverly ? ( Reprise ) '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` A Hymn to Him '' `` Without You '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night ( Reprise ) / Finale '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' is a song composed by Frederick Loewe , with lyrics written by Alan Jay Lerner for the 1956 musical My Fair Lady , where it was introduced by Stanley Holloway . It is sung by the cockney character Alfred P. Doolittle , the father of the show 's main character Eliza Doolittle . He has received a surprise bequest of four thousand pounds a year from an American millionaire , raising him to middle - class respectability . Consequently , he feels he must marry Eliza 's `` stepmother '' , the woman with whom he has been living for many years . Doolittle and his friends have one last spree before the wedding and the song is a plea to his friends not to let his drunken merriment forget his good intentions and make sure he gets to his wedding . Covers and parodies ( edit ) On the children 's show Sesame Street , Oscar the Grouch and his girlfriend Grundgetta get engaged by accident , but they agree to get married anyway to have a huge trashy party . Amid the chaos of all the wedding preparations , Oscar sings `` I 'm Getting Married in the Trash Can '' , a spoof of `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' Notable Recordings ( edit ) André Previn and Shelly Manne - My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1956 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings ( 1954 - 56 ) issued by Mosaic Records ( catalog MD7 - 245 ) in 2009 . Johnny Mathis - Swing Softly ( 1958 ) Kay Starr - Movin ' on Broadway ( 1960 ) Rosemary Clooney - Rosie Solves the Swingin ' Riddle ! ( 1961 ) Nat King Cole - Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady ( 1963 ) Stanley Holloway - My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) Andy Williams - The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits ( 1964 ) Frank Sinatra - Sinatra at the Sands ( 1966 ) Mel Tormé - Mel Tormé and the Marty Paich Dektette - Reunion ( 1988 ) June Christy - Through the Years ( 1995 ) The Brian Setzer Orchestra - Jumpin ' East of Java ( 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Get Me To The Church On Time . SongFacts.com . Accessed June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lerner Alan Jay : My Fair Lady - The libretto . Penguin Books Jump up ^ Sesame Street Episode 3609 Street Story Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . My Fair Lady by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( Lerner and Loewe ) Characters Eliza Doolittle Source Pygmalion ( 1912 play ) by George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion ( 1938 film ) by George Bernard Shaw adapted by W.P. Lipscomb and Cecil Lewis Films My Fair Lady ( 1964 film ) The Opening of Misty Beethoven ( 1976 ) Galatea ( 1977 ) Man Pasand ( 1980 ) Albums My Fair Lady ( 1956 Broadway cast recording ) My Fair Lady ( 1956 Shelly Manne album ) My Fair Lady ( 1958 Oscar Peterson Trio album ) Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady ( 1963 album ) My Fair Lady Loves Jazz ( 1964 Billy Taylor album ) The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits ( 1964 Andy Williams album ) Musical numbers `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' Television `` My Fair Laddy '' `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Selfie Related The Street Where I Live This pop standards - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Me_to_the_Church_on_Time&oldid=832768844 '' Categories : 1956 songs Andy Williams songs Songs with music by Frederick Loewe Songs with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner Frank Sinatra songs Songs from My Fair Lady 1950s jazz standards Pop standard stubs Show tune stubs Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 22 : 07 . 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4125633929706347867 | Alcoholic drinks in Canada | Alcoholic drinks in Canada - wikipedia Alcoholic drinks in Canada This article covers various topics involving alcoholic drinks in Canada . The Government of Canada defines an alcoholic drink as `` a beverage containing 1.1 % or more alcohol by volume . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparative consumption 2 Distribution 3 Legal issues 3.1 Age 3.2 Sales 3.3 Consumption 4 Notes 5 See also Comparative consumption ( edit ) Statistics Canada carries out surveys of alcoholic consumption in Canada , divided by territory / province . Average values for the country in 2006 are given in the bottom row of the table . Wine Rank Beer Rank Spirits Rank Total Rank ↓ Yukon 18.3 90.6 13.8 12.7 Northwest Territories 8.1 7 55.2 5 10.8 9.2 Alberta 13.9 89.8 7.6 9 8.6 Newfoundland & Labrador 6.5 11 93.3 7.3 10 8.0 British Columbia 14.5 76.6 12 9.0 7 7.8 5 Ontario 11.8 5 84.3 6 8.8 8 7.8 6 Quebec 17.4 93.9 4.1 12 7.8 7 Prince Edward Island 7.4 10 78.9 9 9.7 7.5 8 Nova Scotia 8.0 8 79.5 8 9.1 5 7.5 9 Manitoba 8.0 9 76.8 10 9.4 7.4 10 Saskatchewan 5.0 12 76.8 11 9.1 6 7.0 11 New Brunswick 8.4 6 79.8 7 6.8 11 6.7 12 Nunavut Data unavailable Canada 13.1 85.6 7.5 7.8 Values for wine , beer and spirits consumption are given in litres per person over 15 , per annum . The total is expressed in litres of absolute alcohol . Distribution ( edit ) Under the Constitution of Canada , responsibility for enacting laws and regulations regarding the sale and distribution of alcoholic drinks in Canada is the sole responsibility of the ten provinces . Canada 's three territories have also been granted similar autonomy over these matters under the provisions of federal legislation . This means that there is a separate agency ( or agencies ) in each province responsible for regulating the consumption of and , in all but one case , the sale of alcoholic drinks . Alberta is currently the only jurisdiction to have completely privatized its retail liquor industry ( the AGLC maintains a monopoly over the wholesale distribution of wine , distilled spirits and imported beer - the distribution operation itself being contracted out to a private operator ) . Most of the other jurisdictions have maintained a total or near - total control over the sale of hard liquor while allowing limited privatisation of country - originated beer and wine sales . Legal issues ( edit ) Age ( edit ) In Canada , there is no federally defined age for legal alcohol purchase or consumption . Each province and territory is free to set its own drinking age . The legal age for purchase is : 19 years of age in BC , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Northwest Territories , Nova Scotia , Nunavut , Ontario , PEI , Saskatchewan , and Yukon 18 years of age in Alberta , Manitoba , and Quebec . In most jurisdictions , alcohol may not be sold to persons of legal age who intend to transfer it to minors . Sales ( edit ) The selling hours of alcohol , both on and off - premises , are also appointed by provincial and territorial jurisdiction , as long as off - premises sale hours do not coincide with curfew hours . Many provinces and territories define the off - premises sale of hard liquor , either by alcohol volume or by quantities thereof , to be sold only within specific hours , which usually correspond to the opening hours of a given vendor . However , in some of them , it is also possible to derogate to the current norm upon applying for a distributor 's licence , under certain circumstances . The on - premises sale is allowed at the discretion of the premise , with the hours being regulated by every province . In general , most provinces have banned `` tied houses '' ( bars that are affiliated with only one alcohol supplier ) , in favour of free houses which sell products from a variety of suppliers . A partial exception is made for brewpubs where a bar and brewery are on the same site . Consumption ( edit ) The consumption of alcohol in public places is generally forbidden , regardless of the time ( in a few provinces and territories this is still not enforced ) , unless a permit to do so is delivered by the responsible municipal authorities . In Quebec the consumption of drinks with low alcohol contents is permitted in public if accompanied by food . In all of the provinces and territories , the consumption of alcohol is forbidden while driving , with Ontario and Quebec also forbidding the possession of open non-empty containers within a motionless vehicle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Labeling Requirements For Alcohol '' , Canadian Food Inspection Agency . Retrieved on 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAQ Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Société des alcools du Québec . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52n12 section 33 and http://canlii.ca/t/5224c section 1 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52f54 section 126 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/526rt section 72 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52rph section 89 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/l3ts section 30 ( 8 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52s8n section 40 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52gw4 sections 2 and 110 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/522l0 sections 1 and 87 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/lhb8 section 121 ( 5 ) See also ( edit ) Alcoholic drink Legal drinking age Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory Provincial and territorial alcoholic drinks authorities of Canada Retail and / or licensing : BC Liquor Stores Sask Liquor MBLL ( Manitoba ) LCBO ( Ontario ) SAQ ( Quebec ) Alcool NB Liquor NSLC PEILCC NLC ( Newfoundland ) NWT Liquor Nunavut Liquor YLC ( Yukon ) Licensing only : Liquor Control and Licensing Branch ( British Columbia ) Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario Régie des alcools , des courses et des jeux ( Quebec ) Alcohol and Gaming Authority ( Nova Scotia ) Liquor Licensing Board ( Northwest Territories ) Liquor Licensing Board ( Nunavut ) Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Category Alcoholic drinks History and production History of alcohol History of alcoholic beverages History of beer History of wine History of Bordeaux wine History of Champagne History of Chianti History of French wine History of Portuguese wine History of Rioja wine History of Sherry History of South African wine Production Alcohol industry Brewing Distillation Drinking establishments Fermentation Winemaking Alcoholic drinks Fermented drink Beer Cider Mead Rice wine Sake Wine Other fermented drinks Distilled drink Brandy Gin Liqueur Rum Tequila Vodka Whisky Other distilled drinks Fortified wine Madeira wine Marsala wine Port wine Sherry Vermouth Other fortified wines Distilled drinks by ingredients Fruit Apple Applejack Calvados Cashew apple Feni Coconut Arrack Fig Boukha Grape Armagnac Brandy Cognac Pisco Plum Slivovitz Țuică Pomace Chacha Grappa Marc Orujo Tsikoudia Tsipouro Zivania Various fruits Eau de vie Himbeergeist Kirschwasser Marillenschnaps Nalewka Pálinka Rakia Schnaps Cereals Barley Irish whiskey Japanese whisky Scotch whisky Maize Bourbon whiskey Corn whiskey Tennessee whiskey Rice Awamori Cheongju Rice baijiu Shochu Soju Rye Korn Rye whiskey Starka Sorghum Baijiu ( Kaoliang wine ) Multiple grains American whiskey Canadian whisky Other Agave Mezcal Tequila Buckwheat Buckwheat whisky Shochu Sugarcane or molasses Aguardiente Cachaça Clairin Guaro Rum Seco Herrerano Tharra Various starches Akvavit Horilka Poitín Shochu Vodka Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients Almond Amaretto Crème de Noyaux Anise Absinthe Arak Hierbas Herbs de Majorca Ouzo Pastis Rakı Sambuca Blackthorn shrub Patxaran Chocolate Chocolate liqueur Cinnamon Tentura Cloudberry Lakka Coconut Malibu Coffee Kahlúa Tia Maria Egg Advocaat Hazelnut Frangelico Herbs Aquavit Bénédictine Brennivín Crème de menthe Metaxa Honey Bärenjäger Drambuie Glayva Krupnik Juniper Gin Jenever Orange Campari Cedratine Curaçao Triple sec Peppers Pertsivka Star anise Sassolino Sugarcane / molasses Charanda Various fruits Crème de banane Crème de cassis Limoncello Schnapps Sloe gin Category Portals Liquor Beer Drink Wine WikiProjects Beer Spirits Wine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drinks_in_Canada&oldid=826359518 '' Categories : Alcohol in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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6646785305069887702 | Matthew 5:30 | Matthew 5 : 30 - wikipedia Matthew 5 : 30 Jump to : navigation , search Matthew 5 : 30 is the thirtieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . Part of the section on adultery , it is very similar to the previous verse , but with the hand mentioned instead of the eye . For a discussion of the radicalism of these verses see Matthew 5 : 29 . Jesus had stated that looking at a woman in lust is equal to the act of adultery itself and in this verse he recommends cutting off one 's hand to prevent sinning . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : And if thy right hand offend thee , cut it off , and cast it from thee : for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish , and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell . The World English Bible translates the passage as : If your right hand causes you to stumble , cut it off , and throw it away from you . For it is more profitable for you that one of your members should perish , than for your whole body to be cast into Gehenna . For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 5 : 30 The link between the right hand and the discussion of adultery is somewhat unclear . In Jewish writings of the time it was common to have a foot , hand , eye triple structure . This full triple structure is seen in the similar discussions at Mark 9 : 43 - 47 , and a version much closer to that in Mark appears at Matthew 18 : 8 - 9 . Jesus here uses two thirds of the structure , the first reference to the eye is clearly linked to his previous statement that looking at a woman lustfully is sinful , but it is uncertain why he continues to the hand when he specifically stated that action and touching is not required for sin . Hill feels that this might be related to theft . At the time the law saw adultery as a form of theft , as it was taking another man 's wife . The right hand , the more active of the two among most of the population , had long been metaphorically associated with theft . An alternate view , that has been adopted by some in recent years , is that the mention of a hand linked to lust is a reference to masturbation . In the New Testament this is the verse most often cited to condemn that practice . A third view is to see this verse connected less to the previous verses , and more as part of the discussion of divorce that takes up the next two verses . This argument states that the cutting off of the sinful hand is a metaphor for separation from a sinful spouse , even if it causes great pain . References ( edit ) France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Gundry , Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1982 . Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Preceded by Matthew 5 : 29 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5 Succeeded by Matthew 5 : 31 Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 Verse Matthew 5 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Terms Beatitudes Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_5:30&oldid=714923172 '' Categories : Matthew 5 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2016 , at 17 : 02 . About Wikipedia | bible verse if your hand causes you sin cut off | [
"Matthew 5:30 is the thirtieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. Part of the section on adultery, it is very similar to the previous verse, but with the hand mentioned instead of the eye. For a discussion of the radicalism of these verses see Matthew 5:29. Jesus had stated that looking at a woman in lust is equal to the act of adultery itself and in this verse he recommends cutting off one's hand to prevent sinning."
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"Matthew 5:30"
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-8791050393348441635 | Millennials | Millennials - wikipedia Millennials Jump to : navigation , search `` Generation Y '' redirects here . For other uses , see Generation Y ( disambiguation ) and Millennials ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Generations Lost Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Millennials ( also known as Generation Y ) are the generational demographic cohort following Generation X . There are no precise dates for when this cohort starts or ends ; demographers and researchers typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years . Millennials are sometimes referred to as `` echo boomers '' due to a major surge in birth rates in the 1980s and 1990s , and because millennials are often the children of the baby boomers . The 20th - century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued , however , so the relative impact of the `` baby boom echo '' was generally less pronounced than the post -- World War II baby boom . Although Millennial characteristics vary by region , depending on social and economic conditions , the generation is generally marked by an increased use and familiarity with communications , media , and digital technologies . In most parts of the world , their upbringing was marked by an increase in a liberal approach to politics and economics ; the effects of this environment are disputed . The Great Recession has had a major impact on this generation because it has caused historically high levels of unemployment among young people , and has led to speculation about possible long - term economic and social damage to this generation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Date and age range definitions 3 Traits 4 Workplace attitudes 5 Political views 5.1 Political correctness 6 Demographics in the United States 7 Economic prospects 8 Peter Pan generation 9 Religion 10 Digital technology 11 Cultural identity 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading Terminology Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe are widely credited with naming the millennials . They coined the term in 1987 , around the time children born in 1982 were entering preschool , and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the new millennium as the high school graduating class of 2000 . They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations : The History of America 's Future , 1584 to 2069 ( 1991 ) and Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation ( 2000 ) . In August 1993 , an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe those who were aged 11 or younger as well as the teenagers of the upcoming ten years who were defined as different from Generation X . According to journalist Bruce Horovitz , in 2012 , Ad Age `` threw in the towel by conceding that millennials is a better name than Gen Y '' , and by 2014 , a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR `` the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them '' . Millennials are sometimes called Echo Boomers , due to their being the offspring of the baby boomers and due to the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid 1990s , mirroring that of their parents . In the United States , birth rates peaked in August 1990 and a 20th - century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued . In his book The Lucky Few : Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom , author Elwood Carlson called this cohort the `` New Boomers '' . Psychologist Jean Twenge described millennials as `` Generation Me '' in her 2006 book Generation Me : Why Today 's Young Americans Are More Confident , Assertive , Entitled -- and More Miserable Than Ever Before , which was updated in 2014 . In 2013 , Time magazine ran a cover story titled Millennials : The Me Me Me Generation . Newsweek used the term Generation 9 / 11 to refer to young people who were between the ages of 10 and 20 years during the terrorist acts of 11 September 2001 . The first reference to `` Generation 9 / 11 '' was made in the cover story of the 12 November 2001 issue of Newsweek . Alternative names for this group proposed include Generation We , Global Generation , Generation Next and the Net Generation . Chinese millennials are commonly called the 1980s and 1990s generations . At a 2015 conference in Shanghai organized by University of Southern California 's US - China Institute , millennials in China were examined and contrasted with American millennials Findings included millennials ' marriage , childbearing , and child raising preferences , life and career ambitions , and attitudes towards volunteerism and activism . Date and age range definitions A minority of demographers and researchers start the generation in the mid-to - late 1970s , such as Synchrony Financial which describes millennials as starting as early as 1976 and ending at 1992 , Mobilize.org which uses 1976 -- 1996 , MetLife which uses birth dates ranging 1977 -- 1994 , and Nielsen Media Research which uses 1977 -- 1995 . A majority of researchers and demographers start the generation in the early 1980s , with many ending the generation in the mid and late 1990s . Australia 's McCrindle Research regards 1980 -- 1994 as Generation Y birth years . A 2013 PricewaterhouseCoopers report and Edelman Berland use 1980 -- 1995 . Gallup Inc. , Eventbrite and Dale Carnegie Training and MSW Research all use 1980 -- 1996 . Ernst and Young uses 1981 -- 1996 . Another majority end the generation in the late 1990s or early 2000s . A 2017 viral video from BuzzFeed , detailing the seven living generations of Americans , described millennials as those born between 1981 -- 1997 . On the American television program Survivor , for their 33rd season , subtitled Millennials vs. Gen X , the `` Millennial tribe '' consisted of individuals born between 1984 and 1997 . Goldman Sachs , Resolution Foundation , and a 2013 Time magazine cover story all use 1980 -- 2000 . Millennialpolicycenter.org and SYZYGY , a digital service agency partially owned by WPP , uses 1981 -- 1998 . The United States Census Bureau uses 1982 -- 2000 . Pew Research Center defines millennials as being born from 1981 to about 1997 , with no chronological end point firmly established . Career FAQ uses years between 1982 - 2000 . Demographers William Straus and Neil Howe define millennials as born between 1982 -- 2004 . However , Howe described the dividing line between millennials and the following Generation Z as `` tentative '' , saying `` you ca n't be sure where history will someday draw a cohort dividing line until a generation fully comes of age '' . He noted that the millennials ' range beginning in 1982 would point to the next generation 's window starting between 2000 and 2006 . In his 2008 book The Lucky Few : Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom , author Elwood Carlson defined this cohort as born between 1983 -- 2001 based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the `` political and social challenges '' that occurred after the September 11 terrorist acts . In 2016 , U.S Pirg described millennials as those born between 1983 and 2000 . Due to birth - year overlap between definitions of Generation X and millennials , and the tentative nature of generations , some individuals born in the late 1970s and early 1980s see themselves as being `` between '' the two generations . Names given to those born in the Generation X and Millennial cusp years include Xennials , The Lucky Ones , Generation Catalano , and the Oregon Trail Generation . Individuals born between the years 1995 - 2000 are said to belong to the generation `` YZ '' cusp . Traits Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe believe that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes , repeating in a cycle . According to their hypothesis , they predicted millennials will become more like the `` civic - minded '' G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global . Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to the Millennial cohort : special , sheltered , confident , team - oriented , conventional , pressured , and achieving . Arthur E. Levine , author of When Hope and Fear Collide : A Portrait of Today 's College Student describes these generational images as `` stereotypes '' . Strauss and Howe 's research has been influential , but it also has critics . Psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe 's assertions are overly - deterministic , non-falsifiable , and unsupported by rigorous evidence . Twenge , the author of the 2006 book Generation Me , considers millennials , along with younger members of Generation X , to be part of what she calls `` Generation Me '' . Twenge attributes millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance , but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism , based on personality surveys showing increased narcissism among millennials compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties . She questions the predictions of Strauss and Howe that this generation will turn out civic - minded . A 2016 study by SYZYGY a digital service agency , found millennials in the U.S. continue to exhibit elevated scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory as they age , finding millennials exhibited 16 % more narcissism than older adults , with males scoring higher on average than females . The study examined two types of narcissism : grandiose narcissism , described as `` the narcissism of extraverts , characterized by attention - seeking behavior , power and dominance '' , and vulnerable narcissism , described as `` the narcissism of introverts , characterized by an acute sense of self - entitlement and defensiveness . '' The University of Michigan 's `` Monitoring the Future '' study of high school seniors ( conducted continually since 1975 ) and the American Freshman survey , conducted by UCLA 's Higher Education Research Institute of new college students since 1966 , showed an increase in the proportion of students who consider wealth a very important attribute , from 45 % for Baby Boomers ( surveyed between 1967 and 1985 ) to 70 % for Gen Xers , and 75 % for millennials . The percentage who said it was important to keep abreast of political affairs fell , from 50 % for Baby Boomers to 39 % for Gen Xers , and 35 % for millennials . The notion of `` developing a meaningful philosophy of life '' decreased the most across generations , from 73 % for Boomers to 45 % for millennials . The willingness to be involved in an environmental cleanup program dropped from 33 % for Baby Boomers to 21 % for millennials . Millennials show a willingness to vote more than previous generations . With voter rates being just below 50 % for the last four presidential cycles , they have already surpassed Gen Xers of the same age who were at just 36 % . Two early millennials advocate for the legalization of marijuana at a 2001 event A 2013 Pew Research Poll found that 84 % of millennials , born since 1980 , who were at that time between the ages of 18 and 32 , favored legalizing the use of marijuana . In 2015 , the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity that said a majority did not like the `` Millennial '' label . In March 2014 , the Pew Research Center issued a report about how `` millennials in adulthood '' are `` detached from institutions and networked with friends . '' The report said millennials are somewhat more upbeat than older adults about America 's future , with 49 % of millennials saying the country 's best years are ahead though they 're the first in the modern era to have higher levels of student loan debt and unemployment . Fred Bonner , a Samuel DeWitt Proctor Chair in Education at Rutgers University and author of Diverse Millennial Students in College : Implications for Faculty and Student Affairs , believes that much of the commentary on the Millennial Generation may be partially accurate , but overly general and that many of the traits they describe apply primarily to `` white , affluent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs , who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective colleges , and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents hover reassuringly above them . '' During class discussions , Bonner listened to black and Hispanic students describe how some or all of the so - called core traits did not apply to them . They often said that the `` special '' trait , in particular , is unrecognizable . Other socio - economic groups often do not display the same attributes commonly attributed to millennials . `` It 's not that many diverse parents do n't want to treat their kids as special , '' he says , `` but they often do n't have the social and cultural capital , the time and resources , to do that . '' In his book Fast Future , author David Burstein describes millennials ' approach to social change as `` pragmatic idealism '' with a deep desire to make the world a better place , combined with an understanding that doing so requires building new institutions while working inside and outside existing institutions . Elza Venter , an educational psychologist and lecturer at Unisa , South Africa , in the Department of Psychology of Education , believes members of Generation Y are digital natives because they have grown up experiencing digital technology and have known it all their lives . Prensky coined the concept ' digital natives ' because this generation are ' native speakers of the digital language of computers , video games and the internet ' . This generation spans 20 years and its older members use a combination of face - to - face communication and computer mediated communication , while its younger members use mainly electronic and digital technologies for interpersonal communication . Workplace attitudes There are vast , and conflicting , amounts of literature and empirical studies discussing the existence of generational differences as it pertains to the workplace . The majority of research concludes millennials differ from both their generational cohort predecessors , and can be characterized by a preference for a flat corporate culture , an emphasis on work - life balance and social consciousness . According to authors from Florida International University , original research performed by Howe and Strauss as well as Yu & Miller suggest Baby Boomers resonate primarily with loyalty , work ethic , steady career path , and compensation when it comes to their professional lives . Generation X on the other hand , started shifting preferences towards an improved work - life balance with a heightened focus on individual advancement , stability , and job satisfaction . Meanwhile , millennials place an emphasis on producing meaningful work , finding a creative outlet , and have a preference for immediate feedback . In the article Challenges of the Work of the Future it is also stressed that millennials working at the knowledge - based jobs very often assume personal responsibility in order to make the most of what they do . As they are not satisfied with remaining for a long of time at the same job , their career paths become more dynamic and less predictable . Findings also suggest the introduction of social media has augmented collaborative skills and created a preference for a team - oriented environment . In the 2010 the Journal of Business and Psychology , contributors Myers and Sadaghiani find millennials `` expect close relationships and frequent feedback from supervisors '' to be a main point of differentiation . Multiple studies observe millennials ' associating job satisfaction with free flow of information , strong connectivity to supervisors , and more immediate feedback . Hershatter and Epstein , researchers from Emory University , argue a lot of these traits can be linked to millennials entering the educational system on the cusp of academic reform , which created a much more structured educational system . Some argue in the wake of these reforms , such as the No Child Left Behind Act , millennials have increasingly sought the aid of mentors and advisers , leading to 66 % of millennials seeking a flat work environment . Hershatter and Epstein also stress a growing importance on work - life balance . Studies show nearly one - third of students ' top priority is to `` balance personal and professional life '' . The Brain Drain Study shows nearly 9 out of 10 millennials place an importance on work - life balance , with additional surveys demonstrating the generation to favor familial over corporate values . Studies also show a preference for work - life balance , which contrasts to the Baby Boomers ' work - centric attitude . Data also suggests millennials are driving a shift towards the public service sector . In 2010 , Myers and Sadaghiani published research in the Journal of Business and Psychology stating heightened participation in the Peace Corps and MeriCorps as a result of millennials , with volunteering being at all - time highs . Volunteer activity between 2007 and 2008 show the Millennial age group experienced almost three - times the increase of the overall population , which is consistent with a survey of 130 college upperclassmen depicting an emphasis on altruism in their upbringing . This has led , according to a Harvard University Institute of Politics , six out of ten millennials to consider a career in public service . The 2014 Brookings publication shows a generational adherence to corporate social responsibility , with the National Society of High School Scholars ( NSHSS ) 2013 survey and Universum 's 2011 survey , depicting a preference to work for companies engaged in the betterment of society . Millennials ' shift in attitudes has led to data depicting 64 % of millennials would take a 60 % pay cut to pursue a career path aligned with their passions , and financial institutions have fallen out of favor with banks comprising 40 % of the generation 's least liked brands . In 2008 , author Ron Alsop called the millennials `` Trophy Kids , '' a term that reflects a trend in competitive sports , as well as many other aspects of life , where mere participation is frequently enough for a reward . It has been reported that this is an issue in corporate environments . Some employers are concerned that millennials have too great expectations from the workplace . Some studies predict they will switch jobs frequently , holding many more jobs than Gen Xers due to their great expectations . Psychologist Jean Twenge reports data suggests there are differences between older and younger millennials regarding workplace expectations , with younger millennials being `` more practical '' and `` more attracted to industries with steady work and are more likely to say they are willing to work overtime '' which Twenge attributes to younger millennials coming of age following the financial crisis of 2007 - 2008 . There is also a contention that the major differences are found solely between millennials and Generation X . Researchers from the University of Missouri and The University of Tennessee conducted a study based on measurement equivalence to determine if such a difference does in fact exist . The study looked at 1,860 participants who had completed the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile ( MWEP ) , a survey aimed at measuring identification with work - ethic characteristics , across a 12 - year period spanning from 1996 to 2008 . The results of the findings suggest the main difference in work ethic sentiments arose between the two most recent generational cohorts , Generation X and millennials , with relatively small variances between the two generations and their predecessor , the Baby Boomers . That said , some research fails to find convincing differences . A meta study conducted by researchers from The George Washington University and The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences questions the validity of workplace differences across any generational cohort . According to the researchers , disagreement in which events to include when assigning generational cohorts , as well as varied opinions on which age ranges to include in each generational category are the main drivers behind their skepticism . The analysis of 20 research reports focusing on the three work - related factors of job satisfaction , organizational commitment and intent to turn over proved any variation was too small to discount the impact of employee tenure and aging of individuals . Newer research shows that millennials change jobs for the same reasons as other generations -- namely , more money and a more innovative work environment . They look for versatility and flexibility in the workplace , and strive for a strong work -- life balance in their jobs and have similar career aspirations to other generations , valuing financial security and a diverse workplace just as much as their older colleagues . Political views Surveys of political attitudes among millennials in the United Kingdom have suggested increasingly social liberal views , as well as higher overall support for classical liberal economic policies than preceding generations . They are more likely to support same - sex marriage and the legalization of drugs . The Economist parallels this with millennials in the United States , whose attitudes are more supportive of social liberal policies and same - sex marriage relative to other demographics . They are also more likely to oppose animal testing for medical purposes than older generations . Bernie Sanders , a self - proclaimed democratic socialist and democratic candidate in the 2016 United States presidential election , was the most popular candidate among Millennial voters in the primary phase , having garnered more votes from people under 30 in 21 states than the major parties ' candidates , Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton , did combined . In April 2016 , The Washington Post viewed him as changing the way millennials viewed politics , saying , `` He 's not moving a party to the left . He 's moving a generation to the left . '' Bernie Sanders referred to millennials as `` the least prejudiced generation in the history of the United States '' . A 2014 poll for the libertarian Reason magazine suggested that American millennials were social liberals and fiscal centrists , more often than their global peers . The magazine predicted that millennials would become more conservative on fiscal issues once they started paying taxes . In the United Kingdom , the majority of millennials opposed the British withdrawal from the European Union . Blaming Baby boomers , who largely supported the referendum , one commenter said : `` The younger generation has lost the right to live and work in 27 other countries . We will never know the full extent of the lost opportunities , friendships , marriages and experiences we will be denied . '' The Washington Post phrased this as `` we let you steal our future '' , reporting high voter turnout among those over 55 years of age and low voter turnout among those under 34 years of age . Political correctness A Safe Space America vehicle in 2016 , which is used to promote the availability and creation of safe spaces In some countries , like the U.S. and UK , millennials are more likely to support political correctness than their elders . In 2015 , a Pew Research study found 40 % of millennials in the United States supported government restriction of public speech offensive to minority groups ; agreeing with this were 27 % of Gen Xers , 24 % of Baby Boomers and only 12 % of the Silent Generation . Pew Research noted similar age related trends in the United Kingdom , but not in Germany and Spain , where millennials were less supportive of restricting offensive speech than older groups , or France , Italy and Poland , where there were no noticeable age differences . In the U.S. and UK , millennials have brought changes to higher education via drawing attention to microaggressions and advocating implementation of safe spaces and trigger warnings in the university setting . Critics of such changes have raised concerns regarding their impact on free speech , asserting these changes can promote censorship , while proponents have described these changes as promoting inclusiveness . Demographics in the United States Millennial population size varies , depending on the definition used . William Strauss and Neil Howe projected in their 1991 book Generations that the U.S. Millennial population would be 76 million . Later , using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004 , Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people ( in the U.S. ) . In a 2012 Time magazine article , it was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. millennials . The United States Census Bureau , using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000 , stated the estimated number of U.S. millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people . In 2016 , the Pew Research Center found that millennials surpassed Baby Boomers to become the largest living generation in the United States . By analyzing 2015 U.S Census data they found there were 75.4 million millennials , based on Pew 's definition of the generation which ranges from 1981 to 1997 , compared to 74.9 million Baby Boomers . Economic prospects German young adults protest youth unemployment at a 2014 event Economic prospects for some millennials have declined largely due to the Great Recession in the late 2000s . Several governments have instituted major youth employment schemes out of fear of social unrest due to the dramatically increased rates of youth unemployment . In Europe , youth unemployment levels were very high ( 56 % in Spain , 44 % in Italy , 35 % in the Baltic states , 19.1 % in Britain and more than 20 % in many more countries ) . In 2009 , leading commentators began to worry about the long - term social and economic effects of the unemployment . Unemployment levels in other areas of the world were also high , with the youth unemployment rate in the U.S. reaching a record 19.1 % in July 2010 since the statistic started being gathered in 1948 . In Canada , unemployment among youths in July 2009 was 15.9 % , the highest it had been in 11 years . Underemployment is also a major factor . In the U.S. the economic difficulties have led to dramatic increases in youth poverty , unemployment , and the numbers of young people living with their parents . In April 2012 , it was reported that half of all new college graduates in the US were still either unemployed or underemployed . It has been argued that this unemployment rate and poor economic situation has given millennials a rallying call with the 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement . However , according to Christine Kelly , Occupy is not a youth movement and has participants that vary from the very young to very old . A variety of names have emerged in various European countries hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects . These groups can be considered to be more or less synonymous with millennials , or at least major sub-groups in those countries . The Generation of € 700 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career . In Greece , young adults are being `` excluded from the labor market '' and some `` leave their country of origin to look for better options '' . They 're being `` marginalized and face uncertain working conditions '' in jobs that are unrelated to their educational background , and receive the minimum allowable base salary of € 700 per month . This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and some participated in the 2010 -- 2011 Greek protests . In Spain , they 're referred to as the mileurista ( for € 1,000 per month ) , in France `` The Precarious Generation , '' and as in Spain , Italy also has the `` milleurista '' ; generation of 1,000 euros ( per month ) . In 2015 , millennials in New York City were reported as earning 20 % less than the generation before them , as a result of entering the workforce during the great recession . Despite higher college attendance rates than Generation X , many were stuck in low - paid jobs , with the percentage of degree - educated young adults working in low - wage industries rising from 23 % to 33 % between 2000 and 2014 . In 2016 , research from the Resolution Foundation found millennials in the UK earned £ 8,000 less in their 20s than Generation X , describing millennials as `` on course to become the first generation to earn less than the one before '' . Generation Flux is a neologism and psychographic ( not demographic ) designation coined by Fast Company for American employees who need to make several changes in career throughout their working lives due to the chaotic nature of the job market following the Great Recession . Societal change has been accelerated by the use of social media , smartphones , mobile computing , and other new technologies . Those in `` Generation Flux '' have birth - years in the ranges of both Generation X and millennials . `` Generation Sell '' was used by author William Deresiewicz to describe millennials ' interest in small businesses . Millennials are expected to make up approximately half of the U.S. workforce by 2020 . Millennials are the most highly educated and culturally diverse group of all generations , and have been regarded as hard to please when it comes to employers . To address these new challenges , many large firms are currently studying the social and behavioral patterns of millennials and are trying to devise programs that decrease intergenerational estrangement , and increase relationships of reciprocal understanding between older employees and millennials . The UK 's Institute of Leadership & Management researched the gap in understanding between Millennial recruits and their managers in collaboration with Ashridge Business School . The findings included high expectations for advancement , salary and for a coaching relationship with their manager , and suggested that organizations will need to adapt to accommodate and make the best use of millennials . In an example of a company trying to do just this , Goldman Sachs conducted training programs that used actors to portray millennials who assertively sought more feedback , responsibility , and involvement in decision making . After the performance , employees discussed and debated the generational differences they saw played out . Millennials have benefited the least from the economic recovery following the Great Recession , as average incomes for this generation have fallen at twice the general adult population 's total drop and are likely to be on a path toward lower incomes for at least another decade . A Bloomberg L.P. article wrote that `` Three and a half years after the worst recession since the Great Depression , the earnings and employment gap between those in the under - 35 population and their parents and grandparents threatens to unravel the American dream of each generation doing better than the last . The nation 's younger workers have benefited least from an economic recovery that has been the most uneven in recent history . '' In 2014 , millennials were entering an increasingly multi-generational workplace . Even though research has shown that millennials are joining the workforce during a tough economic time they still have remained optimistic , as shown when about nine out of ten millennials surveyed by the Pew Research Center said that they currently have enough money or that they will eventually reach their long - term financial goals . Peter Pan Generation American sociologist Kathleen Shaputis labeled millennials as the Boomerang Generation or Peter Pan generation , because of the members ' perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for longer periods than most generations before them . These labels were also a reference to a trend toward members living with their parents for longer periods than previous generations . Kimberly Palmer regards the high cost of housing and higher education , and the relative affluence of older generations , as among the factors driving the trend . Questions regarding a clear definition of what it means to be an adult also impacts a debate about delayed transitions into adulthood and the emergence of a new life stage , Emerging Adulthood . A 2012 study by professors at Brigham Young University found that college students were more likely to define `` adult '' based on certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than more traditional `` rite of passage '' events . Larry Nelson noted that `` In prior generations , you get married and you start a career and you do that immediately . What young people today are seeing is that approach has led to divorces , to people unhappy with their careers ... The majority want to get married ( ... ) they just want to do it right the first time , the same thing with their careers . '' Their expectations have had a dampening effect on millennials ' rate of marriage . A 2013 joint study by sociologists at the University of Virginia and Harvard University found that the decline and disappearance of stable full - time jobs with health insurance and pensions for people who lack a college degree has had profound effects on working - class Americans , who now are less likely to marry and have children within marriage than those with college degrees . Data from a 2014 study of U.S. millennials revealed over 56 % of this cohort considers themselves as part of the working class , with only approximately 35 % considering themselves as part of the middle class ; this class identity is the lowest polling of any generation . Research by the Urban Institute conducted in 2014 , projected that if current trends continue , millennials will have a lower marriage rate compared to previous generations , predicting that by age 40 , 30.7 % of millennial women will remain single , approximately twice the share of their single Gen X counterparts . The data showed similar trends for males . A 2016 study from Pew Research showed millennials delay some activities considered rites of passage of adulthood with data showing young adults aged 18 -- 34 were more likely to live with parents than with a relationship partner , an unprecedented occurrence since data collection began in 1880 . Data also showed a significant increase in the percentage of young adults living with parents compared to the previous demographic cohort , Generation X , with 23 % of young adults aged 18 -- 34 living with parents in 2000 , rising to 32 % in 2014 . Additionally , in 2000 , 43 % of those aged 18 -- 34 were married or living with a partner , with this figure dropping to 31.6 % in 2014 . High student debt is described as one reason for continuing to live with parents , but may not be the dominant factor for this shift as the data shows the trend is stronger for those without a college education . Richard Fry , a senior economist for Pew Research said of millennials , `` they 're the group much more likely to live with their parents . '' furthering `` they 're concentrating more on school , careers and work and less focused on forming new families , spouses or partners and children '' . According to a cross-generational study comparing millennials to Generation X conducted at Wharton School of Business , more than half of Millennial undergraduates surveyed do not plan to have children . The researchers compared surveys of the Wharton graduating class of 1992 and 2012 . In 1992 , 78 % of women planned to eventually have children dropping to 42 % in 2012 . The results were similar for male students . The research revealed among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation . Religion In the U.S. , millennials are the least likely to be religious . There is a trend towards irreligion that has been increasing since the 1940s . 29 percent of Americans born between 1983 and 1994 are irreligious , as opposed to 21 percent born between 1963 and 1981 , 15 percent born between 1948 and 1962 and only 7 percent born before 1948 . A 2005 study looked at 1,385 people aged 18 to 25 and found that more than half of those in the study said that they pray regularly before a meal . One - third said that they discussed religion with friends , attended religious services , and read religious material weekly . Twenty - three percent of those studied did not identify themselves as religious practitioners . A Pew Research Center study on millennials shows that of those between 18 -- 29 years old , only 3 % of these emerging adults self - identified as `` atheists '' and only 4 % self - identified as `` agnostics '' . Overall , 25 % of millennials are `` Nones '' and 75 % are religiously affiliated . Over half of millennials polled in the United Kingdom in 2013 said they had `` no religion nor attended a place of worship '' , other than for a wedding or a funeral . 25 % said they `` believe in a God '' , while 19 % believed in a `` spiritual greater power '' and 38 % said they did not believe in God nor any other `` greater spiritual power '' . The poll also found 41 % thought religion was `` the cause of evil '' in the world more often than good . The British Social Attitudes Survey found that 71 % of British 18 - 24 year - olds were not religious , with just 3 % affiliated to the once - dominant Church of England . Digital technology Three people who appear to be millennials using smartphones In their 2007 book , authors Junco and Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of William Strauss and Neil Howe to include research - based information about the personality profiles of millennials , especially as it relates to higher education . They conducted a large - sample ( 7,705 ) research study of college students . They found that Next Generation college students , born between 1983 -- 1992 , were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations . In their survey , they found that 97 % of these students owned a computer , 94 % owned a mobile phone , and 56 % owned an MP3 player . They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics . Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76 % of students used instant messaging , 92 % of those reported multitasking while instant messaging , 40 % of them used television to get most of their news , and 34 % of students surveyed used the Internet as their primary news source . Older millennials came of age prior to widespread usage and availability of smartphones , defined as those born 1988 and earlier , in contrast to younger millennials , those born in 1989 and later , who were exposed to this technology in their teen years . Gen Xers and millennials were the first to grow up with computers in their homes . In a 1999 speech at the New York Institute of Technology , Microsoft Chairman and CEO Bill Gates encouraged America 's teachers to use technology to serve the needs of the first generation of kids to grow up with the Internet . Some millennials enjoy having hundreds of channels from cable TV . However , some other millennials do not even have a TV , so they watch media over the Internet using smartphones and tablets . One of the most popular forms of media use by millennials is social networking . In 2010 , research was published in the Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research which claimed that students who used social media and decided to quit showed the same withdrawal symptoms of a drug addict who quit their stimulant . Marc Prensky coined the term `` digital native '' to describe `` K through college '' students in 2001 , explaining they `` represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology . '' Millennials are identified as `` digital natives '' by the Pew Research Center which conducted a survey titled Millennials in Adulthood . Millennials use social networking sites , such as Facebook , to create a different sense of belonging , make acquaintances , and to remain connected with friends . In the Frontline episode `` Generation Like '' there is discussion about millennials , their dependence on technology , and the ways the social media sphere is commoditized . Cultural identity Two women celebrate a same - sex marriage in 2007 Strauss & Howe 's book titled Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation describes the Millennial generation as `` civic - minded '' , rejecting the attitudes of the Baby Boomers and Generation X . Since the 2000 U.S. Census , which allowed people to select more than one racial group , millennials in abundance have asserted the ideal that all their heritages should be respected , counted , and acknowledged . Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers or Generation X , while some older members may have parents from the Silent Generation . A 2013 poll in the United Kingdom found that Generation Y was more `` open - minded than their parents on controversial topics '' . Of those surveyed , nearly 75 % supported same - sex marriage . A 2013 Pew Research Poll found that 84 % of millennials , born since 1980 , who were at that time between the ages of 18 and 32 , favored legalizing the use of marijuana . In 2015 , the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity . It was discovered that millennials are less likely to strongly identify with the generational term when compared to Generation X or to the Baby Boomers , with only 40 % of those born between 1981 and 1997 identifying as part of the Millennial Generation . Among older millennials , those born 1981 -- 1988 , Pew Research found 43 % personally identified as members of the older demographic cohort , Generation X , while only 35 % identified as millennials . Among younger millennials ( born 1989 -- 1997 ) , generational identity was not much stronger , with only 45 % personally identifying as millennials . It was also found that millennials chose most often to define itself with more negative terms such as self - absorbed , wasteful or greedy . In this 2015 report , Pew defined millennials with birth years ranging from 1981 onwards . Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment industry began to be affected by the Internet . In addition to millennials being the most ethnically and racially diverse compared to the generations older than they are , they are also on pace to be the most formally educated . As of 2008 , 39.6 % of millennials between the ages of 18 and 24 were enrolled in college , which was an American record . Along with being educated , millennials also tend to upbeat . As stated above in the economic prospects section , about 9 out of 10 millennials feel as though they have enough money or that they will reach their long - term financial goals , even during the tough economic times , and they are more optimistic about the future of the U.S. Additionally , millennials are also more open to change than older generations . According to the Pew Research Center that did a survey in 2008 , millennials are the most likely of any generation to self - identify as liberals and are also more supportive of progressive domestic social agenda than older generations . Finally , millennials are less overtly religious than the older generations . About one in four millennials are unaffiliated with any religion , a considerably higher ratio than that of older generations when they were the ages of millennials . See also Demographics of the United States Generation gap Generation Snowflake List of generations Psychological effects of Internet use Youth bulge References Jump up ^ Fries , Kimberly ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` 5 Reasons Why Millennial Leaders Need Performance Feedback '' . Forbes . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horovitz , Bruce ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` After Gen X , Millennials , what should next generation be ? '' . USA Today . 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Logos Journal . ^ Jump up to : Itano , Nicole ( 14 May 2009 ) . `` In Greece , education is n't the answer '' . Global Post . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Γενιά των 600 € και `` αγανακτισμένοι '' της Μαδρίτης -- βίοι παράλληλοι ; -- Πολιτική `` . Deutsche Welle. 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Pérez - Lanzac , Carmen ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` 1,000 euros a month ? Dream on ... '' . El Pais . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Emma Dayson ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` La génération Y existe - t - elle vraiment ? '' . Midiformations Actualités . Jump up ^ `` Tired , poor , huddled millennials of New York earn 20 % less than prior generation '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ York , Chris ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Millennials ' Will Earn Less Than Generation X ' , And They 'll Spend Far More On Rent '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Laura ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Stagnation Generation : the case for renewing the intergenerational contract '' . Resolution Foundation . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Safian , Robert ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` This Is Generation Flux : Meet The Pioneers Of The New ( And Chaotic ) Frontier Of Business '' . fastcompany.com . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Deresiewicz , William ( 11 December 2011 ) . `` The Entrepreneurial Generation '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2013/03/07/7-surprising-ways-to-motivate-millennial-workers/#27d2e85b4ed9 Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations : Managing Generation Y , 2011 '' . I-l-m.com. 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Elliot Blair . `` American Dream Fades for Generation Y Professionals . '' Bloomberg L.P. 20 December 2012 Jump up ^ Armour , Stephanie ( 8 November 2005 ) . `` Generation Y : They 've arrived at work with a new attitude '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millennials : Confident . Connected . Open to Change '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaputis , Kathleen . The Crowded Nest Syndrome : Surviving the Return of Adult Children . Clutter Fairy Publishing , 2004 . Print . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9726727 - 0 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Palmer , Kimberly . `` The New Parent Trap : More Boomers Help Adult Kids out Financially . '' `` . U.S. News & World Report . 12 December 2007 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brittani Lusk ( 5 December 2007 ) . `` Study Finds Kids Take Longer to Reach Adulthood '' . Provo Daily Herald . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love and work do n't always work for working class in America , study shows '' . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US millennials feel more working class than any other generation '' . The Guardian . 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` When it comes to marriage , Millennials are saying `` I do n't . '' `` . CNN Money . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Steven ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Fewer Marriages , More Divergence : Marriage Projections for Millennials to Age 40 '' . Urban Institute . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More young adults live with parents than partners , a first '' . Los Angeles Times . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Fry , Richard ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` For First Time in Modern Era , Living With Parents Edges Out Other Living Arrangements for 18 - to 34 - Year - Olds '' . Pew Research . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Interests Of Wharton Students '' . Work / Life Integration Project . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kare ( 5 October 2013 ) . `` Baby Bust : Millennials ' View Of Family , Work , Friendship And Doing Well '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Assimon , Jessie . `` Millennials Are n't Planning on Having Children . Should We Worry ? '' . Parents . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Twenge , Jean M. `` The Least Religious Generation '' . San Diego State University . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Nones '' on the Rise `` . Pew Research . 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : One In Five Americans Are n't Religious -- A Huge Spike '' . TPM . Jump up ^ `` Generation Y embraces choice , redefines religion '' . Washington Times . 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Religion Among the millennials '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouGov / The Sun Youth Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest British Social Attitudes reveals 71 % of young adults are non-religious , just 3 % are Church of England '' . Humanists UK . 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Junco , Reynol ; Mastrodicasa , Jeanna ( 2007 ) . Connecting to the Net. Generation : What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Today 's Students . National Association of Student Personnel Administrators . ISBN 0 - 931654 - 48 - 3 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Berk , Ronald A. ( 2009 ) . `` How Do You Leverage the Latest Technologies , including Web 2.0 Tools , in Your Classroom ? '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning . 6 ( 1 ) : 4 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Challenge and Promise of `` Generation I '' '' ( Press release ) . Microsoft . 28 October 1999 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ John M. Grohol ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` The Death of TV : 5 Reasons People Are Fleeing Traditional TV '' . World of Psychology . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabral , J. ( 2010 ) . Is Generation Y Addicted to Social Media . The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communication , 2 ( 1 ) , 5 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Prensky , Marc . `` Digital Natives , Digital Immigrants '' ( PDF ) . MCB University Press . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Woodman , Dan ( 2015 ) . Youth and Generation . London : Sage Publications Ltd. p. 132 . ISBN 9781446259054 . Jump up ^ Generation Like PBS Film 18 February 2014 Jump up ^ Howe , Neil , Strauss , William Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Ulli K. ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` The President , the Census and the Multiracial ' Community ' '' . Open Salon . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Chip ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Millennials : The Most Diverse Generation '' . News Room . CNN . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Martin . `` Future 's bright : Young Brits upbeat over working lives '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kurt ( 5 August 2009 ) . `` Pop Culture in the Age of Obama '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of a Generation '' . NPR. 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` The decade in music : Sales slide , pirates , digital rise '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Further reading Espinoza , Chip ; Mick Ukleja , Craig Rusch ( 2010 ) . Managing the Millennials : Discover the Core Competencies for Managing Today 's Workforce . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 56393 - 9 . Espinoza , Chip ( 2012 ) . Millennial Integration : Challenges Millennials Face in the Workplace and What They Can Do About Them . Yellow Springs . OH : Antioch University and OhioLINK . p. 151 . Gardner , Stephanie F. ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Preparing for the Nexters '' . American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education . 70 ( 4 ) : 87 . doi : 10.5688 / aj700487 . PMC 1636975 . PMID 17136206 . born between 1983 and 1994 Furlong , Andy. Youth Studies : An Introduction . New York , NY : Routlege , 2013 . DeChane , Darrin J. ( 2014 ) . `` How to Explain the Millennial Generation ? Understand the Context '' . Student Pulse. 6 ( 3 ) : 16 . Baird , Carolyn ( 2015 ) , Myths , exaggerations and uncomfortable truths : The real story behind millennials in the workplace , IBM Institute for Business Value Social generations of Western society Lost Generation Interbellum Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials ( Generation Y ) Generation Z Young adult development Life stages or events Adolescence Emerging adulthood and early adulthood Gap year Twixter Generation labels 421 generation Boomerang Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Oregon Trail Generation Generation Z Post-80s Post-90s Sampo generation Satori generation Snowflake generation Strawberry generation Waithood Psychological or social dysfunction Disconnected youth Freeter Hikikomori NEET Parasite single Quarter - life crisis Youth homelessness Youth unemployment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennials&oldid=826123990 '' Categories : Millennials Cultural generations Demographics Words coined in the 1980s Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 09 : 31 . 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-2072319209386009166 | ATP World Tour Masters 1000 | ATP World Tour Masters 1000 - wikipedia ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Jump to : navigation , search For the previous circuit , see ATP Masters Series . Men 's pro tennis Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open ATP World Tour ATP Finals Masters 1000 series 500 series 250 series ATP Challenger Tour ATP Challenger Tour Finals ITF events ITF Men 's Circuit ( futures ) Davis Cup Hopman Cup Tennis at the Olympics The ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( previously known as the ATP Championship Series , Single - Week , ATP Mercedes - Benz Super 9 , Tennis Masters Series , and ATP Masters Series ) is the third highest tier of annual men 's tennis tournament after the four Grand Slam tournaments and the ATP Finals . Results in ATP Masters 1000 events earn players more world ranking points than regular tournaments , though not as many as Grand Slam events or the year - end ATP Finals . Up until 2007 , most Masters Series finals were contested as best of five - set matches . Currently , all Masters Series matches ( including the finals ) are decided in best of three - set matches . Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic hold the record for the most singles titles with 30 since the Masters series began in 1990 . Nadal and Djokovic held all 9 Masters 1000 crowns starting with the 2013 Monte Carlo title through the 2014 Miami title , which was the first time that 2 players possessed all nine of the titles . The Bryan Brothers have won a record 36 doubles titles , all as a team . No player has ever won all 9 singles titles in his career , with Novak Djokovic winning 8 , and Andre Agassi , Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray each winning 7 . However , in doubles , Daniel Nestor and the Bryan Brothers ( Bob and Mike ) have each won all 9 titles throughout their careers . Djokovic holds the record for 6 singles titles in a year ( 2015 ) . In doubles , the Bryans have won 6 titles in a single year once ( 2014 ) and 5 titles in a single year twice ( 2007 and 2013 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournaments 2 Historic names 3 ATP ranking points 4 Singles 4.1 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 4.2 ATP Masters Series 4.3 Tennis Masters Series 4.4 ATP Mercedes - Benz Super 9 4.5 ATP Championship Series , Single - Week 5 Doubles 5.1 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 5.2 ATP Masters Series 5.3 Tennis Masters Series 5.4 ATP Super 9 5.5 ATP Championship Series , Single - Week 6 Most titles 6.1 Singles 6.2 Doubles 6.3 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( since 2009 ) 7 Past finals 7.1 2017 finals 7.2 2016 finals 7.3 2015 finals 7.4 2014 finals 7.5 2013 finals 7.6 2012 finals 7.7 2011 finals 7.8 2010 finals 7.9 2009 finals 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Tournaments ( edit ) Tournament Country Location Current Venue 2017 Event Calendar Began Court surface Central court capacity Draw Defending champion Prize Indian Wells Masters United States Indian Wells , California Indian Wells Tennis Garden March 9 -- 19 Hard 16,100 96 Roger Federer $8,092,625 Miami Open United States Key Biscayne , Florida ( Miami ) Tennis Center at Crandon Park March 23 -- April 2 1985 Hard 13,300 96 Roger Federer $6,993,450 Monte - Carlo Masters Monaco Roquebrune - Cap - Martin , France Monte Carlo Country Club April 16 -- 23 1897 Clay 10,000 56 Rafael Nadal € 4,273,775 Madrid Open Spain Madrid Caja Mágica May 7 -- 14 2002 Clay 12,500 56 Rafael Nadal € 5,439,350 Italian Open Italy Rome Foro Italico May 14 -- 21 1930 Clay 10,400 56 Alexander Zverev € 4,273,775 Canadian Open Canada Montreal / Toronto Stade Uniprix / Aviva Centre August 7 -- 13 1881 Hard 11,700 / 12,500 56 Alexander Zverev $4,662,300 Cincinnati Masters United States Mason , Ohio ( Cincinnati ) Lindner Family Tennis Center August 13 -- 20 1899 Hard 11,600 56 Grigor Dimitrov $4,973,120 Shanghai Masters China Shanghai Qi Zhong Stadium October 8 -- 15 2009 Hard 15,000 56 Roger Federer $8,092,625 Paris Masters France Paris AccorHotels Arena October 30 -- November 5 1968 Hard ( i ) 14,000 48 Jack Sock € 4,273,775 Indian Wells Miami Monte - Carlo Madrid Rome Montreal Toronto Cincinnati Shanghai Paris ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( Earth ) Historic names ( edit ) 1990 -- 1995 ATP Championship Series , Single - Week 1996 -- 1999 ATP Super 9 2000 -- 2003 Tennis Masters Series 2004 -- 2008 ATP Masters Series 2009 -- present ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP ranking points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q2 Q1 Singles 1000 600 360 180 90 45 25 * 10 16 8 0 Doubles 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Players with byes receive first round points . Singles ( edit ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Canada Cincinnati Shanghai Paris 2017 Federer ( 11 / 13 ) Federer ( 12 / 13 ) Nadal ( 17 / 18 ) Nadal ( 18 / 18 ) A. Zverev ( 1 / 2 ) A. Zverev ( 2 / 2 ) Dimitrov ( 1 / 1 ) Federer ( 13 / 13 ) Sock ( 1 / 1 ) 2016 Djokovic ( 23 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 24 / 26 ) Nadal ( 16 / 18 ) Djokovic ( 25 / 26 ) Murray ( 10 / 12 ) Djokovic ( 26 / 26 ) Čilić ( 1 / 1 ) Murray ( 11 / 12 ) Murray ( 12 / 12 ) 2015 Djokovic ( 17 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 18 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 19 / 26 ) Murray ( 8 / 12 ) Djokovic ( 20 / 26 ) Murray ( 9 / 12 ) Federer ( 10 / 13 ) Djokovic ( 21 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 22 / 26 ) 2014 Djokovic ( 13 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 14 / 26 ) Wawrinka ( 1 / 1 ) Nadal ( 15 / 18 ) Djokovic ( 15 / 26 ) Tsonga ( 1 / 1 ) Federer ( 8 / 13 ) Federer ( 9 / 13 ) Djokovic ( 16 / 26 ) 2013 Nadal ( 10 / 18 ) Murray ( 7 / 12 ) Djokovic ( 10 / 26 ) Nadal ( 11 / 18 ) Nadal ( 12 / 18 ) Nadal ( 13 / 18 ) Nadal ( 14 / 18 ) Djokovic ( 11 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 12 / 26 ) 2012 Federer ( 5 / 13 ) Djokovic ( 7 / 26 ) Nadal ( 8 / 18 ) Federer ( 6 / 13 ) Nadal ( 9 / 18 ) Djokovic ( 8 / 26 ) Federer ( 7 / 13 ) Djokovic ( 9 / 26 ) Ferrer ( 1 / 1 ) 2011 Djokovic ( 2 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 3 / 26 ) Nadal ( 7 / 18 ) Djokovic ( 4 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 5 / 26 ) Djokovic ( 6 / 26 ) Murray ( 5 / 12 ) Murray ( 6 / 12 ) Federer ( 4 / 13 ) Ljubičić ( 1 / 1 ) Roddick ( 1 / 1 ) Nadal ( 4 / 18 ) Nadal ( 6 / 18 ) Nadal ( 5 / 18 ) Murray ( 3 / 12 ) Federer ( 3 / 13 ) Murray ( 4 / 12 ) Söderling ( 1 / 1 ) 2009 Nadal ( 1 / 18 ) Murray ( 1 / 12 ) Nadal ( 2 / 18 ) Federer ( 1 / 13 ) Nadal ( 3 / 18 ) Murray ( 2 / 12 ) Federer ( 2 / 13 ) Davydenko ( 1 / 1 ) Djokovic ( 1 / 26 ) ATP Masters Series ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Madrid Paris 2008 Djokovic ( 3 / 4 ) Davydenko ( 2 / 2 ) Nadal ( 10 / 12 ) Nadal ( 11 / 12 ) Djokovic ( 4 / 4 ) Nadal ( 12 / 12 ) Murray ( 1 / 2 ) Murray ( 2 / 2 ) Tsonga ( 1 / 1 ) 2007 Nadal ( 7 / 12 ) Djokovic ( 1 / 4 ) Nadal ( 8 / 12 ) Federer ( 13 / 14 ) Nadal ( 9 / 12 ) Djokovic ( 2 / 4 ) Federer ( 14 / 14 ) Nalbandian ( 1 / 2 ) Nalbandian ( 2 / 2 ) 2006 Federer ( 9 / 14 ) Federer ( 10 / 14 ) Nadal ( 5 / 12 ) Robredo ( 1 / 1 ) Nadal ( 6 / 12 ) Federer ( 11 / 14 ) Roddick ( 4 / 4 ) Federer ( 12 / 14 ) Davydenko ( 1 / 2 ) 2005 Federer ( 5 / 14 ) Federer ( 6 / 14 ) Nadal ( 1 / 12 ) Federer ( 7 / 14 ) Nadal ( 2 / 12 ) Nadal ( 3 / 12 ) Federer ( 8 / 14 ) Nadal ( 4 / 12 ) Berdych ( 1 / 1 ) Federer ( 2 / 14 ) Roddick ( 3 / 4 ) Coria ( 2 / 2 ) Federer ( 3 / 14 ) Moyá ( 3 / 3 ) Federer ( 4 / 14 ) Agassi ( 17 / 17 ) Safin ( 4 / 5 ) Safin ( 5 / 5 ) Tennis Masters Series ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Madrid Paris 2003 Hewitt ( 2 / 2 ) Agassi ( 16 / 17 ) Ferrero ( 3 / 4 ) Coria ( 1 / 2 ) Mantilla ( 1 / 1 ) Roddick ( 1 / 4 ) Roddick ( 2 / 4 ) Ferrero ( 4 / 4 ) Henman ( 1 / 1 ) 2002 Hewitt ( 1 / 2 ) Agassi ( 13 / 17 ) Ferrero ( 2 / 4 ) Federer ( 1 / 14 ) Agassi ( 14 / 17 ) Cañas ( 1 / 1 ) Moyá ( 2 / 3 ) Agassi ( 15 / 17 ) Safin ( 3 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Essen Paris 2001 Agassi ( 11 / 17 ) Agassi ( 12 / 17 ) Kuerten ( 4 / 5 ) Portas ( 1 / 1 ) Ferrero ( 1 / 4 ) Pavel ( 1 / 1 ) Kuerten ( 5 / 5 ) Haas ( 1 / 1 ) Grosjean ( 1 / 1 ) 2000 Corretja ( 2 / 2 ) Sampras ( 11 / 11 ) Pioline ( 1 / 1 ) Kuerten ( 3 / 5 ) Norman ( 1 / 1 ) Safin ( 1 / 5 ) Enqvist ( 3 / 3 ) Ferreira ( 2 / 2 ) Safin ( 2 / 5 ) ATP Mercedes - Benz Super 9 ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Essen Paris 1999 Philippoussis ( 1 / 1 ) Krajicek ( 2 / 2 ) Kuerten ( 1 / 5 ) Ríos ( 5 / 5 ) Kuerten ( 2 / 5 ) Johansson ( 1 / 1 ) Sampras ( 10 / 11 ) Enqvist ( 2 / 3 ) Agassi ( 10 / 17 ) 1998 Ríos ( 2 / 5 ) Ríos ( 3 / 5 ) Moyá ( 1 / 3 ) Costa ( 1 / 1 ) Ríos ( 4 / 5 ) Rafter ( 1 / 2 ) Rafter ( 2 / 2 ) Krajicek ( 1 / 2 ) Rusedski ( 1 / 1 ) 1997 Chang ( 7 / 7 ) Muster ( 8 / 8 ) Ríos ( 1 / 5 ) Medvedev ( 4 / 4 ) Corretja ( 1 / 2 ) Woodruff ( 1 / 1 ) Sampras ( 8 / 11 ) Korda ( 1 / 1 ) Sampras ( 9 / 11 ) Chang ( 6 / 7 ) Agassi ( 8 / 17 ) Muster ( 6 / 8 ) Carretero ( 1 / 1 ) Muster ( 7 / 8 ) Ferreira ( 1 / 2 ) Agassi ( 9 / 17 ) Becker ( 5 / 5 ) Enqvist ( 1 / 3 ) ATP Championship Series , Single - Week ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Essen Paris 1995 Sampras ( 6 / 11 ) Agassi ( 5 / 17 ) Muster ( 3 / 8 ) Medvedev ( 3 / 4 ) Muster ( 4 / 8 ) Agassi ( 6 / 17 ) Agassi ( 7 / 17 ) Muster ( 5 / 8 ) Sampras ( 7 / 11 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stockholm Paris 1994 Sampras ( 3 / 11 ) Sampras ( 4 / 11 ) Medvedev ( 1 / 4 ) Medvedev ( 2 / 4 ) Sampras ( 5 / 11 ) Agassi ( 3 / 17 ) Chang ( 5 / 7 ) Becker ( 4 / 5 ) Agassi ( 4 / 17 ) 1993 Courier ( 4 / 5 ) Sampras ( 2 / 11 ) Bruguera ( 2 / 2 ) Stich ( 1 / 2 ) Courier ( 5 / 5 ) Pernfors ( 1 / 1 ) Chang ( 4 / 7 ) Stich ( 2 / 2 ) Ivanišević ( 2 / 2 ) 1992 Chang ( 2 / 7 ) Chang ( 3 / 7 ) Muster ( 2 / 8 ) Edberg ( 4 / 4 ) Courier ( 3 / 5 ) Agassi ( 2 / 17 ) Sampras ( 1 / 11 ) Ivanišević ( 1 / 2 ) Becker ( 3 / 5 ) 1991 Courier ( 1 / 5 ) Courier ( 2 / 5 ) Bruguera ( 1 / 2 ) Nováček ( 1 / 1 ) Sánchez ( 1 / 1 ) Chesnokov ( 2 / 2 ) Forget ( 1 / 2 ) Becker ( 2 / 5 ) Forget ( 2 / 2 ) 1990 Edberg ( 1 / 4 ) Agassi ( 1 / 17 ) Chesnokov ( 1 / 2 ) Aguilera ( 1 / 1 ) Muster ( 1 / 8 ) Chang ( 1 / 7 ) Edberg ( 2 / 4 ) Becker ( 1 / 5 ) Edberg ( 3 / 4 ) Doubles ( edit ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Canada Cincinnati Shanghai Paris 2017 Klaasen ( 2 / 2 ) Ram ( 1 / 1 ) Kubot ( 1 / 3 ) Melo ( 6 / 8 ) Bopanna ( 4 / 4 ) Cuevas ( 2 / 2 ) Kubot ( 2 / 3 ) Melo ( 7 / 8 ) Herbert ( 4 / 6 ) Mahut ( 4 / 6 ) Herbert ( 5 / 6 ) Mahut ( 5 / 6 ) Herbert ( 6 / 6 ) Mahut ( 6 / 6 ) Kontinen ( 2 / 2 ) Peers ( 2 / 2 ) Kubot ( 3 / 3 ) Melo ( 8 / 8 ) 2016 Herbert ( 1 / 6 ) Mahut ( 1 / 6 ) Herbert ( 2 / 6 ) Mahut ( 2 / 6 ) Herbert ( 3 / 6 ) Mahut ( 3 / 6 ) Rojer ( 2 / 2 ) Tecău ( 2 / 2 ) Bryan ( 23 / 23 ) Bryan ( 23 / 23 ) Dodig ( 3 / 4 ) Melo ( 4 / 8 ) Dodig ( 4 / 4 ) Melo ( 5 / 8 ) Isner ( 2 / 2 ) Sock ( 2 / 2 ) Kontinen ( 1 / 2 ) Peers ( 1 / 2 ) 2015 Pospisil ( 1 / 1 ) Sock ( 1 / 2 ) Bryan ( 20 / 23 ) Bryan ( 20 / 23 ) Bryan ( 21 / 23 ) Bryan ( 21 / 23 ) Bopanna ( 3 / 4 ) Mergea ( 1 / 1 ) Cuevas ( 1 / 2 ) Marrero ( 1 / 1 ) Bryan ( 22 / 23 ) Bryan ( 22 / 23 ) Nestor ( 10 / 10 ) Roger - Vasselin ( 1 / 1 ) Klaasen ( 1 / 2 ) Melo ( 2 / 8 ) Dodig ( 2 / 4 ) Melo ( 3 / 8 ) 2014 Bryan ( 14 / 23 ) Bryan ( 14 / 23 ) Bryan ( 15 / 23 ) Bryan ( 15 / 23 ) Bryan ( 16 / 23 ) Bryan ( 16 / 23 ) Nestor ( 8 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 9 / 10 ) Nestor ( 9 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 10 / 10 ) Peya ( 2 / 2 ) Soares ( 2 / 2 ) Bryan ( 17 / 23 ) Bryan ( 17 / 23 ) Bryan ( 18 / 23 ) Bryan ( 18 / 23 ) Bryan ( 19 / 23 ) Bryan ( 19 / 23 ) 2013 Bryan ( 9 / 23 ) Bryan ( 9 / 23 ) Qureshi ( 2 / 2 ) Rojer ( 1 / 2 ) Benneteau ( 2 / 2 ) Zimonjić ( 8 / 10 ) Bryan ( 10 / 23 ) Bryan ( 10 / 23 ) Bryan ( 11 / 23 ) Bryan ( 11 / 23 ) Peya ( 1 / 2 ) Soares ( 1 / 2 ) Bryan ( 12 / 23 ) Bryan ( 12 / 23 ) Dodig ( 1 / 4 ) Melo ( 1 / 8 ) Bryan ( 13 / 23 ) Bryan ( 13 / 23 ) 2012 López ( 2 / 3 ) Nadal ( 2 / 2 ) Paes ( 5 / 6 ) Štěpánek ( 1 / 2 ) Bryan ( 7 / 23 ) Bryan ( 7 / 23 ) Fyrstenberg ( 1 / 1 ) Matkowski ( 1 / 1 ) Granollers ( 1 / 1 ) López ( 3 / 3 ) Bryan ( 8 / 23 ) Bryan ( 8 / 23 ) Lindstedt ( 1 / 1 ) Tecău ( 1 / 2 ) Paes ( 6 / 6 ) Štěpánek ( 2 / 2 ) Bhupathi ( 5 / 5 ) Bopanna ( 2 / 4 ) 2011 Dolgopolov ( 1 / 1 ) Malisse ( 1 / 1 ) Bhupathi ( 3 / 5 ) Paes ( 3 / 6 ) Bryan ( 5 / 23 ) Bryan ( 5 / 23 ) Bryan ( 6 / 23 ) Bryan ( 6 / 23 ) Isner ( 1 / 2 ) Querrey ( 1 / 1 ) Llodra ( 1 / 1 ) Zimonjić ( 7 / 10 ) Bhupathi ( 4 / 5 ) Paes ( 4 / 6 ) Mirnyi ( 3 / 3 ) Nestor ( 7 / 10 ) Bopanna ( 1 / 4 ) Qureshi ( 1 / 2 ) López ( 1 / 3 ) Nadal ( 1 / 2 ) Dlouhý ( 1 / 1 ) Paes ( 1 / 6 ) Nestor ( 6 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 6 / 10 ) Bryan ( 1 / 23 ) Bryan ( 1 / 23 ) Bryan ( 2 / 23 ) Bryan ( 2 / 23 ) Bryan ( 3 / 23 ) Bryan ( 3 / 23 ) Bryan ( 4 / 23 ) Bryan ( 4 / 23 ) Melzer ( 1 / 1 ) Paes ( 2 / 6 ) Bhupathi ( 2 / 5 ) Mirnyi ( 2 / 3 ) 2009 Fish ( 1 / 1 ) Roddick ( 1 / 1 ) Mirnyi ( 1 / 3 ) Ram ( 1 / 1 ) Nestor ( 1 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 1 / 10 ) Nestor ( 2 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 2 / 10 ) Nestor ( 3 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 3 / 10 ) Bhupathi ( 1 / 5 ) Knowles ( 1 / 1 ) Nestor ( 4 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 4 / 10 ) Benneteau ( 1 / 2 ) Tsonga ( 1 / 1 ) Nestor ( 5 / 10 ) Zimonjić ( 5 / 10 ) ATP Masters Series ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Madrid Paris 2008 Erlich ( 2 / 2 ) Ram ( 2 / 2 ) Bryan ( 11 / 13 ) Bryan ( 11 / 13 ) Nadal ( 1 / 1 ) Robredo ( 1 / 1 ) Nestor ( 17 / 18 ) Zimonjić ( 4 / 5 ) Bryan ( 12 / 13 ) Bryan ( 12 / 13 ) Nestor ( 18 / 18 ) Zimonjić ( 5 / 5 ) Bryan ( 13 / 13 ) Bryan ( 13 / 13 ) Matkowski ( 1 / 1 ) Fyrstenberg ( 1 / 1 ) Björkman ( 15 / 15 ) Ullyett ( 5 / 5 ) 2007 Damm ( 4 / 4 ) Paes ( 7 / 7 ) Bryan ( 6 / 13 ) Bryan ( 6 / 13 ) Bryan ( 7 / 13 ) Bryan ( 7 / 13 ) Bryan ( 8 / 13 ) Bryan ( 8 / 13 ) Santoro ( 3 / 3 ) Zimonjić ( 3 / 5 ) Bhupathi ( 11 / 11 ) Vízner ( 1 / 1 ) Erlich ( 1 / 2 ) Ram ( 1 / 2 ) Bryan ( 9 / 13 ) Bryan ( 9 / 13 ) Bryan ( 10 / 13 ) Bryan ( 10 / 13 ) 2006 Knowles ( 15 / 16 ) Nestor ( 15 / 18 ) Björkman ( 12 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 11 / 13 ) Björkman ( 13 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 12 / 13 ) Hanley ( 3 / 3 ) Ullyett ( 4 / 5 ) Knowles ( 16 / 16 ) Nestor ( 16 / 18 ) Bryan ( 4 / 13 ) Bryan ( 4 / 13 ) Björkman ( 14 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 13 / 13 ) Bryan ( 5 / 13 ) Bryan ( 5 / 13 ) Clément ( 2 / 2 ) Llodra ( 2 / 2 ) 2005 Knowles ( 13 / 16 ) Nestor ( 13 / 18 ) Björkman ( 9 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 8 / 13 ) Paes ( 6 / 7 ) Zimonjić ( 2 / 5 ) Björkman ( 10 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 9 / 13 ) Llodra ( 1 / 2 ) Santoro ( 2 / 3 ) W Black ( 5 / 5 ) Ullyett ( 3 / 5 ) Björkman ( 11 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 10 / 13 ) Knowles ( 14 / 16 ) Nestor ( 14 / 18 ) Bryan ( 3 / 13 ) Bryan ( 3 / 13 ) Clément ( 1 / 2 ) Grosjean ( 1 / 1 ) W Black ( 3 / 5 ) Ullyett ( 1 / 5 ) Henman ( 2 / 2 ) Zimonjić ( 1 / 5 ) W Black ( 4 / 5 ) Ullyett ( 2 / 5 ) Bhupathi ( 9 / 11 ) Mirnyi ( 7 / 13 ) Bhupathi ( 10 / 11 ) Paes ( 5 / 7 ) Knowles ( 11 / 16 ) Nestor ( 11 / 18 ) Knowles ( 12 / 16 ) Nestor ( 12 / 18 ) Björkman ( 8 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 18 / 18 ) Tennis Masters Series ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Madrid Paris 2003 W Ferreira ( 6 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 7 / 7 ) Federer ( 1 / 1 ) Mirnyi ( 3 / 13 ) Bhupathi ( 6 / 11 ) Mirnyi ( 4 / 13 ) Knowles ( 10 / 16 ) Nestor ( 10 / 18 ) Arthurs ( 2 / 3 ) Hanley ( 1 / 3 ) Bhupathi ( 7 / 11 ) Mirnyi ( 5 / 13 ) Bryan ( 2 / 13 ) Bryan ( 2 / 13 ) Bhupathi ( 8 / 11 ) Mirnyi ( 6 / 13 ) Arthurs ( 3 / 3 ) Hanley ( 2 / 3 ) 2002 Knowles ( 7 / 16 ) Nestor ( 7 / 18 ) Knowles ( 8 / 16 ) Nestor ( 8 / 18 ) Björkman ( 7 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 17 / 18 ) Bhupathi ( 5 / 11 ) Gambill ( 1 / 1 ) Damm ( 3 / 4 ) Suk ( 2 / 2 ) Bryan ( 1 / 13 ) Bryan ( 1 / 13 ) Blake ( 1 / 1 ) Martin ( 1 / 1 ) Knowles ( 9 / 16 ) Nestor ( 9 / 18 ) Escudé ( 1 / 1 ) Santoro ( 1 / 3 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stuttgart Paris 2001 W Ferreira ( 4 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 5 / 7 ) Novák ( 2 / 3 ) Rikl ( 3 / 4 ) Björkman ( 5 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 15 / 18 ) Björkman ( 6 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 16 / 18 ) W Ferreira ( 5 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 6 / 7 ) Novák ( 3 / 3 ) Rikl ( 4 / 4 ) Bhupathi ( 4 / 11 ) Paes ( 4 / 7 ) Mirnyi ( 2 / 13 ) Stolle ( 4 / 4 ) E Ferreira ( 4 / 4 ) Leach ( 4 / 4 ) 2000 O'Brien ( 5 / 5 ) Palmer ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 12 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 12 / 14 ) W Ferreira ( 3 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 4 / 7 ) Woodbridge ( 13 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 13 / 14 ) Damm ( 2 / 4 ) Hrbatý ( 1 / 1 ) Lareau ( 4 / 4 ) Nestor ( 6 / 18 ) Woodbridge ( 14 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 14 / 14 ) Novák ( 1 / 3 ) Rikl ( 2 / 4 ) Kulti ( 2 / 2 ) Mirnyi ( 1 / 13 ) ATP Super 9 ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stuttgart Paris 1999 W Black ( 1 / 5 ) Stolle ( 2 / 4 ) W Black ( 2 / 5 ) Stolle ( 3 / 4 ) Delaître ( 1 / 1 ) Henman ( 1 / 2 ) Arthurs ( 1 / 3 ) A Kratzmann ( 1 / 1 ) E Ferreira ( 3 / 4 ) Leach ( 3 / 4 ) Björkman ( 2 / 15 ) Rafter ( 2 / 2 ) Björkman ( 3 / 15 ) B Black ( 4 / 5 ) Björkman ( 4 / 15 ) B Black ( 5 / 5 ) Lareau ( 3 / 4 ) O'Brien ( 4 / 5 ) 1998 Björkman ( 1 / 15 ) Rafter ( 1 / 2 ) E Ferreira ( 2 / 4 ) Leach ( 2 / 4 ) Eltingh ( 8 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 10 / 10 ) Johnson ( 2 / 2 ) Montana ( 2 / 2 ) Bhupathi ( 2 / 11 ) Paes ( 2 / 7 ) Damm ( 1 / 4 ) Grabb ( 1 / 1 ) Knowles ( 6 / 16 ) Nestor ( 5 / 18 ) Lareau ( 2 / 4 ) O'Brien ( 3 / 5 ) Bhupathi ( 3 / 11 ) Paes ( 3 / 7 ) 1997 Knowles ( 4 / 16 ) Nestor ( 3 / 18 ) Woodbridge ( 9 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 9 / 14 ) Johnson ( 1 / 2 ) Montana ( 1 / 2 ) Lobo ( 1 / 1 ) J Sánchez ( 2 / 2 ) Knowles ( 5 / 16 ) Nestor ( 4 / 18 ) Bhupathi ( 1 / 11 ) Paes ( 1 / 7 ) Woodbridge ( 10 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 10 / 14 ) Woodbridge ( 11 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 11 / 14 ) Eltingh ( 7 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 9 / 10 ) Woodbridge ( 7 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 7 / 14 ) Woodbridge ( 8 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 8 / 14 ) E Ferreira ( 1 / 4 ) Siemerink ( 2 / 2 ) Knowles ( 2 / 16 ) Nestor ( 1 / 18 ) B Black ( 3 / 5 ) Connell ( 3 / 3 ) Galbraith ( 5 / 5 ) Haarhuis ( 7 / 10 ) Knowles ( 3 / 16 ) Nestor ( 2 / 18 ) Lareau ( 1 / 4 ) O'Brien ( 2 / 5 ) Eltingh ( 6 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 8 / 10 ) ATP Championship Series , Single - Week ( edit ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Essen Paris 1995 Ho ( 1 / 1 ) Steven ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 5 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 5 / 14 ) Eltingh ( 4 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 5 / 10 ) W Ferreira ( 2 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 2 / 7 ) Suk ( 1 / 2 ) Vacek ( 1 / 1 ) Kafelnikov ( 3 / 7 ) Olhovskiy ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 6 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 6 / 14 ) Eltingh ( 5 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 6 / 10 ) Connell ( 2 / 3 ) Galbraith ( 4 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stockholm Paris 1994 Connell ( 1 / 3 ) Galbraith ( 3 / 5 ) Eltingh ( 2 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 3 / 10 ) Kulti ( 1 / 2 ) Larsson ( 1 / 1 ) Melville ( 1 / 1 ) Norval ( 2 / 2 ) Kafelnikov ( 1 / 7 ) Rikl ( 1 / 4 ) B Black ( 2 / 5 ) Stark ( 2 / 2 ) O'Brien ( 1 / 5 ) Stolle ( 1 / 4 ) Woodbridge ( 4 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 4 / 14 ) Eltingh ( 3 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 4 / 10 ) 1993 Forget ( 3 / 3 ) Leconte ( 1 / 1 ) Krajicek ( 1 / 1 ) Siemerink ( 1 / 2 ) Edberg ( 1 / 1 ) Korda ( 2 / 3 ) Haarhuis ( 1 / 10 ) Koevermans ( 1 / 1 ) Eltingh ( 1 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 2 / 10 ) Courier ( 3 / 3 ) Knowles ( 1 / 16 ) Agassi ( 1 / 1 ) Korda ( 3 / 3 ) Woodbridge ( 3 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 3 / 14 ) B Black ( 1 / 5 ) Stark ( 1 / 2 ) 1992 DeVries ( 1 / 1 ) Macpherson ( 1 / 1 ) Flach ( 2 / 2 ) Witsken ( 2 / 2 ) Becker ( 2 / 2 ) Stich ( 1 / 1 ) Casal ( 3 / 3 ) E Sánchez ( 3 / 3 ) Hlasek ( 2 / 2 ) Rosset ( 1 / 1 ) Galbraith ( 2 / 5 ) Visser ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 1 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 1 / 14 ) Woodbridge ( 2 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 2 / 14 ) McEnroe ( 1 / 1 ) McEnroe ( 1 / 1 ) 1991 Courier ( 2 / 3 ) J Sánchez ( 1 / 2 ) W Ferreira ( 1 / 6 ) Norval ( 1 / 2 ) Jensen ( 1 / 1 ) Warder ( 1 / 1 ) Casal ( 2 / 3 ) E Sánchez ( 2 / 3 ) Camporese ( 1 / 1 ) Ivanišević ( 1 / 1 ) Galbraith ( 1 / 5 ) Witsken ( 1 / 2 ) Flach ( 1 / 2 ) Seguso ( 1 / 1 ) Fitzgerald ( 1 / 2 ) Järryd ( 1 / 2 ) Fitzgerald ( 2 / 2 ) Järryd ( 2 / 2 ) 1990 Becker ( 1 / 2 ) Forget ( 1 / 3 ) Leach ( 1 / 4 ) Pugh ( 1 / 1 ) Korda ( 1 / 3 ) Šmíd ( 1 / 1 ) Bruguera ( 1 / 1 ) Courier ( 1 / 3 ) Casal ( 1 / 3 ) E Sánchez ( 1 / 3 ) Annacone ( 1 / 1 ) Wheaton ( 1 / 1 ) Cahill ( 1 / 1 ) M Kratzmann ( 1 / 1 ) Forget ( 2 / 3 ) Hlasek ( 1 / 2 ) Davis ( 1 / 1 ) Pate ( 1 / 1 ) Most titles ( edit ) Main article : Tennis Masters Series records and statistics Singles ( edit ) Titles # 1 . Novak Djokovic 30 Rafael Nadal 3 . Roger Federer 27 4 . Andre Agassi 17 5 . Andy Murray 14 Doubles ( edit ) Titles # 1 . Bob Bryan 36 Mike Bryan 3 . Daniel Nestor 28 4 . Todd Woodbridge 18 5 . Mark Knowles 17 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( since 2009 ) ( edit ) Singles titles Titles # 1 . Novak Djokovic 26 2 . Rafael Nadal 18 3 . Roger Federer 13 4 . Andy Murray 12 5 . Alexander Zverev 6 . Nikolay Davydenko David Ferrer Ivan Ljubičić Andy Roddick Robin Söderling Jo - Wilfried Tsonga Stan Wawrinka Marin Čilić Grigor Dimitrov Jack Sock Doubles titles Titles # 1 . Bob Bryan 23 Mike Bryan 23 3 . Daniel Nestor 10 Nenad Zimonjić 10 5 . Marcelo Melo 8 6 . Leander Paes 6 Nicolas Mahut Pierre - Hugues Herbert 9 . Mahesh Bhupathi 5 10 . Ivan Dodig Rohan Bopanna 12 . Marc López Max Mirnyi Łukasz Kubot Singles finals Finals # 1 . Novak Djokovic 38 2 . Rafael Nadal 30 3 . Roger Federer 23 4 . Andy Murray 19 5 . David Ferrer 7 Doubles finals Finals # 1 . Bob Bryan 29 Mike Bryan 3 . Nenad Zimonjić 17 4 . Daniel Nestor 16 5 . Marcelo Melo 12 ^ Active players in bold . Past finals ( edit ) 2017 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2017 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winners Runner - up Score Indian Wells Roger Federer Stan Wawrinka 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 Raven Klaasen Rajeev Ram Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Miami Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo Nicholas Monroe Jack Sock 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal Albert Ramos Viñolas 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 Rohan Bopanna Pablo Cuevas Feliciano López Marc López 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 4 ) Madrid Rafael Nadal Dominic Thiem 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo Nicolas Mahut Édouard Roger - Vasselin 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Rome Alexander Zverev Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Ivan Dodig Marcel Granollers 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , ( 10 -- 3 ) Montreal Alexander Zverev Roger Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Ivan Dodig Rohan Bopanna 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 6 ) Cincinnati Grigor Dimitrov Nick Kyrgios 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Shanghai Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Henri Kontinen John Peers Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Paris Jack Sock Filip Krajinović 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo Ivan Dodig Marcel Granollers 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 6 ) 2016 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2016 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winners Runner - up Score Indian Wells Novak Djokovic Milos Raonic 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Vasek Pospisil Jack Sock 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 Miami Novak Djokovic Kei Nishikori 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Raven Klaasen Rajeev Ram 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , ( 10 -- 7 ) Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal Gaël Monfils 7 -- 5 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , ( 10 -- 6 ) Madrid Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Rohan Bopanna Florin Mergea 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Rome Andy Murray Novak Djokovic 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Vasek Pospisil Jack Sock 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , ( 10 -- 7 ) Toronto Novak Djokovic Kei Nishikori 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Cincinnati Marin Čilić Andy Murray 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecau 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 6 ) Shanghai Andy Murray Roberto Bautista Agut 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 John Isner Jack Sock Henri Kontinen John Peers 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Paris Andy Murray John Isner 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Henri Kontinen John Peers Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 6 ) 2015 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2015 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winners Runner - up Score Indian Wells Novak Djokovic Roger Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 Vasek Pospisil Jack Sock Simone Bolelli Fabio Fognini 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 7 ) Miami Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Vasek Pospisil Jack Sock 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Monte Carlo Novak Djokovic Tomáš Berdych 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Simone Bolelli Fabio Fognini 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Madrid Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Rohan Bopanna Florin Mergea Marcin Matkowski Nenad Zimonjić 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , ( 11 -- 9 ) Rome Novak Djokovic Roger Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Pablo Cuevas David Marrero Marcel Granollers Marc López 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 Montreal Andy Murray Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Daniel Nestor Edouard Roger - Vasselin 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 6 ) Cincinnati Roger Federer Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Daniel Nestor Edouard Roger - Vasselin Marcin Matkowski Nenad Zimonjić 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Shanghai Novak Djokovic Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Raven Klaasen Marcelo Melo Simone Bolelli Fabio Fognini 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Paris Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo Vasek Pospisil Jack Sock 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , ( 10 -- 5 ) 2014 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2014 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winners Runner - up Score Indian Wells Novak Djokovic Roger Federer 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Alexander Peya Bruno Soares 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Miami Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Monte Carlo Stan Wawrinka Roger Federer 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Madrid Rafael Nadal Kei Nishikori 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 0 ret . Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Rome Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Robin Haase Feliciano López 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Toronto Jo - Wilfried Tsonga Roger Federer 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 Alexander Peya Bruno Soares Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Cincinnati Roger Federer David Ferrer 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Vasek Pospisil Jack Sock 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Shanghai Roger Federer Gilles Simon 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Julien Benneteau Edouard Roger - Vasselin 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 Paris Novak Djokovic Milos Raonic 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Marcin Matkowski Jürgen Melzer 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 6 ) 2013 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2013 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winners Runner - up Score Indian Wells Rafael Nadal Juan Martín del Potro 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Treat Huey Jerzy Janowicz 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 6 ) Miami Andy Murray David Ferrer 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Jean - Julien Rojer Mariusz Fyrstenberg Marcin Matkowski 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 Monte Carlo Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Julien Benneteau Nenad Zimonjić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , ( 14 -- 12 ) Madrid Rafael Nadal Stan Wawrinka 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Alexander Peya Bruno Soares 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Rome Rafael Nadal Roger Federer 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Mahesh Bhupathi Rohan Bopanna 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Montreal Rafael Nadal Milos Raonic 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Alexander Peya Bruno Soares Colin Fleming Andy Murray 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Cincinnati Rafael Nadal John Isner 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Marcel Granollers Marc López 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 4 ) Shanghai Novak Djokovic Juan Martín del Potro 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo David Marrero Fernando Verdasco 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 2 ) Paris Novak Djokovic David Ferrer 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Alexander Peya Bruno Soares 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2012 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2012 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winners Runner - up Score Indian Wells Roger Federer John Isner 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Marc López Rafael Nadal John Isner Sam Querrey 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Miami Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 Leander Paes Radek Štěpánek Max Mirnyi Daniel Nestor 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Max Mirnyi Daniel Nestor 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Madrid Roger Federer Tomáš Berdych 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 Mariusz Fyrstenberg Marcin Matkowski Robert Lindstedt Horia Tecău 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Rome Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Marcel Granollers Marc López Łukasz Kubot Janko Tipsarević 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Toronto Novak Djokovic Richard Gasquet 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Marcel Granollers Marc López 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , ( 12 -- 10 ) Cincinnati Roger Federer Novak Djokovic 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 Robert Lindstedt Horia Tecău Mahesh Bhupathi Rohan Bopanna 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Shanghai Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Leander Paes Radek Štěpánek Mahesh Bhupathi Rohan Bopanna 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Paris David Ferrer Jerzy Janowicz 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Mahesh Bhupathi Rohan Bopanna Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Jean - Julien Rojer 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2011 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2011 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winner Runner - up Score Indian Wells Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Alexandr Dolgopolov Xavier Malisse Roger Federer Stan Wawrinka 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 7 ) Miami Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 Mahesh Bhupathi Leander Paes Max Mirnyi Daniel Nestor 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal David Ferrer 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Juan Ignacio Chela Bruno Soares 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Madrid Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Michaël Llodra Nenad Zimonjić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Rome Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 John Isner Sam Querrey Mardy Fish Andy Roddick w / o Montreal Novak Djokovic Mardy Fish 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Michaël Llodra Nenad Zimonjić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Cincinnati Andy Murray Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 0 ret . Mahesh Bhupathi Leander Paes Michaël Llodra Nenad Zimonjić 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Shanghai Andy Murray David Ferrer 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Max Mirnyi Daniel Nestor Michaël Llodra Nenad Zimonjić 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 12 -- 10 ) Paris Roger Federer Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 Rohan Bopanna Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Julien Benneteau Nicolas Mahut 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2010 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2010 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winner Runner - up Score Indian Wells Ivan Ljubičić Andy Roddick 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Marc López Rafael Nadal Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Miami Andy Roddick Tomáš Berdych 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Lukáš Dlouhý Leander Paes Mahesh Bhupathi Max Mirnyi 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal Fernando Verdasco 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Mahesh Bhupathi Max Mirnyi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 0 ret . Rome Rafael Nadal David Ferrer 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan John Isner Sam Querrey 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Madrid Rafael Nadal Roger Federer 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Toronto Andy Murray Roger Federer 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Julien Benneteau Michaël Llodra 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Cincinnati Roger Federer Mardy Fish 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Mahesh Bhupathi Max Mirnyi 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 . Shanghai Andy Murray Roger Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Jürgen Melzer Leander Paes Mariusz Fyrstenberg Marcin Matkowski 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Paris Robin Söderling Gaël Monfils 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 Mahesh Bhupathi Max Mirnyi Mark Knowles Andy Ram 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 2009 finals ( edit ) Main article : 2009 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Tournament Singles Winner Runner - up Score Doubles Winner Runner - up Score Indian Wells Rafael Nadal Andy Murray 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 Mardy Fish Andy Roddick Max Mirnyi Andy Ram 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 14 -- 12 ) Miami Andy Murray Novak Djokovic 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 Max Mirnyi Andy Ram Ashley Fisher Stephen Huss 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , ( 10 -- 7 ) Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 Rome Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Madrid Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Simon Aspelin Wesley Moodie 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Montreal Andy Murray Juan Martín del Potro 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Mahesh Bhupathi Mark Knowles Max Mirnyi Andy Ram 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Cincinnati Roger Federer Novak Djokovic 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , ( 15 -- 13 ) Shanghai Nikolay Davydenko Rafael Nadal 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga Julien Benneteau Mariusz Fyrstenberg Marcin Matkowski 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Paris Novak Djokovic Gaël Monfils 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 Daniel Nestor Nenad Zimonjić Marcel Granollers Tommy Robredo 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 For results before 2009 , see ATP Masters Series . Since the start of 2009 , the `` Big - 4 '' ( Federer , Nadal , Djokovic & Murray ) have combined to win 69 of the last 80 ATP Masters 1000 finals ( through to Shanghai 2017 ) , and had a streak of 42 consecutive finals appearances ( from 2013 Indian Wells to 2017 Montreal ) . From 2009 to present , Djokovic won 26 titles , Nadal won 18 titles , Federer won 13 , and Murray 12 titles . The remaining 10 titles were won by 9 different players with only Zverev winning twice . The Big - 4 won 18 consecutive titles from the 2014 Cincinnati to the 2016 Canada event . Djokovic & Nadal had concurrent possession of all 9 titles starting with the 2013 Monte - Carlo tournament through the 2014 Miami event . Outside of the Big - 4 , only 1 player has made more than 3 Masters 1000 finals . David Ferrer made 7 finals , 1 of which he won , the 2012 Paris crown . Only 7 times has a player outside of the Big - 4 won a title by beating a member of the Big - 4 . Davydenko defeated Nadal twice , Wawrinka and Tsonga defeated Federer , Cilic defeated Murray , Zverev defeated Djokovic and Federer . See also ( edit ) Grand Slam ( tennis ) ATP Finals ATP World Tour 500 series ATP World Tour 250 series Tennis Masters Series records and statistics Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles # Masters tournaments Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Masters Series event in Rome was played before Hamburg from 2000 -- 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The 1996 Cincinnati Masters was held before the Canadian Masters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ATP MIAMI : Novak Djokovic writes Masters 1000 history after winning title number 28 ! '' . Tennis World . ^ Jump up to : `` Rankings explained '' . atpworldtour.com . External links ( edit ) ATP World Tour Official Site ATP World Tour Masters 1000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Shanghai Paris ATP Championship Series , Single - Week ( 1990 -- 1995 ) / ATP Super 9 ( 1996 -- 1999 ) / ATP Tennis Masters Series ( 2000 -- 2003 ) / ATP Masters Series ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 1990 -- 2008 Indian Wells Key Biscayne / Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Paris 1990 -- 1994 Stockholm 1995 Essen 1996 -- 2001 Stuttgart 2002 -- 2008 Madrid Grand Prix Super Series ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 1970 -- 71 : Sydney 1970 -- 73 : Los Angeles 1970 -- 74 : Johannesburg 1970 -- 77 : Boston 1970 -- 80 , 1984 -- 89 : Stockholm 1970 -- 71 , 1976 -- 89 : London 1970 -- 86 : Philadelphia 1970 -- 89 : Monte Carlo Rome 1972 -- 81 : Las Vegas 1973 -- 77 : Indianapolis 1974 -- 77 : Washington 1978 -- 89 : Hamburg Montreal / Toronto 1978 -- 88 : Tokyo Indoor 1981 -- 89 : Cincinnati 1982 -- 85 : Forest Hills 1986 -- 89 : Miami 1987 -- 89 : Indian Wells 1989 : Paris ATP Masters Series : Singles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Michael Chang 1997 : Michael Chang 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Mark Philippoussis 2000 : Àlex Corretja 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Lleyton Hewitt 2003 : Lleyton Hewitt 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Ivan Ljubičić 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer Miami Masters 1990 : Andre Agassi 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Pete Sampras 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Thomas Muster 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Richard Krajicek 2000 : Pete Sampras 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Andre Agassi 2004 : Andy Roddick 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Nikolay Davydenko 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Roddick 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Andy Murray 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer Monte - Carlo Masters 1990 : Andrei Chesnokov 1991 : Sergi Bruguera 1992 : Thomas Muster 1993 : Sergi Bruguera 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Marcelo Ríos 1998 : Carlos Moyá 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Cédric Pioline 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Guillermo Coria 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Stan Wawrinka 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Rafael Nadal 2017 : Rafael Nadal Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990 : Juan Aguilera 1991 : Karel Nováček 1992 : Stefan Edberg 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Andriy Medvedev 1996 : Roberto Carretero 1997 : Andriy Medvedev 1998 : Albert Costa 1999 : Marcelo Ríos 2000 : Gustavo Kuerten 2001 : Albert Portas 2002 : Roger Federer 2003 : Guillermo Coria 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Tommy Robredo 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Rafael Nadal 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Rafael Nadal Rome Masters 1990 : Thomas Muster 1991 : Emilio Sánchez 1992 : Jim Courier 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Àlex Corretja 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Magnus Norman 2001 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Félix Mantilla 2004 : Carlos Moyá 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . Canada Masters 1990 : Michael Chang 1991 : Andrei Chesnokov 1992 : Andre Agassi 1993 : Mikael Pernfors 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Wayne Ferreira 1997 : Chris Woodruff 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Thomas Johansson 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Andrei Pavel 2002 : Guillermo Cañas 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . Cincinnati Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Pete Sampras 1993 : Michael Chang 1994 : Michael Chang 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Pete Sampras 2000 : Thomas Enqvist 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Carlos Moyá 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Andre Agassi 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Andy Roddick 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Roger Federer 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Roger Federer 2016 : Marin Čilić 2017 : Grigor Dimitrov Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990 : Boris Becker 1991 : Boris Becker 1992 : Goran Ivanišević 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Boris Becker 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Boris Becker 1997 : Petr Korda 1998 : Richard Krajicek 1999 : Thomas Enqvist 2000 : Wayne Ferreira 2001 : Tommy Haas 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Nikolay Davydenko 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Roger Federer Paris Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Boris Becker 1993 : Goran Ivanišević 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Thomas Enqvist 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Greg Rusedski 1999 : Andre Agassi 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Sébastien Grosjean 2002 : Marat Safin 2003 : Tim Henman 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Tomáš Berdych 2006 : Nikolay Davydenko 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2009 : Novak Djokovic 2010 : Robin Söderling 2011 : Roger Federer 2012 : David Ferrer 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Jack Sock ATP Masters Series : Doubles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990 : Boris Becker / Guy Forget 1991 : Jim Courier / Javier Sánchez 1992 : Steve DeVries / David Macpherson 1993 : Guy Forget / Henri Leconte 1994 : Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith 1995 : Tommy Ho / Brett Steven 1996 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1997 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1998 : Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter 1999 : Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle 2000 : Alex O'Brien / Jared Palmer 2001 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2002 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2004 : Arnaud Clément / Sébastien Grosjean 2005 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2006 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2007 : Martin Damm / Leander Paes 2008 : Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram 2009 : Mardy Fish / Andy Roddick 2010 : Marc López / Rafael Nadal 2011 : Alexandr Dolgopolov / Xavier Malisse 2012 : Marc López / Rafael Nadal 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Vasek Pospisil / Jack Sock 2016 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017 : Raven Klaasen / Rajeev Ram Miami Masters 1990 : Rick Leach / Jim Pugh 1991 : Wayne Ferreira / Piet Norval 1992 : Ken Flach / Todd Witsken 1993 : Richard Krajicek / Jan Siemerink 1994 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1995 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1996 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1997 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998 : Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 1999 : Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle 2000 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001 : Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2002 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003 : Roger Federer / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2005 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009 : Max Mirnyi / Andy Ram 2010 : Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes 2011 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2012 : Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek 2013 : Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi / Jean - Julien Rojer 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017 : Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Monte - Carlo Masters 1990 : Petr Korda / Tomáš Šmíd 1991 : Luke Jensen / Laurie Warder 1992 : Boris Becker / Michael Stich 1993 : Stefan Edberg / Petr Korda 1994 : Nicklas Kulti / Magnus Larsson 1995 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1996 : Ellis Ferreira / Jan Siemerink 1997 : Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana 1998 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1999 : Olivier Delaître / Tim Henman 2000 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2001 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2002 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2003 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Tim Henman / Nenad Zimonjić 2005 : Leander Paes / Nenad Zimonjić 2006 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Rafael Nadal / Tommy Robredo 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2011 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2012 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2013 : Julien Benneteau / Nenad Zimonjić 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017 : Rohan Bopanna / Pablo Cuevas Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990 : Sergi Bruguera / Jim Courier 1991 : Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1992 : Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1993 : Paul Haarhuis / Mark Koevermans 1994 : Scott Melville / Piet Norval 1995 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 1996 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1997 : Luis Lobo / Javier Sánchez 1998 : Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana 1999 : Wayne Arthurs / Andrew Kratzmann 2000 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2002 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Jan - Michael Gambill 2003 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2004 : Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2005 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006 : Paul Hanley / Kevin Ullyett 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2012 : Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2015 : Rohan Bopanna / Florin Mergea 2016 : Jean - Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău 2017 : Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Rome Masters 1990 : Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1991 : Omar Camporese / Goran Ivanišević 1992 : Jakob Hlasek / Marc Rosset 1993 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1994 : Yevgeny Kafelnikov / David Rikl 1995 : Cyril Suk / Daniel Vacek 1996 : Byron Black / Grant Connell 1997 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1998 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1999 : Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 2000 : Martin Damm / Dominik Hrbatý 2001 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2002 : Martin Damm / Cyril Suk 2003 : Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley 2004 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2005 : Michaël Llodra / Fabrice Santoro 2006 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2007 : Fabrice Santoro / Nenad Zimonjić 2008 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : John Isner / Sam Querrey 2012 : Marcel Granollers / Marc López 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2015 : Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero 2016 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2017 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Canada Masters 1990 : Paul Annacone / David Wheaton 1991 : Patrick Galbraith / Todd Witsken 1992 : Patrick Galbraith / Danie Visser 1993 : Jim Courier / Mark Knowles 1994 : Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 1995 : Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Andrei Olhovskiy 1996 : Patrick Galbraith / Paul Haarhuis 1997 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1998 : Martin Damm / Jim Grabb 1999 : Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter 2000 : Sébastien Lareau / Daniel Nestor 2001 : Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2002 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2003 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2005 : Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2006 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2007 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Pavel Vízner 2008 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2009 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : Michaël Llodra / Nenad Zimonjić 2012 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2013 : Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares 2014 : Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares 2015 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2017 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Cincinnati Masters 1990 : Darren Cahill / Mark Kratzmann 1991 : Ken Flach / Robert Seguso 1992 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1993 : Andre Agassi / Petr Korda 1994 : Alex O'Brien / Sandon Stolle 1995 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1996 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1997 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1999 : Byron Black / Jonas Björkman 2000 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2002 : James Blake / Todd Martin 2003 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2004 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2005 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007 : Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram 2008 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2012 : Robert Lindstedt / Horia Tecău 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Daniel Nestor / Édouard Roger - Vasselin 2016 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990 : Guy Forget / Jakob Hlasek 1991 : John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd 1992 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1993 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1994 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1995 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1996 : Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 1997 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998 : Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 1999 : Byron Black / Jonas Björkman 2000 : Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2001 : Max Mirnyi / Sandon Stolle 2002 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2005 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2006 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski 2009 : Julien Benneteau / Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2010 : Jürgen Melzer / Leander Paes 2011 : Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor 2012 : Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek 2013 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Raven Klaasen / Marcelo Melo 2016 : John Isner / Jack Sock Paris Masters 1990 : Scott Davis / David Pate 1991 : Anders Järryd / John Fitzgerald 1992 : John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe 1993 : Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 1994 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1995 : Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith 1996 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1997 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1998 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1999 : Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 2000 : Nicklas Kulti / Max Mirnyi 2001 : Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 2002 : Nicolas Escudé / Fabrice Santoro 2003 : Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley 2004 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2005 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2006 : Arnaud Clément / Michaël Llodra 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Jonas Björkman / Kevin Ullyett 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2011 : Rohan Bopanna / Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi 2012 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Rohan Bopanna 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2016 : Henri Kontinen / John Peers 2017 : Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000&oldid=818470457 '' Categories : ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP Tour Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most masters 1000 titles | [] | [] |
-1960881155251450883 | Electoral College (United States) | Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies , with some stipulations ( see below ) , that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Pursuant to Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . All federal officials , elected and appointed , are barred from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and not once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : `` There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors '' , neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History ( edit ) Original plan ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision ( edit ) The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate '' . Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay : `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . '' The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans ( edit ) In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : `` The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . '' Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years ( edit ) For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics ( edit ) The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary ( edit ) Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors ( edit ) Apportionment. ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination ( edit ) Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness ( edit ) Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies ( edit ) Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House ( edit ) The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate ( edit ) If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election ( edit ) Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution ( edit ) See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table ( edit ) Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 - D.C. Delaware 27 Florida 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors ( edit ) Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature ( edit ) In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts ( edit ) Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote ( edit ) Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method ( edit ) There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win ; it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation ( edit ) Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues ( edit ) Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism ( edit ) Nondeterminacy of popular vote ( edit ) See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple plurality of the 39 smallest states ( excluding Washington ) and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' `` The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . '' Exclusive focus on large swing states ( edit ) Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation ( edit ) Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states ( edit ) According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that `` The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . '' Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population ( edit ) Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties ( edit ) See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Support ( edit ) Prevention of an urban - centric victory ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation ( edit ) The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups ( edit ) Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies ( edit ) According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems ( edit ) Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish ( edit ) Bayh -- Celler Amendment ( edit ) The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal ( edit ) On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact ( edit ) Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not go into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact form a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 11 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 172 electoral votes , which is 64 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election and for Hillary Clinton in 2016 . See also ( edit ) County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ `` DATES OF U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION `` EVENTS '' : 1789 to the present `` . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Avery Anapol . `` Connecticut state Senate passes bill giving electoral votes to presidential candidate who wins popular vote '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Pappas ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Blue states rally to upend Electoral College , with addition of Connecticut '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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312550952648139606 | Slender Man | Slender Man - wikipedia Slender Man For the upcoming film , see Slender Man ( film ) . Slender Man An artistic depiction of the Slender Man First appearance June 10 , 2009 on a Something Awful post Created by Eric Knudsen Portrayed by Javier Botet ( In the film Slender Man ) Information Gender Male The Slender Man ( also known as Slenderman ) is a fictional supernatural character that originated as a creepypasta Internet meme created by Something Awful forums user Eric Knudsen ( also known as `` Victor Surge '' ) in 2009 . It is depicted as a thin , unnaturally tall humanoid with a featureless head and face and wearing a black suit . Stories of the Slender Man commonly feature him stalking , abducting or traumatizing people , particularly children . The Slender Man is not confined to a single narrative but appears in many disparate works of fiction , typically composed online . Fiction relating to the Slender Man encompasses many media , including literature , art and video series such as Marble Hornets , wherein he is known as The Operator . Outside of online fiction , the Slender Man has become an internet icon and has influenced popular culture , having been referenced in the video game Minecraft with the Enderman character and generated video games of his own , such as Slender : The Eight Pages and Slender : The Arrival . He has also appeared in Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , the film adaptation of the Marble Hornets YouTube series , where he was portrayed by Doug Jones , and will appear in an upcoming eponymous film , where he will be portrayed by Javier Botet . Beginning in 2014 , a moral panic occurred over the Slender Man after readers of his fiction were connected to several violent acts , particularly a near - fatal stabbing of a 12 - year - old girl in Waukesha , Wisconsin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Development 2 Description 2.1 As folklore 3 Reasons for success 4 Copyright 5 Related incidents 5.1 Waukesha stabbing 5.2 Other incidents 6 References in media 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origin The writings of H.P. Lovecraft influenced the creation of the Slender Man . The Slender Man was created on June 10 , 2009 , on a thread in the Something Awful Internet forum . The thread was a Photoshop contest in which users were challenged to `` create paranormal images . '' Forum poster Eric Knudsen , under the pseudonym `` Victor Surge '' , contributed two black - and - white images of groups of children to which he added a tall , thin , spectral figure wearing a black suit . Although previous entries had consisted solely of photographs , Surge supplemented his submission with snatches of text -- supposedly from witnesses -- describing the abductions of the groups of children and giving the character the name `` The Slender Man '' : The quote under the first photograph read : We did n't want to go , we did n't want to kill them , but its persistent silence and outstretched arms horrified and comforted us at the same time ... -- 1983 , photographer unknown , presumed dead . The quote under the second photograph read : One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze . Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as `` The Slender Man '' . Deformities cited as film defects by officials . Fire at library occurred one week later . Actual photograph confiscated as evidence . -- 1986 , photographer : Mary Thomas , missing since June 13th , 1986 . These additions effectively transformed the photographs into a work of fiction . Subsequent posters expanded upon the character , adding their own visual or textual contributions . Knudsen was inspired to create the Slender Man primarily by Zack Parsons ' `` That Insidious Beast '' , Stephen King 's The Mist , reports of shadow people , Mothman and the Mad Gasser of Mattoon . Other inspirations for the character were the Tall Man from the 1979 film Phantasm , H.P. Lovecraft , the surrealist work of William S. Burroughs , and the survival horror video games Silent Hill and Resident Evil . Knudsen 's intention was `` to formulate something whose motivations can barely be comprehended , and ( which caused ) unease and terror in a general population . '' Other pre-existing fictional or legendary creatures which are similar to the Slender Man include : the Gentlemen , black - suited , pale , bald demons from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode `` Hush '' ; Men in black , many accounts of which grant them an uncanny appearance with an unnatural walk and `` oriental '' features ; and The Question , a DC Comics superhero with a blank face , whose secret identity is `` Victor Sage '' , a name similar to Knudsen 's alias `` Victor Surge '' . In her book , Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology , Professor Shira Chess of the University of Georgia connected the Slender Man to ancient folklore about fairies . Like fairies , Slender Man is otherworldly , with motives that are often difficult to grasp ; like fairies , his appearance is vague and often shifts to reflect what the viewer wants or fears to see , and , like fairies , the Slender Man calls the woods and wild places his home and kidnaps children . Development The Slender Man soon went viral , spawning numerous works of fanart , cosplay , and online fiction known as `` creepypasta '' -- scary stories told in short snatches of easily copyable text that spread from site to site . Divorced from its original creator , the Slender Man became the subject of myriad stories by multiple authors within an overarching mythos . Many aspects of the Slender Man mythos first appeared on the original Something Awful thread . One of the earliest additions was added by a forum user named `` Thoreau - Up '' , who created a folklore story set in 16th - century Germany involving a character called Der Groẞman , which was implied to be an early reference to the Slender Man . The first video series involving the Slender Man evolved from a post on the Something Awful thread by user `` ce gars '' . It tells of a fictional film school friend named Alex Kralie , who had stumbled upon something troubling while shooting his first feature - length project , Marble Hornets . The video series , published in found footage style on YouTube , forms an alternate reality game describing the filmers ' fictional experiences with the Slender Man . The ARG also incorporates a Twitter feed and an alternate YouTube channel created by a user named `` totheark '' . As of 2013 , Marble Hornets had over 250,000 subscribers around the world and had received 55 million views . Other Slender Man - themed YouTube serials followed , including EverymanHYBRID and TribeTwelve . In 2012 , the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender : The Eight Pages ; within its first month of release , the game was downloaded over 2 million times . Several popular variants of the game followed , including Slenderman 's Shadow and Slender Man for iOS , which became the second most - popular app download . The sequel to Slender : The Eight Pages , Slender : The Arrival , was released in 2013 . Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development , including Entity and The Slender Man , released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign . In 2013 , it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film . In 2015 , the film adaptation , Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , was released on VOD , where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones . In 2016 , Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres , with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet . Description The `` Slender Man symbol '' introduced by Marble Hornets Because the Slender Man 's fictional `` mythology '' has evolved without an official `` canon '' for reference , his appearance , motives , habits , and abilities are not fixed but change depending on the storyteller . He is most commonly described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long , tentacle - like arms ( or merely tentacles ) , which he can extend to intimidate or capture prey . In most stories his face is white and featureless , but occasionally his face appears differently to anyone who sees it . He appears to be wearing a dark suit and tie . The Slender Man is often associated with the forest and / or abandoned locations and has the ability to teleport . Proximity to the Slender Man is often said to trigger a `` Slender sickness '' ; a rapid onset of paranoia , nightmares and delusions accompanied by nosebleeds . Early stories featured him targeting children or young adults . Some featured young adults driven insane or to act on his behalf , while others did not , and others claim that investigating the Slender Man will draw his attention . The web series Marble Hornets established the idea of proxies ( humans who fall under the Slender Man 's influence ) though initially they were simply violently insane , rather than puppets of the Slender Man . Marble Hornets also introduced the idea that the Slender Man could interfere with video and audio recordings , as well as the `` Slender Man symbol '' , which became a common trope of Slender fiction . Graphic violence and body horror are uncommon in the Slender Man mythos , with many narratives choosing to leave the fate of his victims obscure . Shira Chess notes that `` It is important to note that few of the retellings identify exactly what kind of monster the Slender Man might be , and what his specific intentions are - these points all remain mysteriously and usefully vague . '' As folklore Several scholars have argued that , despite being a fictional work with an identifiable origin point , the Slender Man represents a form of digital folklore . Shira Chess argues that the Slender Man exemplifies the similarities between traditional folklore and the open source ethos of the Internet , and that , unlike those of traditional monsters such as vampires and werewolves , the fact that the Slender Man 's mythos can be tracked and signposted offers a powerful insight into how myth and folklore form . Chess identifies three aspects of the Slender Man mythos that tie it to folklore : collectivity ( meaning that it is created by a collective , rather than a single individual ) , variability ( meaning that the story changes depending on the teller ) , and performance ( meaning that the storyteller 's narrative changes to reflect the responses of his / her audience ) . Andrew Peck also considers the Slender Man to be an authentic form of folklore and notes its similarity to emergent forms of offline legend performance . Peck suggests that digital folklore performance extends the dynamics of face - to - face performance in several notable ways , such as by occurring asynchronously , encouraging imitation and personalization while also allowing perfect replication , combining elements of oral , written , and visual communication , and generating shared expectations for performance that enact group identity despite the lack of a physically present group . He concludes that the Slender Man represents a digital legend cycle that combines the generic conventions and emergent qualities of oral and visual performance with the collaborative potential of networked communication . Jeff Tolbert also accepts the Slender Man as folkloric and suggests it represents a process he calls `` reverse ostension . '' Ostension in folkloristics is the process of acting out a folk narrative . According to Tolbert , the Slender Man does the opposite by creating a set of folklore - like narratives where none existed before . It is an iconic figure produced through a collective effort and deliberately modeled after an existing and familiar folklore genre . According to Tolbert , this represents two processes in one : it involves the creation of new objects and new disconnected examples of experience , and it involves the combination of these elements into a body of `` traditional '' narratives , modeled on existing folklore ( but not wholly indebted to any specific tradition ) . Professor Thomas Pettitt of the University of Southern Denmark has described the Slender Man as being an exemplar of the modern age 's closing of the `` Gutenberg Parenthesis '' ; the time period from the invention of the printing press to the spread of the web in which stories and information were codified in discrete media , to a return to the older , more primal forms of storytelling , exemplified by oral tradition and campfire tales , in which the same story can be retold , reinterpreted and recast by different tellers , expanding and evolving with time . Reasons for success Anonymous graffito of the Slender Man drawn on pavement in Raleigh , North Carolina Media scholar and folklorist Andrew Peck attributes the success of the Slender Man to its highly collaborative nature . Because the character and its motives are shrouded in mystery , users can easily adapt existing Slender Man tropes and imagery to create new stories . This ability for users to tap into the ideas of others while also supplying their own helped inspire the collaborative culture that arose surrounding the Slender Man . Instead of privileging the choices of certain creators as canonical , this collaborative culture informally locates ownership of the creature across the community . In these respects , the Slender Man is similar to campfire stories or urban legends , and the character 's success comes from enabling both social interaction and personal acts of creative expression . Although nearly all users understand that the Slender Man is not real , they suspend that disbelief in order to become more engrossed when telling or listening to stories . This adds a sense of authenticity to Slender Man legend performances and blurs the lines between legend and reality , keeping the creature as an object of legend dialectic . This ambiguity has led some to some confusion over the character 's origin and purpose . Only five months after his creation , George Noory 's Coast to Coast AM , a radio call - in show devoted to the paranormal and conspiracy theories , began receiving callers asking about the Slender Man . Two years later , an article in the Minneapolis Star Tribune described his origins as `` difficult to pinpoint . '' Eric Knudsen has commented that many people , despite understanding that the Slender Man was created on the Something Awful forums , still entertain the possibility that he might be real . Shira Chess describes the Slender Man as a metaphor for `` helplessness , power differentials , and anonymous forces . '' Peck sees parallels between the Slender Man and common anxieties about the digital age , such as feelings of constant connectedness and unknown third - party observation . Similarly , Tye Van Horn , a writer for The Elm , has suggested that the Slender Man represents modern fear of the unknown ; in an age flooded with information , people have become so unaccustomed to ignorance that they now fear what they can not understand . Troy Wagner , the creator of Marble Hornets , ascribes the terror of the Slender Man to its malleability ; people can shape it into whatever frightens them most . Tina Marie Boyer noted that `` The Slender man is a prohibitive monster , but the cultural boundaries he guards are not clear . Victims do not know when they have violated or crossed them . '' Copyright Despite his folkloric qualities , the Slender Man is not in the public domain . Several for - profit ventures involving the Slender Man have unequivocally acknowledged Knudsen as the creator of this fictional character , while others were civilly blocked from distribution ( including the Kickstarter - funded film ) after legal complaints from Knudsen and other sources . Though Knudsen himself has given his personal blessing to a number of Slender Man - related projects , the issue is complicated by the fact that , while he is the character 's creator , a third party holds the options to any adaptations into other media , including film and television . The identity of this option holder has not been made public . Knudsen himself has argued that his enforcement of copyright has less to do with money than with artistic integrity : `` I just want something amazing to come off it ... something that 's scary and disturbing and kinda different . I would hate for something to come out and just be kinda conventional . '' As of May 2016 , the media rights to Slender Man have been sold to production company Mythology Entertainment . Related incidents Waukesha stabbing Main article : Slender Man stabbing On May 31 , 2014 , two 12 - year - old girls in Waukesha , Wisconsin allegedly held down and stabbed a 12 - year - old classmate 19 times . When questioned later by authorities , they reportedly claimed that they wished to commit a murder as a first step to becoming proxies for the Slender Man , having read about it online . They also state that they were afraid that Slender Man would kill their families if they did not commit the murder . The victim was able to crawl from the woods , where she had been left , to reach a roadside . A passing cyclist intervened , and the victim survived the attack . Both attackers have been diagnosed with mental illnesses but have also been charged as adults and are each facing up to 65 years in prison . One of the girls reportedly said Slender Man watches her , can read minds , and could teleport . Experts testified in court she also said she conversed with Lord Voldemort and one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . On August 1 , 2014 , she was found incompetent to stand trial and her prosecution was suspended until her condition improved . On November 12 , 2014 , a doctor judged that her condition had improved enough for her to stand trial , and on December 19 , 2014 , the judge ruled that both girls were competent to stand trial . In August 2015 , the presiding judge ruled that the girls would be tried as adults . They were tried separately . On August 21 , 2017 , one of the girls , now 15 , pleaded guilty to being a party to attempted second - degree homicide , but claimed she was not responsible for her actions on grounds of insanity . Although prosecutors alleged that she knew what she was doing was wrong , the jury determined that she was mentally ill during the attack . She will spend at least three years in a mental hospital . On December 21 , Waukesha County Circuit Judge Michael Bohren sentenced Weier , then 16 years - old , to be hospitalized for 25 years from the date of the crime , which would keep her institutionalized until age 37 . In a statement to the media , Eric Knudsen said , `` I am deeply saddened by the tragedy in Wisconsin and my heart goes out to the families of those affected by this terrible act . '' He stated he would not be giving interviews on the matter . On 25 September 2017 , it was reported that Morgan Geyser , then 15 , had agreed to plead guilty to attempting to commit first - degree homicide in an arrangement that would allow her avoid jail time . In terms of the arrangement Geyser would remain at the mental hospital where she had been staying for the past two years for at least a further three years . On February 1 , 2018 , the Associated Press reported that Geyser had been sentenced to 40 years in the Wisconsin mental hospital , the maximum sentence allowed . A documentary film on the incident called Beware the Slenderman was released by HBO Films in March 2016 , and was broadcast on HBO on January 23 , 2017 . Other incidents After hearing the story , an unidentified woman from Cincinnati , Ohio , told a WLWT TV reporter in June 2014 that her 13 - year - old daughter had attacked her with a knife , and had written macabre fiction , some involving the Slender Man , who the mother said motivated the attack . On September 4 , 2014 , a 14 - year - old girl in Port Richey , Florida , allegedly set her family 's house on fire while her mother and nine - year - old brother were inside . Police reported that the teenager had been reading online stories about Slender Man as well as Atsushi Ōkubo 's manga Soul Eater . Eddie Daniels of the Pasco County Sheriff 's Office said the girl `` had visited the website that contains a lot of the Slender Man information and stories ( ... ) It would be safe to say there is a connection to that . '' During an early 2015 epidemic of suicide attempts by young people ages 12 to 24 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , Slender Man was cited as an influence ; the Oglala Sioux tribe president noted that many Native Americans traditionally believe in a `` suicide spirit '' similar to the Slender Man . References in media This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 , Markus `` Notch '' Persson , creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft , added a new hostile mob to the game , which he named the `` Enderman '' when multiple users on Reddit and Google+ commented on the similarity to the Slender Man . The Slender Man was the antagonist of the 2013 Lost Girl episode `` SubterrFaenean '' , in which the Slender Man was said to be the basis for the Pied Piper legend . In the 2014 episode `` Pinkie Apple Pie '' of My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic , a pony version of the character appears in a brief cameo . The TV series Supernatural parodied Slender Man as `` Thinman '' in the 2014 episode of the same name . In 2016 , American horror punk band Haunted Garage released an EP entitled Slenderman and Other Strange Tales , featuring a song and accompanying music video based on both the character and the 2014 stabbing case . The sixteenth season of the crime drama TV series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit featured an episode , `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' , inspired by the Slender Man stabbings . The board game Kingdom Death : Monster features a Slender Man - based expansion pack . See also Bogeyman Kunekune ( urban legend ) Urban legend References Jump up ^ Dewey , Caitlin ; Dewey , Caitlin ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) . `` The complete history of ' Slender Man , ' the meme that compelled two girls to stab a friend '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : De Vos , Gail Arlene ( 2012 ) . What Happens Next ? . ABC - CLIO . p. 162 . ISBN 9781598846348 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Aja ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` The definitive guide to creepypasta -- the Internet 's urban legends '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man : Birth of an Urban Legend '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man : How a myth was born '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What is Slenderman , and what does it have to do with the Wisc . stabbing ? '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Smith , Cathay ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Beware the Slender Man : Intellectual Property and Internet Folklore '' . Florida Law Review . 70 ( 1 ) : 10 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 3005668 . Jump up ^ User : Gerogerigegege ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Create Paranormal Images - The Something Awful Forums '' . forums.somethingawful.com . ^ Jump up to : Klee , Miles ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` How the Internet 's creepiest meme mutated from thought experiment to Hollywood blockbuster '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Chess , Shira ( 2012 ) . `` Open - Sourcing Horror : The Slender Man , Marble Hornets , and genre negotiations '' . Information , Communication & Society . 15 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 393 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.642889 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Why Slenderman Works : The Internet Meme That Proves Our Need To Believe '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Shannon ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Victor Surge , Slender Man Creator : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Chess , Shira ; Newsom , Eric ( 27 November 2014 ) . Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 49113 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lovitt , Bryn ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Slender Man : From Horror Meme to Inspiration for Murder '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story and Slender Man : The 5 Most Spine - Tingling Inspirations for Next Season 's Potential Monster '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ There is some dispute over whether the Slender Man qualifies as a viral phenomenon , since under some definitions , viral phenomena must spread quickly , while the Slender Man initially spread rather slowly . Some therefore prefer the term `` spreadable '' to viral . See Chess , Shira ; Newsom , Eric ( 2015 ) . Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Peters , Lucia ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Creepy Things That Seem Real But Are n't : The Marble Hornets Project '' . Crushable . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Marble Hornets ' flying to bigscreen '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marston , Gary ( 2012 ) . `` Slender review '' . explosion.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Polansky , Lana ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Slenderman 's Shadow `` Sanatorium '' Map Released `` . Gameranx . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Slender Man Source mod will let you scare the hell out of yourself for free , with friends '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Pre-orders for Slender : The Arrival are half - off , come with instant beta access '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Standal , Jeanne ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` First Trailer & Poster For The Jadallah Brothers ' Horror Movie ENTITY ! '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Slender Man Movie Producer Steven Belcher Wants to Create True Terror with the Faceless Figure '' . GameTrailers . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Clow , Mitchel . `` ' Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story ' movie review : Tell , do n't show '' . Hypable . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Katie ( 2016 ) . `` ' Slender Man , ' a Horror Meme , Gets Ready to Step Out of the Shadows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , Caitlin ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Who is Slender Man ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Human : Tales '' . BBC . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tillotson , Kristin ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tall , skinny , scary -- and all in your head '' . startribune.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Origins of Slender Man , the Meme That Allegedly Drove 12 - Year - Olds to Kill '' . Time . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Tall , Dark , and Loathsome : The Emergence of a Legend Cycle in the Digital Age '' . Journal of American Folklore. 128 ( 509 ) : 333 -- 348 . doi : 10.5406 / jamerfolk. 128.509. 0333 . ^ Jump up to : Tolbert , Jeffrey A. ( 2013 ) . `` The sort of story that has you covering your mirrors '' : The Case of Slender Man '' ( PDF ) . Semiotic Review ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Bill ( 2001 ) . Aliens , Ghosts , and Cults : Legends We Live . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . ^ Jump up to : Vogt , PJ ; Goldman , Alex ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` # 13 - Managing a Monster - On The Media '' . TLDR . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Van Horn , Tye ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Behind You : The Cultural Relevance of Slender Man '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Gabler , Ellen ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Charges detail Waukesha pre-teens ' attempt to kill classmate '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` If These Girls Knew That Slender Man Was a Fantasy , Why Did They Want to Kill Their Friend for Him ? '' . 2015 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Bridgette ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Slender Man Trial '' . RollingStone.com . Jump up ^ Terry , Jermont ; Kust , James ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` Girls charged in Waukesha stabbing motivated by ' Slenderman ' character '' . WTMJ . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vielmetti , Bruce ; Luthern , Ashley ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Judge rules 12 - year - old incompetent , for now , in Slender Man trial '' . Journal Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor claims girl , 12 , ' who repeatedly stabbed classmate to impress Slender Man ' has improved enough to stand trial '' . Mail Online . London . 2014 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Varandani , Suman ( 2014 ) . `` Slender Man Stabbing Case : Wisconsin Girls Accused Of Attempted Homicide Are Mentally Fit To Stand Trial '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man case : Young suspects to be tried as adults '' . BBC News . 2015 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Separate trials ordered in Slender Man case '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man stabbing suspect pleads guilty to lesser charge '' . cbsnews.com . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man stabbing : Anissa Weier found mentally ill '' . BBC News . September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jury in Slender Man case finds Anissa Weier was mentally ill , will not go to prison '' . WISN - TV 12 ABC News . Milwaukee . September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man case : girl who stabbed classmate gets 25 - year hospital sentence '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , Keith ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' Creator Speaks on Stabbing : ' I Am Deeply Saddened ' '' . nbc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man suspect will plead guilty in stabbing '' . nbcnews.com . Jump up ^ @ ap ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` BREAKING : Judge sentences Wisconsin girl to maximum 40 years in mental hospital in Slender Man stabbing case '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ DePaol , Tommy . `` Slenderman Is Coming to HBO In A True - Crime Documentary '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Brad ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Hamilton Co. mom : Daughter 's knife attack influenced by Slender Man '' . WLWT.com . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin . `` Teen claims ' Soul Eater , ' Slender Man led her to set home on fire '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( 2014 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Teen Inspired by ' Slender Man ' Set House on Fire : Police '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Struggles With Suicides Among Its Young '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notch reveals new mob , dubs them Endermen in reference to Slender Man '' . igx.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lost Girl : SubterrFaenean Syfy. 2014 . Accessed 2015 - 18 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scotellaro , Shaun ( 2014 ) . `` Top 20 Pop Culture and Movie References from Season 4 '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Supernatural : `` Thinman '' The A.V. Club . 2014 . Accessed 2016 - 28 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Garage : ' Slenderman and Other Strange Tales ' '' . Zombie Hamster . January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerson Uffalussy , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU bends the conventions of the cop show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Further reading Curlew , Kyle ( 2017 ) . `` The legend of the Slender Man : The boogieman of surveillance culture '' . First Monday . 22 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v22i6. 6901 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slender Man . Forum thread in which Slender Man was created , somethingawful.com Eric Knudsen 's gallery that contains all of his Slender Man images , deviantart.com Slender Man Video games Slender : The Eight Pages Slender : The Arrival Slender Rising Slender Rising 2 In film Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story Beware the Slenderman Slender Man Related Marble Hornets Slender Man stabbing `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slender_Man&oldid=842742993 '' Categories : Slender Man 2010s fads and trends American folklore Supernatural legends Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional child abusers Fictional demons and devils Fictional kidnappers Fictional stalkers Fictional torturers Internet memes Horror film characters Media - related controversies in the United States Fictional monsters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first slender game come out | [
"In 2012, the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender: The Eight Pages; within its first month of release, the game was downloaded over 2 million times.[19] Several popular variants of the game followed, including Slenderman's Shadow[20] and Slender Man for iOS, which became the second most-popular app download.[21] The sequel to Slender: The Eight Pages, Slender: The Arrival, was released in 2013.[22] Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development, including Entity[23] and The Slender Man, released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign.[24] In 2013, it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film.[18] In 2015, the film adaptation, Always Watching: A Marble Hornets Story, was released on VOD, where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones.[25] In 2016, Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres, with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet.[26]"
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"2012"
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-2231125896062686920 | Mars Polar Lander | Mars Polar lander - wikipedia Mars Polar lander Jump to : navigation , search Mars Polar Lander Artist 's depiction of the Mars Polar Lander on Mars Names Mars Surveyor ' 98 Mission type Lander Operator NASA / JPL COSPAR ID 1999 - 001A SATCAT no . 25605 Website Mars Polar Lander website Mission duration 334 Spacecraft properties Manufacturer Martin Marietta Launch mass 290 kilograms ( 640 lb ) Power 200 W solar array and NiH battery Start of mission Launch date 20 : 21 : 10 , January 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 03T20 : 21 : 10 ) Rocket Delta II 7425 Launch site Cape Canaveral AFS SLC - 17A End of mission Disposal failure at landing Last contact 20 : 00 , December 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 03T20 : 00 ) Mars lander Landing date ~ 20 : 15 UTC ERT , December 3 , 1999 Landing site Ultimi Scopuli , 76 ° S 195 ° W / 76 ° S 195 ° W / - 76 ; - 195 ( Mars Polar Lander ) ( projected ) Mars Surveyor 98 mission logo The Mars Polar Lander , also known as the Mars Surveyor ' 98 Lander , was a 290 - kilogram robotic spacecraft lander launched by NASA on January 3 , 1999 to study the soil and climate of Planum Australe , a region near the south pole on Mars . It formed part of the Mars Surveyor ' 98 mission . On December 3 , 1999 , however , after the descent phase was expected to be complete , the lander failed to reestablish communication with Earth . A post-mortem analysis determined the most likely cause of the mishap was premature termination of the engine firing prior to the lander touching the surface , causing it to strike the planet at a high velocity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission background 1.1 History 1.2 Deep Space 2 Probes 1.3 Spacecraft design 1.3. 1 Attitude control and propulsion 1.3. 2 Communications 1.3. 3 Power 1.3. 4 Scientific instruments 2 Mission profile 2.1 Launch and trajectory 2.2 Landing attempt 2.3 Intended operations 3 Loss of communications 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Mission background ( edit ) History ( edit ) As part of the Mars Surveyor ' 98 mission , a lander was sought as a way to gather climate data from the ground in conjunction with an orbiter . NASA suspected that a large quantity of frozen water may exist under a thin layer of dust at the south pole . In planning the Mars Polar Lander , the potential water content in the Martian south pole was the strongest determining factor for choosing a landing location . A CD - ROM containing the names of one million children from around the world was placed on board the spacecraft as part of the `` Send Your Name to Mars '' program designed to encourage interest in the space program among children . The primary objectives of the mission were to : land on the layered terrain in the south polar region of Mars ' ; search for evidence related to ancient climates and more recent periodic climate change ; give a picture of the current climate and seasonal change at high latitudes and , in particular , the exchange of water vapor between the atmosphere and ground ; search for near - surface ground ice in the polar regions , and analyze the soil for physically and chemically bound carbon dioxide and water ; and study surface morphology ( forms and structures ) , geology , topography , and weather of the landing site . Deep Space 2 probes ( edit ) Main article : Deep Space 2 The Mars Polar Lander carried two small , identical impactor probes known as `` Deep Space 2 A and B '' . The probes were intended to strike the surface with a high velocity at approximately 73 ° S 210 ° W / 73 ° S 210 ° W / - 73 ; - 210 ( Deep Space 2 ) , to penetrate the Martian soil , and study the subsurface composition up to a meter in depth . However , after entering the Martian atmosphere , attempts to contact the probes failed . Spacecraft design ( edit ) The spacecraft measured 3.6 meters wide and 1.06 meters tall with the legs and solar arrays fully deployed . The base was primarily constructed with an aluminum honeycomb deck , composite graphite epoxy sheets forming the edge , and three aluminum legs . During landing , the legs were to deploy from stowed position with compression springs and absorb the force of the landing with crushable , aluminum honeycomb inserts in each leg . On the deck of the lander , a small thermal Faraday cage enclosure housed the computer , power distribution electronics and batteries , telecommunication electronics , and the capillary pump loop heat pipe ( LHP ) components , which maintained operable temperature . Each of these components included redundant units in the event that one may fail . Attitude control and propulsion ( edit ) While traveling to Mars , the cruise stage was three - axis stabilized with four hydrazine monopropellant reaction engine modules , each including a 22 - newton trajectory correction maneuver thruster for propulsion and a 4 - newton reaction control system thruster for attitude control . Orientation of the spacecraft was performed using redundant Sun sensors , star trackers , and inertial measurement units . During descent , the lander used three clusters of pulse modulated engines , each containing four 266 - newton hydrazine monopropellant thrusters . Altitude during landing was measured by a doppler radar system , and an attitude and articulation control subsystem ( AACS ) controlled the attitude to ensure the spacecraft landed at the optimal azimuth to maximize solar collection and telecommunication with the lander . The lander was launched with two hydrazine tanks containing 64 kilograms of propellant and pressurized using helium . Each spherical tank was located at the underside of the lander and provided propellant during the cruise and descent stages . Communications ( edit ) During the cruise stage , communications with the spacecraft were conducted over the X band using a medium - gain , horn - shaped antenna and redundant solid state power amplifiers . For contingency measures , a low - gain omni - directional antenna was also included . The lander was originally intended to communicate data through the failed Mars Climate Orbiter via the UHF antenna . With the orbiter lost on September 23 , 1999 , the lander would still be able to communicate directly to the Deep Space Network through the Direct - To - Earth ( DTE ) link , an X band , steerable , medium - gain , parabolic antenna located on the deck . Alternatively , Mars Global Surveyor could be used as a relay using the UHF antenna at multiple times each Martian day . However the Deep Space Network could only receive data from , and not send commands to , the lander using this method . The direct - to - Earth medium - gain antenna provided a 12.6 - kbit / s return channel , and the UHF relay path provided a 128 - kbit / s return channel . Communications with the spacecraft would be limited to one - hour events , constrained by heat - buildup that would occur in the amplifiers . The number of communication events would also be constrained by power limitations . Power ( edit ) The cruise stage included two gallium arsenide solar arrays to power the radio system and maintain power to the batteries in the lander , which kept certain electronics warm . After descending to the surface , the lander was to deploy two 3.6 - meter - wide gallium arsenide solar arrays , located on either side of the spacecraft . Another two auxiliary solar arrays were located on the side to provide additional power for a total of an expected 200 watts and approximately eight to nine hours of operating time per day . While the Sun would not have set below the horizon during the primary mission , too little light would have reached the solar arrays to remain warm enough for certain electronics to continue functioning . To avoid this problem , a 16 - amp - hour nickel hydrogen battery was included to be recharged during the day and to power the heater for the thermal enclosure at night . This solution also was expected to limit the life of the lander . As the Martian days would grow colder in late summer , too little power would be supplied to the heater to avoid freezing , resulting in the battery also freezing and signaling the end of the operating life for the lander . Scientific instruments ( edit ) Scientific instruments Mars Descent Imager Stereo Surface Imager LIDAR Robotic Arm Robotic Arm Camera Meteorological Package Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer Mars Microphone Images of the spacecraft Annotated diagram of the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft The spacecraft in stowed position just prior to encapsulation Testing performed at the Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility The Mars Polar Lander entry capsule , just prior to being mounted to the Star 48 upper stage Mars Descent Imager ( MARDI ) Mounted to the bottom of the lander , the camera was intended to capture 30 images as the spacecraft descended to the surface . The images acquired would be used to provide geographic and geologic context to the landing area . Surface Stereo Imager ( SSI ) Using a pair of charge coupled devices ( CCD ) , the stereo panoramic camera was mounted to a one - meter - tall mast and would aid in the thermal evolved gas analyzer in determining areas of interest for the robotic arm . In addition , the camera would be used to estimate the column density of atmospheric dust , the optical depth of aerosols , and slant column abundances of water vapor using narrow - band imaging of the Sun . Light Detection and Ranging ( LIDAR ) The laser sounding instrument was intended to detect and characterize aerosols in the atmosphere up to three kilometers above the lander . The instrument operated in two modes : active mode , using an included laser diode , and acoustic mode , using the Sun as the light source for the sensor . In active mode , the laser sounder was to emit 100 - nanosecond pulses at a wavelength of 0.88 - micrometer into the atmosphere , and then record the duration of time to detect the light scattered by aerosols . The duration of time required for the light to return could then be used to determine the abundance of ice , dust and other aerosols in the region . In acoustic mode , the instrument measures the brightness of the sky as lit by the Sun and records the scattering of light as it passes to the sensor . Robotic Arm ( RA ) Located on the front of the lander , the robotic arm was a meter - long aluminum tube with an elbow joint and an articulated scoop attached to the end . The scoop was intended to be used to dig into the soil in the direct vicinity of the lander . The soil could then be analyzed in the scoop with the robotic arm camera or transferred into the thermal evolved gas analyzer . Robotic Arm Camera ( RAC ) Located on the robotic arm , the charge coupled camera included two red , two green , and four blue lamps to illuminate soil samples for analysis . Meteorological Package ( MET ) Several instruments related to sensing and recording weather patterns , were included in the package . Wind , temperature , pressure , and humidity sensors were located on the robotic arm and two deployable masts : a 1.2 - meter main mast , located on top of the lander , and a 0.9 - meter secondary submast that would deploy downward to acquire measurements close to the ground . Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer ( TEGA ) The instrument was intended to measure abundances of water , water ice , adsorbed carbon dioxide , oxygen , and volatile - bearing minerals in surface and subsurface soil samples collected and transferred by the robotic arm . Materials placed onto a grate inside one of the eight ovens , would be heated and vaporized at 1,000 ° C. The evolved gas analyzer would then record measurements using a spectrometer and an electrochemical cell . For calibration , an empty oven would also be heated during this process for differential scanning calorimetry . The difference in the energy required to heat each oven would then indicate concentrations of water ice and other minerals containing water or carbon dioxide . Mars Microphone The microphone was intended to be the first instrument to record sounds on another planet . Primarily composed of a microphone generally used with hearing aids , the instrument was expected to record sounds of blowing dust , electrical discharges and the sounds of the operating spacecraft in either 2.6 - second or 10.6 - second , 12 - bit samples . The microphone was built using off - the - shelf parts including a Sensory , Inc . RSC - 164 integrated circuit typically used in speech - recognition devices . Mission profile ( edit ) Timeline of observations Date Event 1999 - 01 - 03 Spacecraft launched at 20 : 21 : 10 UTC 1999 - 12 - 03 ( show ) Begin atmospheric entry and landing Time Event 1999 - 12 - 03 14 : 39 : 00 Turn spacecraft away from Earth for final stellar data acquisition , signal loss from spacecraft 14 : 42 : 00 Turn on heaters on descent engine 17 : 34 : 00 Turn on heaters on descent camera ( MARDI ) 18 : 49 : 00 Turn spacecraft back to Earth point , acquire spacecraft signal , acquire health & status 19 : 21 : 00 Begin Entry , Descent , Landing sequence 19 : 26 : 00 Pyros fire to pressurize helium tank 20 : 00 : 00 Guidance system initialization ( 2210 km , 6.2 km / s ) 20 : 03 : 00 Turn spacecraft to entry attitude , loss of signal . We wo n't hear from the spacecraft again until after landing ( 1426 km , 6.4 km / s ) 20 : 05 : 00 Cruise ring / Deep Space 2 probes separate from lander ( 959 km , 6.6 km / s ) 20 : 10 : 00 Atmospheric entry ( 142 km , 6.9 km / s ) 20 : 11 : 00 Descent radar powered on 20 : 12 : 00 MARDI instrument powered on 20 : 13 : 00 Parachute deployed ( 9.0 km , 496 m / s ) 20 : 13 : 00 Descent imaging begins , heatshield jettisoned ( 8.0 km , 286 m / s ) 20 : 13 : 00 Lander legs deployed , descent radar activated 20 : 14 Radar ground acquisition , altitude ( 2.438 km , 80 m / s ) 20 : 14 : 00 Lander separates from backshell , powered descent begins ( 1.628 km , 78 m / s ) 20 : 14 : 00 Radar ground acquisition , speed & direction ( 1.425 km , 82 m / s ) 20 : 14 Gravity turn begins ( 1.394 km , 83 m / s ) 20 : 14 : 00 Roll to landed orientation ( 1.307 km , 79 m / s ) 20 : 14 : 00 Radar cutoff ( 40 meters , 13 m / s ) 20 : 15 : 00 Constant Velocity Phase ( 12 meters , 2.4 m / s ) 20 : 15 : 00 Touchdown . Mars Polar Lander on Mars surface . 20 : 20 : 00 Lander unfolds solar panels 20 : 20 : 00 Medium gain antenna pointed at Earth 20 : 39 : 00 Lander begins 1st transmission to Earth ( 45 minutes ) . Sends health & status , meteorology & 1 b / w image 21 : 24 : 00 Lander ends transmission to Earth 21 : 45 : 00 Lander powers down to sleep so it can recharge 22 : 10 : 00 Start of 1 hour backup downlink opportunity ( if spacecraft went into safemode during landing ) 1999 - 12 - 04 02 : 50 : 00 Lander wakes up , receives instructions from Earth 03 : 25 : 00 Begin DS2 microprobe data reception via Mars Global Surveyor relay ( 15 minute transmission ) 04 : 25 : 00 2.5 hour downlink begins , could include lander and descent images 06 : 25 : 00 Lander shuts itself down until next day . End of Sol 0 activities . Items in red were planned events . 1999 - 12 - 03 ( show ) Failure to regain communication after landing Time Event 1999 - 12 - 03 20 : 39 : 00 First communication from lander missed 22 : 04 : 00 Second communication from lander missed 1999 - 12 - 04 04 : 08 : 00 Third communication from lander missed 1999 - 12 - 05 04 : 30 : 00 Fourth communication from lander missed 18 : 50 : 00 First attempt to detect automatic fail - safe UHF communication to Mars Global Surveyor failed 1999 - 12 - 06 06 : 10 : 00 Second attempt to detect automatic fail - safe UHF communication to Mars Global Surveyor failed 1999 - 12 - 07 08 : 20 : 00 Third attempt to detect automatic fail - safe UHF communication to Mars Global Surveyor failed 1999 - 12 - 08 Radio sweeps of the surface by the Deep Space Network failed . Repeat of prior procedures to exhaust all possibilities of regaining contact . 2000 - 01 - 17 Mission declared a loss . No further attempts to contact . Launch and trajectory ( edit ) Mars Polar Lander was launched on January 3 , 1999 , at 20 : 21 : 10 UTC by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Space Launch Complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , aboard a Delta II 7425 launch vehicle . The complete burn sequence lasted for 47.7 minutes after a Thiokol Star 48 B solid - fuel third stage booster placed the spacecraft into an 11 - month , Mars transfer trajectory at a final velocity of 6.884 kilometers per second with respect to Mars . During cruise , the spacecraft was stowed inside an aeroshell capsule and a segment known as the cruise stage provided power and communications with Earth . Launch configuration diagram . Launch photo of Mars Polar Lander aboard a Delta II launch vehicle . Diagram of the interplanetary trajectory of Mars Polar Lander . Landing attempt ( edit ) Further information : Exploration of Mars Cruise configuration Landing procedure Landing region Mars Polar Lander entered the Martian atmosphere with an aeroshell for protection from atmospheric friction . On December 3 , 1999 , Mars Polar Lander encountered Mars while mission operators began preparing for landing operations . At 14 : 39 : 00 UTC , the cruise stage was jettisoned , beginning a planned communication dropout until the spacecraft had touched down on the surface . Six minutes prior to atmospheric entry , a programmed 80 - second thruster firing turned the spacecraft to the proper entry orientation , with the heat shield oriented to absorb the 1,650 ° C heat that would be generated as the descent capsule passed through the atmosphere . Traveling at 6.9 kilometers per second , the entry capsule entered the Martian atmosphere at 20 : 10 : 00 UTC and was expected to land in the vicinity of 76 ° S 195 ° W / 76 ° S 195 ° W / - 76 ; - 195 ( Mars Polar Lander ) in a region known as Planum Australe . Communication was expected to be reestablished with the spacecraft at 20 : 39 : 00 UTC after having landed . However , no communication was possible with the spacecraft and the lander was declared lost . On May 25 , 2008 the Phoenix lander arrived at Mars , and has subsequently completed most of the objectives of the Mars Polar Lander , carrying several of the same or derivative instruments . Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars , overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers ( Red label = Rover ; Blue label = Lander ; bold red / blue = currently active ) . Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25 prominent geographic features , and click to link to them . Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations , based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA 's Mars Global Surveyor . Reds and pinks are higher elevation ( + 3 km to + 8 km ) ; yellow is 0 km ; greens and blues are lower elevation ( down to − 8 km ) . Whites ( > + 12 km ) and browns ( > + 8 km ) are the highest elevations . Axes are latitude and longitude ; Poles are not shown . ( See also : Mars map & Mars Memorials & Mars Memorials map ) ( view discuss ) ← Beagle 2 ( 2003 ) Curiosity ( 2012 ) → Deep Space 2 ( 1999 ) → Mars 2 ( 1971 ) → ← Mars 3 ( 1971 ) Mars 6 ( 1973 ) → Polar Lander ( 1999 ) ↓ ↑ Opportunity ( 2004 ) ← Phoenix ( 2008 ) Schiaparelli EDM ( 2016 ) → ← Sojourner ( 1997 ) Spirit ( 2004 ) ↑ Viking 1 ( 1976 ) → Viking 2 ( 1976 ) → Intended operations ( edit ) Traveling at approximately 6.9 kilometers / second and 125 kilometers above the surface , the spacecraft entered the atmosphere and was initially decelerated by using a 2.4 meter ablation heat shield , located on the bottom of the entry body , to aerobrake through 116 kilometers of the atmosphere . Three minutes after entry , the spacecraft had slowed to 496 meters per second signaling an 8.4 - meter , polyester parachute to deploy from a mortar followed immediately by heat shield separation and MARDI powering on , while 8.8 kilometers above the surface . The parachute further slowed the speed of the spacecraft to 85 meters per second when the ground radar began tracking surface features to detect the best possible landing location . When the spacecraft had slowed to 80 meters per second , one minute after parachute deployment , the lander separated from the backshell and began a powered descent while 1.3 kilometers aloft . The powered descent was expected to have lasted approximately one minute , bringing the spacecraft 12 meters above the surface . The engines were then shut off and the spacecraft would expectedly fall to the surface and land at 20 : 15 : 00 UTC near 76 ° S 195 ° W in Planum Australe . Lander operations were to begin five minutes after touchdown , first unfolding the stowed solar arrays , followed by orienting the medium - gain , direct - to - Earth antenna to allow for the first communication with the Deep Space Network . At 20 : 39 UTC , a 45 - minute transmission was to be broadcast to Earth , transmitting the expected 30 landing images acquired by MARDI and signaling a successful landing . The lander would then power down for six hours to allow the batteries to charge . On the following days , the spacecraft instruments would be checked by operators and science experiments were to begin on December 7 and last for at least the following 90 Martian Sols , with the possibility of an extended mission . Loss of communications ( edit ) On 3 December 1999 , at 14 : 39 : 00 UTC , the last telemetry from Mars Polar Lander was sent , just prior to cruise stage separation and the subsequent atmospheric entry . No further signals were received from the spacecraft . Attempts were made by Mars Global Surveyor to photograph the area in which the lander was believed to be . An object was visible and believed to be the lander . However , subsequent imaging performed by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter resulted in the identified object being ruled out . Mars Polar Lander remains lost . The cause of the communication loss is not known . However , the Failure Review Board concluded that the most likely cause of the mishap was a software error that incorrectly identified vibrations , caused by the deployment of the stowed legs , as surface touchdown . The resulting action by the spacecraft was the shutdown of the descent engines , while still likely 40 meters above the surface . Although it was known that leg deployment could create the false indication , the software 's design instructions did not account for that eventuality . In addition to the premature shutdown of the descent engines , the Failure Review Board also assessed other potential modes of failure . Lacking substantial evidence for the mode of failure , the following possibilities could not be excluded : surface conditions exceed landing design capabilities ; loss of control due to dynamic effects ; landing site not survivable ; backshell / parachute contacts lander ; loss of control due to center - of - mass offset ; or heatshield fails due to micrometeoroid impact . The failure of the Mars Polar Lander took place two - and - a-half months after the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter . Inadequate funding and poor management have been cited as underlying causes of the failures . According to Thomas Young , chairman of the Mars Program Independent Assessment Team , the program `` was under funded by at least 30 % . '' Quoted from the report `` A magnetic sensor is provided in each of the three landing legs to sense touchdown when the lander contacts the surface , initiating the shutdown of the descent engines . Data from MPL engineering development unit deployment tests , MPL flight unit deployment tests , and Mars 2001 deployment tests showed that a spurious touchdown indication occurs in the Hall Effect touchdown sensor during landing leg deployment ( while the lander is connected to the parachute ) . The software logic accepts this transient signal as a valid touchdown event if it persists for two consecutive readings of the sensor . The tests showed that most of the transient signals at leg deployment are indeed long enough to be accepted as valid events , therefore , it is almost a certainty that at least one of the three would have generated a spurious touchdown indication that the software accepted as valid . The software -- intended to ignore touchdown indications prior to the enabling of the touchdown sensing logic -- was not properly implemented , and the spurious touchdown indication was retained . The touchdown sensing logic is enabled at 40 meters altitude , and the software would have issued a descent engine thrust termination at this time in response to a ( spurious ) touchdown indication . At 40 meters altitude , the lander has a velocity of approximately 13 meters per second , which , in the absence of thrust , is accelerated by Mars gravity to a surface impact velocity of approximately 22 meters per second ( the nominal touchdown velocity is 2.4 meters per second ) . At this impact velocity , the lander could not have survived . '' See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander , similar design lander , mission cancelled . Lander used for Phoenix . Phoenix lander , 2008 Exploration of Mars ExoMars rover List of missions to Mars Mars Science Laboratory rover References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Report on the Loss of the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 Missions '' ( PDF ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 22 March 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Mars Missions Press Kit '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . NASA . 1998 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ben Huh ( 3 March 1998 ) . `` Kids ' Names Going To Mars '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . NASA . 1999 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars Polar Lander '' . NASA / National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` MPL : Lander Flight System Description '' . NASA / JPL. 1998 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Descent Imager ( MARDI ) '' . NASA / National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor ( MVACS ) '' . NASA / National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Light Detection and Ranging ( LIDAR ) '' . NASA / National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Microphone '' . NASA / National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Projects : Planetary Microphones -- The Mars Microphone '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Editors ( 6 May 2005 ) . `` Mars Polar Lander Found at Last ? '' . Sky and Telescope . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Release No . MOC2 - 1253 : Mars Polar Lander NOT Found '' . Mars Global Surveyor / Mars Orbiter Camera . NASA / JPL / Malin Space Science Systems . 17 October 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Youtube - NASA 3 : Mission Failures Jump up ^ Nancy G. Leveson . `` The Role of Software in Recent Aerospace Accidents '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Young ( 14 March 2000 ) . `` Mars Program Independent Assessment Team Summary Report '' . Draft # 7 3 / 13 / 00 . House Science and Technology Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Kaye ( 14 April 2000 ) . `` NASA in the Hot Seat '' ( transcript ) . NewsHour with Jim Lehrer . PBS . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Mars Polar Lander ( 1999 - 001A ) '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . 2001 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Michael C. Malin ( July 2005 ) . `` Hidden in Plain Sight : Finding Martian Landers '' . Sky and Telescope . 110 ( 7 ) : 42 -- 46 . ISSN 0037 - 6604 . `` Press Kit : 1998 Mars Missions '' (. PDF ) ( Press release ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 8 December 1998 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Polar Lander . 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-3068598113368435934 | Sweet Caroline | Sweet Caroline - wikipedia Sweet Caroline Jump to : navigation , search For the Prison Break episode , see Sweet Caroline ( Prison Break episode ) . For the Status Quo song , see Caroline ( Status Quo song ) . `` Sweet Caroline '' Single by Neil Diamond B - side `` Dig In '' Released June 1969 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Uni / MCA Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Tommy Cogbill Neil Diamond Chips Moman Neil Diamond singles chronology `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee . The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16 , 1969 , and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1969 , for sales of one million singles . `` Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular and , as of November 2014 , has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Versions 3 Use at sporting events 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Germany 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 16 UK ( OCC ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 37 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box 26 Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` Bap Bap Bah '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show . At the 2018 Australian Open Women 's Final , Sweet Caroline was played when Caroline Wozniacki won her maiden Grand Slam Title . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Roy Orbison covered the song on his 1973 album Milestones , primarily a covers album . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , Hot 100 , August 16 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . www.riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 30 / 69 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sweet Caroline '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Song for Wembley '' . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2005 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=835203425 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1971 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Baseball music Neil Diamond songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Bobby Womack songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Football songs and chants Boston Red Sox Carolina Panthers Uni Records singles MCA Records singles 1969 songs Schlager songs Songs about women Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 06 : 18 . About Wikipedia | when do the red sox play sweet caroline | [
"The song has been played at Fenway Park, home of Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox, since at least 1997,[20] and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002.[21] On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park, the song was performed by Diamond himself. \"Sweet Caroline\" was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012, halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal.[22][23] Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013, however.[24] The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field.[25] In response, West Virginia University students and fans will yell \"eat shit, Pitt\" during the refrain if heard played.[26] It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, being played at athletic events and pep rallies."
] | [
"in the middle of the eighth inning"
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-2600329665596962678 | List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics | List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics - wikipedia List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all - time records . For a season - by - season statistical breakdown , see List of Arsenal F.C. seasons . Thierry Henry became Arsenal 's record goalscorer in October 2005 . Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Holloway , London . The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before being renamed as Royal Arsenal , and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893 . In 1914 , the club 's name was shortened to Arsenal F.C. after moving to Highbury a year earlier . After spending their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies , Arsenal became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893 . In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1919 , the club was voted to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . Since that time , they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight . The club remained in the Football League until 1992 , when its First Division was superseded as English football 's top level by the newly formed Premier League , of which they were an inaugural member . The list encompasses the honours won by Arsenal at national , regional , county and friendly level , records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section itemises the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Arsenal players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . Attendance records at Highbury , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's home ground since 2006 , and Wembley Stadium , their temporary home for UEFA Champions League games between 1998 and 1999 , are also included . Arsenal have won 13 top - flight titles , and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins , with 13 . The club 's record appearance maker is David O'Leary , who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993 . Thierry Henry is Arsenal 's record goalscorer , scoring 228 goals in total . All figures are correct as of the match played on 1 October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours and achievements 1.1 EFL and Premier League 1.2 The FA 1.3 UEFA 1.4 County FAs 1.4. 1 London FA 1.4. 2 Kent County FA 1.5 Other 1.5. 1 Wartime 1.5. 2 Mid-season 1.5. 3 Pre-season 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.1. 1 Most appearances 2.2 Goalscorers 2.2. 1 Top goalscorers 2.3 International 2.4 Transfers 2.4. 1 Record transfer fees paid 2.4. 2 Record transfer fees received 3 Managerial records 4 Club records 4.1 Matches 4.1. 1 Firsts 4.1. 2 Record wins 4.1. 3 Record defeats 4.1. 4 Record consecutive results 4.2 Goals 4.3 Points 4.4 Attendances 5 European statistics 6 Global records 7 Footnotes 8 References Honours and achievements ( edit ) After Arsenal completed the only 38 - match season unbeaten , the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement . Arsenal 's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890 . The Kent Junior Cup , won by Royal Arsenal 's reserves , was the club 's first trophy , while the first team 's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup . Their first national senior honour came in 1930 , when they won the FA Cup . The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s , winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles . Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970 -- 71 season and twice repeated the feat , in 1997 -- 98 and 2001 -- 02 , as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992 -- 93 . In 2003 -- 04 , Arsenal recorded an unbeaten top - flight league season , something achieved only once before by Preston North End in 1888 -- 89 , who only had to play 22 games . To mark the achievement , a special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . Their most recent success came in 2017 , when they became the most successful club in FA Cup history with 13 titles . English Champions and FA Cups Timeline view discuss edit 1880 -- -- 1890 -- -- 1900 -- -- 1910 -- -- 1920 -- -- 1930 -- -- 1940 -- -- 1950 -- -- 1960 -- -- 1970 -- -- 1980 -- -- 1990 -- -- 2000 -- -- 2010 -- -- Outside FL Second tier WWI WWII 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🏆 English League Champions 🥇 FA Cup Winners Arsenal 's honours and achievements include the following : EFL and Premier League ( edit ) First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Runners - up ( 9 ) : 1925 -- 26 , 1931 -- 32 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Second Division ( until 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1987 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 League Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 ( record ) The FA ( edit ) FA Cup Winners ( 13 ) : 1929 -- 30 , 1935 -- 36 , 1949 -- 50 , 1970 -- 71 , 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( record ) Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1951 -- 52 , 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 2000 -- 01 FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 15 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1935 , 1936 , 1979 , 1989 , 1993 , 2003 , 2005 UEFA ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( European Cup before 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2005 -- 06 UEFA Europa League ( UEFA Cup before 2009 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 -- 94 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1979 -- 80 , 1994 -- 95 UEFA Super Cup ( European Super Cup before 1995 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1994 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 -- 70 County FAs ( edit ) London FA ( edit ) London Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 -- 91 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 London Challenge Cup Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 -- 22 , 1923 -- 24 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1957 -- 58 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 ( record ) Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1914 -- 15 , 1925 -- 26 , 1936 -- 37 , 1960 -- 61 , 1965 -- 66 London Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Kent County FA ( edit ) Kent Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Other ( edit ) Wartime ( edit ) London Wartime League Winners ( 2 ) : 1941 -- 42 , 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) South Regional Wartime League A Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 40 Football League War Cup Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 Football League Southern War Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) Mid-season ( edit ) Zenith Data Systems British Championship Winners ( 2 ) : 1953 , 1989 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1933 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1931 , 1933 , 1965 , 1966 ( shared record ) Southern Professional Floodlit Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 -- 59 ( shared record ) Jean Bernard - Levy Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1954 ( record ) Will Mather Manor House Hospital Memorial Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1949 , 1950 Mayor of Colchester 's Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 Bath Coronation Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1937 Footballers ' Battalion Charity Fund Match Winners ( 1 ) : 1915 London Professional Footballers ' Association Charity Fund Match Winners ( 5 ) : 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1914 ( record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1909 , 1913 Southern Professional Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1905 -- 06 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 Pre-season ( edit ) Emirates Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 ( record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 FAW Toyota Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2017 Audi Football Summit Shanghai Winners ( 1 ) : 2017 Super Match Winners ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2012 MLS All - Star Game Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 Premier League Asia Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2015 New York Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 Saitama City Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Indonesia Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust Challenge Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 ( shared ) Malaysia Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2012 Markus Liebherr Memorial Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 Eusébio Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2011 Amsterdam Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Herbert Chapman Memorial Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Maurice Lacroix Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2002 Wembley International Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 1988 , 1989 , 1994 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 United Bank International Soccer Festival Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 Caltex Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 ( record ) Zenith Data Systems Challenge Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1989 Bielefeld Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1984 City of Edinburgh Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1941 Norfolk & Norwich Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1935 Northampton Hospital Charity Shield Winners ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1932 Southend Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1920 -- 21 , 1921 -- 22 Metropolitan Hospital Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1920 -- 21 Player records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. players Appearances ( edit ) Most league appearances : David O'Leary , 558 Most FA Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most League Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most European appearances : Thierry Henry , 86 Youngest first - team player : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 177 days ( against Rotherham United , League Cup third round , 28 October 2003 ) Oldest first - team player : Jock Rutherford , 41 years 159 days ( against Manchester City , First Division , 20 March 1926 ) Most consecutive appearances : Tom Parker , 172 ( from 3 April 1926 to 26 December 1929 ) Most separate spells with the club : Hugh McDonald , 3 ( 1905 -- 06 ; 1908 -- 10 and 1912 -- 13 ) Most appearances ( edit ) Competitive matches only , includes appearances as substitute . Numbers in brackets indicate goals scored . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total O'Leary , David David O'Leary 1975 -- 1993 558 ( 11 ) 70 ( 1 ) 70 ( 2 ) 21 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) 722 ( 14 ) Adams , Tony Tony Adams 1983 -- 2002 504 ( 32 ) 54 ( 8 ) 59 ( 5 ) 48 ( 3 ) 4 ( 0 ) 669 ( 48 ) Armstrong , George George Armstrong 1961 -- 1977 500 ( 53 ) 60 ( 10 ) 35 ( 3 ) 26 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 621 ( 68 ) Dixon , Lee Lee Dixon 1988 -- 2002 458 ( 25 ) 54 ( 1 ) 45 ( 0 ) 57 ( 2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 619 ( 28 ) 5 Winterburn , Nigel Nigel Winterburn 1987 -- 2000 440 ( 8 ) 47 ( 0 ) 49 ( 3 ) 43 ( 1 ) 5 ( 0 ) 584 ( 12 ) 6 Seaman , David David Seaman 1990 -- 2003 405 ( 0 ) 48 ( 0 ) 38 ( 0 ) 69 ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 ) 564 ( 0 ) 7 Rice , Pat Pat Rice 1964 -- 1980 397 ( 12 ) 67 ( 1 ) 36 ( 0 ) 27 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 528 ( 13 ) 8 Storey , Peter Peter Storey 1965 -- 1977 391 ( 9 ) 51 ( 4 ) 37 ( 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 501 ( 17 ) 9 Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 379 ( 111 ) 44 ( 15 ) 34 ( 12 ) 24 ( 11 ) 0 ( 0 ) 481 ( 149 ) 10 Simpson , Peter Peter Simpson 1964 -- 1978 370 ( 10 ) 53 ( 1 ) 33 ( 3 ) 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 477 ( 15 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . Goalscorers ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Ted Drake , 44 goals ( in the 1934 -- 35 season ) Most league goals in a season : Ted Drake , 42 goals in the First Division , 1934 -- 35 Most goals in a 38 - game league season : Thierry Henry , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ) , Robin van Persie , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2011 -- 12 ) Most goals in a match : Ted Drake , 7 goals ( against Aston Villa , First Division , 14 December 1935 ) Youngest goalscorer : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 212 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , League Cup fourth round , 2 December 2003 ) Youngest hat - trick scorer : John Radford , 17 years , 315 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , First Division , 2 January 1965 ) Oldest goalscorer : Jock Rutherford , 39 years , 352 days ( against Sheffield United , First Division , 20 September 1924 ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Thierry Henry is the all - time top goalscorer for Arsenal . He passed Ian Wright 's eight - year record after scoring twice in a European tie against Sparta Prague in October 2005 . Henry was Arsenal 's leading goalscorer for seven consecutive seasons , from 1999 -- 2000 to 2005 -- 06 . Competitive matches only . Numbers in brackets indicate appearances made . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 2012 175 ( 258 ) 08 ( 26 ) 02 0 ( 3 ) 42 ( 86 ) 1 ( 4 ) 228 ( 377 ) Wright , Ian Ian Wright 1991 -- 1998 128 ( 221 ) 12 ( 16 ) 29 ( 29 ) 15 ( 21 ) 1 ( 1 ) 185 ( 288 ) Bastin , Cliff Cliff Bastin 1929 -- 1947 150 ( 350 ) 26 ( 42 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 4 ) 178 ( 396 ) Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 111 ( 379 ) 15 ( 44 ) 12 ( 34 ) 11 ( 24 ) 0 ( 0 ) 149 ( 481 ) 5 Brain , Jimmy Jimmy Brain 1923 -- 1931 125 ( 204 ) 14 ( 27 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 1 ) 139 ( 232 ) Drake , Ted Ted Drake 1934 -- 1945 124 ( 168 ) 12 ( 14 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 139 ( 184 ) 7 Lishman , Doug Doug Lishman 1948 -- 1956 125 ( 226 ) 10 ( 17 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 137 ( 244 ) 8 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie 2004 -- 2012 096 ( 193 ) 10 ( 17 ) 06 ( 12 ) 20 ( 53 ) 0 ( 2 ) 132 ( 278 ) 9 Hulme , Joe Joe Hulme 1926 -- 1938 107 ( 333 ) 17 ( 39 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 125 ( 374 ) 10 Jack , David David Jack 1928 -- 1934 113 ( 181 ) 10 ( 25 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 124 ( 208 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . International ( edit ) Caesar Jenkyns was the first Arsenal player to receive an international cap . This section refers only to caps won while an Arsenal player . First capped player : Caesar Jenkyns , for Wales against Scotland on 21 March 1896 First capped player for England : Jimmy Ashcroft , against Ireland on 17 February 1906 Most capped player : Thierry Henry with 81 caps Most capped player for England : Kenny Sansom with 77 caps First players to play in the World Cup finals : Dave Bowen and Jack Kelsey , for Wales against Hungary on 8 June 1958 First players to play in a World Cup for England : Graham Rix and Kenny Sansom against France on 16 June 1982 Most players from one club in an England starting line - up : 7 , against Italy -- the so - called `` Battle of Highbury '' on 14 November 1934 First player to play in a World Cup final : Emmanuel Petit for France against Brazil on 12 July 1998 First players to win a World Cup winners ' medal : Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( 1998 FIFA World Cup ) First players to play in a European Championship final : Thierry Henry and Patrick Vieira for France against Italy on 2 July 2000 First players to win a European Championship winners ' medal : Thierry Henry , Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( UEFA Euro 2000 ) First player to win a Copa América winners ' medal : Alexis Sánchez ( 2015 Copa América ) At 17 years and 75 days , Theo Walcott became the youngest player to earn an England cap , against Hungary on 30 May 2006 . Transfers ( edit ) For consistency , fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from the London Evening Standard 's contemporary reports of each transfer . Where the report mentions an initial fee potentially rising to a higher figure depending on contractual clauses being satisfied in the future , only the initial fee is listed in the tables . Record transfer fees paid ( edit ) Alexandre Lacazette , the club 's record signing # Fee Paid to For Date Notes Ref £ 45m Olympique Lyonnais Alexandre Lacazette 5 July 2017 A further £ 7m in add - ons . £ 38.2 m Real Madrid Mesut Özil 2 September 2013 A further £ 4.3 m in add - ons . £ 35m Valencia CF Shkodran Mustafi 30 August 2016 £ 33.8 m Borussia Mönchengladbach Granit Xhaka 25 May 2016 5 £ 31.7 m Barcelona Alexis Sánchez 10 July 2014 Record transfer fees received ( edit ) # Fee Received from For Date Notes Ref £ 40m Liverpool Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 31 August 2017 £ 29.8 m Barcelona Cesc Fàbregas 15 August 2011 A further £ 5.3 m in add - ons . £ 25m Barcelona Marc Overmars 28 July 2000 £ 25m Manchester City Emmanuel Adebayor 19 July 2009 5 £ 24m Manchester City Samir Nasri 24 August 2011 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. managers First full - time manager : Thomas Mitchell managed Arsenal from March 1897 to 1898 . Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger -- 7003767500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 5 days ( 1 October 1996 to present ) Shortest tenure as manager : Pat Rice -- 2 weeks , 3 days ( 13 September 1996 to 30 September 1996 ) Highest win percentage : Arsène Wenger , 57.62 % Lowest win percentage : Steve Burtenshaw , 27.27 % Club records ( edit ) Matches ( edit ) Firsts ( edit ) First match : Eastern Wanderers 0 -- 6 Royal Arsenal , friendly , 11 December 1886 First FA Cup match : Royal Arsenal 11 -- 0 Lyndhurst , first qualifying round , 5 October 1889 First Football League match : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 2 Newcastle United , Second Division , 2 September 1893 First match at Highbury : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 1 Leicester Fosse , Second Division , 6 September 1913 First League Cup match : Arsenal 1 -- 1 Gillingham , second round , 13 September 1966 First European match : Stævnet ( Copenhagen XI ) 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round , 25 September 1963 First home match at Wembley Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Panathinaikos , UEFA Champions League group stage , 30 September 1998 First match at the Emirates Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Ajax , testimonial match for Dennis Bergkamp , 22 July 2006 Record wins ( edit ) Record league win : 12 -- 0 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 March 1900 Record FA Cup win : 12 -- 0 against Ashford United , first qualifying round , 14 October 1893 Record League Cup win : 7 -- 0 against Leeds United , second round , 4 September 1979 Record European win : 7 -- 0 against Standard Liège , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup second round , 3 November 1993 7 -- 0 against Slavia Prague , UEFA Champions League group stage , 23 October 2007 Record defeats ( edit ) Record league defeat : 0 -- 8 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 December 1896 Record FA Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Sunderland , first round , 21 January 1893 0 -- 6 against Derby County , first round , 28 January 1899 0 -- 6 against West Ham United , third round , 5 January 1946 Record League Cup defeat : 0 -- 5 against Chelsea , fourth round , 11 November 1998 Record European defeat : 0 -- 4 against Milan , UEFA Champions League round of 16 , 15 February 2012 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League group stage , 4 November 2015 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 15 February 2017 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 7 March 2017 Record consecutive results ( edit ) Arsenal hold several English football records , including the longest unbeaten sequence in the top flight , with 49 . In the 2001 -- 02 season , en route to winning the title , the club had won their remaining 13 matches . A 2 -- 0 win against Birmingham City in the first match of the following season meant Arsenal broke the national record for the most consecutive league wins in the top division . Arsenal scored in all 55 league matches from between 19 May 2001 to 30 November 2002 and also hold the longest unbeaten away sequence in league football with 27 , from 5 April 2003 to 25 September 2004 . Record consecutive wins : 14 , from 12 September 1987 to 11 November 1987 Record consecutive league wins : 14 , from 10 February 2002 to 18 August 2002 Record consecutive wins coming from behind : 4 , from 11 February 2012 to 12 March 2012 Record consecutive defeats : 8 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive league defeats : 7 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive draws : 6 , from 3 March 1961 to 1 April 1961 Record consecutive matches without a defeat : 28 , from 9 April 2007 to 24 November 2007 Record consecutive league matches without a defeat : 49 , from 7 May 2003 to 16 October 2004 Record consecutive matches without a win : 19 , from 28 September 1912 to 15 January 1913 Record consecutive league matches without a win : 23 , from 28 September 1912 to 1 March 1913 Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 127 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Fewest league goals scored in a season : 26 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Most league goals conceded in a season : 86 in 42 matches , First Division , 1926 -- 27 and 1927 -- 28 Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 17 in 38 matches , Premier League , 1998 -- 99 Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Three points for a win : 90 in 38 matches , Premier League , 2003 -- 04 Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 18 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Three points for a win : 51 in 42 matches , Premier League , 1994 -- 95 Attendances ( edit ) This section applies to attendances at Highbury , where Arsenal played their home matches from 1913 to 2006 , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's present home , and Wembley Stadium , which acted as Arsenal 's home in the UEFA Champions League during the 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2000 seasons . Arsenal 's attendance figures since the move to the Emirates Stadium have been measured by tickets sold . Highest attendance at Highbury : 73,295 , against Sunderland , First Division , 9 March 1935 Lowest attendance at Highbury : 4,554 , against Leeds United , First Division , 5 May 1966 Highest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 60,161 , against Manchester United , Premier League , 3 November 2007 Lowest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 46,539 , against Shrewsbury Town , League Cup third round , 20 September 2011 Highest attendance Wembley Stadium : 73,707 , against Lens , UEFA Champions League group stage , 25 November 1998 Lowest attendance at Wembley Stadium : 71,227 , against AIK , UEFA Champions League group stage , 22 September 1999 On 17 January 1948 , a league - record attendance of 83,260 watched Manchester United play Arsenal at Maine Road . All of the top three attendances in league football occurred at Arsenal games . European Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Arsenal F.C. in European football Arsenal have won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 . They also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final in 2006 . Despite having never won the UEFA Champions League , Arsenal have set numerous records in the competition . Between 1998 -- 99 and the current season , 2016 -- 17 , they participated in nineteen successive seasons , a record only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to Arsenal 's first UEFA Champions League final and the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Arsenal were also the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Borussia Dortmund away from home , and both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 86 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Global records ( edit ) In August 1928 , Arsenal , alongside Chelsea , made history by becoming the first football clubs to wear numbered shirts . A year earlier the first ever live radio commentary of a football match took place , between Arsenal and Sheffield United . Arsenal played in the first match broadcast live on television , against their reserve counterparts in 1937 and have since participated in the world 's first live 3D and interactive football matches , both with Manchester United . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a record of all matches participated in by Arsenal , see the AISA Arsenal History Society 's line - ups database . For corroboration , multiple other sources exist . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , UEFA took over the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1971 and reformed it into the UEFA Cup ( now UEFA Europa League ) . As the official precursor to the UEFA Europa League , it is included here under UEFA . Jump up ^ The Sheriff of London Charity Shield was replaced by the FA Charity Shield ( now FA Community Shield ) in 1908 . Although it is the official precursor to the FA Community Shield , it is not included here under The Football Association because Arsenal only won the fundraising matches that followed the Sheriff of London Charity Shield 's 1931 revival . Jump up ^ Laurie Scott and George Eastham were called up to England squads ( 1950 , and 1962 and 1966 , respectively ) , but did not play . Jump up ^ George Eastham was retrospectively awarded a medal for being a non-playing member of England 's 1966 World Cup - winning side . Jump up ^ Unusually , Arsenal were forced to play two matches on the same day on 12 December 1896 ; while the first team took on Loughborough in the League , the reserves played Leyton in the FA Cup . The irony is that the reserves won handsomely , 5 -- 0 , whilst the seniors suffered Arsenal 's record league defeat . Additionally , Arsenal lost 0 -- 9 to Chelsea in a wartime London Combination match on 21 April 1916 , but this is not counted as an official first - class match . References ( edit ) General Harris , Jeff & Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Arsenal Who 's Who . London : Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Joy , Bernard ( 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! . London : GCR Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9559211 - 1 - 2 . McColl , Brian ( 2014 ) . A Record of British Wartime Football . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 84089 - 3 . Peters , Paul ( 2014 ) . Arsenal : The England Story . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 77255 - 3 . Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 2011 ) . Arsenal 125 : The Official Illustrated History 1886 -- 2011 . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 35871 - 2 . Specific Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2011 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Joy ( 1952 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ; Heneghan , Michael ; Orford , Stuart ; Culliton , Eoin ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888 -- 2016 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , Jason ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` Premier League football at 20 : 1992 , the start of a whole new ball game '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` 122 years ago today -- Arsenal 's first Silverware '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy . `` Arsenal first team line ups '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GGM 36 : Arsenal win their first major trophy '' . Arsenal F.C. 8 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1931 -- 1935 '' . Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1936 -- 1940 '' . Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double top Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2002 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal make history '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Special trophy for Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy . `` Arsenal first team line ups '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Honours '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Josh ( 30 July 2013 ) . `` Cups of plenty '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complete cup finals '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal '' . Football Club History Database . Richard Rundle . Archived from the original on 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Ross , James M. ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` England -- List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael J Slade ( 2013 ) . The History of the English Football League : Part One -- 1888 -- 1930 . Strategic Book Publishing . ISBN 1 - 62516 - 183 - 2 . Jump up ^ Joy , Bernard ( 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! . GCR Books Limited . ISBN 9780955921117 . Jump up ^ `` AISA Arsenal History Society '' . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 125 years of Arsenal history -- 1886 -- 1891 '' . Arsenal F.C. 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Arsenal in the London Senior Cup ; retiring as cup winners '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Graham ( 1998 ) . A-Z Of Bees : Brentford Encyclopaedia . Yore Publications . p. 82 . ISBN 1 - 874427 - 57 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` List of winners of discontinued County Cups '' . London FA . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Attwood , Tony ( 16 November 2013 ) . `` Arsenal in the London Challenge Cup '' . The History of Arsenal ( AISA Arsenal History Society ) . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kungler , Peter ( 12 February 2003 ) . `` England 1941 / 42 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kungler , Peter ( 12 February 2003 ) . `` England 1942 / 43 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kungler , Peter ( 15 February 2003 ) . `` England 1939 / 40 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenal at War ( Arsenal.com ) ^ Jump up to : García , Javier ( 30 October 2005 ) . `` Matches between English and Scottish Clubs '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Corinthians '' . Corinthian - Casuals Football Club . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . 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Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arsenal_F.C._records_and_statistics&oldid=804028726 '' Categories : English football club statistics History of Arsenal F.C. Arsenal F.C. - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Македонски Polski Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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7760769950602244837 | Caribbean Twenty20 | Caribbean Twenty20 - wikipedia Caribbean Twenty20 Jump to : navigation , search Caribbean Twenty20 Countries West Indies Administrator WICB Format Twenty20 First tournament Last tournament 2012 -- 13 Tournament format Round - robin and knockout Number of teams 7 Current champion Trinidad and Tobago Most successful Trinidad and Tobago ( 3 titles ) Qualification Champions League Twenty20 Website ct20.windiescricket.com The Caribbean Twenty20 was an annual tournament Twenty20 cricket tournament in the West Indies that was held four times from 2010 to 2013 . The top performing domestic team qualified for the Champions League Twenty20 tournament . It was replaced by the Caribbean Premier League , whose first season began in July 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Replacement 2 Format 2.1 Prize money 3 Teams 3.1 Domestic teams 3.2 Invited overseas team 4 Tournament results 5 References History ( edit ) The previous domestic Twenty20 tournament held by the West Indies Cricket Board was the Stanford 20 / 20 , which ended in 2008 after its sponsor Allen Stanford was charged with fraud and arrested in June 2009 . The creation of the Caribbean Twenty20 tournament coincides with the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 tournament , which started less than two months after . The top domestic team from the tournament qualified for the Champions League as the sole representative of the West Indies . They will be the tenth and last team to qualify , as all other teams qualified before May 2010 . Cricket in the West Indies was at a time of decline , indicated by the criticism received when they hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup and the failure of the Stanford 20 / 20 . With the slogan `` Bring It Back '' , the Caribbean Twenty20 was an attempt to revitalize interest in the sport with a focus on the Twenty20 format , which was popular amongst audiences in the 18 -- 34 age - group . This follows the success of the Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team at the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 , where they were runners - up , and the West Indies ' successful hosting of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . After the inaugural tournament , the tournament was moved to January 2011 . Originally it was intended to run alongside a second Twenty20 competition in January called the Calypso Cup , which would have featured the four semi-finalists from the 2010 Caribbean Twenty20 as well as the two finalists from England 's Friends Provident t20 competition and two other overseas teams ( including possibly a third team from England ) . These plans were later cancelled . It was later announced that the two English county teams Somerset and Hampshire were to participate in the Caribbean Twenty20 . Replacement ( edit ) Main article : Caribbean Premier League In September 2012 , outgoing chief executive of the WICB , Ernest Hilaire , revealed that the board was `` in the advanced stages of discussions to have a commercial Twenty20 league in the region '' with an unnamed investor and that he hopes to conclude a deal before his term ends on 30 September . He noted that the board will meet on 14 September to make decisions on the structure and organization of the Caribbean Twenty20 in January ; to discuss the governance structure of the board and also discuss the planned league and to finalize its structure . The Federation of International Cricketers ' Associations ( FICA ) and the West Indies Players Association ( WIPA ) would also be brought in to discuss issues pertaining to players in relation to the planned T20 league . On 13 December 2012 , the WICB announced that they had finalized an agreement with Ajmal Khan founder of Verus International , a Barbados - based merchant bank , for the funding of the new franchise - based Twenty20 league which will be launched in 2013 . The new Caribbean Premier League is likely to comprise six Caribbean city - based franchises as opposed to the current territorial set - up and the majority of the players are to come from the West Indies . As part of the agreement , the WICB will receive additional funding from Verus International for additional retainer contracts for players in addition to the 20 annual retainer contracts the board currently funds . Format ( edit ) While the number of teams varied between editions , the format remained the same with a group stage and a knockout stage . If a match ends in a tie , a Super Over will be played to determine the winner . The group stage has the teams divided into two equal groups , with each playing a single round - robin tournament . The top two teams of each group advances to the advance to the knockout stage . The knockout stage consists of two semi-finals , a third - place playoff and the grand final . The semi-finals has the top team of one group facing the second from the other . The winners of the semi-finals play the grand final to determine the winner of the competition , while the losers of the semi-finals play the third - place playoff . Prize money ( edit ) The total prize money for the competition , in 2011 , is US $ 125,000 , with the winning team receiving US $ 62,500 . The most outstanding player in each of the 16 matches will receive $500 and a plaque . Teams ( edit ) Domestic teams ( edit ) Team Wins 2nds 3rds 4ths Barbados 0 0 Combined Campuses and Colleges 0 0 0 0 Guyana 0 0 Jamaica 0 Leeward Islands 0 0 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 Windward Islands 0 0 Invited overseas team ( edit ) Team Appearances Wins 2nds 3rds 4ths Total First Latest Canada 2011 -- 12 0 0 0 0 Somerset 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 0 Hampshire Royals 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 Sussex Sharks 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 0 0 0 0 Tournament results ( edit ) Tournament Final Venue Final Matches Teams Winner Result Runner - up Details Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad Guyana 135 for 9 ( 19.5 overs ) won by 1 wicket Scorecard Barbados 134 for 5 ( 20 overs ) 16 8 2010 -- 11 Details Kensington Oval , Bridgetown , Barbados Trinidad and Tobago 147 for 7 ( 20 overs ) won by 36 runs Scorecard Hampshire Royals 111 for 8 ( 20 overs ) 24 10 2011 -- 12 Details Kensington Oval , Bridgetown , Barbados Trinidad and Tobago 168 for 6 ( 20 overs ) won by 63 runs Scorecard Jamaica 105 for 5 ( 20 overs ) 2012 -- 13 Details Beausejour Stadium , Gros Islet , St Lucia Trinidad and Tobago 120 for 1 ( 12.3 overs ) won by 9 wickets Scorecard Guyana 116 for 6 ( 20 overs ) 23 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Premier League to contract 90 players '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` WICB unveils domestic T20 tournament '' . CricInfo. 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gautam Sheth ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Ross Taylor 's loyalty will be tested '' . DNA . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Veera , Sriram ( 21 July 2010 ) . `` West Indian T20 game gets a reboot '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ WICB ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Vivo ipl schedule live '' . WICB . Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Hampshire and Somerset join Caribbean T20 '' . CricInfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WICB working on launching ' commercial T20 league ' - Hilaire '' . CricInfo. 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/623113.html Jump up ^ `` WICB announce franchise - based T20 league '' . CricInfo. 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Higher prize money in Caribbean T20 '' . cricinfo. 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands , Sussex to play Caribbean T20 '' . CricInfo . ESPN . 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . Caribbean Twenty20 Seasons 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Teams Barbados Combined Campuses and Colleges Guyana Jamaica Leeward Islands Trinidad and Tobago Windward Islands Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Caribbean Premier League Cricket in the West Indies West Indies Cricket Board Teams National West Indies cricket team Women 's Under - 19 West Indies A Tournaments First - class Regional Four Day Competition TCL Under - 19 West Indies Challenge Inter-Colonial Tournament ( defunct ) One - day WICB Cup TCL Under - 19 West Indies Challenge Limited Overs Series Twenty20 Caribbean Premier League Caribbean Twenty20 ( defunct ) Stanford 20 / 20 ( defunct ) Other CLICO West Indies Under - 15 competition Women 's WIWCF Women 's Senior Tournament Twenty20 cricket leagues Current Asia Shpageeza Cricket League ( Afghanistan ) Bangladesh Premier League ( Bangladesh ) Hong Kong T20 Blitz ( Hong Kong ) Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy ( India ) Indian Premier League ( India ) Celebrity Cricket League ( India ) Everest Premier League ( Nepal ) National Twenty20 Cup ( Pakistan ) Pakistan Super League ( Pakistan ) Super T20 Provincial Tournament ( Sri Lanka ) Oceania Big Bash League ( Australia ) Women 's Big Bash League ( Australia ) Super Smash ( New Zealand ) Europe T20 Blast ( England and Wales ) Women 's Cricket Super League ( England ) Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup ( Ireland ) Dutch Twenty20 Cup ( Netherlands ) Murgitroyd Twenty20 ( Scotland ) Regional Pro Series ( Scotland ) Africa Africa T20 Cup ( South Africa ) Ram Slam T20 Challenge ( South Africa ) CSA Provincial Twenty20 ( South Africa ) Stanbic Bank 20 Series ( Zimbabwe ) T20 Global League ( South Africa ) Americas Caribbean Premier League ( West Indies ) Global T20 Canada ( Canada ) Defunct Cricket All - Stars ( International ) Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup ( Pakistan ) International 20 : 20 Club Championship ( International ) Inter-State T20 Championship ( India ) East Africa Premier League ( Kenya & Uganda ) Indian Cricket League ( India ) Twenty20 Tournament ( Sri Lanka ) Pro Cricket ( United States ) Caribbean Twenty20 ( West Indies ) Stanford 20 / 20 ( West Indies ) Stanford Super Series ( West Indies / England ) North Sea Pro20 ( Scotland / Netherlands ) American Twenty20 Championship ( USA ) American Premier League ( United States ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash ( Australia ) Australian Women 's Twenty20 Cup ( Australia ) National Cricket League ( Bangladesh ) National Elite League Twenty20 ( Kenya ) Sri Lanka Premier League ( Sri Lanka ) CIBC National Cricket League ( Canada ) Etisalat Sixes T20 Tournament ( Afghanistan ) Champions League Twenty20 ( International ) Ramadan T20 Cup ( Pakistan ) Masters Champions League ( United Arab Emirates ) Champions League Twenty20 Editions 2008 ( cancelled ) 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Squads 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Lists Records and statistics Qualifying tournaments 2014 -- 15 Big Bash League Caribbean Premier League Haier Super 8 T20 Cup HRV Cup Indian Premier League Ram Slam T20 Challenge Super 4 's Twenty20 2009 -- 13 Sri Lanka Premier League ( 2012 ) Friends Life t20 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Caribbean Twenty20 ( 2010 - 13 ) Inter-Provincial Twenty20 ( 2009 -- 11 ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash ( 2009 -- 11 ) Twenty20 Cup ( 2009 ) Stanford 20 / 20 ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Twenty20&oldid=832926465 '' Categories : Caribbean Twenty20 West Indian cricket in the 20th century Recurring sporting events established in 2010 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2012 Defunct cricket leagues Sports leagues established in 2010 Sports leagues established in 2012 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 18 : 35 . 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-3521607312361608876 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Jawaharlal Nehru - Wikipedia Jawaharlal Nehru first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru in 1947 1st Prime Minister of India In office 15 August 1947 -- 27 May 1964 Monarch George VI ( until 26 January 1950 ) President Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Governor General The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ( until 26 January 1950 ) Deputy Vallabhbhai Patel Preceded by Position established Himself as Vice President of Executive Council Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda ( Acting ) Minister of Defence In office 31 October 1962 -- 14 November 1962 Preceded by V.K. Krishna Menon Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan In office 30 January 1957 -- 17 April 1957 Preceded by Kailash Nath Katju Succeeded by V.K. Krishna Menon In office 10 February 1953 -- 10 January 1955 Preceded by N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju Minister of Finance In office 13 February 1958 -- 13 March 1958 Preceded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar Succeeded by Morarji Desai In office 24 July 1956 -- 30 August 1956 Preceded by Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh Succeeded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar Minister of External Affairs In office 2 September 1946 -- 27 May 1964 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda Vice President of Executive Council In office 2 September 1946 -- 15 August 1947 Personal details Born ( 1889 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1889 Allahabad , United Provinces , British India ( present - day Uttar Pradesh , India ) 27 May 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) ( aged 74 ) New Delhi , Delhi , India Cause of death Heart attack Resting place Shantivan Political party Indian National Congress Spouse ( s ) Kamala Nehru ( m . 1916 ; d . 1936 ) Children Indira Gandhi Parents Motilal Nehru Swaruprani Thussu Relatives See Nehru -- Gandhi family Alma mater Trinity College , Cambridge Inns of Court Occupation Barrister writer politician Awards Bharat Ratna ( 1955 ) Signature This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . Jawaharlal Nehru ( / ˈneɪruː , ˈnɛruː / ; Hindustani : ( ˈdʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru ) ( listen ) ; 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 ) was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence . He emerged as an eminent leader of the Indian independence movement under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and served India as Prime Minister from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in 1964 . He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation - state : a sovereign , socialist , secular , and democratic republic . He was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as Chacha Nehru ( Hindi , lit. , `` Uncle Nehru '' ) . The son of Motilal Nehru , a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman and Swaroop Rani , Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College , Cambridge and the Inner Temple , where he trained to be a barrister . Upon his return to India , he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court and took an interest in national politics , which eventually replaced his legal practice . A committed nationalist since his teenage years , he became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s . He became the prominent leader of the left - wing factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s , and eventually of the entire Congress , with the tacit approval of his mentor , Gandhi . As Congress President in 1929 , Nehru called for complete independence from the British Raj and instigated the Congress 's decisive shift towards the left . Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towards independence . His idea of a secular nation - state was seemingly validated when the Congress , under his leadership , swept the 1937 provincial elections and formed the government in several provinces ; on the other hand , the separatist Muslim League fared much poorer . But these achievements were severely compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942 , which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation . Nehru , who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi 's call for immediate independence , for he had desired to support the Allied war effort during World War II , came out of a lengthy prison term to a much altered political landscape . The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now opponent , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , had come to dominate Muslim politics in India . Negotiations between Congress and Mulsim League for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947 . Nehru was elected by the Congress to assume office as independent India 's first Prime Minister , although the question of leadership had been settled as far back as 1941 , when Gandhi acknowledged Nehru as his political heir and successor . As Prime Minister , he set out to realise his vision of India . The Constitution of India was enacted in 1950 , after which he embarked on an ambitious program of economic , social and political reforms . Chiefly , he oversaw India 's transition from a colony to a republic , while nurturing a plural , multi-party system . In foreign policy , he took a leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement while projecting India as a regional hegemon in South Asia . Under Nehru 's leadership , the Congress emerged as a catch - all party , dominating national and state - level politics and winning consecutive elections in 1951 , 1957 , and 1962 . He remained popular with the people of India in spite of political troubles in his final years and failure of leadership during the 1962 Sino - Indian War . In India , his birthday is celebrated as Bal Diwas ( Children 's Day ) . Contents 1 Early life and career ( 1889 -- 1912 ) 1.1 Born 1.2 Childhood 1.3 Youth 1.4 Graduation 1.5 Advocate practice 2 Struggle for Indian independence ( 1912 -- 1947 ) 2.1 Britain 2.2 World War I 2.3 Home rule movement 2.4 Non-cooperation 2.4. 1 Internationalising the struggle 2.4. 2 Mid 1930s 2.4. 3 Company with Subhas Chandra Bose 2.5 Republicanism 2.5. 1 Independence 2.6 Declaration of Independence 2.6. 1 Draft of the declaration of independence 2.7 Civil disobedience 2.7. 1 Salt satyagraha success 2.8 Architect of India 2.9 Electoral politics 2.10 World War II and Quit India movement 2.10. 1 Pakistan Resolution 2.10. 2 Japan attacks India 3 Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) 3.1 Assassination attempts and security 3.2 Economic policies 3.3 Agriculture policies 3.4 Domestic policies 3.5 Social policies 3.6 Foreign policies 4 Sino - Indian War of 1962 5 Death 6 Religion 7 Personal life 8 Legacy 8.1 Commemoration 8.2 In popular culture 9 Writings 10 Awards 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life and career ( 1889 -- 1912 ) ( edit ) Born ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India . His father , Motilal Nehru ( 1861 -- 1931 ) , a wealthy barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community , served twice as President of the Indian National Congress during the Independence Struggle . His mother , Swaruprani Thussu ( 1868 -- 1938 ) , who came from a well - known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore , was Motilal 's second wife , the first having died in child birth . Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children , two of whom were girls . The elder sister , Vijaya Lakshmi , later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly . The youngest sister , Krishna Hutheesing , became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother . Childhood ( edit ) Nehru described his childhood as a `` sheltered and uneventful one '' . He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a palatial estate called the Anand Bhavan . His father had him educated at home by private governesses and tutors . Under the influence of a tutor , Ferdinand T. Brooks , he became interested in science and theosophy . He was subsequently initiated into the Theosophical Society at age thirteen by family friend Annie Besant . However , his interest in theosophy did not prove to be enduring and he left the society shortly after Brooks departed as his tutor . He wrote : `` for nearly three years ( Brooks ) was with me and in many ways he influenced me greatly '' . Nehru 's theosophical interests had induced him to the study of the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures . According to Bal Ram Nanda , these scriptures were Nehru 's `` first introduction to the religious and cultural heritage of ( India ) ... ( they ) provided Nehru the initial impulse for ( his ) long intellectual quest which culminated ... in The Discovery of India . '' Youth ( edit ) Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth . The Second Boer War and the Russo - Japanese War intensified his feelings . About the latter he wrote , `` ( The ) Japanese victories ( had ) stirred up my enthusiasm ... Nationalistic ideas filled my mind ... I mused of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the thraldom of Europe . '' Later when he had begun his institutional schooling in 1905 at Harrow , a leading school in England , he was greatly influenced by G.M. Trevelyan 's Garibaldi books , which he had received as prizes for academic merit . He viewed Garibaldi as a revolutionary hero . He wrote : `` Visions of similar deeds in India came before , of ( my ) gallant fight for ( Indian ) freedom and in my mind India and Italy got strangely mixed together . '' Graduation ( edit ) Nehru went to Trinity College , Cambridge in October 1907 and graduated with an honours degree in natural science in 1910 . During this period , he also studied politics , economics , history and literature desultorily . Writings of Bernard Shaw , H.G. Wells , J.M. Keynes , Bertrand Russell , Lowes Dickinson and Meredith Townsend moulded much of his political and economic thinking . After completing his degree in 1910 , Nehru moved to London and studied law at Inner temple Inn During this time , he continued to study the scholars of the Fabian Society including Beatrice Webb . He was called to the Bar in 1912 , Advocate practice ( edit ) After returning to India in August 1912 , Nehru enrolled himself as an advocate of the Allahabad High Court and tried to settle down as a barrister . But , unlike his father , he had only a desultory interest in his profession and did not relish either the practice of law or the company of lawyers . He wrote : `` Decidedly the atmosphere was not intellectually stimulating and a sense of the utter insipidity of life grew upon me . '' His involvement in nationalist politics would gradually replace his legal practice in the coming years . The Nehru family c. 1890s Nehru dressed in cadet uniform at Harrow School in England Nehru in khaki uniform as a member of Seva Dal Nehru at the Allahabad High Court Struggle for Indian independence ( 1912 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Britain ( edit ) Nehru had developed an interest in Indian politics during his time in Britain . Within months of his return to India in 1912 he had attended an annual session of the Indian National Congress in Patna . He was disconcerted with what he saw as a `` very much an English - knowing upper class affair '' . The Congress in 1912 had been the party of moderates and elites . Nehru harboured doubts regarding the ineffectualness of the Congress but agreed to work for the party in support of the Indian civil rights movement in South Africa . He collected funds for the civil rights campaigners led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1913 . Later , he campaigned against the indentured labour and other such discriminations faced by Indians in the British colonies . World war I ( edit ) When World War I broke out , sympathy in India was divided . Although educated Indians `` by and large took a vicarious pleasure '' in seeing the British rulers humbled , the ruling upper classes sided with the Allies . Nehru confessed that he viewed the war with mixed feelings . Frank Moraes wrote : `` If ( Nehru 's ) sympathy was with any country it was with France , whose culture he greatly admired . '' During the war , Nehru volunteered for the St John Ambulance and worked as one of the provincial secretaries of the organisation in Allahabad . He also spoke out against the censorship acts passed by the British government in India . Nehru in 1919 with wife Kamala and daughter Indira Nehru emerged from the war years as a leader whose political views were considered radical . Although the political discourse had been dominated at this time by Gopal Krishna Gokhale , a moderate who said that it was `` madness to think of independence '' , Nehru had spoken `` openly of the politics of non-cooperation , of the need of resigning from honorary positions under the government and of not continuing the futile politics of representation '' . He ridiculed the Indian Civil Service for its support of British policies . He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service , `` with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country , as neither Indian , nor civil , nor a service '' . Motilal Nehru , a prominent moderate leader , acknowledged the limits of constitutional agitation , but counselled his son that there was no other `` practical alternative '' to it . Nehru , however , was not satisfied with the pace of the national movement . He became involved with aggressive nationalists leaders who were demanding Home Rule for Indians . The influence of the moderates on Congress politics began to wane after Gokhale died in 1915 . Anti-moderate leaders such as Annie Beasant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak took the opportunity to call for a national movement for Home Rule . But , in 1915 , the proposal was rejected because of the reluctance of the moderates to commit to such a radical course of action . Besant nevertheless formed a league for advocating Home Rule in 1916 ; and Tilak , on his release from a prison term , had in April 1916 formed his own league . Nehru joined both leagues but worked especially for the former . He remarked later : `` ( Besant ) had a very powerful influence on me in my childhood ... even later when I entered political life her influence continued . '' Another development which brought about a radical change in Indian politics was the espousal of Hindu - Muslim unity with the Lucknow Pact at the annual meeting of the Congress in December 1916 . The pact had been initiated earlier in the year at Allahabad at a meeting of the All India Congress Committee which was held at the Nehru residence at Anand Bhawan . Nehru welcomed and encouraged the rapprochement between the two Indian communities . Home rule movement ( edit ) Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant to voice a demand for self - governance , and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia , Canada , South Africa , New Zealand and Newfoundland at the time . Nehru joined the movement and rose to become secretary of Besant 's Home Rule League . In June 1917 Besant was arrested and interned by the British government . The Congress and various other Indian organisations threatened to launch protests if she were not set free . The British government was subsequently forced to release Besant and make significant concessions after a period of intense protest . Non-cooperation ( edit ) The first big national involvement of Nehru came at the onset of the Non-cooperation movement in 1920 . He led the movement in the United Provinces ( now Uttar Pradesh ) . Nehru was arrested on charges of anti-governmental activities in 1921 , and was released a few months later . In the rift that formed within the Congress following the sudden closure of the non-co - operation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident , Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi and did not join the Swaraj Party formed by his father Motilal Nehru and CR Das . Internationalising the struggle ( edit ) Nehru and his daughter Indira in Britain , 1930s Nehru played a leading role in the development of the internationalist outlook of the Indian independence struggle . He sought foreign allies for India and forged links with movements for independence and democracy all over the world . In 1927 , his efforts paid off and the Congress was invited to attend the congress of oppressed nationalities in Brussels in Belgium . The meeting was called to co-ordinate and plan a common struggle against imperialism . Nehru represented India and was elected to the Executive Council of the League against Imperialism that was born at this meeting . Increasingly , Nehru saw the struggle for independence from British imperialism as a multi-national effort by the various colonies and dominions of the Empire ; some of his statements on this matter , however , were interpreted as complicity with the rise of Hitler and his espoused intentions . In the face of these allegations , Nehru responded , `` We have sympathy for the national movement of Arabs in Palestine because it is directed against British Imperialism . Our sympathies can not be weakened by the fact that the national movement coincides with Hitler 's interests . '' Mid 1930s ( edit ) During the mid-1930s , Nehru was much concerned with developments in Europe , which seemed to be drifting toward another world war . He was in Europe in early 1936 , visiting his ailing wife , shortly before she died in a sanitarium in Switzerland . Even at this time , he emphasised that , in the event of war , India 's place was alongside the democracies , though he insisted that India could only fight in support of Great Britain and France as a free country . Company with Subhas Chandra Bose ( edit ) Nehru closely worked with Subhas Chandra Bose in developing good relations with governments of free countries all over the world . However , the two split in the late 1930s , when Bose agreed to seek the help of fascists in driving the British out of India . At the same time , Nehru had supported the Republicans who were fighting against Francisco Franco 's forces in the Spanish Civil War . Nehru along with his aide V.K. Krishna Menon visited Spain and declared support for the Republicans . He refused to meet Benito Mussolini , the dictator of Italy when the latter expressed his desire to meet him . Republicanism ( edit ) Nehru was one of the first nationalist leaders to realise the sufferings of the people in the states ruled by Indian princes . He suffered imprisonment in Nabha , a princely state , when he went there to see the struggle that was being waged by the Sikhs against the corrupt Mahants . The nationalist movement had been confined to the territories under direct British rule . He helped to make the struggle of the people in the princely states a part of the nationalist movement for independence . The All India States Peoples Conference was formed in 1927 . Nehru who had been supporting the cause of the people of the princely states for many years was made the President of the conference in 1935 . He opened up its ranks to membership from across the political spectrum . The body would play an important role during the political integration of India , helping Indian leaders Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon ( to whom Nehru had delegated the task of integrating the princely states into India ) negotiate with hundreds of princes . Independence ( edit ) In July 1946 , Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India . In January 1947 , he said that independent India would not accept the Divine right of kings , and in May 1947 , he declared that any princely state which refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state . During the drafting of the Indian constitution , many Indian leaders ( except Nehru ) of that time were in favour of allowing each Princely state or Covenanting State to be independent as a federal state along the lines suggested originally by the Government of India act ( 1935 ) . But as the drafting of the constitution progressed and the idea of forming a republic took concrete shape ( because of the efforts of Nehru ) , it was decided that all the Princely states / Covenanting States would merge with the Indian republic . Nehru 's daughter , Indira Gandhi , de-recognised all the rulers by a presidential order in 1969 . But this was struck down by the Supreme Court of India . Eventually , the government by the 26th Amendment to the constitution was successful in abolishing the Princely states of India . The process began by Nehru was finally completed by his daughter by the end of 1971 . Declaration of independence ( edit ) Nehru was one of the first leaders to demand that the Congress Party should resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British Empire . His resolution for independence was approved at the Madras session of Congress in 1927 despite Gandhi 's criticism . At that time he also formed Independence for India league , a pressure group within the Congress , In 1928 , Gandhi agreed to Nehru 's demands and proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years . If the British failed to meet the deadline , the Congress would call upon all Indians to fight for complete independence . Nehru was one of the leaders who objected to the time given to the British -- he pressed Gandhi to demand immediate actions from the British . Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one . Nehru agreed to vote for the new resolution . Demands for dominion status were rejected by the British in 1929 . Nehru assumed the presidency of the Congress party during the Lahore session on 29 December 1929 and introduced a successful resolution calling for complete independence . Draft of the Declaration of independence ( edit ) Nehru drafted the Indian declaration of independence , which stated : We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people , as of any other people , to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life , so that they may have full opportunities of growth . We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it . The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses , and has ruined India economically , politically , culturally and spiritually . We believe therefore , that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence . At midnight on New Year 's Eve 1929 , Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore . A pledge of independence was read out , which included a readiness to withhold taxes . The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it , and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval . 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment . The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day . The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers , nationalists and the public . Plans for a mass civil disobedience were also underway . After the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929 , Nehru gradually emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement . Gandhi stepped back into a more spiritual role . Although Gandhi did not officially designate Nehru his political heir until 1942 , the country as early as the mid-1930s saw in Nehru the natural successor to Gandhi . Civil disobedience ( edit ) Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were initially ambivalent about Gandhi 's plan to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax . After the protest gathered steam , they realised the power of salt as a symbol . Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response , `` it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released '' . He was arrested on 14 April 1930 while entraining from Allahabad for Raipur . He had earlier , after addressing a huge meeting and leading a vast procession , ceremoniously manufactured some contraband salt . He was charged with breach of the salt law , tried summarily behind prison walls and sentenced to six months of imprisonment . He nominated Gandhi to succeed him as Congress President during his absence in jail , but Gandhi declined , and Nehru then nominated his father as his successor . With Nehru 's arrest the civil disobedience acquired a new tempo , and arrests , firing on crowds and lathi charges grew to be ordinary occurrences . Salt satyagraha success ( edit ) The Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world . Indian , British , and world opinion increasingly began to recognise the legitimacy of the claims by the Congress party for independence . Nehru considered the salt satyagraha the high - water mark of his association with Gandhi , and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians : Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery . But the real importance , to my mind , lay in the effect they had on our own people , and especially the village masses ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self - respect and self - reliance ... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression ; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress , under Gandhi 's leadership , must have the credit for it . Architect of India ( edit ) Gandhi and Nehru in 1942 Nehru elaborated the policies of the Congress and a future Indian nation under his leadership in 1929 . He declared that the aims of the congress were freedom of religion , right to form associations , freedom of expression of thought , equality before law for every individual without distinction of caste , colour , creed or religion , protection to regional languages and cultures , safeguarding the interests of the peasants and labour , abolition of untouchability , introduction of adult franchise , imposition of prohibition , nationalisation of industries , socialism , and establishment of a secular India . All these aims formed the core of the `` Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy '' resolution drafted by Nehru in 1929 -- 31 and were ratified by the All India Congress Committee under Gandhi 's leadership . However , some Congress leaders objected to the resolution and decided to oppose Nehru . The espousal of socialism as the Congress goal was most difficult to achieve . Nehru was opposed in this by the right - wing Congressmen Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari . He had the support of the left - wing Congressmen Maulana Azad and Subhas Chandra Bose . The trio combined to oust Dr. Prasad as Congress President in 1936 . Nehru was elected in his place and held the presidency for two years ( 1936 -- 37 ) . He was then succeeded by his socialist colleagues Bose ( 1938 -- 39 ) and Azad ( 1940 -- 46 ) . After the fall of Bose from the mainstream of Indian politics ( because of his support of violence in driving the British out of India , the power struggle between the socialists and conservatives balanced out . However , Sardar Patel died in 1950 , leaving Nehru as the sole remaining iconic national leader , and soon the situation became such that Nehru was able to implement many of his basic policies without hindrance . The conservative right - wing of the Congress ( composed of India 's upper class elites ) would continue opposing the socialists until the great schism in 1969 . Nehru 's daughter , Indira Gandhi , was able to fulfill her father 's dream by the 42nd amendment ( 1976 ) of the Indian constitution by which India officially became `` socialist '' and `` secular '' . During Nehru 's second term as general secretary of the Congress , he proposed certain resolutions concerning the foreign policy of India . From that time onward , he was given carte blanche in framing the foreign policy of any future Indian nation . He developed good relations with governments all over the world . He firmly placed India on the side of democracy and freedom during a time when the world was under the threat of fascism . He was also given the responsibility of planning the economy of a future India . He appointed the National Planning Commission in 1938 to help in framing such policies . However , many of the plans framed by Nehru and his colleagues would come undone with the unexpected partition of India in 1947 . Electoral politics ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore Nehru 's visit to Europe in 1936 proved to be the watershed in his political and economic thinking . His real interest in Marxism and his socialist pattern of thought stem from that tour . His subsequent sojourns in prison enabled him to study Marxism in more depth . Interested in its ideas but repelled by some of its methods , he could never bring himself to accept Karl Marx 's writings as revealed scripture . Yet from then on , the yardstick of his economic thinking remained Marxist , adjusted , where necessary , to Indian conditions . When the Congress party under Nehru chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme , Gandhi resigned from party membership . Gandhi did not disagree with Nehru 's move , but felt that if he resigned , his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party 's membership . When the elections following the introduction of provincial autonomy ( under the government of India act 1935 ) brought the Congress party to power in a majority of the provinces , Nehru 's popularity and power were unmatched . The Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( who was to become the creator of Pakistan ) had fared badly at the polls . Nehru declared that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and Congress . Jinnah 's statements that the Muslim League was the third and `` equal partner '' within Indian politics was widely rejected . Nehru had hoped to elevate Maulana Azad as the pre-eminent leader of Indian Muslims , but in this , he was undermined by Gandhi , who continued to treat Jinnah as the voice of Indian Muslims . World war II and Quit India movement ( edit ) When World War II started , Viceroy Linlithgow had unilaterally declared India a belligerent on the side of the Britain , without consulting the elected Indian representatives . Nehru hurried back from a visit to China , announcing that , in a conflict between democracy and Fascism , `` our sympathies must inevitably be on the side of democracy ... I should like India to play its full part and throw all her resources into the struggle for a new order . '' After much deliberation , the Congress under Nehru informed the government that it would co-operate with the British but on certain conditions . First , Britain must give an assurance of full independence for India after the war and allow the election of a constituent assembly to frame a new constitution ; second , although the Indian armed forces would remain under the British Commander - in - Chief , Indians must be included immediately in the central government and given a chance to share power and responsibility . When Nehru presented Lord Linlithgow with the demands , he chose to reject them . A deadlock was reached . `` The same old game is played again '' , Nehru wrote bitterly to Gandhi , `` the background is the same , the various epithets are the same and the actors are the same and the results must be the same '' . On 23 October 1939 , the Congress condemned the Viceroy 's attitude and called upon the Congress ministries in the various provinces to resign in protest . Before this crucial announcement , Nehru urged Jinnah and the Muslim League to join the protest but the latter declined . Pakistan resolution ( edit ) In March 1940 Jinnah passed what would come to be known as the `` Pakistan Resolution '' , declaring `` Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation , and they must have their homelands , their territory and their State . '' This state was to be known as Pakistan , meaning `` Land of the Pure '' . Nehru angrily declared that `` all the old problems ... pale into insignificance before the latest stand taken by the Muslim League leader in Lahore '' . Linlithgow made Nehru an offer on 8 October 1940 . It stated that Dominion status for India was the objective of the British government . However , it referred neither to a date nor method of accomplishment . Only Jinnah got something more precise . `` The British would not contemplate transferring power to a Congress - dominated national government the authority of which was `` denied by large and powerful elements in India 's national life '' . In October 1940 , Gandhi and Nehru , abandoning their original stand of supporting Britain , decided to launch a limited civil disobedience campaign in which leading advocates of Indian independence were selected to participate one by one . Nehru was arrested and sentenced to four years ' imprisonment . After spending a little more than a year in jail , he was released , along with other Congress prisoners , three days before the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii . Japan attacks India ( edit ) Nehru and Jinnah walk together at Simla , 1946 When the Japanese carried their attack through Burma ( now Myanmar ) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942 , the British government , faced by this new military threat , decided to make some overtures to India , as Nehru had originally desired . Prime Minister Winston Churchill dispatched Sir Stafford Cripps , a member of the war Cabinet who was known to be politically close to Nehru and also knew Jinnah , with proposals for a settlement of the constitutional problem . As soon as he arrived he discovered that India was more deeply divided than he had imagined . Nehru , eager for a compromise , was hopeful . Gandhi was not . Jinnah had continued opposing the Congress . `` Pakistan is our only demand , and by God we will have it . '' , declared the Muslim League newspaper `` Dawn '' . Cripps 's mission failed as Gandhi would accept nothing less than independence . Relations between Nehru and Gandhi cooled over the latter 's refusal to co-operate with Cripps , but the two later reconciled . On 15 January 1941 , Gandhi had stated : Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged . It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us . We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor . Gandhi called on the British to leave India ; Nehru , though reluctant to embarrass the allied war effort , had no alternative but to join Gandhi . Following the Quit India resolution passed by the Congress party in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) on 8 August 1942 , the entire Congress working committee , including Gandhi and Nehru , was arrested and imprisoned . Nehru emerged from this -- his ninth and last detention -- only on 15 June 1945 . During the period where all of the Congress leadership were in jail , the Muslim League under Jinnah grew in power . In April 1943 , the League captured the governments of Bengal and , a month later , that of the North West Frontier Province . In none of these provinces had the League previously had a majority -- only the arrest of Congress members made it possible . With all the Muslim dominated provinces except the Punjab under Jinnah 's control , the artificial concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality . However , by 1944 , Jinnah 's power and prestige were on the wane . A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims , and much of the blame for the disastrous Bengal famine of 1943 -- 44 during which two million died , had been laid on the shoulders of the province 's Muslim League government . The numbers at Jinnah 's meetings , once counted in thousands soon numbered only a few hundreds . In despair , Jinnah left the political scene for a stay in Kashmir . His prestige was restored unwittingly by Gandhi , who had been released from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met Jinnah in Bombay in September . There he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India . Essentially , it was an acceptance of the principle of Pakistan -- but not in so many words . Jinnah demanded that the exact words be said ; Gandhi refused and the talks broke down . Jinnah , however , had greatly strengthened his own position and that of the League . The most influential member of Congress had been seen to negotiate with him on equal terms . Other Muslim League leaders , opposed both to Jinnah and to the partition of India , lost strength . Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) ( edit ) Indira Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajiv Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi Nehru signing the Indian Constitution c. 1950 Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India at the ceremony held at 8 : 30 am IST on 15 August 1947 Teen Murti Bhavan , Nehru 's residence as Prime Minister , now a museum in his memory Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India arrived to propose plans for transfer of power . Once elected , Nehru headed an interim government , which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder , and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan . After failed bids to form coalitions , Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India , according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947 . He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August , and delivered his inaugural address titled `` Tryst with Destiny '' . Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny , and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge , not wholly or in full measure , but very substantially . At the stroke of the midnight hour , when the world sleeps , India will awake to life and freedom . A moment comes , which comes but rarely in history , when we step out from the old to the new , when an age ends , and when the soul of a nation , long suppressed , finds utterance . It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity . '' On 30 January 1948 , Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting . The assassin , Nathuram Godse , was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha , who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan . Nehru addressed the nation through radio : Friends and comrades , the light has gone out of our lives , and there is darkness everywhere , and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it . Our beloved leader , Bapu as we called him , the father of the nation , is no more . Perhaps I am wrong to say that ; nevertheless , we will not see him again , as we have seen him for these many years , we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him , and that is a terrible blow , not only for me , but for millions and millions in this country . President Harry Truman and Jawaharlal Nehru , with Nehru 's sister , Madame Pandit , during Nehru 's visit to the United States , October 1949 Yasmin Khan argued that Gandhi 's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel . The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two - week period -- the funeral , mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr 's ashes -- as millions participated and hundreds of millions watched . The goal was to assert the power of the government , legitimise the Congress party 's control and suppress all religious para-military groups . Nehru and Patel suppressed the RSS , the Muslim National Guards , and the Khaksars , with some 200,000 arrests . Gandhi 's death and funeral linked the distant state with the Indian people and made more understand the need to suppress religious parties during the transition to independence for the Indian people . In later years , there emerged a revisionist school of history which sought to blame Nehru for the partition of India , mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947 , which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India . Such views has been promoted by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , which favours a decentralised central government in India . In the years following independence , Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs . Under his leadership , the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952 . Indira moved into Nehru 's official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world . Indira would virtually become Nehru 's chief of staff . Nehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections , but his government was facing rising problems and criticism . Disillusioned by alleged intra-party corruption and bickering , Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve . The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism , although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election , partly because he considered it smacked of `` dynasticism '' ; he said , indeed it was `` wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing '' , and refused her a position in his cabinet . Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy ; most notably , she used his oft - stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala , over his own objections . Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition , and was `` hurt '' by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father . In the 1962 elections , Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority . Communist and socialist parties were the main beneficiaries although some right wing groups like Bharatiya Jana Sangh also did well . Assassination attempts and Security ( edit ) There were four known assassination attempts on Nehru . The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting North - West Frontier Province ( now in Pakistan ) in a car . The second one was by a knife - wielding rickshaw - puller in Maharashtra in 1955 . The third one happened in Bombay ( now Maharashtra ) in 1956 . The fourth one was a failed bombing attempt on train tracks in Maharashtra in 1961 . Despite threats to his life , Nehru despised having too much security around him and did not like to disrupt traffic due to his movement . Economic policies ( edit ) Nehru meeting with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Deutsche Bank chairman Hermann Josef Abs during a state visit to West Germany in June 1956 . Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialization and advocated a mixed economy where the government controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector . He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy . The government , therefore , directed investment primarily into key public sector industries -- steel , iron , coal , and power -- promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies . The policy of non-alignment during the Cold War meant that Nehru received financial and technical support from both power blocs in building India 's industrial base from scratch . Steel mill complexes were built at Bokaro and Rourkela with assistance from the Soviet Union and West Germany . There was substantial industrial development . Industry grew 7.0 percent annually between 1950 and 1965 -- almost trebling industrial output and making India the world 's seventh largest industrial country . Nehru 's critics , however , contended that India 's import substitution industrialisation , which was continued long after the Nehru era , weakened the international competitiveness of its manufacturing industries . India 's share of world trade fell from 1.4 per cent in 1951 -- 1960 to 0.5 per cent over 1981 -- 1990 . On the other hand , India 's export performance is argued to have actually showed sustained improvement over the period . The volume of exports went up at an annual rate of 2.9 per cent in 1951 -- 1960 to 7.6 per cent in 1971 -- 1980 . GDP and GNP grew 3.9 and 4.0 per cent annually between 1950 -- 51 and 1964 -- 65 . It was a radical break from the British colonial period . But , in comparison to other industrial powers in Europe and East Asia , the growth rates were considered anemic at best . India lagged behind the miracle economies ( Japan , West Germany , France , and Italy ) . State planning , controls , and regulations were argued to have impaired economic growth . While India 's economy grew faster than both the United Kingdom and the United States -- low initial income and rapid population increase -- meant that growth was inadequate for any sort of catch - up with rich income nations . Agriculture policies ( edit ) Under Nehru 's leadership , the government attempted to develop India quickly by embarking on agrarian reform and rapid industrialisation . A successful land reform was introduced that abolished giant landholdings , but efforts to redistribute land by placing limits on landownership failed . Attempts to introduce large - scale cooperative farming were frustrated by landowning rural elites , who formed the core of the powerful right - wing of the Congress and had considerable political support in opposing the efforts of Nehru . Agricultural production expanded until the early 1960s , as additional land was brought under cultivation and some irrigation projects began to have an effect . The establishment of agricultural universities , modelled after land - grant colleges in the United States , contributed to the development of the economy . These universities worked with high - yielding varieties of wheat and rice , initially developed in Mexico and the Philippines , that in the 1960s began the Green Revolution , an effort to diversify and increase crop production . At the same time a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite the steady progress and increase in agricultural production . Domestic policies ( edit ) See also : States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Nehru 's study in Teen Murti Bhavan ( From left to right ) : Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Nizam VII and Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri after Hyderabad 's accession to India The British Indian Empire , which included present - day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh , was divided into two types of territories : the Provinces of British India , which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor - General of India ; and princely states , under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy , in most cases as established by treaty . Between 1947 and about 1950 , the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union under Nehru and Sardar Patel . Most were merged into existing provinces ; others were organised into new provinces , such as Rajputana , Himachal Pradesh , Madhya Bharat , and Vindhya Pradesh , made up of multiple princely states ; a few , including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate provinces . The Government of India Act , 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution . The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950 , made India a sovereign democratic republic . Nehru declared the new republic to be a `` Union of States '' . The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states : Part A states , which were the former governors ' provinces of British India , were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature . The Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states , governed by a rajpramukh , who was usually the ruler of a constituent state , and an elected legislature . The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India . The Part C states included both the former chief commissioners ' provinces and some princely states , and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India . The sole Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government . In December 1953 , Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines . This was headed by Justice Fazal Ali and the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission . The efforts of this commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant , who served as Nehru 's Home Minister from December 1954 . The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India 's states . Under the Seventh Amendment , the existing distinction between Part A , Part B , Part C , and Part D states was abolished . The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed , becoming known simply as `` states '' . A new type of entity , the union territory , replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state . Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted pan-Indianism . He refused to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines . Western scholars have mostly praised Nehru for the integration of the states into a modern republic but the act was not accepted universally in India . Social policies ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India 's children and youth , believing it essential for India 's future progress . His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning , including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences , the Indian Institutes of Technology , the Indian Institutes of Management and the National Institutes of Technology . Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five - year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India 's children . For this purpose , Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programs and the construction of thousands of schools . Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children to fight malnutrition . Adult education centers , vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults , especially in the rural areas . Under Nehru , the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women . A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes . Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony , increasing the representation of minorities in government . Nehru with schoolchildren at the Durgapur Steel Plant . Durgapur , Rourkela and Bhilai were three integrated steel plants set up under India 's Second Five - Year Plan in the late 1950s . Nehru specifically wrote Article 44 of the Indian constitution under the Directive Principles of State Policy which states : ' The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India . ' The article has formed the basis of secularism in India . However , Nehru has been criticized for the inconsistent application of the law . Most notably , Nehru allowed Muslims to keep their personal law in matters relating to marriage and inheritance . Also in the small state of Goa , a civil code based on the old Portuguese Family Laws was allowed to continue , and Muslim Personal law was prohibited by Nehru . This was the result of the annexation of Goa in 1961 by India , when Nehru promised the people that their laws would be left intact . This has led to accusations of selective secularism . While Nehru exempted Muslim law from legislation and they remained unreformed , he did pass the Special Marriage Act in 1954 . The idea behind this act was to give everyone in India the ability to marry outside the personal law under a civil marriage . As usual the law applied to all of India , except Jammu and Kashmir ( again leading to accusations of selective secularism ) . In many respects , the act was almost identical to the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 , which gives some idea as to how secularised the law regarding Hindus had become . The Special Marriage Act allowed Muslims to marry under it and thereby retain the protections , generally beneficial to Muslim women , that could not be found in the personal law . Under the act polygamy was illegal , and inheritance and succession would be governed by the Indian Succession Act , rather than the respective Muslim Personal Law . Divorce also would be governed by the secular law , and maintenance of a divorced wife would be along the lines set down in the civil law . Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the lingua - franca of the Indian nation . After an exhaustive and divisive debate with the non-Hindi speakers , Hindi was adopted as the official language of India in 1950 with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years , after which Hindi would become the sole official language . Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states , who wanted the continued use of English . The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) , a descendant of Dravidar Kazhagam , led the opposition to Hindi . To allay their fears , Nehru enacted the Official Languages Act in 1963 to ensure the continuing use of English beyond 1965 . The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK and increased their scepticism that his assurances might not be honoured by future administrations . The issue was resolved during the premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri , who under great pressure from Nehru 's daughter , Indira Gandhi , was made to give assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted . The Official Languages Act was eventually amended in 1967 by the Congress Government headed by Indira Gandhi to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and English as official languages . This effectively ensured the current `` virtual indefinite policy of bilingualism '' of the Indian Republic . Foreign policies ( edit ) Further information : List of state visits made by Jawaharlal Nehru See also : India and the Non-Aligned Movement Nehru with Otto Grotewohl , the Prime Minister of East Germany Nehru with Girija Shankar Bajpai in the first meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers in 1948 in London Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964 , during its first years of independence from British rule . Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War . Nehru also maintained good relations with the British Empire . Under the London Declaration , India agreed that , when it became a republic in January 1950 , it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as a `` symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth . '' The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised India 's continuing membership of the association . The reaction back home was favourable ; only the far - left and the far - right criticised Nehru 's decision . On the international scene , Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations . He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the US and the USSR . Recognising the People 's Republic of China soon after its founding ( while most of the Western bloc continued relations with Taiwan ) , Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea . He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950 , and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc . Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a referendum in Kashmir under the auspices of the UN . Kashmir was a disputed territory between India and Pakistan , the two having gone to war with each other over the state in 1947 . However , as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the UN , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953 . His policies on Kashmir and the integration of the state into India was frequently defended in front of the United Nations by his aide , V.K. Krishna Menon , a brilliant diplomat who earned a reputation in India for his passionate speeches . Nehru receiving US President Dwight D. Eisenhower at Parliament House , 1959 Nehru , while a pacifist , was not blind to the political and geostrategic reality of India in 1947 . While laying the foundation stone of the National Defence Academy in 1949 , he stated : `` We , who for generations had talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way and practised non-violence , should now be , in a sense , glorifying our army , navy and air force . It means a lot . Though it is odd , yet it simply reflects the oddness of life . Though life is logical , we have to face all contingencies , and unless we are prepared to face them , we will go under . There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi , the Father of the Nation , whom we have lost , but yet , he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender , fail or run away . We can not live carefree assuming that we are safe . Human nature is such . We can not take the risks and risk our hard - won freedom . We have to be prepared with all modern defense methods and a well - equipped army , navy and air force . '' Nehru envisioned the developing of nuclear weapons and established the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 1948 . Nehru also called Dr. Homi J. Bhabha , a nuclear physicist , who was entrusted with complete authority over all nuclear - related affairs and programs and answered only to Nehru himself . Indian nuclear policy was set by unwritten personal understanding between Nehru and Bhabha . Nehru famously said to Bhabha , `` Professor Bhabha take care of Physics , leave international relation to me '' . From the outset in 1948 , Nehru had high ambition to develop this program to stand against the industrialised states and the basis of this program was to establish an Indian nuclear weapons capability as part of India 's regional superiority to other South - Asian states , most particularly Pakistan . Nehru also told Bhabha , and later it was told by Bhabha to Raja Rammanna , that : `` We must have the capability . We should first prove ourselves and then talk of Gandhi , non-violence and a world without nuclear weapons . '' Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons after the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . He commissioned the first study of the effects of nuclear explosions on human health , and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called `` these frightful engines of destruction '' . He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation , fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own . Nehru ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah in 1953 , whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions ; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him . In 1954 , Nehru signed with China the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence , known in India as the Panchsheel ( from the Sanskrit words , panch : five , sheel : virtues ) , a set of principles to govern relations between the two states . Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954 . They were enunciated in the preamble to the `` Agreement ( with exchange of notes ) on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India '' , which was signed at Peking on 29 April 1954 . Negotiations took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and South Tibet . By 1957 , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai had also succeeded in persuading Nehru to accept the Chinese position on Tibet , thus depriving Tibet of a possible ally , and of the possibility of receiving military aid from India . The treaty was disregarded in the 1960s , but in the 1970s , the Five Principles again came to be seen as important in China -- India relations , and more generally as norms of relations between states . They became widely recognised and accepted throughout the region during the premiership of Indira Gandhi and the 3 - year rule of the Janata Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) . Although the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were the basis of the 1954 Sino - Indian border treaty , in later years , Nehru 's foreign policy suffered from increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehru 's decision to grant asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama . In 1956 , Nehru had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British , French and Israelis . The role of Nehru , both as Indian Prime Minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement was significant ; he tried to be even - handed between the two sides , while denouncing Eden and co-sponsors of the invasion vigorously . Nehru had a powerful ally in the US president Dwight Eisenhower who , if relatively silent publicly , went to the extent of using America 's clout in the International Monetary Fund to make Britain and France back down . The episode greatly raised the prestige of Nehru and India among the third world nations . During the Suez crisis , Nehru 's right - hand man , Menon attempted to persuade a recalcitrant Gamal Nasser to compromise with the West , and was instrumental in moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise . In 1957 , Menon was instructed to deliver an unprecedented eight - hour speech defending India 's stand on Kashmir ; to date , the speech is the longest ever delivered in the United Nations Security Council , covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January , and two hours and forty - eight minutes on the 24th , reportedly concluding with Menon 's collapse on the Security Council floor . During the filibuster , Nehru moved swiftly and successfully to consolidate Indian power in Kashmir ( then under great unrest ) . Menon 's passionate defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India , and led to the Indian press temporarily dubbing him the `` Hero of Kashmir '' . Nehru was then at the peak of his popularity in India ; the only ( minor ) criticism came from the far - right . The US had hoped to court Nehru after its intervention in favour of Nasser during the Suez crisis . However , Cold War suspicions and the American distrust of Nehruvian socialism cooled relations between India and the US , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union . Nehru maintained good relations with Britain even after the Suez Crisis . Nehru accepted the arbitration of the UK and World Bank , signing the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long - standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region . After years of failed negotiations , Nehru authorised the Indian Army to invade Portuguese controlled Goa in 1961 , and then he formally annexed it to India . It increased his popularity in India , but he was criticised by the communist opposition in India for the use of military force . The use of military force against Portugal earned him goodwill among the right - wing and far - right groups . Dag Hammarskjöld , the second Secretary - General of the United Nations , opined his comparison of Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai to Alexander Grantham , saying that while Nehru was superior from a moral point of view , Zhou Enlai was more skilled in realpolitik . Sino - Indian war of 1962 ( edit ) Prime Minister Nehru talks with United Nations General Assembly President Romulo ( October 1949 ) From 1959 , in a process that accelerated in 1961 , Nehru adopted the `` Forward Policy '' of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino - Indian border , including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India . China attacked some of these outposts , and thus the Sino - Indian War began , which India lost , and China withdrew to pre-war lines in eastern zone at Tawang but retained Aksai Chin which was within British India and was handed over to India after independence . Later , Pakistan handed over some portion of Kashmir near Siachen controlled by Pakistan since 1948 to China . The war exposed the unpreparedness of India 's military which could send only 14,000 troops to the war zone in opposition to the many times larger Chinese army , and Nehru was widely criticised for his government 's insufficient attention to defence . In response , Nehru sacked the defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon and sought US military aid . Nehru 's improved relations with the US under John F. Kennedy proved useful during the war , as in 1962 , President of Pakistan ( then closely aligned with the Americans ) Ayub Khan was made to guarantee his neutrality in regards to India , who was threatened by `` communist aggression from Red China '' . The Indian relationship with the Soviet Union , criticised by right - wing groups supporting free - market policies was also seemingly validated . Nehru would continue to maintain his commitment to the non-aligned movement despite calls from some to settle down on one permanent ally . The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future , and placed pressure on Nehru , who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India . Under American advice ( by American envoy John Kenneth Galbraith who made and ran American policy on the war as all other top policy makers in the US were absorbed in coincident Cuban Missile Crisis ) Nehru refrained , not according to the best choices available , from using the Indian air force to beat back the Chinese advances . The CIA later revealed that at that time the Chinese had neither the fuel nor runways long enough for using their air force effectively in Tibet . Indians , in general , became highly sceptical of China and its military . Many Indians view the war as a betrayal of India 's attempts at establishing a long - standing peace with China and started to question Nehru 's usage of the term `` Hindi - Chini bhai - bhai '' ( meaning `` Indians and Chinese are brothers '' ) . The war also put an end to Nehru 's earlier hopes that India and China would form a strong Asian Axis to counteract the increasing influence of the Cold War bloc superpowers . The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon , who `` resigned '' his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India 's military further . India 's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self - sufficiency began in earnest under Nehru , completed by his daughter Indira Gandhi , who later led India to a crushing military victory over rival Pakistan in 1971 . Toward the end of the war India had increased her support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries , some of them having settled in India , as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region . Nehru ordered the raising of an elite Indian - trained `` Tibetan Armed Force '' composed of Tibetan refugees , which served with distinction in future wars against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 . During the conflict , Nehru wrote two desperate letters to US President John F. Kennedy , requesting 12 squadrons of fighter jets and a modern radar system . These jets were seen as necessary to beef up Indian air strength so that air - to - air combat could be initiated safely from the Indian perspective ( bombing troops was seen as unwise for fear of Chinese retaliatory action ) . Nehru also asked that these aircraft be manned by American pilots until Indian airmen were trained to replace them . These requests were rejected by the Kennedy Administration ( which was involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis during most of the Sino - Indian War ) , leading to a cool down in Indo - US relations . According to former Indian diplomat G Parthasarathy , `` only after we got nothing from the US did arms supplies from the Soviet Union to India commence '' . Per Time Magazine 's 1962 editorial on the war , however , this may not have been the case . The editorial states , ' When Washington finally turned its attention to India , it honoured the ambassador 's pledge , loaded 60 US planes with $5,000,000 worth of automatic weapons , heavy mortars and land mines . Twelve huge C - 130 Hercules transports , complete with US crews and maintenance teams , took off for New Delhi to fly Indian troops and equipment to the battle zone . Britain weighed in with Bren and Sten guns , and airlifted 150 tons of arms to India . Canada prepared to ship six transport planes . Australia opened Indian credits for $1,800,000 worth of munitions ' . Death ( edit ) If any people choose to think of me , then I should like them to say : ' This was the man who , with all his mind and heart , loved India and the Indian people . And they , in turn , were indulgent to him and gave him of their love most abundantly and extravagantly . ' -- Jawaharlal Nehru Nehru 's health began declining steadily after 1962 , and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963 . Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino - Indian War , which he perceived as a betrayal of trust . Upon his return from Dehradun on 26 May 1964 he was feeling quite comfortable and went to bed at about 23 : 30 as usual , he had a restful night till about 06 : 30 soon after he returned from bathroom , Nehru complained of pain in the back . He spoke to the doctors who attended on him for a brief while and almost immediately Nehru collapsed . He remained unconscious until he died . His death was announced to Lok Sabha at 14 : 00 local time on 27 May 1964 ( same day ) ; cause of death is believed to be heart attack . Draped in the Indian national Tri-colour flag the body of Jawaharlal Nehru was placed for public viewing . `` Raghupati Raghava Rajaram '' was chanted as the body was placed on the platform . On 28 May , Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivan on the banks of the Yamuna , witnessed by 1.5 million mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds . Nehru , the man and politician made such a powerful imprint on India that his death on 27 May 1964 , left India with no clear political heir to his leadership ( later Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as the Prime Minister ) . The death was announced to the Indian parliament in words similar to Nehru 's own at the time of Gandhi 's assassination : `` The light is out . '' Religion ( edit ) Described as Hindu Agnostic , and styling himself as a `` scientific humanist '' , Nehru thought that religious taboos were preventing India from going forward and adapting to modern conditions : `` No country or people who are slaves to dogma and dogmatic mentality can progress , and unhappily our country and people have become extraordinarily dogmatic and little - minded . '' The spectacle of what is called religion , or at any rate organised religion , in India and elsewhere , has filled me with horror and I have frequently condemned it and wished to make a clean sweep of it . Almost always it seemed to stand for blind belief and reaction , dogma and bigotry , superstition , exploitation and the preservation of vested interests . -- Toward Freedom : The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 ) ; pp. 240 -- 241 . In his autobiography , he analysed Christianity and Islam , and their impact on India . He wanted to model India as a secular country ; his secularist policies remain a subject of debate . Personal life ( edit ) Nehru with Edwina Mountbatten Nehru married Kamala Kaul in 1916 . Their only daughter Indira was born a year later in 1917 . Kamala gave birth to a boy in November 1924 , but he lived for only a week . Indira married Feroze Gandhi in 1942 . They had two sons -- Rajiv ( b . 1944 ) and Sanjay ( b . 1946 ) . After Kamala 's death , Nehru , as a widower , was alleged to have had relationships with many women . These included Shraddha Mata , Padmaja Naidu and Edwina Mountbatten . Edwina 's daughter Pamela acknowledged Nehru 's platonic relationship with Edwina . Nehru 's sister , Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit told Pupul Jayakar , Indira Gandhi 's friend and biographer , that Padmaja Naidu and Nehru lived together for many years . Legacy ( edit ) Nehru was a great man ... Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I do n't think others might have succeeded in doing . -- Sir Isaiah Berlin Bust of Nehru at Aldwych , London As India 's first Prime minister and external affairs minister , Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India 's government and political culture along with sound foreign policy . He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education , reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India . Nehru 's education policy is also credited for the development of world - class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Indian Institutes of Technology , and the Indian Institutes of Management . Statue of Nehru at Park Street , Kolkata In addition , Nehru 's stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities . This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary . While differences of culture and , especially , language threatened the unity of the new nation , Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organised the transfer of materials between regions . In pursuit of a single , unified India , Nehru warned , `` Integrate or perish . '' Historian Ramachandra Guha writes , `` ( had ) Nehru retired in 1958 he would be remembered as not just India 's best prime minister , but as one of the great statesmen of the modern world . '' Nehru , thus , left behind a disputed legacy , being `` either adored or reviled for India 's progress or lack of it '' . Commemoration ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp In his lifetime , Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship . His birthday , 14 November is celebrated in India as Bal Divas ( `` Children 's Day '' ) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare , education and development of children and young people . Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru ( Uncle Nehru ) . Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory . Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing , especially the Gandhi cap and the `` Nehru jacket '' , and his mannerisms . Nehru 's ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Party 's manifesto and core political philosophy . An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government . Nehru 's personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today ; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap , the Nehru jacket is named in his honour because of his preference for that style . Nehru distributes sweets among children at Nongpoh , Meghalaya Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru 's memory . The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India . The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load . Nehru 's residence in Delhi is preserved as the Teen Murti House now has Nehru Memorial Museum & Library , and one of five Nehru Planetariums that were set in Mumbai , Delhi , Bangalore , Allahabad and Pune . The complex also houses the offices of the ' Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund ' , established in 1964 under the Chairmanship of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , then President of India . The foundation also gives away the prestigious ' Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship ' , established in 1968 . The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family 's legacy . In popular culture ( edit ) Many documentaries about Nehru 's life have been produced . He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films . The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth , who played him three times : in Richard Attenborough 's 1982 film Gandhi , Shyam Benegal 's 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj , based on Nehru 's The Discovery of India , and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj . In Ketan Mehta 's film Sardar , Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani . Girish Karnad 's historical play , Tughlaq ( 1962 ) is an allegory about the Nehruvian era . It was staged by Ebrahim Alkazi with National School of Drama Repertory at Purana Qila , Delhi in the 1970s and later at the Festival of India , London in 1982 . Writings ( edit ) Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books , such as The Discovery of India , Glimpses of World History , and his autobiography , Toward Freedom . He had written 30 letters to his daughter Indira Gandhi , when she was 10 years old and was in a boarding school in Mussoorie , teaching about natural history and the story of civilisations . The collection of these letters was later published as a book Letters from a Father to His Daughter . Awards ( edit ) In 1955 , Nehru was awarded Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour . President Rajendra Prasad awarded him the honour without taking advice from the Prime Minister as would be the normal constitutional procedure . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Politics portal India portal List of political families Scientific temper , a system of scientific thinking introduced by Nehru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nehru '' Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . inc.in . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nation pays tribute to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on his 124th birth anniversary Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 14 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Rafiq A Study of Nehru , Times of India Press , 1960 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 . Jump up ^ Bonnie G. Smith ; The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History . Oxford University Press . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0195148909 . pp. 406 -- 407 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Om Prakash Misra ; Economic Thought of Gandhi and Nehru : A Comparative Analysis . M.D. Publications . 1995 . ISBN 978 - 8185880716 . pp. 49 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bal Ram Nanda ; The Nehrus . Oxford University Press . 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0195693430 . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Z.K.C. , 1964 . Jawaharlal Nehru . Civilisations , pp. 25 -- 39 Archived 13 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Ghose 1993 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Moraes 2008 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ In Jawaharlal Nehru 's autobiography , An Autobiography ( 1936 ) p. 33 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ghose 1993 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Nehru , Jawaharlal Glimpses of world history : being further letters to his daughter ( Lindsay Drummond Ltd. , 1949 ) , p. 94 Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Moraes 2008 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru -- a chronological account '' . Archived from the original on 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Roland , Joan G. ( June 2 , 1998 ) . The Jewish Communities of India : Identity in a Colonial Era ( Second ed . ) . Routledge . p. 193 . ISBN 0765804395 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Moraes 2008 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Copland , Ian ( 1997 ) , The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire , 1917 -- 1947 , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57179 - 0 p. 258 . Jump up ^ Lumby , E.W.R. ( 1954 ) , The Transfer of Power in India , 1945 -- 1947 , London : George Allen and Unwin p. 228 Jump up ^ Dutt , R.C. ( 1981 ) . Socialism of Jawaharlal Nehru . New Delhi : Shakti Malik , Abhinav Publications . pp. 54 -- 55 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajmohan Gandhi , Patel : A Life , p. 171 , ASIN : B0006EYQ0A Jump up ^ `` Declaration of independence '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Gopalkrishna . `` The Great Dandi March -- eighty years after '' Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , The Hindu , 5 April 2010 Jump up ^ Fisher , Margaret W. ( June 1967 ) . `` India 's Jawaharlal Nehru '' p. 368 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard L. ( 2005 ) . Gandhi 's Experiments With Truth : Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi , Lexington Books , ISBN 0739111426 p. 37 Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 234 - 238 . Jump up ^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/comment/how-gandhi-softened-stance-towards-bose/307731.htmlc Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) '' . indiacode.nic.in . Archived from the original on 28 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraes 2008 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Five Year Plan ( Chapter 1 ) '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://newyorkessays.com/essay-jawaharlal-nehru-2/ Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru Jump up ^ Science & culture , Volume 30 . Indian Science News Association . 1964 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : A Tryst With Destiny Jump up ^ Janak Raj Jai ( 1996 ) . 1947 -- 1980 . Regency Publications . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 86030 - 23 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nehru 's address on Gandhi 's death . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan 2011 Jump up ^ Thapar , Karan ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Gandhi , Jinnah both failed : Jaswant '' . ibnlive.in.com . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` After Advani , Jaswant turns Jinnah admirer '' . The Economic Times . India . 17 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walk The Talk with Jaswant Singh '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Jawaharlal Nehru as they knew him -- a collage of stories Archived 13 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Katherine ( 2002 ) . Indira : The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi . Houghton Mifflin Books . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 73097 - X . Jump up ^ Marlay , Ross ; Clark D. Neher ( 1999 ) . Patriots and Tyrants : Ten Asian Leaders . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8442 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mathai ( 1978 ) . Reminiscences of the Nehru Age . Jump up ^ `` Assassination Attempt on Nehru Made in Car '' . Gettysburg Times . 22 March 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Nehru Attack '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . 14 March 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Attempting to Kill Nehru '' . The Victoria Advocate. 14 March 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Knife Wielder Jumps on Car of Indian Premier '' . The Telegraph . 12 March 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru 's Assassination is Balked in Bombay '' . The Miami News . 4 June 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Police Say Nehru 's Assassination Plot is Thwarted '' . Altus Times - Democrat . 4 June 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay Police Thwart Attempt on Nehru 's Life '' . Oxnard Press - Courier. 4 June 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Bomb Explodes on Nehru 's Route '' . Toledo Blade . 30 September 1961 . Jump up ^ Mathai , M.O. ( 1979 ) . My Days with Nehru . Vikas Publishing House . Jump up ^ Ghose 1993 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Kopstein 2005 , p. 364 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Judith E. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of India . Infobase Publishing . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 1438108254 . Jump up ^ Yokokawa , Nobuharu ; Jayati Ghosh ; Bob Rowthorn ( 2013 ) . Industrialization of China and India : Their Impacts on the World Economy . Routledge . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 1134093878 . ^ Jump up to : Grabowski , Richard ; Sharmistha Self ; Michael P. Shields ( 2007 ) . Economic Development : A Regional , Institutional , And Historical Approach . M.E. Sharpe . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1134093878 . Jump up ^ Shand , R. Richard Tregurtha ; K.P. Kalirajan ; Ulaganathan Sankar ( 2003 ) . Economic Reform and the Liberalisation of the Indian Economy : Essays in Honour of Richard T. Shand ; papers Presented at a Major Conference on Second Generation Reforms in Chennai from 8 -- 10 December 1999 . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1781959435 . Jump up ^ Thakur , Anil Khumar ; Debes Mukhopadhayay ( 2010 ) . Economic Philosophy of Jawaharlal Nehru . Deep and Deep Publications . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 8184502725 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Bipan ; Aditya Mukherjee ; Mridula Mukherjee ( 2008 ) . India Since Independence . Penguin Books India . p. 449 . ISBN 978 - 0143104094 . Jump up ^ Kapila , Uma ( 2009 ) . Indian Economic Developments Since 1947 ( 3Rd Ed . ) . Academic Foundation . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 8171887118 . ^ Jump up to : Kapila , Uma ( 2009 ) . Indian Economic Developments Since 1947 ( 3Rd Ed . ) . Academic Foundation . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 8171887118 . ^ Jump up to : Giersch , Herbert ; Karl - Heinz Paqué ; Holger Schmieding ( 1994 ) . The Fading Miracle : Four Decades of Market Economy in Germany . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0521358699 . Jump up ^ Kopstein 2005 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Parker , Randall E. ; Robert M. Whaples ( 2013 ) . The Routledge Handbook of Major Events in Economic History . Routledge . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0415677035 . Jump up ^ Farmer , B.H. ( 1993 ) . An Introduction to South Asia . Routledge . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05695 - 0 . Jump up ^ Som , Reba ( February 1994 ) . `` Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code : A Victory of Symbol over Substance ? '' . Modern Asian Studies . 28 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 194 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00011732 . JSTOR 312925 . Jump up ^ Basu , Srimati ( 2005 ) . She Comes to Take Her Rights : Indian Women , Property , and Propriety . SUNY Press . p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 86706 - 49 - 6 . The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law ... it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal subjects . Jump up ^ Kulke , Hermann ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ) . A History of India . Routledge . p. 328 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 . One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law , particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women ... Jump up ^ Forbes , Geraldine ; Geraldine Hancock Forbes ; Gordon Johnson ( 1999 ) . Women in Modern India . Cambridge University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65377 - 0 . It is our birthright to demand equitable adjustment of Hindu law ... Jump up ^ Erckel , Sebastian ( 2011 ) . India and the European Union -- Two Models of Integration , GRIN Verlag , ISBN 365601048X , p. 128 Jump up ^ Robert Sherrod ( 19 January 1963 ) . `` Nehru : The Great Awakening '' . The Saturday Evening Post . 236 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Indian Express , 6 October 1949 at Pune at the time of lying of the foundation stone of National Defence Academy . Jump up ^ Mahatma Gandhi 's relevant quotes , `` My non-violence does not admit of running away from danger and leaving dear ones unprotected . Between violence and cowardly flight , I can only prefer violence to cowardice . Non-violence is the summit of bravery . '' `` I do believe that , where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence , I would advise violence . '' `` I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honour than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonour . '' -- All Men Are Brothers Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words . UNESCO . pp. 85 -- 108 . ^ Jump up to : Sublet , Carrie . `` Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Vinod ( 1989 ) . Jawaharlal Nehru , as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him . Panchsheel Publishers . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Dua , B.D. ; James Manor ( 1994 ) . Nehru to the Nineties : The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 141 , 261 . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 180 - 9 . Jump up ^ Li , Jianglin ; 1956 -- , 李江 琳 , ( 2016 ) . Tibet in agony : Lhasa 1959 . Wilf , Susan , . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 9780674088894 . OCLC 946579956 . Jump up ^ The full text of this agreement ( which entered into force on 3 June 1954 ) : `` Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Treaty Series . New York : United Nations . 1958 . pp. 57 -- 81 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of long speeches '' . BBC News . 25 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Majid , Amir A. ( 2007 ) . `` Can Self Determination Solve the Kashmir Dispute ? '' ( PDF ) . Romanian Journal of European Affairs . 7 ( 3 ) : 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Grantham , Alexander ( 2012 ) . Via ports : from Hong Kong to Hong Kong ( New ed . ) . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9789888083855 . Jump up ^ Noorani , A.G. `` Perseverance in peace process '' Archived 26 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , Frontline , 29 August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Asia : Ending the Suspense '' . Time . 17 September 1965 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Decision for War with India in 1962 by John W. Garver '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 26 March 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gangdruk , Chushi . `` Chushi Gangdruk : History Archived 17 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . '' , ChushiGangdruk.Org Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded for US help against China in 1962 '' . The Times of India . 16 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Never Again the Same '' . Time . 30 November 1962 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent ( 28 May 1964 ) . `` Jawaharlal Nehru : The Maker of Modern India '' . The Age Melbourne , Australia . Archived from the original on 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A Man Who , with All His Mind and Heart , Loved India ' '' . Life Magazine . Time Inc. 1964 - 06 - 05 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Dasgupta , Alaka Shankar ; line sketches by Sujasha ( 1986 ) . Indira Priyadarshini . New Delhi : Children 's Book . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 9788170113577 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Asia Society ( 1988 ) . `` '' Jawaharlal Nehru `` '' . In Embree , Ainslie T. Encyclopedia of Asian History . 3 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 98 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 18899 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ BBC ON THIS DAY 27 1964 : Light goes out in India as Nehru dies Archived 11 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... BBC News . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Times , Thomas F. Brady ; Special To The New York ( 29 May 1964 ) . `` 1.5 MILLION VIEW RITES FOR NEHRU '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Mourning Nehru , 74 , Dead of a Heart Attack ; World Leaders Honor Him '' . www.nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarvepalii Gopal . Jawaharlal Nehru : A Biography , Volume 3 ; Volumes 1956 -- 1964 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) '' . Humanism.org.uk . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Thursby , Gene R. ( 1975 - 01 - 01 ) . Hindu - Muslim Relations in British India : A Study of Controversy , Conflict , and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923 -- 1928 . BRILL . p. 1 . ISBN 9004043802 . Jump up ^ A.A. Parvathy ( 1994 ) . Secularism and Hindutva , a Discursive Study . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Mohammad Jamil Akhtar . Babri Masjid : a tale untold . p. 359 . Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani ( 1999 ) . Communal Threat to Secular Democracy . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Sankar Ghose ( 1993 ) . Jawaharlal Nehru , a Biography . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` From years 1916 to 1964 ... The man and the times '' . The Windsor Star . 27 May 1964 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sheela ( 23 February 2004 ) . `` If I Were n't A Sanyasin , He Would Have Married Me '' . Outlook . Outlook . Archived from the original on 8 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , Rajeev . `` The Rediff Interview / Stanley Wolpert ' I have tried to tell Nehru 's story as honestly as possible ' '' . The Rediff Interview . Rediff . Rediff . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 1996 ) . Nehru : A Tryst with Destiny . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru - Edwina were in love : Edwina 's daughter '' . The Indian Express . 15 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love , longing & politics ! '' . The Times of India . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jayakar , Pupul ( 1995 ) . Indira Gandhi , a biography ( Rev. ed . ) . New Delhi , India : Penguin . pp. 90 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0140114621 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mihir ( 2004 ) . Raj , secrets , revolution : a life of Subhas Chandra Bose . Norwich : Grice Chapman . pp. 137 , 160 . ISBN 9780954572648 . Jump up ^ Jahanbegloo , Ramin Conversations with Isaiah Berlin ( London 2000 ) , ISBN 1842121642 pp. 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Universal primary education first on the Prime Minster 's agenda Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Pucl.org ( 15 August 1947 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . AIIMS . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Institute History '' . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . , Indian Institute of Technology Jump up ^ Harrison , Selig S. ( July 1956 ) . `` The Challenge to Indian Nationalism '' . Foreign Affairs . 34 ( 2 ) : 620 -- 636 . doi : 10.2307 / 20031191 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Manmohan Singh at 80 '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A legacy that Nehru left behind '' . Times of India . 27 May 2005 . Jump up ^ History Archived 7 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund , Official website . Jump up ^ The Last Days of the Raj ( 2007 ) ( TV ) Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... imdb.com Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru Biography -- Childhood , Facts & Achievements of India 's First Prime Minister '' . Archived from the original on 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ AWARDS : The multi-faceted playwright Frontline , Vol. 16 , No. 3 , 30 January -- 12 February 1999 . Jump up ^ Sachindananda ( 2006 ) . `` Girish Karnad '' . Authors speak . Sahitya Akademi . p. 58 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 1945 - X . Jump up ^ Balakrishnan , Anima ( 4 August 2006 ) . `` The Hindu : Young World : From dad with love : '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 -- 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1958 ) . Speeches of President Rajendra Prasad 1952 - 1956 . The Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , GOI . pp. 340 -- 341 . : `` In doing so , for once , I may be said to be acting unconstitutionally , as I am taking this step on my own initiative and without any recommendation or advice from my Prime Minister ; but I know that my action will be endorsed most enthusiastically not only by my Cabinet and other Ministers but by the country as a whole . '' Further reading ( edit ) Frank Moraes ( 2008 ) . Jawaharlal Nehru . Jaico Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 8179926956 . Sankar Ghose ( 1993 ) . Jawaharlal Nehru . Allied Publishers . ISBN 978 - 8170233695 . Jeffrey Kopstein ( 2005 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1139446044 . A Tryst With Destiny historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947 Nehru : The Invention of India by Shashi Tharoor ( November 2003 ) Arcade Books ISBN 1 - 55970 - 697 - X Jawaharlal Nehru ( Edited by S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar ) ( July 2003 ) The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 565324 - 6 Autobiography : Toward freedom , Oxford University Press Jawaharlal Nehru : Life and work by M. Chalapathi Rau , National Book Club ( 1 January 1966 ) Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau . ( New Delhi ) Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Govt. of India ( 1973 ) Letters from a father to his daughter by Jawaharlal Nehru , Children 's Book Trust Nehru : A Political Biography by Michael Brecher ( 1959 ) . London : Oxford University Press . After Nehru , Who by Welles Hangen ( 1963 ) . London : Rupert Hart - Davis . Nehru : The Years of Power by Geoffrey Tyson ( 1966 ) . London : Pall Mall Press . Independence and After : A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949 ( 1949 ) . Delhi : The Publications Division , Government of India . Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin ( 1988 ) . `` Commanding Heights '' ( PDF ) . New York : Simon & Schuster , Inc . `` The Challenge to Indian Nationalism . '' by Selig S. Harrison Foreign Affairs vol. 34 , no . 2 ( 1956 ) : 620 -- 636 . `` Nehru , Jawaharlal . '' by Ainslie T. Embree , ed. , and the Asia Society . Encyclopedia of Asian History . Vol. 3 . Charles Scribner 's Sons . New York . ( 1988 ) : 98 -- 100 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJawaharlal Nehruat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Profile of Nehru in India Today Nehru 's legacy to India Nehru on Communalism Jawaharlal Nehru materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive ( SAADA ) Jawaharlal Nehru on IMDb Newspaper clippings about Jawaharlal Nehru in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) Offices held Political offices New office Prime Minister of India 1947 -- 1964 Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda Acting Minister of External Affairs 1947 -- 1964 Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1950 -- 1964 Preceded by N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Minister of Defence 1953 -- 1955 Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju Preceded by Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh Minister of Finance 1956 Succeeded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar Preceded by Kailash Nath Katju Minister of Defence 1957 Succeeded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon Preceded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar Minister of Finance 1958 Succeeded by Morarji Desai Preceded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon Minister of Defence 1962 Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan Links to related articles First Cabinet of Independent India Nehru ( Prime Minister , External Affairs ) Patel ( Deputy Prime Minister , Home Affairs ) Baldev Singh ( Defence ) Chetty ( Finance ) Maulana Azad ( Education ) Jagjivan Ram ( Labour ) Ambedkar ( Law ) Gadgil ( Public Works , Power ) R. A. Kidwai ( Communications ) S. P. 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549569327809093256 | Black Knight (Monty Python) | Black Knight ( Monty Python ) - wikipedia Black Knight ( Monty Python ) Jump to : navigation , search The Black Knight 's arm is cut off . The Black Knight is a fictional character who appears in a scene of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail . As his name suggests , he is a black knight who guards a `` bridge '' ( in reality a short plank of wood ) over a small stream - which could have been easily stepped over by King Arthur but , for unknown reasons , he does not . Although supremely skilled in swordplay , the Black Knight suffers from unchecked overconfidence and a staunch refusal ever to give up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Behind the scenes 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Overview ( edit ) In the film , King Arthur ( Graham Chapman ) , accompanied by his trusty squire Patsy ( Terry Gilliam ) , is travelling through a forest when he enters a clearing and observes a fight taking place between a Black Knight ( John Cleese ) and a Green one ( also played by Gilliam ) by a bridge over a small stream . As he watches , the Black Knight defeats the Green one by throwing his sword straight through the eye slot of the Green Knight 's great helm ( during Arthur 's battle with the Black Knight , the Green Knight 's body can be seen in a ditch beside the area ) . Arthur then congratulates the Black Knight and offers him a place at Arthur 's court at the Round Table , but the Black Knight only stands still , holding his sword vertically , and makes no response until Arthur moves to cross the bridge . The Black Knight moves slightly to block Arthur and declares `` None shall pass '' . King Arthur , in a conciliatory manner , asserts his right to cross , but the Black Knight says Arthur will die . Arthur orders the Black Knight to move but he says , `` I move , for no man '' . Reluctantly , King Arthur fights the Black Knight and , after a short battle , the Knight 's left arm is severed , which squirts out copious amounts of blood . Even at this the Knight refuses to stand aside , insisting `` Tis but a scratch '' , insisting that he has `` had worse '' , and fights on while holding his sword with his remaining arm . Next his right arm is cut off , but the knight still does not concede . As the Knight is literally disarmed , Arthur assumes the fight is over and kneels to offer a prayer to God . The Black Knight interrupts Arthur 's prayer of thanks by kicking him in the side of the head and accusing him of cowardice . When Arthur points out the Black Knight 's injuries , the Knight insists `` ' It 's just a flesh wound ! '' . In response to the continued kicks and insults , Arthur chops off the Black Knight 's right leg . At this point , the Knight still wo n't admit to defeat , instead he replies by saying , `` Right , I 'll do you for that '' , and attempts to ram his body into Arthur 's , by hopping on his left leg . Arthur is annoyed at the Black Knight 's persistence , and sarcastically asks the Black Knight if he is going to bleed on him to win . The Black Knight replies by saying , `` I 'm invincible ! '' to which Arthur replies `` You 're a loony . '' . With an air of resignation , Arthur finally cuts off the left leg as well and sheathes his sword . With the Black Knight now reduced to a mere stump of a man , he says , `` All right , we 'll call it a draw . '' . Arthur then summons Patsy and `` rides '' away , using coconuts to simulate the sound of a horse galloping , leaving the Black Knight 's limbless torso screaming threats at him ( `` Running away , eh ? You yellow bastards ! Come back here and take what 's coming to ya ! I 'll bite your legs off ! '' ) . Behind the scenes ( edit ) According to the DVD audio commentary by Cleese , Palin , and Idle , the sequence originated in a story told to Cleese when he was attending an English class during his school days . Two Roman wrestlers were engaged in a particularly intense match and had been fighting for such a substantial length of time that the match had degraded to the two combatants doing little more than leaning into one another with their body weight . When one wrestler finally tapped - out and pulled away from his opponent , it was only then that he and the crowd realised the other man was , in fact , dead and had effectively won the match posthumously . The moral of the tale , according to Cleese 's teacher , was `` if you never give up , you ca n't possibly lose '' -- a statement that , Cleese reflected , always struck him as being `` philosophically unsound '' . The story would have been a deformed ( or misremembered ) description of the death of Arrichion of Phigalia . Cleese said that the scene would seem heartless and sadistic except for the fact that the Black Knight shows no pain and just keeps on fighting , or trying to , however badly he is wounded . Also , as the scene progresses and Arthur becomes increasingly annoyed , his dialogue lapses from medieval ( `` You are indeed brave , Sir Knight , but the fight is mine . '' ) to modern ( `` Look , you stupid bastard , you 've got no arms left ! '' ) , and finally to just plain sarcastic ( `` What are you gon na do , bleed on me ? '' ) while the Black Knight remains just as defiant ( `` I 'm invincible ! '' he yells with only one leg left , to which Arthur simply replies `` You 're a loony . '' ) . This scene is one of the best - known of the entire film . A famous line of the scene , `` ' Tis but a scratch . '' , is similar to a line the character Mercutio speaks in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , wherein he demurs , saying `` Ay , ay , a scratch , a scratch , '' referring to his mortal wound , and the former has since become an expression used to comment on someone who ignores a fatal flaw or problem . The phrase `` ' Tis but a flesh wound '' , following a character entering `` with coconut shells tied to his feet '' notably appeared in an early episode of The Goon Show titled `` The Giant Bombardon '' , broadcast in 1954 ; the Monty Python group has acknowledged being influenced by the Goons . The Knight was , in fact , played by two actors : John Cleese is in the Knight 's armour until he is down to one leg . The Knight is then played by a real one - legged man , a local by the name of Richard Burton , a blacksmith who lived near the film shoot ( not to be confused with Richard Burton , the Welsh actor of the same name ) , because , according to the DVD commentary , Cleese could not balance well on one leg . After the Knight 's remaining leg is cut off , the quadruple - amputee that remains is again Cleese . Cleese still boasts that he had Richard Burton as his stunt double . In the musical Spamalot , the scene with the Black Knight was the most difficult to play on stage , according to Eric Idle . Penn & Teller created the illusion for the musical . See also ( edit ) Pas d'armes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goon Show # Monty Python Jump up ^ http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=svge04_the_giant_bombardon Jump up ^ Richard Burton ( IX ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Interview with Eric Idle in HUMO 3691 , May 2011 External links ( edit ) The original scene on YouTube , via the official Monty Python channel ( hide ) Monty Python and the Holy Grail Characters King Arthur Sir Lancelot Sir Galahad Sir Bedevere Knights who say Ni Black Knight Rabbit of Caerbannog Patsy Locations Castle Stalker Doune Castle Miscellaneous The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Book ) Spamalot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(Monty_Python)&oldid=796924912 '' Categories : Arthurian characters Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1975 Fictional knights Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python characters Comedy film characters Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 21 : 47 . About Wikipedia | who plays the black knight in monty python | [
"In the film, King Arthur (Graham Chapman), accompanied by his trusty squire Patsy (Terry Gilliam), is travelling through a forest when he enters a clearing and observes a fight taking place between a Black Knight (John Cleese) and a Green one (also played by Gilliam) by a bridge over a small stream. As he watches, the Black Knight defeats the Green one by throwing his sword straight through the eye slot of the Green Knight's great helm (during Arthur's battle with the Black Knight, the Green Knight's body can be seen in a ditch beside the area)."
] | [
"John Cleese"
] |
8596965163757164515 | Atrial natriuretic peptide | Atrial natriuretic peptide - Wikipedia Atrial natriuretic peptide Jump to : navigation , search NPPA Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB ( show ) List of PDB id codes 1ANP , 1YK0 , 3N57 Identifiers Aliases NPPA , ANF , ANP , ATFB6 , ATRST2 , CDD , CDD - ANF , CDP , PND , Atrial natriuretic peptide , natriuretic peptide A External IDs OMIM : 108780 MGI : 97367 HomoloGene : 4498 GeneCards : NPPA ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 1 ( human ) Band 1p36. 22 Start 11,845,709 bp End 11,848,345 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 4 ( mouse ) Band 4 E2 4 78.66 cM Start 148,000,722 bp End 148,002,079 bp ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function neuropeptide receptor binding hormone activity peptide hormone receptor binding neuropeptide hormone activity protein binding receptor binding hormone receptor binding Cellular component cytoplasm mast cell granule cell nucleus perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular region extracellular space extracellular matrix macromolecular complex Biological process response to muscle stretch positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction response to hypoxia regulation of high voltage - gated calcium channel activity neuropeptide signaling pathway female pregnancy regulation of cardiac conduction negative regulation of collecting lymphatic vessel constriction positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane cellular protein metabolic process regulation of blood vessel size positive regulation of heart rate positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity cGMP biosynthetic process regulation of blood pressure negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage - gated calcium channel transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization response to insulin cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development negative regulation of cell growth cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress cellular response to mechanical stimulus receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway protein folding regulation of receptor activity positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4878 230899 Ensembl ENSG00000175206 ENSMUSG00000041616 UniProt P01160 P05125 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_006172 NM_008725 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_006163 NP_032751 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 1 : 11.85 -- 11.85 Mb Chr 4 : 148 -- 148 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) or Atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion . ANP is synthesized , and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart . These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume . ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic peptides : seven are atrial in origin . ANP acts on the kidney to increase sodium and water excretion ( natriuresis ) in the following ways : 1 ) it dilates the glomerular afferent and constricts efferent arterioles , and relaxes the mesangial cells . This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries , increasing the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) , resulting in an increased amount of sodium and water being filtered and excreted. 2 ) It increases blood flow through the vasa recta , which washes the solutes sodium chloride ( NaCl ) and urea out of the medullary interstitium -- the lower osmolarity here leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion. 3 ) It decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct. 4 ) It inhibits renin secretion , thereby inhibiting the production of angiotensin and aldosterone. 5 ) It inhibits the renal sympathetic nervous system . ANP has the opposite effect of aldosterone on the kidney : aldosterone increases renal sodium retention and ANP increases renal sodium loss . Reduction of blood volume by ANP can result in secondary effects such as reduction of extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume ( edema ) , improved cardiac ejection fraction with resultant improved organ perfusion , decreased blood pressure , and increased serum potassium . These effects may be blunted or negated by various counter-regulatory mechanisms operating concurrently on each of these secondary effects . Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) -- a misnomer ; it is secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the heart ventricles -- is similar to ANP in its effect . It acts via the same receptors as ANP does , but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP . The biological half - life of BNP , however , is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT - proBNP is even longer , making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Structure 3 Production 4 Receptors 5 Physiological effects 5.1 Renal 5.2 Adrenal 5.3 Vascular 5.4 Cardiac 5.5 Adipose tissue 6 Degradation 7 Biomarker 8 Therapeutic use and drug development 9 Other natriuretic peptides 10 Pharmacological modulation 11 Synonyms 12 Outside reading 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Discovery ( edit ) The discovery of ANP was reported in 1981 , when rat atrial extracts were found to contain a substance that increased salt and urine output in the kidney . Later , the substance was purified from heart tissue by several groups and named atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) or ANP . Structure ( edit ) ANP is a 28 - amino acid peptide with a 17 - amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule . The ring is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23 . ANP is closely related to BNP ( brain natriuretic peptide ) and CNP ( C - type natriuretic peptide ) , which all share a similar amino acid ring structure . ANP is one of a family of nine structurally similar natriuretic hormones : seven are atrial in origen . Production ( edit ) Human ANP is encoded by the NPPA gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 , which has 3 exons and 2 introns . The gene is expressed primarily in atrial myocytes . Lower levels of NPPA expression are found in other tissues such as the brain , kidney , lung , uterus and placenta . In atrial myocytes , ANP is made as a precursor form , i.e. prepro - ANP , a polypeptide of 151 amino acids . After the signal peptide is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum , the 126 - amino - acid pro-ANP is stored in the intracellular granules . When the cells are stimulated , pro-ANP is released and converted to the 28 - amino - acid C - terminal mature ANP on the cell surface by the cardiac transmembrane serine protease corin . ANP is secreted in response to : Stretching of the atrial wall , via Atrial volume receptors Increased Sympathetic stimulation of β - adrenoceptors Increased sodium concentration ( hypernatremia ) , though sodium concentration is not the direct stimulus for increased ANP secretion Endothelin , a potent vasoconstrictor Receptors ( edit ) Three types of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have been identified on which natriuretic peptides act . They are all cell surface receptors and designated : guanylyl cyclase - A ( GC - A ) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor - A ( NPRA / ANP ) or NPR1 guanylyl cyclase - B ( GC - B ) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor - B ( NPRB / ANP ) or NPR2 natriuretic peptide clearance receptor ( NPRC / ANP ) or NPR3 NPR - A and NPR - B have a single membrane - spanning segment with an extracellular domain that binds the ligand . The intracellular domain maintains two consensus catalytic domains for guanylyl cyclase activity . Binding of a natriuretic peptide induces a conformational change in the receptor that causes receptor dimerization and activation . The binding of ANP to its receptor causes the conversion of GTP to cGMP and raises intracellular cGMP . As a consequence , cGMP activates a cGMP - dependent kinase ( PKG or cGK ) that phosphorylates proteins at specific serine and threonine residues . In the medullary collecting duct , the cGMP generated in response to ANP may act not only through PKG but also via direct modulation of ion channels . NPR - C functions mainly as a clearance receptor by binding and sequestering ANP from the circulation . All natriuretic peptides are bound by the NPR - C . Physiological effects ( edit ) Maintenance of the ECF volume ( space ) , and its subcompartment the vascular space , is crucial for survival . These compartments are maintained within a narrow range , despite wide variations in dietary sodium intake . There are three volume regulating systems : two salt saving systems , the renin angiotensin aldosterone system ( RAAS ) and the renal sympathetic system ( RSS ) ; and the salt excreting natriuretic peptide ( NP ) hormone system . When the vascular space contracts , the RAAS and RSS are `` turned on '' ; when the atria expand , NP 's are `` turned on '' . Each system also suppresses its counteracting system ( s ) . NP 's are made in cardiac , intestinal , renal , and adrenal tissue : ANP in one of a family of cardiac NP 's : others at BNP , CNP , and DNP . ANP binds to a specific set of receptors -- ANP receptors . Receptor - agonist binding causes the increase in renal sodium excretion , which results in a decreased ECF and blood volume . Secondary effects may be an improvement in cardiac ejection fraction and reduction of systemic blood pressure . Renal ( edit ) Dilates the afferent glomerular arteriole , constricts the efferent glomerular arteriole , and relaxes the mesangial cells . This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries , thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) , resulting in greater filter load of sodium and water . Increases blood flow through the vasa recta , which will wash the solutes ( sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and urea ) out of the medullary interstitium . The lower osmolarity of the medullary interstitium leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion . Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule ( interaction with NCC ) and cortical collecting duct of the nephron via guanosine 3 ' , 5 ' - cyclic monophosphate ( cGMP ) dependent phosphorylation of ENaC . Its natriuretic effect is affected by dopamine and dopamine receptor D activity in vivo Inhibits renin secretion , thereby inhibiting the renin -- angiotensin -- aldosterone system . Adrenal ( edit ) Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex . Vascular ( edit ) Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules by : Membrane Receptor - mediated elevation of vascular smooth muscle cGMP Inhibition of the effects of catecholamines Promotes uterine spiral artery remodeling , which is important for preventing pregnancy - induced hypertension . Cardiac ( edit ) Inhibits maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy Re-expression of NPRA rescues the phenotype . Adipose tissue ( edit ) Increases the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue . Plasma concentrations of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids are increased by i.v. infusion of ANP in humans . Activates adipocyte plasma membrane type A guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR - A Increases intracellular cGMP levels that induce the phosphorylation of a hormone - sensitive lipase and perilipin A via the activation of a cGMP - dependent protein kinase - I ( cGK - I ) Does not modulate cAMP production or PKA activity Degradation ( edit ) Modulation of the effects of ANP is achieved through gradual degradation of the peptide by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase ( NEP ) . Recently , NEP inhibitors have been developed ; however they have not yet been licensed . They may be clinically useful in treating congestive heart disease . Biomarker ( edit ) Fragments derived from the ANP precursor , including the signal peptide , N - terminal pro-ANP and ANP , have been detected in human blood . ANP and related peptides are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke , coronary artery disease , myocardial infarction and heart failure . Large amounts of ANP secretion has been noted to cause electrolyte disturbances ( hyponatremia ) and polyuria . These indications can be a marker of a large atrial myxoma . Therapeutic use and drug development ( edit ) Recombinant human ANP has been approved in Japan to treat patients with heart failure . As of 2017 a truncated form of ANP called ularitide was under development in Phase III trials for heart failure . Other natriuretic peptides ( edit ) Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) -- a misnomer ; it is secreted by ventricular myocytes -- is similar to ANP in its effect . It acts via atrial natriuretic peptide receptors but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP . The biological half - life of BNP , however , is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT - proBNP is even longer , making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing . In addition to the mammalian natriuretic peptides ( ANP , BNP , CNP ) , other natriuretic peptides with similar structure and properties have been isolated elsewhere in the animal kingdom . A salmon natriuretic peptide known as salmon cardiac peptide has been described , and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide ( DNP ) has been found in the venom of the green mamba , as well as an NP in a species of African snake . Beside these four , five additional natriuretic peptides have been identified : long - acting natriuretic peptide ( LANP ) , vessel dilator , kaliuretic peptide , urodilatin , and adrenomedullin . Pharmacological modulation ( edit ) Neutral endopeptidase ( NEP ) also known as neprilysin is the enzyme that metabolizes natriuretic peptides . Several inhibitors of NEP are currently being developed to treat disorders ranging from hypertension to heart failure . Most of them are dual inhibitors ( NEP and ACE ) . In 2014 , PARADIGM - HF study was published in NEJM . This study considered as a landmark study in treatment of heart failure . The study was double blinded ; compared LCZ696 versus enalapril in patients with heart failure . The study showed lower all cause mortality , cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in LCZ696 arm . Omapatrilat ( dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin - converting enzyme ) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns . Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE / angiotensin receptor are ( in 2003 ) being developed by pharmaceutical companies . Synonyms ( edit ) ANP is also called atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) , atrial natriuretic hormone ( ANH ) , cardionatrine , cardiodilatin ( CDD ) , and atriopeptin . Outside reading ( edit ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855512/ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc . Notes ( edit ) A version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model . Under this model , external experts are required to update corresponding Wikipedia articles while publishing a peer - reviewed , invited review article for the journal Gene . The corresponding academic review article can be found here . Published version Jump up ^ Wei Song , Hao Wang , Qingyu Wu ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular biology and disease ( NPPA ) '' . Gene . 569 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / J. GENE. 2015.06. 029 . PMC 4496260 . PMID 26074089 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000175206 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000041616 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ Goetz KL ( Jan 1988 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of atrial peptides '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Physiology. 254 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : E1 -- 15 . PMID 2962513 . Jump up ^ Hoehn K , Marieb EN ( 2013 ) . `` 16 '' . Human anatomy & physiology ( 9th ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . p. 629 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 74326 - 8 . question number 14 Jump up ^ de Bold AJ , Borenstein HB , Veress AT , Sonnenberg H ( Jan 1981 ) . `` A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats '' . Life Sciences . 28 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / 0024 - 3205 ( 81 ) 90370 - 2 . PMID 7219045 . Jump up ^ de Bold AJ ( Nov 1985 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic factor : a hormone produced by the heart '' . Science . 230 ( 4727 ) : 767 -- 70 . Bibcode : 1985Sci ... 230 ... 767D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2932797 . PMID 2932797 . Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . Page 1242 . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc. ( c ) All rights reserved Jump up ^ Yan W , Sheng N , Seto M , Morser J , Wu Q ( May 1999 ) . `` Corin , a mosaic transmembrane serine protease encoded by a novel cDNA from human heart '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 274 ( 21 ) : 14926 -- 35 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.21. 14926 . PMID 10329693 . Jump up ^ Yan W , Wu F , Morser J , Wu Q ( Jul 2000 ) . `` Corin , a transmembrane cardiac serine protease , acts as a pro-atrial natriuretic peptide - converting enzyme '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 97 ( 15 ) : 8525 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 97.8525 Y . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 150149097 . PMC 26981 . PMID 10880574 . Jump up ^ name = `` Widmaier '' > Widmaier EP , Raff H , Strang KT ( 2008 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology , 11th Ed . McGraw - Hill . pp. 291 , 509 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 304962 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mohler ER , Finkbeiner WE ( 2011 ) . Medical Physiology ( Boron ) ( 2 ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 1753 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chapter 37 -- Natriuretic Hormones , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney ( Fifth Edition ) , 2013 , Page 1241 , David L. Vesely Jump up ^ Kiberd BA , Larson TS , Robertson CR , Jamison RL ( Jun 1987 ) . `` Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasa recta blood flow in the rat '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 252 ( 6 Pt 2 ) : F1112 -- 7 . PMID 2954471 . Jump up ^ Reeves WB , Andreoli TE ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 31 -- Sodium Chloride Transport in the Loop of Henle , Distal Convoluted Tubule , and Collecting Duct '' . In Giebisch GH , Alpern RA , Herbert SC , Seldin DW . Seldin and Giebisch 's the kidney : physiology and pathophysiology . Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 012088488 - 9.50034 - 6 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088488 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fernandes - Cerqueira C , Sampaio - Maia B , Quelhas - Santos J , Moreira - Rodrigues M , Simões - Silva L , Blazquez - Medela AM , Martinez - Salgado C , Lopez - Novoa JM , Pestana M ( 2013 ) . `` Concerted action of ANP and dopamine D1 - receptor to regulate sodium homeostasis in nephrotic syndrome '' . BioMed Research International . 2013 : 397391 . doi : 10.1155 / 2013 / 397391 . PMC 3727124 . PMID 23956981 . Jump up ^ Cui Y , Wang W , Dong N , Lou J , Srinivasan DK , Cheng W , Huang X , Liu M , Fang C , Peng J , Chen S , Wu S , Liu Z , Dong L , Zhou Y , Wu Q ( Apr 2012 ) . `` Role of corin in trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling in pregnancy '' . Nature . 484 ( 7393 ) : 246 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 484 ... 246C . doi : 10.1038 / nature10897 . PMC 3578422 . PMID 22437503 . Jump up ^ Goetze JP , Hansen LH , Terzic D , Zois NE , Albrethsen J , Timm A , Smith J , Soltysinska E , Lippert SK , Hunter I ( Mar 2015 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic peptides in plasma '' . Clinica Chimica Acta ; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry . 443 : 25 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cca. 2014.08. 017 . PMID 25158019 . Jump up ^ Wang TJ , Larson MG , Levy D , Benjamin EJ , Leip EP , Omland T , Wolf PA , Vasan RS ( Feb 2004 ) . `` Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 350 ( 7 ) : 655 -- 63 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa031994 . PMID 14960742 . Jump up ^ Sabatine MS , Morrow DA , de Lemos JA , Omland T , Sloan S , Jarolim P , Solomon SD , Pfeffer MA , Braunwald E ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular stress for risk prediction and guiding medical therapy in patients with stable coronary disease '' . Circulation. 125 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 40 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 111.063842 . PMC 3277287 . PMID 22179538 . Jump up ^ Mäkikallio AM , Mäkikallio TH , Korpelainen JT , Vuolteenaho O , Tapanainen JM , Ylitalo K , Sotaniemi KA , Huikuri HV , Myllylä VV ( May 2005 ) . `` Natriuretic peptides and mortality after stroke '' . Stroke : A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 36 ( 5 ) : 1016 -- 20 . doi : 10.1161 / 01.STR.0000162751.54349.ae . PMID 15802631 . Jump up ^ Barbato E , Bartunek J , Marchitti S , Mangiacapra F , Stanzione R , Delrue L , Cotugno M , Di Castro S , De Bruyne B , Wijns W , Volpe M , Rubattu S ( Mar 2012 ) . `` NT - proANP circulating level is a prognostic marker in stable ischemic heart disease '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 155 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2011.11. 057 . PMID 22177588 . Jump up ^ Ramnarain , D ; Mehra , N ( 2011 ) . `` Natriuretic peptide - induced hyponatremia in a patient with left atrial myxoma '' . Critical Care . 15 ( Suppl 1 ) : P368 . doi : 10.1186 / cc9788 . PMC 3067042 . Jump up ^ Saito Y ( Nov 2010 ) . `` Roles of atrial natriuretic peptide and its therapeutic use '' . Journal of Cardiology. 56 ( 3 ) : 262 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jjcc. 2010.08. 001 . PMID 20884176 . Jump up ^ `` Ularitide '' . AdisInsight . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tervonen V , Arjamaa O , Kokkonen K , Ruskoaho H , Vuolteenaho O ( Sep 1998 ) . `` A novel cardiac hormone related to A - , B - and C - type natriuretic peptides '' . Endocrinology. 139 ( 9 ) : 4021 -- 5 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 139.9. 4021 . PMID 9724061 . Jump up ^ Schweitz H , Vigne P , Moinier D , Frelin C , Lazdunski M ( Jul 1992 ) . `` A new member of the natriuretic peptide family is present in the venom of the green mamba ( Dendroaspis angusticeps ) '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 267 ( 20 ) : 13928 -- 32 . PMID 1352773 . Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9 . ( c ) 2013 Elsevier Inc . Jump up ^ McMurray JJ , Packer M , Desai AS , Gong J , Lefkowitz MP , Rizkala AR , Rouleau JL , Shi VC , Solomon SD , Swedberg K , Zile MR ( Sep 2014 ) . `` Angiotensin - neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 11 ) : 993 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1409077 . PMID 25176015 . Jump up ^ Venugopal J ( 2003 ) . `` Pharmacological modulation of the natriuretic peptide system '' . Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 13 ( 9 ) : 1389 -- 1409 . doi : 10.1517 / 13543776.13. 9.1389 . External links ( edit ) Atrial Natriuretic Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Human NPPA genome location and NPPA gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser . Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Amyloidosis ( E85 , 277.3 ) Common amyloid forming proteins AA ATTR Aβ2M AL Aβ / APP AIAPP ACal APro AANF ACys ABri Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis AA amyloidosis Aβ2M / Haemodialysis - associated AGel / Finnish type AA / Familial Mediterranean fever ATTR / Transthyretin - related hereditary Organ - limited amyloidosis Heart AANF / Isolated atrial Brain Familial amyloid neuropathy ACys + ABri / Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Aβ / Alzheimer 's disease Kidney AApoA1 + AFib + ALys / Familial renal Skin Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Amyloid purpura Endocrine Thyroid ACal / Medullary thyroid cancer Pituitary APro / Prolactinoma Pancreas AIAPP / Insulinoma AIAPP / Diabetes mellitus type 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrial_natriuretic_peptide&oldid=840815190 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 1 Wikipedia articles with corresponding academic peer reviewed articles Wikipedia articles with corresponding articles published in Gene Peptide hormones Hormones of the heart Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 10 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | secreted by cells in the walls of the hearts atria | [
"Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized, and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart. These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume. ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic peptides: seven are atrial in origin."
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"Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)"
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-8719997738300217924 | Take Me Home, Country Roads | Take Me Home , Country Roads - wikipedia Take Me Home , Country Roads `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' Single by John Denver from the album Poems , Prayers & Promises Released April 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 12 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1971 Genre Country Length 3 : 17 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Bill Danoff Taffy Nivert John Denver Producer ( s ) Milton Okun Susan Ruskin John Denver singles chronology `` Friends With You '' ( 1971 ) `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' ( 1971 ) `` Everyday '' ( 1972 ) Audio `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' ( audio ) on YouTube `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' , also known as `` Country Roads , Take Me Home '' or `` Country Roads '' , is a song written by Bill Danoff , Taffy Nivert , and John Denver . It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12 , 1971 , peaking at number 2 on Billboard 's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28 , 1971 . The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1971 , and Platinum on April 10 , 2017 . The song became one of John Denver 's most popular and beloved songs . It has continued to sell , with over a million digital copies sold in the United States . It is considered to be Denver 's signature song . The song has a prominent status as an iconic symbol of West Virginia , which it describes as `` almost Heaven '' . In March 2014 , it became one of several official state anthems of West Virginia . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Commercial performance 2 Reception in West Virginia 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Hermes House Band version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Charts 6.2. 1 Weekly charts 6.2. 2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Olivia Newton - John versions 8 Fallout 76 version 8.1 Charts 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Danoff and his then - wife , Mary ( `` Taffy '' ) Nivert , wrote `` I Guess He 'd Rather Be in Colorado '' and `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' , both of which were hits for John Denver . Danoff ( from Springfield , Massachusetts ) has stated he had never been to West Virginia before co-writing the song . Inspiration for the song had come while driving to a family reunion of Nivert 's relatives along Clopper Road in nearby Maryland . To pass the time en route , Danoff had made up a ballad about the little winding roads they were taking . He had even briefly considered using `` Massachusetts '' rather than `` West Virginia '' as both four - syllable state names would have fit the song 's meter . Starting December 22 , 1970 , John Denver was heading the bill at The Cellar Door , a Washington , D.C. club . Danoff and Nivert opened for him as a duo named Fat City . After the Tuesday post-Christmas re-opening night ( Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday and this booking was for two weeks , ) the three headed back to their place for an impromptu jam . On the way , Denver 's left thumb was broken in an automobile accident . He was taken to the hospital , where a splint was applied . By the time they got back to the house , he was , in his own words , `` wired , you know . '' Danoff and Nivert then told him about the song that they had been working on for about a month . Originally , Danoff and Nivert had planned to sell the song to popular country singer Johnny Cash , but when Denver heard the song and decided he had to have it , the duo who wrote the original lyrics decided not to make the sale . They sang the song for Denver and as he recalled , `` I flipped . '' The three stayed up until 6 : 00 a.m. , changing words and moving lines around . When they finished , John announced that the song had to go on his next album . The song was premiered December 30 , 1970 , during an encore of Denver 's set , with the singers reading the words from a folded piece of paper . This resulted in a five - minute ovation , one of the longest in Cellar Door history . They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' appeared on the LP Poems , Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971 . Original pressings credited the single to `` John Denver with Fat City '' . It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly . After several weeks , RCA Records called John and told him that they were giving up on the single . His response : `` No ! Keep working on it ! '' They did , and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100 , and number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , topped only by `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' by The Bee Gees . On August 18 , 1971 , it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped . The song continued to sell in the digital era . As of October 2018 , the song has also sold an additional 1,479,000 downloads since it became available digitally . Reception in West Virginia ( edit ) `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians . The song is the theme song of West Virginia University and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972 . In 1977 , Denver sang it at Morgantown High School , and he even changed the wording to `` Appalachian Mountains , Monongahela River '' . In 1980 , Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold - out crowd of Mountaineer fans . This performance marked the dedication of the current Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen . The song is played for other athletic events and university functions , including after football games , for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team . The popularity of the song has inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' as an official state song . On March 7 , 2014 , the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' an official state song of West Virginia , alongside three other pieces : `` West Virginia Hills '' , `` This is My West Virginia '' , and `` West Virginia , My Home Sweet Home '' . Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8 . The geographical features mentioned prominently in the song lyrics -- the Shenandoah River and the Blue Ridge Mountains -- have only marginal associations with the state of West Virginia , and would seem to be more appropriate to describe western Virginia . The river passes through only the very eastern tip of the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in Jefferson County , but its sources and its four upper forks are in Virginia . Similarly , the Blue Ridge Mountains are only peripherally associated with West Virginia , but do form the boundary between West Virginia and the State of Virginia for a few miles at Jefferson County . According to a radio interview with Nivert , the road is close to her native Washington , D.C. , in nearby Montgomery County , Maryland , where Denver often visited . That road -- Clopper Road -- still exists today , but the landscape has changed drastically from the countryside scenery that once surrounded it . The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas , West Virginia , produces an amber ale called `` Almost Heaven , '' which it says is `` named after John Denver 's ode to West Virginia , Country Roads '' . This song was played at the funeral memorial for Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston on July 2 , 2010 . Personnel ( edit ) John Denver -- vocals , 6 & 12 - string acoustic guitar Bill Danoff - backing vocals Taffy Nivert - backing vocals Eric Weissberg -- banjo , steel guitar Mike Taylor -- acoustic guitar Richard Kniss -- double bass Gary Chester -- drums , percussion Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 50 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,479,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Hermes House Band version ( edit ) `` Country Roads '' Single by Hermes House Band from the album The Album Released 2001 Format CD single Length 3 : 22 Label XPLO Music Songwriter ( s ) Bill Danoff Taffy Nivert John Denver Producer ( s ) Jim Binapfl John Lehmkuhl Mark Snijders Jack Buck Hermes House Band singles chronology `` Disco Samba Part II '' ( 2000 ) `` Country Roads '' ( 2001 ) `` Que Sera Sera '' ( 2001 ) In 2001 , the song was covered by Dutch pop band Hermes House Band and released as `` Country Roads '' . This version was a chart success in Europe , reaching number one in Scotland , number two in Germany and Ireland , and the top 10 in Austria , Denmark , and the United Kingdom . The band performed the song live on Top of the Pops . Track listing ( edit ) Dutch CD single `` Country Roads '' ( original radio edit ) -- 3 : 22 `` Country Roads '' ( happy dance version ) -- 3 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 60 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 35 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 121 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Olivia Newton - John versions ( edit ) Olivia Newton - John recorded a cover version in 1973 that reached the top 10 in Japan and the number 15 in the UK , but only reached No. 119 in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 . Fallout 76 version ( edit ) A cover version of the song -- a collaboration between Copilot Music + Sound and the vocal group Spank -- was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game , Fallout 76 , whose plot events are set in West Virginia . Released as an iTunes - only single on July 4 , 2018 , the song reached # 1 on the iTunes singles chart . It debuted at # 41 on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at # 21 on Billboard 's Country Digital Songs the following week . The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording , initially uploaded in 2013 , would later edit its description in response to the song 's use for the game . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position US Country Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 41 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kurt Wolff ; Orla Duane ( 2000 ) . Country Music : The Rough Guide . Rough Guides . p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85828 - 534 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- John Denver -- Take Me Home , Country Road '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : April 4 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` John Denver - UNPLUGGED COLLECTION ( IMPORT ) Music CDs '' ( list ) , Choose , 2007 , webpage : JD - Collect Archived 2008 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Bill Danoff Songs '' . Billdanoff.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Diamond Mix 107.3 Jump up ^ Collis , John ( 30 September 2011 ) . John Denver : Mother Nature 's Son . Mainstream Publishing . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78057 - 330 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 's Music Heritage '' . Billdanoff.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . This may be a little self - serving recollection - I recall them performing it during the first set , Denver calling them up onstage and then promising to get them back up again once the song had been performed . There was likely a second set that night , the night before a big holiday , the only management decision to be made whether there was an additional cover charge imposed for those inclined to linger through both sets Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- John Denver -- Take Me Home , Country Road '' . Recording Industry Association of America . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Tracks : October 16 , 2018 '' . RoughStock . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 things you did n't know about `` Take me Home , Country Roads '' by John Denver `` . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To WVU Traditions West Virginia University '' . Welcometo.wvu.edu. 2009 - 11 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Provinces of West Virginia '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Danoff Bill and John Denver '' . Billdanoff.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brews '' . Mountainstatebrewing.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jon ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` Eulogizing Sen. Robert Byrd : The Hard Working , if Imperfect , Senator '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7580 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 5331 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 14 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 5339 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 14 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 83 ( 36 ) : 32 . September 4 , 1971 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- John Denver -- Country Roads '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Country Roads in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Country Roads '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 1 , 2002 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2001 '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2001 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Singles 2001 '' . IRMA . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart 2001 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Hermes House Band -- Country Roads '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Country Roads in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` Fallout 76 has everyone humming John Denver '' . Polygon . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hampp , Andrew ( 31 July 2018 ) . `` Songs for Screens : How a John Denver Classic Resurfaced Thanks to ' Fallout 76 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver - Take Me Home , Country Roads ( Audio ) '' . YouTube . April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . John Denver 's official audio for ' Take Me Home , Country Roads ' , as featured on Fallout 76 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics John Denver Studio albums John Denver Sings Rhymes & Reasons Take Me to Tomorrow Whose Garden Was This Poems , Prayers & Promises Aerie Rocky Mountain High Farewell Andromeda Back Home Again Windsong Spirit I Want to Live John Denver Autograph Some Days Are Diamonds Seasons of the Heart It 's About Time Dreamland Express One World Higher Ground Earth Songs The Flower That Shattered the Stone Different Directions Love Again All Aboard ! Live albums An Evening with John Denver Live in London Live at the Sydney Opera House The Wildlife Concert The Best of John Denver Live Sing Australia Christmas in Concert The Harbor Lights Concert Live in the U.S.S.R. Live at Cedar Rapids Specialty albums Rocky Mountain Christmas A Christmas Together Rocky Mountain Holiday Christmas , Like a Lullaby Forever , John Compilation albums John Denver 's Greatest Hits John Denver 's Greatest Hits Volume 2 John Denver 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Very Best of John Denver John Denver : A Portrait The John Denver Collection Something to Sing About 16 Biggest Hits Tribute albums The Music Is You : A Tribute to John Denver Singles `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' `` Rocky Mountain High '' `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' `` Annie 's Song '' `` Back Home Again '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` Calypso '' `` Fly Away '' `` Looking for Space '' `` Like a Sad Song '' `` Some Days Are Diamonds ( Some Days Are Stone ) '' `` The Cowboy and the Lady '' `` Perhaps Love '' `` Shanghai Breezes '' `` Dreamland Express '' `` And So It Goes '' Related articles Discography Filmography Perhaps Love `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' West Virginia Mountaineers football Venues Mountaineer Field ( 1924 -- 1979 ) Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium ( 1980 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Louisville Marshall Maryland Penn State Pittsburgh Syracuse Virginia Tech Culture & lore The Mountaineer Marching band `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Me_Home,_Country_Roads&oldid=866376340 '' Categories : 1970 songs Hermes House Band songs John Denver songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs about West Virginia Songs written by Bill Danoff Songs written by John Denver West Virginia Mountaineers football Shenandoah River 1971 singles RCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Milt Okun Number - one singles in Scotland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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4707199944811262634 | United States home front during World War I | United States home front during World war I - wikipedia United States home front during World war I Jump to : navigation , search Home Front Weapons for Liberty -- U.S.A. Bonds by J.C. Leyendecker , 1918 Location United States The United States homefront during World War I saw a systematic mobilization of the country 's entire population and economy to produce the soldiers , food supplies , ammunitions and money necessary to win the war . Although the United States entered the war in April 1917 , there had been very little planning , or even recognition of the problems that Great Britain and the other Allies had to solve on their own home fronts . As a result , the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months . The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era , when efficiency and expertise were highly valued . Therefore , both individual states and the federal government established a multitude of temporary agencies to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy and society into the production of munitions and food needed for the war , as well as the circulation of beliefs and ideals in order to motivate the people . Contents ( hide ) 1 American entry into the war 2 US government 2.1 Temporary agencies 2.2 Government propaganda 3 Military draft 4 Civil liberties 5 Motion pictures 6 Economics 6.1 Munitions production before U.S. entry 6.2 Munitions production after U.S. entry 6.3 Farming and food 6.4 Economic confusion in 1917 6.5 Shipments to Europe 6.6 Labor 7 Women 7.1 Children 8 Americanization of ethnics 9 Alien internments 10 Anti-German activity 11 War bonds 12 Attacks on the USA 12.1 Sabotage 13 See also 14 Notes and references 15 Further reading 15.1 Economics and labor 15.2 Historiography 15.3 Primary sources and year books 16 External links American entry into the war ( edit ) Main article : American entry into World War I Firmly maintaining neutrality when World War I began in Europe in 1914 , the United States helped supply the Allies , but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade . Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans had favored the British cause from the start of the war , as typified by industrialist Samuel Insull , born in London , who helped young Americans enlist in British or Canadian forces . On the other hand , especially in the Midwest , many Irish Americans and German Americans opposed any American involvement and were anti-British . The suffragist movement included many pacifists , and most churches opposed the war . German efforts to use its submarines ( `` U-boats '' ) to blockade Britain resulted in the deaths of American travelers and sailors , and attacks on passenger liners caused public outrage . Most notable was the torpedoing without warning the passenger liner Lusitania in 1915 . Germany promised not to repeat , but it reversed its position in early 1917 , believing that unrestricted U-boat warfare against all ships headed to Britain would win the war even at the cost of American entry . When Americans read the text of the German offer to Mexico , known as the Zimmermann Telegram , they saw an offer for Mexico to go to war with Germany against the United States , with German funding , with the promise of the return of the lost territories of Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas . On Apr 1 , 1917 , Wilson called for war , emphasizing that the U.S. had to fight to maintain its honor and to have a decisive voice in shaping the new postwar world . Congress voted on April 6 , 1917 to declare war , but it was far from unanimous . US government ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Temporary agencies ( edit ) Congress authorized President Woodrow Wilson to create a bureaucracy of 500,000 to 1 million new jobs in five thousand new federal agencies . To solve the labor crisis , the Employment Service of the Department of Labor attracted workers from the South and Midwest to war industries in the East . Government propaganda ( edit ) In April 1917 , the Wilson Administration created the Committee on Public Information ( CPI ) , known as the Creel Committee , to control war information and provide pro-war propaganda . Employing talented writers and scholars , it issued anti-German pamphlets and films . It organized thousands of `` Four - Minute Men '' to deliver brief speeches at movie theaters , schools and churches to promote patriotism and participation in the war effort . Military draft ( edit ) Main article : Selective Service Act of 1917 A World War I era draft card . In 1917 the administration decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for World War I . The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and -- by allowing exemptions for dependency , essential occupations , and religious scruples -- to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort . The act established a `` liability for military service of all male citizens '' ; authorized a selective draft of all those between twenty - one and thirty - one years of age ( later from eighteen to forty - five ) ; and prohibited all forms of bounties , substitutions , or purchase of exemptions . Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community . These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions . In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services , with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War . Secretary of War Newton Baker draws the first draft number on 20 July 1917 . Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army , Gutièrrez reports that they were not cynical or disillusioned . They fought `` for honor , manhood , comrades , and adventure , but especially for duty . '' Civil liberties ( edit ) The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 attempted to punish enemy activity and extended to the punishment expressions of doubt about America 's role in the war . The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of opinion that used `` disloyal , profane , scurrilous or abusive language '' about the U.S. government , flag or armed forces . Government police action , private vigilante groups , and public war hysteria compromised the civil liberties of many Americans who disagreed with Wilson 's policies . The private American Protective League , working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , was one of many private patriotic associations that sprang up to support the war and at the same time identify slackers , spies , draft dodgers and anti-war organizations . In a July 1917 speech , Max Eastman complained that the government 's aggressive prosecutions of dissent meant that `` You ca n't even collect your thoughts without getting arrested for unlawful assemblage . '' Motion pictures ( edit ) The nascent film industry produced a wide variety of propaganda films . The most successful was The Kaiser , the Beast of Berlin , a `` sensational creation '' designed to rouse the audience against the German ruler . Comedies included Mutt and Jeff at the Front . The greatest artistic success , considered by many a landmark of film history , was Charlie Chaplin 's Shoulder Arms , which followed the star from his induction into the military , his accidental penetration of the German lines , and his eventual return having captured the Kaiser and Crown Prince and won himself a pretty French girl . Other activities included film shorts supporting the sale of war bonds or for war relief such as Tom 's Little Star . Economics ( edit ) Munitions production before US entry ( edit ) By 1916 , Britain was funding most of the Empire 's war expenditures , all of Italy 's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia , plus smaller nations as well . The gold reserves , overseas investments and private credit then ran out , forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917 -- 18 . Much of this money was spent paying United States industries to manufacture ammunition . United States Cartridge Company expanded its work force ten-fold in response to September 1914 contracts with British purchasing agents ; and ultimately manufactured over two billion rifle and machine gun cartridges . Baldwin Locomotive Works expanded their Eddystone , Pennsylvania , manufacturing facilities in 1915 to manufacture Russian artillery shells and British rifles . The United States production of smokeless powder was equal to the combined production of the European Allies during the last 19 months of the war ; and by the end of the war United States factories were producing smokeless powder at a rate 45 percent higher than the European Allies ' combined production . Production rate of explosives by the United States was similarly 40 percent higher than Britain and nearly twice that of France . Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining her productivity . The financing was generally successful . Heavy investment in ammunition manufacturing machinery did not bring long term prosperity to some major American companies . The United States Cartridge Company Lowell , Massachusetts , factory which manufactured nearly two - thirds of the small arms cartridges produced in the United States during the war , closed eight years later . After Baldwin manufactured over six million artillery shells , nearly two million rifles , and 5,551 military locomotives for Russia , France , Britain and the United States , postwar production never used more than one - third the capacity of the Eddystone factory ; and Baldwin declared bankruptcy in 1935 . Munitions production after US entry ( edit ) The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors . The US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 with only a small munitions industry , very few medium and heavy artillery pieces , and few machine guns . By June 1917 the US had decided that their forces would primarily operate alongside the French , and would acquire their artillery and machine guns by purchasing mostly French weapons in theater , along with some British weapons in the case of heavy artillery . Shipments from the US to France would primarily be of soldiers and ammunition ; artillery equipment in particular occupied too much space and weight to be economical . These priorities combined with the short 19 - month US participation in the war meant that few US - made weapons arrived in France , and the need for extensive training of artillery units once in France meant that fewer still saw action before the Armistice . A comparison with World War II would be that the US started preparing for that war in earnest shortly after the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939 ; by the time the US entered the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 there had already been 27 months of mobilization . Artillery It was envisioned that US artillery production of French - and British - designed weapons , and a few US - designed weapons chambered for French ammunition , would be ramped up and that US - made artillery would eventually be delivered to the battlefields in quantity . However , major production snarls occurred with most of the artillery programs , and as mentioned artillery shipments had a lower priority than many other types of shipments overseas . Farming and food ( edit ) Main article : Food and Fuel Control Act Food Administration poster 1917 The food program was a major success , as output expanded , waste was reduced , and both the home front and the Allies received more food . The U.S. Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards . It managed the nation 's food distribution and prices . Gross farm income increased more than 230 % from 1914 to 1919 . Apart from ' wheatless Wednesdays ' and ' meatless Tuesdays ' due to poor harvests in 1916 and 1917 , there were ' fuelless Mondays ' and ' gasless Sundays ' to preserve coal and gasoline . Economic confusion in 1917 ( edit ) In terms of munitions production , the first 15 months involved an amazing parade of mistakes , misguided enthusiasm , and confusion . Americans were willing enough , but they did not know their proper role . Washington was unable to figure out what to do when , or even to decide who was in charge . Typical of the confusion was the coal shortage that hit in December 1917 . Because coal was by far the major source of energy and heat a grave crisis ensued . There was in fact plenty of coal being mined , but 44,000 loaded freight and coal cars were tied up in horrendous traffic jams in the rail yards of the East Coast . Two hundred ships were waiting in New York harbor for cargo that was delayed by the mess . The solution included nationalizing the coal mines and the railroads for the duration , shutting down factories one day a week to save fuel , and enforcing a strict system of priorities . Only in March , 1918 , did Washington finally take control of the crisis The transportation system then worked smoothly . Shipments to Europe ( edit ) Shipbuilding became a major wartime industry , focused on merchant ships and tankers . Merchant ships were often sunk until the convoy system was adopted using British and Canadian naval escorts . Convoys were slow but effective in stopping u-boat attacks . The troops were shipped over on fast passenger liners that could easily outrun submarines . An oil crisis occurred in Britain due to the 1917 German submarine campaign . Standard Oil of NJ , for example , lost 6 tankers ( including the brand new `` John D. Archbold '' ) between May and September . The solution was expanded oil shipments from America in convoys . The Allies formed the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference with USA , Britain , France , and Italy as the members . Standard and Royal Dutch / Shell ran it and made it work . The introduction of convoys as an antidote to the German U-boats and the joint management system by Standard Oil and Royal Dutch / Shell helped to solve the Allies ' supply problems . The close working relationship that evolved was in marked contrast to the feud between the government and Standard Oil years earlier . In 1917 and 1918 , there was increased domestic demand for oil partly due to the cold winter that created a shortage of coal . Inventories and imported oil from Mexico were used to close the gap . In January 1918 , the U.S. Fuel Administrator ordered industrial plants east of Mississippi to close for a week to free up oil for Europe . The coal shortage caused sharp increases in the demand and prices of oil and industry called for voluntary price control from the oil industry . While Standard Oil was agreeable , the independent oil companies were not . Demand continued to outpace supply because of the war and the growth in automobiles in America . An appeal for `` Gasolineless Sundays '' in US was made with exceptions for freight , doctors , police , emergency vehicles , and funeral cars . Labor ( edit ) 1919 New York Herald cartoon portraying `` reds '' and IWW members as a violent mob held back by threat of a US Army machine gun The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and affiliated trade unions were strong supporters of the war effort . Fear of disruptions to war production by labor radicals provided the AFL political leverage to gain recognition and mediation of labor disputes , often in favor of improvements for workers . They resisted strikes in favor of arbitration and wartime policy , and wages soared as near - full employment was reached at the height of the war . The AFL unions strongly encouraged young men to enlist in the military , and fiercely opposed efforts to reduce recruiting and slow war production by pacifists , the anti-war Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) and radical socialists . To keep factories running smoothly , Wilson established the National War Labor Board in 1918 , which forced management to negotiate with existing unions . Wilson also appointed AFL president Samuel Gompers to the powerful Council of National Defense , where he set up the War Committee on Labor . After initially resisting taking a stance , the IWW became actively anti-war , engaging in strikes and speeches and suffering both legal and illegal suppression by federal and local governments as well as pro-war vigilantes . The IWW was branded as anarchic , socialist , unpatriotic , alien and funded by German gold , and violent attacks on members and offices would continue into the 1920s . The AFL membership soared to 2.4 million in 1917 . In 1919 , the AFL tried to make their gains permanent and called a series of major strikes in meat , steel and other industries . The strikes ultimately failed , forcing unions back to membership and power similar to those around 1910 . Women ( edit ) See also : American women in World War I During WWI ( 1914 - 1918 ) , large numbers of women were recruited into jobs that had either been vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war , or had been created as part of the war effort . The high demand for weapons and the overall wartime situation resulted in munitions factories collectively becoming the largest employer of American women by 1918 . While there was initial resistance to hiring women for jobs traditionally held by men , the war made the need for labor so urgent that women were hired in large numbers and the government even actively promoted the employment of women in war - related industries through recruitment drives . As a result , women not only began working in heavy industry , but also took other jobs traditionally reserved solely for men , such as railway guards , ticket collectors , bus and tram conductors , postal workers , police officers , firefighters , and clerks . World War I saw women taking traditionally men 's jobs in large numbers for the first time in American history . Many women worked on the assembly lines of factories , producing trucks and munitions , while department stores employed African American women as elevator operators and cafeteria waitresses for the first time . The Food Administration helped housewives prepare more nutritious meals with less waste and with optimum use of the foods available . Most important , the morale of the women remained high , as millions joined the Red Cross as volunteers to help soldiers and their families , and with rare exceptions , the women did not protest the draft . Girls too young for paid jobs learned how they could help the war effort . Children ( edit ) Main article : Effect of World War I on children in the United States World War I affected children in the United States through several social and economic changes in the school curriculum and through shifts in parental relationships . For example , a number of fathers and brothers entered the war , and many were subsequently maimed in action or killed , causing many children to be brought up by single mothers . Additionally , as the male workforce left for battle , mothers and sisters began working in factories to take their positions , and the family dynamic began to change ; this affected children as they had less time to spend with family members and were expected to grow up faster and help with the war effort . Similarly , Woodrow Wilson called on children involved in youth organizations to help collect money for war bonds and stamps in order to raise money for the war effort . This was very important because the children were having a direct effect on the financial state of the United States government during World War I. As children were collecting large amounts of money outside of school , within the classroom , curriculum also began to change as a result of the war . Woodrow Wilson again became involved with these children as he implemented government pamphlets and programs to encourage war support through things like mandatory patriotism and nationalism classes multiple times a week . Even though war was not being fought on United States soil , children 's lives were greatly affected as all of these changes were made to their daily lives as a result of the conflict . Victory gardeners , 1918 Americanization of ethnics ( edit ) The outbreak of war in 1914 increased concern about the millions of foreign born in the United States . The short - term concern was their loyalty to their native countries and the long - term was their assimilation into American society . Numerous agencies became active in promoting `` Americanization '' so that the ethnics would be psychologically and politically loyal to the U.S. The states set up programs through their Councils of National Defense ; numerous federal agencies were involved , including the Bureau of Education , the United States Department of the Interior and the Food Administration . The most important private organization was the National Americanization Committee ( NAC ) directed by Frances Kellor . Second in importance was the Committee for Immigrants in America , which helped fund the Division of Immigrant Education in the federal Bureau of Education . The war prevented millions of recently arrived immigrants from returning to Europe as they originally intended . The great majority decided to stay in America . Foreign language use declined dramatically . They welcomed Americanization , often signing up for English classes and using their savings to buy homes and bring over other family members . Kellor , speaking for the NAC in 1916 , proposed to combine efficiency and patriotism in her Americanization programs . It would be more efficient , she argued , once the factory workers could all understand English and therefore better understand orders and avoid accidents . Once Americanized , they would grasp American industrial ideals and be open to American influences and not subject only to strike agitators or foreign propagandists . The result , she argued would transform indifferent and ignorant residents into understanding voters , to make their homes into American homes , and to establish American standards of living throughout the ethnic communities . Ultimately , she argued it would `` unite foreign - born and native alike in enthusiastic loyalty to our national ideals of liberty and justice . Alien internments ( edit ) See also German American internment during World War I German citizens were required to register with the federal government and carry their registration cards at all times . 2,048 German citizens were imprisoned beginning in 1917 , and all were released by spring 1920 . Allegations against them included spying for Germany or endorsing the German war effort . They ranged from immigrants suspected of sympathy for their native land , civilian German sailors on merchant ships in U.S. ports when war was declared , and Germans who worked part of the year in the United States , including 29 players from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and other prominent musicians . Anti-German activity ( edit ) See also : Anti-German sentiment § First World War 1918 bond posters with germanophobic slogans German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . They were increasingly marginalized , however , and by 1917 had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . When the war began , overt examples of German culture came under attack . Many churches cut back or ended their German language services . German parochial schools switched to the use of English in the classroom . Courses in German were dropped from public high school curricula . Some street names were changed . One person was killed by a mob at a tavern in a southern Illinois mining town . War bonds ( edit ) Elaborate propaganda campaigns were launched to encourage Americans to buy Liberty bonds . In ethnic centers , ethnic groups were pitted against each other so that groups were encouraged to purchase more bonds compared to their historic rivals in order to demonstrate superior patriotism . Attacks on the USA ( edit ) The Central Powers carried out a number of acts of sabotage and a single submarine attack against the mainland of the USA during the war , but never staged an invasion of the country , although there were rumors that German advisers were present at the Battle of Ambos Nogales . Sabotage ( edit ) Black Tom Pier shortly after the explosion . Main article : Black Tom explosion Numerous rumors of German plans for sabotage alarmed Americans . After midnight on July 30 , 1916 , a series of small fires were found on a pier in Jersey City , New Jersey . Sabotage was suspected and some guards fled , fearing an explosion ; others attempted to fight the fires . Eventually they called the Jersey City Fire Department . An explosion occurred at 2 : 08 a.m. , the first and biggest of the explosions . Shrapnel from the explosion traveled long distances , some lodging in the Statue of Liberty and other places . Seven people died . On July 21 , 1918 , a German U-boat , SM U-156 , positioned itself off of Orleans , Massachusetts opened fire and sank a tugboat and some barges until it was driven off by American warplanes . See also ( edit ) American entry into World War I Victory garden Woman 's Land Army of America Effect of World War I on Children in the United States United States home front during World War II German prisoners of war in the United States Home front during World War I , covering all major countries involved Women 's roles in the World Wars # World War I British home front during the First World War History of Germany during World War I History of France during World War I Belgium in World War I Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the historiography , see Justus D. Doenecke , `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp : 243 - 69 Online Jump up ^ For detailed coverage of Wilson 's speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ Cooper , John M. Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds. , World War I : encyclopedia ( 2005 ) , p. 1205 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here , 61 - 62 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Edward A. : Gutièrrez , Doughboys on the Great War : How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Schaffer , Ronald ( 1978 ) . The United States in World War I. Santa Barbara : Clio Books . p. ? . ISBN 0874362741 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Nick ( 2011 ) . `` The American Protective League and the Australian Protective League -- Two Responses to the Threat of Communism , c. 1917 -- 1920 '' . American Communist History . 10 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 149 . doi : 10.1080 / 14743892.2011. 597222 . Jump up ^ Steel , Ronald ( 1980 ) . Walter Lippmann and the American Century . Boston : Little , Brown . p. 124 . ISBN 0316811904 . Jump up ^ Mock , James R. ; Larson , Cedric ( 1939 ) . Words that Won the War : The Story of the Committee on Public Information , 1917 -- 1919 . Princeton University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Steven Lobell , `` The Political Economy of War Mobilization : From Britain 's Limited Liability to a Continental Commitment , '' International Politics ( 2006 ) 43 # 3 pp 283 -- 304 Jump up ^ Helmuth Carol Engelbrecht ; Frank Cleary Hanighen ( 1934 ) . Merchants of Death : A Study of the International Armament Industry . p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Westing , Frederick ( 1966 ) , The locomotives that Baldwin built . Containing a complete facsimile of the original `` History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works , 1831 - 1923 '' , Crown Publishing Group , pp. 76 -- 85 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 36167 - 2 Jump up ^ Ayres , Leonard P. ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany ( Second ed . ) . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 77&78 . Jump up ^ M.J. Daunton , `` How to Pay for the War : State , Society and Taxation in Britain , 1917 -- 24 , '' English Historical Review ( 1996 ) 111 # 443 pp. 882 -- 919 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` U.S. Cartridge Company '' ( PDF ) . Lowell Land Trust . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brown , John K. ( 1995 ) , The Baldwin Locomotive Works , 1831 - 1915 : A Study in American Industrial Practice , Studies in Industry and Society series , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , pp. 216&228 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5047 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Crowell , pp. 25 - 30 Jump up ^ Beamish and March ( 1919 ) . America 's Part in the World War . pp. 319 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : Sow the Seeds of Victory ! Posters from the Food Administration During World War I '' Jump up ^ Nash , George H. ( 1996 ) . The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 -- 1918 . New York : Norton . p. ? . ISBN 0393038416 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ; Priscilla Mary Roberts ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of World War I : A Political , Social , And Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 1206 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here 113 - 25 Jump up ^ Beamish and March ( 1919 ) . America 's Part in the World War . pp. 336 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Beamish and March ( 1919 ) . America 's Part in the World War . pp. 359 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Brian Tennyson , and Roger Sarty . `` Sydney , Nova Scotia and the U-Boat War , 1918 . '' Canadian Military History 7.1 ( 2012 ) : 4 + online Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig , and David F. David . `` The Failure of Imperial Germany 's Undersea Offensive Against World Shipping , February 1917 -- October 1918 . '' Historian ( 1971 ) 33 # 4 pp : 611 - 636 . Jump up ^ Ronald W. Ferrier ; J.H. Bamberg ( 1982 ) . The History of the British Petroleum Company : Volume 1 , The Developing Years , 1901 - 1932 . Cambridge University Press . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's great war : the struggle for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations , 1912 - 1921 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Richard B. Gregg , `` The National War Labor Board . '' Harvard Law Review ( 1919 ) : 39 - 63 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert L. Tyler , Rebels of the woods : the IWW in the Pacific Northwest ( U of Oregon Press , 1967 ) Jump up ^ Philip Taft , The A.F.L. in the time of Gompers ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Gavin , Lettie ( 2006 ) . American Women in World War I : They Also Served . Boulder : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 0870818252 . Jump up ^ Beamish and March ( 1919 ) . America 's Part in the World War . pp. 259 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Maureen ( 1980 ) . Maurine Weiner . Women , War , and Work : the Impact of World War I on Women Workers in the United States . Westport : Greenwood Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0313213550 . Jump up ^ McDermott , T.P. `` USA 's Boy Scouts and World War I Liberty Loan Bonds '' . SOSSI Journal : 70 . Jump up ^ Spring , Joel ( 1992 ) . Images of American Life . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 20 . ISBN 0791410692 . Jump up ^ McClymer , John F. ( 1980 ) . War and Welfare : Social Engineering in America , 1890 -- 1925 . Westport : Greenwood Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0313211299 . Jump up ^ Archdeacon , Thomas J. ( 1984 ) . Becoming American . London : Collier Macmillan . pp. 115 , 186 -- 187 . ISBN 0029008301 . Jump up ^ McClymer , War and Welfare , pp 112 - 3 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Dr. Muck Bitter at Sailing , '' August 22 , 1919 , accessed January 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , `` The Prager Affair : A Study in Wartime Hysteria , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1969 ) 62 # 2 pp 126 -- 127 in JSTOR Jump up ^ June Alexander ( 2008 ) . Ethnic Pride , American Patriotism : Slovaks And Other New Imiigrants . Temple UP . pp. 33 -- 34 . Further reading ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of Woodrow Wilson and Bibliography of World War I Beamish , Richard Joseph and Francis Andrew March ( 1919 ) . America 's Part in the World War : A History of the Full Greatness of Our Country 's Achievements ; the Record of the Mobilization and Triumph of the Military , Naval , Industrial and Civilian Resources of the United States . Philadelphia : John C. Winston Company . ; comprehensive history of military and home front ; full text online ; has photos Breen , William J. Uncle Sam at Home : Civilian Mobilization , Wartime Federalism , and the Council of National Defense , 1917 - 1919 ( Greenwood Press , 1984 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Clements , Kendrick A . The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1992 ) Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Crowell , Benedict ( 1919 ) . America 's Munitions 1917 - 1918 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Dumenil , Lynn . The Second Line of Defense : American Women and World War I ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . xvi , 340 pp . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . Included also in 13th edition ( 1926 ) partly online full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free Gannon , Barbara A . `` The Great War and Modern Amnesia : Studying Pennsylvania 's Great War , Part 2 ' Pennsylvania History ( 2017 ) 84 # 3 : 287 - 91 Online Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 2004 ) , comprehensive coverage borrow for 14 days Link , Arthur Stanley . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 ( 1972 ) standard political history of the era borrow for 14 days Link , Arthur Stanley . Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) , the standard biography to 1918 Malin , James C. The United States after the World War ( 1930 ) online Meyer G.J. The World Remade : America In World War I ( 2017 ) , popular survey , 672pp North , Diane M.T. California at War : The State and the People during World War I ( 2018 ) . Paxson , Frederic L. Pre-war years , 1913 - 1917 ( 1936 ) wide - ranging scholarly survey Paxson , Frederic L. American at War 1917 - 1918 ( 1939 ) wide - ranging scholarly survey Philadelphia War History Committee ( 1922 ) . Philadelphia in the World War , 1914 - 1919 . full text online Schaffer , Ronald . America in the Great War : The Rise of the War - Welfare State ( Oxford University Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504904 - 7 Tucker , Spencer C. , and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2005 ) Vaughn , Stephen . Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( 1980 ) in Questia Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) , Very thorough coverage . Williams , William John . The Wilson administration and the shipbuilding crisis of 1917 : steel ships and wooden steamers ( 1992 ) . Wilson , Ross J. New York and the First World War : Shaping an American City ( 2014 ) . Young , Ernest William . The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience 2000 . 272 pp . Economics and labor ( edit ) Cuff , Robert D . The war industries board : Business - government relations during World War I ( 1973 ) . Cuff , Robert D . `` The politics of labor administration during world war I . '' Labor History 21.4 ( 1980 ) : 546 - 569 . Dubofsky , Melvyn . `` Abortive reform : the Wilson administration and organized labor , 1913 - 1920 . '' in Work , Community , and Power : The Experience of Labor in Europe and America , 1900 - 1925 edited by James E. Cronin and Sirianni , ( 1983 ) : 197 - 220 . Haig , Robert Murray . `` The Revenue Act of 1918 , '' Political Science Quarterly 34 # 3 ( 1919 ) : 369 - 391 . in JSTOR Kester , Randall B . `` The War Industries Board , 1917 -- 1918 ; A Study in Industrial Mobilization , '' American Political Science Review 34 # 4 ( 1940 ) , pp. 655 -- 84 ; in JSTOR Rockoff , Hugh . `` Until it 's Over , Over There : The U.S. Economy in World War I , '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) pp 310 - 43 . online ; online review Soule , George . The Prosperity Decade : From War to Depression , 1917 -- 1929 ( 1947 ) , broad economic history of decade Sutch , Richard . `` The Fed , the Treasury , and the Liberty Bond Campaign -- How William Gibbs McAdoo Won World War I . '' Central Banking in Historical Perspective : One Hundred Years of the Federal Reserve ( 2014 ) online ; Illustrated with wartime government posters . Historiography ( edit ) Controvich , James T . The United States in World War I : A Bibliographic Guide ( Scarecrow , 2012 ) 649 pp Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . Primary sources and year books ( edit ) Negro Year Book 1916 New International Year Book 1914 , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 913pp New International Year Book 1915 , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 791pp New International Year Book 1916 ( 1917 ) , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 938pp New International Year Book 1917 ( 1918 ) , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 904 pp New International Year Book 1918 ( 1919 ) , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 904 pp New InternationalYear Book 1919 ( 1920 ) , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 744pp New International Year Book 1920 ( 1921 ) , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 844 pp New International Year Book 1921 ( 1922 ) , Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs , 848 pp External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I homefront in the United States . Keene , Jennifer D. : United States of America , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Ford , Nancy Gentile : Civilian and Military Power ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Jensen , Kimberly : Women 's Mobilization for War ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Strauss , Lon : Social Conflict and Control , Protest and Repression ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Taillon , Paul Michel : Labour Movements , Trade Unions and Strikes ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Little , Branden : Making Sense of the War ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Miller , Alisa : Press / Journalism ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Wells , Robert A. : Propaganda at Home ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Home front of Connecticut in World War I North Carolinians and the Great War : Introduction to the Home Front History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I&oldid=840631586 '' Categories : United States home front during World War I History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 03 : 09 . 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-7800108228033901097 | Constitution | Constitution - wikipedia Constitution Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Constitution ( disambiguation ) . Copy of the Magna Carta from 1297 . A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed . These rules together make up , i.e. constitute , what the entity is . When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents , those documents may be said to embody a written constitution ; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document , it is said to embody a codified constitution . Some constitutions ( such as the constitution of the United Kingdom ) are uncodified , but written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature , court cases or treaties . Constitutions concern different levels of organizations , from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations . A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution , in that it would define how that organization is constituted . Within states , a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based , the procedure in which laws are made and by whom . Some constitutions , especially codified constitutions , also act as limiters of state power , by establishing lines which a state 's rulers can not cross , such as fundamental rights . The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world , containing 444 articles in 22 parts , 12 schedules and 118 amendments , with 146,385 words in its English - language version , while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution , containing 10 chapters with 97 articles , and a total of 3,814 words . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 General features 3 History and development 3.1 Pre-modern constitutions 3.1. 1 Ancient 3.1. 2 Dark ages and early Middle ages 3.1. 3 Middle ages after 1000 3.1. 4 Iroquois `` Great Law of Peace '' 3.2 Modern constitutions 3.2. 1 Democratic constitutions 4 Principles of constitutional design 5 Governmental constitutions 5.1 Key features 5.1. 1 Classification 5.1. 2 Codification 5.1. 2.1 Codified constitution 5.1. 2.2 Uncodified constitution 5.1. 2.3 Written versus unwritten ; codified versus uncodified 5.1. 3 Entrenchment 5.1. 3.1 Absolutely unmodifiable articles 5.1. 4 Distribution of sovereignty 5.1. 5 Separation of powers 5.1. 6 Lines of accountability 5.1. 7 State of emergency 5.2 Facade constitutions 6 Constitutional courts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology The term constitution comes through French from the Latin word constitutio , used for regulations and orders , such as the imperial enactments ( constitutiones principis : edicta , mandata , decreta , rescripta ) . Later , the term was widely used in canon law for an important determination , especially a decree issued by the Pope , now referred to as an apostolic constitution . General features Generally , every modern written constitution confers specific powers to an organization or institutional entity , established upon the primary condition that it abide by the said constitution 's limitations . According to Scott Gordon , a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it `` contain ( s ) institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry , including those that may be in the minority '' . Activities of officials within an organization or polity that fall within the constitutional or statutory authority of those officials are termed `` within power '' ( or , in Latin , intra vires ) ; if they do not , they are termed `` beyond power '' ( or , in Latin , ultra vires ) . For example , a students ' union may be prohibited as an organization from engaging in activities not concerning students ; if the union becomes involved in non-student activities , these activities are considered to be ultra vires of the union 's charter , and nobody would be compelled by the charter to follow them . An example from the constitutional law of sovereign states would be a provincial parliament in a federal state trying to legislate in an area that the constitution allocates exclusively to the federal parliament , such as ratifying a treaty . Action that appears to be beyond power may be judicially reviewed and , if found to be beyond power , must cease . Legislation that is found to be beyond power will be `` invalid '' and of no force ; this applies to primary legislation , requiring constitutional authorization , and secondary legislation , ordinarily requiring statutory authorization . In this context , `` within power '' , intra vires , `` authorized '' and `` valid '' have the same meaning ; as do `` beyond power '' , ultra vires , `` not authorized '' and `` invalid '' . In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ) ; in such states when an official act is unconstitutional , i.e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution , that act is null and void , and the nullification is ab initio , that is , from inception , not from the date of the finding . It was never `` law '' , even though , if it had been a statute or statutory provision , it might have been adopted according to the procedures for adopting legislation . Sometimes the problem is not that a statute is unconstitutional , but the application of it is , on a particular occasion , and a court may decide that while there are ways it could be applied that are constitutional , that instance was not allowed or legitimate . In such a case , only the application may be ruled unconstitutional . Historically , the remedy for such violations have been petitions for common law writs , such as quo warranto . History and development Pre-modern constitutions Ancient Detail from Hammurabi 's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity . Excavations in modern - day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice , issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC . Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government , this document itself has not yet been discovered ; however it is known that it allowed some rights to his citizens . For example , it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans , and protected the poor from the usury of the rich . After that , many governments ruled by special codes of written laws . The oldest such document still known to exist seems to be the Code of Ur - Nammu of Ur ( ca 2050 BC ) . Some of the better - known ancient law codes include the code of Lipit - Ishtar of Isin , the code of Hammurabi of Babylonia , the Hittite code , the Assyrian code and Mosaic law . In 621 BC , a scribe named Draco codified the cruel oral laws of the city - state of Athens ; this code prescribed the death penalty for many offences ( nowadays very severe rules are often called `` Draconian '' ) . In 594 BC , Solon , the ruler of Athens , created the new Solonian Constitution . It eased the burden of the workers , and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( plutocracy ) , rather than by birth ( aristocracy ) . Cleisthenes again reformed the Athenian constitution and set it on a democratic footing in 508 BC . Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by Aristotle . Aristotle ( ca 350 BC ) was the first to make a formal distinction between ordinary law and constitutional law , establishing ideas of constitution and constitutionalism , and attempting to classify different forms of constitutional government . The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was `` the arrangement of the offices in a state '' . In his works Constitution of Athens , Politics , and Nicomachean Ethics he explores different constitutions of his day , including those of Athens , Sparta , and Carthage . He classified both what he regarded as good and what he regarded as bad constitutions , and came to the conclusion that the best constitution was a mixed system , including monarchic , aristocratic , and democratic elements . He also distinguished between citizens , who had the right to participate in the state , and non-citizens and slaves , who did not . The Romans first codified their constitution in 450 BC as the Twelve Tables . They operated under a series of laws that were added from time to time , but Roman law was never reorganised into a single code until the Codex Theodosianus ( AD 438 ) ; later , in the Eastern Empire the Codex repetitæ prælectionis ( 534 ) was highly influential throughout Europe . This was followed in the east by the Ecloga of Leo III the Isaurian ( 740 ) and the Basilica of Basil I ( 878 ) . The Edicts of Ashoka established constitutional principles for the 3rd century BC Maurya king 's rule in Ancient India . For constitutional principles almost lost to antiquity , see the code of Manu . Dark Ages and early middle Ages Many of the Germanic people that filled the power vacuum left by the Western Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages codified their laws . One of the first of these Germanic law codes to be written was the Visigothic Code of Euric ( 471 ) . This was followed by the Lex Burgundionum , applying separate codes for Germans and for Romans ; the Pactus Alamannorum ; and the Salic Law of the Franks , all written soon after 500 . In 506 , the Breviarum or `` Lex Romana '' of Alaric II , king of the Visigoths , adopted and consolidated the Codex Theodosianus together with assorted earlier Roman laws . Systems that appeared somewhat later include the Edictum Rothari of the Lombards ( 643 ) , the Lex Visigothorum ( 654 ) , the Lex Alamannorum ( 730 ) and the Lex Frisionum ( ca 785 ) . These continental codes were all composed in Latin , while Anglo - Saxon was used for those of England , beginning with the Code of Æthelberht of Kent ( 602 ) . In ca . 893 , Alfred the Great combined this and two other earlier Saxon codes , with various Mosaic and Christian precepts , to produce the Doom book code of laws for England . Japan 's Seventeen - article constitution written in 604 , reportedly by Prince Shōtoku , is an early example of a constitution in Asian political history . Influenced by Buddhist teachings , the document focuses more on social morality than institutions of government per se and remains a notable early attempt at a government constitution . The Constitution of Medina ( Arabic : صحیفة المدینه , Ṣaḥīfat al - Madīna ) , also known as the Charter of Medina , was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad after his flight ( hijra ) to Yathrib where he became political leader . It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib ( later known as Medina ) , including Muslims , Jews , and pagans . The document was drawn up with the explicit concern of bringing to an end the bitter intertribal fighting between the clans of the Aws ( Aus ) and Khazraj within Medina . To this effect it instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim , Jewish , and pagan communities of Medina bringing them within the fold of one community -- the Ummah . The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated but generally scholars agree it was written shortly after the Hijra ( 622 ) . In Wales , the Cyfraith Hywel was codified by Hywel Dda c. 942 -- 950 . Middle Ages after 1000 The Pravda Yaroslava , originally combined by Yaroslav the Wise the Grand Prince of Kyiv , was granted to Great Novgorod around 1017 , and in 1054 was incorporated into the Ruska Pravda , that became the law for all of Kievan Rus . It survived only in later editions of the 15th century . In England , Henry I 's proclamation of the Charter of Liberties in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility . This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215 . The most important single article of the Magna Carta , related to `` habeas corpus '' , provided that the king was not permitted to imprison , outlaw , exile or kill anyone at a whim -- there must be due process of law first . This article , Article 39 , of the Magna Carta read : No free man shall be arrested , or imprisoned , or deprived of his property , or outlawed , or exiled , or in any way destroyed , nor shall we go against him or send against him , unless by legal judgement of his peers , or by the law of the land . This provision became the cornerstone of English liberty after that point . The social contract in the original case was between the king and the nobility , but was gradually extended to all of the people . It led to the system of Constitutional Monarchy , with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the House of Commons . The Nomocanon of Saint Sava ( Serbian : Законоправило / Zakonopravilo ) was the first Serbian constitution from 1219 . This legal act was well developed . St. Sava 's Nomocanon was the compilation of Civil law , based on Roman Law and Canon law , based on Ecumenical Councils and its basic purpose was to organize functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church . Saint Sava began the work on the Serbian Nomocanon in 1208 while being at Mount Athos , using The Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles , Synopsis of Stefan the Efesian , Nomocanon of John Scholasticus , Ecumenical Councils ' documents , which he modified with the canonical commentaries of Aristinos and Joannes Zonaras , local church meetings , rules of the Holy Fathers , the law of Moses , translation of Prohiron and the Byzantine emperors ' Novellae ( most were taken from Justinian 's Novellae ) . The Nomocanon was completely new compilation of civil and canonical regulations , taken from the Byzantine sources , but completed and reformed by St. Sava to function properly in Serbia . Beside decrees that organized the life of church , there are various norms regarding civil life , most of them were taken from Prohiron . Legal transplants of Roman - Byzantine law became the basis of the Serbian medieval law . The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on Corpus Iuris Civilis . Stefan Dušan , Emperor of Serbs and Greeks , enacted Dušan 's Code ( Serbian : Душанов Законик / Dušanov Zakonik ) in Serbia , in two state congresses : in 1349 in Skopje and in 1354 in Serres . It regulated all social spheres , so it was the second Serbian constitution , after St. Sava 's Nomocanon ( Zakonopravilo ) . The Code was based on Roman - Byzantine law . The legal transplanting is notable with the articles 171 and 172 of Dušan 's Code , which regulated the juridical independence . They were taken from the Byzantine code Basilika ( book VII , 1 , 16 -- 17 ) . In 1222 , Hungarian King Andrew II issued the Golden Bull of 1222 . Between 1220 and 1230 , a Saxon administrator , Eike von Repgow , composed the Sachsenspiegel , which became the supreme law used in parts of Germany as late as 1900 . In 1998 , S. Kouyaté reconstructed from oral tradition what he claims is a 14th - century charter of the Mali Empire , called the Kouroukan Fouga . Around 1240 , the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer , ' Abul Fada'il Ibn al - ' Assal , wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic . ' Ibn al - Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings and Mosaic law , and partly from the former Byzantine codes . There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into Ge'ez and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of Zara Yaqob . Even so , its first recorded use in the function of a constitution ( supreme law of the land ) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563 . The Fetha Negest remained the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931 , when a modern - style Constitution was first granted by Emperor Haile Selassie I . Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585 In the Principality of Catalonia , the Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Court from 1283 ( or even two centuries before , if we consider the Usatges of Barcelona as part of the compilation of Constitutions ) until 1716 , when Philip V of Spain gave the Nueva Planta decrees , finishing with the historical laws of Catalonia . These Constitutions were usually made formally as a royal initiative , but required for its approval or repeal the favorable vote of the Catalan Courts , the medieval antecedent of the modern Parliaments . These laws had , as the other modern constitutions , preeminence over other laws , and they could not be contradicted by mere decrees or edicts of the king . The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed , for a period of more than four hundred years , an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire . In China , the Hongwu Emperor created and refined a document he called Ancestral Injunctions ( first published in 1375 , revised twice more before his death in 1398 ) . These rules served in a very real sense as a constitution for the Ming Dynasty for the next 250 years . The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of San Marino . The Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini was written in Latin and consists of six books . The first book , with 62 articles , establishes councils , courts , various executive officers and the powers assigned to them . The remaining books cover criminal and civil law , judicial procedures and remedies . Written in 1600 , the document was based upon the Statuti Comunali ( Town Statute ) of 1300 , itself influenced by the Codex Justinianus , and it remains in force today . In 1392 the Carta de Logu was legal code of the Giudicato of Arborea promulgated by the giudicessa Eleanor . It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827 . The Carta was a work of great importance in Sardinian history . It was an organic , coherent , and systematic work of legislation encompassing the civil and penal law . Iroquois `` Great law of peace '' Main article : Great Law of Peace The Gayanashagowa , the oral constitution of the Iroquois nation also known as the Great Law of Peace , established a system of governance in which sachems ( tribal chiefs ) of the members of the Iroquois League made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single tribe . The position of sachem descended through families , and were allocated by senior female relatives . Historians including Donald Grinde , Bruce Johansen and others believe that the Iroquois constitution provided inspiration for the United States Constitution and in 1988 was recognised by a resolution in Congress . The thesis is not considered credible by some scholars . Stanford University historian Jack N. Rakove stated that `` The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois '' and stated that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the United States . Francis Jennings noted that the statement made by Benjamin Franklin frequently quoted by proponents of the thesis does not support this idea as it is advocating for a union against these `` ignorant savages '' and called the idea `` absurd '' . Bruce Johansen contends Jennings , Tooker etc. have `` humorlessly missed the ironic nature of Franklin 's statement '' and persist in `` ignoring the relevant sources '' . Anthropologist Dean Snow stated that though Franklin 's Albany Plan may have drawn some inspiration from the Iroquois League , there is little evidence that either the Plan or the Constitution drew substantially from this source and argues that `` ... such claims muddle and denigrate the subtle and remarkable features of Iroquois government . The two forms of government are distinctive and individually remarkable in conception . '' Modern constitutions The Cossack Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk , 1710 . A painting depicting George Washington at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution In 1639 , the Colony of Connecticut adopted the Fundamental Orders , which was the first North American constitution , and is the basis for every new Connecticut constitution since , and is also the reason for Connecticut 's nickname , `` the Constitution State '' . The English Protectorate that was set up by Oliver Cromwell after the English Civil War promulgated the first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state ; it was called the Instrument of Government . This formed the basis of government for the short lived republic from 1653 to 1657 by providing a legal rationale for the increasing power of Cromwell , after Parliament consistently failed to govern effectively . Most of the concepts and ideas embedded into modern constitutional theory , especially bicameralism , separation of powers , the written constitution , and judicial review , can be traced back to the experiments of that period . Drafted by Major - General John Lambert in 1653 , the Instrument of Government included elements incorporated from an earlier document `` Heads of Proposals '' , which had been agreed to by the Army Council in 1647 , as a set of propositions intended to be a basis for a constitutional settlement after King Charles I was defeated in the First English Civil War . Charles had rejected the propositions , but before the start of the Second Civil War , the Grandees of the New Model Army had presented the Heads of Proposals as their alternative to the more radical Agreement of the People presented by the Agitators and their civilian supporters at the Putney Debates . On January 4 , 1649 the Rump Parliament declared `` that the people are , under God , the original of all just power ; that the Commons of England , being chosen by and representing the people , have the supreme power in this nation '' . The Instrument of Government was adopted by Parliament on December 15 , 1653 and Oliver Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector on the following day . The constitution set up a state council consisting of 21 members while executive authority was vested in the office of `` Lord Protector of the Commonwealth '' ; this position was designated as a non-hereditary life appointment . It also required the calling of triennial Parliaments , with each sitting for at least five months . The Instrument of Government was replaced in May 1657 by England 's second , and last , codified constitution , the Humble Petition and Advice , proposed by Sir Christopher Packe . The Petition offered hereditary monarchy to Oliver Cromwell , asserted Parliament 's control over issuing new taxation , provided an independent council to advise the king and safeguarded ' Triennial ' meetings of Parliament . A modified version of the Humble Petition with the clause on kingship removed was ratified on 25 May . This finally met its demise in conjunction with the death of Cromwell and the Restoration of the monarchy . Other examples of European constitutions of this era were the Corsican Constitution of 1755 and the Swedish Constitution of 1772 . All of the British colonies in North America that were to become the 13 original United States , adopted their own constitutions in 1776 and 1777 , during the American Revolution ( and before the later Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution ) , with the exceptions of Massachusetts , Connecticut and Rhode Island . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts adopted its Constitution in 1780 , the oldest still - functioning constitution of any U.S. state ; while Connecticut and Rhode Island officially continued to operate under their old colonial charters , until they adopted their first state constitutions in 1818 and 1843 , respectively . Democratic constitutions Constitution of May 3 , 1791 ( painting by Jan Matejko , 1891 ) . Polish King Stanisław August ( left , in regal ermine - trimmed cloak ) , enters St. John 's Cathedral , where Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new Constitution ; in background , Warsaw 's Royal Castle , where the Constitution has just been adopted . What is sometimes called the `` enlightened constitution '' model was developed by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment such as Thomas Hobbes , Jean - Jacques Rousseau , and John Locke . The model proposed that constitutional governments should be stable , adaptable , accountable , open and should represent the people ( i.e. , support democracy ) . Agreements and Constitutions of Laws and Freedoms of the Zaporizian Host was written in 1710 by Pylyp Orlyk , hetman of the Zaporozhian Host . It was written to establish a free Zaporozhian - Ukrainian Republic , with the support of Charles XII of Sweden . It is notable in that it established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in government between the legislative , executive , and judiciary branches , well before the publication of Montesquieu 's Spirit of the Laws . This Constitution also limited the executive authority of the hetman , and established a democratically elected Cossack parliament called the General Council . However , Orlyk 's project for an independent Ukrainian State never materialized , and his constitution , written in exile , never went into effect . Corsican Constitutions of 1755 and 1794 were inspired by Jean - Jacques Rousseau . The later one introduced universal suffrage for property owners . The United States Constitution , ratified June 21 , 1788 , was influenced by the writings of Polybius , Locke , Montesquieu , and others . The document became a benchmark for republicanism and codified constitutions written thereafter . The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Constitution was passed on May 3 , 1791 . Another landmark document was the French Constitution , ratified on September 3 , 1791 . On March 19 , the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was ratified by a parliament gathered in Cadiz , the only Spanish continental city which was safe from French occupation . The Spanish Constitution served as a model for other liberal constitutions of several South - European and Latin American nations like , for example , Portuguese Constitution of 1822 , constitutions of various Italian states during Carbonari revolts ( i.e. , in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ) , the Norwegian constitution of 1814 , or the Mexican Constitution of 1824 . In Brazil , the Constitution of 1824 expressed the option for the monarchy as political system after Brazilian Independence . The leader of the national emancipation process was the Portuguese prince Pedro I , elder son of the king of Portugal . Pedro was crowned in 1822 as first emperor of Brazil . The country was ruled by Constitutional monarchy until 1889 , when finally adopted the Republican model . In Denmark , as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the absolute monarchy lost its personal possession of Norway to another absolute monarchy , Sweden . However the Norwegians managed to infuse a radically democratic and liberal constitution in 1814 , adopting many facets from the American constitution and the revolutionary French ones ; but maintaining a hereditary monarch limited by the constitution , like the Spanish one . The first Swiss Federal Constitution was put in force in September 1848 ( with official revisions in 1878 , 1891 , 1949 , 1971 , 1982 and 1999 ) . The Serbian revolution initially led to a proclamation of a proto - constitution in 1811 ; the full - fledged Constitution of Serbia followed few decades later , in 1835 . The first Serbian constitution ( Sretenjski ustav ) was adopted at the national assembly in Kragujevac on February 15 , 1835 . The Constitution of Canada came into force on July 1 , 1867 as the British North America Act , an act of the British Parliament . Over a century later , the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Apart from the Constitution Acts , 1867 to 1982 , Canada 's constitution also has unwritten elements based in common law and convention . Principles of constitutional design After tribal people first began to live in cities and establish nations , many of these functioned according to unwritten customs , while some developed autocratic , even tyrannical monarchs , who ruled by decree , or mere personal whim . Such rule led some thinkers to take the position that what mattered was not the design of governmental institutions and operations , as much as the character of the rulers . This view can be seen in Plato , who called for rule by `` philosopher - kings . '' Later writers , such as Aristotle , Cicero and Plutarch , would examine designs for government from a legal and historical standpoint . The Renaissance brought a series of political philosophers who wrote implied criticisms of the practices of monarchs and sought to identify principles of constitutional design that would be likely to yield more effective and just governance from their viewpoints . This began with revival of the Roman law of nations concept and its application to the relations among nations , and they sought to establish customary `` laws of war and peace '' to ameliorate wars and make them less likely . This led to considerations of what authority monarchs or other officials have and do n't have , from where that authority derives , and the remedies for the abuse of such authority . A seminal juncture in this line of discourse arose in England from the Civil War , the Cromwellian Protectorate , the writings of Thomas Hobbes , Samuel Rutherford , the Levellers , John Milton , and James Harrington , leading to the debate between Robert Filmer , arguing for the divine right of monarchs , on the one side , and on the other , Henry Neville , James Tyrrell , Algernon Sidney , and John Locke . What arose from the latter was a concept of government being erected on the foundations of first , a state of nature governed by natural laws , then a state of society , established by a social contract or compact , which bring underlying natural or social laws , before governments are formally established on them as foundations . Along the way several writers examined how the design of government was important , even if the government were headed by a monarch . They also classified various historical examples of governmental designs , typically into democracies , aristocracies , or monarchies , and considered how just and effective each tended to be and why , and how the advantages of each might be obtained by combining elements of each into a more complex design that balanced competing tendencies . Some , such as Montesquieu , also examined how the functions of government , such as legislative , executive , and judicial , might appropriately be separated into branches . The prevailing theme among these writers was that the design of constitutions is not completely arbitrary or a matter of taste . They generally held that there are underlying principles of design that constrain all constitutions for every polity or organization . Each built on the ideas of those before concerning what those principles might be . The later writings of Orestes Brownson would try to explain what constitutional designers were trying to do . According to Brownson there are , in a sense , three `` constitutions '' involved : The first the constitution of nature that includes all of what was called `` natural law . '' The second is the constitution of society , an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government , by which it establishes the third , a constitution of government . The second would include such elements as the making of decisions by public conventions called by public notice and conducted by established rules of procedure . Each constitution must be consistent with , and derive its authority from , the ones before it , as well as from a historical act of society formation or constitutional ratification . Brownson argued that a state is a society with effective dominion over a well - defined territory , that consent to a well - designed constitution of government arises from presence on that territory , and that it is possible for provisions of a written constitution of government to be `` unconstitutional '' if they are inconsistent with the constitutions of nature or society . Brownson argued that it is not ratification alone that makes a written constitution of government legitimate , but that it must also be competently designed and applied . Other writers have argued that such considerations apply not only to all national constitutions of government , but also to the constitutions of private organizations , that it is not an accident that the constitutions that tend to satisfy their members contain certain elements , as a minimum , or that their provisions tend to become very similar as they are amended after experience with their use . Provisions that give rise to certain kinds of questions are seen to need additional provisions for how to resolve those questions , and provisions that offer no course of action may best be omitted and left to policy decisions . Provisions that conflict with what Brownson and others can discern are the underlying `` constitutions '' of nature and society tend to be difficult or impossible to execute , or to lead to unresolvable disputes . Constitutional design has been treated as a kind of metagame in which play consists of finding the best design and provisions for a written constitution that will be the rules for the game of government , and that will be most likely to optimize a balance of the utilities of justice , liberty , and security . An example is the metagame Nomic . Political economy theory regards constitutions as coordination devices that help citizens to prevent rulers from abusing power . If the citizenry can coordinate a response to police government officials in the face of a constitutional fault , then the government have the incentives to honor the rights that the constitution guarantees . An alternative view considers that constitutions are not enforced by the citizens at - large , but rather by the administrative powers of the state . Because rulers can not themselves implement their policies , they need to rely on a set of organizations ( armies , courts , police agencies , tax collectors ) to implement it . In this position , they can directly sanction the government by refusing to cooperate , disabling the authority of the rulers . Therefore , constitutions could be characterized by a self - enforcing equilibria between the rulers and powerful administrators . Governmental constitutions This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Presidential copy of the Russian Constitution . Most commonly , the term constitution refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government . Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state , in a basic sense the relationship between the executive , legislature and the judiciary , but also the relationship of institutions within those branches . For example , executive branches can be divided into a head of government , government departments / ministries , executive agencies and a civil service / administration . Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state , and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens . It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived ; in some territories it is in fact called `` Basic Law '' . Key features The following are features of democratic constitutions that have been identified by political scientists to exist , in one form or another , in virtually all national constitutions . Classification Type Form Example Codified in single act ( document ) Most of the world constitutions . Uncodified fully written ( in few documents ) San Marino , Israel , Saudi Arabia Uncodified partially unwritten ( see constitutional convention ) Canada , NZ , UK Codification A fundamental classification is codification or lack of codification . A codified constitution is one that is contained in a single document , which is the single source of constitutional law in a state . An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document , consisting of several different sources , which may be written or unwritten ; see constitutional convention . Codified constitution Most states in the world have codified constitutions . Codified constitutions are often the product of some dramatic political change , such as a revolution . The process by which a country adopts a constitution is closely tied to the historical and political context driving this fundamental change . The legitimacy ( and often the longevity ) of codified constitutions has often been tied to the process by which they are initially adopted and some scholars have pointed out that high constitutional turnover within a given country may itself be detrimental to separation of powers and the rule of law . States that have codified constitutions normally give the constitution supremacy over ordinary statute law . That is , if there is any conflict between a legal statute and the codified constitution , all or part of the statute can be declared ultra vires by a court , and struck down as unconstitutional . In addition , exceptional procedures are often required to amend a constitution . These procedures may include : convocation of a special constituent assembly or constitutional convention , requiring a supermajority of legislators ' votes , the consent of regional legislatures , a referendum process , and / or other procedures that make amending a constitution more difficult than passing a simple law . Constitutions may also provide that their most basic principles can never be abolished , even by amendment . In case a formally valid amendment of a constitution infringes these principles protected against any amendment , it may constitute a so - called unconstitutional constitutional law . Codified constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial preamble , which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution , and several articles containing the substantive provisions . The preamble , which is omitted in some constitutions , may contain a reference to God and / or to fundamental values of the state such as liberty , democracy or human rights . In ethnic nation - states such as Estonia , the mission of the state can be defined as preserving a specific nation , language and culture . Uncodified constitution Main article : Uncodified constitution Magna Carta As of 2017 only two sovereign states , New Zealand and the United Kingdom , have uncodified constitutions . The Basic Laws of Israel have since 1950 been intended to be the basis for a constitution , but as of 2017 it had not been drafted . The various Laws are considered to have precedence over other laws , and give the procedure by which they can be amended , typically by a simple majority of members of the Knesset ( parliament ) . Uncodified constitutions are the product of an `` evolution '' of laws and conventions over centuries . By contrast to codified constitutions ( in the Westminster System that originated in England ) , uncodified constitutions include written sources : e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources : constitutional conventions , observation of precedents , royal prerogatives , custom and tradition , such as always holding the General Election on Thursdays ; together these constitute the British constitutional law . Written versus unwritten ; codified versus uncodified Some constitutions are largely , but not wholly , codified . For example , in the Constitution of Australia , most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government , and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document , the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia . However , the presence of statutes with constitutional significance , namely the Statute of Westminster , as adopted by the Commonwealth in the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 , and the Australia Act 1986 means that Australia 's constitution is not contained in a single constitutional document . It means the Constitution of Australia is uncodified , it also contains constitutional conventions , thus is partially unwritten . The Constitution of Canada , which evolved from the British North America Acts until severed from nominal British control by the Canada Act 1982 ( analogous to the Australia Act 1986 ) , is a similar example . Canada 's constitution consists of almost 30 different statutes . The terms written constitution and codified constitution are often used interchangeably , as are unwritten constitution and uncodified constitution , although this usage is technically inaccurate . A codified constitution is a single document ; states that do not have such a document have uncodified , but not entirely unwritten , constitutions , since much of an uncodified constitution is usually written in laws such as the Basic Laws of Israel and the Parliament Acts of the United Kingdom . Uncodified constitutions largely lack protection against amendment by the government of the time . For example , the UK Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 legislated by simple majority for strictly fixed - term parliaments ; until then the ruling party could call a general election at any convenient time up to the maximum term of five years . This change would require a constitutional amendment in most nations . Entrenchment This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Constitution Further information : Fundamental Laws of England The presence or lack of entrenchment is a fundamental feature of constitutions . An entrenched constitution can not be altered in any way by a legislature as part of its normal business concerning ordinary statutory laws , but can only be amended by a different and more onerous procedure . There may be a requirement for a special body to be set up , or the proportion of favourable votes of members of existing legislative bodies may be required to be higher to pass a constitutional amendment than for statutes . The entrenched clauses of a constitution can create different degrees of entrenchment , ranging from simply excluding constitutional amendment from the normal business of a legislature , to making certain amendments either more difficult than normal modifications , or forbidden under any circumstances . Entrenchment is an inherent feature in most codified constitutions . A codified constitution will incorporate the rules which must be followed for the constitution itself to be changed . The US constitution is an example of an entrenched constitution , and the UK constitution is an example of a constitution that is not entrenched ( or codified ) . In some states the text of the constitution may be changed ; in others the original text is not changed , and amendments are passed which add to and may override the original text and earlier amendments . Procedures for constitutional amendment vary between states . In a nation with a federal system of government the approval of a majority of state or provincial legislatures may be required . Alternatively , a national referendum may be required . Details are to be found in the articles on the constitutions of the various nations and federal states in the world . In constitutions that are not entrenched , no special procedure is required for modification . Lack of entrenchment is a characteristic of uncodified constitutions ; the constitution is not recognised with any higher legal status than ordinary statutes . In the UK , for example laws which modify written or unwritten provisions of the constitution are passed on a simple majority in Parliament . No special `` constitutional amendment '' procedure is required . The principle of parliamentary sovereignty holds that no sovereign parliament may be bound by the acts of its predecessors ; and there is no higher authority that can create law which binds Parliament . The sovereign is nominally the head of state with important powers , such as the power to declare war ; the uncodified and unwritten constitution removes all these powers in practice . In practice democratic governments do not use the lack of entrenchment of the constitution to impose the will of the government or abolish all civil rights , as they could in theory do , but the distinction between constitutional and other law is still somewhat arbitrary , usually following historical principles embodied in important past legislation . For example , several British Acts of Parliament such as the Bill of Rights , Human Rights Act and , prior to the creation of Parliament , Magna Carta are regarded as granting fundamental rights and principles which are treated as almost constitutional . Several rights that in another state might be guaranteed by constitution have indeed been abolished or modified by the British parliament in the early 21st century , including the unconditional right to trial by jury , the right to silence without prejudicial inference , permissible detention before a charge is made extended from 24 hours to 42 days , and the right not to be tried twice for the same offence . Absolutely unmodifiable articles The strongest level of entrenchment exists in those constitutions that state that some of their most fundamental principles are absolute , i.e. certain articles may not be amended under any circumstances . An amendment of a constitution that is made consistently with that constitution , except that it violates the absolute non-modifiability , can be called an unconstitutional constitutional law . Ultimately it is always possible for a constitution to be overthrown by internal or external force , for example , a revolution ( perhaps claiming to be justified by the right to revolution ) or invasion . In the Constitution of India , the Supreme Court has created the Doctrine of Basic Structure in Kesavananda Bharti 's case ( 1973 ) stating that the essential features of the Basic structure can not be amended by the Parliament . The Court has identified judicial review , independence of Judiciary , free and fair election , core of Fundamental Rights as a few of the essential features which are unamendable . However , the Supreme Court did not identify specific provisions which are in the category of absolute entrenchment . A critical analysis of the Doctrine of Basic Structure appears in Professor M.K. Bhandari 's book Basic Structure of Indian Constitution - A Critical Reconsideration . An example of absolute unmodifiability is found in the German constitution . Articles 1 and 20 protect human dignity , human rights , democracy , rule of law , federal and social state principles , and the people 's right of resistance as a last resort against an attempt to abolish the constitutional order . Article 79 , Section 3 states that these principles can not be changed , even according to the methods of amendment defined elsewhere in the document , until a new constitution comes into effect . Another example is the Constitution of Honduras , which has an article stating that the article itself and certain other articles can not be changed in any circumstances . Article 374 of the Honduras Constitution asserts this unmodifiability , stating , `` It is not possible to reform , in any case , the preceding article , the present article , the constitutional articles referring to the form of government , to the national territory , to the presidential period , the prohibition to serve again as President of the Republic , the citizen who has performed under any title in consequence of which she / he can not be President of the Republic in the subsequent period . '' This unmodifiability article played an important role in the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis . Distribution of sovereignty See also : Federalism Constitutions also establish where sovereignty is located in the state . There are three basic types of distribution of sovereignty according to the degree of centralisation of power : unitary , federal , and confederal . The distinction is not absolute . In a unitary state , sovereignty resides in the state itself , and the constitution determines this . The territory of the state may be divided into regions , but they are not sovereign and are subordinate to the state . In the UK , the constitutional doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty dictates than sovereignty is ultimately contained at the centre . Some powers have been devolved to Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales ( but not England ) . Some unitary states ( Spain is an example ) devolve more and more power to sub-national governments until the state functions in practice much like a federal state . A federal state has a central structure with at most a small amount of territory mainly containing the institutions of the federal government , and several regions ( called states , provinces , etc . ) which compose the territory of the whole state . Sovereignty is divided between the centre and the constituent regions . The constitutions of Canada and the United States establish federal states , with power divided between the federal government and the provinces or states . Each of the regions may in turn have its own constitution ( of unitary nature ) . A confederal state comprises again several regions , but the central structure has only limited coordinating power , and sovereignty is located in the regions . Confederal constitutions are rare , and there is often dispute to whether so - called `` confederal '' states are actually federal . To some extent a group of states which do not constitute a federation as such may by treaties and accords give up parts of their sovereignty to a supranational entity . For example , the countries constituting the European Union have agreed to abide by some Union - wide measures which restrict their absolute sovereignty in some ways , e.g. , the use of the metric system of measurement instead of national units previously used . Separation of powers Main article : Separation of powers Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government . The standard model , described by the Baron de Montesquieu , involves three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . Some constitutions include additional branches , such as an auditory branch . Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches . Lines of accountability In presidential and semi-presidential systems of government , department secretaries / ministers are accountable to the president , who has patronage powers to appoint and dismiss ministers . The president is accountable to the people in an election . In parliamentary systems , Cabinet Ministers are accountable to Parliament , but it is the prime minister who appoints and dismisses them . In the case of the United Kingdom and other countries with a monarchy , it is the monarch who appoints and dismisses ministers , on the advice of the prime minister . In turn the prime minister will resign if the government loses the confidence of the parliament ( or a part of it ) . Confidence can be lost if the government loses a vote of no confidence or , depending on the country , loses a particularly important vote in parliament , such as vote on the budget . When a government loses confidence , it stays in office until a new government is formed ; something which normally but not necessarily required the holding of a general election . State of emergency Main article : State of emergency Many constitutions allow the declaration under exceptional circumstances of some form of state of emergency during which some rights and guarantees are suspended . This provision can be and has been abused to allow a government to suppress dissent without regard for human rights -- see the article on state of emergency . Facade constitutions See also : Constitutionalism Italian political theorist Giovanni Sartori noted the existence of national constitutions which are a facade for authoritarian sources of power . While such documents may express respect for human rights or establish an independent judiciary , they may be ignored when the government feels threatened , or never put into practice . An extreme example was the Constitution of the Soviet Union that on paper supported freedom of assembly and freedom of speech ; however , citizens who transgressed unwritten limits were summarily imprisoned . The example demonstrates that the protections and benefits of a constitution are ultimately provided not through its written terms but through deference by government and society to its principles . A constitution may change from being real to a facade and back again as democratic and autocratic governments succeed each other . Constitutional courts Further information : Constitutional court and Constitutionality Constitutions are often , but by no means always , protected by a legal body whose job it is to interpret those constitutions and , where applicable , declare void executive and legislative acts which infringe the constitution . In some countries , such as Germany , this function is carried out by a dedicated constitutional court which performs this ( and only this ) function . In other countries , such as Ireland , the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities . While elsewhere , like in the United Kingdom , the concept of declaring an act to be unconstitutional does not exist . A constitutional violation is an action or legislative act that is judged by a constitutional court to be contrary to the constitution , that is , unconstitutional . An example of constitutional violation by the executive could be a public office holder who acts outside the powers granted to that office by a constitution . An example of constitutional violation by the legislature is an attempt to pass a law that would contradict the constitution , without first going through the proper constitutional amendment process . Some countries , mainly those with uncodified constitutions , have no such courts at all . For example , the United Kingdom has traditionally operated under the principle of parliamentary sovereignty under which the laws passed by United Kingdom Parliament could not be questioned by the courts . See also Basic law , equivalent in some countries , often for a temporary constitution Apostolic constitution ( a class of Roman Catholic Church documents ) Constitution of the Roman Republic Constitutional court Constitutional crisis Constitutional economics Constitutionalism Corporate constitutional documents Judicial activism Judicial restraint Judicial review Philosophy of law Rule of law Rule according to higher law Judicial philosophies of constitutional interpretation ( note : generally specific to United States constitutional law ) List of national constitutions Originalism Strict constructionism Textualism Proposed European Union constitution Treaty of Lisbon ( adopts same changes , but without constitutional name ) United Nations Charter References Jump up ^ The New Oxford American Dictionary , Second Edn. , Erin McKean ( editor ) , 2051 pages , May 2005 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517077 - 6 . Jump up ^ R ( HS2 Action Alliance Ltd ) v Secretary of State for Transport ( 2014 ) UKSC 3 , ( 207 ) Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co. p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Siuli . Public Administration In India . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3979 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kashyap , Subhash . Our Constitution - An introduction to India 's Constitution and Constitution Law . National Book Trust , India . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 237 - 0734 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution Rankings - Comparative Constitutions Project '' . Comparative Constitutions Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . July 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Constitute '' . www.constituteproject.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ The historical and institutional context of Roman law , George Mousourakis , 2003 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Gordon , Scott ( 1999 ) . Controlling the State : Constitutionalism from Ancient Athens to Today . Harvard University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 16987 - 5 . Jump up ^ See : Reuven Firestone , Jihād : the origin of holy war in Islam ( 1999 ) p. 118 ; `` Muhammad '' , Encyclopedia of Islam Online Jump up ^ Watt . Muhammad at Medina and R.B. Serjeant `` The Constitution of Medina . '' Islamic Quarterly 8 ( 1964 ) p. 4 . Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant , The Sunnah Jami'ah , pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrim of Yathrib : Analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so - called `` Constitution of Medina . '' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London , Vol. 41 , No. 1 . ( 1978 ) , page 4 . Jump up ^ Watt . Muhammad at Medina . pp. 227 -- 228 Watt argues that the initial agreement was shortly after the hijra and the document was amended at a later date specifically after the battle of Badr ( AH ( anno hijra ) 2 , = AD 624 ) . Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina with the first treaty being written shortly after Muhammad 's arrival . R.B. Serjeant . `` The Sunnah Jâmi'ah , Pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrîm of Yathrib : Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so called ' Constitution of Medina ' . '' in The Life of Muhammad : The Formation of the Classical Islamic World : Volume iv . Ed . Uri Rubin . Brookfield : Ashgate , 1998 , p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 ( 1978 ) : 18 ff . See also Caetani . Annali dell'Islam , Volume I. Milano : Hoepli , 1905 , p. 393 . Julius Wellhausen . Skizzen und Vorabeiten , IV , Berlin : Reimer , 1889 , p 82f who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra . Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad 's residence in Medina , before the battle of Badr in 2 / 624 . Wellhausen bases this judgement on three considerations ; first Muhammad is very diffident about his own position , he accepts the Pagan tribes within the Umma , and maintains the Jewish clans as clients of the Ansars see Wellhausen , Excursus , p. 158 . Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within 5 months of Muhammad 's arrival in Medina . Moshe Gil . `` The Constitution of Medina : A Reconsideration . '' Israel Oriental Studies 4 ( 1974 ) : p. 45 . Jump up ^ The Late Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century ... - John V.A. Fine , John Van Antwerp Fine - Google Böcker . Google Books . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Metasearch Search Engine . Search.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dusanov Zakonik . Dusanov Zakonik . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mangoné Naing , SAH / D ( 2006 ) 563 The KURUKAN FUGA Charter : An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention , Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa organised by Sahel and West Africa Club / OECD , Ouagadougou ( Burkina Faso ) , June 26 to 28 , 2006 . pp. 71 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` The United States has `` the longest surviving constitution . '' `` . PolitiFact.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : cultural fictions and government policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 745 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grinde , D ( 1992 ) . `` Iroquois political theory and the roots of American democracy '' . In Lyons O. Exiled in the land of the free : democracy , Indian nations , and the U.S. Constitution . Santa Fe , N.M : Clear Light Publishers . ISBN 0 - 940666 - 15 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ; Donald A. Grinde , Jr. ( 1991 ) . Exemplar of liberty : native America and the evolution of democracy . ( Los Angeles ) : American Indian Studies Center , University of California , Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 935626 - 35 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Armstrong , VI ( 1971 ) . I Have Spoken : American History Through the Voices of the Indians . Swallow Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8040 - 0530 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` H. Con . Res. 331 , October 21 , 1988 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shannon , TJ ( 2000 ) . Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire : The Albany Congress of 1754 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8818 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rakove , J ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois ? '' . George Mason University . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jennings F ( 1988 ) . Empire of fortune : crown , colonies , and tribes in the Seven Years War in America . New York : Norton . pp. 259n15 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Jump up ^ Franklin 's statement reads `` It would be a strange thing if Six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a scheme for such an union , and be able to execute it in such a manner as that it has subsisted ages and appears indissoluble ; and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a dozen English colonies , to whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous , and who can not be supposed to want an equal understanding of their interests . '' Benjamin Franklin on the Iroquois League , in a letter to James Parker , 1751 Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ; Donald A. Grinde , Jr. ( 1998 ) . `` Expanding the scope of `` Permissible Debate '' `` . Debating Democracy : Native American Legacy of Freedom . ( Santa Fe ) : Clear Light Publishers , Santa Fe , New Mexico . ISBN 0 - 940666 - 79 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Snow DR ( 1996 ) . The Iroquois ( The Peoples of America Series ) . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . pp. 154 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 938 - 3 . Jump up ^ Instrument of Government ( England ( 1653 ) ) - Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Francis D. Wormuth ( 1949 ) . THE ORIGINS OF MODERN CONSTITUTIONALISM . HARPER & BROTHERS . Jump up ^ Tyacke p. 69 Jump up ^ Farr pp. 80 , 81 . See Declaration of Representation of June 14 , 1647 Jump up ^ Fritze , Ronald H. & Robison , William B. ( 1996 ) . Historical dictionary of Stuart England , 1603 -- 1689 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28391 - 5 p. 228 Jump up ^ Lee , Sidney ( 1903 ) , Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome p. 991 . Jump up ^ constitution ( politics and law ) - Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blaustein , Albert ( January 1993 ) . Constitutions of the World . Fred B. Rothman & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 0362 - 6 . Jump up ^ Isaac Kramnick , Introduction , Madison , James ( November 1987 ) . The Federalist Papers . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044495 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The first European country to follow the U.S. example was Poland in 1791 . '' John Markoff , Waves of Democracy , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8039 - 9019 - 7 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Payne , Stanley G. ( 1973 ) . A History of Spain and Portugal : Eighteenth Century to Franco . 2 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 432 -- 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 06270 - 5 . The Spanish pattern of conspiracy and revolt by liberal army officers ... was emulated in both Portugal and Italy . In the wake of Riego 's successful rebellion , the first and only pronunciamiento in Italian history was carried out by liberal officers in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies . The Spanish - style military conspiracy also helped to inspire the beginning of the Russian revolutionary movement with the revolt of the Decembrist army officers in 1825 . Italian liberalism in 1820 -- 1821 relied on junior officers and the provincial middle classes , essentially the same social base as in Spain . It even used a Hispanized political vocabulary , for it was led by giunte ( juntas ) , appointed local capi politici ( jefes políticos ) , used the terms of liberali and servili ( emulating the Spanish word serviles applied to supporters of absolutism ) , and in the end talked of resisting by means of a guerrilla . For both Portuguese and Italian liberals of these years , the Spanish constitution of 1812 remained the standard document of reference . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1982 , s . 60 Jump up ^ The Constitutional Law Group , Canadian Constitutional Law . 3rd ed . Toronto : Emond Montgomery Publications Ltd. , 2003 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Saul , John Ralston . The Doubter 's Companion : A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense . Toronto : Penguin , 1995 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , by Francesco Hayez Jump up ^ Relectiones , Franciscus de Victoria ( lect. 1532 , first pub. 1557 ) . Jump up ^ The Law of War and Peace , Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) Jump up ^ Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos ( Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants ) , `` Junius Brutus '' ( Orig . Fr. 1581 , Eng . tr. 1622 , 1688 ) Jump up ^ The American Republic : its Constitution , Tendencies , and Destiny , O.A. Brownson ( 1866 ) Jump up ^ Principles of Constitutional Design , Donald S. Lutz ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 86168 - 3 Jump up ^ The Paradox of Self - Amendment , byPeter Suber ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 8204 - 1212 - 0 Jump up ^ Weingast , Barry R. ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Constitutional Dilemma of Economic Liberty '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 108 . doi : 10.1257 / 089533005774357815 . Jump up ^ González de Lara , Yadira ; Greif , Avner ; Jha , Saumitra ( May 2008 ) . `` The Administrative Foundations of Self - Enforcing Constitutions '' . The American Economic Review . 98 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 109 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 98.2. 105 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Laws - Introduction '' . The Knesset. 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Article gives information on the procedures for amending each of the Basic Laws of Israel . Jump up ^ UK principle : no Parliament is bound by the acts of its predecessors Jump up ^ `` Republic of Honduras : Political Constitution of 1982 through 2005 reforms ; Article 374 '' . Political Database of the Americas ( in Spanish ) . Georgetown University . Jump up ^ A synchronic comparative perspective were before the founding fathers of Italian Constitution , when they were faced with the question of bicameralism and related issues of confidence and the legislative procedure , Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2013 ) . `` Il bicameralismo tra due modelli mancati '' . L'Ago e il filo edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) External links Look up constitution in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Constitution Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : Constitutional documents Constitute , an indexed and searchable database of all constitutions in force Dictionary of the History of Ideas Constitutionalism Constitutional Law , `` Constitutions , bibliography , links '' International Constitutional Law : English translations of various national constitutions constitutions of countries of the European Union United Nations Rule of Law : Constitution - making , on the relationship between constitution - making , the rule of law and the United Nations . Democracy in Ancient India by Steve Muhlberger of Nipissing University Report on the British constitution and proposed European constitution by Professor John McEldowney , University of Warwick Submitted as written evidence to House of Lords Select Committee on Constitution , published to the public on October 15 , 2003 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitution . 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6948426368526765751 | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of October 29 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=866403138 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | which nba player has scored the most points | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition(s)\n\nTeam(s) played for (years)[3]\n\nTotal points\n\nGames played\n\nPoints per gameaverage[4]\n\nField goalsmade\n\nThree-pointfield goalsmade[5]\n\nFree throws made\n\n\n1\n\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[6]\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n\n38,387\n\n1,560\n\n24.6\n\n15,837\n\n1\n\n6,712\n\n\n2\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nPF\n\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n\n36,928\n\n1,476\n\n25.0\n\n13,528\n\n85\n\n9,787\n\n\n3\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n33,643\n\n1,346\n\n25.0\n\n11,719\n\n1,827\n\n8,378\n\n\n4\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nSG\n\nChicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)Washington Wizards (2001–2003)\n\n32,292\n\n1,072\n\n30.1\n\n12,192\n\n581\n\n7,327\n\n\n5\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)\n\n31,419\n\n1,045\n\n30.1\n\n12,681\n\n0\n\n6,057\n\n\n6\n\nLeBron James^\n\nSF/PF\n\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)\n\n31,231\n\n1,150\n\n27.2\n\n11,350\n\n1,626\n\n6,905\n\n\n7\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF/C\n\nDallas Mavericks (1999–present)\n\n31,187\n\n1,471\n\n21.2\n\n11,034\n\n1,918\n\n7,201\n\n\n8\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nC\n\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)Miami Heat (2004–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)Boston Celtics (2010–2011)\n\n28,596\n\n1,207\n\n23.7\n\n11,330\n\n1\n\n5,935\n\n\n9\n\nMoses Malone*\n\nC\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976)Houston Rockets (1976–1982)Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)Washington Bullets (1986–1988)Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n\n27,409\n\n1,329\n\n20.6\n\n9,435\n\n8\n\n8,531\n\n\n10\n\nElvin Hayes*\n\nPF/C\n\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)\n\n27,313\n\n1,303\n\n21.0\n\n10,976\n\n5\n\n5,356\n\n\n11\n\nHakeem Olajuwon*[7]\n\nC\n\nHouston Rockets (1984–2001)Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)\n\n26,946\n\n1,238\n\n21.8\n\n10,749\n\n25\n\n5,423\n\n\n12\n\nOscar Robertson*\n\nPG\n\nCincinnati Royals (1960–1970)Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)\n\n26,710\n\n1,040\n\n25.7\n\n9,508\n\n0\n\n7,694\n\n\n13\n\nDominique Wilkins*\n\nSF\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1982–1994)Los Angeles Clippers (1994)Boston Celtics (1994–1995)San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)Orlando Magic (1999)\n\n26,668\n\n1,074\n\n24.8\n\n9,963\n\n711\n\n6,031\n\n\n14\n\nTim Duncan†\n\nPF/C\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n\n26,496\n\n1,392\n\n19.0\n\n10,285\n\n30\n\n5,896\n\n\n15\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSF/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n26,397\n\n1,343\n\n19.7\n\n8,668\n\n2,143\n\n6,918\n\n\n16\n\nJohn Havlicek*\n\nSF/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1962–1978)\n\n26,395\n\n1,270\n\n20.8\n\n10,513\n\n0\n\n5,369\n\n\n17\n\nKevin Garnett†\n\nPF/C\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)Boston Celtics (2007–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n\n26,071\n\n1,462\n\n17.8\n\n10,505\n\n174\n\n4,887\n\n\n18\n\nAlex English*\n\nSF\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)\n\n25,613\n\n1,193\n\n21.5\n\n10,659\n\n18\n\n4,277\n\n\n19\n\nCarmelo Anthony^\n\nSF\n\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)\n\n25,488\n\n1,059\n\n24.1\n\n9,114\n\n1,353\n\n5,907\n\n\n20\n\nReggie Miller*\n\nSG\n\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n\n25,279\n\n1,389\n\n18.2\n\n8,241\n\n2,560\n\n6,237\n\n\n21\n\nJerry West*\n\nPG/SG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)\n\n25,192\n\n932\n\n27.0\n\n9,016\n\n0\n\n7,160\n\n\n22\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\nToronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n24,915\n\n1,411\n\n17.7\n\n9,005\n\n2,117\n\n4,788\n\n\n23\n\nPatrick Ewing*\n\nC\n\nNew York Knicks (1985–2000)Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)Orlando Magic (2001–2002)\n\n24,815\n\n1,183\n\n21.0\n\n9,702\n\n19\n\n5,392\n\n\n24\n\nRay Allen*\n\nSG\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)\n\n24,505\n\n1,300\n\n18.9\n\n8,567\n\n2,973\n\n4,398\n\n\n25\n\nAllen Iverson*\n\nSG/PG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)Memphis Grizzlies (2009)\n\n24,368\n\n914\n\n26.7\n\n8,467\n\n1,059\n\n6,375\n\n\n26\n\nCharles Barkley*\n\nPF\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1984–1992)Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)Houston Rockets (1996–2000)\n\n23,757\n\n1,073\n\n22.1\n\n8,435\n\n538\n\n6,349\n\n\n27\n\nRobert Parish*\n\nC\n\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)Boston Celtics (1980–1994)Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n\n23,334\n\n1,611\n\n14.5\n\n9,614\n\n0\n\n4,106\n\n\n28\n\nAdrian Dantley*\n\nSF\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976–1977)Indiana Pacers (1977)Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)Utah Jazz (1979–1986)Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)Milwaukee Bucks (1991)\n\n23,177\n\n955\n\n24.3\n\n8,169\n\n7\n\n6,832\n\n\n29\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nSF\n\nMinneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)\n\n23,149\n\n846\n\n27.4\n\n8,693\n\n0\n\n5,763\n\n\n30\n\nClyde Drexler*\n\nSG\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)Houston Rockets (1995–1998)\n\n22,195\n\n1,086\n\n20.4\n\n8,335\n\n827\n\n4,698\n\n\n31\n\nDwyane Wade^\n\nSG\n\nMiami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)Chicago Bulls (2016–2017) Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)\n\n22,155\n\n988\n\n22.4\n\n8,066\n\n472\n\n5,551\n\n\n32\n\nGary Payton*\n\nPG\n\nSeattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)Milwaukee Bucks (2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)Boston Celtics (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)\n\n21,813\n\n1,335\n\n16.3\n\n8,708\n\n1,132\n\n3,265\n\n\n33\n\nLarry Bird*\n\nSF/PF\n\nBoston Celtics (1979–1992)\n\n21,791\n\n897\n\n24.3\n\n8,591\n\n649\n\n3,960\n\n\n34\n\nHal Greer*\n\nSG/PG\n\nSyracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)\n\n21,586\n\n1,122\n\n19.2\n\n8,504\n\n0\n\n4,578\n\n\n35\n\nKevin Durant^\n\nSF\n\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)\n\n21,139\n\n779\n\n27.1\n\n7,178\n\n1,445\n\n5,338\n\n\n36\n\nWalt Bellamy*\n\nC\n\nChicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)New York Knicks (1965–1968)Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)New Orleans Jazz (1974)\n\n20,941\n\n1,043\n\n20.1\n\n7,914\n\n0\n\n5,113\n\n\n37\n\nBob Pettit*\n\nPF/C\n\nMilwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)\n\n20,880\n\n792\n\n26.4\n\n7,349\n\n0\n\n6,182\n\n\n38\n\nPau Gasol^\n\nC/PF\n\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)\n\n20,815\n\n1,202\n\n17.3\n\n7,951\n\n176\n\n4,737\n\n\n39\n\nDavid Robinson*\n\nC\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)\n\n20,790\n\n987\n\n21.1\n\n7,365\n\n25\n\n6,035\n\n\n40\n\nGeorge Gervin*\n\nSG/SF\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)\n\n20,708\n\n791\n\n26.2\n\n8,045\n\n77\n\n4,541\n\n\n41\n\nMitch Richmond*\n\nSG\n\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n\n20,497\n\n976\n\n21.0\n\n7,305\n\n1,326\n\n4,561\n\n\n42\n\nJoe Johnson^\n\nSG/SF\n\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018)\n\n20,405\n\n1,276\n\n16.0\n\n7,822\n\n1,978\n\n2,783\n\n\n43\n\nTom Chambers\n\nPF\n\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1983)Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)Utah Jazz (1993–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997)\n\n20,049\n\n1,107\n\n18.1\n\n7,378\n\n227\n\n5,066\n\n\n44\n\nAntawn Jamison\n\nPF/SF\n\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2003)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Washington Wizards (2004–2010)Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n\n20,042\n\n1,083\n\n18.5\n\n7,679\n\n1,163\n\n3,521\n\n\n45\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nPG\n\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n\n19,711\n\n1,504\n\n13.1\n\n7,039\n\n845\n\n4,788\n\n\n46\n\nBernard King*\n\nSF\n\nNew Jersey Nets (1977–1979, 1993)Utah Jazz (1979)Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)Washington Bullets (1987–1991)\n\n19,655\n\n874\n\n22.5\n\n7,830\n\n23\n\n3,972\n\n\n47\n\nClifford Robinson\n\nPF/SF\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n\n19,591\n\n1,380\n\n14.2\n\n7,389\n\n1,253\n\n3,560\n\n\n48\n\nWalter Davis\n\nSG/SF\n\nPhoenix Suns (1977–1988)Denver Nuggets (1988–1991, 1991–1992)Portland Trail Blazers (1991)\n\n19,521\n\n1,033\n\n18.9\n\n8,118\n\n157\n\n3,128\n\n\n49\n\nTerry Cummings\n\nPF\n\nSan Diego Clippers (1982–1984)Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989, 1995–1996)San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)New York Knicks (1998)Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)\n\n19,460\n\n1,183\n\n16.4\n\n8,045\n\n44\n\n3,326\n\n\n50\n\nBob Lanier*\n\nC\n\nDetroit Pistons (1970–1980)Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)\n\n19,248\n\n959\n\n20.1\n\n7,761\n\n2\n\n3,724\n"
] | [
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
] |
1066050710129504015 | The Voice (U.S. season 14) | The Voice ( Us season 14 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( Us season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Voice Season 14 Broadcast from February 26 -- May 22 , 2018 Coaches Adam Levine Alicia Keys Kelly Clarkson Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Broadcaster NBC Winner Brynn Cartelli Origin Longmeadow , Massachusetts Song `` Walk My Way '' Genre ( s ) Pop , soul Coach Kelly Clarkson Runner - up Britton Buchanan Chronology ◀ Early 2018 ▶ The fourteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on February 26 , 2018 , on NBC . New coach Kelly Clarkson and returning coach Alicia Keys replaced Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson . An ad for this season was released on YouTube for the Super Bowl 52 on February 4 , 2018 . On May 22 , 2018 , Brynn Cartelli was crowned the winner of The Voice . With her win , the fifteen year - old became the youngest winner in the show 's history . Sawyer Fredericks at sixteen was the youngest until Cartelli won . With her victory , Kelly Clarkson became the first new coach to win on their first season , and overall the third female winning coach , behind Christina Aguilera and Alicia Keys . Additionally , runner - up Britton Buchanan became the highest - placing artist who advanced via an Instant Save , following Joshua Davis of Season 8 and Chris Jamison of Season 7 , who both placed third . This season also marked the second time in the show 's history that Blake did not have at least one artist in the Top 2 , the first time since the fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( Feb. 26 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( Feb. 27 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( March 5 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( March 6 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( March 12 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( March 13 ) 3.6. 1 Notes 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 Live Shows 6.1 Week 1 : Live Playoffs ( April 16 , 17 , and 18 ) 6.1. 1 Round 1 6.1. 2 Round 2 6.2 Week 2 : Top 12 ( April 23 & 24 ) 6.3 Week 3 : Top 11 ( April 30 & May 1 ) 6.4 Week 4 : Top 10 ( May 7 & 8 ) 6.5 Week 5 : Semifinals ( May 14 & 15 ) 6.6 Week 6 : Finale ( May 21 & 22 ) 7 Elimination chart 7.1 Overall 7.2 Teams 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Artists who appeared on other shows or previous seasons 10 References 11 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 14 coaches Adam Levine Alicia Keys Kelly Clarkson Blake Shelton The coaching lineup changed once again for the fourteenth season . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches , making them the only members of the coaching panel to be part of all fourteen seasons . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson were replaced by returning coach Alicia Keys , who returned after a one season absence and was participating in her third season , and Kelly Clarkson , who served as an advisor for Team Blake during the Battle rounds in the second season and key advisor for all the teams during the Knockout Rounds in the thirteenth season . Carson Daly returned for his fourteenth season as host This season a new feature , the Block , was added during the Blind Auditions . This allows the coaches to block one coach from getting an artist the coach turned around for . Also , Season 14 introduced a Save button that allows a coach to save an artist they just eliminated during the Knockouts Round . However , if another coach also presses his or her Steal button , the contestant can then decide whether they want to go to a new team or return to their former coach . This season 's advisors for the Battle Rounds are Julia Michaels for Team Adam , Shawn Mendes for Team Alicia , Hailee Steinfeld for Team Kelly , and Trace Adkins for Team Blake . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in Live Shows Eliminated in the Live Playoffs Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in The Knockouts Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Withdrew Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr Jackie Verna Sharane Calister Mia Boostrom Drew Cole Reid Umstattd Gary Edwards Jackie Foster Jordyn Simone Miya Bass Tish Haynes Keys Angel Bonilla Stephanie Skipper Genesis Diaz Davison Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan Jackie Foster Christiana Danielle Johnny Bliss Terrence Cunningham Kelsea Johnson Sharane Calister Dallas Caroline Miya Bass Jaclyn Lovey Jordyn Simone Livia Faith Megan Lee Shana Halligan Jamai Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli Kaleb Lee D.R. King Alexa Cappelli Dylan Hartigan Tish Haynes Keys Jorge Eduardo Jamella Justin Kilgore Jackie Foster Dylan Hartigan Molly Stevens Teana Boston Amber Sauer Hannah Goebel Blake Shelton Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Pryor Baird Gary Edwards Austin Giorgio WILKES Dylan Hartigan Jaron Strom Jaclyn Lovey Dallas Caroline Kaleb Lee Brett Hunter Jordan Kirkdorffer Bransen Ireland JessLee Note : Italicized names are stolen artists ( names struck through within former teams ) . Underlined names are artists who were saved by their coach in the Knockouts and advanced to the Live Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) A new feature within the Blind Auditions this season is the Block , which each coach can use once to prevent one of the other coaches from getting a contestant . Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist picked a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button ✘ Coach pressed the `` I WANT YOU '' button , but was `` blocked '' by another coach from getting the artist Episode 1 ( Feb. 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Britton Buchanan 17 Sanford , North Carolina `` Trouble '' ✘ ✔ -- ✔ Brynn Cartelli 14 Longmeadow , Massachusetts `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Rayshun LaMarr 33 Fort Washington , Maryland `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ✔ ✔ -- -- Kyla Jade 33 Nashville , Tennessee `` See Saw '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Blaise Raccuglia 25 Austin , Texas `` Wanted '' -- -- -- -- 6 Kelsea Johnson 21 Newark , Delaware `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 7 Drew Cole 25 Los Angeles , California `` Sex and Candy '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 8 D.R. King 34 Strongsville , Ohio `` Believer '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Kaleb Lee 31 Ormond Beach , Florida `` Never Wanted Nothing More '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 10 Makenzie Thomas 19 Wallingford , Kentucky `` Redbone '' -- -- -- -- 11 Justin Kilgore 30 Buffalo , Texas `` Tomorrow '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ Episode 2 ( Feb. 27 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Davison 23 Little Rock , Arkansas `` To Love Somebody '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Jaclyn Lovey 16 Placerville , California `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Sophia Dion 17 Park City , Utah `` What a Man '' -- -- -- -- Brittney Spencer 26 North Ridgeville , Ohio `` Road Less Traveled '' -- -- -- -- 5 Karianne Jean 18 Palmdale , California `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' -- -- -- -- 6 WILDEE 23 Westerly , Rhode Island `` Legends '' -- -- -- -- 7 Molly Stevens 34 Raleigh , North Carolina `` Heavenly Day '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Dylan Hartigan 21 Wyckoff , New Jersey `` Danny 's Song '' -- -- ✔ -- 9 Pryor Baird 35 Orcutt , California `` I Do n't Need No Doctor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 3 ( March 5 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Christiana Danielle 22 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Hotline Bling '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Brett Hunter 33 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' -- -- -- ✔ Jamai 29 Chester , Pennsylvania `` U Got It Bad '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Mitch Cardoza 22 Dartmouth , Massachusetts `` No Woman , No Cry '' -- -- -- -- 5 Mia Boostrom 24 Boston , Massachusetts `` Pillowtalk '' ✔ -- -- -- 6 Jackie Foster 21 Boston , Massachusetts `` What About Us '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 7 Kayla Woodson 23 Nashville , Tennessee `` Turn On the Radio '' -- -- -- -- 8 Reid Umstattd 34 Austin , Texas `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Jorge Eduardo 19 Guadalajara , Mexico / Dallas , Texas `` Despacito '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Jamella 21 Mission Viejo , California `` Dive '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 11 Angel Bonilla 31 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Lay Me Down '' ✔ -- -- -- 12 Austin Giorgio 21 Rochester , New York `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 13 Johnny Bliss 26 Puerto Rico / New York City , New York `` Preciosa '' ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ Episode 4 ( March 6 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Spensha Baker 24 San Antonio , Texas `` Blackbird '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Alexa Cappelli 18 Upland , California `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' ✔ - ✔ - Adrian Brannan 25 Elko , Nevada `` Two More Bottles of Wine '' -- -- -- -- WILKES 33 Waleska , Georgia `` One Headlight '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 5 . JessLee 26 Loxahatchee , Florida `` I 'm With You '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Jordyn Simone 17 Los Angeles , California `` Tennessee Whiskey '' -- ✔ -- -- 7 Megan Lee 22 Los Angeles , California `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- ✔ -- -- 8 Jaron Strom 29 Earth `` This Magic Moment '' -- -- -- ✔ 9 Terrence Cunningham 36 Washington , D.C. `` My Girl '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( March 12 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Stephanie Skipper 33 Nashville , Tennessee `` Piece by Piece '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Tish Haynes Keys 37 St. Louis , Missouri `` Chain of Fools '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Bransen Ireland 27 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Tulsa Time '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Teddy Chipouras 35 Lovettsville , Virginia `` Ophelia '' -- -- -- -- 5 Arlo Montenegro 24 Brooklyn , New York `` Attention '' -- -- -- -- 6 Daniel Garcia 19 Westfield , New Jersey `` Perfect '' -- -- -- -- 7 Teana Boston 16 Stockton , California `` Unfaithful '' -- -- ✔ -- 8 Miya Bass 25 Queens , New York `` Issues '' ✔ -- -- -- 9 Livia Faith 17 Stanton , Kentucky `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ 10 Jordan Kirkdorffer 28 New Paris , Indiana `` In Case You Did n't Know '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Shana Halligan 44 Los Angeles , California `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' -- ✔ -- -- 12 Gary Edwards 26 Dallas , Texas `` What 's Going On '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 13 Mercedes Ferreira - Dias 16 Miami , Florida `` All I Ask '' -- -- -- -- 14 Hannah Goebel 21 Nashville , Tennessee `` If I Ai n't Got You '' ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( March 13 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Genesis Diaz 18 Miami , Florida `` Praying '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Sharane Calister 24 Des Moines , Iowa `` Make It Rain '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Dallas Caroline 17 Santa Rosa , California `` Always on My Mind '' ✔ Team full ✔ ✔ Allen Pride Bowser 28 Chicago , Illinois `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' -- -- Team full 5 Jackie Verna 22 West Chester , Pennsylvania `` Peter Pan '' ✔ -- 6 Amber Sauer 35 Paradise , California `` Shape of You '' Team full ✔ Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blocked by Blake . Jump up ^ Blocked by Alicia . Jump up ^ Blocked by Adam . Jump up ^ Blocked by Kelly . The battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds started on March 19 . Season fourteen 's advisors include : Julia Michaels for Team Adam , Shawn Mendes for Team Alicia , Hailee Steinfeld for Team Kelly , and Trace Adkins for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from other coaches . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Artist voluntarily left the competition Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser ' Steal ' result Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Episode 7 ( Monday , March 19 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys Sharane Calister `` Mercy '' Jamai -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli `` ... Ready for It ? '' Dylan Hartigan -- -- N / A ✔ Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` One Last Time '' JessLee -- -- -- N / A Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` Sweet Thing '' Tish Haynes Keys N / A -- ✔ -- Alicia Keys 5 Christiana Danielle `` Use Somebody '' Shana Halligan -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson 6 D.R. King `` Sign of the Times '' Jackie Foster ✔ ✔ N / A ✔ Episode 8 ( Tuesday , March 20 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Jorge Eduardo `` Starving '' Amber Sauer -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Reid Umstattd `` Love on the Brain '' Davison N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Jaron Strom `` Head Over Boots '' Bransen Ireland -- -- -- N / A Alicia Keys Johnny Bliss `` Versace on the Floor '' Megan Lee -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson 5 Jamella `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' Teana Boston -- -- N / A -- Alicia Keys 6 Kelsea Johnson `` Do n't Let Go ( Love ) '' Jordyn Simone ✔ N / A ✔ -- Episode 9 ( Monday , March 26 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Do n't Do Me Like That '' Kaleb Lee Team full -- ✔ N / A Adam Levine Mia Boostrom `` Because of You '' Genesis Diaz -- Team full -- Kelly Clarkson Justin Kilgore `` Burning House '' Molly Stevens -- -- Adam Levine Drew Cole `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Miya Bass ✔ -- Blake Shelton 5 WILKES `` Nobody to Blame '' Jordan Kirkdorffer -- N / A Alicia Keys 6 Britton Buchanan `` Thinking Out Loud '' Jaclyn Lovey N / A ✔ Episode 10 ( Tuesday , March 27 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` These Dreams '' Stephanie Skipper Team full -- Team full Team full Gary Edwards `` When You Believe '' Angel Bonilla -- Alicia Keys Terrence Cunningham `` Stars '' Livia Faith N / A Blake Shelton Austin Giorgio `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' Brett Hunter -- Kelly Clarkson 5 Alexa Cappelli `` Pray '' Hannah Goebel -- Blake Shelton 6 Spensha Baker `` I Could Use a Love Song '' Dallas Caroline ✔ Episode 11 ( Wednesday , March 28 , 2018 ) The eleventh episode was a special episode titled `` The Best of the Blinds and Battles '' . It featured some of the best moments from the blind auditions , battles , and other unseen content . ^ Alexa Cappelli was paired with Hannah Goebel for the battles , but due to personal reasons , Goebel withdrew . Therefore , Cappelli performed alone and moved on by default . The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round started on April 2nd . The coaches can each steal one losing artist from another team and save one artist who lost their Knockout on their own team . The top 24 contestants then moved on to the Live Playoffs . For the first time in Voice history , past winners of the show returned as Key Advisors -- Jordan Smith for Team Adam , Chris Blue for Team Alicia , Cassadee Pope for Team Kelly , and Chloe Kohanski for Team Blake . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was saved by their coach and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was Eliminated Episodes Coach Order Song Artists Song ' Steal ' / ' Save ' result Winner Loser Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Episode 12 ( Monday , April 2 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton `` You Do n't Own Me '' Kyla Jade Jaclyn Lovey `` Put Your Records On '' -- -- -- -- Kelly Clarkson `` Free '' Kaleb Lee Justin Kilgore `` Shameless '' -- -- -- -- Adam Levine `` Wade in the Water '' Mia Boostrom Jackie Foster `` Bring Me to Life '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Blake Shelton `` Broken Halos '' Spensha Baker Austin Giorgio `` Almost Like Being in Love '' -- Steal Used -- ✔ Alicia Keys 5 `` Alive '' Johnny Bliss Miya Bass `` Castle on the Hill '' -- -- -- -- Adam Levine 6 `` American Honey '' Jackie Verna Drew Cole `` Slow Hands '' ✔ Steal Used -- ✔ Episode 13 ( Tuesday , April 3 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson `` Here Comes Goodbye '' Brynn Cartelli Jamella `` Girl Crush '' -- Steal Used -- -- Blake Shelton `` Will It Go Round in Circles '' Pryor Baird Jaron Strom `` Grenade '' -- -- Save Used Alicia Keys `` Tell Me Something Good '' Terrence Cunningham Christiana Danielle `` Elastic Heart '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Episode 14 ( Monday , April 9 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys `` New York State of Mind '' Britton Buchanan Dallas Caroline `` Bless the Broken Road '' -- Team full -- -- Kelly Clarkson `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' D.R. King Tish Haynes Keys `` Lady Marmalade '' ✔ ✔ -- Blake Shelton `` The Climb '' WILKES Dylan Hartigan `` You Are the Best Thing '' -- ✔ Save Used Adam Levine `` Fallin ' '' Rayshun LaMarr Gary Edwards `` Many Rivers to Cross '' Save Used Team Full ✔ Kelly Clarkson 5 `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' Alexa Cappelli Jorge Eduardo `` Adorn '' -- Team Full Adam Levine 6 `` Let Him Fly '' Reid Umstattd Jordyn Simone `` Tell Me You Love Me '' Save Used Alicia Keys 7 `` Rise Up '' Kelsea Johnson Sharane Calister `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' ✔ Episode 15 ( Tuesday , April 10 , 2018 ) The fifteenth episode was a special episode titled `` The Road to the Live Shows . '' The episode showed the best moments of the season so far , including the blind auditions , the journey of the top 24 contestants , and some unseen footage . Live Shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three or was saved by the coach Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Live Playoffs ( April 16 , 17 , and 18 ) ( edit ) For the first time , the Live Playoffs were split into two rounds and introduced immunity to the highest vote - getters to advance to the Top 12 in Round 1 . Round 1 ( edit ) During the first round of the Live Playoffs , all of the Top 24 performed for the votes of the public . The artist with the highest amount of votes on each team directly advanced to the Top 12 , receiving immunity from the Round 2 eliminations , and left the remaining five artists from each team to perform again in Round 2 . Color key : Artist received the highest number of votes on his / her team and directly advanced to the Top 12 Artist was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again in Round 2 Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 16 ( Monday , April 16 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Alexa Cappelli `` It Hurt So Bad '' Not Chosen Kaleb Lee `` You Do n't Even Know Who I Am '' Not Chosen Tish Haynes Keys `` Nothing Left For You '' Not Chosen Brynn Cartelli `` Unstoppable '' Public 's vote 5 Dylan Hartigan `` Come Pick Me Up '' Not Chosen 6 D.R. King `` Home '' Not Chosen Adam Levine 7 Drew Cole `` Man In the Mirror '' Not Chosen 8 Mia Boostrom `` Baby I Love You '' Not Chosen 9 Jackie Verna `` Tim McGraw '' Not Chosen 10 Rayshun LaMarr `` Overjoyed '' Not Chosen 11 Sharane Calister `` Never Enough '' Public 's vote 12 Reid Umstattd `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Not Chosen Blake Shelton 13 Austin Giorgio `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' Not Chosen 14 Pryor Baird `` I Was Wrong '' Not Chosen 15 Kyla Jade `` How Great Thou Art '' Public 's vote 16 Gary Edwards `` Finesse '' Not Chosen 17 Spensha Baker `` I Still Believe in You '' Not Chosen 18 WILKES `` Brother '' Not Chosen Alicia Keys 19 Johnny Bliss `` América América '' Not Chosen 20 Kelsea Johnson `` You Know I 'm No Good '' Not Chosen 21 Terrence Cunningham `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore '' Not Chosen 22 Jackie Foster `` Never Tear Us Apart '' Not Chosen 23 Christiana Danielle `` Hey Ya ! '' Not Chosen 24 Britton Buchanan `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' Public 's vote Round 2 ( edit ) On Nights 2 and 3 , the twenty remaining artists performed a second time for the votes of the public ( this vote was separate from the Round 1 vote ) . The highest vote - getter and a coach 's choice from each team joined the other four artists from Round 1 in the Top 12 . Color key : Artist received the Public 's vote and advanced to the Top 12 Artist was selected by their coach to advance to the Top 12 Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 17 ( Tuesday , April 17 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Smoke Break '' Blake 's choice WILKES `` Do n't Speak '' Eliminated Pryor Baird `` 9 to 5 '' Public 's vote Austin Giorgio `` Love Yourself '' Eliminated 5 Gary Edwards `` America the Beautiful '' Eliminated Alicia Keys 6 Terrence Cunningham `` Ai n't Nobody '' Eliminated 7 Christiana Danielle `` Take Me To Church '' Alicia 's choice 8 Jackie Foster `` Alone '' Public 's vote 9 Kelsea Johnson `` Need U Bad '' Eliminated 10 Johnny Bliss `` One and Only '' Eliminated Episode 18 ( Wednesday , April 18 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Die a Happy Man '' Public 's vote Alexa Cappelli `` Stop And Stare '' Eliminated D.R. King `` All on My Mind '' Kelly 's choice Dylan Hartigan `` Mary Jane 's Last Dance '' Eliminated 5 Tish Haynes Keys At Last '' Eliminated Adam Levine 6 Reid Umstattd `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' Eliminated 7 Jackie Verna `` Once '' Adam 's choice 8 Drew Cole `` Wild Horses '' Eliminated 9 Mia Boostrom `` Either Way '' Eliminated 10 Rayshun LaMarr `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Public 's vote Week 2 : Top 12 ( April 23 & 24 ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was `` Story Behind The Song '' . The two artists with the fewest votes competed for an Instant Save , with one or two leaving the competition each week until the semifinals . None of the artists reached the top 10 on iTunes , so no bonuses were awarded . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 19 ( Monday , April 23 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` When Love Takes Over '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Amazed '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Toxic '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Down on My Knees '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 5 Christiana Danielle `` Say Something '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 6 D.R. King `` White Flag '' Bottom two Adam Levine 7 Sharane Calister `` In My Blood '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 8 Pryor Baird `` Pickin ' Wildflowers '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 9 Brynn Cartelli `` Up to the Mountain '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Jackie Verna `` I 'm With You '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 11 Britton Buchanan `` Small Town '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 12 Kyla Jade `` One Night Only '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 20 ( Tuesday , April 24 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson D.R. King `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Eliminated Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 20.1 Kelly Clarkson and her team ( Brynn Cartelli , D.R. King , and Kaleb Lee ) `` Do n't Take the Money '' 20.2 Maroon 5 `` Wait '' 20.3 The cast of Rise `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' 20.4 Blake Shelton and his team ( Pryor Baird , Spensha Baker , and Kyla Jade ) `` I Thank You '' Week 3 : Top 11 ( April 30 & May 1 ) ( edit ) The theme for this week was `` Fan Night '' , meaning that the artists performed songs chosen by the fans . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Pryor Baird ( # 4 ) and Britton Buchanan ( # 6 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 21 ( Monday , April 30 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Night Moves '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Sharane Calister `` Hero '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Love , Reign O'er Me '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 5 Jackie Verna `` Strawberry Wine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 6 Kyla Jade `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 7 Christiana Danielle `` Umbrella '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson 8 Brynn Cartelli `` You and I '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Rayshun LaMarr `` Try a Little Tenderness '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 10 Britton Buchanan `` Perfect '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Spensha Baker `` Better Man '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 22 ( Tuesday , May 1 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Sharane Calister `` If I Were a Boy '' Eliminated Alicia Keys Christiana Danielle `` A Thousand Years '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 22.1 Janelle Monáe `` Make Me Feel '' 22.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Sharane Calister , Rayshun LaMarr and Jackie Verna ) `` The Scientist '' 22.3 Alicia Keys and her team ( Britton Buchanan , Christiana Danielle and Jackie Foster ) `` Gimme Shelter '' Week 4 : Top 10 ( May 7 & 8 ) ( edit ) The theme for this week was `` Overcoming Struggles '' . Different from previous weeks , the bottom three vote - getters competed in the Instant Save , with two artists being eliminated . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Kyla Jade ( # 5 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 8 ) , Britton Buchanan ( # 9 ) and Pryor Baird ( # 10 ). . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 23 ( Monday , May 7 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` This Is Me '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Boondocks '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` Love Triangle '' Bottom three Rayshun LaMarr `` Grant Green '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Spensha Baker `` Red '' Public 's Vote Alicia Keys 6 Jackie Foster `` Gravity '' Public 's vote 7 Britton Buchanan `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' Public 's vote 8 Christiana Danielle Ai n't No Sunshine '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 9 Pryor Baird `` My Town '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 10 Brynn Cartelli `` Fix You '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 24 ( Tuesday , May 8 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys Christiana Danielle `` Unchain My Heart '' Eliminated Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` I Told You So '' Eliminated Rayshun LaMarr `` Let 's Get It On '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 23.1 Kelly Clarkson `` I Do n't Think About You '' 24.1 Charlie Puth `` Done for Me '' 24.2 5 Seconds of Summer `` Youngblood '' Week 5 : semifinals ( May 14 & 15 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , May 14 , 2018 , with the results following on Tuesday , May 15 , 2018 . In the semifinals , three artists automatically moved on to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes were immediately eliminated and the middle three contended for the remaining spot in next week 's finale via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Kyla Jade ( # 2 ) , Britton Buchanan ( # 3 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 4 ) , Kaleb Lee ( # 5 ) , Pryor Baird ( # 7 ) and Spensha Baker ( # 10 ) . In addition to their individual songs , each artist performed a duet with another artist in the competition , though these duets were not available for purchase on iTunes . With the elimination of Rayshun LaMarr , Adam Levine no longer had any artists remaining on his team . This is the first time since the fourth season that he had lost his entire team prior to the finale . In addition , with the advancement of Brynn Cartelli to the finale , Kelly Clarkson became the third new coach to successfully get an artist on their team to the finale on her first attempt as a coach , the second being Alicia Keys , who coached Wé McDonald all the way to the finale of the eleventh season , and the first being Usher , who coached Michelle Chamuel all the way to the finale of the fourth season . This also marked the first time ever that two female coaches were represented in the finale . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 25 ( Monday , May 14 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Here I Go Again '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` My Church '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` Imagine '' Eliminated Blake Shelton 5 Kyla Jade `` Let It Be '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 6 Kaleb Lee `` It Is Well with My Soul '' Middle Three Blake Shelton 7 Pryor Baird `` Change the World '' Middle Three Alicia Keys 8 Britton Buchanan `` The Rising '' Middle Three Instant Save Performances Episode 26 ( Tuesday , May 15 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Soulshine '' Eliminated Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Simple Man '' Eliminated Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan `` Dancing on My Own '' Instant Save Duets Order Performers Song 25.2 Kaleb Lee and Pryor Baird `` Hillbilly Bone '' / `` Hillbilly Deluxe '' 25.4 Kyla Jade and Spensha Baker `` What 's Going On '' / `` Rise Up '' 25.8 Britton Buchanan and Brynn Cartelli `` FourFiveSeconds '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' 25.10 Jackie Foster and Rayshun LaMarr `` Believer '' / `` Radioactive '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Kane Brown `` Heaven '' 26.2 Panic ! at the Disco `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' 26.3 Blake Shelton `` I Lived It '' Week 6 : finale ( May 21 & 22 ) ( edit ) The Final 4 performed on Monday , May 21 , 2018 , with the final results following on Tuesday , May 22 , 2018 . This week , the four finalists performed a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Britton Buchanan ( # 1 and # 10 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 3 and # 6 ) , Spensha Baker ( # 4 ) and Kyla Jade ( # 9 ) . Buchanan 's `` Where You Come From '' and Cartelli 's `` Walk My Way '' are the only songs that charted # 1 on iTunes . This is the first time that an artist who won the Instant Save in the semifinals did not finish last in the finals , with Britton Buchanan finishing 2nd . With Britton Buchanan and Brynn Cartelli making it to the Top 2 , this marked the first time in which the final results came down to two artists who have neither represented Blake Shelton nor Adam Levine . This is also the first time that the final results came down to two artists coached by two female coaches , with Buchanan representing Alicia Keys , and Cartelli representing Kelly Clarkson . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli 12 `` Skyfall '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' 8 `` Walk My Way '' Winner Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan 10 `` Good Lovin ' '' 5 `` Wake Me Up '' `` Where You Come From '' Runner up Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' 9 `` Only Love '' 6 `` The Last Tear '' Third Place Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Merry Go ' Round '' 7 `` Tell Me About It '' 11 `` Old Soul '' Fourth Place Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 28.1 Britton Buchanan ( with WILKES , Jackie Foster , Christiana Danielle and Mia Boostrom ) `` In the Air Tonight '' 28.2 Dua Lipa `` IDGAF '' 28.3 Kane Brown and Spensha Baker `` What Ifs '' 28.4 James Bay and Alicia Keys `` Us '' 28.5 Chloe Kohanski `` Come This Far '' 28.6 Julia Michaels and Brynn Cartelli `` Issues '' / `` Jump '' 28.7 Kyla Jade ( with Johnny Bliss , Rayshun LaMarr and Sharane Calister ) `` Killer '' / `` Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' 28.8 Florence and The Machine `` Hunger '' 28.9 Ryan Adams and Britton Buchanan `` To Be Without You '' 28.10 Halsey and Big Sean `` Alone '' 28.11 Jason Aldean '' Drowns The Whiskey '' 28.12 Jennifer Hudson and Kyla Jade `` I Know Where I 've Been '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by the public Saved by their coach Artist did not receive immunity from the Round 2 eliminations Immune Eliminated Live Show Results per week Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Finale Round 1 Round 2 Brynn Cartelli Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Britton Buchanan Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Kyla Jade Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe 3rd place Spensha Baker Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 4th place Pryor Baird Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 5 ) Kaleb Lee Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Jackie Foster Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Rayshun LaMarr Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Christiana Danielle Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Jackie Verna Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Sharane Calister Safe Immune Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 3 ) D.R. King Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Johnny Bliss Not Chosen Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Mia Boostrom Not Chosen Eliminated Alexa Cappelli Not Chosen Eliminated Drew Cole Not Chosen Eliminated Terrence Cunningham Not Chosen Eliminated Gary Edwards Not Chosen Eliminated Austin Giorgio Not Chosen Eliminated Dylan Hartigan Not Chosen Eliminated Kelsea Johnson Not Chosen Eliminated Tish Haynes Keys Not Chosen Eliminated Reid Umstattd Not Chosen Eliminated WILKES Not Chosen Eliminated Teams ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Artist did not receive immunity for the Round 2 eliminations Immune Eliminated Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Finale Round 1 Round 2 Rayshun LaMarr Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jackie Verna Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Advanced Advanced Eliminated Sharane Calister Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Eliminated Mia Boostrom Not Chosen Eliminated Drew Cole Not Chosen Eliminated Reid Umstattd Not Chosen Eliminated Britton Buchanan Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Runner - up Jackie Foster Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Christiana Danielle Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Advanced Advanced Eliminated Johnny Bliss Not Chosen Eliminated Terrence Cunningham Not Chosen Eliminated Kelsea Johnson Not Chosen Eliminated Brynn Cartelli Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Winner Kaleb Lee Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated D.R. King Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Eliminated Alexa Cappelli Not Chosen Eliminated Dylan Hartigan Not Chosen Eliminated Tish Haynes Keys Not Chosen Eliminated Kyla Jade Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Third place Spensha Baker Not Chosen Coach 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Fourth place Pryor Baird Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Gary Edwards Not Chosen Eliminated Austin Giorgio Not Chosen Eliminated WILKES Not Chosen Eliminated Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 1 '' February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 1401 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12.31 2.8 10 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1402 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.84 2.4 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 1403 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.62 2.5 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1404 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.09 8 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1405 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.87 2.4 9 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1406 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.17 2.3 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 1 '' March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1407 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.83 2.4 9 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 1408 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.96 9 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1409 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.37 2.0 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1410 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.02 1.7 7 11 `` Best of Blinds & Battles '' March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1411 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.95 1.3 5 12 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 1 '' April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 1412 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.03 1.9 7 13 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 2 '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1413 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.43 1.8 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 1414 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.9 7 15 `` The Road To The Lives '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 1415 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.82 1.3 5 16 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 1 '' April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 1416 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.35 1.8 7 17 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 2 '' April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1417 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.35 1.5 6 18 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 3 '' April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1418 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.38 1.5 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Performance '' April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 1419 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.43 1.5 6 20 `` Live Top 12 Results '' April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 1420 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.26 1.6 6 21 `` Live Top 11 Performance '' April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 1421 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.82 1.7 6 22 `` Live Top 11 Results '' May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1422 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.64 5 23 `` Live Top 10 Performance '' May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 1423 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.38 1.5 6 24 `` Live Top 10 Results '' May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1424 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.26 1.3 5 25 `` Live Top 8 Semifinals Performance '' May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1425 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.71 1.6 6 26 `` Live Top 8 Semifinals Results '' May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1426 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.15 1.4 6 27 `` Live Finale Performance '' May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 1427 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.67 1.5 6 28 `` Live Finale Results '' May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1428 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.77 1.5 6 Artists who appeared on other Shows or previous seasons ( edit ) Jorge Eduardo appeared on the fifth season of La Voz ... México and finished in fourth place . Megan Lee appeared as Sun Hi on the musical comedy show Make It Pop . Mia Boostrom was a contestant on the fourth season of America 's Got Talent . She was eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Jordyn Simone was a Top 50 contestant on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Johnny Bliss was a contestant on Va Por Ti , broadcast on Univision in 2016 . Spensha Baker was a contestant on Star Search in the Junior Singer category in 2004 . She finished in the finals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' To Succeed ' This Is Us ' On Tuesday , ' Good Girls ' Gets ' The Braves ' Slot On NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : WPTV Webteam ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson , Jennifer Hudson join ' The Voice ' as coaches for upcoming seasons '' . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Voice The Voice 's new gimmick : The block '' . IdolChatter.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Top 12 results : No artist gets iTunes bonus , D.R. King and Rayshun LaMarr to sing for Instant Save ? '' . GoldDerby.com . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Pryor Baird and Britton Buchanan Reach Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Win Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Kyla , Brynn , Britton and Baird Reach Top 10 On iTunes , Earn Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 15 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Kyla , Britton , Brynn , Kaleb , Pryor , Spensha Make Top 10 On iTunes , Earn Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved May 15 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 22 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Britton Buchanan Rockets To # 1 On iTunes Chart ; Brynn , Spensha , Kyla Also In Top 10 '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved May 22 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final rating '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' `` Walk My Way '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Britton Buchanan Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_14)&oldid=843648011 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 34 . 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4069422346726041995 | Sino-Soviet relations | Sino - Soviet relations - wikipedia Sino - Soviet relations Jump to : navigation , search China -- USSR relations China Soviet Union Inside the Memorial Hall of the Chinese People 's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression , Beijing For post-1991 relations , see Sino - Russian relations since 1991 . See also History of Sino - Russian relations and History of foreign relations of the People 's Republic of China . For modern Taiwan - Soviet / Russia relations after 1949 , see Russia -- Taiwan relations . Sino - Soviet relations ( simplified Chinese : 中 苏 关 系 ; traditional Chinese : 中 蘇 關 係 ; pinyin : Zhōng Sū Guānxì ; Russian : Советско - китайские отношения , Sovetsko - kitayskiye otnosheniya ) refers to the diplomatic relationship between the Chinese Republic and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991 , when the Soviet Union ceased to exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 2 Russian Civil War and Mongolia 3 The KMT , the CCP , the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of diplomatic relations 4 Sino - Soviet conflict , 1929 5 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 6 Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) 7 Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II 8 Joint victory over Imperial Japan 9 Ili Rebellion 10 Pei - ta - shan Incident 11 Chinese Civil War and the People 's Republic of China 12 Sino - Soviet split 13 Post-Mao era and stabilizing relations 14 Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15 See also 16 Notes 17 Further reading 18 External links Country comparison ( edit ) Republic of China ( China ) People 's Republic of China ( China ) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Soviet Union ) Coat of Arms Flag Area 11,077,380 km2 ( 4,277,000 sq mi ) ( 1912 ) 9,676,204 km2 ( 3,736,003 sq mi ) ( 1949 ) 9,640,011 km2 ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) 22,402,200 km2 ( 8,649,538 sq mi ) Population 472,000,000 ( 1920 ) 541,670,000 ( 1949 ) 1,172,327,000 ( 1991 ) 148,656,000 ( 1926 ) 293,047,571 ( 1991 ) Population Density 55.3 / km2 ( 143.3 / sq mi ) ( 1949 ) 140 / km2 ( 363 / sq mi ) ( 1991 ) 13.1 / km2 ( 33.9 / sq mi ) ( 1991 ) Capital Beijing ( Beiyang ) Nanjing ( Nationalist ) Taipei ( Nationalist - in exile ) Beijing Moscow Largest City Shanghai ( before 1949 ) New Taipei ( 1991 ) Shanghai ( 1991 ) Moscow ( 1991 ) Government Unitary semi-presidential one - party republic under authoritarian military dictatorship Unitary Marxist -- Leninist - Maoist one - party socialist state Federal Marxist -- Leninist one - party socialist state Ruling political party Beiyang government Kuomintang Communist Party of China Communist Party of the Soviet Union Legislature Legislative Yuan National People 's Congress Supreme Soviet Official languages Mandarin Mandarin Russian Other languages Mongolian Tibetan Uyghur Zhuang ( see Languages of China ) Mongolian Tibetan Uyghur Zhuang Ukrainian Byelorussian Uzbek Kazakh Georgian Azerbaydzhani Lithuanian Moldavian Latvian Kirghiz Tadzhik Armenian Turkmen Estonian Currency Chinese yuan Old Taiwan dollar ( before 1949 ) Chinese yuan Soviet ruble Russian Civil War and mongolia ( edit ) The Beiyang government in north China joined the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War , sending forces to Siberia and North Russia beginning in 1918 . Mongolia and Tuva became contested territories . After being occupied by the Chinese General Xu Shuzheng in 1919 , they came under the sway of the Russian White Guard General turned independent warlord , Ungern von Sternberg in 1920 . Soviet troops , with support from Mongolian guerrillas led by Damdin Sükhbaatar , defeated the White warlord and established a new pro-Soviet Mongolian client state , which by 1924 became the Mongolian People 's Republic . The KMT , the CCP , the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of diplomatic relations ( edit ) In 1921 the Soviet Union began supporting the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , and in 1923 the Comintern instructed the Chinese Communist Party ( commonly abbreviated as CCP ) to sign a military treaty with the KMT . On May 31 , 1924 , the two governments signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations , while the Soviet government renounced in that agreement all privileges granted to the Tsarist government in China . But in 1926 KMT leader Chiang Kai - shek abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers and imposed restrictions on CCP participation in the government . By 1927 , after the conclusion of the Northern Expedition , Chiang purged the CCP from the KMT - CCP alliance , resulting in the Chinese Civil War which would last until 1949 , a few months after the proclamation of the People 's Republic of China , led by Mao Zedong . During the war the Soviets gave some support to the CCP , which in 1934 suffered a crushing blow when the KMT brought an end to the Chinese Soviet Republic , thus causing the CCP 's Long March from Shaanxi . The Soviet Union tried and failed in an attempt to make the Hui hostile to China . Sino - Soviet conflict , 1929 ( edit ) Main article : Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) The Sino - Soviet conflict of 1929 was a minor armed conflict between the Soviet Union and the Republic of China over the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway . The Chinese seized the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929 , swift Soviet military intervention quickly put an end to the crisis and forced the Chinese to accept restoration of joint Soviet - Chinese administration of the railway . Soviet invasion of Xinjiang ( edit ) Main article : Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang In 1934 the Republic of China 36th Division ( National Revolutionary Army ) , which was composed of Muslims , severely mauled the Soviet Union Red Army and their White Russian allies when the Soviets attempted to seize Xinjiang . Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) ( edit ) Main article : Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) The Soviet Union intervened again in Xinjiang in 1937 . Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II ( edit ) Monument to the Soviet Volunteer Airmen who died in defense of China from Japanese invaders . The unit was based in Wuhan in 1938 In 1931 , Japan invaded Manchuria and created the puppet state of Manchukuo ( 1932 ) , which signaled the beginning of the Second Sino - Japanese War . In 1937 , a month after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , the Soviet Union established a non-aggression pact with the Republic of China . During the World War II period , the two countries suffered more losses than any other country , with China ( in the Second Sino - Japanese war ) losing about 30 million people and the Soviet Union 26 million . Joint victory over imperial Japan ( edit ) On August 8 , 1945 , three months after Nazi Germany surrendered , and on the week of the American Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the Soviet Union launched the invasion of Manchuria , a massive military operation mobilizing 1.5 million soldiers against one million Kwantung Army troops , the last remaining Japanese military presence . Soviet forces won a decisive victory while the Kwantung suffered massive casualties , with 700,000 having surrendered . The Soviet Union distributed some of the weapons of the captured Kwantung Army to the CCP , who were still battling the KMT in the Chinese Civil War . Ili rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Ili Rebellion While the Republic of China was concentrating on the Second Sino - Japanese War , the USSR supported Uyghur nationalists in their uprise in Xinjiang and set up Second East Turkestan Republic against Kuomintang . After the Chinese Communist Party defeated Kuomintang in 1949 , USSR terminated support for the Second East Turkestan Republic . The Soviets tried to spread anti-Chinese propaganda among minorities in Xinjiang , but this backfired when Uyghur mobs attacked White Russians and called for them to be expelled from Xinjiang . Pei - ta - shan incident ( edit ) Main article : Pei - ta - shan Incident Chinese Muslim forces fought against Soviet and Mongol troops in this incident . Chinese Civil War and the People 's Republic of China ( edit ) After 1946 , the CCP was increasingly successful in the Civil War . On October 1 , 1949 , the People 's Republic of China was proclaimed by Mao Zedong , and by May 1950 the KMT had been expelled from Mainland China , remaining in control of Taiwan . With the creation of the People 's Republic of China , the supreme political authority in the two countries became centred in two communist parties , both espousing revolutionary , Marxist -- Leninist ideology : the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China , a sensitive issue which influenced the Sino - Soviet relationship emerged . As a condition of fighting the Kwantung Army at the end of the Second World War , the Soviet Union received usage rights of the China Far East Railway , the South Manchuria Railway , Lushun ( also known as Port Arthur ) and Dalian . These privileges were significant in the Asian strategies of the Soviet Union because Port Arthur and Dalian were ice - free ports for the Soviet Navy , and the China Far East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway were the essential arterial communications which connected Siberia to Port Arthur and Dalian . As Mao Zedong thought that the usage rights of the Chinese Eastern Railway , the South Manchuria Railway , the Port Arthur and Dalian were part of Chinese state sovereignty , he required the Soviet Union to return these interests to China , and this was a crucial part of the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship . Joseph Stalin initially refused this treaty , but finally made a great concession , and agreed with this treaty under the various stresses of the period . Since the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship resulted in the Soviet Union losing its naval bases in Port Arthur and Dalian , the issue that Stalin had to face was to find a new ice - free port as a Soviet naval base . This issue motivated Stalin 's support for allowing Kim Il - Sung to launch the Korean War . However , both Kim Il - Sung and Stalin did not consider that the United States would intervene into that war immediately , if at all . Kim Il - Sung could not sustain the attack against the US Army . When Kim Il - Sung required military assistance from the Soviet Union and China , Mao agreed to send Chinese troops , but asked the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover . As the two leaders distrusted each other , Stalin agreed with sending Chinese troops to Korea , but refused to provide air cover . Since without the air cover from the Soviet Union , Mao once considered that China did not send troops into Korea , and Stalin at one time decided to give up the Korea Peninsula . After much cogitation , Mao solely sent Chinese troops into Korea on 19 October 1950 under an extremely hard Chinese economic and military situation . This activity ultimately changed the Sino - Soviet relationship . After 12 days of Chinese troops entering the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . Mao sending Chinese troops to take part in the Korean War was followed by large - scale economic and military cooperation between China and the Soviet Union , and the friendly relationship of the two countries changed from titular to virtual . In one less known example of the Sino - Soviet military cooperation , in April -- June 1952 a group of Soviet Tupolev Tu - 4 aircraft were based in Beijing to perform reconnaissance missions on American fusion bomb tests in the Pacific . Sino - Soviet split ( edit ) Main article : Sino - Soviet split Further information : Sino - Soviet relations during the Brezhnev Era Thus , in the immediate years after the PRC was proclaimed , the Soviet Union became its closest ally . Soviet design , equipment and skilled labour was set out to help industrialize and modernize the PRC . But the extent of actual support , while not insignificant , fell well below Chinese expectations . In the 1960s , relations became deeply strained following the Sino - Soviet Split , culminating in the Sino - Soviet border conflict in 1969 . Increasingly , the PRC began to consider the Soviet Union , which it viewed as Social imperialist , as the greatest threat it faced . In turn , overtures were made between the PRC and the US , such as in the Ping Pong Diplomacy and the 1972 Nixon visit to China . The Soviet Union had encouraged Uyghurs to rebel against China . Post-mao era and stabilizing relations ( edit ) In 1976 , Mao died , and in 1978 , the Gang of Four were overthrown by Deng Xiaoping , who was to soon implement pro-market economic reform . With the PRC no longer espousing the anti-revisionist notion of the antagonistic contradiction between classes , relations between the two countries became gradually normalized . In 1979 , however , the PRC launched the Sino - Vietnamese War , a failed invasion of Vietnam ( which had , after a period of ambivalence , sided with the Soviet Union ) in response to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia which overthrew the China - backed Khmer Rouge from power . During the Sino - Soviet split , strained relations between China and the Soviet Union resulted in strained relations between China and the pro-Soviet Afghan communist regime . China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the rule of King Zahir Shah . When the pro-Soviet Afghan communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978 , relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile . The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported the Vietnamese during the Sino - Vietnamese War and blamed China for supporting Afghan anti-communist militants . China responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by supporting the Afghan Mujahideen and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang . China acquired military equipment from the United States to defend itself from Soviet attack . China moved its training camps for the Mujahideen from Pakistan into China itself . Hundreds of millions worth of anti-aircraft missiles , rocket launchers and machine guns were given to the Mujahideen by the Chinese . Chinese military advisors and army troops were present with the Mujahideen during training . Even though Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev went on to criticize the post-Maoist CCP when it allowed for PRC millionaires as having lost the socialist path , with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Soviet Union itself turned to privatization . Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Unlike that of the PRC , this was a much more extreme , highly unregulated form of privatization which resulted in massive losses to foreign speculators , near - anarchical conditions and economic collapse . Thus , in the post-Cold War period , while the Soviet Union remained vastly more developed ( economically and militarily ) , in a systemic and deep way ( i.e. , the PRC in 1949 was less industrialized than Russia in 1914 ) , the PRC emerged in a far more favourable and stable financial position . While the severe Soviet shortage of capital was new , Chinese economic and military underdevelopment was not . Nor was the PRC 's desperate and ever - growing need for mineral resources , especially petroleum fuel , which the Soviet Union held in abundance in such Asiatic regions as western Siberia . See also : Sino - Russian relations since 1991 and Russia -- Taiwan relations See also ( edit ) China , Soviet Union : Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 37 , pp. 176 - 191 . Jump up ^ Frederick Roelker Wulsin , Joseph Fletcher , Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology , National Geographic Society ( U.S. ) , Peabody Museum of Salem ( 1979 ) . Mary Ellen Alonso , ed . China 's inner Asian frontier : photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum , Harvard University , and the National Geographic Society ( illustrated ed . ) . The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 11968 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO RESEOLVE POLITICAL PROBLEMS IN SINKIANG ; EXTENT OF SOVIET AID AND ENCOURAGEMENT TO REBEL GROUPS IN SINKIANG ; BORDER INCIDENT AT PEITASHAN ^ Jump up to : Text in Shen Zhihua , 中 苏 关系 史 纲 , 新华 出版 社 , 2007 年 , 北京 ^ Jump up to : Text in Shen Zhihua , China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force : The Formation of the Chinese - Soviet - Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War , in : The Journal of Strategic Studies , Vol. 33 , No. 2 , pp. 211 - 230 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from the diary of the retired Colonel Peter Vladimirovich Strunov '' ( in Russian ) . Airforce.ru . Jump up ^ Muthiah Alagappa ( 1998 ) . Muthiah Alagappa , ed . Asian security practice : material and ideational influences ( illustrated ed . ) . Stanford University Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3348 - 1 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starr ( 2004 ) . S. Frederick Starr , ed . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 157 . ISBN 0765613182 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starr ( 2004 ) . S. Frederick Starr , ed . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 158 . ISBN 0765613182 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Friedman , Jeremy . Shadow Cold War : The Sino - Soviet Competition for the Third World ( 2015 ) . online Garver , John W. Chinese - Soviet Relations , 1937 - 1945 : The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism ( 1988 ) . Mehnert , Klaus . `` Soviet - Chinese Relations . '' International Affairs 35.4 ( 1959 ) : 417 - 426 . online Ross , Robert S. China , the United States , and the Soviet Union : tripolarity and policy making in the Cold War ( 1993 ) . Wilson , Jeanne . Strategic partners : Russian - Chinese relations in the post-Soviet era ( Routledge , 2015 ) . External links ( edit ) Agreement from 1924 on the establishment of diplomatic relations Foreign relations of Taiwan Africa Burkina Faso Chad Gambia Malawi São Tomé and Príncipe South Africa Americas Belize Brazil Canada Chile Dominican Republic Mexico Paraguay United States Venezuela Asia Bangladesh India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Saudi Arabia South Korea Vietnam Europe Czech Republic Denmark Holy See Italy Latvia Poland Russia Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Pacific countries Other PR China Hong Kong United Nations Political status Arab World Caribbean Third World Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office Taiwan Relations Act Taiwan Travel Act Diplomatic missions of / in Taiwan Passport Visa policy / requirements Timeline of diplomatic relations Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Bilateral Albania Angola The Baltics Burkina Faso Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Germany Weimar and Nazi Germany East Germany Grenada Holy See Hungary India Israel Ivory Coast Japan Laos Malaysia Norway Pakistan Philippines Tonga Turkey United Kingdom United States Vanuatu Multilateral Comecon United Nations Doctrines and policies Brezhnev Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Common European Home Sinatra Doctrine Foreign trade Occupations Diplomats Spies Treaties Occupations by country Dates when relations established with Soviet Union Foreign ministry Foreign relations of China Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Micronesia New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Vanuatu Multilateral relations Bangladesh -- China -- India -- Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation BIMSTEC Africa Arab League BRICS Caribbean China -- Japan -- South Korea European Union Latin America China and the United Nations Oceania Third World Arctic policy of China China and the Antarctic Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Foreign Minister ) Diplomatic missions of China / in China Taiwan Issue Cross-Strait relations Stadium diplomacy Panda diplomacy Theater diplomacy Nine - Dash Line String of Pearls Belt and Road Initiative Confucius Institute Treaties Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Soviet_relations&oldid=839747654 '' Categories : China -- Soviet Union relations Bilateral relations of China Bilateral relations of the Soviet Union Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the soviet union support in china civil war | [
"In 1921 the Soviet Union began supporting the Kuomintang (KMT), and in 1923 the Comintern instructed the Chinese Communist Party (commonly abbreviated as CCP) to sign a military treaty with the KMT. On May 31, 1924, the two governments signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations, while the Soviet government renounced in that agreement all privileges granted to the Tsarist government in China.[1] But in 1926 KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers and imposed restrictions on CCP participation in the government. By 1927, after the conclusion of the Northern Expedition, Chiang purged the CCP from the KMT-CCP alliance, resulting in the Chinese Civil War which would last until 1949, a few months after the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, led by Mao Zedong. During the war the Soviets gave some support to the CCP, which in 1934 suffered a crushing blow when the KMT brought an end to the Chinese Soviet Republic, thus causing the CCP's Long March from Shaanxi. The Soviet Union tried and failed in an attempt to make the[clarification needed] Hui hostile to China.[2]"
] | [
"the CCP"
] |
8437421390550641455 | Pat Brady | Pat Brady - wikipedia Pat Brady Pat Brady may refer to : Pat Brady ( actor ) ( 1914 -- 1972 ) , best known as the `` comical sidekick '' to Roy Rogers Pat Brady ( American football ) ( 1926 -- 2009 ) Pat Brady ( footballer ) ( born 1936 ) , Irish footballer who played in England Pat Brady ( cartoonist ) ( born 1947 ) , American cartoonist and creator of Rose Is Rose Pat Brady ( politician ) Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pat Brady . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_Brady&oldid=832430995 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 23 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who was roy rogers sidekick that drove the jeep | [] | [] |
1509639988526894101 | List of solar eclipses in the 21st century | List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century - wikipedia List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century Jump to : navigation , search Lists of solar eclipses Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) Centuries BC ( show ) 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Eclipses seen from Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States See also Lists of lunar eclipses Total solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 , from Bangladesh . During the 21st century , there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial , 72 will be annular , 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses . Of these , two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central , in the sense that the very center ( axis ) of the moon 's shadow will miss the earth ( for more information see gamma ) . In the 21st century the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four , in 2011 , 2029 , 2047 , 2065 , 2076 , and 2094 . The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . At this point , the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun , known as totality , was during the solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 . This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds . The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds . The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15 , 2010 , with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds . The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds . The eclipse of May 20 , 2050 , will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year , the first one being on November 25 , 2049 . The next solar eclipse ( Partial ) will occur on February 15 , 2018 ; the last solar eclipse ( Total ) occurred on August 21 , 2017 . The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse ( in dynamical time , which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon 's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth ; this is in Universal Time ) . The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given , followed by the magnitude of the eclipse ( the fraction of the Sun 's diameter obscured by the Moon ) and the type of the eclipse ( either total , annular , partial or hybrid ) . For total and annular eclipses , the duration of the eclipse is given , as well as the location of the greatest eclipse ( the point of maximum eclipse ) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse . The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed . Date Time of greatest eclipse ( UTC ) Saros Type Magnitude Central duration ( min : s ) Location Path width Geographical area Ref ( s ) km mi 2001 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2001 12 : 04 : 46 127 Total 1.050 4 : 57 - 11.3 11 ° 18 ′ S 2 ° 42 ′ E / 11.3 ° S 2.7 ° E / - 11.3 ; 2.7 200 120 Total : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique and Madagascar Partial : South America , Africa 2001 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2001 20 : 53 : 01 132 Annular 0.968 3 : 53 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ N 130 ° 42 ′ W / 0.6 ° N 130.7 ° W / 0.6 ; - 130.7 126 78 Annular : Nicaragua and Costa Rica Partial : North and Central America , northwestern South America , Hawaii 2002 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2002 23 : 45 : 22 137 Annular 0.996 0 : 23 34.5 34 ° 30 ′ N 178 ° 36 ′ W / 34.5 ° N 178.6 ° W / 34.5 ; - 178.6 13 8.1 Annular : Manado , Indonesia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Puerto Vallarta , Mexico Partial : eastern Asia , northeastern Australia , North America , Hawaii 2002 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2002 07 : 32 : 16 142 Total 1.024 2 : 04 - 39.5 39 ° 30 ′ S 59 ° 36 ′ E / 39.5 ° S 59.6 ° E / - 39.5 ; 59.6 87 54 Total : Angola , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Mozambique and South Australia Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Indonesia , Australia 2003 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2003 04 : 09 : 22 147 Annular 0.938 3 : 37 66.6 66 ° 36 ′ N 24 ° 30 ′ W / 66.6 ° N 24.5 ° W / 66.6 ; - 24.5 -- Annular : Greenland , Iceland , northeastern Scotland , Faroe Islands , Shetland Islands Partial : Eastern Europe , northern and western Asia , Middle East , Alaska , Greenland and northwestern Canada 2003 - 11 - 23 November 23 , 2003 22 : 50 : 22 152 Total 1.038 1 : 57 - 72.7 72 ° 42 ′ S 88 ° 24 ′ E / 72.7 ° S 88.4 ° E / - 72.7 ; 88.4 495 308 Total : East Antarctica Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , southern Chile and Argentina 2004 - 04 - 19 April 19 , 2004 13 : 35 : 05 119 Partial 0.737 -- - 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ S 44 ° 18 ′ E / 61.6 ° S 44.3 ° E / - 61.6 ; 44.3 -- Partial : Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , southern Africa 2004 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2004 03 : 00 : 23 124 Partial 0.928 -- 61.2 61 ° 12 ′ N 153 ° 42 ′ W / 61.2 ° N 153.7 ° W / 61.2 ; - 153.7 -- Partial : eastern Russia , Mongolia , Northeastern China , Korea , Japan , Hawaii , western Alaska 2005 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2005 20 : 36 : 51 129 Hybrid 1.007 0 : 42 - 10.6 10 ° 36 ′ S 119 ° 00 ′ W / 10.6 ° S 119.0 ° W / - 10.6 ; - 119.0 27 17 Hybrid : Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , southeastern French Polynesia , Bounty Islands Partial : Pacific , Mexico , Central America , Caribbean , western South America , New Zealand , West Antarctica 2005 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2005 10 : 32 : 47 134 Annular 0.958 4 : 32 12.9 12 ° 54 ′ N 28 ° 42 ′ E / 12.9 ° N 28.7 ° E / 12.9 ; 28.7 162 101 Annular : Portugal , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Chad , Sudan , Kenya and Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Western Asia , Middle East and India Pakistan 2006 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2006 10 : 12 : 23 139 Total 1.052 4 : 07 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ N 16 ° 42 ′ E / 23.2 ° N 16.7 ° E / 23.2 ; 16.7 104 65 Total : Brazil , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Libya , northwest Egypt , Turkey , Georgia , southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan Partial : North Africa , Central Africa , eastern Brazil , Central Asia , Middle East , India Pakistan and Europe 2006 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2006 11 : 41 : 16 144 Annular 0.935 7 : 09 - 20.6 20 ° 36 ′ S 9 ° 06 ′ W / 20.6 ° S 9.1 ° W / - 20.6 ; - 9.1 261 162 Annular : Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana Partial : South America , West Africa , Southern Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica 2007 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2007 02 : 32 : 57 149 Partial 0.876 -- 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ N 55 ° 30 ′ E / 61.0 ° N 55.5 ° E / 61.0 ; 55.5 -- Partial : Asia , western Alaska 2007 - 09 - 11 September 11 , 2007 12 : 32 : 24 154 Partial 0.751 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 90 ° 12 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 90.2 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 90.2 -- Partial : Central and Southern South America , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , south Atlantic 2008 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2008 03 : 56 : 10 121 Annular 0.965 2 : 12 - 67.6 67 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ W / 67.6 ° S 150.5 ° W / - 67.6 ; - 150.5 444 276 Annular : West Antarctica Partial : Antarctica , southeastern Australia , New Zealand , southeastern Melanesia , southeastern Micronesia , southeastern Polynesia 2008 - 08 - 01 August 1 , 2008 10 : 22 : 12 126 Total 1.039 2 : 27 65.7 65 ° 42 ′ N 72 ° 18 ′ E / 65.7 ° N 72.3 ° E / 65.7 ; 72.3 237 147 Total : Nunavut , northern Greenland , central Russia , western Mongolia , western China Partial : Nova Scotia , PEI , New Brunswick , Quebec , Nunavut , Greenland , northern Europe , Asia 2009 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2009 07 : 59 : 45 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 54 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 70 ° 12 ′ E / 34.1 ° S 70.2 ° E / - 34.1 ; 70.2 280 170 Annular : southeast Sumatra , Jakarta and Borneo Partial : Southern Africa , east Antarctica , South East Asia , Philippines , Australia 2009 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2009 02 : 36 : 25 136 Total 1.080 6 : 39 24.2 24 ° 12 ′ N 144 ° 06 ′ E / 24.2 ° N 144.1 ° E / 24.2 ; 144.1 258 160 Total : central and northeastern Pakistan India , Bhutan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , China , northern part of the Ryukyu Islands ( Satsunan ) Partial : Southeast Asia , Japan , South Korea , the Philippines , Indonesia , Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands 2010 - 01 - 15 January 15 , 2010 07 : 07 : 39 141 Annular 0.919 11 : 08 01.6 1 ° 36 ′ N 69 ° 18 ′ E / 1.6 ° N 69.3 ° E / 1.6 ; 69.3 333 207 Annular : Central African Republic , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Maldives , southeastern India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , central China Partial : Africa , Southeastern Europe , Middle East , Asia 2010 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2010 19 : 34 : 38 146 Total 1.058 5 : 20 - 19.7 19 ° 42 ′ S 121 ° 54 ′ W / 19.7 ° S 121.9 ° W / - 19.7 ; - 121.9 259 161 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Southeastern Polynesia Partial : southwestern South America , French Polynesia , Hawaii 2011 - 01 - 04 January 4 , 2011 08 : 51 : 42 151 Partial 0.858 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E / 64.7 ° N 20.8 ° E / 64.7 ; 20.8 -- Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Central Asia , Middle East 2011 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2011 21 : 17 : 18 118 Partial 0.601 -- 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ N 46 ° 48 ′ E / 67.8 ° N 46.8 ° E / 67.8 ; 46.8 -- Partial : Iceland , northern Canada , Alaska , northeastern Asia , Greenland , northern Scandinavia 2011 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2011 08 : 39 : 30 156 Partial 0.097 -- - 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ S 28 ° 36 ′ E / 65.2 ° S 28.6 ° E / - 65.2 ; 28.6 -- Partial : Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica 2011 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2011 06 : 21 : 24 123 Partial 0.905 -- - 68.6 68 ° 36 ′ S 82 ° 24 ′ W / 68.6 ° S 82.4 ° W / - 68.6 ; - 82.4 -- Partial : Southwestern South Africa , Antarctica , Tasmania , New Zealand 2012 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2012 23 : 53 : 54 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 46 49.1 49 ° 06 ′ N 176 ° 18 ′ E / 49.1 ° N 176.3 ° E / 49.1 ; 176.3 237 147 Annular : Southern China , Hong Kong , Macau , Kyushu , Shikoku , southern Honshu , Tokyo , Oregon , California , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico , Texas Partial : Pacific , eastern Asia , North America , Hawaii 2012 - 11 - 13 November 13 , 2012 22 : 12 : 55 133 Total 1.050 4 : 02 - 40.0 40 ° 00 ′ S 161 ° 18 ′ W / 40.0 ° S 161.3 ° W / - 40.0 ; - 161.3 179 111 Total : Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula , Australia , Kermadec Islands , New Zealand Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Melanesia , Southeastern South America , Southern Pacific , Polynesia , Antarctic Peninsula , West Antarctica , Talos Dome 2013 - 05 - 10 May 10 , 2013 00 : 26 : 20 138 Annular 0.954 6 : 03 02.2 2 ° 12 ′ N 175 ° 30 ′ E / 2.2 ° N 175.5 ° E / 2.2 ; 175.5 173 107 Annular : Western Australia , Northern Territory and Queensland , Australia , Louisiade Archipelago , Solomon Islands , Kiribati Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Central Pacific , Hawaii , Indonesia 2013 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2013 12 : 47 : 36 143 Hybrid 1.016 1 : 40 03.5 3 ° 30 ′ N 11 ° 42 ′ W / 3.5 ° N 11.7 ° W / 3.5 ; - 11.7 58 36 Hybrid : Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Ethiopia Partial : Eastern America , Eastern Canada , Caribbean , Eastern South America , South Europe , Africa 2014 - 04 - 29 April 29 , 2014 06 : 04 : 33 148 Annular ( non-central ) 0.987 -- - 70.6 70 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 18 ′ E / 70.6 ° S 131.3 ° E / - 70.6 ; 131.3 -- Annular : western Wilkes Land Partial : South Indian Ocean , Australia , east Antarctica 2014 - 10 - 23 October 23 , 2014 21 : 45 : 39 153 Partial 0.811 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 97 ° 12 ′ W / 71.2 ° N 97.2 ° W / 71.2 ; - 97.2 -- Partial : Northern Pacific , North America , Mexico , Eastern Russia 2015 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2015 09 : 46 : 47 120 Total 1.045 2 : 47 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ N 6 ° 36 ′ W / 64.4 ° N 6.6 ° W / 64.4 ; - 6.6 463 288 Total : Faroe Islands , Svalbard , North Atlantic , North Pole Partial : Greenland , Europe , Central Asia , Western Russia 2015 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2015 06 : 55 : 19 125 Partial 0.788 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 2 ° 18 ′ W / 72.1 ° S 2.3 ° W / - 72.1 ; - 2.3 -- Partial : Southern Africa , South Indian Ocean , east Antarctica 2016 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2016 01 : 58 : 19 130 Total 1.045 4 : 09 10.1 10 ° 06 ′ N 148 ° 48 ′ E / 10.1 ° N 148.8 ° E / 10.1 ; 148.8 155 96 Total : Indonesia , Micronesia , Marshall Islands Partial : Southeastern Asia , Korea , Japan , Eastern Russia , Alaska , northwestern Australia , Hawaii , Pacific 2016 - 09 - 01 September 1 , 2016 09 : 08 : 02 135 Annular 0.974 3 : 06 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ E / 10.7 ° S 37.8 ° E / - 10.7 ; 37.8 100 62 Annular : Atlantic , Central Africa , Madagascar , Indian Partial : Africa , Indian Ocean 2017 - 02 - 26 February 26 , 2017 14 : 54 : 33 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 44 - 34.7 34 ° 42 ′ S 31 ° 12 ′ W / 34.7 ° S 31.2 ° W / - 34.7 ; - 31.2 31 19 Annular : southern Chile and Argentina , Angola , southwestern Katanga Partial : Southern and Western Africa , Southern South America , Antarctica 2017 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2017 18 : 26 : 40 145 Total 1.031 2 : 40 37.0 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37.0 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37.0 ; - 87.7 115 71 Total : Oregon , Idaho , Wyoming , Nebraska , northeastern Kansas , Missouri , Southern Illinois , Western Kentucky , Tennessee , Southwestern North Carolina , northeastern Georgia , South Carolina Partial : North America , Hawaii , Greenland , Iceland , British Isles , Portugal , Central America , Caribbean , northern South America , Chukchi Peninsula 2018 - 02 - 15 February 15 , 2018 20 : 52 : 33 150 Partial 0.599 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 0 ° 36 ′ E / 71.0 ° S 0.6 ° E / - 71.0 ; 0.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , Southern South America 2018 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2018 03 : 02 : 16 117 Partial 0.336 -- - 67.9 67 ° 54 ′ S 127 ° 24 ′ E / 67.9 ° S 127.4 ° E / - 67.9 ; 127.4 -- Partial : South Australia , Victoria , Tasmania , Indian Ocean , Budd Coast 2018 - 08 - 11 August 11 , 2018 09 : 47 : 28 155 Partial 0.737 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 174 ° 30 ′ E / 70.4 ° N 174.5 ° E / 70.4 ; 174.5 -- Partial : Northeastern Canada , Greenland , Iceland , Arctic Ocean , Scandinavia , northern British Isles , Russia , northern Asia 2019 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2019 01 : 42 : 38 122 Partial 0.715 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 153 ° 36 ′ E / 67.4 ° N 153.6 ° E / 67.4 ; 153.6 -- Partial : Northeastern Asia , Southwestern Alaska , Aleutian Islands 2019 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2019 19 : 24 : 08 127 Total 1.046 4 : 33 - 17.4 17 ° 24 ′ S 109 ° 00 ′ W / 17.4 ° S 109.0 ° W / - 17.4 ; - 109.0 201 125 Total : Pitcairn Islands , central Argentina and Chile , Tuamotu Archipelago Partial : South America , Easter Island , Galapagos Islands , Southern Central America , Polynesia 2019 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2019 05 : 18 : 53 132 Annular 0.970 3 : 40 01.0 1 ° 00 ′ N 102 ° 18 ′ E / 1.0 ° N 102.3 ° E / 1.0 ; 102.3 118 73 Annular : northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Lakshadweep , Southern India , Sri Lanka , northern Sumatra , southern Malaysia , Singapore , Borneo , central Indonesia , Palau , Micronesia , Guam Partial : Asia , Western Melanesia , northwestern Australia , Middle East , East Africa 2020 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2020 06 : 41 : 15 137 Annular 0.994 0 : 38 30.5 30 ° 30 ′ N 79 ° 42 ′ E / 30.5 ° N 79.7 ° E / 30.5 ; 79.7 21 13 Annular : Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Yemen , Empty Quarter , Oman , southern Pakistan , northern India , New Delhi , Tibet , southern China , Chongqing , Taiwan Partial : Asia , Southeastern Europe , Africa , Middle East , West Melanesia , Western Australia , Northern Territory , Cape York Peninsula 2020 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2020 16 : 14 : 39 142 Total 1.025 2 : 10 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 67 ° 54 ′ W / 40.3 ° S 67.9 ° W / - 40.3 ; - 67.9 90 56 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Kiribati , Polynesia Partial : Central and Southern South America , Southwest Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , Ellsworth Land , Western Queen Maud Land 2021 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2021 10 : 43 : 07 147 Annular 0.943 3 : 51 80.8 80 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 48 ′ W / 80.8 ° N 66.8 ° W / 80.8 ; - 66.8 527 327 Annular : Northern Canada , Greenland , Russia Partial : Northern North America , Europe , Asia 2021 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2021 07 : 34 : 38 152 Total 1.037 1 : 54 - 76.8 76 ° 48 ′ S 46 ° 12 ′ W / 76.8 ° S 46.2 ° W / - 76.8 ; - 46.2 419 260 Total : Antarctica Partial : South Africa , South Atlantic 2022 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2022 20 : 42 : 36 119 Partial 0.640 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 71 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 71.5 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 71.5 -- Partial : Southeast Pacific , Southern South America 2022 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2022 11 : 01 : 20 124 Partial 0.862 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 77 ° 24 ′ E / 61.6 ° N 77.4 ° E / 61.6 ; 77.4 -- Partial : Europe , northeast Africa , Mid East , West Asia 2023 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2023 04 : 17 : 56 129 Hybrid 1.013 1 : 16 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 125 ° 48 ′ E / 9.6 ° S 125.8 ° E / - 9.6 ; 125.8 49 30 Hybrid : Indonesia , Australia , Papua New Guinea Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies , Philippines , New Zealand 2023 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2023 18 : 00 : 41 134 Annular 0.952 5 : 17 11.4 11 ° 24 ′ N 83 ° 06 ′ W / 11.4 ° N 83.1 ° W / 11.4 ; - 83.1 187 116 Annular : Western United States , Central America , Colombia , Brazil Partial : North America , Central America , South America 2024 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2024 18 : 18 : 29 139 Total 1.057 4 : 28 25.3 25 ° 18 ′ N 104 ° 06 ′ W / 25.3 ° N 104.1 ° W / 25.3 ; - 104.1 198 123 Total : Mexico , central and northeastern United States , East Canada Partial : North America , Central America 2024 - 10 - 02 October 2 , 2024 18 : 46 : 13 144 Annular 0.933 7 : 25 - 22.0 22 ° 00 ′ S 114 ° 30 ′ W / 22.0 ° S 114.5 ° W / - 22.0 ; - 114.5 266 165 Annular : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina Partial : Pacific , Southern South America 2025 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2025 10 : 48 : 36 149 Partial 0.938 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 77 ° 06 ′ W / 61.1 ° N 77.1 ° W / 61.1 ; - 77.1 -- Partial : Northwest Africa , Europe , northern Russia 2025 - 09 - 21 September 21 , 2025 19 : 43 : 04 154 Partial 0.855 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 153 ° 30 ′ E / 60.9 ° S 153.5 ° E / - 60.9 ; 153.5 -- Partial : South Pacific , New Zealand , Antarctica 2026 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2026 12 : 13 : 06 121 Annular 0.963 2 : 20 - 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E / 64.7 ° S 86.8 ° E / - 64.7 ; 86.8 616 383 Annular : Antarctica Partial : South Argentina , Chile , South Africa , Antarctica 2026 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2026 17 : 47 : 06 126 Total 1.039 2 : 18 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ N 25 ° 12 ′ W / 65.2 ° N 25.2 ° W / 65.2 ; - 25.2 294 183 Total : Arctic , Greenland , Iceland , Spain , Northeastern Portugal Partial : Northern North America , Western Africa , Europe 2027 - 02 - 06 February 6 , 2027 16 : 00 : 48 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 51 - 31.3 31 ° 18 ′ S 48 ° 30 ′ W / 31.3 ° S 48.5 ° W / - 31.3 ; - 48.5 282 175 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Atlantic Partial : South America , Antarctica , West and South Africa 2027 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2027 10 : 07 : 50 136 Total 1.079 6 : 23 25.5 25 ° 30 ′ N 33 ° 12 ′ E / 25.5 ° N 33.2 ° E / 25.5 ; 33.2 258 160 Total : Morocco , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Mid East , West and South Asia 2028 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2028 15 : 08 : 59 141 Annular 0.921 10 : 27 03.0 3 ° 00 ′ N 51 ° 30 ′ W / 3.0 ° N 51.5 ° W / 3.0 ; - 51.5 323 201 Annular : Ecuador , Peru , Brazil , Suriname , Spain , Portugal Partial : Eastern North America , Central and South America , Western Europe , northwest Africa 2028 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2028 02 : 56 : 40 146 Total 1.056 5 : 10 - 15.6 15 ° 36 ′ S 126 ° 42 ′ E / 15.6 ° S 126.7 ° E / - 15.6 ; 126.7 230 140 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies 2029 - 01 - 14 January 14 , 2029 17 : 13 : 48 151 Partial 0.871 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 114 ° 12 ′ W / 63.7 ° N 114.2 ° W / 63.7 ; - 114.2 -- Partial : North America , Central America 2029 - 06 - 12 June 12 , 2029 04 : 06 : 13 118 Partial 0.458 -- 66.8 66 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 12 ′ W / 66.8 ° N 66.2 ° W / 66.8 ; - 66.2 -- Partial : Arctic , Scandinavia , Alaska , northern Asia , northern Canada 2029 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2029 15 : 37 : 19 156 Partial 0.230 -- - 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ S 85 ° 36 ′ W / 64.3 ° S 85.6 ° W / - 64.3 ; - 85.6 -- Partial : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina 2029 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2029 15 : 03 : 58 123 Partial 0.891 -- - 67.5 67 ° 30 ′ S 135 ° 42 ′ E / 67.5 ° S 135.7 ° E / - 67.5 ; 135.7 -- Partial : Southern Argentina , Southern Chile , Antarctica 2030 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2030 06 : 29 : 13 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 21 56.5 56 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 06 ′ E / 56.5 ° N 80.1 ° E / 56.5 ; 80.1 250 160 Annular : Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , northern China , Japan Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Mid East , Asia , Arctic , Alaska 2030 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2030 06 : 51 : 37 133 Total 1.047 3 : 44 - 43.6 43 ° 36 ′ S 71 ° 12 ′ E / 43.6 ° S 71.2 ° E / - 43.6 ; 71.2 169 105 Total : Botswana , South Africa , Australia Partial : South Africa , Southern Indian Ocean , East Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2031 - 05 - 21 May 21 , 2031 07 : 16 : 04 138 Annular 0.959 5 : 26 08.9 8 ° 54 ′ N 71 ° 42 ′ E / 8.9 ° N 71.7 ° E / 8.9 ; 71.7 152 94 Annular : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Zambia , Tanzania , south Indian Ocean , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2031 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2031 21 : 07 : 31 143 Hybrid 1.011 1 : 08 - 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ S 137 ° 36 ′ W / 0.6 ° S 137.6 ° W / - 0.6 ; - 137.6 38 24 Hybrid : Pacific , Panama Partial : south United States , Central America , northwest South America 2032 - 05 - 09 May 9 , 2032 13 : 26 : 42 148 Annular 0.996 0 : 22 - 51.3 51 ° 18 ′ S 7 ° 06 ′ W / 51.3 ° S 7.1 ° W / - 51.3 ; - 7.1 44 27 Annular : south Atlantic Partial : south South America , South Africa 2032 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2032 05 : 34 : 13 153 Partial 0.855 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 132 ° 36 ′ E / 70.4 ° N 132.6 ° E / 70.4 ; 132.6 -- Partial : Asia 2033 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2033 18 : 02 : 36 120 Total 1.046 2 : 37 71.3 71 ° 18 ′ N 155 ° 48 ′ W / 71.3 ° N 155.8 ° W / 71.3 ; - 155.8 781 485 Total : east Russia , Alaska Partial : North America 2033 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2033 13 : 54 : 31 125 Partial 0.689 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 121 ° 12 ′ W / 72.2 ° S 121.2 ° W / - 72.2 ; - 121.2 -- Partial : south South America , Antarctica 2034 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2034 10 : 18 : 45 130 Total 1.046 4 : 09 16 ° 06 ′ N 22 ° 12 ′ E / 16.1 ° N 22.2 ° E / 16.1 ; 22.2 159 99 Total : Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , China Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2034 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2034 16 : 19 : 28 135 Annular 0.974 2 : 58 - 18.2 18 ° 12 ′ S 72 ° 36 ′ W / 18.2 ° S 72.6 ° W / - 18.2 ; - 72.6 102 63 Annular : Chile , Bolivia , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : Central America , South America 2035 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2035 23 : 05 : 54 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 48 - 29.0 29 ° 00 ′ S 154 ° 54 ′ W / 29.0 ° S 154.9 ° W / - 29.0 ; - 154.9 31 19 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Mexico , Antarctica 2035 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2035 01 : 56 : 46 145 Total 1.032 2 : 54 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 158 ° 00 ′ E / 29.1 ° N 158.0 ° E / 29.1 ; 158.0 116 72 Total : China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2036 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2036 04 : 46 : 49 150 Partial 0.629 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 24 ′ W / 71.6 ° S 131.4 ° W / - 71.6 ; - 131.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Australia , New Zealand 2036 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2036 10 : 32 : 06 117 Partial 0.199 -- - 68.9 68 ° 54 ′ S 3 ° 36 ′ E / 68.9 ° S 3.6 ° E / - 68.9 ; 3.6 -- Partial : south Atlantic 2036 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2036 17 : 25 : 45 155 Partial 0.862 -- 71.1 71 ° 06 ′ N 47 ° 00 ′ E / 71.1 ° N 47.0 ° E / 71.1 ; 47.0 -- Partial : Alaska , Canada , Arctic , west Europe , northwest Africa 2037 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2037 09 : 48 : 55 122 Partial 0.705 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E / 68.5 ° N 20.8 ° E / 68.5 ; 20.8 -- Partial : north Africa , Europe , Mid East , west Asia 2037 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2037 02 : 40 : 36 127 Total 1.041 3 : 58 - 24.8 24 ° 48 ′ S 139 ° 06 ′ E / 24.8 ° S 139.1 ° E / - 24.8 ; 139.1 201 125 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : East Indies , Australia , Pacific 2038 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2038 13 : 47 : 11 132 Annular 0.973 3 : 18 02.1 2 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 24 ′ W / 2.1 ° N 25.4 ° W / 2.1 ; - 25.4 107 66 Annular : Cuba , Dominican Republic , Cote d'Ivoire , Ghana , Niger , Chad , Egypt Partial : east North America , north South America , Atlantic , Africa , Europe 2038 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2038 13 : 32 : 55 137 Annular 0.991 1 : 00 25.4 25 ° 24 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W / 25.4 ° N 21.9 ° W / 25.4 ; - 21.9 31 19 Annular : Colombia , Venezuela , Mauritania , Morocco , Mali , Niger , Chad , Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya Partial : North and Central America , South America , Africa , Europe , Mid East 2038 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2038 01 : 00 : 10 142 Total 1.027 2 : 18 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 164 ° 00 ′ E / 40.3 ° S 164.0 ° E / - 40.3 ; 164.0 95 59 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : southeast Asia , East Indies , Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific , Antarctica 2039 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2039 17 : 12 : 54 147 Annular 0.945 4 : 05 78.9 78 ° 54 ′ N 102 ° 06 ′ W / 78.9 ° N 102.1 ° W / 78.9 ; - 102.1 365 227 Annular : Alaska , north Canada , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Russia Partial : North America , west Europe 2039 - 12 - 15 December 15 , 2039 16 : 23 : 46 152 Total 1.036 1 : 51 - 80.9 80 ° 54 ′ S 172 ° 48 ′ E / 80.9 ° S 172.8 ° E / - 80.9 ; 172.8 380 240 Total : Antarctica Partial : south South America 2040 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2040 03 : 43 : 02 119 Partial 0.531 -- - 62.8 62 ° 48 ′ S 174 ° 24 ′ E / 62.8 ° S 174.4 ° E / - 62.8 ; 174.4 -- Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2040 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2040 19 : 09 : 02 124 Partial 0.807 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 53 ° 24 ′ W / 62.2 ° N 53.4 ° W / 62.2 ; - 53.4 -- Partial : North and Central America 2041 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2041 11 : 52 : 21 129 Total 1.019 1 : 51 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 12 ° 12 ′ E / 9.6 ° S 12.2 ° E / - 9.6 ; 12.2 72 45 Total : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Brazil , Africa , Mid East 2041 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2041 01 : 36 : 22 134 Annular 0.947 6 : 07 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 162 ° 54 ′ E / 9.9 ° N 162.9 ° E / 9.9 ; 162.9 213 132 Annular : Mongolia , China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2042 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2042 02 : 17 : 30 139 Total 1.061 4 : 51 27.0 27 ° 00 ′ N 137 ° 18 ′ E / 27.0 ° N 137.3 ° E / 27.0 ; 137.3 210 130 Total : Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , north Pacific Partial : east and southeast Asia , Australia , Pacific 2042 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2042 02 : 00 : 42 144 Annular 0.930 7 : 44 - 23.7 23 ° 42 ′ S 137 ° 48 ′ E / 23.7 ° S 137.8 ° E / - 23.7 ; 137.8 273 170 Annular : Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , Australia , New Zealand Partial : south - east Asia , East Indies , south Pacific , Antarctica 2043 - 04 - 09 April 9 , 2043 18 : 57 : 49 149 Total ( non-central ) 1.010 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 152 ° 00 ′ E / 61.3 ° N 152.0 ° E / 61.3 ; 152.0 -- Total : northeast Russia Partial : north North America , northeast Asia 2043 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2043 03 : 01 : 49 154 Annular ( non-central ) 0.950 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 35 ° 18 ′ E / 61.0 ° S 35.3 ° E / - 61.0 ; 35.3 -- Annular : south Indian Ocean Partial : Antarctica , southwest Australia , Indian Ocean 2044 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2044 20 : 24 : 40 121 Annular 0.960 2 : 27 - 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ S 25 ° 36 ′ W / 62.2 ° S 25.6 ° W / - 62.2 ; - 25.6 -- Annular : south Atlantic Partial : Antarctica , South America 2044 - 08 - 23 August 23 , 2044 01 : 17 : 02 126 Total 1.036 2 : 04 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ N 120 ° 24 ′ W / 64.3 ° N 120.4 ° W / 64.3 ; - 120.4 453 281 Total : Greenland ; Canada 's Northwest Territories and Nunavut , Alberta , southwestern Saskatchewan ; Montana , North Dakota Partial : north Asia , western North America , Greenland 2045 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2045 23 : 56 : 07 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 47 - 28.3 28 ° 18 ′ S 166 ° 12 ′ W / 28.3 ° S 166.2 ° W / - 28.3 ; - 166.2 281 175 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Hawaii 2045 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2045 17 : 42 : 39 136 Total 1.077 6 : 06 25.9 25 ° 54 ′ N 78 ° 30 ′ W / 25.9 ° N 78.5 ° W / 25.9 ; - 78.5 256 159 Total : south United States , Haiti , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Guyana , French Guyana , Suriname , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America , western Africa 2046 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2046 23 : 06 : 26 141 Annular 0.923 9 : 42 04.8 4 ° 48 ′ N 171 ° 24 ′ W / 4.8 ° N 171.4 ° W / 4.8 ; - 171.4 310 190 Annular : Papua New Guinea , Hawaii , California , Oregon , Idaho Partial : Australia , western United States 2046 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2046 10 : 21 : 13 146 Total 1.053 4 : 51 - 12.7 12 ° 42 ′ S 15 ° 12 ′ E / 12.7 ° S 15.2 ° E / - 12.7 ; 15.2 206 128 Total : Brazil , Angola , east Namibia , Botswana , South Africa , Swaziland , south Mozambique Partial : Africa 2047 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2047 01 : 33 : 18 151 Partial 0.891 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 111 ° 42 ′ E / 62.9 ° N 111.7 ° E / 62.9 ; 111.7 -- Partial : east Asia , Alaska 2047 - 06 - 23 June 23 , 2047 10 : 52 : 31 118 Partial 0.313 -- 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ N 178 ° 00 ′ W / 65.8 ° N 178.0 ° W / 65.8 ; - 178.0 -- Partial : north Canada , Greenland , northeast Asia 2047 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2047 22 : 36 : 17 156 Partial 0.361 -- - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 12 ′ E / 63.4 ° S 160.2 ° E / - 63.4 ; 160.2 -- Partial : southeast Australia , New Zealand 2047 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2047 23 : 50 : 12 123 Partial 0.882 -- - 66.4 66 ° 24 ′ S 6 ° 36 ′ W / 66.4 ° S 6.6 ° W / - 66.4 ; - 6.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Chile , south Argentina 2048 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2048 12 : 58 : 53 128 Annular 0.944 4 : 58 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 11 ° 30 ′ W / 63.7 ° N 11.5 ° W / 63.7 ; - 11.5 272 169 Annular : midwest United States , Quebec , Ontario , Greenland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Russia , Afghanistan Partial : North America , Caribbean , north Africa , Europe , west Asia 2048 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2048 15 : 35 : 27 133 Total 1.044 3 : 28 - 46.1 46 ° 06 ′ S 56 ° 24 ′ W / 46.1 ° S 56.4 ° W / - 46.1 ; - 56.4 160 99 Total : Chile , Argentina , Namibia , Botswana Partial : south South America , southwest Africa 2049 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2049 13 : 59 : 59 138 Annular 0.963 4 : 45 15.3 15 ° 18 ′ N 29 ° 54 ′ W / 15.3 ° N 29.9 ° W / 15.3 ; - 29.9 134 83 Annular : Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Senegal , Mali , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Nigeria Partial : southeast United States , Central America , South America , Africa , south Europe 2049 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2049 05 : 33 : 48 143 Hybrid 1.006 0 : 38 - 03.8 3 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 12 ′ E / 3.8 ° S 95.2 ° E / - 3.8 ; 95.2 21 13 Hybrid : Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : east Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2050 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2050 20 : 42 : 50 148 Hybrid 1.004 0 : 21 - 40.1 40 ° 06 ′ S 123 ° 42 ′ W / 40.1 ° S 123.7 ° W / - 40.1 ; - 123.7 27 17 Hybrid : south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , southwest South America 2050 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2050 13 : 30 : 53 153 Partial 0.887 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 1 ° 00 ′ E / 69.5 ° N 1.0 ° E / 69.5 ; 1.0 -- Partial : northeast United States , east Canada , north Africa , Europe 2051 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2051 02 : 10 : 39 120 Partial 0.985 -- 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ N 32 ° 12 ′ E / 71.6 ° N 32.2 ° E / 71.6 ; 32.2 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska , Canada , Greenland 2051 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2051 21 : 02 : 14 125 Partial 0.602 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 117 ° 42 ′ E / 72.0 ° S 117.7 ° E / - 72.0 ; 117.7 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2052 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2052 18 : 31 : 53 130 Total 1.047 4 : 08 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ N 102 ° 30 ′ W / 22.4 ° N 102.5 ° W / 22.4 ; - 102.5 164 102 Total : central Pacific , Mexico , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Central and North America , north South America 2052 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2052 23 : 39 : 10 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 51 - 25.7 25 ° 42 ′ S 175 ° 00 ′ E / 25.7 ° S 175.0 ° E / - 25.7 ; 175.0 106 66 Annular : Australia , south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , Antarctica , West Indies 2053 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2053 07 : 08 : 19 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 50 - 23.0 23 ° 00 ′ S 83 ° 00 ′ E / 23.0 ° S 83.0 ° E / - 23.0 ; 83.0 31 19 Annular : central Indian Ocean , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2053 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2053 09 : 34 : 09 145 Total 1.033 3 : 04 21.5 21 ° 30 ′ N 41 ° 42 ′ E / 21.5 ° N 41.7 ° E / 21.5 ; 41.7 116 72 Total : Spain , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Maldives , Indonesia Partial : Greenland , Africa , Europe , Asia 2054 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2054 12 : 33 : 40 150 Partial 0.668 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 97 ° 54 ′ E / 72.0 ° S 97.9 ° E / - 72.0 ; 97.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar , Chile 2054 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2054 18 : 04 : 02 117 Partial 0.066 -- - 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ S 121 ° 18 ′ W / 69.8 ° S 121.3 ° W / - 69.8 ; - 121.3 -- Partial : Antarctica 2054 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2054 01 : 09 : 34 155 Partial 0.979 -- 71.7 71 ° 42 ′ N 82 ° 18 ′ W / 71.7 ° N 82.3 ° W / 71.7 ; - 82.3 -- Partial : Asia , United States , Canada , Greenland 2055 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2055 17 : 54 : 05 122 Partial 0.693 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 112 ° 12 ′ W / 69.5 ° N 112.2 ° W / 69.5 ; - 112.2 -- Partial : Canada , United States , Mexico , Cuba 2055 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2055 09 : 57 : 50 127 Total 1.036 3 : 17 - 33.3 33 ° 18 ′ S 25 ° 48 ′ E / 33.3 ° S 25.8 ° E / - 33.3 ; 25.8 202 126 Total : South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica 2056 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2056 22 : 16 : 45 132 Annular 0.976 2 : 52 03.9 3 ° 54 ′ N 153 ° 30 ′ W / 3.9 ° N 153.5 ° W / 3.9 ; - 153.5 95 59 Annular : central Pacific , Mexico Partial : New Zealand , western North America 2056 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2056 20 : 21 : 59 137 Annular 0.988 1 : 26 19.4 19 ° 24 ′ N 123 ° 42 ′ W / 19.4 ° N 123.7 ° W / 19.4 ; - 123.7 43 27 Annular : central Pacific , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : south North America , Central America , north South America 2057 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2057 09 : 47 : 52 142 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 39.2 39 ° 12 ′ S 35 ° 12 ′ E / 39.2 ° S 35.2 ° E / - 39.2 ; 35.2 102 63 Total : southern Atlantic , southern Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2057 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2057 23 : 40 : 15 147 Annular 0.946 4 : 23 71.5 71 ° 30 ′ N 176 ° 12 ′ W / 71.5 ° N 176.2 ° W / 71.5 ; - 176.2 298 185 Annular : China , Mongolia , Russia , Canada , United States Partial : Asia , North America 2057 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2057 01 : 14 : 35 152 Total 1.035 1 : 50 - 84.9 84 ° 54 ′ S 21 ° 48 ′ E / 84.9 ° S 21.8 ° E / - 84.9 ; 21.8 355 221 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2058 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2058 10 : 39 : 25 119 Partial 0.414 -- - 63.5 63 ° 30 ′ S 61 ° 06 ′ E / 63.5 ° S 61.1 ° E / - 63.5 ; 61.1 -- Partial : South Africa , Madagascar 2058 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2058 00 : 19 : 35 157 Partial 0.126 -- 65.9 65 ° 54 ′ N 9 ° 54 ′ E / 65.9 ° N 9.9 ° E / 65.9 ; 9.9 -- Partial : Russia , Greenland , Norway , Sweden , Finland 2058 - 11 - 16 November 16 , 2058 03 : 23 : 07 124 Partial 0.764 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 174 ° 12 ′ E / 62.9 ° N 174.2 ° E / 62.9 ; 174.2 -- Partial : Russia , China , Mongolia , Japan 2059 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2059 19 : 22 : 16 129 Total 1.024 2 : 23 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 100 ° 24 ′ W / 10.7 ° S 100.4 ° W / - 10.7 ; - 100.4 95 59 Total : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America 2059 - 11 - 05 November 5 , 2059 09 : 18 : 15 134 Annular 0.942 7 : 00 08.7 8 ° 42 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ E / 8.7 ° N 47.1 ° E / 8.7 ; 47.1 238 148 Annular : France , Libya , Egypt , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2060 - 03 - 30 April 30 , 2060 10 : 10 : 00 139 Total 1.066 5 : 15 28.0 28 ° 00 ′ N 20 ° 54 ′ E / 28.0 ° N 20.9 ° E / 28.0 ; 20.9 222 138 Total : Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Chad , Libya , Egypt , Turkey , Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Africa , Asia 2060 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2060 09 : 24 : 10 144 Annular 0.928 8 : 06 - 25.8 25 ° 48 ′ S 28 ° 06 ′ E / 25.8 ° S 28.1 ° E / - 25.8 ; 28.1 281 175 Annular : Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ivory Coast , Angola , Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica , South America 2061 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2061 02 : 56 : 49 149 Total 1.048 2 : 37 64.5 64 ° 30 ′ N 59 ° 12 ′ E / 64.5 ° N 59.2 ° E / 64.5 ; 59.2 559 347 Total : Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Asia , Middle East , North America 2061 - 10 - 13 October 13 , 2061 10 : 32 : 10 154 Annular 0.947 3 : 41 - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 54 ° 24 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 54.4 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 54.4 743 462 Annular : Antarctica , Argentina , Chile Partial : South America 2062 - 03 - 11 March 11 , 2062 04 : 26 : 16 121 Partial 0.933 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 147 ° 06 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 147.1 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 147.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2062 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2062 08 : 54 : 27 126 Partial 0.975 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 150 ° 18 ′ E / 61.3 ° N 150.3 ° E / 61.3 ; 150.3 -- Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2063 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2063 07 : 43 : 30 131 Annular 0.929 7 : 41 - 25.2 25 ° 12 ′ S 77 ° 42 ′ E / 25.2 ° S 77.7 ° E / - 25.2 ; 77.7 280 170 Annular : Indian Ocean , Indonesia , Malaysia , Mindanao , Philippines Partial : Africa , Indies , southeast Asia , the rest of Philippines , Antarctica , Australia 2063 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2063 01 : 22 : 11 136 Total 1.075 5 : 49 25.6 25 ° 36 ′ N 168 ° 24 ′ E / 25.6 ° N 168.4 ° E / 25.6 ; 168.4 252 157 Total : China , Mongolia , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , central Pacific 2064 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2064 07 : 00 : 23 141 Annular 0.926 8 : 56 07.0 7 ° 00 ′ N 69 ° 42 ′ E / 7.0 ° N 69.7 ° E / 7.0 ; 69.7 295 183 Annular : Zaire , Zambia , Tanzania , India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , China Partial : Africa , Asia 2064 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2064 17 : 46 : 06 146 Total 1.049 4 : 28 - 10.9 10 ° 54 ′ S 96 ° 00 ′ W / 10.9 ° S 96.0 ° W / - 10.9 ; - 96.0 184 114 Total : Central Pacific , Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2065 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2065 09 : 52 : 26 151 Partial 0.912 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W / 62.2 ° N 21.9 ° W / 62.2 ; - 21.9 -- Partial : North America , Europe , West Asia 2065 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2065 17 : 33 : 52 118 Partial 0.164 -- 64.8 64 ° 48 ′ N 71 ° 54 ′ E / 64.8 ° N 71.9 ° E / 64.8 ; 71.9 -- Partial : northern Europe , Russia 2065 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2065 05 : 34 : 17 156 Partial 0.490 -- - 62.7 62 ° 42 ′ S 46 ° 30 ′ E / 62.7 ° S 46.5 ° E / - 62.7 ; 46.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar 2065 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2065 08 : 39 : 56 123 Partial 0.877 -- - 65.4 65 ° 24 ′ S 149 ° 12 ′ W / 65.4 ° S 149.2 ° W / - 65.4 ; - 149.2 -- Partial : Chile , Argentina , Antarctica , Australia 2066 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2066 19 : 25 : 48 128 Annular 0.943 4 : 40 70.1 70 ° 06 ′ N 96 ° 24 ′ W / 70.1 ° N 96.4 ° W / 70.1 ; - 96.4 309 192 Annular : Russia , Alaska , Canada Partial : North America , northern Europe , north Asia 2066 - 12 - 17 December 17 , 2066 00 : 23 : 40 133 Total 1.042 3 : 14 - 47.4 47 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 48 ′ E / 47.4 ° S 175.8 ° E / - 47.4 ; 175.8 152 94 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2067 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2067 20 : 42 : 26 138 Annular 0.967 4 : 05 21.0 21 ° 00 ′ N 130 ° 12 ′ W / 21.0 ° N 130.2 ° W / 21.0 ; - 130.2 119 74 Annular : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru Partial : Americas 2067 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2067 14 : 03 : 43 143 Hybrid 1.001 0 : 08 - 06.0 6 ° 00 ′ S 32 ° 24 ′ W / 6.0 ° S 32.4 ° W / - 6.0 ; - 32.4 2.5 Hybrid : Honduras , Nicaragua , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Brazil , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan Partial : Americas , Africa , south Europe 2068 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2068 03 : 56 : 39 148 Total 1.011 1 : 06 - 31.0 31 ° 00 ′ S 123 ° 12 ′ E / 31.0 ° S 123.2 ° E / - 31.0 ; 123.2 63 39 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2068 - 11 - 24 November 24 , 2068 21 : 32 : 30 153 Partial 0.911 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 131 ° 06 ′ W / 68.5 ° N 131.1 ° W / 68.5 ; - 131.1 -- Partial : North America , Russia 2069 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2069 10 : 11 : 09 120 Partial 0.899 -- 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ N 101 ° 18 ′ W / 71.0 ° N 101.3 ° W / 71.0 ; - 101.3 -- Partial : Europe , Asia , north Africa , North America 2069 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2069 17 : 53 : 18 158 Partial 0.088 -- - 68.8 68 ° 48 ′ S 69 ° 54 ′ W / 68.8 ° S 69.9 ° W / - 68.8 ; - 69.9 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2069 - 10 - 15 October 15 , 2069 04 : 19 : 56 125 Partial 0.530 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 5 ° 30 ′ W / 71.6 ° S 5.5 ° W / - 71.6 ; - 5.5 -- Partial : Antarctica 2070 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2070 02 : 36 : 09 130 Total 1.047 4 : 04 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 135 ° 06 ′ E / 29.1 ° N 135.1 ° E / 29.1 ; 135.1 168 104 Total : Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Alaska , Canada 2070 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2070 07 : 08 : 57 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 44 - 32.8 32 ° 48 ′ S 60 ° 24 ′ E / 32.8 ° S 60.4 ° E / - 32.8 ; 60.4 110 68 Annular : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2071 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2071 15 : 01 : 06 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 52 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 00 ′ W / 16.7 ° S 37.0 ° W / - 16.7 ; - 37.0 31 19 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil , Republic of the Congo , Zaire Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2071 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2071 17 : 20 : 28 145 Total 1.033 3 : 11 14.2 14 ° 12 ′ N 76 ° 42 ′ W / 14.2 ° N 76.7 ° W / 14.2 ; - 76.7 116 72 Total : Mexico , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil Partial : Americas , Africa 2072 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2072 20 : 10 : 31 150 Partial 0.720 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 30 ° 24 ′ W / 72.2 ° S 30.4 ° W / - 72.2 ; - 30.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2072 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2072 08 : 59 : 20 155 Total 1.056 3 : 13 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ N 102 ° 00 ′ E / 69.8 ° N 102.0 ° E / 69.8 ; 102.0 732 455 Total : Russia Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2073 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2073 01 : 55 : 59 122 Partial 0.677 -- 70.5 70 ° 30 ′ N 114 ° 54 ′ E / 70.5 ° N 114.9 ° E / 70.5 ; 114.9 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska 2073 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2073 17 : 15 : 23 127 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 43.2 43 ° 12 ′ S 89 ° 24 ′ W / 43.2 ° S 89.4 ° W / - 43.2 ; - 89.4 206 128 Total : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica 2074 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2074 06 : 44 : 15 132 Annular 0.980 2 : 21 06.6 6 ° 36 ′ N 78 ° 48 ′ E / 6.6 ° N 78.8 ° E / 6.6 ; 78.8 79 49 Annular : Sudan , Ethiopia , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , China , Japan Partial : Africa , Asia , Indies 2074 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2074 03 : 10 : 32 137 Annular 0.984 1 : 57 12.8 12 ° 48 ′ N 133 ° 42 ′ E / 12.8 ° N 133.7 ° E / 12.8 ; 133.7 58 36 Annular : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , New Zealand 2075 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2075 18 : 36 : 04 142 Total 1.031 2 : 42 - 37.2 37 ° 12 ′ S 94 ° 06 ′ W / 37.2 ° S 94.1 ° W / - 37.2 ; - 94.1 110 68 Total : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : New Zealand , South America , Antarctica 2075 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2075 06 : 05 : 44 147 Annular 0.947 4 : 45 63.1 63 ° 06 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E / 63.1 ° N 95.2 ° E / 63.1 ; 95.2 262 163 Annular : south Europe , Russia Partial : Europe , Asia , Africa , north North America 2076 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2076 10 : 07 : 27 152 Total 1.034 1 : 49 - 87.2 87 ° 12 ′ S 173 ° 42 ′ W / 87.2 ° S 173.7 ° W / - 87.2 ; - 173.7 340 210 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia , South America 2076 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2076 17 : 31 : 22 119 Partial 0.290 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 51 ° 12 ′ W / 64.4 ° S 51.2 ° W / - 64.4 ; - 51.2 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2076 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2076 06 : 50 : 43 157 Partial 0.275 -- 67.0 67 ° 00 ′ N 98 ° 06 ′ W / 67.0 ° N 98.1 ° W / 67.0 ; - 98.1 -- Partial : Russia , North America 2076 - 11 - 26 November 26 , 2076 11 : 43 : 01 124 Partial 0.731 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 06 ′ E / 63.7 ° N 40.1 ° E / 63.7 ; 40.1 -- Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2077 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2077 02 : 46 : 05 129 Total 1.029 2 : 54 - 13.1 13 ° 06 ′ S 148 ° 18 ′ E / 13.1 ° S 148.3 ° E / - 13.1 ; 148.3 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2077 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2077 17 : 07 : 56 134 Annular 0.937 7 : 54 07.8 7 ° 48 ′ N 70 ° 48 ′ W / 7.8 ° N 70.8 ° W / 7.8 ; - 70.8 262 163 Annular : United States , Caribbean , Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana Partial : Americas 2078 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2078 17 : 56 : 55 139 Total 1.070 5 : 40 28.1 28 ° 06 ′ N 93 ° 42 ′ W / 28.1 ° N 93.7 ° W / 28.1 ; - 93.7 232 144 Total : Mexico , United States Partial : Americas 2078 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2078 16 : 55 : 44 144 Annular 0.926 8 : 29 - 27.8 27 ° 48 ′ S 83 ° 18 ′ W / 27.8 ° S 83.3 ° W / - 27.8 ; - 83.3 287 178 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2079 - 05 - 01 May 1 , 2079 10 : 50 : 13 149 Total 1.051 2 : 55 66.2 66 ° 12 ′ N 46 ° 18 ′ W / 66.2 ° N 46.3 ° W / 66.2 ; - 46.3 406 252 Total : United States , Canada , Greenland Partial : west Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2079 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2079 18 : 11 : 21 154 Annular 0.948 3 : 39 - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 36 ′ W / 63.4 ° S 160.6 ° W / - 63.4 ; - 160.6 495 308 Annular : Antarctica , New Zealand Partial : South America 2080 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2080 12 : 20 : 15 121 Partial 0.873 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 85 ° 54 ′ E / 60.9 ° S 85.9 ° E / - 60.9 ; 85.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , Africa 2080 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2080 16 : 38 : 09 126 Partial 0.874 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 48 ′ E / 61.1 ° N 25.8 ° E / 61.1 ; 25.8 -- Partial : North America , Europe , Africa 2081 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2081 15 : 23 : 31 131 Annular 0.930 7 : 36 - 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ S 36 ° 42 ′ W / 22.4 ° S 36.7 ° W / - 22.4 ; - 36.7 277 172 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2081 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2081 09 : 07 : 31 136 Total 1.072 5 : 33 24.6 24 ° 36 ′ N 53 ° 36 ′ E / 24.6 ° N 53.6 ° E / 24.6 ; 53.6 247 153 Total : Central Europe , France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Greece , Bulgaria , Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Kuwait , Qatar , UAE , Saudi Arabia , Oman Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2082 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2082 14 : 47 : 00 141 Annular 0.930 8 : 12 09.4 9 ° 24 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ W / 9.4 ° N 47.1 ° W / 9.4 ; - 47.1 277 172 Annular : Peru , Brazil , Suriname , French Guiana , Portugal , Spain , France , Italy , Germany , Austria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2082 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2082 01 : 16 : 21 146 Total 1.045 4 : 01 - 10.3 10 ° 18 ′ S 151 ° 48 ′ E / 10.3 ° S 151.8 ° E / - 10.3 ; 151.8 163 101 Total : Indonesia , New Guinea , South Pacific Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2083 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2083 18 : 06 : 36 151 Partial 0.943 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 154 ° 06 ′ W / 61.6 ° N 154.1 ° W / 61.6 ; - 154.1 -- Partial : Mexico , United States , Canada 2083 - 07 - 15 July 15 , 2083 00 : 14 : 23 118 Partial 0.017 -- 64.0 64 ° 00 ′ N 37 ° 42 ′ W / 64.0 ° N 37.7 ° W / 64.0 ; - 37.7 -- Partial : Greenland 2083 - 08 - 13 August 13 , 2083 12 : 34 : 41 156 Partial 0.615 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 67 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 67.5 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 67.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2084 - 01 - 07 January 7 , 2084 17 : 30 : 23 123 Partial 0.872 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 68 ° 30 ′ E / 64.4 ° S 68.5 ° E / - 64.4 ; 68.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2084 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2084 01 : 50 : 26 128 Annular 0.942 4 : 25 75.0 75 ° 00 ′ N 169 ° 06 ′ W / 75.0 ° N 169.1 ° W / 75.0 ; - 169.1 377 234 Annular : Russia , United States , Canada Partial : northern Europe , Asia , North America 2084 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2084 09 : 13 : 48 133 Total 1.040 3 : 04 - 47.3 47 ° 18 ′ S 47 ° 42 ′ E / 47.3 ° S 47.7 ° E / - 47.3 ; 47.7 146 91 Total : South Atlantic , Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2085 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2085 03 : 21 : 16 138 Annular 0.970 3 : 29 26.2 26 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 18 ′ E / 26.2 ° N 131.3 ° E / 26.2 ; 131.3 106 66 Annular : India , Myanmar , China , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2085 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2085 22 : 37 : 48 143 Annular 0.997 0 : 19 - 07.3 7 ° 18 ′ S 160 ° 48 ′ W / 7.3 ° S 160.8 ° W / - 7.3 ; - 160.8 10 6.2 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , North America 2086 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2086 11 : 07 : 14 148 Total 1.017 1 : 48 - 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ S 12 ° 30 ′ E / 23.2 ° S 12.5 ° E / - 23.2 ; 12.5 86 53 Total : Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : South America , Africa 2086 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2086 05 : 38 : 55 153 Partial 0.927 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 96 ° 12 ′ E / 67.4 ° N 96.2 ° E / 67.4 ; 96.2 -- Partial : Asia 2087 - 05 - 02 May 2 , 2087 18 : 04 : 42 120 Partial 0.801 -- 70.3 70 ° 18 ′ N 127 ° 36 ′ E / 70.3 ° N 127.6 ° E / 70.3 ; 127.6 -- Partial : north Europe , north Asia , North America 2087 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2087 01 : 27 : 14 158 Partial 0.215 -- - 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ S 165 ° 24 ′ E / 67.8 ° S 165.4 ° E / - 67.8 ; 165.4 -- Partial : New Zealand 2087 - 10 - 26 October 26 , 2087 11 : 46 : 57 125 Partial 0.470 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 130 ° 30 ′ W / 71.0 ° S 130.5 ° W / - 71.0 ; - 130.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2088 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2088 10 : 31 : 49 130 Total 1.047 3 : 58 36.0 36 ° 00 ′ N 15 ° 06 ′ E / 36.0 ° N 15.1 ° E / 36.0 ; 15.1 173 107 Total : Mauritania , western Sahara , Mali , Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Kazakhstan , China Partial : North America , Africa , Europe , Asia 2088 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2088 14 : 48 : 05 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 38 - 39.7 39 ° 42 ′ S 56 ° 00 ′ W / 39.7 ° S 56.0 ° W / - 39.7 ; - 56.0 115 71 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica , Africa 2089 - 04 - 10 April 10 , 2089 22 : 44 : 42 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 53 - 10.2 10 ° 12 ′ S 154 ° 48 ′ W / 10.2 ° S 154.8 ° W / - 10.2 ; - 154.8 30 19 Annular : Australia , central Pacific Partial : Antarctica , North America 2089 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2089 01 : 15 : 23 145 Total 1.033 3 : 14 07.4 7 ° 24 ′ N 162 ° 48 ′ E / 7.4 ° N 162.8 ° E / 7.4 ; 162.8 115 71 Total : China , Central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2090 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2090 03 : 38 : 08 150 Partial 0.784 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 156 ° 18 ′ W / 72.1 ° S 156.3 ° W / - 72.1 ; - 156.3 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2090 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2090 16 : 56 : 36 155 Total 1.056 3 : 36 60.7 60 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 30 ′ W / 60.7 ° N 40.5 ° W / 60.7 ; - 40.5 463 288 Total : Canada , Greenland , United Kingdom , France Partial : North America , Europe , Africa , north Asia 2091 - 02 - 18 February 18 , 2091 09 : 54 : 40 122 Partial 0.656 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 17 ° 48 ′ W / 71.2 ° N 17.8 ° W / 71.2 ; - 17.8 -- Partial : North Africa , Europe , Asia 2091 - 08 - 15 August 15 , 2091 00 : 34 : 43 127 Total 1.022 1 : 38 - 55.6 55 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ E / 55.6 ° S 150.5 ° E / - 55.6 ; 150.5 236 147 Total : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2092 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2092 15 : 10 : 20 132 Annular 0.984 1 : 48 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 48 ° 42 ′ W / 9.9 ° N 48.7 ° W / 9.9 ; - 48.7 62 39 Annular : Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Morocco , Algeria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2092 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2092 09 : 59 : 33 137 Annular 0.979 2 : 31 05.6 5 ° 36 ′ N 30 ° 18 ′ E / 5.6 ° N 30.3 ° E / 5.6 ; 30.3 75 47 Annular : Liberia , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Central African Republic , Sudan , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Africa 2093 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2093 03 : 22 : 16 142 Total 1.034 2 : 58 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 136 ° 24 ′ E / 34.1 ° S 136.4 ° E / - 34.1 ; 136.4 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2093 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2093 12 : 32 : 04 147 Annular 0.946 5 : 11 54.6 54 ° 36 ′ N 1 ° 18 ′ E / 54.6 ° N 1.3 ° E / 54.6 ; 1.3 241 150 Annular : United States , Canada , Central Europe , Turkey , Iraq , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2094 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2094 18 : 59 : 03 152 Total 1.034 1 : 51 - 84.8 84 ° 48 ′ S 10 ° 36 ′ W / 84.8 ° S 10.6 ° W / - 84.8 ; - 10.6 329 204 Total : Antarctica Partial : South America , Antarctica , New Zealand 2094 - 06 - 13 June 13 , 2094 00 : 22 : 11 119 Partial 0.162 -- - 65.3 65 ° 18 ′ S 163 ° 36 ′ W / 65.3 ° S 163.6 ° W / - 65.3 ; - 163.6 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2094 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2094 13 : 24 : 35 157 Partial 0.422 -- 68.0 68 ° 00 ′ N 152 ° 48 ′ E / 68.0 ° N 152.8 ° E / 68.0 ; 152.8 -- Partial : North America , Asia 2094 - 12 - 07 December 7 , 2094 20 : 05 : 56 124 Partial 0.705 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 95 ° 00 ′ W / 64.7 ° N 95.0 ° W / 64.7 ; - 95.0 -- Partial : North America 2095 - 06 - 02 June 2 , 2095 10 : 07 : 40 129 Total 1.033 3 : 18 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 12 ′ E / 16.7 ° S 37.2 ° E / - 16.7 ; 37.2 145 90 Total : Namibia , South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa 2095 - 11 - 27 November 27 , 2095 01 : 02 : 57 134 Annular 0.933 8 : 47 07.2 7 ° 12 ′ N 169 ° 48 ′ E / 7.2 ° N 169.8 ° E / 7.2 ; 169.8 285 177 Annular : China , Korea , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2096 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2096 01 : 37 : 14 139 Total 1.074 6 : 07 27.3 27 ° 18 ′ N 153 ° 24 ′ E / 27.3 ° N 153.4 ° E / 27.3 ; 153.4 241 150 Total : Indonesia , Central Pacific , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , North America 2096 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2096 00 : 36 : 15 144 Annular 0.924 8 : 53 - 29.7 29 ° 42 ′ S 163 ° 18 ′ E / 29.7 ° S 163.3 ° E / - 29.7 ; 163.3 294 183 Annular : Malaysia , Indonesia , New Guinea , Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Antarctica 2097 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2097 18 : 34 : 31 149 Total 1.054 3 : 10 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 149 ° 30 ′ W / 67.4 ° N 149.5 ° W / 67.4 ; - 149.5 339 211 Total : Alaska , Russia Partial : Asia , North America , northern Europe 2097 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2097 02 : 01 : 25 154 Annular 0.949 3 : 36 - 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E / 65.8 ° S 86.8 ° E / - 65.8 ; 86.8 411 255 Annular : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2098 - 04 - 01 April 1 , 2098 20 : 02 : 31 121 Partial 0.798 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 38 ° 06 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 38.1 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 38.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2098 - 09 - 25 September 25 , 2098 00 : 31 : 16 126 Partial 0.787 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 101 ° 00 ′ W / 61.1 ° N 101.0 ° W / 61.1 ; - 101.0 -- Partial : Asia , North America 2098 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2098 10 : 36 : 11 164 Partial 0.006 -- - 61.8 61 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 30 ′ W / 61.8 ° S 95.5 ° W / - 61.8 ; - 95.5 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2099 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2099 22 : 54 : 32 131 Annular 0.932 7 : 32 - 20.0 20 ° 00 ′ S 149 ° 00 ′ W / 20.0 ° S 149.0 ° W / - 20.0 ; - 149.0 275 171 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , North America 2099 - 09 - 14 September 14 , 2099 16 : 57 : 53 136 Total 1.068 5 : 18 23.4 23 ° 24 ′ N 62 ° 48 ′ W / 23.4 ° N 62.8 ° W / 23.4 ; - 62.8 241 150 Total : Canada , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Americas , Africa 2100 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2100 22 : 28 : 11 141 Annular 0.934 7 : 29 12.0 12 ° 00 ′ N 162 ° 24 ′ W / 12.0 ° N 162.4 ° W / 12.0 ; - 162.4 257 160 Annular : central Pacific , Hawaii , Northwestern United States Partial : Australia , North America 2100 - 09 - 04 September 4 , 2100 08 : 49 : 20 146 Total 1.040 3 : 32 - 10.5 10 ° 30 ′ S 39 ° 00 ′ E / 10.5 ° S 39.0 ° E / - 10.5 ; 39.0 142 88 Total : central Africa , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica References ( edit ) Acknowledgement : Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak , NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center ^ Jump up to : `` Five Million Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms '' . NASA . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ; Willcox , Ken ; Espenak , Fred . Totality : Eclipses of the Sun ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513179 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Solar eclipses : 2011 -- 2020 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The day the sun disappears is coming '' . CNN . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2021 -- 2030 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2031 -- 2040 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2041 -- 2050 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2051 -- 2060 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2061 -- 2070 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2071 -- 2080 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2081 -- 2090 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2091 -- 2100 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Catalog of Solar Eclipses : 2001 to 2100 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 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Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 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-2406644688306003780 | P.S. I Love You (film) | P.S. I Love You ( film ) - wikipedia P.S. I Love You ( film ) P.S. I Love You Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard LaGravenese Produced by Wendy Finerman Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Molly Smith Screenplay by Richard LaGravenese Steven Rogers Based on PS , I Love You by Cecelia Ahern Starring Hilary Swank Gerard Butler Lisa Kudrow Gina Gershon Jeffrey Dean Morgan Kathy Bates Harry Connick Jr . James Marsters Music by John Powell Cinematography Terry Stacey Edited by David Moritz Production company Alcon Entertainment Grosvenor Park Productions 2S Films Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English French Spanish Budget $30 million Box office $156,835,339 P.S. I Love You is a 2007 American drama film directed by Richard LaGravenese . The screenplay by LaGravenese and Steven Rogers is based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Cecelia Ahern . It stars Hilary Swank , Gerard Butler , Lisa Kudrow , Gina Gershon , James Marsters , Harry Connick Jr. and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and Momentum Pictures . Contents 1 Plot 2 Differences between novel and film adaptation 3 Cast 4 Production 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Cultural influence 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Holly and Gerry are a married couple who live on the Lower East Side of Manhattan . They are deeply in love , but they fight occasionally . By winter that year , Gerry suddenly dies of a brain tumor , and Holly realizes how much he meant to her as well as how insignificant their arguments were . Deeply distraught , Holly withdraws from her family and friends out of grief until they descend upon her on her 30th birthday . They are determined to prod the young widow to face the future and explore what her life choices should be . As they rally around Holly and help organize her apartment , a cake is delivered , and with it is a message from Gerry . It proves to be the first of several meaningful messages -- all ending with `` P.S. I Love You '' -- which he had arranged to have delivered to her after his death . As the seasons pass , each new message fills her with encouragement and sends her on a new adventure . Holly 's mother believes that Gerry 's letters are keeping Holly tied to the past . But they are , in fact , pushing her into the future . With Gerry 's words as her guide , Holly slowly embarks on a journey of rediscovery . Gerry arranged for Holly and her friends Denise and Sharon to travel to his homeland of Ireland . They arrive at their destination , a house in the beautiful Irish countryside where they find letters from Gerry for Sharon & Denise , one asking Denise to take Holly to his favorite pub . While there , they meet William , a singer who strongly reminds Holly of her deceased husband . He asks her to stay to see him after his last song ( `` Galway Girl '' ) , which he dedicates to her . Upon hearing it , she is overcome with emotion and walks out , because it was the song Gerry sang to her shortly after they first met . During the vacation , while on a fishing trip , they lose the boat 's oars , leaving the three women stranded in the middle of a lake . During their wait for help , Sharon announces that she is pregnant and Denise reveals she is getting married . This news causes Holly to relapse emotionally and again withdraw into herself . They are eventually rescued by William , whom Sharon and Denise invite to stay the night because of the pouring rain . Unable to deny their feelings for each other , they kiss , and William and Holly have sex . They begin a conversation about her deceased husband and Holly asks William to drive her to visit her in - laws . Upon Holly revealing their names , William realizes she is the widow of his childhood best friend . Revealing this to Holly causes her to panic , but William calms her down and starts to tell stories about his and Gerry 's childhood . The next day , Holly visits Gerry 's parents and while there , she also receives a letter from Gerry reminding her of their first meeting . Arriving home , Holly again withdraws from family and friends . As she continues to become more and more lost , she is inspired by Gerry after finding one of his suspender clips next to one of her shoes and realizes she has a flair for designing women 's shoes ; she enrolls in a class that teaches how to actually make the shoes she has designed . A new found self - confidence allows her to emerge from her solitude and embrace her friends ' happiness . While on a walk with her mother , she learns that her mother was the one whom Gerry asked to deliver his letters after his death and receives the last letter . As the film ends with Holly taking her mother on a trip to Ireland , we see that Holly has opened herself up to the journey beginning with the next chapter of her life , and wherever it takes her she has the hope of falling in love again . Differences between novel and film adaptation ( edit ) The major difference between the novel and its film adaptation is that , in the novel , the main characters Holly and Gerry Kennedy are Irish . In the film , only Gerry is Irish , Holly and her family are Irish Americans , and the two live in New York . Also in the novel , Holly has numerous siblings , but in the film she has one . The film adds a character called William , played by Jeffrey Dean Morgan . Another change is that in the books , the letters arrive all in a package together and Holly is expected to open them once a month . In the movie , the letters are delivered by mail . The film remains fairly true to the novel , and all of Gerry 's letters are virtually unchanged . Cast ( edit ) Hilary Swank -- Holly Reilly - Kennedy Gerard Butler -- Gerry Kennedy Lisa Kudrow -- Denise Hennessey Gina Gershon -- Sharon McCarthy James Marsters -- John McCarthy Harry Connick , Jr . -- Daniel Connelly Jeffrey Dean Morgan -- William Gallagher Nellie McKay -- Ciara Reilly , Holly 's sister Kathy Bates -- Patricia Reilly , Holly and Ciara 's mother Anne Kent -- Rose Kennedy , Gerry 's mother Brian McGrath -- Martin Kennedy , Gerry 's father Production ( edit ) In A Conversation with Cecilia Ahern , a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film , the author of the original novel discusses the Americanization of her story -- which was set in Ireland -- for the screen and her satisfaction with the plot changes which screenwriter / director Richard LaGravenese had to make in order to fit the book into the screen . The film was shot on locations in New York City and County Wicklow , Ireland . Soundtrack ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) P.S. I Love You Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 3 , 2007 Genre Pop Length 56 : 44 Label Atlantic The soundtrack for the film was released on December 3 , 2007 . `` Love You Till the End '' -- The Pogues `` Same Mistake '' -- James Blunt `` More Time '' -- Needtobreathe `` Carousel '' -- Laura Izibor `` Fortress '' -- Hope `` Last Train Home '' -- Ryan Star `` Rewind '' -- Paolo Nutini `` My Sweet Song '' -- Toby Lightman `` No Other Love '' -- Chuck Prophet `` Everything We Had '' -- The Academy Is ... `` In the Beginning '' -- The Stills `` If I Ever Leave This World Alive '' -- Flogging Molly `` P.S. I Love You '' -- Nellie McKay `` Kisses and Cake '' -- John Powell `` Trouble '' -- performed by Greg Dulli and Kerry Brown The film also includes `` Fairytale of New York '' performed by The Pogues , `` Got Me Like Oh '' by Gia Farrell , `` No Other Love '' by Chuck Prophet , `` Mustang Sally '' performed by Gerard Butler and `` Galway Girl '' written and originally released by Steve Earle , performed by Gerard Butler , Nancy Davis , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . Camera Obscura 's `` Lloyd , I 'm Ready to Be Heartbroken '' also plays in the opening credits . None of songs are included on the official soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received negative reviews from critics , with most of the criticism being focused on Hilary Swank 's performance . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 24 % based on 99 reviews . At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 39 % , based on 24 reviews . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said the film `` looks squeaky clean and utterly straight and very much removed from the shadow worlds in which Ms. Swank has done her best work . Yet as directed by Richard LaGravenese ... it has a curious morbid quality ... ( It ) wo n't win any awards ; it is n't the sort of work that flatters a critic 's taste . It 's preposterous in big and small matters ... and there are several cringe - worthy set pieces , some involving Mr. Butler and a guitar . The film is not a beautiful object or a memorable cultural one , and yet it charms , however awkwardly . Ms. Swank 's ardent sincerity and naked emotionalism dovetail nicely with Mr. LaGravenese 's melodramatic excesses . '' David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote , `` This is a movie that will leave you stunned and stupefied from beginning to end , if you do n't head for the exits first . The only good things in it are Lisa Kudrow and Swank 's wardrobe . The plot is unbelievable , although a competent script could have fixed that . The direction is flabby and uninspired , the casting is wrongheaded , and the performances run the gamut from uninteresting to insufferable ... the film wants terribly to be Ghost without a potter 's wheel , but it just succeeds at being terrible . '' John Anderson of Variety also had a negative review : `` The question of love after death has been asked frequently enough in the movies , but seldom with the high ick factor found in P.S. I Love You ... this post-life comedy will have the sentimentally challenged weeping openly , while clutching desperately to the pants - legs of boyfriends and husbands who are trying to flee up the aisle . Richard LaGravenese 's trip into Lifetime territory may define the guilty pleasure of the genre ... As an exercise in chick - flickery , P.S. I Love You wants to possess the soulfulness of harsh reality and the lilt of romantic fantasy at the same time . In this case , at least , it simply ca n't be done . '' Stephen Whitty of The Oregonian wrote , `` On a week when many people just want a good reason to put down their packages and smile for a couple of hours , P.S. I Love You arrives -- signed , sealed and delivered just on time . '' Irish reviewers were particularly critical of Butler 's Irish accent . Butler later jokingly apologized for his poor effort at an Irish accent . Box office ( edit ) The film opened on 2,454 screens in North America and earned $6,481,221 and ranked # 6 on its opening weekend . It eventually grossed $53,695,808 at the North American box office and $91,370,273 in the rest of the world for a total worldwide box office of $156,835,339 . Accolades ( edit ) Hilary Swank won the 2008 People 's Choice Irish Film and Television Award for Best International Actress . Cultural influence ( edit ) Dialogue between Connick 's and Swank 's characters inspired Reba McEntire 's 2011 single `` Somebody 's Chelsea '' . See also ( edit ) The Letter ( 1997 film ) ( South Korea ) The Letter ( 2004 film ) ( Thai Remake ) 2007 in film Cinema of the United States List of American films of 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( 2007 ) . `` P.S. I Love You '' . Tourism Ireland . Tourism Ireland . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P.S. I Love You '' . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Metacritic CBS Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis . `` P.P.S. Take Tissues to This Weepy About a Romance Tested by Death '' . The New York Times , 21 December 2007 Jump up ^ David Wiegand . `` Review : ' P.S. I Love You ' a sappy stinker with star power '' . San Francisco Chronicle , 21 December 2007 Jump up ^ John Anderson ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` P.S. I Love You '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty . `` P.S. I Love You '' . The Oregonian . Advance Publications . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Róisín Ingle ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` Author of her own destiny '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Michael Dwyer ( December 21 , 2007 ) . `` PS , I love You '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWZiO7YNoPQ Jump up ^ `` Movies.ie Paul Byrne '' . Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( 19 August 2011 ) . `` Reba McEntire , ' Somebody 's Chelsea ' -- Lyrics Uncovered '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) P.S. I Love You at AllMovie P.S. I Love You at Box Office Mojo P.S. I Love You on IMDb P.S. I Love You at Metacritic P.S. I Love You at Rotten Tomatoes Cecelia Ahern Novels PS , I Love You ( 2004 ) Where Rainbows End ( 2004 ) If You Could See Me Now ( 2005 ) A Place Called Here ( 2006 ) Thanks for the Memories ( 2008 ) Short fiction Mrs. Whippy ( 2006 ) Adaptations P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) Love , Rosie ( 2014 ) Television Samantha Who ? ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Zwischen Himmel und Hier ( 2014 ) Mein Ganzes Halbes Leben ( 2014 ) Films by Richard LaGravenese Films written Rude Awakening ( 1989 ) The Fisher King ( 1991 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) A Little Princess ( 1995 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Unstrung Heroes ( 1995 ) The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) Beloved ( 1998 ) Conviction ( 2010 ) Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Films directed Living Out Loud ( 1998 ) A Decade Under the Influence ( 2003 ) Paris , je t'aime ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) The Last Five Years ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.S._I_Love_You_(film)&oldid=853878322 '' Categories : 2007 films 2000s drama films Alcon Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films American romantic drama films American films English - language films Films about widowhood Films based on Irish novels Films directed by Richard LaGravenese Films set in Ireland Films set in New York City Warner Bros. films Films shot in New York City Films shot in County Wicklow Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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3663483929357834064 | Vitamin C | Vitamin C - wikipedia Vitamin C Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Vitamin C ( disambiguation ) . Vitamin C Clinical data Synonyms L - ascorbic acid , ascorbic acid , ascorbate AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a682583 Pregnancy category A ( to RDA ) , C ( above RDA ) Routes of administration By mouth , IM , IV , subQ ATC code A11G ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : Unscheduled US : OTC general public availability Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability rapid & complete Protein binding negligible Biological half - life varies according to plasma concentration Excretion kidney Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) 2 - Oxo - L - threo - hexono - 1 , 4 - lactone - 2 , 3 - enediol or ( R ) - 3 , 4 - Dihydroxy - 5 - ( ( S ) - 1 , 2 - dihydroxyethyl ) furan - 2 ( 5H ) - one CAS Number 50 - 81 - 7 PubChem CID 54670067 IUPHAR / BPS 4781 DrugBank DB00126 ChemSpider 10189562 UNII PQ6CK8PD0R KEGG D00018 ChEBI CHEBI : 29073 ChEMBL CHEMBL196 NIAID ChemDB 002072 E number E300 ( antioxidants , ... ) ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 061 Chemical and physical data Formula C H O Molar mass 176.12 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Density 1.694 g / cm Melting point 190 ° C ( 374 ° F ) Boiling point 553 ° C ( 1,027 ° F ) SMILES ( show ) OC ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C@H ) 1OC ( = O ) C ( O ) = C1O InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C6H8O6 / c7 - 1 - 2 ( 8 ) 5 - 3 ( 9 ) 4 ( 10 ) 6 ( 11 ) 12 - 5 / h2 , 5 , 7 - 10H , 1H2 / t2 - , 5 + / m0 / s1 Key : CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ - JLAZNSOCSA - N ( verify ) Vitamin C , also known as ascorbic acid and L - ascorbic acid , is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement . The disease scurvy is prevented and treated with vitamin C - containing foods or dietary supplements . Evidence does not support use in the general population for the prevention of the common cold . There is , however , some evidence that regular use may shorten the length of colds . It is unclear if supplementation affects the risk of cancer , cardiovascular disease , or dementia . It may be taken by mouth or by injection . Vitamin C is generally well tolerated . Large doses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort , headache , trouble sleeping , and flushing of the skin . Normal doses are safe during pregnancy . The United States Institute of Medicine recommends against taking large doses . Vitamin C is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissue and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters . It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and is important for immune system function . It also functions as an antioxidant . Foods containing vitamin C include citrus fruits , broccoli , Brussels sprouts , raw bell peppers , and strawberries . Prolonged storage or cooking may reduce vitamin C content in foods . Vitamin C was discovered in 1912 , isolated in 1928 , and in 1933 was the first vitamin to be chemically produced . It is on the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . Vitamin C is available as a generic medication and over-the - counter drug . In 2015 , the wholesale cost in the developing world was less than US $ 0.01 per tablet . Partly for its discovery , Albert Szent - Györgyi and Walter Norman Haworth were awarded 1937 Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine and Chemistry , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 1.1 Significance 1.2 Deficiency 2 Uses 2.1 Scurvy 2.2 Infection 2.3 Cancer 2.4 Cardiovascular disease 2.5 Other diseases 3 Side effects 4 Diet 4.1 Recommended levels 4.2 Food labeling 4.3 Sources 4.3. 1 Plant sources 4.3. 2 Animal sources 4.4 Food preparation 4.5 Supplements 4.6 Food fortification 5 Mechanism of action 5.1 Absorption , transport , and excretion 5.2 Enzymatic cofactor 6 Chemistry 7 Testing for levels 8 Synthesis 8.1 Biosynthesis 8.1. 1 Routes 8.2 Evolution 8.3 Industrial 9 History 9.1 Folk medicine 9.2 Scurvy at sea 9.3 Discovery 9.4 Large doses 10 Society and culture 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Biology ( edit ) Significance ( edit ) Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for certain animals including humans . The term vitamin C encompasses several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals . Ascorbate salts such as sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are used in some dietary supplements . These release ascorbate upon digestion . Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body , since the forms interconvert according to pH . Oxidized forms of the molecule such as dehydroascorbic acid are converted back to ascorbic acid by reducing agents . Vitamin C is a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions in animals ( and humans ) important in many essential functions , including wound healing . In humans , vitamin C deficiency compromises collagen synthesis , contributing to the more severe symptoms of scurvy . More generally , the biochemical role of vitamin C is to act as an antioxidant , a reducing agent , donating electrons to various enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions . Doing so converts vitamin C to an oxidized state - either as semidehydroascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid . These compounds can be restored to a reduced state by glutathione and NADPH - dependent enzymatic mechanisms . In plants , vitamin C is a substrate for ascorbate peroxidase . This enzyme utilizes ascorbate to neutralize toxic hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) by converting it to water ( H O ) . Deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Scurvy Scurvy is an avitaminosis resulting from lack of vitamin C , since without this vitamin , collagen made by the body is too unstable to perform its function . Scurvy leads to the formation of brown spots on the skin , spongy gums , and bleeding from all mucous membranes . The spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs , and a person with the ailment looks pale , feels depressed , and is partially immobilized . In advanced scurvy there are open , suppurating wounds and loss of teeth and , eventually , death . The human body can store only a certain amount of vitamin C , and so the body stores are depleted if fresh supplies are not consumed . The time frame for onset of symptoms of scurvy in unstressed adults on a completely vitamin C free diet , however , may range from one month to more than six months , depending on previous loading of vitamin C . Notable human dietary studies of experimentally induced scurvy have been conducted on conscientious objectors during World War II in Britain and on Iowa state prisoners in the late 1960s to the 1980s . These studies both found that all obvious symptoms of scurvy previously induced by an experimental scorbutic diet with extremely low vitamin C content could be completely reversed by additional vitamin C supplementation of only 10 mg a day . In these experiments , there was no clinical difference noted between men given 70 mg vitamin C per day ( which produced blood level of vitamin C of about 0.55 mg / dl , about 1 / 3 of tissue saturation levels ) and those given 10 mg per day . Men in the prison study developed the first signs of scurvy about four weeks after starting the vitamin C - free diet , whereas in the British study , six to eight months were required , possibly due to the pre-loading of this group with a 70 mg / day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was fed . Men in both studies on a diet devoid , or nearly devoid , of vitamin C had blood levels of vitamin C too low to be accurately measured when they developed signs of scurvy , and in the Iowa study , at this time were estimated ( by labeled vitamin C dilution ) to have a body pool of less than 300 mg , with daily turnover of only 2.5 mg / day , implying an instantaneous half - life of 83 days by this time ( elimination constant of 4 months ) . Uses ( edit ) Vitamin C supplements at a drug store . Vitamin C has a definitive role in treating scurvy , which is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency . Beyond that , a role for vitamin C as prevention or treatment for various diseases is disputed , with reviews reporting conflicting results . A 2012 Cochrane review reported no effect of vitamin C supplementation on overall mortality . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . Scurvy ( edit ) The disease scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and can be prevented and treated with vitamin C containing foods or dietary supplements . It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C before symptoms occur . Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy , progressing to shortness of breath , bone pain , bleeding gums , susceptibility to bruising , poor wound healing , and finally fever , convulsions and eventual death . Until quite late in the disease the damage is reversible , as with vitamin C repletion , healthy collagen replaces the defective collagen . Treatment can be orally or by intramuscular or intravenous injection . Scurvy was known to Hippocrates in the classical era . The disease was shown to be prevented by citrus fruit in an early controlled trial by a Royal Navy surgeon , James Lind , in 1747 , and from 1796 lemon juice was issued to all Royal Navy crewmen . Infection ( edit ) Further information : Vitamin C and the common cold The Nobel prizewinner Linus Pauling advocated taking vitamin C for the common cold in a 1970 book . The effect of vitamin C on the common cold has been extensively researched . The earliest publication of a controlled clinical trial appears to be from 1945 . Researchers continued to work on this question , but research interest and public interest spiked after Linus Pauling , two - time awardee of the Nobel Prize ( Chemistry Prize , 1954 , Peace Prize 1962 ) , started publishing research on the topic and also published a book `` Vitamin C and the Common Cold '' in 1970 . A revised and expanded edition `` Vitamin C , the Common Cold and the Flu '' was published in 1976 . The most recent meta - analysis , a Cochrane Review published in 2013 , with inclusion criteria limited to trials that called for at least 200 mg / day , concluded that vitamin C taken on a regular basis was not effective in prevention of the common cold . Limiting inclusion to trials that called for at least 1000 mg / day made no difference . However , taking vitamin C on a regular basis did reduce average duration by 8 % in adults and 14 % in children , and also reduced severity of colds . A subset of trials reported that supplementation reduced the incidence of colds by half in marathon runners , skiers , or soldiers in subarctic conditions . Another subset of trials looked at therapeutic use , meaning that vitamin C was not started unless the people started to feel the beginnings of a cold . In these , vitamin C did not impact duration or severity . An earlier review stated that vitamin C did not prevent colds , did reduce duration , did not reduce severity . The authors of the Cochrane review concluded that `` ... given the consistent effect of vitamin C on the duration and severity of colds in the regular supplementation studies , and the low cost and safety , it may be worthwhile for common cold patients to test on an individual basis whether therapeutic vitamin C is beneficial for them . '' Vitamin C distributes readily in high concentrations into immune cells , has antimicrobial and natural killer cell activities , promotes lymphocyte proliferation , and is consumed quickly during infections , effects indicating a prominent role in immune system regulation . The European Food Safety Authority found a cause and effect relationship exists between the dietary intake of vitamin C and functioning of a normal immune system in adults and in children under three years of age . Cancer ( edit ) There are two approaches to the question of whether vitamin C has an impact on cancer . First , within the normal range of dietary intake without additional dietary supplementation , are people who consume more vitamin C at lower risk for developing cancer , and if so , does an orally consumed supplement have the same benefit ? Second , for people diagnosed with cancer , will large amounts of ascorbic acid administered intravenously treat the cancer , reduce the adverse effects of other treatments , and so prolong survival and improve quality of life ? A 2013 Cochrane review found no evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of lung cancer in healthy or high risk ( smokers and asbestos - exposed ) people . A 2014 meta - analysis found that vitamin C intake might protect against lung cancer risk . A second meta - analysis found no effect on the risk of prostate cancer . Two meta - analyses evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the risk of colorectal cancer . One found a weak association between vitamin C consumption and reduced risk , and the other found no effect of supplementation . A 2011 meta - analysis failed to find support for the prevention of breast cancer with vitamin C supplementation , but a second study concluded that vitamin C may be associated with increased survival in those already diagnosed . Under the rubric of orthomolecular medicine , `` Intravenous vitamin C is a contentious adjunctive cancer therapy , widely used in naturopathic and integrative oncology settings . '' With oral administration absorption efficiency decreases as amounts increase . Intravenous administration bypasses this . Doing so makes it possible to achieve plasma concentrations of 5 to 10 millimoles / liter ( mmol / L ) , which far exceed the approximately 0.2 mmol / L limit from oral consumption . The theories of mechanism are contradictory . At high tissue concentrations , ascorbic acid is described as acting as a pro-oxidant , generating hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) to kill tumor cells . The same literature claims that ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant , thereby reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy . Research continues in this field , but a 2014 review concluded : `` Currently , the use of high - dose intravenous vitamin C ( as an anticancer agent ) can not be recommended outside of a clinical trial . '' A 2015 review added : `` There is no high - quality evidence to suggest that ascorbate supplementation in cancer patients either enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy or reduces its toxicity . Evidence for ascorbate 's anti-tumor effects was limited to case reports and observational and uncontrolled studies . '' Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) A 2013 meta - analysis found no evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of myocardial infarction , stroke , cardiovascular mortality , or all - cause mortality . However , a second analysis found an inverse relationship between circulating vitamin C levels or dietary vitamin C and the risk of stroke . A meta - analysis of 44 clinical trials has shown a significant positive effect of vitamin C on endothelial function when taken at doses greater than 500 mg per day . The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels . Endothelial dysfunction is implicated in many aspects of vascular diseases . The researchers noted that the effect of vitamin C supplementation appeared to be dependent on health status , with stronger effects in those at higher cardiovascular disease risk . Other diseases ( edit ) Studies examining the effects of vitamin C intake on the risk of Alzheimer 's disease have reached conflicting conclusions . Maintaining a healthy dietary intake is probably more important than supplementation for achieving any potential benefit . A 2010 review found no role for vitamin C supplementation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis . Vitamin C supplementation does not prevent or slow the progression of age - related cataract . Side effects ( edit ) More than two to three grams may cause indigestion , particularly when taken on an empty stomach . However , taking vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate may minimize this effect . Other symptoms reported for large dose include nausea , abdominal cramps and diarrhea . These effects are attributed to the osmotic effect of unabsorbed vitamin C passing through the intestine . In theory , high vitamin C intake may cause excessive absorption of iron . A summary of reviews of supplementation in healthy subjects did not report this problem , but left as untested the possibility that individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis might be adversely affected . There is a longstanding belief among the mainstream medical community that vitamin C increases risk of kidney stones . `` Reports of kidney stone formation associated with excess ascorbic acid intake are limited to individuals with renal disease '' . Reviews state that `` data from epidemiological studies do not support an association between excess ascorbic acid intake and kidney stone formation in apparently healthy individuals '' , although one large , multi-year trial did report a nearly two-fold increase in kidney stones in men who regularly consumed a vitamin C supplement . Vitamin C is a water - soluble vitamin , with dietary excesses not absorbed , and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine , so it exhibits remarkably low acute toxicity . Diet ( edit ) Recommended levels ( edit ) US vitamin C recommendations ( mg per day ) RDA ( children ages 1 -- 3 years ) 15 RDA ( children ages 4 -- 8 years ) 25 RDA ( children ages 9 -- 13 years ) 45 RDA ( girls ages 14 -- 18 years ) 65 RDA ( boys ages 14 -- 18 years ) 75 RDA ( adult female ) 75 RDA ( adult male ) 90 RDA ( pregnancy ) 85 RDA ( lactation ) 120 UL ( adult female ) 2,000 UL ( adult male ) 2,000 Recommendations for vitamin C intake by adults have been set by various national agencies : 40 milligrams per day : India National Institute of Nutrition , Hyderabad 45 milligrams per day or 300 milligrams per week : the World Health Organization 80 milligrams per day : the European Commission Council on nutrition labeling 90 mg / day ( males ) and 75 mg / day ( females ) : Health Canada 2007 90 mg / day ( males ) and 75 mg / day ( females ) : United States National Academy of Sciences . 100 milligrams per day : Japan National Institute of Health and Nutrition . 110 mg / day ( males ) and 95 mg / day ( females ) : European Food Safety Authority In 2000 the North American Dietary Reference Intake chapter on vitamin C updated the Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) to 90 milligrams per day for adult men and 75 mg / day for adult women , and set a Tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) for adults of 2,000 mg / day . The table shows RDAs for the United States and Canada for children , and for pregnant and lactating women . For the European Union , the EFSA set higher recommendations for adults , and also for children : 20 mg / day for ages 1 -- 3 , 30 mg / day for ages 4 -- 6 , 45 mg / day for ages 7 -- 10 , 70 mg / day for ages 11 -- 14 , 100 mg / day for males ages 15 -- 17 , 90 mg / day for females ages 15 -- 17 . For pregnancy 100 mg / day ; for lactation 155 mg / day . India , on the other hand , has set recommendations much lower : 40 mg / day for ages 1 through adult , 60 mg / day for pregnancy , and 80 mg / day for lactation . Clearly , there is not consensus among countries . Cigarette smokers and people exposed to secondhand smoke have lower plasma vitamin C levels than nonsmokers . The thinking is that inhalation of smoke causes oxidative damage , depleting this antioxidant vitamin. . The U.S. Institute of Medicine estimated that smokers need 35 mg more vitamin C per day than nonsmokers , but did not formally establish a higher RDA for smokers . One meta - analysis showed an inverse relationship between vitamin C intake and lung cancer , although it concluded that more research is needed to confirm this observation . The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics conducts biannual National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States . Some results are reported as What We Eat In America . The 2013 - 2014 survey reported that for adults ages 20 years and older , men consumed on average 83.3 mg / d and women 75.1 mg / d . This means that half the women and more than half the men are not consuming the RDA for vitamin C. The same survey stated that about 30 % of adults reported they consumed a vitamin C dietary supplement or a multi-vitamin / mineral supplement that included vitamin C , and that for these people total consumption was between 300 and 400 mg / d . In 2000 the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences set a Tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) for adults of 2,000 mg / day . The amount was chosen because human trials had reported diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disturbances at intakes of greater than 3,000 mg / day . This was the Lowest - Observed - Adverse - Effect Level ( LOAEL ) , meaning that other adverse effects were observed at higher intakes . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) reviewed the safety question in 2006 and reached the conclusion that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin C. The Japan National Institute of Health and Nutrition reviewed the same question in 2010 and also reached the conclusion that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL . Food labeling ( edit ) For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For vitamin C labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 60 mg , but as of May 27 , 2016 it was revised to 90 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . Food and supplement companies have until January 1 , 2020 to comply with the change . European Union regulations require that labels declare energy , protein , fat , saturated fat , carbohydrates , sugars , and salt . Voluntary nutrients may be shown if present in significant amounts . Instead of Daily Values , amounts are shown as percent of Reference Intakes ( RIs ) . For vitamin C , 100 % RI was set at 80 mg in 2011 . Sources ( edit ) Rose hips are a particularly rich source of vitamin C The richest natural sources are fruits and vegetables . Vitamin C is the most widely taken nutritional supplement and is available in a variety of forms , including tablets , drink mixes , and in capsules . Vitamin C is absorbed by the intestines using a sodium - ion dependent channel . It is transported through the intestine via both glucose - sensitive and glucose - insensitive mechanisms . The presence of large quantities of sugar either in the intestines or in the blood can slow absorption . Plant sources ( edit ) While plants are generally a good source of vitamin C , the amount in foods of plant origin depends on the precise variety of the plant , soil condition , climate where it grew , length of time since it was picked , storage conditions , and method of preparation . The following table is approximate and shows the relative abundance in different raw plant sources . As some plants were analyzed fresh while others were dried ( thus , artifactually increasing concentration of individual constituents like vitamin C ) , the data are subject to potential variation and difficulties for comparison . The amount is given in milligrams per 100 grams of fruit or vegetable : Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Kakadu plum 1000 -- 5300 Camu camu 2800 Acerola 1677 Seabuckthorn 695 Indian gooseberry 445 Rose hip 426 Guava 228 Blackcurrant 200 Red bell pepper / capsicum 128 Kale 120 Kiwifruit , broccoli 90 Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Loganberry , redcurrant , Brussels sprouts 80 Cloudberry , elderberry 60 Papaya , strawberry 60 Orange , lemon 53 Pineapple , cauliflower 48 Cantaloupe 40 Grapefruit , raspberry 30 Passion fruit , spinach 30 Cabbage , lime 30 Mango 28 Blackberry 21 Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Potato , honeydew melon 20 Tomato 14 Cranberry 13 Blueberry , grape 10 Apricot , plum , watermelon 10 Avocado 8.8 Onion 7.4 Cherry , peach 7 Carrot , apple , asparagus 6 Animal sources ( edit ) Goats , like many animals but not humans , make their own vitamin C. An adult goat , weighing approx. 70 kg , will manufacture more than 13,000 mg of vitamin C per day in normal health , and levels manyfold higher when faced with stress . Animal - sourced foods do not provide much vitamin C , and what there is , is destroyed by the heat of cooking . For example , raw chicken liver contains 17.9 mg / 100 g , but fried , the content is reduced to 2.7 mg / 100 g . Chicken eggs contain no vitamin C , raw or cooked . Vitamin C is present in human breast milk at 5.0 mg / 100 g and 6.1 mg / 100 g in one tested sample of infant formula , but cow 's milk contains only 1.0 mg / 100 g . Food preparation ( edit ) Vitamin C chemically decomposes under certain conditions , many of which may occur during the cooking of food . Vitamin C concentrations in various food substances decrease with time in proportion to the temperature at which they are stored and cooking can reduce the vitamin C content of vegetables by around 60 % possibly partly due to increased enzymatic destruction as it may be more significant at sub-boiling temperatures . Longer cooking times also add to this effect , as will copper food vessels , which catalyse the decomposition . Another cause of vitamin C being lost from food is leaching , where the water - soluble vitamin dissolves into the cooking water , which is later poured away and not consumed . However , vitamin C does not leach in all vegetables at the same rate ; research shows broccoli seems to retain more than any other . Research has also shown that freshly cut fruits do not lose significant nutrients when stored in the refrigerator for a few days . Supplements ( edit ) Vitamin C dietary supplements are available as tablets , capsules , drink mix packets , in multi-vitamin / mineral formulations , in antioxidant formulations , and as crystalline powder . Vitamin C is also added to some fruit juices and juice drinks . Tablet and capsule content ranges from 25 mg to 1500 mg per serving . The most commonly used supplement compounds are ascorbic acid , sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate . Vitamin C molecules can also be bound to the fatty acid palmitate , creating ascorbyl palmitate , or else incorporated into liposomes . Food fortification ( edit ) In 2014 , the Canadian Food Inspection Agency evaluated the effect of fortification of foods with ascorbate in the guidance document , Foods to Which Vitamins , Mineral Nutrients and Amino Acids May or Must be Added . Voluntary and mandatory fortification was described for various classes of foods . Among foods classified for mandatory fortification with vitamin C were fruit - flavored drinks , mixes , and concentrates , foods for a low - energy diet , meal replacement products , and evaporated milk . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Absorption , transport , and excretion ( edit ) From the U.S. National Institutes of Health : ( In humans ) `` Approximately 70 % -- 90 % of vitamin C is absorbed at moderate intakes of 30 -- 180 mg / day . However , at doses above 1,000 mg / day , absorption falls to less than 50 % . '' Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the body by both active transport and simple diffusion . Sodium - Dependent Active Transport -- Sodium - Ascorbate Co-Transporters ( SVCTs ) and Hexose transporters ( GLUTs ) -- are the two transporter proteins required for active absorption . SVCT1 and SVCT2 import the reduced form of ascorbate across plasma membranes . GLUT1 and GLUT3 are glucose transporters , and transfer only the dehydroascorbic acid ( DHA ) form of vitamin C. Although dehydroascorbic acid is absorbed in higher rate than ascorbate , the amount of dehydroascorbic acid found in plasma and tissues under normal conditions is low , as cells rapidly reduce dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbate . SVCTs appear to be the predominant system for vitamin C transport in the body , the notable exception being red blood cells , which lose SVCT proteins during maturation . In both vitamin C synthesizers ( example : rat ) and non-synthesizers ( example : human ) cells with few exceptions maintain ascorbic acid concentrations much higher than the approximately 50 micromoles / liter ( μmol / L ) found in plasma . For example , the ascorbic acid content of pituitary and adrenal glands can exceed 2,000 μmol / L , and muscle is at 200 - 300 μmol / L. The known coenzymatic functions of ascorbic acid do not require such high concentrations , so there may be other , as yet unknown functions . Consequences of all this organ content is that plasma vitamin C is not a good indicator of whole - body status , and people may vary in the amount of time needed to show symptoms of deficiency when consuming a diet very low in vitamin C . Excretion , can be as ascorbic acid , via urine . In humans , during times of low dietary intake , vitamin C is reabsorbed by the kidneys rather than excreted . Only when plasma concentrations are 1.4 mg / dL or higher does re-absorption decline and the excess amounts pass freely into the urine . This salvage process delays onset of deficiency . Ascorbic acid also converts ( reversibly ) to dehydroascorbate ( DHA ) and from that compound non-reversibly to 2 , 3 - diketogluonate and then oxalate . These three compounds are also excreted via urine . Humans are better than guinea pigs at converting DHA back to ascorbate , and thus take much longer to become vitamin C deficient . Enzymatic cofactor ( edit ) Ascorbic acid performs numerous physiological functions in the human body . These functions include the synthesis of collagen , carnitine , and neurotransmitters ; the synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine ; and the metabolism of microsome . During biosynthesis ascorbate acts as a reducing agent , donating electrons and preventing oxidation to keep iron and copper atoms in their reduced states . Vitamin C acts as an electron donor for eight enzymes : Three enzymes ( prolyl - 3 - hydroxylase , prolyl - 4 - hydroxylase , and lysyl hydroxylase ) that are required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the synthesis of collagen . These reactions add hydroxyl groups to the amino acids proline or lysine in the collagen molecule via prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase , both requiring vitamin C as a cofactor . Hydroxylation allows the collagen molecule to assume its triple helix structure , and thus vitamin C is essential to the development and maintenance of scar tissue , blood vessels , and cartilage . Two enzymes ( ε - N - trimethyl - L - lysine hydroxylase and γ - butyrobetaine hydroxylase ) that are necessary for synthesis of carnitine . Carnitine is essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for ATP generation . The remaining three enzymes have the following functions in common , alongside their other functions : dopamine beta hydroxylase participates in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine . Peptidylglycine alpha - amidating monooxygenase amidates peptide hormones by removing the glyoxylate residue from their c - terminal glycine residues . This increases peptide hormone stability and activity . 4 - hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modulates tyrosine metabolism . Chemistry ( edit ) ascorbic acid ( reduced form ) dehydroascorbic acid ( oxidized form ) Further information : Ascorbic acid ( molecular aspects ) The name `` vitamin C '' always refers to the L - enantiomer of ascorbic acid and its oxidized forms , such as dehydroascorbate ( DHA ) . Therefore , unless written otherwise , `` ascorbate '' and `` ascorbic acid '' refer in the nutritional literature to L - ascorbate and L - ascorbic acid respectively . Ascorbic acid is a weak sugar acid structurally related to glucose . In biological systems , ascorbic acid can be found only at low pH , but in solutions above pH 5 is predominantly found in the ionized form , ascorbate . All of these molecules have vitamin C activity and thus are used synonymously with vitamin C , unless otherwise specified . Numerous analytical methods have been developed for ascorbic acid detection . For example , vitamin C content of a food sample such as fruit juice can be calculated by measuring the volume of the sample required to decolorize a solution of dichlorophenolindophenol ( DCPIP ) and then calibrating the results by comparison with a known concentration of vitamin C . Testing for levels ( edit ) Simple tests are available to measure the levels of vitamin C in the urine and in serum or blood plasma . However these reflect recent dietary intake rather than total body content . It has been observed that while serum or blood plasma concentrations follow a circadian rhythm or reflect short - term dietary impact , content within tissues is more stable and can give a better view of the availability of ascorbate within the entire organism . However , very few hospital laboratories are adequately equipped and trained to carry out such detailed analyses . Synthesis ( edit ) Biosynthesis ( edit ) Model of a vitamin C molecule . Black is carbon , red is oxygen , and white is hydrogen The vast majority of animals and plants are able to synthesize vitamin C , through a sequence of enzyme - driven steps , which convert monosaccharides to vitamin C. In plants , this is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galactose to ascorbic acid . In some animals , glucose needed to produce ascorbate in the liver ( in mammals and perching birds ) is extracted from glycogen ; ascorbate synthesis is a glycogenolysis - dependent process . Among the mammals that have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C are simians and tarsiers , which together make up one of two major primate suborders , Haplorrhini . This group includes humans . The other more primitive primates ( Strepsirrhini ) have the ability to make vitamin C. Synthesis does not occur in a number of species ( perhaps all species ) in the small rodent family Caviidae that includes guinea pigs and capybaras , but occurs in other rodents ( rats and mice do not need vitamin C in their diet , for example ) . In reptiles and birds the biosynthesis is carried out in the kidneys . A number of species of passerine birds also do not synthesize , but not all of them , and those that do not are not clearly related ; there is a theory that the ability was lost separately a number of times in birds . In particular , the ability to synthesize vitamin C is presumed to have been lost and then later re-acquired in at least two cases . The ability to synthesize vitamin C has also been lost in about 96 % of fish ( the teleosts ) . Most tested families of bats ( order Chiroptera ) , including major insect and fruit - eating bat families , can not synthesize vitamin C. A trace of gulonolactone oxidase ( GULO ) was detected in only 1 of 34 bat species tested , across the range of 6 families of bats tested . There are at least two species of bats , frugivorous bat ( Rousettus leschenaultii ) and insectivorous bat ( Hipposideros armiger ) , that retain ( or regained ) their ability of vitamin C production . These animals all lack the L - gulonolactone oxidase ( GULO ) enzyme , which is required in the last step of vitamin C synthesis . The genomes of these species contain GULO as pseudogenes , which serve as insight into the evolutionary past of the species . Some of these species ( including humans ) are able to make do with the lower levels available from their diets by recycling oxidised vitamin C . Most simians consume the vitamin in amounts 10 to 20 times higher than that recommended by governments for humans . This discrepancy constitutes much of the basis of the controversy on current recommended dietary allowances . It is countered by arguments that humans are very good at conserving dietary vitamin C , and are able to maintain blood levels of vitamin C comparable with simians on a far smaller dietary intake , perhaps by recycling oxidized vitamin C . Routes ( edit ) Vitamin C biosynthesis in vertebrates In vertebrates that can synthesize ascorbic acid , the biosynthesis pathway starts with glucose , either taking place in the liver for mammals and some birds , or the kidneys for amphibians , reptiles and some birds . The pathway is the same . Several enzymes catalyze steps from D - glucose to D - glucuronate . Next , the enzyme glucuronate reductase converts D - glucuronate to L - gluconate . Then the enzyme gulonolactonase converts L - gluconate to L - gulonolactone . The final enzymatic conversion is by the enzyme L - gulonolactone oxidase ( GLO ) , to 2 - keto - gulonolactone . From this compound , the last step is a spontaneous , i.e. , non-enzymatic conversion to ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) . GLO is the enzyme that is absent in animal species unable to synthesize vitamin C . Vitamin C biosynthesis in plants All plants synthesize ascorbic acid . Ascorbic acid functions as a cofactor for enzymes involved in photosynthesis , synthesis of plant hormones , as an antioxidant and also regenerator of other antioxidants . Plants use multiple pathways to synthesize vitamin C. The major pathway starts with glucose , fructose or mannose ( all simple sugars ) and proceeds to L - galactose , L - galaconolactone and ascorbic acid . There is feedback regulation in place , in that the presence of ascorbic acid suppresses enzymes in the synthesis pathway . This process follows a diurnal rhythm , so that enzyme expression peaks in the morning to support biosynthesis later on when mid-day sunlight intensity demands high ascorbic acid concentrations . Minor pathways may be specific to certain parts of plants ; these can be either identical to the vertebrate pathway ( including the GLO enzyme ) , or start with inositol and get to ascorbic acid via L - galactonic acid to L - galactonolactone . Evolution ( edit ) Ascorbic acid is a common enzymatic cofactor in mammals used in the synthesis of collagen , as well as a powerful reducing agent capable of rapidly scavenging a number of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) . Given that ascorbate has these important functions , it is surprising that the ability to synthesize this molecule has not always been conserved . In fact , anthropoid primates , Cavia porcellus ( guinea pigs ) , teleost fishes , most bats , and some Passeriform birds have all independently lost the ability to internally synthesize Vitamin C in either the kidney or the liver . In all of the cases where genomic analysis was done on an ascorbic acid auxotroph , the origin of the change was found to be a result of loss - of - function mutations in the gene that codes for L - Gulono - γ - lactone oxidase , the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the ascorbic acid pathway outlined above . In the case of the simians , it is thought that the loss of the ability to make vitamin C may have occurred much farther back in evolutionary history than the emergence of humans or even apes , since it evidently occurred soon after the appearance of the first primates , yet sometime after the split of early primates into the two major suborders Haplorrhini ( which can not make vitamin C ) and its sister suborder of non-tarsier prosimians , the Strepsirrhini ( `` wet - nosed '' primates ) , which retained the ability to make vitamin C. According to molecular clock dating , these two suborder primate branches parted ways about 63 to 60 million years ago . Approximately three to five million years later ( 58 million years ago ) , only a short time afterward from an evolutionary perspective , the infraorder Tarsiiformes , whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier ( Tarsiidae ) , branched off from the other haplorrhines . Since tarsiers also can not make vitamin C , this implies the mutation had already occurred , and thus must have occurred between these two marker points ( 63 to 58 million years ago ) . One explanation for the repeated loss of the ability to synthesize vitamin C is that it was the result of genetic drift ; assuming that the diet was rich in vitamin C , natural selection would not act to preserve it . Some scientists have suggested that loss of the vitamin C biosynthesis pathway may have played a role in rapid evolutionary changes , leading to hominids and the emergence of human beings . According to this theory , the loss of ascorbic acid 's anti-oxidizing properties would have led to an increase in free radicals in the body . Free radicals are known to increase the frequency of genetic mutations , which would subsequently increase the speed of evolution . It has also been noted that the loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbate strikingly parallels the inability to break down uric acid , also a characteristic of primates . Uric acid and ascorbate are both strong reducing agents . This has led to the suggestion that , in higher primates , uric acid has taken over some of the functions of ascorbate . Industrial ( edit ) Vitamin C is produced from glucose by two main routes . The Reichstein process , developed in the 1930s , uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route . The modern two - step fermentation process , originally developed in China in the 1960s , uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages . Both processes yield approximately 60 % vitamin C from the glucose feed . World production of synthesized vitamin C was estimated at approximately 110,000 tonnes annually in 2000 . Traditionally , the main producers were BASF / Takeda , DSM , Merck and the China Pharmaceutical Group Ltd. of the People 's Republic of China . By 2008 only the DSM plant in Scotland remained operational outside of China because of the strong price competition from China . The world price of vitamin C rose sharply in 2008 partly as a result of rises in basic food prices but also in anticipation of a stoppage of the two Chinese plants , situated at Shijiazhuang near Beijing , as part of a general shutdown of polluting industry in China over the period of the Olympic games . Production resumed after the Olympics , but then five Chinese manufacturers met in 2010 , among them Northeast Pharmaceutical Group and North China Pharmaceutical Group , and agreed to temporarily stop production in order to maintain prices . In 2011 an American suit was filed against four Chinese companies that allegedly colluded to limit production and fix prices of vitamin C in the United States . The companies did not deny the accusation but say in their defense that the Chinese government compelled them to act in this way . In January 2012 a United States judge ruled that the Chinese companies can be sued in the U.S. by buyers acting as a group . A verdict was reached in March 2013 imposing a $147.8 million fine . This verdict was reversed by the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York , on the grounds that China formally advised the Court that its laws required the vitamin C makers to violate the Sherman Act , a U.S. antitrust law . In June 2017 the U.S. Supreme Court announced that it would consider an appeal filed to reverse the lower court decision . History ( edit ) Folk Medicine ( edit ) The need to include fresh plant food or raw animal flesh in the diet to prevent disease was known from ancient times . Native people living in marginal areas incorporated this into their medicinal lore . For example , spruce needles were used in temperate zones in infusions , or the leaves from species of drought - resistant trees in desert areas . In 1536 , the French explorers Jacques Cartier and Daniel Knezevic , exploring the St. Lawrence River , used the local natives ' knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy . He boiled the needles of the arbor vitae tree to make a tea that was later shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams . Scurvy at sea ( edit ) Citrus fruits were among the first sources of vitamin C available to ships ' surgeons . In the 1497 expedition of Vasco de Gama , the curative effects of citrus fruit were known . The Portuguese planted fruit trees and vegetables in Saint Helena , a stopping point for homebound voyages from Asia , and left their sick to be taken home by the next ship . Authorities occasionally recommended plant food to prevent scurvy during long sea voyages . John Woodall , the first surgeon to the British East India Company , recommended the preventive and curative use of lemon juice in his 1617 book , The Surgeon 's Mate . In 1734 , the Dutch writer Johann Bachstrom gave the firm opinion that `` scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food , and greens . '' Scurvy had long been a principal killer of sailors during the long sea voyages . According to Jonathan Lamb , `` In 1499 , Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170 ; In 1520 , Magellan lost 208 out of 230 ; ... all mainly to scurvy . '' James Lind , a British Royal Navy surgeon who , in 1747 , identified that a quality in fruit prevented scurvy in one of the first recorded controlled experiments . The first attempt to give scientific basis for the cause of this disease was by a ship 's surgeon in the Royal Navy , James Lind . While at sea in May 1747 , Lind provided some crew members with two oranges and one lemon per day , in addition to normal rations , while others continued on cider , vinegar , sulfuric acid or seawater , along with their normal rations , in one of the world 's first controlled experiments . The results showed that citrus fruits prevented the disease . Lind published his work in 1753 in his Treatise on the Scurvy . Fresh fruit was expensive to keep on board , whereas boiling it down to juice allowed easy storage but destroyed the vitamin ( especially if boiled in copper kettles ) . It was 1796 before the British navy adopted lemon juice as standard issue at sea . In 1845 , ships in the West Indies were provided with lime juice instead , and in 1860 lime juice was used throughout the Royal Navy , giving rise to the American use of the nickname `` limey '' for the British . Captain James Cook had previously demonstrated the advantages of carrying `` Sour krout '' on board , by taking his crews to the Hawaiian Islands without losing any of his men to scurvy . For this , the British Admiralty awarded him a medal . The name antiscorbutic was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for foods known to prevent scurvy . These foods included lemons , limes , oranges , sauerkraut , cabbage , malt , and portable soup . In 1928 , the Canadian Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson showed that the Inuit avoid scurvy on a diet of largely raw meat . Later studies on traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations , Dene , Inuit , and Métis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62 mg / day , comparable with the Estimated Average Requirement . Discovery ( edit ) Albert Szent - Györgyi , pictured here in 1948 , was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine `` for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes , with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid '' . Vitamin C was discovered in 1912 , isolated in 1928 and synthesized in 1933 , making it the first vitamin to be synthesized . Shortly thereafter Tadeus Reichstein succeeded in synthesizing the vitamin in bulk by what is now called the Reichstein process . This made possible the inexpensive mass - production of vitamin C. In 1934 Hoffmann -- La Roche trademarked synthetic vitamin C under the brand name Redoxon and began to market it as a dietary supplement . In 1907 a laboratory animal model which would help to identify the antiscorbutic factor was discovered by the Norwegian physicians Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich , who when studying shipboard beriberi , fed guinea pigs their test diet of grains and flour and were surprised when scurvy resulted instead of beriberi . By luck , this species did not make its own vitamin C , whereas mice and rats do . In 1912 , the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk developed the concept of vitamins . One of these was thought to be the anti-scorbutic factor . In 1928 , this was referred to as `` water - soluble C , '' although its chemical structure had not been determined . From 1928 to 1932 , Albert Szent - Györgyi and Joseph L. Svirbely 's Hungarian team , and Charles Glen King 's American team , identified the anti-scorbutic factor . Szent - Györgyi isolated hexuronic acid from animal adrenal glands , and suspected it to be the antiscorbutic factor . In late 1931 , Szent - Györgyi gave Svirbely the last of his adrenal - derived hexuronic acid with the suggestion that it might be the anti-scorbutic factor . By the spring of 1932 , King 's laboratory had proven this , but published the result without giving Szent - Györgyi credit for it . This led to a bitter dispute over priority . In 1933 , Walter Norman Haworth chemically identified the vitamin as L - hexuronic acid , proving this by synthesis in 1933 . Haworth and Szent - Györgyi proposed that L - hexuronic acid be named a-scorbic acid , and chemically L - ascorbic acid , in honor of its activity against scurvy . The term 's etymology is from Latin , `` a - '' meaning away , or off from , while - scorbic is from Medieval Latin scorbuticus ( pertaining to scurvy ) , cognate with Old Norse skyrbjugr , French scorbut , Dutch scheurbuik and Low German scharbock . Partly for this discovery , Szent - Györgyi was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine , and Haworth shared that year 's Nobel Prize in Chemistry . In 1957 , J.J. Burns showed that some mammals are susceptible to scurvy as their liver does not produce the enzyme L - gulonolactone oxidase , the last of the chain of four enzymes that synthesize vitamin C. American biochemist Irwin Stone was the first to exploit vitamin C for its food preservative properties . He later developed the theory that humans possess a mutated form of the L - gulonolactone oxidase coding gene . In 2008 , researchers at the University of Montpellier discovered that in humans and other primates the red blood cells have evolved a mechanism to more efficiently utilize the vitamin C present in the body by recycling oxidized L - dehydroascorbic acid ( DHA ) back into ascorbic acid for reuse by the body . The mechanism was not found to be present in mammals that synthesize their own vitamin C . Large doses ( edit ) Further information : Vitamin C megadosage Vitamin C megadosage is a term describing the consumption or injection of vitamin C in doses comparable to or higher than the amounts produced by the livers of mammals which are able to synthesize vitamin C. The theory behind this , although not the actual term , was described in 1970 in an article by Linus Pauling , a famous scientist who had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 . Briefly , his position was that for optimal health , humans should be consuming at least 2,300 mg / day to compensate for the inability to synthesize vitamin C. The recommendation also fell into the consumption range for gorillas - a non-synthesizing near - relative to humans . A second argument for high intake is that serum ascorbic acid concentrations increase as intake increases until it plateaus at about 190 to 200 micromoles per liter ( μmol / L ) once consumption exceeds 1,250 milligrams . As noted , government recommendations are a range of 40 to 110 mg / day and normal plasma is approximately 50 μmol / L , so ' normal ' is about 25 % of what can be achieved when oral consumption is in the proposed megadose range . Linus Pauling , famous awardee of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry , popularized the concept of high dose vitamin C as prevention and treatment of the common cold in 1970 . A few years later he proposed that vitamin C would prevent cardiovascular disease , and that 10 grams / day , initially ( 10 days ) administered intravenously and thereafter orally , would cure late - stage cancer . Mega-dosing with ascorbic acid has other champions , among them chemist Irwin Stone and the controversial Matthias Rath and Patrick Holford , who both have been accused of making unsubstantiated treatment claims for treating cancer and HIV infection . The mega-dosing theory is to a large degree discredited . Modest benefits are demonstrated for the common cold . Benefits are not superior when supplement intakes of more than 1,000 mg / day are compared to intakes between 200 and 1,000 mg / day , and so not limited to the mega-dose range . The theory that large amounts of intravenous ascorbic acid can be used to treat late - stage cancer is - some forty years after Pauling 's seminal paper - still considered unproven and still in need of high quality research . However , a lack of conclusive evidence has not stopped individual physicians from prescribing intravenous ascorbic acid to thousands of people with cancer . Society and culture ( edit ) In February 2011 , the Swiss Post issued a postage stamp bearing a depiction of a model of a molecule of vitamin C to mark the International Year of Chemistry . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In 1934 , Hoffman - La Roche , which bought the Reichstein process patent , became the first pharmaceutical company to mass produce and market synthetic vitamin C , under the brand name Redoxon . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ascorbic Acid '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet for Health Professionals - Vitamin C '' . Office of Dietary Supplements , US National Institutes of Health . February 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : WHO Model Formulary 2008 ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . 2009 . p. 496 . ISBN 9789241547659 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hemilä H , Chalker E ( January 2013 ) . `` Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 1 ) : CD000980 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000980. pub4 . PMC 1160577 . 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Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vitamin C '' . Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires VR ( 2011 ) . The Role of Food , Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV . EOLSS Publications . p. 121 . ISBN 9781848261952 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Vitamin C : Supplier Prices '' . Management Sciences for Health , Arlington , VA. 2016 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 '' . Nobel Media AB . 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PMID 1672383 . Jump up ^ Pauling L ( December 1970 ) . `` Evolution and the need for ascorbic acid '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 67 ( 4 ) : 1643 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1970PNAS ... 67.1643 P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 67.4. 1643 . PMC 283405 . PMID 5275366 . Jump up ^ Mandl J , Szarka A , Bánhegyi G ( August 2009 ) . `` Vitamin C : update on physiology and pharmacology '' . British Journal of Pharmacology . 157 ( 7 ) : 1097 -- 110 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1476 - 5381.2009. 00282. x . PMC 2743829 . PMID 19508394 . Jump up ^ Cameron E , Pauling L ( October 1976 ) . `` Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer : Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 73 ( 10 ) : 3685 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1976PNAS ... 73.3685 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 73.10. 3685 . PMC 431183 . PMID 1068480 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin C : Common cold '' . 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Vitamin C Fact Sheet from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Vitamin C bound to proteins in the PDB National Nutrient Database at USDA Website ( hide ) Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_C&oldid=826494960 '' Categories : Vitamin C Vitamins Food antioxidants Dietary antioxidants Orthomolecular medicine Organic acids Coenzymes Furanones Dihydrofurans Alcohols Biomolecules World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from January 2018 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Drugs with non-standard legal status E number from Wikidata ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Română Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 13 : 10 . 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4311225126751472326 | Ray Bolger | Ray Bolger - wikipedia Ray Bolger Jump to : navigation , search Ray Bolger Bolger , c. 1942 Raymond Wallace Bolger ( 1904 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1904 Dorchester , Massachusetts , U.S. January 15 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 15 ) ( aged 83 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Bladder cancer Resting place Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Occupation Actor , singer , dancer Years active 1922 -- 1985 Known for Scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz Spouse ( s ) Gwendolyn Rickard ( m . 1929 ) Raymond Wallace Bolger ( January 10 , 1904 -- January 15 , 1987 ) was an American actor , singer , and dancer ( particularly of tap ) of vaudeville , stage ( particularly musical theatre ) and screen , who started in the silent film era . He is best known for his portrayal of the Scarecrow in MGM 's classic The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . He was also the host of his own television show , The Ray Bolger Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career 3 The Wizard of Oz 4 Post-Oz film career 5 Broadway and television 6 Death and legacy 7 Filmography 8 Stage work 9 References 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bolger was born into a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent in Dorchester , Boston , the son of James Edward and Anne C. ( née Wallace ) Bolger . His entertainment aspirations evolved from the vaudeville shows of his youth . He began his career in a vaudeville tap show , creating the act `` Sanford & Bolger '' with his dance partner . In 1926 , he danced at New York City 's legendary Palace Theatre , the premier vaudeville theatre in the United States . His limber body and improvisational dance movement won him many leading roles on Broadway in the 1930s . Eventually , his career would also encompass film , television and nightclub work . In 1932 he was elected to the theater club , The Lambs . Early career ( edit ) Bolger signed his first cinema contract with MGM in 1936 , and although The Wizard of Oz was early in his film career , he appeared in other movies of note . His best known pre-Oz appearance was The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) , in which he portrayed himself . He also appeared in Sweethearts ( 1938 ) , the first MGM film in Technicolor , starring Nelson Eddy , Jeanette MacDonald , and Frank Morgan . He also appeared in the Eleanor Powell vehicle Rosalie ( 1937 ) , which also starred Eddy and Morgan . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Bolger as the Scarecrow Bolger 's MGM contract stipulated that he would play any part the studio chose . However , he was unhappy when he was originally cast as the Tin Woodman in the studio 's 1939 feature film adaptation of The Wizard of Oz . The role of the Scarecrow had already been assigned to another dancing studio contract player , Buddy Ebsen . In time , the roles were switched . Bolger 's face was permanently lined by wearing the Scarecrow 's makeup . Post-oz film career ( edit ) Following Oz , Bolger moved to RKO Pictures . In 1941 , he was a featured act at the Paramount Theatre in New York , working with the Harry James Band . He would do tap dance routines , sometimes in a mock - challenge dance with the band 's pianist , Al Lerner . One day during this period , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor , and Bolger 's performance was interrupted by President Roosevelt 's announcement of the news of the attack . Bolger toured in USO shows with Joe E. Lewis in the Pacific Theater during World War II , and was featured in the United Artists wartime film Stage Door Canteen . In 1946 , he returned to MGM for a featured role in The Harvey Girls . Also that year , he recorded a children 's album , The Churkendoose , featuring the story of a misfit fowl ( `` part chicken , turkey , duck , and goose '' ) which teaches children that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and it `` all depends on how you look at things '' . Broadway and television ( edit ) Bolger in a publicity photo for The Bell Telephone Hour , 1963 Bolger 's Broadway credits included Life Begins at 8 : 40 ( 1934 ) , On Your Toes ( 1936 ) , By Jupiter ( 1942 ) , All American ( 1962 ) and Where 's Charley ? ( 1948 ) , for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical and in which he introduced `` Once in Love with Amy '' , the song often connected with him . He repeated his stage role in the 1952 film version of the musical . He also made April in Paris ( 1952 ) with Doris Day . Bolger appeared in his own ABC television sitcom with a variety show theme , Where 's Raymond ? ( 1953 -- 1954 ) , renamed the second year as The Ray Bolger Show ( 1954 -- 55 ) . He continued to star in several films , including Walt Disney 's remake of Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) . Bolger made frequent guest appearances on television , including the episode `` Rich Man , Poor Man '' of the short - lived The Jean Arthur Show in 1966 . In the 1970s , he had a recurring role as the father of Shirley Partridge ( Shirley Jones ) on The Partridge Family , and appeared in Little House on the Prairie as Toby Noe and also guest starred on other television series such as Battlestar Galactica and Fantasy Island . In the late 1970 's , reaching back to his Irish roots , Bolger played in a commercial for Safeway Supermarket 's `` Scotch Buy '' brand . It covered many products ranging from canned food to paper towels to beer and cigarettes . Bolger popularized the jingle , `` Scotch Buy - taint fancy but it shore is good . '' His last television appearance was on Diff'rent Strokes in 1984 , three years before his death . In his later years , he danced in a Dr Pepper television commercial , and in 1985 , he and Liza Minnelli , the daughter of his Oz co-star Judy Garland , starred in That 's Dancing ! , a film also written by Jack Haley , Jr. , the son of Jack Haley , who portrayed the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz . In 1998 , a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs , California , Walk of Stars was dedicated to him . He was a Roman Catholic , and a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills , California . Bolger was a staunch Republican who campaigned for Richard Nixon in 1968 . Death and legacy ( edit ) Ray and Gwendolyn Bolger 's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Bolger died of bladder cancer on January 15 , 1987 , in Los Angeles , five days after his 83rd birthday . He was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City in the Mausoleum , Crypt F2 , Block 35 . He was survived by his wife of over 57 years , Gwendolyn Rickard . They had no children . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving main credited cast member of The Wizard of Oz . At Judy Garland 's funeral , Bolger was the only one of her Oz co-stars to be present . He joined Harold Arlen , the composer of `` Over the Rainbow '' , and his wife Anya Taranda . They were reported as among the last remaining guests at the conclusion of the service . Whenever asked whether he received any residuals from telecasts of the 1939 classic , Bolger would reply : `` No , just immortality . I 'll settle for that . '' Bolger 's Scarecrow is ranked among the `` most beloved movie characters of all time '' by AMC and the American Film Institute . For his contributions to the film industry , Bolger received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 . The star is located at 6788 Hollywood Boulevard . Filmography ( edit ) Theatrical films Year Title Role Notes 1936 The Great Ziegfeld Ray Bolger 1937 Rosalie Bill Delroy 1938 The Girl of the Golden West Happy Moore ( scenes deleted ) 1938 Sweethearts Hans 1939 The Wizard of Oz Hunk / Scarecrow 1941 Sunny Bunny Billings 1942 Four Jacks and a Jill Nifty Sullivan 1943 Forever and a Day Sentry ( scenes deleted ) 1943 Stage Door Canteen Ray Bolger 1946 The Harvey Girls Chris Maule 1949 Look for the Silver Lining Jack Donahue 1952 Where 's Charley ? Charley Wykeham 1952 April in Paris S. Winthrop Putnam 1961 Babes in Toyland Barnaby 1966 The Daydreamer The Pieman 1979 Just You and Me , Kid Tom 1979 The Runner Stumbles Monsignor Nicholson 1982 Annie Sound Effects Man Uncredited 1985 That 's Dancing ! Himself - Host Documentary film Television Year Title Role Notes 1953 -- 55 Where 's Raymond ? Raymond ' Ray ' Wallace Lead role ( 61 episodes ) 1958 -- 59 General Electric Theater Stan Maylor / Alfred Boggs 2 episodes 1962 The Red Skelton Show Mayor Threadbare III Episode : `` The Mayor of Central Park '' 1962 The Little Sweep Storyteller Television film 1966 The Jean Arthur Show Wealthy Man Episode : `` Rich Man , Poor Man '' 1970 -- 72 The Partridge Family Grandpa Renfrew Recurring role ( 3 episodes ) 1971 Nanny and the Professor Uncle Horace Episode : `` South Sea Island Sweetheart '' 1976 The Entertainer Billy Rice Television film 1976 Captains and the Kings R.J. Squibbs Television miniseries ( Chapter I ) 1977 -- 79 The Love Boat Andy Hopkins / Horace McDonald 2 episodes 1978 Baretta Episode : `` Just for Laughs '' 1978 Three on a Date Andrew Television film 1978 -- 82 Fantasy Island Gaylord Nelson / Spencer Randolph 2 episodes 1978 -- 79 Little House on the Prairie Toby Noe 2 episodes 1979 Heaven Only Knows Simon Television pilot 1979 Battlestar Galactica Vector Episode : `` Greetings from Earth '' 1981 Aloha Paradise Harry Carr Episode : `` Best of Friends / Success / Nine Karats '' Peter and the Magic Egg Uncle Amos ( voice ) Television special 1984 Diff'rent Strokes Clarence Markwell Episode : `` A Haunting We Will Go '' , ( final television appearance ) Stage work ( edit ) Broadway productions Year Title Role Theatre 1926 The Merry World Performer Imperial Theatre 1926 A Night in Paris Performer 44th Street Theatre 1929 Heads Up Georgie Alvin Theatre 1931 George White 's Scandals of 1931 Performer Apollo Theatre 1934 Life Begins at 8 : 40 Performer Winter Garden Theatre 1936 On Your Toes Phil Dolan III , Hoofer Imperial Theatre 1940 Keep Off the Grass Performer Broadhurst Theatre 1942 By Jupiter Sapiens Shubert Theatre 1946 Three to Make Ready Performer Adelphi Theatre 1948 Where 's Charley ? Charley Wykeham St. James Theatre 1951 Where 's Charley ? ( revival ) Charley Wykeham Broadway Theatre 1962 All - American Professor Fodorski Winter Garden Theatre 1969 Come Summer Phineas Sharp Lunt - Fontanne Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Family Search '' . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Glenn ( January 16 , 1987 ) . `` Ray Bolger , Scarecrow in ' Oz ' Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Family Search '' . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Family Search '' . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ray Bolger Biography '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About The Lambs '' . The Lambs , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( October 1 , 2013 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz . Chicago Review Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1613748350 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Bolger on IMDb Jump up ^ Lerner , Al ( 2007 ) . Vamp ' Til Ready . BearManor Media . ISBN 978 - 1593930806 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ray Bolger at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` Where 's Raymond ? , The Ray Bolger Show '' . ctva.biz . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 6 : 06 JUDY GARLAND ON `` WHAT 'S MY LINE '' tagcbs 17K views 5 : 04 Groucho Marx Roasts Johnny Carson Chantay Hyder 222K views 2 : 09 The Wizard Of Oz : Ray Bolger ( Scarecrow ) TheManThatGetsAway 69K views 2 : 14 Ray Bolger amazing elastic legs dance routine ( 1941 ) vintage video clips 47K views 3 : 00 JUDY GARLAND : DELETED SCARECROW DANCE WITH RAY BOLGER , THE WIZARD OF OZ 1939 Michele Bell 172K views 6 : 39 Stage Door Canteen - Ray Bolger sequence Dwight Mannsburden 19K views Safeway Supermarket Commercial feat . Bob Weir of the Greatful Dead - 1980s CoolOldVideos 24K views Entire Donny & Marie Osmond Show With Lucille Ball , Ray Bolger , Paul Lynde DavEvans066 28K views JOHNNY CARSON INTERVIEW ROBERT MITCHUM Jun 16 1978 Missy Logo 122K views Jack Benny Show with Groucho Marx VOA Television 7.3 K views WORTH IT S4 E8 $8 Toast Vs. $20 Toast BuzzFeedVideo 2.8 M views New JOHNNY CARSON INTERVIEW ANTHONY QUINN May 18 1983 Missy Logo 28K views Judy Garland & Ray Bolger : Tea for two ( The Judy Garland Show ) TheManThatGetsAway 18K views Lee Grant on her career 's brightest and darkest moments CBS Sunday Morning 26K views George Burns , Lucille Ball , Bea Arthur ◊ CBS On The Air ◊ 1978 fabtv 6.6 K views Ray Bolger 1978 Safeway Scotch Buy Commercial `` . YouTube . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucy E. Cross . `` About Ray Bolger '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated Archived October 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , palmspringswalkofstars.com ; accessed September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Church of the Good Shepherd . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' 1968 Presidential Race '' Republicans `` . The Pop History Dig . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray Bolger at Find a Grave Jump up ^ Adelman , Gary ( 2008 ) . `` Ray Bolger in The Wizard of Oz as the Scarecrow '' . Kansas Wizard of Oz ' N More . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Bolger '' . The Official Masterworks Broadway Site . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( June 28 , 1969 ) . `` Judy Garland 's Funeral Draws Her Colleagues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albright , Jane ( 2008 ) . `` Return to Oz & 50th Anniversary of MGM Film '' . The Oz Reference Library . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Movie Characters '' . www.filmsite.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` AFI : 10 Top 10 '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame - Ray Bolger '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ray Bolger . Ray Bolger on IMDb Ray Bolger at the TCM Movie Database Ray Bolger at AllMovie Churkendoose album ( mp3 ) `` Did these stories Really Happen '' by Michelle Bernier . Createspace Pub. 2010 ; ISBN 1 - 4505 - 8536 - 1 Awards for Ray Bolger New York Drama Critics Award for Best Male Performance in a Musical Alfred Drake ( 1943 ) Bobby Clark ( 1944 ) John Raitt ( 1945 ) Ray Bolger ( 1946 ) Bobby Clark ( 1947 ) Bobby Clark ( 1948 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) BIBSYS : 5074815 BNE : XX1648202 BNF : cb139301706 ( data ) GND : 134608011 ISNI : 0000 0000 6310 123X LCCN : n82036007 MusicBrainz : 987cdd3c - 65f2 - 4645 - bf1e - ed93197101e8 SNAC : w6th9tfm SUDOC : 067133002 VIAF : 46949136 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Bolger&oldid=843541868 '' Categories : 1904 births 1987 deaths Catholics from Massachusetts American tap dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male television actors Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from bladder cancer Donaldson Award winners American people of Irish descent Male actors from Boston Tony Award winners Vaudeville performers 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers California Republicans Eccentric dancers Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2018 Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Webarchive template wayback links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the scare crow in wizard of oz | [
"Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987)[2] was an American actor, singer, and dancer (particularly of tap) of vaudeville, stage (particularly musical theatre) and screen, who started in the silent film era. He is best known for his portrayal of the Scarecrow in MGM's classic The Wizard of Oz (1939). He was also the host of his own television show, The Ray Bolger Show.[2]"
] | [
"Raymond Wallace Bolger"
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91872471756149535 | Ant-Man and the Wasp | Ant - Man and the Wasp - wikipedia Ant - Man and the Wasp This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 August 2018 . 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Ant - Man and the Wasp Theatrical release poster Directed by Peyton Reed Produced by Kevin Feige Stephen Broussard Written by Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Paul Rudd Andrew Barrer Gabriel Ferrari Based on Ant - Man by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Wasp by Stan Lee Ernie Hart Jack Kirby Starring Paul Rudd Evangeline Lilly Michael Peña Walton Goggins Bobby Cannavale Judy Greer Tip `` T.I. '' Harris David Dastmalchian Hannah John - Kamen Abby Ryder Fortson Randall Park Michelle Pfeiffer Laurence Fishburne Michael Douglas Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Dan Lebental Craig Wood Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date June 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $162 -- 195 million Box office $448.9 million Ant - Man and the Wasp is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the sequel to 2015 's Ant - Man , and the twentieth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Peyton Reed and written by the writing teams of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , and Paul Rudd , Andrew Barrer , and Gabriel Ferrari . It stars Rudd as Lang and Evangeline Lilly as Van Dyne , alongside Michael Peña , Walton Goggins , Bobby Cannavale , Judy Greer , Tip `` T.I. '' Harris , David Dastmalchian , Hannah John - Kamen , Abby Ryder Fortson , Randall Park , Michelle Pfeiffer , Laurence Fishburne , and Michael Douglas . In Ant - Man and the Wasp , the titular pair work with Hank Pym to retrieve Janet van Dyne from the quantum realm . Talks for a sequel to Ant - Man began shortly after that film was released . Ant - Man and the Wasp was officially announced in October 2015 , with Rudd and Lilly returning to reprise their roles . A month later , Ant - Man director Reed was officially set to return ; he was excited to develop the film from the beginning after joining the first film later in the process , and also to introduce Hope van Dyne as the Wasp in this film , insisting that she and Lang are equals . Filming took place from August to November 2017 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , as well as Metro Atlanta , San Francisco , Savannah , Georgia , and Hawaii . Ant - Man and the Wasp had its world premiere in Hollywood on June 25 , 2018 , and was released on July 6 , 2018 in the United States in IMAX and 3D . It has grossed over $448 million worldwide , making it the tenth - highest - grossing film of 2018 . The film received praise for its levity , humor , and performances , particularly those of Rudd and Lilly . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot In 1987 , Janet van Dyne / Wasp shrinks between the molecules of a Soviet nuclear missile , disabling it but becoming trapped in the sub-atomic quantum realm . Hank Pym / Ant - Man raises their daughter Hope believing that Janet is dead . Years later , former criminal Scott Lang takes up the mantle of Ant - Man and discovers a way to both enter and return from the quantum realm . Pym and Hope begin work on repeating this feat , believing they may find Janet alive . Lang and Hope also start a romantic relationship and begin training to fight together as Ant - Man and the Wasp , until Lang secretly helps Captain America during a skirmish between the Avengers in violation of the Sokovia Accords . Lang is placed under house arrest , while Pym and Hope go into hiding and cut ties with Lang . Two years later , Pym and Hope briefly manage to open a tunnel to the quantum realm . Lang receives an apparent message from Janet with whom he is quantumly entangled . Despite having only days left of house arrest , Lang decides to call Pym . Hope kidnaps Lang , leaving a decoy so as not to arouse suspicion from FBI agent Jimmy Woo . Seeing the message as confirmation that Janet is alive , Pym and Hope work to create a stable tunnel so they can take a vehicle to the quantum realm and retrieve Janet . Hope arranges to buy a part needed for the tunnel from black market dealer Sonny Burch , but Burch has realized the potential profit that can be earned from Pym and Hope 's research and double - crosses them . Hope fights Burch and his men off , until she is attacked by a quantumly unstable masked woman . Lang tries to help fight off this `` ghost '' , but she escapes with Pym 's portable lab . Pym reluctantly visits his estranged former partner Bill Foster who helps them locate the lab . The ghost restrains Lang , Hope , and Pym when they arrive , and reveals herself to be Ava Starr . Her father Elihas , another former partner of Pym 's , accidentally killed himself and his wife during a quantum experiment that caused Ava 's unstable state . Foster reveals that he has been helping Ava , who they plan to cure using Janet 's quantum energy . Believing that this will kill Janet , Pym refuses to help them and the trio manage to escape . Opening a stable version of the tunnel this time , Pym and Hope are able to contact Janet , who gives them a precise location to find her , but warns that they only have two hours before the unstable nature of the realm separates them for a century . Burch learns their location from Lang 's business partners Luis , Dave , and Kurt , and informs a contact at the FBI . Luis warns Lang , who rushes home before Woo can see him breaking his house arrest . This leaves Pym and Hope to be arrested , and for their lab to be taken by Ava . Lang is soon able to help Pym and Hope escape custody , and they find the lab . Lang and Hope distract Ava while Pym enters the quantum realm to retrieve Janet , but the pair end up fighting Burch and his men , which allows Ava to begin taking Janet 's energy . Luis , Dave , and Kurt help apprehend Burch , so Lang and Hope can stop Ava . Pym and Janet arrive safely from the quantum realm , and Janet voluntarily gifts some of her energy to Ava to temporarily stabilize her . Lang returns home once again , in time for a now suspicious Woo to release him at the end of his house arrest . Ava and Foster go into hiding . In a mid-credits scene , Pym , Lang , Hope , and Janet plan to harvest quantum energy from the quantum realm to continue helping Ava . While Lang is doing this , Pym , Hope , and Janet all disintegrate , leaving Lang drifting in the quantum realm . Cast Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man : A former petty criminal who acquired a suit that allows him to shrink or grow in scale while also increasing in strength . Following the events of Captain America : Civil War , in which Lang escapes from the Raft prison , director Peyton Reed said that `` he 's a fugitive in most of the first Ant - Man movie . He 's just a bigger fugitive now . '' Rudd was interested in Lang being a regular person rather than `` innately heroic or super '' , and to be driven by his desire to be a responsible parent . Evangeline Lilly as Hope van Dyne / Wasp : The daughter of Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne , who is handed down a similar suit and the Wasp mantle from her mother . The writers were excited to properly introduce the character as the Wasp , showing her `` power set , how she fights , and what are the injustices that matter to her '' . Lilly felt the character has `` incredible satisfaction '' in becoming the Wasp , `` something that she has been waiting for her whole life , which is essentially an affirmation from her father '' . Her relationship with Lang is more complicated than in the first film , and includes anger towards his actions during Civil War . Madeleine McGraw portrays a young Hope van Dyne . Michael Peña as Luis : Lang 's former cellmate and a member of his X-Con Security crew . There was less opportunity for Peña to improvise compared to the first film . Walton Goggins as Sonny Burch : A `` low - level criminal - type '' who seeks to obtain Pym 's technology for sale on the black market . Bobby Cannavale as Jim Paxton : A police officer and husband to Lang 's ex-wife Maggie . Judy Greer as Maggie : Lang 's ex-wife . Tip `` T.I. '' Harris as Dave : A member of Lang 's X-Con Security crew . David Dastmalchian as Kurt : A member of Lang 's X-Con Security crew . Hannah John - Kamen as Ava Starr / Ghost : A woman with molecular instability , who can phase through objects ; she is only considered a `` villain '' because her attempts at survival clash with the heroes ' goals . The character is traditionally portrayed as male in the comics , but the creative team believed that the character 's gender was irrelevant to its portrayal , and felt casting a woman would be more interesting . John - Kamen enjoyed this `` blank - slate '' aspect , allowing her to mold the character as her own . Producer Stephen Broussard said that they wanted to cast a lesser - known actress to help maintain the mystery of the character , and John - Kamen `` blew us away '' . RaeLynn Bratten portrays a young Ava Starr . Abby Ryder Fortson as Cassie : The daughter of Lang and Maggie . Randall Park as Jimmy Woo : An FBI agent and Lang 's parole officer . Michelle Pfeiffer as Janet van Dyne : The original Wasp who is lost in the quantum realm . She is Pym 's wife and Hope 's mother . Pfeiffer was Reed 's dream casting for the role since his time working on the first film , and he ensured that he received her input on the character . He noted that the character has spent 30 years in the quantum realm , so there is a question regarding how that has affected her . The decision to have the character age over those 30 years even though time works differently in the quantum realm was made to avoid any `` sci - fi weirdness '' that could take away from the emotional reunions with Pym and Hope in the film . Hayley Lovitt stands in for a young Janet van Dyne , reprising her role from the first film ; according to Reed , she had been cast in the first film , before Pfeiffer 's involvement , due to her `` saucer - like , Michelle Pfeiffer eyes . '' Laurence Fishburne as Bill Foster : An old friend of Pym who was once his assistant on Project Goliath . Fishburne had approached Marvel about joining the MCU , pitching them a few ideas for whom he could portray , before Marvel offered him the role of Foster in the film . Despite having already portrayed Perry White for the DC Extended Universe , Fishburne admitted that he had always fantasized about being in an MCU film , admitting that he considered himself a `` Marvel guy '' . Reed likened the rivalry between Foster and Pym to that of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates , and wanted an actor who can go `` toe - to - toe '' with Michael Douglas . Langston Fishburne , Laurence 's son , stands in for a young Bill Foster . Michael Douglas as Hank Pym : A former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , entomologist , and physicist who became the original Ant - Man after discovering the subatomic particles that make the transformation possible . Pym has grown a lot closer to his daughter Hope since the first film , and according to producer Kevin Feige he has `` that joy of fatherhood '' in watching her become a superhero in her own right . Reed was attracted to the `` morally dubious '' decisions Pym sometimes makes . Dax Griffin stands in for a young Hank Pym , having done so for the first film as well . Additionally Stan Lee , co-creator of the titular heroes , has a cameo in the film as a man whose car gets shrunk by accident . Michael Cerveris appears as Ava 's father Elihas Starr while Riann Steele plays his wife Catherine . Tim Heidecker and Brian Huskey appear in cameos as a whale boat captain named Daniel Gooobler and a teacher at Cassie 's school , respectively . Sonny Burch 's team of men includes Divian Ladwa as Uzman , Goran Kostić as Anitolov , and Rob Archer as Knox , while Sean Kleier portrays Stoltz , Burch 's FBI inside man and Jimmy Woo 's subordinate . Tom Scharpling and Jon Wurster of The Best Show make brief appearances as Burch 's SUV drivers . Production Development It 's such a no - brainer that there needs to be female heroes ... In the ' 60s comics , the Janet van Dyne Wasp was clearly written by all men and was pretty one - dimensional . She 's gotten much more dimensionalized since then . That 's one of those things that I think is going to be really exciting and fresh about this movie . -- Director Peyton Reed on the Wasp 's inclusion in the film In June 2015 , Ant - Man director Peyton Reed expressed interest in returning for a sequel or prequel to that film , saying that he had `` really fallen in love with these characters '' and felt `` there 's a lot of story to tell with Hank Pym '' . A month later , Pym actor Michael Douglas said he was not signed for any additional films , but `` would look forward to more if it comes my way '' , and expressed the desire to have his wife Catherine Zeta - Jones cast as Janet van Dyne for a potential follow - up . Evangeline Lilly -- who played the daughter of Pym and Van Dyne , Hope van Dyne -- wanted to see Michelle Pfeiffer in the role . Producer Kevin Feige revealed that the studio had a `` supercool idea '' for the next Ant - Man film , and `` if audiences want it , we 'll find a place to do it . '' Reed also mentioned that there had been talks of making a standalone adventure with Hank Pym as Ant - Man , possibly including the original opening to Ant - Man featuring Jordi Mollà which was cut from the final film . Eric Eisenberg of Cinema Blend opined that a standalone adventure with Pym and the cut sequence would be a good candidate to revive the Marvel One - Shots short film series . By the end of July , David Dastmalchian expressed interest in returning for a sequel as Kurt . In October 2015 , Marvel Studios confirmed the sequel , titled Ant - Man and the Wasp , with a scheduled release date of July 6 , 2018 . Reed was in negotiations to direct the sequel by the end of the month , and announced his return in November , along with the confirmation of Paul Rudd and Lilly returning as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . One of the things that appealed to Reed about returning was being able to build the film `` from the ground up '' , as he joined the first film late in the process , after the original writer and director Edgar Wright had departed . He also wanted to explore elements that he had set up in the first film . Reed first began work on an outline for the sequel , which he thought could be `` weird , unique and different '' now that the characters ' origins had been established . On including the Wasp in the film 's title ( the first MCU film to have a female character in the title ) , Reed called it `` organic '' for both characters , and noted the Wasp 's final line in Ant - Man -- ' It 's about damn time ' -- as `` very much about her specific character and arc in that movie , but it is absolutely about a larger thing . It 's about damn time : We 're going to have a fully realized , very very complicated hero in the next movie who happens to be a woman . '' Reed would also push to ensure the Wasp received equal publicity and merchandise for the film , and even though Janet van Dyne had yet to be cast , he had a desire to explore her backstory in the film and `` definite ideas '' of who should portray her . That month , Adam McKay , one of the writers of Ant - Man , expressed interest in returning to write the film , and Douglas confirmed that he was in talks to return as well . Reed stated in early December that the film may `` call back '' to the heist film genre and tone of Ant - Man , but that Ant - Man and the Wasp would `` have an entirely different genre template '' . He hoped to incorporate additional flashback sequences in the film , as well as explore Pym 's various identities from the comics and his psychology . Reed also said he was `` excited '' about exploring and discovering the film version of the Ant - Man and Wasp relationship that is `` a romantic partnership and a heroic partnership '' in the comics , a `` different dynamic than we 've seen in the rest of the ( MCU ) , an actual partnership . '' Additionally , Reed mentioned that pre-production would `` probably '' start in October 2016 , with filming scheduled for early 2017 . Production writers for the first film , Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer , signed on to write the script along with Rudd , with writing starting `` in earnest '' in January 2016 . The next month , McKay stated that he would be involved with the film in some capacity . By April , the four writers and Reed had been `` holed up in a room ... brainstorming the story '' , with Reed promising that it would have `` stuff in it that you 've never ever seen in a movie before '' . Feige added that they wanted to `` stay true to what made ( Ant - Man ) so unique and different '' , and teased the potential of seeing the Giant - Man version of Lang that had been introduced in Captain America : Civil War . In June 2016 , Reed said that for inspiration from the comics he had been looking at `` early Avengers stuff and all the way up to the Nick Spencer stuff now '' , and was focusing on iconic images that could be replicated in the film over story beats from the comics . He added that there was `` definitely a chance '' for Michael Peña , Tip `` T.I. '' Harris , and Dastmalchian to reprise their respective roles as Luis , Dave , and Kurt from the first film . At San Diego Comic - Con 2016 , Feige stated that Reed and Rudd were still working on the script , and that filming was now expected to begin in June 2017 . Rudd elaborated that they had `` turned in a treatment , but it 's so preliminary . We 'll see . We have an idea of what it might look like , but it could change a lot from where we 're at now . '' The next month , Peña was confirmed to be returning as Luis , while filming was revealed to be taking place in Atlanta , Georgia . In early October , an initial script had been completed for the film that was awaiting approval from Marvel . Reed noted that early drafts of the script included a cameo appearance from Captain America , appearing during Luis ' flashback sequences as he was recapping Lang 's involvement in the airport battle in Captain America : Civil War . It was not included in the final script since the events of Civil War were already referenced frequently , and this instance `` did n't feel organic to the story . '' Pre-production At the start of November 2016 , Reed said that the film 's production would transition from `` the writing phase '' to `` official prep '' that month , beginning with visual development . Reed reiterated his excitement for introducing the Wasp and `` really designing her look , the way she moves , the power set , and figuring out , sort of , who Hope van Dyne is as a hero '' . He also talked about sharing characters with other MCU films , stating his disappointment in the Giant - Man introduction happening in Civil War , rather than an Ant - Man film . Reed added that he spends `` a lot of time '' talking with the other writers and directors of MCU films , and that he and the writers on this film wished to maintain `` our little Ant - Man corner of the universe . Because it 's a whole different vibe tonally '' . In February 2017 , Douglas confirmed that he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . During the Hollywood premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in April , Dastmalchian confirmed his return as Kurt , and a month later , Harris confirmed his return as Dave as well . Through that May , Marvel was meeting with several actresses for a `` key role '' in the sequel , with Hannah John - Kamen cast in the part at the beginning of June . The following month , Randall Park joined the cast as Jimmy Woo , and Walton Goggins was cast in an undisclosed role . At San Diego Comic - Con 2017 , Park 's casting was confirmed ; John - Kamen and Goggins ' roles were revealed to be Ghost and Sonny Burch , respectively ; and the casting of Pfeiffer as Janet van Dyne and Laurence Fishburne as Bill Foster was announced . Judy Greer was confirmed to be reprising her role as Maggie from the previous film the following week . Reed was inspired by the films After Hours , Midnight Run and What 's Up , Doc ? for the look and feel of Ant - Man and the Wasp . While the first film was more of a heist film , Reed described this as part action film , part romantic comedy , and wanted this one `` to be a little more of like an Elmore Leonard vibe where we have villains , but we also have antagonists , and we have these roadblocks to our heroes getting to where they need to be , and getting what they need for this mission . '' Regarding the opportunity for character development , Reed used the actions of Lang in Civil War to fuel potential tension between him , Pym , and Van Dyne since Pym is `` very clear in the first movie about how he feels about Stark and how he feels about The Avengers and being very protective of this technology that he has . '' The Russo brothers , directors of Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , which were filming while Ant - Man and the Wasp was preparing to film , were in constant discussion with Reed in order to ensure story elements would line up between the films . Joe Russo added that Ant - Man and the Wasp would have `` some ( plot ) elements that stitch in '' closely with Avengers : Infinity War , more so than some of the other films leading up to the Avengers films . Reed knew Ant - Man and the Wasp would be `` a fairly stand - alone movie but ... could not ignore the events of Infinity War '' , with the biggest connection occurring in the film 's mid-credit scene . Since the events of Ant - Man and the Wasp occur over 48 hours , the timeline in relation to Infinity War was `` left purposefully ambiguous '' with Reed noting there had been discussions of placing `` little Easter eggs along the way , to start to reveal to the audience where the movie takes place in the timeline , ( but t ) hat felt not very fun to us and kind of obvious . '' Reed also like the fact the film ends with closure and on a positive note `` and then to BANG -- give the audience a gut punch right after the main credits '' , with the sequence showing Hank Pym , Janet van Dyne , and Hope van Dyne fading away due to the events of Avengers : Infinity War . The film also has a post-credit scene that shows the ant who doubled for Lang while under house arrest performing a drum solo . Filming Principal photography began on August 1 , 2017 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , under the working title Cherry Blue ; Dante Spinotti served as director of photography , shooting on Arri Alexa 65 cameras , with some sequences being shot with a Frazier lens . At the start of filming , Marvel revealed that Bobby Cannavale and Abby Ryder Fortson would also reprise their roles from the first film , respectively as Paxton and Cassie . They also announced that the writing team of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers had contributed to the screenplay . Filming also took place in Metro Atlanta , with filming locations including the Atlanta International School , the Midtown and Buckhead districts of Atlanta , and the Samuel M. Inman Middle School in the city 's Virginia - Highland neighborhood ; as well as Emory University and the Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton , Georgia . Additional filming took place in San Francisco in September 2017 , in Savannah , Georgia in late October , and in Hawaii . Production wrapped on November 19 , 2017 . Post-production Michelle Pfeiffer was digitally de-aged in Ant - Man and the Wasp ( top ) to appear as she did circa 1985 ( bottom ) . In late November , Lilly said that the characters would try to enter the Quantum Realm in the film , and their potential success would `` open a whole entire new multi-verse to enter into and play around in '' for the MCU . Visual effects for the film were created by DNEG , Scanline VFX , Method Studios , Luma Pictures , Lola VFX , Industrial Light & Magic , Cinesite , Rise FX , Rodeo FX , Crafty Apes , Perception NYC , Digital Domain , and The Third Floor . DNEG worked on over 500 shots including the effects for Ghost , which were shared with the other vendors , the third act chase sequence , and the final Ghost fight as Hank and Janet are coming back from the Quantum Realm . While DNEG had worked on the `` macro-photography '' sequences in Ant - Man , they did not take the same approach on this film for similar sequences . One issue DNEG faced was getting a camera to seem small enough to capture the small actions . Though some of the film was shot with a Frazier lens that provides extra depth of field , DNEG would still need to `` re-project the road higher and `` raise the floor level '' to simulate a tiny sized camera `` . As the third act chase sequence was mainly shot in Atlanta , while being set in San Francisco , DNEG VFX Supervisor Alessandro Ongaro noted `` extensive environment work '' with background elements in some of shots not being able to be salvaged at all . Lola once again worked on the de-aging sequences with Douglas , Pfeiffer , and Fishburne . The flashback sequences featuring a younger Hank Pym were set around the same time as the flashback sequences of Ant - Man , so Lola were able to use a similar process , referencing Douglas ' appearance in Wall Street ( 1987 ) and having the actor on set in a different wardrobe and wig . Lola VFX Supervisor Trent Claus felt Pfeiffer 's was less complicated , since `` she has aged incredibly well '' and still has big hair and a big smile . Pfeiffer 's work from Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) and other films around that time was referenced . For Fishburne , his son served as his younger double , and helped inform Lola how the older Fishburne 's skin would have looked in certain lighting situations . The films Lola looked to for Fishburne 's younger self included Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) and Deep Cover ( 1992 ) . Lola also made Fishburne thinner , and all actors had their posture adjusted . Luma worked on the scenes where Ant - Man and the Wasp infiltrate Ghost 's hideout , where they had to recreate the entire environment with CGI . They also created the first quantum tunnel sequence where Ghost receives her powers , and the flashback missile launch , which had to be replicated exactly from how it appeared in Ant - Man so it would look and feel similar . The new version of the Quantum Realm , designed by Reed and production VFX supervisor Stephane Ceretti , was designed by Method . On their design , Method Studios VFX Supervisor Andrew Hellen , explained , `` We did a lot of research into macro and cellular level photography , and played with different ways to visualize quantum mechanics . It has a very magical quality , with a scientific edge . We also used glitching effects and macro lensing to ground the footage , and keep it from feeling too terrestrial . '' Method also worked on the sequence when Lang is the size of a preschooler at the school , and created the digital doubles for Ant - Man and Wasp . For the digital doubles , Method generally kept the same level of detail on the suits , regardless of what scale they were . Music Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp ( soundtrack ) In June 2017 , Reed confirmed that Christophe Beck , who composed the score for Ant - Man , would return for Ant - Man and the Wasp . Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on July 6 , 2018 . Release Ant - Man and the Wasp had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on June 25 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on July 6 , 2018 , where it opened in 4,206 theaters , of which 3,000 were in 3D , 403 were in IMAX , over 660 were in premium large format , and over 220 were in D - Box and 4D . The film was scheduled to be released in the United Kingdom on June 29 , 2018 , but was rescheduled in November 2017 to August 3 , 2018 , in order to avoid competition with the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Charles Gant of The Guardian and Screen International noted , `` The worry for film distributors is that audiences will be caught up in the tournament . So it 's easier to play safe and not date your film at this time , especially during the group stage , when all the qualifying nations are competing . '' Tom Butler of Yahoo ! Movies UK added that , unlike the first film , which was one of the lowest - grossing MCU films in the UK , anticipation levels for the film `` are at an all - time high following the events of Infinity War '' and `` UK audiences will probably have found out what happens in the film well before it opens in UK cinemas , and this could have a negative impact on its box office potential . '' Butler and Huw Fullerton of Radio Times both opined the delay could also be in part because of Disney also delaying the United Kingdom release of Incredibles 2 to July 13 , 2018 ( a month after its United States release ) , and not wanting to compete with itself with the two films . This in turn led fans in the country to start a Change.org petition to have Disney move the release date up several weeks , similarly to how Avengers : Infinity War 's United States release was moved up a week the previous May . Marketing Concept art and `` pre-CGI video '' was shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . In January 2018 , Hyundai Motor America announced that the 2019 Hyundai Veloster would play a significant role in the film , with other Hyundai vehicles scheduled to make an appearance . The first trailer for the film was released on January 30 , 2018 on Good Morning America , and used the guitar riff from Adam and the Ants ' `` Ants Invasion '' . David Betancourt of The Washington Post called the release , the day after Black Panther 's premiere was widely praised on social media , a `` smart move '' ; with Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War also releasing in 2018 , `` it can be easy ( to ) forget that hey , there is an Ant - Man sequel coming this year ... So Marvel Studios giving us a quick reminder with this trailer release is logical '' . Tracy Brown , writing for the Los Angeles Times , praised how the trailer prominently featured Lilly 's Van Dyne `` ( showing ) off how she was always meant to be a superhero '' . A second trailer was released on May 1 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer made the film feel `` very much like an intentional antidote for , or at least alternative to , the grimness of Infinity War 's downbeat ending '' , calling it `` a smart move '' since it could be considered `` a palate cleanser and proof that Marvel has more to offer ... before audiences dive back into the core narrative with next year 's Captain Marvel . '' In June 2018 , Feige presented several scenes from the film at CineEurope . Promotional partners for the film included Dell , Synchrony Financial , and Sprint . In total , Disney spent about $154 million worldwide on promoting the film . Reception Box Office As of August 12 , 2018 , Ant - Man and the Wasp has grossed $203.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $245.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $448.9 million . Following its global debut of $161 million , Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a net profit of around $100 million . Ant - Man and the Wasp earned $33.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $11.5 million from Thursday night previews ) , for an opening weekend total of $75.8 million ; this was a 33 % improvement over the first film 's debut of $57.2 million . Its opening included $6 million from IMAX screens . In its second weekend , the film earned $28.8 million , coming in second behind Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation , and in its third weekend grossed $16.1 million , coming in fourth . The film placed sixth in its fourth weekend . BoxOffice Magazine projected a final domestic gross of $225 million . Outside the United States and Canada , the film earned $85 million from 41 markets , where it opened number one in all except New Zealand . Its South Korea opening was $20.9 million ( which included previews ) . The $15.5 million opening from the market without previews was the second - best opening of 2018 behind Avengers : Infinity War . In its second weekend , playing in 44 markets , it remained number one in Australia , Hong Kong , South Korea , and Singapore . The film opened in France in its third weekend , earning $4.1 million , and opened in Germany in its fourth , where it was number one and earned $2.8 million , including previews . As of July 30 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were South Korea ( $42.1 million ) , Mexico ( $14.5 million ) , and Australia ( $13.3 million ) . Critical response Paul Rudd ( left ) and Evangeline Lilly received praise from critics for their performances in the film . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 88 % based on 294 reviews , and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A lighter , brighter superhero movie powered by the effortless charisma of Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly , Ant - Man and The Wasp offers a much - needed MCU palate cleanser . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a normalized score of 70 out of 100 , based on 54 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , down from the `` A '' earned by the first film . Peter Travers , writing for Rolling Stone , gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Rudd and Lilly , saying , `` The secret of Ant - Man and the Wasp is that it works best when it does n't try so hard , when it lets charm trump excess and proves that less can be more even in the Marvel universe . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the lightweight tone as a treat and a breath following the `` dramatically heavy conclusion '' of Avengers : Infinity War . He also praised the cast , especially Rudd and Fortson , as well as the visual effects and inventive use of shrinking and growing in the action scenes . Manohla Dargis at The New York Times felt the film 's `` fast , bright and breezy '' tone was a vast improvement over the first film , praising Reed 's direction . She also praised Rudd , felt Lilly found `` her groove '' in the film , and wrote that the supporting cast all had `` scene - steal ( ing ) '' sequences . Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com said the film was `` good enough '' , a `` messy , but satisfying '' sequel that he felt managed to juggle its many subplots while giving Rudd 's Lang some decent character development . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film `` faster , funnier , and more cunningly confident than the original , '' and felt Reed was able to give the film enough personality to overcome its two - hour runtime and effects - heavy climax . He did caution that this was `` not quite the same thing as humanity . But it 's enough to qualify as the miniature version . '' At The Washington Post , Ann Hornaday called the film `` instantly forgettable '' and criticized its plot , which she felt included some `` filler '' subplots , but found the film to be `` no less enjoyable '' because of this . She particularly praised Rudd along with the action and effects . Writing for the Boston Globe , Ty Burr called the film the perfect `` summer air - conditioning movie '' , finding it fun , funny , superficial and an improvement over the first . He also wrote that the film had too many subplots and not enough of Pfeiffer , but was pleased with the lack of connection that the overall story had to the rest of the MCU , and with the focus on `` pop trash '' comedy . Stephanie Zachareck , writing for Time , said it was `` hard to actively dislike '' the film , which she thought had reasonably fun action and stand - out moments between Rudd and Fortson ; but she was not as impressed with the larger , effects - heavy action sequences and felt the focus on Lilly as a better hero than Rudd was `` just checking off boxes in the name of gender equality . '' Future Ahead of the film 's release , Reed noted that he and Marvel were `` hopeful '' about a third film , having discussed potential story points . Michael Douglas also expressed interest in playing a younger version of his character Hank Pym in a prequel , something which Reed already teased back in 2015 . See also List of films featuring miniature people Notes Jump up ^ Some of these events were also depicted in the films Ant - Man ( 2015 ) and Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Due to the ending of Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man and the Wasp Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M Opening , But Still 33 % Bigger Than Original -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Golum , Rob ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Swarms Theaters With $75.8 Million for Walt Disney '' . Bloomberg L.P. 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Confirmed To Return In Marvel 's Ant - Man and The Wasp '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Dastmalchian Confirms Kurt Is Returning for ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . April 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` What We Did and Did n't Learn From the Ant - Man and the Wasp Trailer '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' : Hannah John - Kamen Teases the New MCU Antagonist Ghost '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Pfeiffer will play Janet Van Dyne in Ant - Man and The Wasp '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Pfeiffer , 59 , looks unrecognizable as she dyes her hair grey to film Ant - Man and the Wasp alongside Michael Douglas , 73 '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( @ MrPeytonReed ) ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap . # AntManandtheWasp '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` What RoboCop Has to Do with the Future of the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Ant - Man and the Wasp '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( @ MrPeytonReed ) ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is christophe beck coming back ? Oh yes ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . July 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ant - Man and the Wasp : Inside the Star - Studded Premiere '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aresti , Zoe ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Film Release Changes : 15 November 2017 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Tom ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Was ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' delayed in the UK because of the World Cup ? '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Why is n't Ant - Man and the Wasp out in UK cinemas yet ? '' . Radio Times . 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Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` CineEurope : Disney Offers Glimpses of ' Toy Story 4 , ' ' Avengers 4 , ' ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` Why Dwayne Johnson Pic ' Skyscraper ' Went Up In Flames At The B.O. With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Debuts ; ' Deadpool 2 ' & ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Zaps $85 M In Debut ; China 's ' Dying To Survive ' Prescribes $200 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 3 ' Registers $100 M+ WW ; ' Skyscraper ' Jumps In Low With $40 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Pop & Rock : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Puts $43 M In Offshore Jukebox , ' Skyscraper ' Tops China With $48 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Jumps Higher With Record $156 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant Man and the Wasp ' Review : Tiny Heroes Turn New MCU Epic Into Giant Fun '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' a buzzworthy sequel full of laughs and CGI thrills '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Save the World ! With Jokes ! '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Ant - Man and the Wasp '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` The plot is ho - hum , but ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' is still endearing and fun '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' is a Marvel marvel '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Ant - Man and the Wasp Has Stakes as Small as Its Superheroes But It 's Hard to Dislike '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Timothy ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Michael Douglas Wants To Play Young Hank Pym in Ant - Man Prequel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . 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-609347057533578334 | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack) | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Patrick Doyle Released 15 November 2005 Genre Soundtrack Length 75 : 58 Label Warner / Sunset Patrick Doyle chronology Nanny McPhee ( 2005 ) Nanny McPhee 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Jekyll & Hyde ( 2006 ) Jekyll & Hyde2006 Harry Potter / J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World chronology Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Prisoner of Azkaban 2004 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Goblet of Fire2005 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Order of the Phoenix 2007 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Empire Filmtracks Movie Music UK Movie Wave SoundtrackNet Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on 15 November 2005 . The film 's score was not composed by John Williams as were the previous three films , but by Patrick Doyle . This was done because Williams reported having certain schedule problems , as he scored music for 2005 's Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Memoirs of a Geisha , Munich , and Steven Spielberg 's remake of War of the Worlds . The music was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Shearman , and included three main new themes : one to represent the Triwizard Tournament , one to represent Lord Voldemort , and one to represent Harry Potter 's crush on Cho Chang . It also features an ominous reprisal of the familiar `` Hedwig 's Theme '' . A prominent minor theme is presented in `` The Death of Cedric '' . The soundtrack entered the Billboard 200 at position eighty for the Week Ending December 3 , and also charted at four on the Top Soundtracks Chart . Track listing ( edit ) Original track list No . Title Length 1 . `` The Story Continues '' 1 : 31 2 . `` Frank Dies '' 2 : 12 3 . `` The Quidditch World Cup '' 1 : 52 4 . `` The Dark Mark '' 3 : 27 5 . `` Foreign Visitors Arrive '' 1 : 30 6 . `` The Goblet of Fire '' 3 : 23 7 . `` Rita Skeeter '' 1 : 42 8 . `` Sirius Fire '' 2 : 00 9 . `` Harry Sees Dragons '' 1 : 54 10 . `` Golden Egg '' 6 : 10 11 . `` Neville 's Waltz '' 2 : 11 12 . `` Harry in Winter '' 2 : 56 13 . `` Potter Waltz '' 2 : 19 14 . `` Underwater Secrets '' 2 : 28 15 . `` The Black Lake '' 4 : 38 16 . `` Hogwarts ' March '' 2 : 47 17 . `` The Maze '' 4 : 44 18 . `` Voldemort '' 9 : 39 19 . `` Death of Cedric '' 1 : 59 20 . `` Another Year Ends '' 2 : 21 21 . `` Hogwarts ' Hymn '' 2 : 59 22 . `` Do the Hippogriff '' 3 : 39 23 . `` This Is the Night '' 3 : 24 24 . `` Magic Works '' 4 : 02 Total length : 75 : 48 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2005-12-03 Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 24 November 2010 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Rihanna , Gwyneth Paltrow , the Beatles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ This track is by Abigail Doyle ( daughter of Patrick Doyle ) , who sings the mermaid 's riddle . Jump up ^ This track also features lyrics unheard in the movie , but they were featured in the book . ^ Jump up to : Tracks 22 - 24 were not composed by Patrick Doyle . These are the songs playing during the Yule Ball scene when The Weird Sisters band came out and played . `` Do the Hippogriff '' was composed by Jarvis Cocker and Jason Buckle , while `` This Is the Night '' and `` Magic Works '' were composed by Cocker . The Yule Ball theme comes from Symphony No. 3 by Samuel Wesley External links ( edit ) Harry Potter portal Official website The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal Jarvis Cocker Studio albums Jarvis Further Complications Singles `` Running the World '' `` Do n't Let Him Waste Your Time '' `` Fat Children '' `` Temptation '' ( with Beth Ditto ) `` Angela '' `` '' Further Complications. `` '' / `` Girls Like It Too '' Associated acts Pulp Relaxed Muscle All Seeing I Lush The Lovers Related articles The Trip ( with Steve Mackey ) 1996 BRIT Awards incident Goblet of Fire soundtrack Nancy Sinatra Songs for the Young at Heart Pocket Symphony Discography J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Music Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Other The Cursed Child Pottermore The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood See also Harry Potter cast Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(soundtrack)&oldid=789864951 '' Categories : Music of the Harry Potter films Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Patrick Doyle soundtracks 2005 soundtracks Film soundtracks Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 03 : 34 . 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3005001584007866598 | Alloy steel | Alloy steel - wikipedia Alloy steel Jump to : navigation , search Steels and other iron -- carbon alloy phases Ferrite Austenite Cementite Graphite Martensite Microstructures Spheroidite Pearlite Bainite Ledeburite Tempered martensite Widmanstatten structures Classes Crucible steel Carbon steel Spring steel Alloy steel Maraging steel Stainless steel Weathering steel Tool steel Other iron - based materials Cast iron Gray iron White iron Ductile iron Malleable iron Wrought iron Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0 % and 50 % by weight to improve its mechanical properties . Allows is not steels are broken down arbitrary : Smith and Hashemi define the difference at 4.0 % , while Degarmo , et al. , define it at 8.0 % . Most commonly , the phrase `` alloy steel '' refers to low - alloy steels . Strictly speaking , every steel is an alloy , but not all steels are called `` alloy steels '' . The simplest steels are iron ( Fe ) alloyed with carbon ( C ) ( about 0.1 % to 1 % , depending on type ) . However , the term `` alloy steel '' is the standard term referring to steels with other alloying elements added deliberately in addition to the carbon . Common alloyants include manganese ( the most common one ) , nickel , chromium , molybdenum , vanadium , silicon , and boron . Less common alloyants include aluminum , cobalt , copper , cerium , niobium , titanium , tungsten , tin , zinc , lead , and zirconium . The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels ( as compared to carbon steels ) : strength , hardness , toughness , wear resistance , corrosion resistance , hardenability , and hot hardness . To achieve some of these improved properties the metal may require heat treating . Some of these find uses in exotic and highly - demanding applications , such as in the turbine blades of jet engines , in spacecraft , and in nuclear reactors . Because of the ferromagnetic properties of iron , some steel alloys find important applications where their responses to magnetism are very important , including in electric motors and in transformers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Low - alloy steels 2 Material science 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Bibliography Low - alloy steels ( edit ) Main article : high - strength low - alloy steel A few common low alloy steels are : D6AC 300M 256A Principal low - alloy steels SAE designation Composition 13xx Mn 1.75 % 40xx Mo 0.20 % or 0.25 % or 0.25 % Mo & 0.042 % S 41xx Cr 0.50 % or 0.80 % or 0.95 % , Mo 0.12 % or 0.20 % or 0.25 % or 0.30 % 43xx Ni 1.82 % , Cr 0.50 % to 0.80 % , Mo 0.25 % 44xx Mo 0.40 % or 0.52 % 46xx Ni 0.85 % or 1.82 % , Mo 0.20 % or 0.25 % 47xx Ni 1.05 % , Cr 0.45 % , Mo 0.20 % or 0.35 % 48xx Ni 3.50 % , Mo 0.25 % 50xx Cr 0.27 % or 0.40 % or 0.50 % or 0.65 % 50xxx Cr 0.50 % , C 1.00 % min 50Bxx Cr 0.28 % or 0.50 % , and added boron 51xx Cr 0.80 % or 0.87 % or 0.92 % or 1.00 % or 1.05 % 51xxx Cr 1.02 % , C 1.00 % min 51Bxx Cr 0.80 % , and added boron 52xxx Cr 1.45 % , C 1.00 % min 61xx Cr 0.60 % or 0.80 % or 0.95 % , V 0.10 % or 0.15 % min 86xx Ni 0.55 % , Cr 0.50 % , Mo 0.20 % 87xx Ni 0.55 % , Cr 0.50 % , Mo 0.25 % 88xx Ni 0.55 % , Cr 0.50 % , Mo 0.35 % 92xx Si 1.40 % or 2.00 % , Mn 0.65 % or 0.82 % or 0.85 % , Cr 0.00 % or 0.65 % 94Bxx Ni 0.45 % , Cr 0.40 % , Mo 0.12 % , and added boron ES - 1 Ni 5 % , Cr 2 % , Si 1.25 % , W 1 % , Mn 0.85 % , Mo 0.55 % , Cu 0.5 % , Cr 0.40 % , C 0.2 % , V 0.1 % Material science ( edit ) Alloying elements are added to achieve certain properties in the material . As a guideline , alloying elements are added in lower percentages ( less than 5 % ) to increase strength or hardenability , or in larger percentages ( over 5 % ) to achieve special properties , such as corrosion resistance or extreme temperature stability . Manganese , silicon , or aluminum are added during the steelmaking process to remove dissolved oxygen , sulfur and phosphorus from the melt . Manganese , silicon , nickel , and copper are added to increase strength by forming solid solutions in ferrite . Chromium , vanadium , molybdenum , and tungsten increase strength by forming second - phase carbides . Nickel and copper improve corrosion resistance in small quantities . Molybdenum helps to resist embrittlement . Zirconium , cerium , and calcium increase toughness by controlling the shape of inclusions . Sulfur ( in the form of manganese sulfide ) lead , bismuth , selenium , and tellurium increase machinability . The alloying elements tend to form either solid solutions or compounds or carbides . Nickel is very soluble in ferrite ; therefore , it forms compounds , usually Ni Al . Aluminium dissolves in the ferrite and forms the compounds Al O and AlN . Silicon is also very soluble and usually forms the compound SiO M O. Manganese mostly dissolves in ferrite forming the compounds MnS , MnO SiO , but will also form carbides in the form of ( Fe , Mn ) C. Chromium forms partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases in steel , forming ( Fe , Cr ) C , Cr C , and Cr C. The type of carbide that chromium forms depends on the amount of carbon and other types of alloying elements present . Tungsten and molybdenum form carbides if there is enough carbon and an absence of stronger carbide forming elements ( i.e. , titanium & niobium ) , they form the carbides W C and Mo C , respectively . Vanadium , titanium , and niobium are strong carbide forming elements , forming vanadium carbide , titanium carbide , and niobium carbide , respectively . Alloying elements also have an effect on the eutectoid temperature of the steel . Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature and are known as austenite stabilizing elements . With enough of these elements the austenitic structure may be obtained at room temperature . Carbide - forming elements raise the eutectoid temperature ; these elements are known as ferrite stabilizing elements . Principal effects of major alloying elements for steel Element Percentage Primary function Aluminium 0.95 -- 1.30 Alloying element in nitriding steels Bismuth - Improves machinability Boron 0.001 -- 0.003 A powerful hardenability agent Chromium 0.5 -- 2 Increases hardenability 4 -- 18 Increases corrosion resistance Copper 0.1 -- 0.4 Corrosion resistance Lead - Improved machinability Manganese 0.25 -- 0.40 Combines with sulfur and with phosphorus to reduce the brittleness . Also helps to remove excess oxygen from molten steel . > 1 Increases hardenability by lowering transformation points and causing transformations to be sluggish Molybdenum 0.2 -- 5 Stable carbides ; inhibits grain growth . Increases the toughness of steel , thus making molybdenum a very valuable alloy metal for making the cutting parts of machine tools and also the turbine blades of turbojet engines . Also used in rocket motors . Nickel 2 -- 5 Toughener 12 -- 20 Increases corrosion resistance Silicon 0.2 -- 0.7 Increases strength 2.0 Spring steels Higher percentages Improves magnetic properties Sulfur 0.08 -- 0.15 Free - machining properties Titanium - Fixes carbon in inert particles ; reduces martensitic hardness in chromium steels Tungsten - Also increases the melting point . Vanadium 0.15 Stable carbides ; increases strength while retaining ductility ; promotes fine grain structure . Increases the toughness at high temperatures See also ( edit ) HSLA steel Microalloyed steel SAE steel grades Reynolds 531 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , p. 393 . ^ Jump up to : Degarmo , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 394 . Jump up ^ Degarmo , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 394 - 395 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 395 - 396 Jump up ^ Degarmo , p. 144 . Bibliography ( edit ) Degarmo , E. Paul ; Black , J T. ; Kohser , Ronald A. ( 2007 ) , Materials and Processes in Manufacturing ( 10th ed . ) , Wiley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05512 - 0 . Groover , M.P. , 2007 , p. 105 - 106 , Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing : Materials , Processes and Systems , 3rd ed , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , Hoboken , NJ , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 74485 - 6 . Smith , William F. ; Hashemi , Javad ( 2001 ) , Foundations of Material Science and Engineering ( 4th ed . ) , McGraw - Hill , p. 394 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 295358 - 6 NDL : 00573217 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alloy_steel&oldid=821314354 '' Categories : Steels Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Español فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 18 : 13 . 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8625952650767334465 | Estate tax in the United States | Estate tax in the United states - wikipedia Estate tax in the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal The estate tax ( also known as the Death Tax ) in the United States is a tax on the transfer of the estate of a deceased person . The tax applies to property that is transferred via a will or according to state laws of intestacy . Other transfers that are subject to the tax can include those made through an intestate estate or trust , or the payment of certain life insurance benefits or financial account sums to beneficiaries . The estate tax is one part of the Unified Gift and Estate Tax system in the United States . The other part of the system , the gift tax , applies to transfers of property during a person 's life . In addition to the federal estate tax , many states have enacted similar taxes . These taxes may be termed an `` inheritance tax . '' The tax is often the subject of political debate , and opponents of the estate tax call it the `` death tax '' . If an asset is left to a spouse or a federally recognized charity , the tax usually does not apply . In addition , a maximum amount , varying year by year , can be given by an individual , before and / or upon their death , without incurring federal gift or estate taxes : $5,340,000 for estates of persons dying in 2014 and 2015 , $5,450,000 ( effectively $10.90 million per married couple ) for estates of persons dying in 2016 . Because of these exemptions , it is estimated that only the largest 0.2 % of estates in the U.S. will pay the tax . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal estate tax 1.1 The `` gross estate '' 1.2 Deductions and the taxable estate 1.3 Tentative tax 1.4 Credits against tax 1.5 Portability 1.6 Requirements for filing return and paying tax 1.7 Exemptions and tax rates 1.8 Puerto Rico and other U.S. possessions 1.9 Non-residents 1.10 Noncitizen spouse 2 Estate and inheritance taxes at the state level 3 Tax mitigation 4 History 5 Debate 5.1 Arguments in support 5.2 Arguments against 5.3 The term `` death tax '' 6 IRS audits 7 Related taxes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Federal estate tax ( edit ) Estate tax returns as a percentage of adult deaths , 1982 -- 2008 . The federal estate tax is imposed `` on the transfer of the taxable estate of every decedent who is a citizen or resident of the United States . '' The starting point in the calculation is the `` gross estate . '' Certain deductions from the `` gross estate '' are allowed to arrive at the `` taxable estate . '' The `` gross estate '' ( edit ) The `` gross estate '' for federal estate tax purposes often includes more property than that included in the `` probate estate '' under the property laws of the state in which the decedent lived at the time of death . The gross estate ( before the modifications ) may be considered to be the value of all the property interests of the decedent at the time of death . To these interests are added the following property interests generally not owned by the decedent at the time of death : the value of property to the extent of an interest held by the surviving spouse as a `` dower or curtesy '' ; the value of certain items of property in which the decedent had , at any time , made a transfer during the three years immediately preceding the date of death ( i.e. , even if the property was no longer owned by the decedent on the date of death ) , other than certain gifts , and other than property sold for full value ; the value of certain property transferred by the decedent before death for which the decedent retained a `` life estate '' , or retained certain `` powers '' ; the value of certain property in which the recipient could , through ownership , have possession or enjoyment only by surviving the decedent ; the value of certain property in which the decedent retained a `` reversionary interest '' , the value of which exceeded five percent of the value of the property ; the value of certain property transferred by the decedent before death where the transfer was revocable ; the value of certain annuities ; the value of certain jointly owned property , such as assets passing by operation of law or survivorship , i.e. joint tenants with rights of survivorship or tenants by the entirety , with special rules for assets owned jointly by spouses. ; the value of certain `` powers of appointment '' ; the amount of proceeds of certain life insurance policies . The above list of modifications is not comprehensive . As noted above , life insurance benefits may be included in the gross estate ( even though the proceeds arguably were not `` owned '' by the decedent and were never received by the decedent ) . Life insurance proceeds are generally included in the gross estate if the benefits are payable to the estate , or if the decedent was the owner of the life insurance policy or had any `` incidents of ownership '' over the life insurance policy ( such as the power to change the beneficiary designation ) . Similarly , bank accounts or other financial instruments which are `` payable on death '' or `` transfer on death '' are usually included in the taxable estate , even though such assets are not subject to the probate process under state law . Deductions and the taxable estate ( edit ) Once the value of the `` gross estate '' is determined , the law provides for various `` deductions '' ( in Part IV of Subchapter A of Chapter 11 of Subtitle B of the Internal Revenue Code ) in arriving at the value of the `` taxable estate . '' Deductions include but are not limited to : Funeral expenses , administration expenses , and claims against the estate ; Certain charitable contributions ; Certain items of property left to the surviving spouse . Beginning in 2005 , inheritance or estate taxes paid to states or the District of Columbia . Of these deductions , the most important is the deduction for property passing to ( or in certain kinds of trust , for ) the surviving spouse , because it can eliminate any federal estate tax for a married decedent . However , this unlimited deduction does not apply if the surviving spouse ( not the decedent ) is not a U.S. citizen . A special trust called a Qualified Domestic Trust or QDOT must be used to obtain an unlimited marital deduction for otherwise disqualified spouses . Tentative tax ( edit ) The tentative tax is based on the tentative tax base , which is the sum of the taxable estate and the `` adjusted taxable gifts '' ( i.e. , taxable gifts made after 1976 ) . For decedents dying after December 31 , 2009 , the tentative tax will , with exceptions , be calculated by applying the following tax rates : Lower Limit Upper Limit Initial Taxation Further Taxation 0 $10,000 $0 18 % of the amount $10,000 $20,000 $1,800 20 % of the excess $20,000 $40,000 $3,800 22 % of the excess $40,000 $60,000 $8,200 24 % of the excess $60,000 $80,000 $13,000 26 % of the excess $80,000 $100,000 $18,200 28 % of the excess $100,000 $150,000 $23,800 30 % of the excess $150,000 $250,000 $38,800 32 % of the excess $250,000 $500,000 $70,800 34 % of the excess $500,000 $750,000 $155,800 37 % of the excess $750,000 $1,000,000 $248,300 39 % of the excess $1,000,000 and over $345,800 40 % of the excess -- Internal Revenue Code section 2001 ( c ) , as amended by section 302 ( a ) ( 2 ) of the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 ( H.R. 4853 ) , Pub . L. No. 111 - 312 , 124 Stat. 3296 , 3301 ( Dec. 17 , 2010 ) , as amended by section 101 ( c ) ( 1 ) of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 ; see `` Instructions for Form 706 ( Rev. August 2013 ) , '' page 5 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury , at ( PDF ) The tentative tax is reduced by gift tax that would have been paid on the adjusted taxable gifts , based on the rates in effect on the date of death ( which means that the reduction is not necessarily equal to the gift tax actually paid on those gifts ) . Credits against tax ( edit ) There are several credits against the tentative tax , the most important of which is a `` unified credit '' which can be thought of as providing for an `` exemption equivalent '' or exempted value with respect to the sum of the taxable estate and the taxable gifts during lifetime . For a person dying during 2006 , 2007 , or 2008 , the `` applicable exclusion amount '' is $2,000,000 , so if the sum of the taxable estate plus the `` adjusted taxable gifts '' made during lifetime equals $2,000,000 or less , there is no federal estate tax to pay . According to the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 , the applicable exclusion increased to $3,500,000 in 2009 , and the estate tax was repealed for estates of decedents dying in 2010 , but then the Act was to `` sunset '' in 2011 and the estate tax was to reappear with an applicable exclusion amount of only $1,000,000 . The Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 became law on December 17 , 2010 . The 2010 Act changed , among other things , the rate structure for estates of decedents dying after December 31 , 2009 , subject to certain exceptions . It also served to reunify the estate tax credit ( aka exemption equivalent ) with the federal gift tax credit ( aka exemption equivalent ) . The gift tax exemption is equal to $5,250,000 for estates of decedents dying in 2013 , and $5,340,000 for estates of decedents dying in 2014 . The 2010 Act also provided portability to the credit , allowing a surviving spouse to use that portion of the pre-deceased spouse 's credit that was not previously used ( e.g. a husband died , used $3 million of his credit , and filed an estate tax return . At his wife 's subsequent death , she can use her $5 million credit plus the remaining $2 million of her husband 's ) . If the estate includes property that was inherited from someone else within the preceding 10 years , and there was estate tax paid on that property , there may also be a credit for property previously taxed . Because of these exemptions , only the largest 0.2 % of estates in the US will have to pay any estate tax . Before 2005 , there was also a credit for non-federal estate taxes , but that credit was phased out by the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 . Portability ( edit ) The Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 authorizes the personal representative of estates of decedents dying on or after January 1 , 2011 , to elect to transfer any unused estate tax exclusion amount to the surviving spouse , in a concept known as portability . The amount received by the surviving spouse is called the deceased spousal unused exclusion , or DSUE , amount . If the personal representative of the decedent 's estate elects transfer , or portability , of the DSUE amount , the surviving spouse may apply the DSUE amount received from the estate of his or her last deceased spouse against any tax liability arising from subsequent lifetime gifts and transfers at death . The portability exemption is claimed by filing Form 706 , specifically Part 6 of the estate tax return . Whether the personal representative has an obligation to make the portability election is presently unclear . Requirements for filing return and paying tax ( edit ) For estates larger than the current federally exempted amount , any estate tax due is paid by the executor , other person responsible for administering the estate , or the person in possession of the decedent 's property . That person is also responsible for filing a Form 706 return with the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) . In addition , the form must be filed if the decedent 's spouse wishes to claim any of the decedent 's remaining estate / gift tax exemption . The return must contain detailed information as to the valuations of the estate assets and the exemptions claimed , to ensure that the correct amount of tax is paid . The deadline for filing the Form 706 is 9 months from the date of the decedent 's death . The payment may be extended , but not to exceed 12 months , but the return must be filed by the 9 - month deadline . Exemptions and tax rates ( edit ) Year Exclusion Amount Max / Top tax rate $675,000 55 % 2002 $1 million 50 % 2003 $1 million 49 % $1.5 million 48 % 2005 $1.5 million 47 % 2006 $2 million 46 % 2007 $2 million 45 % 2008 $2 million 45 % 2009 $3.5 million 45 % Repealed 2011 $5 million 35 % 2012 $5.12 million 35 % 2013 $5.25 million 40 % 2014 $5.34 million 40 % 2015 $5.43 million 40 % 2016 $5.45 million 40 % 2017 $5.49 million 40 % As noted above , a certain amount of each estate is exempted from taxation by the law . Below is a table of the amount of exemption by year an estate would expect . Estates above these amounts would be subject to estate tax , but only for the amount above the exemption . For example , assume an estate of $3.5 million in 2006 . There are two beneficiaries who will each receive equal shares of the estate . The maximum allowable credit is $2 million for that year , so the taxable value is therefore $1.5 million . Since it is 2006 , the tax rate on that $1.5 million is 46 % , so the total taxes paid would be $690,000 . Each beneficiary will receive $1,000,000 of untaxed inheritance and $405,000 from the taxable portion of their inheritance for a total of $1,405,000 . This means the estate would have paid a taxable rate of 19.7 % . As shown , the 2001 tax act would have repealed the estate tax for one year ( 2010 ) and would then have readjusted it in 2011 to the year 2002 exemption level with a 2001 top rate . That is , had no further legislation been passed , the estate of a person who deceased in the year 2010 would have been entirely exempt from tax while that of a person who deceased in the year 2011 or later would have been taxed as heavily as in 2001 . However , on December 17 , 2010 , Congress passed the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 . Section 301 of the 2010 Act reinstated the federal estate tax . The new law set the exemption for U.S. citizens and residents at $5 million per person , and it provided a top tax rate of 35 percent for the years 2011 and 2012 . On January 1 , 2013 , the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was passed which permanently establishes an exemption of $5 million ( as 2011 basis with inflation adjustment ) per person for U.S. citizens and residents , with a maximum tax rate of 40 % for the year 2013 and beyond . The permanence of this regulation is not ensured : the fiscal year 2014 budget called for lowering the estate tax exclusion , the generation - skipping transfer tax and the gift - tax exemption back to levels of 2009 as of the year 2018 . Puerto Rico and other U.S. possessions ( edit ) A decedent who is a U.S. citizen born in Puerto Rico and resident at the time of death in a U.S. possession ( i.e. , PR ) is generally treated , for federal tax purposes , as though he or she were a nonresident who is not a citizen of the United States , so the $5 million exemption does not apply to such a person 's estate . For U.S. estate tax purposes , a U.S. resident is someone who had a domicile in the United States at the time of death . A person acquires a domicile by living in a place for even a brief period of time , as long as the person had no intention of moving from that place . Non-residents ( edit ) The $5 million exemption specified in the Acts of 2010 and 2012 ( cited above ) applies only to U.S. citizens or residents , not to non-resident aliens . Non-resident aliens have only a $60,000 exclusion ; this amount may be higher if a gift and estate tax treaty applies . For estate tax purposes , the test is different in determining who is a non-resident alien ( NRA ) , compared to the one for income tax purposes ( the inquiry centers around the decedent 's domicile ) . This is a subjective test that looks primarily at intent . The test considers factors such as the length of stay in the United States ; frequency of travel , size , and cost of home in the United States ; location of family ; participation in community activities ; participation in U.S. business and ownership of assets in the United States ; and voting . A foreigner can be a U.S. resident for income tax purposes , but not be domiciled for estate tax purposes . An NRA is subject to a different estate tax regime than a U.S. taxpayer . The estate tax is imposed only on the part of the gross NRA 's estate that at the time of death is situated in the United States . These rules may be ameliorated by an estate tax treaty . The U.S. does not maintain as many estate tax treaties as income tax treaties , but there are estate tax treaties in place with many of the major European countries , Australia , and Japan . U.S. real estate owned by the NRA through a foreign corporation is not included in an NRA 's estate . The corporation must have a business purpose and activity , lest it be deemed a sham designed to avoid U.S. estate taxes . See also : Gift tax in the United States § Non-residents Noncitizen spouse ( edit ) The estate tax of a deceased spouse depends on the citizenship of the surviving spouse . All property held jointly with a surviving noncitizen spouse is considered to belong entirely to the gross estate of the deceased , except for the extent the executor can substantiate the contributions of the noncitizen surviving spouse to the acquisition of the property . U.S. citizens with a noncitizen spouse do not benefit from the same marital deductions as those with a U.S. citizen spouse . Furthermore , the estate tax exemption is not portable among spouses if one of the spouses is a noncitizen . See also : Gift tax in the United States § Noncitizen spouse Estate and inheritance taxes at the state level ( edit ) Currently , fifteen states and the District of Columbia have an estate tax , and six states have an inheritance tax . Maryland and New Jersey have both . Some states exempt estates at the federal level . Other states impose tax at lower levels ; New Jersey taxes estates beginning at $675,000 . In states that impose an Inheritance tax , the tax rate depends on the status of the person receiving the property , and in some jurisdictions , how much they receive . Inheritance taxes are paid not by the estate of the deceased , but by the inheritors of the estate . For example , the Kentucky inheritance tax `` is a tax on the right to receive property from a decedent 's estate ; both tax and exemptions are based on the relationship of the beneficiary to the decedent . '' For decedents dying in calendar year 2014 , 12 states ( Connecticut , Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , Oregon , Rhode Island , Vermont , and Washington ) and the District of Columbia impose only estate taxes . Delaware and Hawaii allowed their taxes to expire after Congress repealed the credit for state estate taxes , but reenacted the taxes in 2010 . Exemption amounts under the state estate taxes vary , ranging from the federal estate tax exemption amount or $5.34 million , indexed for inflation ( two states ) to $675,000 ( New Jersey ) . The most common amount is $1 million ( three states and the District of Columbia ) . In 2014 , four states increased their exemption amounts : Minnesota ( phased up to $2 million for 2018 deaths ) , Rhode Island ( $1.5 million for 2015 deaths ) , and Maryland and New York ( both phased their exemptions up to the federal amount for 2019 deaths ) . Top rates range from 12 percent to 19 percent with most states , like Minnesota , imposing a top rate of 16 percent . Five states ( Iowa , Kentucky , Nebraska , Pennsylvania , and Tennessee ) impose only inheritance taxes . The Tennessee tax is scheduled to be eliminated for deaths after December 31 , 2015 . The exemptions under state inheritance taxes vary greatly , ranging from $500 ( Kentucky and New Jersey ) for bequests to unrelated individuals to unlimited exemptions ( Iowa and Kentucky ) for bequests to lineal heirs , such as children or parents of the decedent . No states tax bequests to surviving spouses . Top tax rates range from 4.5 percent ( Pennsylvania on lineal heirs ) to 18 percent ( Nebraska on collateral heirs ) . Tennessee 's inheritance tax is calculated more like an estate tax ( i.e. , the tax does not vary based on the beneficiary ) . Two states -- New Jersey and Maryland -- impose both types of taxes , but the estate tax paid is a credit against the inheritance tax , so the total tax liability is not the sum of the two , but the greater of the two taxes . Neither state taxes bequests to lineal heirs . Tax mitigation ( edit ) Estate tax rates and complexity have driven a vast array of support services to assist clients with a perceived eligibility for the estate tax to develop tax avoidance techniques . Many insurance companies maintain a network of life insurance agents , all providing financial planning services , guided towards providing death benefit that covers paying estate taxes . Brokerage and financial planning firms , and charities , also use estate planning and estate tax avoidance as a marketing technique . Many law firms also specialize in estate planning , tax avoidance , and minimization of estate taxes . Many techniques recommended by those selling products with high fees do not really avoid the estate tax . Instead they claim to provide a leveraged way to have liquidity to pay for the tax at the time of death . It is very important for those whose primary wealth is in a business they own , or real estate , or stocks , to seek professional legal advice . In one technique marketed by commissioned agents , an irrevocable life insurance trust is recommended , where the parents give their children funds to pay the premiums on life insurance on the parents . Structured in this way , life insurance proceeds can be free of estate tax . However , if the parents have a very high net worth and the life insurance policy would be inadequate in size due to the limits in premiums , a charitable remainder trust ( CRT ) may be recommended , but should be critically reviewed . The client , however , may lose access to the asset placed in the CRT . Proponents of the estate tax , and lobbyists for high commission financial products , argue the tax should be maintained to encourage this form of charity . History ( edit ) Taxes which apply to estates or to inheritance in the United States trace back to the 18th century . According to the IRS , a temporary stamp tax in 1797 applied a tax of varying size depending on the size of the bequest , ranging from 25 cents for a bequest between $50 -- $100 , to 1 dollar for each $500 . The tax was repealed in 1802 . In the 19th century , the Revenue Act of 1862 and the War Revenue Act of 1898 also imposed rates , but were each repealed shortly thereafter . The modern estate tax was enacted in 1916 . The modern estate tax was temporarily phased out and repealed by tax legislation in 2001 . This legislation gradually dropped the rates until they were eliminated in 2010 . However , the law did not make these changes permanent and the estate tax returned in 2011 . `` But late in 2010 , before that clause took effect , Congress passed superseding legislation that imposed a 35 percent tax in 2011 and 2012 on estate in excess of $5 million . Like the 2001 legislation , the 2010 legislation had a sunset clause so that in 2013 the estate tax would return to its 2001 level . But then on New Year 's Day 2013 , Congress made permanent an estate tax on estates in excess of $5 million at a rate of 40 percent . '' Debate ( edit ) The estate tax is a recurring source of contentious political debate and political football . Generally the debate breaks down between a side which opposes any tax on inheritance , and another which considers it good policy . Arguments in support ( edit ) Proponents of the estate tax argue that large inheritances ( currently those over $5 million ) are a progressive and fair source of government funding . Removing the estate tax , they argue , favors only the very wealthy and leaves a greater share of the total tax burden on working taxpayers . Proponents further argue that campaigns to repeal the tax rely on public confusion about the estate tax and about tax policy more generally . William Gale and Joel Slemrod give three reasons for taxing at the point of inheritance in their book Rethinking Estate and Gift Taxation . `` First , the probate process may reveal information about lifetime economic well - being that is difficult to obtain in the course of enforcement of the income tax but is nevertheless relevant to societal notions of who should pay tax . Second , taxes imposed at death may have smaller disincentive effects on lifetime labor supply and saving than taxes that raise the same revenue ( in present value terms ) but are imposed during life . Third , if society does wish to tax lifetime transfers among adult households , it is difficult to see any time other than death at which to assess the total transfers made . '' While death may be unpleasant to contemplate , there are good administrative , equity , and efficiency reasons to impose taxes at death , and the asserted costs appear to be overblown . -- William Gale and Joel Slemrod In response to the concern that the estate tax interferes with a middle - class family 's ability to pass on wealth , proponents point out that the estate tax currently affects only estates of considerable size ( over $5 million , and $10 million for couples ) and provides numerous credits ( including the unified credit ) that allow a significant portion of even large estates to escape taxation . Proponents note that abolishing the estate tax will result in tens of billions of dollars being lost annually from the federal budget . Proponents of the estate tax argue that it serves to prevent the perpetuation of wealth , free of tax , in wealthy families and that it is necessary to a system of progressive taxation . A driving force behind support for the estate tax is the concept of equal opportunity as a basis for the social contract . This viewpoint highlights the association between wealth and power in society -- material , proprietary , personal , political , social . Arguments that justify wealth disparities based on individual talents , efforts , or achievements , do not support the same disparities where they result from the dead hand . These views are bolstered by the concept that those who enjoy a privileged position in society should have a greater obligation to pay for its costs . The strength of political opposition to the estate tax , proponents argue , would not be found under a veil of ignorance , in which policy makers were kept from knowing the wealth of their own families . Winston Churchill argued that estate taxes are `` a certain corrective against the development of a race of idle rich '' . This issue has been referred to as the `` Carnegie effect , '' for Andrew Carnegie . Carnegie once commented , `` The parent who leaves his son enormous wealth generally deadens the talents and energies of the son , and tempts him to lead a less useful and less worthy life than he otherwise would ' . '' Some research suggests that the more wealth that older people inherit , the more likely they are to leave the labor market . A 2004 report by the Congressional Budget Office found that eliminating the estate tax would reduce charitable giving by 6 -- 12 percent . Chye - Ching Huang and Nathaniel Frentz of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities assert that repealing the estate tax `` would not substantially affect private saving ... '' and that repeal would increase government deficits , thereby reducing the amount of capital available for investment . In the 2006 documentary , The One Percent , Robert Reich commented , `` If we continue to reduce the estate tax on the schedule we now have , it means that we are going to have the children of the wealthiest people in this country owning more and more of the assets of this country , and their children as well ... It 's unfair ; it 's unjust ; it 's absurd . '' Proponents of the estate tax tend to object to characterizations that it operates as a `` double tax . '' They point out many of the earnings subject to estate tax were never taxed because they were `` unrealized '' gains . Others describe this point as a red herring given common overlapping of taxes . Chye - Ching Huang and Nathaniel Frentz of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities assert that large estates `` consist to a significant degree of ' unrealized ' capital gains that have never been taxed ... '' Supporters of the estate tax argue there is longstanding historical precedent for limiting inheritance , and note current generational transfers of wealth are greater than they have been historically . In ancient times , funeral rites for lords and chieftains involved significant wealth expenditure on sacrifices to religious deities , feasting , and ceremonies . The well - to - do were literally buried or burned along with most of their wealth . These traditions may have been imposed by religious edict but they served a real purpose , which was to prevent accumulation of great disparities of wealth , which , estate tax proponents suggest , tended to avoid destabilizing societies and prevented social imbalance , eventual revolution , or disruption of functioning economic systems . Economist Jared Bernstein has said : `` People call it the ' Paris Hilton tax ' for a reason , we live in an economy now where 40 percent of the nation 's wealth accumulates to the top 1 percent . And when these folks leave bequests to their heirs , we 're talking about bequests in the tens of millions '' . Free market supporters of the tax would argue that people should be able to get to the top of the market through earning wealth , based on meritocratic competition , not through unearned , inherited handouts . Unearned transfers of wealth work against the free market by creating a disincentive of hard work in the recipients , and others in the market . If the income from estate tax is reduced , this would have to be made up broadly through taxes on working people . Accordingly , if estate tax was increased relative to other taxes , Irwin Stelzer argues it could pay for `` lowering the marginal tax rate faced by all earners . Reduce taxes on the pay for that extra work , and you will get more of it ; reduce taxes on the profits from risk - taking , and entrepreneurs will take more chances and create more jobs . Reduce the taxes on recipients of inheritances , on the other hand , and they will work less and be less likely to start up new businesses ... '' . Unhindered inheritance has another possible influence on some in the market ; if many of the wealthiest in the country acquired their wealth through inheritance , while contributing nothing to the market personally to get there , people at the lower end of the market may have equal economic potential as many of those receiving some of this 40 percent of wealth , but did not have the luck of being born to wealthy parents . The disparity in fair chance of acquiring initial wealth , on top of pre-existing differences in non fiscal sustenance like differing qualities of education , inherited work ethic , and valuable connections , causes resentment and the perception that hard work is of diminished importance , when some , due to bad luck will struggle to afford the basics of living even at maximum effort , while others may never need to work , and even present this lifestyle as ideal. . The disparity in initial gifted wealth also means a reduced ability for some to accumulate wealth ; it is a lot easier to put money aside if you inherited a house and do not have to rent one . These factors create a system perceived to be rigged against those who are not from wealthy families , along with political instability . Reducing estate tax exacerbates this situation , while increasing estate tax promotes a fairer free market , especially if this excess wealth is used to encourage productivity , while also encouraging wealthy parents to focus on providing the best skills and education for their children . Michael J. Gratz has said : `` Indeed , that 's what the case for the estate tax boils down to : basic fairness . The tax affects a small number of people who inherit large amounts of wealth -- and who can afford to give up a portion of their windfall to help finance their government . '' Arguments against ( edit ) In arguing against the U.S. federal estate tax , the Investor 's Business Daily has editorialized that `` People should not be punished because they work hard , become successful and want to pass on the fruits of their labor , or even their ancestors ' labor , to their children . As has been said , families should n't be required to visit the undertaker and the tax collector on the same day . '' . As the Tax Foundation notes , because the tax can be avoided with careful estate planning , estate taxes are effectively ' penalties imposed on those who neglect to plan ahead or who retain unskilled estate planners ' rather than actual taxes . '' Some free market critics of the estate tax contend that proponents assume the superiority of socialist / collectivist economic models . Under this view , proponents of the tax commonly argue that `` excess wealth '' should be taxed without offering a definition of what `` excess wealth '' could possibly mean and why it would be undesirable if procured through legal efforts . Such statements are seen to exhibit a predilection for collectivist principles that opponents of the estate tax oppose . A disparity between rates may encourage wealthy individuals to relocate to avoid or minimize taxation . This moves the wealth -- and all associated future tax revenue -- outside the United States . As a result of transferring wealth abroad , the ' estimated ' tax generation claimed by proponents of the estate tax will likely be far less than that claimed and will likely lower the future tax base within the United States . However , most countries have inheritance tax at similar or higher rates . The Tax Foundation has published research suggesting that the estate tax acts as a strong disincentive toward entrepreneurship . Their 1994 study found that the estate tax 's 55 percent rate at the time had roughly the same disincentive effect as doubling an entrepreneur 's top effective marginal income tax rate . The estate tax has also been found to impose a large compliance burden on the U.S. economy . Similar past economic studies from the same group have estimated the compliance costs of the federal estate tax to be roughly equal to the amount of revenue raised -- nearly five times more costly per dollar of revenue than the federal income tax -- making it one of the nation 's most inefficient revenue sources . Another argument against the estate tax is that the tax obligation in itself can assume a disproportionate role in planning , possibly overshadowing more fundamental decisions about the underlying assets . In certain cases , this is claimed to create an undue burden . For example , pending estate taxes could become an artificial disincentive to further investment in an otherwise viable business -- increasing the appeal of tax - or investment - reducing alternatives such as liquidation , downsizing , divestiture , or retirement . This could be especially true when an estate 's value is about to surpass the exemption equivalent amount . Older individuals owning farms or small businesses , when weighing ongoing investment risks and marginal rates of return in light of tax factors , may see less value in maintaining these taxable enterprises . They may instead decide to reduce risk and preserve capital , by shifting resources , liquidating assets , and using tax avoidance techniques such as insurance policies , gift transfers , trusts , and tax free investments Another argument is that the estate tax burdens farmers because agriculture involves the use of many capital assets , such as land and equipment , to generate the same amount of income that other types of businesses generate with fewer assets . Individuals , partnerships , and family corporations own 98 percent of the nation 's 2.2 million farms and ranches . The estate tax may force surviving family members to sell land , buildings , or equipment to keep their operation going . The National Farmers Union advocated relief for farmers by increasing the exemption per estate to $5 million . Americans Standing for the Simplification of the Estate Tax advocates relief for farmers and small business owners by eliminating death as a taxable event in what the group describes as a down payment on their estate taxes during their earning years . Along these lines , the American Solution for Simplifying the Estate Tax Act , or ' ASSET Act ' , of 2014 ( H.R. 5872 ) was introduced on December 11 , 2014 to the 113th Congress by Rep. Andy Harris . Another argument is that the estate tax is detrimental to the public good . In an article in Washington Examiner , Michael Shindler argues that `` the inheritance of multigenerational wealth allows people , especially young people , to comfortably pursue callings that , despite their vital importance to human flourishing , are typically uncompensated by the market '' and cites Lord Byron , Thomas Jefferson , and Ludwig Wittgenstein as examples of such individuals . Similarly , Shindler also argues that `` whereas in Europe museums , theaters , symphony halls , and other cultural institutions are typically government - subsidized , here they gain the bulk of their funding from the generosity of philanthropic foundations founded and sustained by the stewards of multigenerational wealth ... Consequently , American culture is less an expression of the whims of bureaucrats and more a manifestation of the will of its citizenry . '' The term `` death tax '' ( edit ) The caption for section 303 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 , enacted on August 16 , 1954 , refers to estate taxes , inheritance taxes , legacy taxes and succession taxes imposed because of the death of an individual as `` death taxes '' . That wording remains in the caption of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 , as amended . The term `` death tax '' is also a neologism used by critics to describe the U.S. federal estate tax in a way that conveys a negative connotation . On July 1 , 1862 , the U.S. Congress enacted a `` duty or tax '' with respect to certain `` legacies or distributive shares arising from personal property '' passing , either by will or intestacy , from deceased persons . The modern U.S. estate tax was enacted on September 8 , 1916 under section 201 of the Revenue Act of 1916 . Section 201 used the term `` estate tax '' . According to Professor Michael Graetz of Columbia Law School and professor emeritus at Yale Law School , opponents of the estate tax began calling it the `` death tax '' in the 1940s . The term `` death tax '' more directly refers back to the original use of `` death duties '' to address the fact that death itself triggers the tax or the transfer of assets on which the tax is assessed . Many opponents of the estate tax refer to it as the `` death tax '' in their public discourse partly because a death must occur before any tax on the deceased 's assets can be realized and also because the tax rate is determined by the value of the deceased 's persons assets rather than the amount each inheritor receives . Neither the number of inheritors nor the size of each inheritor 's portion factors into the calculations for rate of the estate tax . Proponents of the tax say the term `` death tax '' is imprecise , and that the term has been used since the nineteenth century to refer to all the death duties applied to transfers at death : estate , inheritance , succession and otherwise . Chye - Ching Huang and Nathaniel Frentz of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities assert that the claim that the estate tax is best characterized as a `` death tax '' is a myth , and that only the richest 0.14 % of estates owe the tax . Political use of `` death tax '' as a synonym for `` estate tax '' was encouraged by Jack Faris of the National Federation of Independent Business during the Speakership of Newt Gingrich . Well - known Republican pollster Frank Luntz wrote that the term `` death tax '' `` kindled voter resentment in a way that ' inheritance tax ' and ' estate tax ' do not '' . Linguist George Lakoff , a member of Spain 's Socialist Party 's think tank , states that the term `` death tax '' is a deliberate and carefully calculated neologism used as a propaganda tactic to aid in efforts to repeal estate taxes . The use of `` death tax '' rather than `` estate tax '' in the wording of questions in the 2002 National Election Survey was correlated with an increased support for estate tax repeal by a few percentage points . In 2016 , presidential candidate Donald Trump released a health care plan which used the term `` death penalty '' in the context of health savings accounts which would pass tax - free to the heirs of an estate . IRS audits ( edit ) In July 2006 , the IRS confirmed that it planned to cut the jobs of 157 of the agency 's 345 estate tax lawyers , plus 17 support personnel , by October 1 , 2006 . Kevin Brown , an IRS deputy commissioner , said that he had ordered the staff cuts because far fewer people were obliged to pay estate taxes than in the past . Estate tax lawyers are the most productive tax law enforcement personnel at the IRS , according to Brown . For each hour they work , they find an average of $2,200 of taxes that people owe the government . Related taxes ( edit ) The federal government also imposes a gift tax , assessed in a manner similar to the estate tax . One purpose is to prevent a person from avoiding paying estate tax by giving away all his or her assets before death . There are two levels of exemption from the gift tax . First , transfers of up to ( as of 2013 ) $14,000 per ( recipient ) person per year are not subject to the tax . Individuals can make gifts up to this amount to each of as many people as they wish each year . In a marriage , a couple can pool their individual gift exemptions to make gifts worth up to $28,000 per ( recipient ) person per year without incurring any gift tax . Second , there is a lifetime credit on total gifts until a combined total of $5,250,000 ( not covered by annual exclusions ) has been given . In many instances , an estate planning strategy is to give the maximum amount possible to as many people as possible to reduce the size of the estate , the effectiveness of which depends on the lifespan of the donor and the number of donees . ( This also gives the donees immediate use of the assets , while the donor is alive to see them enjoy it . ) Furthermore , transfers ( whether by bequest , gift , or inheritance ) in excess of $5 million ( tied to inflation in the same manner as the estate tax exemption ) may be subject to a generation - skipping transfer tax if certain other criteria are met . See also ( edit ) Lyeth v. Hoey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meet Mr. Death . Joshua Green , May 20 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Estate Tax '' irs.gov , Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Revenue Procedure 2013 - 35 , Section 3.32 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ Revenue Procedure 2014 - 61 , Section 3.33 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's New -- Estate and Gift Tax '' . www.irs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Huang , Chye - Ching ; DeBot , Brandon . `` Ten Facts You Should Know About the Federal Estate Tax '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IRS , SOI Tax Stats -- Historical Table 17 Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2001 ( a ) . Jump up ^ Defined at 26 U.S.C. § 2031 and 26 U.S.C. § 2033 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2034 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2035 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2036 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2037 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2037 ( a ) ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2038 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2039 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2040 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2041 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2042 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2053 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2055 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2056 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2058 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2056 ( d ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 2056A . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) Rev. Proc. 2013 - 15 ( see page 11 , item 13 ) Jump up ^ Rev. Proc. 2013 - 35 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/uac/Newsroom/Annual-Inflation-Adjustments-for-2013 Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/uac/Newsroom/In-2014,-Various-Tax-Benefits-Increase-Due-to-Inflation-Adjustments Jump up ^ `` What 's New - Estate and Gift Tax '' . irs.gov . Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Code section 2010 ( c ) , as amended by section 302 ( a ) ( 1 ) of the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 ( H.R. 4853 ) , Pub . L. No . ___ - ___ , ___ Stat . ___ ( Dec. 17 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ See Title III of the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 ( H.R. 4853 ) , Pub . L. No . ___ - ___ , ___ Stat . ___ ( Dec. 17 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr8eas/pdf/BILLS-112hr8eas.pdf Jump up ^ Coming soon : More estate - tax battles , Market Watch , Wall Street Journal , 29 April 2013 ( downloaded 18 July 2013 ) Jump up ^ 26 USC section 2209 , at law.cornell.edu Jump up ^ IRS Form 706 at Jump up ^ William P. Elliott , ( PDF ) U.S. estate and gift planning for noncitizens and non-resident aliens , downloaded 18 July 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Does Your State Have an Estate or Inheritance Tax ? '' . Blog . Jump up ^ `` Inheritance Tax vs. Estate Tax '' . US Tax Center . Jump up ^ `` ITEP Reports '' . ITEP Reports . Jump up ^ http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/ss/ssestinh.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/ninetyestate.pdf Jump up ^ `` Estate Tax History Versus Myth '' . ncpa.org . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 2015 Estate Tax And Gift Tax Amounts '' . bankrate.com . Jump up ^ Dikeminier & Sitkoff , Wills , Trusts , and Estates 9th Edition ( 2013 ) p. 921 Jump up ^ http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/36498159/wealth_tax.pdf Jump up ^ Dionne Jr , E.J. ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Paris Hilton Tax Cut '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` I.R.S. to Cut Tax Auditors '' . The New York Times . July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor , `` Gay Marriage and the Estate Tax '' , The Atlantic Monthly , June 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Death and Taxes '' , Washington Post , Editorial , June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Generally , see Equal opportunity and Inheritance Taxation , by Anne L. Alstott Jump up ^ `` The case for death duties '' . The Economist . October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Estate Tax and Charitable Giving , Congressional Budget Office , July 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Chye - Ching Huang & Nathaniel Frentz , `` Myths and Realities About the Estate Tax , '' Aug. 29 , 2013 , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , Washington , D.C. , at cbpp.org ( PDF ) Jump up ^ HORSLEY , SCOTT . `` ' Paris Hilton Tax ' Vs. ' Death Tax ' : A Lesser - Known Fiscal Debate '' . NPR . NPR . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Robin . `` Inheritance should not be an alternative to hard work '' . Financial Times . FT . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stelzer , Irwin . `` Listen to Adam Smith : inheritance tax is good '' . www.spectator.co.uk . Spectator . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Robinson , James ( 2012 ) . `` '' Why Nations Fail Today `` '' . Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power , Prosperity and Poverty . New York : Crown Business Publishing . pp. 369 -- 403 . ISBN 9780307719225 . When extractive institutions create huge inequalities in society and great wealth and unchecked power for those in control , there will be many wishing to fight to take control of the state and institutions . Extractive institutions then not only pave the way for the next regime , which will be even more extractive , but they also engenger continuous infighting and civil wars ... This also often starts a process of descent into lawlessness , state failure , and political chaos . Jump up ^ J. GRAETZ , MICHAEL . `` Its Fair , and we need the Revenue . '' . Wall Street Journal . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Good Year To Die '' . Investor 's Business Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` Noting that this compliance burden is largely the result of widespread tax avoidance , Aaron and Munnell conclude that estate taxes are effectively ' penalties imposed on those who neglect to plan ahead or who retain unskilled estate planners ' rather than actual taxes . '' Aaron and Munnell , The Economics of Federal Estate Taxes ( page no longer available ) Jump up ^ http://bisonsurvivalblog.blogspot.com/2006_12_01_archive.html Jump up ^ `` Vol 10 , No 1 -- Markets & Morality '' . acton.org. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - seven of the 34 members of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development levied some form of estate tax , inheritance tax , or other wealth or wealth transfer tax in 2012 ( the latest year for which full data are available ) . U.S. estate and gift tax revenues at all levels of government were well below average among these 27 countries as a share of the economy . '' from cbpp.org , citing Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development , `` Revenue Statistics -- Comparative tables '' ( retrieved January 9 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/BG1428.cfm Jump up ^ Ron Durst . `` USDA ERS - Federal Estate Taxes Affecting Fewer Farmers but the Future Is Uncertain '' . usda.gov . Jump up ^ `` Estate and Gift Tax Policy '' . National Farmers Union . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ( enacted by delegates to the 110th anniversary convention , March 4 -- 7 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ASSET . `` The ASSET Proposal '' . estatetaxsimplification.org . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks Articles -- Congressional Record -- Congress.gov -- Library of Congress '' . congress.gov . Jump up ^ Shindler , Michael ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Trump is right : Kill the Death Tax , once and for all '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 303 . Jump up ^ Section 111 of the Revenue Act of 1862 , Ch. 119 , 12 Stat. 432 , 485 ( July 1 , 1862 ) . Jump up ^ Revenue Act of 1916 , Ch. 463 , sec. 201 , 39 Stat. 756 , 777 ( Sept. 8 , 1916 ) . Jump up ^ Darien B. Jacobson , Brian G. Raub , and Barry W. Johnson , `` The Estate Tax : Ninety Years and Counting , '' Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Department of the Treasury , at irs.gov ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` How We Got From Estate Tax To ' Death Tax ' '' . NPR.org. 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ The Tax That Suits the Farmer , New York Times , May 24 , 1897 . ( `` It will escape these death taxes , even , by removal from the State or by to heirs during life instead of by testament . '' ) Jump up ^ Chye - Ching Huang & Nathaniel Frentz , `` Myths and Realities About the Estate Tax , '' Aug. 29 , 2013 , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , Washington , D.C. , at cbpp.org ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Capitol Hill Memo ; In 2 Parties ' War of Words , Shibboleths Emerge as Clear Winner , New York Times , April 27 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Wealth and Our Commonwealth : Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes '' Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . apsanet.org . Jump up ^ Roy , Avik ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Most Important Thing About Donald Trump 's Health Reform Plan Is That Trump Did n't Write It '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Cost and Consequences of the Federal Estate Tax , A Joint Economic Committee Study , http://www.house.gov/jec/publications/109/05-01-06estatetax.pdf New International Survey Shows U.S. Death Tax Rates Among Highest , American Council for Capital Formation , August 2007 , http://www.accf.org/media/dynamic/1/media_133.pdf Ian Shapiro and Michael J. Graetz , Death By A Thousand Cuts : The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth , Princeton University Press ( February , 2005 ) , hardcover , 372 pages , ISBN 0 - 691 - 12293 - 8 William H. Gates , Sr. and Chuck Collins , with foreword by former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker , Wealth and Our Commonwealth : Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes , Beacon Press ( 2003 ) The Roosevelts Would Be Appalled , A history of the estate tax shows just how far both political parties are from the beliefs of Teddy and FDR , http://american.com/archive/2010/december/the-roosevelts-would-be-appalled Brett T. Bradford . 2010 . `` The Estate Planning Perils of 2010 and Beyond '' The Selected Works of Brett T. Bradford , http://works.bepress.com/brett_bradford/1 External links ( edit ) The origin of the Federal estate tax nodeathtax.org , American Family Business Institute , a trade association of family business owners and farmers working for repeal of the Estate Tax . IRS publication 950 , Introduction to Estate and Gift Taxes , revised October 2011 . `` Estate Tax Pyramid Scheme '' , a June 2006 article by former US Secretary of Labor Robert Bernard Reich arguing for the estate tax . `` Death and taxes 2010 '' A visual guide to where your federal tax dollars ( Full resolution poster ) Deathtax.com an anti-inheritance tax campaign by a Seattle family - owned newspaper . Gross Estate and Net Estate Tax on Farms and Businesses in 2004 , from the Tax Policy Center website . ... Ads exaggerate what the tax costs farmers , small businesses ... , a June 2005 article from FactCheck Death tax deception Article from Dollars & Sense magazine . Sterling Harwood , `` Is Inheritance Immoral ? '' in Louis P. Pojman , Political Philosophy ( McGraw Hill , 2002 ) . www.sterlingharwood.com . David Runciman , London Review of Books , 2 June 2005 , `` Tax Breaks for Rich Murderers '' Wiki Legal Comment , Night of the Living Dead : Why Death Tax Wo n't Stay Dead , Wiki Legal Journal This article is part of a study to determine if a wiki community can produce high quality legal research , November 18 , 2006 ( this comment explores the various proposals Congress has considered with a special emphasis on the interaction of estate tax on state revenue and philanthropy . ) . A program at mystatewill.com gives a quick calculation of the federal estate tax . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estate_tax_in_the_United_States&oldid=806970463 '' Categories : Inheritance tax Personal taxes in the United States Wealth in the United States Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 04 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3849226337950719772 | Mark Brendanawicz | Mark Brendanawicz - wikipedia Mark Brendanawicz Mark Brendanawicz Parks and Recreation character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Freddy Spaghetti '' Portrayed by Paul Schneider Information Aliases Mark Brendanaquits Gender Male Occupation City planner Significant other ( s ) Ann Perkins ( ex-girlfriend ) Leslie Knope ( former lover ) Mark Brendanawicz / brɛnˈdænəwɪts / is a fictional character in the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation . He is the city planner for Pawnee , Indiana , as well as Leslie Knope 's colleague and one of Ann Perkins ' ex-boyfriends . He is portrayed by Paul Schneider , who left Parks and Recreation at the end of the second season ; despite the producers ' plans to the contrary , Schneider did not reprise the role in any later seasons , and the show made no references to the character after his departure . Contents 1 Background 2 Storyline 2.1 Season one 2.2 Season two 3 Development 4 Departure 5 References Background ( edit ) Mark Brendanawicz was a city planner with the Pawnee municipal government . When he studied city planning in college , Mark was optimistic about the field and dreamed of designing huge and impressive cities . However , since graduation , Mark learned most of the career largely involved mundane technical issues , such as regulating the sizes of garages and proposed construction additions to houses . As a result , Mark grew jaded and disillusioned with the career , and became critical of government processes in general . Mark has a self - absorbed personality and engages in romantic flings with multiple women without any sign of seeking a commitment . Mark and Leslie had sex on one occasion and Leslie harbored romantic feelings for the next six years , although Mark does not return the feelings , and in fact did not recollect their night together for several years afterward . In season two , he enters a committed relationship with Ann and even considers marriage before the breakup . Storyline ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Leslie continues to harbor a crush on Mark , but Mark is not interested in her romantically , and instead appears to be more interested in her friend Ann ; an early draft of the script had Mark stating that he did n't care about Leslie or the park project but supported her efforts because it would allow him to spend more time around Ann , but this was changed to the final version where Mark is impressed by Leslie 's fighting spirit and helps the park project for that reason . Mark agrees to help Leslie in her quest to turn a large construction pit into a park , but he is pragmatic about her chances of success , and warns it has little chance of succeeding . When Leslie seeks his help in dealing with newspaper reporter Shauna Malwae - Tweep , who is planning to write a negative story , Mark makes the situation worse by having sex with her . This angers Leslie , particularly after Mark tells the reporter in confidence that the pit project will never be successful , only to later learn she plans to use that it in the story . One night , while feeling particularly disillusioned and unhappy with the insignificance of his career , Mark makes a halfhearted attempt to flirt with Ann , unaware of Ann 's anger over problems with her boyfriend Andy . Mark 's advances are quickly and harshly rejected by an irritated Ann as a result . Later that night , Mark and Leslie spend time together at the pit and an intoxicated Mark attempts to kiss her . Not wishing to reconnect with Mark in his drunken state , Leslie rejects his advances , and Mark accidentally falls into the pit and injures his legs . Season two ( edit ) Following the accident at the pit , Mark becomes less jaded and abandons his promiscuous lifestyle . He and Ann develop a romantic interest in each other after she nurses him back to health at the hospital while his legs healed . They start dating only after Leslie assures Ann she is fine with the pairing and appears to have moved on from her long - standing infatuation with Mark . He fences off Andy 's juvenile insults and attempts to mess with his and Ann 's relationship , but also contends with some jealousy when Ann tries to `` save '' her close friend Justin as a potential future mate . Mark planned to propose to Ann , but she 'd told Leslie she wanted to break up with him , and she did dump him after Leslie narrowly prevented Mark from making what would have been a humiliating proposal during the Diabetes Telethon . Mark and Ann have a breakfast sit - down where Mark says he 's shocked that she wanted to end the relationship when they never even fought with each other , but Ann tells him that the lack of conflict meant neither of them really had any passion or stake in the relationship at all , and also says Mark overstated them as a couple because he 'd never had a relationship that lasted for months before . When the Pawnee government is shut down , Mark decides to take an offered buyout and leave his city hall position for a private - sector job with a construction company , causing Leslie to call him `` Mark Brendanaquits . '' In a scene echoing their moment together in the pit during the first season , Mark shares a tender goodbye with Leslie and gives her plans he drafted for the park she wants to build in place of the pit . Development ( edit ) When Mark Brendanawicz was originally conceived , it was anticipated that the character would eventually start to appear infrequently in Parks and Recreation , switching between his city planner job and work in the private sector . Series co-creator Michael Schur said this is because real - life city planners often move back and forth between different jobs . Schur said Mark is partially based on a real - life city planner who eventually got tired of the bureaucratic red tape of government and moved into the private sector , but eventually moved back to government when he was tired of the negative corporate environment . When Paul Schneider was cast as Mark , Schur told him the character might eventually leave Pawnee government and come back working for a different company , then keep moving back and forth in such a manner . Schur said , `` It 's not something you usually do on TV shows but we thought it was a good way to illustrate both the positive and negative aspects of working for a government . It was one of the first things we talked about with ( Schneider ) . '' Elements of the character were designed based on advice by Scott Albright , a California city planner who worked as a consultant with Parks and Recreation . The discrepancy between Mark 's optimism in college and pragmatism after encountering the real world were inspired by feedback Albright provided about the urban planning profession . The Mark character underwent major changes after receiving feedback at press tours and focus group screenings . In the original pilot episode script , Mark was portrayed as slightly less likable than the final character became . For example , in the final episode Mark asked Ron Swanson to green - light the park project to help Leslie , but in the original script , he did so only because he was attracted to Ann and wanted another excuse to keep seeing her . During the first season , Paul Schneider said he was insecure about playing Mark in early episodes because he was still trying to figure out and understand the motivations of his character . Departure ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Paul Schneider leaving NBC 's Parks and Recreation ; Rob Lowe , Adam Scott to appear in series It was announced in March 2010 that Schneider would leave Parks and Recreation at the end of the second season . Schur claimed the decision was a combination of the original conception of the character switching between the government and the private sector , as well as Schneider 's increasing success in such independent films as Bright Star . In the initial announcement , Schur claimed that both the producers and Schneider were interested in having Schneider return for guest appearances in the future , including in season three . Schur said at the time : `` He 's going to remain in the world of the show in a way that not only allows but hopefully demands that he 'll reenter it . He 's not going to be killed in some weird accident . '' Despite Schur 's statements , Schneider did not make a return appearance on Parks and Recreation , and the show made no reference to Mark Brendanawicz after Schneider 's departure . In a TV show where Schur and other TV comedy showrunners discussed their work , Schur 's story about the Season 2 episode where Jerry Gergich found out he was adopted talked about Mark revealing that information but only by referring to Mark as `` a character '' who accidentally revealed the truth . During the sixth season , when Ann Perkins extensively reminisced about her past romances , she did not mention Mark , even though they dated for almost all of the second season . In addition , although virtually every major and minor supporting character that ever appeared on Parks and Recreation made at least a cameo appearance in the seventh and final season , Mark was not one of them , nor was he shown in any clips in a flashback montage during the series ' final episode . Shortly before the series finale , Schneider stated that he was not interested in returning to the show , and had not been contacted about it . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schur , Michael ( 2009 ) . Parks and Recreation : Season One : `` Rock Show '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : The Reporter '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Amy Poehler comedy ' Parks and Recreation ' adds cast '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Will Arnett can see your insides `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' review - Sepinwall on TV `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Phipps , Keith ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Season 1 : Episode 6 : `` Rock Show '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jeremy ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' season finale : Three helpful suggestions for next season `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 2009 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Pawnee Zoo '' Review : It 's Flipper and Eve , not Flipper and Steve `` . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` The Fourth Floor '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : Diabetes , Yuck ! '' . New York . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Freddy Spaghetti '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : Shutdown '' . New York . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hochberger , Eric ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Season Two Finale Review '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Producer : Paul Schneider Leaving Parks for Movie Career '' . TV Guide . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Jon ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Schneider to leave regular ' Parks ' role '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Josh ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Showrunner Michael Schur Gives a Master Class on His Favorite Comedy , Cheers '' . New York . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' : Mike Schur tells us why Paul Schneider is leaving the show , plus more details on Adam Scott and Rob Lowe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Parks and Recreation , `` Rock Show '' : Reviewing the season finale `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Paul ( 2009 ) . Parks and Recreation : Season One : `` The Reporter '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( 22 April 2014 ) . `` Paul Schneider on Why He Left Parks and Recreation and Why He Might Leave Hollywood '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Parks and Recreation Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Canvassing '' `` The Reporter '' `` Boys ' Club '' `` The Banquet '' `` Rock Show '' Season 2 `` Pawnee Zoo '' `` The Stakeout '' `` Beauty Pageant '' `` Practice Date '' `` Sister City '' `` Kaboom '' `` Greg Pikitis '' `` Ron and Tammy '' `` The Camel '' `` Hunting Trip '' `` Tom 's Divorce '' `` Christmas Scandal '' `` The Set Up '' `` Leslie 's House '' `` Sweetums '' `` Galentine 's Day '' `` Woman of the Year '' `` The Possum '' `` Park Safety '' `` Summer Catalog '' `` 94 Meetings '' `` Telethon '' `` The Master Plan '' `` Freddy Spaghetti '' Season 3 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` Flu Season '' `` Time Capsule '' `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' `` Media Blitz '' `` Indianapolis '' `` Harvest Festival '' `` Camping '' `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' `` Soulmates '' `` Jerry 's Painting '' `` Eagleton '' `` Road Trip '' `` The Fight '' `` The Bubble '' `` Li'l Sebastian '' Season 4 `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' `` Ron and Tammys '' `` Born & Raised '' `` Pawnee Rangers '' `` End of the World '' `` Bowling for Votes '' `` Operation Ann '' `` The Debate '' `` Bus Tour '' `` Win , Lose , or Draw '' Season 5 `` Ms. Knope Goes to Washington '' `` Soda Tax '' `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' `` Sex Education '' `` Halloween Surprise '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Leslie and Ron '' `` One Last Ride '' Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Craig Middlebrooks Jean - Ralphio Saperstein Marlene Griggs - Knope Related Pawnee Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Brendanawicz&oldid=846427564 '' Categories : Parks and Recreation characters Fictional American people of Polish descent Fictional government officials Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 18 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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1537078842081943855 | Forest cover by state in India | Forest cover by state in India - wikipedia Forest cover by state in India States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population Abbreviations Capitals Child Nutrition Crime rate Electricity penetration Fertility rate Forest cover GDP ( per capita ) Highest point HIV awareness HDI Home ownership Household size Human Trafficking Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of Vehicles Number of voters Obesity Open defecation Origin of name Places of worship Poverty Power capacity Safe Drinking Water Safety of Women School Enrollment Rate Sex ratio Suicides Tax revenues TV ownership Toilet availability Transport network Underweight people Unemployment Vaccination coverage The forest cover ( in square kilometres ) in 2017 in India by state and union territory as published by the Forest Survey of India . State / UT Geographical Area Very dense Moderately dense Open forest Total forest area % of forested area % change since 2015 Andhra Pradesh 162,968 1,957 14,051 12,139 28,147 17.27 % + 1.31 % Arunachal Pradesh 83,743 20,721 30,955 15,288 66,964 79.96 % - 0.23 % Assam 78,438 2,797 10,192 15,116 28,105 35.83 % + 0.72 % Bihar 94,163 332 3,260 3,707 7,299 7.75 % + 0.05 % Chhattisgarh 135,192 7,064 32,215 16,268 55,547 41.09 % - 0.01 % Delhi 1,483 7 56 129 192 12.97 % + 0.25 % Goa 3,702 538 576 1,115 2,229 60.21 % + 0.51 % Gujarat 196,244 378 5,200 9,179 14,757 7.52 % + 0.02 % Haryana 44,212 28 452 1,108 1,588 3.59 % + 0.02 % Himachal Pradesh 55,673 3,110 6,705 5,285 15,100 27.12 % + 0.71 % Jammu & Kashmir 222,236 4,075 8,579 10,587 23,241 10.46 % + 0.11 % Jharkhand 79,716 2,598 9,686 11,269 23,553 29.55 % + 0.04 % Karnataka 191,791 4,502 20,444 12,604 37,550 19.58 % + 0.57 % Kerala 38,852 1,663 9,407 8,251 20,321 52.30 % + 2.68 % Madhya Pradesh 308,252 6,563 34,571 36,280 77,414 25.11 % - 0.00 % Maharashtra 307,713 8,736 20,652 21,294 50,682 16.47 % - 0.01 % Manipur 22,327 908 6,510 9,928 17,346 77.69 % + 1.18 % Meghalaya 22,429 453 9,386 7,307 17,146 76.76 % - 0.52 % Mizoram 21,081 131 5,861 12,194 18,186 86.27 % - 2.52 % Nagaland 16,579 1,279 4,587 6,623 12,489 75.33 % - 2.71 % Odisha 155,707 6,967 21,370 23,008 51,345 32.98 % + 0.57 % Punjab 50,362 8 806 1,023 1,837 3.65 % + 0.13 % Rajasthan 342,239 78 4,340 12,154 16,572 4.84 % + 0.14 % Sikkim 7,096 1,081 1,575 688 3,344 47.13 % - 0.13 Tamil Nadu 130,060 3,672 10,979 11,630 26,281 20.21 % + 0.06 % Telangana 112,077 1,596 8,738 10,085 20,419 18.22 % + 0.50 % Tripura 10,486 656 5,246 1,824 7,726 73.68 % - 1.56 % Uttar Pradesh 240,928 2,617 4,069 7,993 14,679 6.09 % + 0.12 % Uttarakhand 53,483 4,969 12,884 6,442 24,295 45.43 % + 0.04 % West Bengal 88,752 2,994 4,147 9,706 16,847 18.98 % + 0.02 % Andaman & Nicobar Islands 8,249 5,678 684 380 6,742 81.73 % - 0.11 % Chandigarh 114 14 6 22 18.91 % - 0.09 % Dadra & Nagar Haveli 491 0 80 127 207 42.16 % + 0.20 % Daman & Diu 111 6 13 20 18.46 % + 0.79 % Lakshadweep 30 0 17 10 27 90.33 % 0.13 % Puducherry 490 0 18 36 54 10.95 % - 0.67 % Total 3,287,469 98,158 308,318 301,797 708,273 21.54 % + 0.21 % See also ( edit ) Forest cover by state or territory in Australia Forest cover by province or territory in Canada Forest cover by state in the United States Forest cover by federal subject in Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India State of Forest Report , Forest Cover 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Forest Survey of India . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_cover_by_state_in_India&oldid=828348726 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Forests of India Flora of India by state or union territory India geography - related lists Talk About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 01 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much area is covered under forest in india | [] | [] |
5970282595107966345 | Monarch butterfly | Monarch butterfly - wikipedia Monarch butterfly Jump to : navigation , search Monarch butterfly Female Male Conservation status Apparently Secure ( NatureServe ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Lepidoptera Family : Nymphalidae Genus : Danaus Species : D. plexippus Binomial name Danaus plexippus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Synonyms Papilio plexippus Linnaeus , 1758 Danaus archippus ( Fabricius , 1793 ) Danaus menippe ( Hübner , 1816 ) Anosia plexippus Dyar , 1903 The monarch butterfly or simply monarch ( Danaus plexippus ) is a milkweed butterfly ( subfamily Danainae ) in the family Nymphalidae . Other common names depending on region include milkweed , common tiger , wanderer , and black veined brown . It may be the most familiar North American butterfly , and is considered an iconic pollinator species . Its wings feature an easily recognizable black , orange , and white pattern , with a wingspan of 8.9 -- 10.2 cm ( 3 ⁄ -- 4 in ) The viceroy butterfly is similar in color and pattern , but is markedly smaller and has an extra black stripe across each hindwing . The eastern North American monarch population is notable for its annual southward late - summer / autumn migration from the northern and central United States and southern Canada to Florida and Mexico . During the fall migration , monarchs cover thousands of miles , with a corresponding multi-generational return north . The western North American population of monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains often migrates to sites in southern California but has been found in overwintering Mexican sites as well . Monarchs were transported to the International Space Station and were bred there . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2.1 Detailed measurements 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Life cycle 4.1 Eggs 4.2 Larvae 4.3 Pupa 4.4 Adult 4.4. 1 Reproduction 4.5 Pictorial life cycle 5 Larval host plants 5.1 North America 6 Adult food sources 7 Migration 8 Defense against predators 9 Human interaction 9.1 Captive rearing 10 Genome 11 Conservation status 12 Threats 12.1 Habitat loss due to herbicide use 12.2 Losses during migration 12.3 Predators 12.4 Parasites 12.5 Confusion of host plants 12.6 Loss of overwintering habitat 12.7 Climate 13 Conservation efforts 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) White morph of the monarch in Hawaii called white monarch The name `` monarch '' may be in honor of King William III of England . The monarch was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae of 1758 and placed in the genus Papilio . In 1780 , Jan Krzysztof Kluk used the monarch as the type species for a new genus Danaus . Danaus ( Greek Δαναός ) , a great - grandson of Zeus , was a mythical king in Egypt or Libya , who founded Argos ; Plexippus was one of the 50 sons of Aegyptus , the twin brother of Danaus . In Homeric Greek plexippos ( πληξιππος ) means `` one who urges on horses '' , i.e. `` rider '' or `` charioteer '' . In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae , at the bottom of page 467 , Linnaeus wrote that the names of the Danai festivi , the division of the genus to which Papilio plexippus belonged , were derived from the sons of Aegyptus . Linnaeus divided his large genus Papilio , containing all known butterfly species , into what we would now call subgenera . The Danai festivi formed one of the `` subgenera '' , containing colorful species , as opposed to the Danai candidi , containing species with bright white wings . Linnaeus wrote : `` Danaorum Candidorum nomina a filiabus Danai Aegypti , Festivorum a filiis mutuatus sunt . '' ( English : `` The names of the Danai candidi have been derived from the daughters of Danaus , those of the Danai festivi from the sons of Aegyptus . '' ) Robert Michael Pyle suggested Danaus is a masculinized version of Danaë ( Greek Δανάη ) , Danaus 's great - great - granddaughter , to whom Zeus came as a shower of gold , which seemed to him a more appropriate source for the name of this butterfly . There are three species of monarch butterflies : D. plexippus , described by Linnaeus in 1758 , is the species known most commonly as the monarch butterfly of North America . Its range actually extends worldwide and can be found in Hawaii , Australia , New Zealand , Spain and the Pacific Islands . D. erippus , the southern monarch , was described by Pieter Cramer in 1775 . This species is found in tropical and subtropical latitudes of South America , mainly in Brazil , Uruguay , Paraguay , Argentina , Bolivia , Chile and southern Peru . The South American monarch and the North American monarch may have been one species at one time . Some researchers believe the southern monarch separated from the monarch 's population some 2 mya , at the end of the Pliocene . Sea levels were higher , and the entire Amazonas lowland was a vast expanse of brackish swamp that offered limited butterfly habitat . D. cleophile , the Jamaican monarch , described by Jean Baptiste Godart in 1819 , ranges from Jamaica to Hispaniola . Six subspecies and two color morphs of D. plexippus have been identified : D. p. plexippus -- nominate subspecies , described by Linnaeus in 1758 , is the migratory subspecies known from most of North America . D. p.p. form nivosus , the white monarch commonly found on Oahu , Hawaii , and rarely in other locations . D. p.p. ( as yet unnamed ) -- a color morph lacking some wing vein markings . D. p. nigrippus ( Richard Haensch , 1909 ) -- as forma : Danais ( sic ) archippus f. nigrippus . Hay - Roe et al. in 2007 identified this taxon as a subspecies : D. p. megalippe ( Jacob Hübner , ( 1826 ) ) -- nonmigratory subspecies , and is found from Florida and Georgia southwards , throughout the Caribbean and Central America to the Amazon River . D. p. leucogyne ( Arthur G. Butler , 1884 ) − St. Thomas D. p. portoricensis Austin Hobart Clark , 1941 − Puerto Rico D. p. tobagi Austin Hobart Clark , 1941 − Tobago The percentage of the white morph in Oahu is nearing 10 % . On other Hawaiian islands , the white morph occurs at a relatively low frequency . White monarchs ( nivosus ) have been found throughout the world , including Australia , New Zealand , Indonesia , and the United States . Some taxonomists disagree on these classifications . Monarchs were classified under the family Danaidae , but have been re-classified under Nymphalidae since at least 1958 . A 2015 paper identified genes from wasp bracoviruses in the genome of the North American monarch leading to articles about monarch butterflies being genetically modified organisms . Description ( edit ) Monarch butterfly Commonly and easily mistaken for the similar viceroy butterfly , the monarch 's wingspan ranges from 8.9 to 10.2 centimetres ( 3.5 -- 4.0 in ) . The uppersides of the wings are tawny orange , the veins and margins are black , and there are two series of small white spots in the margins . Monarch forewings also have a few orange spots near their tips . Wing undersides are similar , but the tips of forewings and hindwings are yellow brown instead of tawny orange and the white spots are larger . The shape and color of the wings change at the beginning of the migration and appear redder and more elongated than later migrants . Wings size and shape differ between migratory and non-migratory monarchs . Monarchs from eastern North America have larger and more angular forewings than those in the western population . Monarch flight has been described as `` slow and sailing '' . Monarch flight speed has been estimated by a number of researchers . One scientist examined all prior estimates and concluded their flight speed is approximately 9 km / hr or 5.5 mph . For comparison , the average human jogs at a rate of 6 -- 8 mph . Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism . Males are slightly larger than females and have a black patch or spot of androconial scales on each hindwing ( in some butterflies , these patches disperse pheromones , but are not known to do so in monarchs ) . The male 's black wing veins are lighter and narrower than those of females . One variation , the `` white monarch '' , observed in Australia , New Zealand , Indonesia and the United States , is called nivosus by lepidopterists . It is grayish white in all areas of its wings that are normally orange and is only about 1 % or less of all monarchs , but populations as high as 10 % exist on Oahu in Hawaii . The monarch has six legs like all insects , but uses only its middle legs and hindlegs as the forelegs are vestigial , as in all other Nymphalidae , and held against its body . Detailed measurements ( edit ) Male and female monarch measurements A study in 2015 examined a preserved collection of male and female monarch specimens from eastern North America to evaluate the sex - based differences in fine - scale wing and body structure . The study found significant differences in overall wing size and in the physical dimensions of wings . Males tended to have larger wings than females , and were heavier than females , on average . Both males and females had similar thorax dimensions ( wing muscles are contained in the thorax ) . Female monarchs tended to have thicker wings , which is thought to convey greater tensile strength . This would make female wings less likely to be damaged during migration . Also , females had lower wing loading than males ( wing loading is a value derived from the ratio of wing size to body weight ) , which would mean females require less energy to fly . A table with the average measurements of each variable is shown . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) String of Monarchs wintering at the Pismo State Beach Monarch Preserve , 2015 The range of the western and eastern populations of the monarch butterfly expands and contracts depending upon the season . The range differs between breeding areas , migration routes , and winter roosts . However , no genetic differences between the western and eastern monarch populations exist ; reproductive isolation has not led to subspeciation of these populations , as it has elsewhere within the species ' range . In North America , the monarch ranges from southern Canada through northern South America . It has also been found in Bermuda , Cook Islands , Hawaii , Cuba , and other Caribbean islands the Solomons , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Australia , the Azores , the Canary Islands , Gibraltar , the Philippines , and North Africa . It appears in the UK in some years as an accidental migrant . Overwintering populations of D. plexippus are found in Mexico , California , along the Gulf Coast , year round in Florida , and in Arizona where the habitat has the specific conditions necessary for their survival . On the US East Coast , they have overwintered as far north as Lago Mar , Virginia Beach , Virginia . Their wintering habitat typically provides access to streams , plenty of sunlight ( enabling body temperatures that allow flight ) , and appropriate roosting vegetation , and is relatively free of predators . Overwintering , roosting butterflies have been seen on basswoods , elms , sumacs , locusts , oaks , osage - oranges , mulberries , pecans , willows , cottonwoods , and mesquites . While breeding , monarch habitats can be found in agricultural fields , pasture land , prairie remnants , urban and suburban residential areas , gardens , trees , and roadsides -- anywhere where there is access to larval host plants . Habitat restoration is a primary goal in monarch conservation efforts . Habitat requirements change during migration . During the fall migration , butterflies must have access to nectar - producing plants . During the spring migration , butterflies must have access to larval food plants and nectar plants . Life cycle ( edit ) The monarch butterfly undergoes the four stages of complete metamorphosis : Eggs ( edit ) The eggs are derived from materials ingested as a larva and from the spermatophores received from males during mating . Eggs are laid singly on the underside of a young leaf of a milkweed plant during the spring and summer months . The eggs are cream colored or light green , ovate to conical in shape , and about 1.2 × 0.9 mm in size . The eggs weigh less than 0.5 mg each and have raised ridges that form longitudinally from the point to apex to the base . Though each egg is ⁄ the mass of the female , she may lay up to her own mass in eggs . Females lay smaller eggs as they age . Larger females lay larger eggs . The number of eggs laid by a female , who may mate several times , ranges from 290 to 1180 . Females lay their eggs on milkweed ; the offsprings ' consumption of the milkweed benefits health and helps defend them against predators . Eggs take 3 to 8 days to develop and hatch into larva or caterpillars . Monarchs will lay eggs along the southern migration route . Larvae ( edit ) The caterpillar goes through five major , distinct stages of growth and after each one , it molts . Each caterpillar , or instar , that molts is larger than the previous as it eats and stores energy in the form of fat and nutrients to carry it through the nonfeeding pupal stage . Fifth instar with the white spots visible on the prolegs The first instar caterpillar that emerges out of the egg is pale green and translucent . It lacks banding coloration or tentacles . The larvae or caterpillar eats its egg case and begins to feed on milkweed . It is during this stage of growth that the caterpillar begins to sequester cardenolides . The circular motion a caterpillar uses while eating milkweed prevents the flow of latex that could entrap it . The second instar larva develops a characteristic pattern of white , yellow and black transverse bands . It is no longer translucent but is covered in short setae . Pairs of black tentacles begin to grow . One pair grows on the thorax and another pair on the abdomen . The third instar larva has more distinct bands and the two pairs of tentacles become longer . Legs on the thorax differentiate into a smaller pair near the head and larger pairs further back . These third - stage caterpillars began to eat along the leaf edges . The fourth instar has a different banding pattern . It develops white spots on the prolegs near the back of the caterpillar . The fifth instar larva has a more complex banding pattern and white dots on the prolegs , with front legs that are small and very close to the head . At this stage of development , it is relatively large compared to the earlier instars . The caterpillar completes its growth . At this point , it is 25 to 45 mm long and 5 to 8 mm wide . This can be compared to the first instar , which was 2 to 6 mm long and 0.5 to 1.5 mm wide . Fifth - instar larvae increase in weight 2000 times from first instars . Fifth - stage instar larva chew through the petiole or midrib of milkweed leaves and stop the flow of latex . After this , they eat more leaf tissue . Before pupation , larva must consume milkweed to increase their mass . Larva stop feeding and search for a pupation site . The caterpillar attaches itself securely to a horizontal surface , using a silk pad . At this point , it latches on with its hindlegs and hangs down . It then molts into an opaque , blue - green chrysalis with small gold dots . At normal summer temperatures , it matures in 8 -- 15 days . The cuticle of the chrysalis becomes transparent and the monarch 's characteristic orange - and - black wings become visible . At the end of metamorphosis , the adult emerges from the chrysalis , expands and dries its wings and flies away . Monarch metamorphosis from egg to adult occurs during the warm summer temperatures in as little as 25 days , extending to as many as seven weeks during cool spring conditions . During the development , both larva and their milkweed hosts are vulnerable to weather extremes , predators , parasites and diseases ; commonly fewer than 10 % of monarch eggs and caterpillars survive . Pupa ( edit ) In the pupa or chrysalis stage , the caterpillar spins a silk pad on to a horizontal substrate . It then hangs from the pad by the last pair of prolegs upside down , resembling the letter `` J '' . It sheds its skin , leaving itself encased in an articulated green exoskeleton . During this pupal stage , the adult butterfly forms inside . The exoskeleton becomes transparent before it ecloses ( emerges ) , and its adult colors can finally be seen . Adult ( edit ) An adult butterfly emerges after about two weeks as a chrysalid , and hangs upside down until its wings are dry . Fluids are pumped into the wings , and they expand and stiffen . The monarch expands and retracts its wings , and once conditions allow , it then flies and feeds on a variety of nectar plants . During the breeding season adults reach sexual maturity in four or five days , however , the migrating generation does not reach maturity until overwintering is complete . Monarchs typically live for two to five weeks during their breeding season . Larvae growing in high densities are smaller , have lower survival , and weigh less as adults compared to lower densities . Reproduction ( edit ) Play media Monarch butterfly mating Healthy males are more likely to mate than unhealthy ones . Females and males typically mate more than once . Females that mate several times lay more eggs . Mating for the overwintering populations occurs in the spring , prior to dispersion . Mating is less dependent on pheromones than other species in its genus . Courtship occurs in two phases . During the aerial phase , a male pursues and often forces a female to the ground . During the ground phase , the butterflies copulate and remain attached for about 30 to 60 minutes . Only 30 % of mating attempts end in copulation , suggesting that females may be able to avoid mating , though some have more success than others . During copulation , a male transfers his spermatophore to a female . Along with sperm , the spermatophore provides a female with nutrition , which aids her in egg laying . An increase in spermatophore size increases the fecundity of female monarchs . Males that produce larger spermatophores also fertilize more females ' eggs . Pictorial life cycle ( edit ) Egg Caterpillar Beginning pupation Chrysalis Emerging from chrysalis Mating Laying eggs Larval host plants ( edit ) The host plants used by the monarch caterpillar include : Swamp milkweed , one of many species of Asclepias milkweeds used by the monarch North America ( edit ) Asclepias angustifolia -- Arizona milkweed Asclepias asperula -- antelope horns milkweed Asclepias californica -- California milkweed Asclepias cordifolia -- heartleaf milkweed Asclepias eriocarpa -- woolly pod milkweed Asclepias erosa -- desert milkweed Asclepias exaltata -- poke milkweed Asclepias fascicularis -- Mexican whorled milkweed Asclepias humistrata -- sandhill / pinewoods milkweed Asclepias incarnata -- swamp milkweed Asclepias nivea -- Caribbean milkweed Asclepias oenotheroide -- zizotes milkweed Asclepias perennis -- aquatic milkweed Asclepias speciosa -- showy milkweed Asclepias subulata -- rush milkweed Asclepias syriaca -- common milkweed . Asclepias tuberosa -- butterfly weed Asclepias variegata -- white milkweed Asclepias verticillata -- whorled milkweed Asclepias vestita -- woolly milkweed Asclepias viridis -- green antelopehorn milkweed Calotropis gigantea -- crown flower Cynanchum laeve -- sand vine milkweed Sarcostemma clausa -- white vine Asclepias curassavica or tropical milkweed , is often planted as an ornamental in butterfly gardens . Its distribution is probably worldwide . Year - round plantings may be the cause of new overwintering sites along the U.S. Gulf Coast . At these locations , it rarely freezes so the plants are present year round . This leads to year - round breeding of monarchs , which is not beneficial to the migration . This also leads to a dramatic buildup of the dangerous parasite , Ophryocystis elektroscirrha . Because of the risks to the monarch population posed by this plant , it is not recommended for planting . Adult food sources ( edit ) Nectaring on purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea ) Although larvae eat only milkweed , adult monarchs feed on the nectar of many plants including : Apocynum cannabinum -- Indian hemp Asclepias sp . -- milkweeds Aster sp . -- asters Cirsium sp . -- thistles Daucus carota -- wild carrot Dipsacus sylvestris -- teasel Echinacea sp . -- coneflowers Erigeron canadensis -- horseweed Eupatorium maculatum -- spotted Joe - Pye weed Eupatorium perfoliatum -- common boneset Hesperis matronalis -- dame 's rocket Liatris sp . -- blazing stars Medicago sativa -- alfalfa Solidago sp . -- goldenrod Syringa vulgaris -- lilac Trifolium pratense -- red clover Vernonia altissima -- tall ironweed Monarchs obtain moisture and minerals from damp soil and wet gravel , a behavior known as mud - puddling . The monarch has also been noticed puddling at an oil stain on pavement . Migration ( edit ) Further information : Monarch butterfly migration In North America , monarchs migrate both north and south on an annual basis . The population east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve in Mexico and parts of Florida . The western population overwinters in various coastal sites in central and southern California . The overwintered population of those east of the Rockies may reach as far north as Texas and Oklahoma during the spring migration . The second , third and fourth generations return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring . Captive - raised monarchs appear capable of migrating to overwintering sites in Mexico , though they have a much lower migratory success rate than wild monarchs do . Recent discoveries have located monarch overwintering sites in Arizona . Defense against predators ( edit ) In both caterpillar and butterfly form , monarchs are aposematic -- warding off predators with a bright display of contrasting colors to warn potential predators of their undesirable taste and poisonous characteristics . Chemical structure of oleandrin , one of the cardiac glycosides Large larvae are able to avoid wasp predation by dropping from the plant or by jerking their bodies . Aposematism Monarchs are foul tasting and poisonous due to the presence of cardenolide aglycones in their bodies , which the caterpillars ingest as they feed on milkweed . By ingesting a large amount of plants in the genus Asclepias , primarily milkweed , monarch caterpillars are able to sequester cardiac glycosides , or more specifically cardenolides , which are steroids that act in heart - arresting ways similar to digitalis . It has been found that monarchs are able to sequester cardenolides most effectively from plants of intermediate cardenolide content rather than those of high or low content . Additional studies have shown that different species of milkweed have different effects on growth , virulence , and transmission of parasites . One species , Asclepias curassavica , appears to reduce the proportion of monarchs infected by parasites . There are two possible explanations for the positive role of A. curassavica on the monarch caterpillar : that it promotes overall monarch health to boost the monarch 's immune system ; or that chemicals from the plant have a direct negative effect on the parasites . Monarch ( left ) and viceroy ( right ) butterflies exhibiting Müllerian mimicry After the caterpillar becomes a butterfly , the toxins shift to different parts of the body . Since many birds attack the wings of the butterfly , having three times the cardiac glycosides in the wings leaves predators with a very foul taste and may prevent them from ever ingesting the body of the butterfly . In order to combat predators that remove the wings only to ingest the abdomen , monarchs keep the most potent cardiac glycosides in their abdomens . Mimicry Monarchs share the defense of noxious taste with the similar - appearing viceroy butterfly in what is perhaps one of the most well - known examples of mimicry . Though long purported to be an example of Batesian mimicry , the viceroy is actually reportedly more unpalatable than the monarch , making this a case of Müllerian mimicry . Human interaction ( edit ) The monarch is the state insect of Alabama , Idaho , Illinois , Minnesota , Texas , Vermont , and West Virginia . Legislation was introduced to make it the national insect of the United States , but this failed in 1989 and again in 1991 . A growing number of homeowners are establishing butterfly gardens ; monarchs can be attracted by cultivating a butterfly garden with specific milkweed species and nectar plants . Efforts are underway to establish these monarch waystations . An IMAX film , Flight of the Butterflies , describes the story of the Urquharts , Brugger and Trail to then unknown migration to Mexican overwintering areas . Sanctuaries and reserves have been created at over-wintering locations in Mexico and California to limit habitat destruction . These sites can generate significant tourism revenue . Organizations and individuals participate in tagging programs . Tagging information is used to study migration patterns . The 2012 novel by Barbara Kingsolver , Flight Behavior , deals with the appearance of a large population in the Appalachians . Captive rearing ( edit ) One of the most direct ways humans are interacting with monarchs is by rearing them in captivity , which has become increasingly popular , although there are risks to this activity , and this has become a controversial topic . On the one hand there are many positive aspects of captive rearing . Monarchs are bred in schools and used for butterfly releases at hospices , memorial events and weddings . Memorial services for the September 11 attacks include the release of captive - bred monarchs . Monarchs are used in schools and nature centers for educational purposes . Many homeowners raise monarchs in captivity as a hobby and for educational purposes . Where this practice becomes problematic is when monarchs are `` mass - reared '' . Stories in the Huffington Post in 2015 and Discover magazine in 2016 have summarized the controversy around this issue . The frequent media reports of monarch declines has empowered many homeowners to attempt to rear as many monarchs as possible in their homes and then release them to the wild in an effort to `` boost the monarch population '' . Some individuals have taken this practice to the extreme , with massive operations that rear thousands of monarchs at once , like one in Linn County , Iowa . However , the practice of rearing `` large '' numbers of monarchs in captivity for release into the wild is not condoned by monarch scientists , because of the risks of genetic issues and disease spread . One of the biggest concerns of mass - rearing is the potential for spreading the monarch parasite , Ophryocystis elektroscirrha , into the wild . This parasite can rapidly build up in captive monarchs , especially if they are housed together . The spores of the parasite also can quickly contaminate all housing equipment , so that all subsequent monarchs reared in the same containers then become infected . One researcher stated that rearing more than 100 monarchs constitutes `` mass - rearing '' and should not be done . In addition to the disease risks , researchers believe these captive - reared monarchs are not as fit as wild ones , owing to the unnatural conditions they are raised in . Homeowners often raise monarchs in plastic or glass containers in their kitchens , basements , porches , etc. , and under artificial lighting and controlled temperatures . Such conditions would not mimic what the monarchs are used to in the wild , and may result in adult monarchs that are unsuited for the realities of their wild existence . In support of this , a recent study by a citizen scientist found that captive - reared monarchs have a lower migration success rate than wild monarchs do . Genome ( edit ) The monarch was the first butterfly to have its genome sequenced . The 273 - million base pair draft sequence includes a set of 16,866 protein - coding genes . The genome provides researchers insights into migratory behavior , the circadian clock , juvenile hormone pathways and microRNAs that are differentially expressed between summer and migratory monarchs . More recently , the genetic basis of monarch migration and warning coloration has been described . There is no genetic differentiation between the migratory populations of eastern and western North America . Recent research has identified the specific areas in the genome of the monarch that regulate migration . There appears to be no genetic difference between a migrating and nonmigrating monarch but the gene is expressed in migrating monarchs but not expressed in nonmigrating monarchs . Conservation status ( edit ) The monarch butterfly is not currently listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) or protected specifically under U.S. domestic laws . On 14 August 2014 , the Center for Biological Diversity and the Center for Food Safety filed a legal petition requesting Endangered Species Act protection for the monarch and its habitat . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a status review of the monarch butterfly under the Endangered Species Act with a due date for information submission of 3 March 2015 . The number of monarchs overwintering in Mexico has shown a long - term downward trend . Since 1995 , coverage numbers have been as high as 18 hectares ( 44 acres ) during the winter of 1996 -- 1997 , but on average about 6 hectares ( 15 acres ) . Coverage declined to its lowest point to date ( 0.67 hectares ( 1.66 acres ) ) during the winter of 2013 -- 2014 , but rebounded to 4.01 hectares ( 10 acres ) in 2015 -- 2016 . The average population of monarchs in 2016 was estimated at 200 million . Historically , on average there are 300 million monarchs . The 2016 increase was attributed to favorable breeding conditions in the summer of 2015 . However , coverage declined by 27 % to 2.91 hectares ( 7.19 acres ) during the winter of 2016 -- 2017 , most likely because of a storm that had occurred during March 2016 in the monarchs ' overwintering area . A study in 2016 claimed that the long - term trend in the size of the overwintering sites is cause for concern . After a ten-fold drop in the overwintering numbers of the eastern monarch butterfly population over the last decade , this study claimed there was a 11 % -- 57 % probability that this population will go quasi-extinct over the next 20 years . In Ontario , Canada , the monarch butterfly is listed as a Species of Special Concern . In fall 2016 , the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada proposed that the monarch be listed as endangered in Canada , as opposed to its current listing as a `` species of concern '' in that country . This move , once enacted , would protect critical monarch habitat in Canada , such as major fall accumulation areas in southern Ontario , but it would also have implications for citizen scientists who work with monarchs , and for classroom activities . If the monarch were federally protected in Canada , these activities could be limited , or require federal permits . Threats ( edit ) There is increasing concern related to the ongoing decline of monarchs at their overwintering sites ; based on a 2014 twenty - year comparison , the overwintering numbers west of the Rocky Mountains have dropped more than 50 percent since 1997 and the overwintering numbers east of the Rockies have declined by more than 90 percent since 1995 . In February 2015 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided a statistic showing that nearly a billion monarchs have vanished from the overwintering sites since 1990 . At that time , one of the main reasons cited was the herbicides used by farmers and homeowners on milkweed , a plant used as a food source , a home and a nursery by the monarchs . A 2016 study also attributed the last decade 's ten-fold decline in overwintering numbers of the eastern monarch population to the loss of breeding habitat , namely the many species of milkweed ( Asclepias species ) that developing larvae require for food , however scientists believe there are other factors as well . A number of researchers believe milkweed loss during the breeding season is the cause because declines in milkweed abundance are highly correlated with the adoption of herbicide - tolerant genetically modified corn and soybeans , which now constitute 89 % and 94 % of these crops , respectively , in the U.S. However , correlative evidence does not prove causation , and other possible causes of the overwintering declines have been proposed . Habitat loss due to herbicide use ( edit ) A number of conservationists attribute the disappearance of milkweed species to agricultural practices in the Midwest , where genetically modified seeds are bred to resist herbicides that eliminate milkweed nearby . Growers eliminate milkweed that previously grew between the rows of food crops . Corn and soybeans are resistant to the effect of the herbicide glyphosate . The increased use of these crop strains is correlated with the decline in monarch populations between 1999 and 2010 . Chip Taylor , director of Monarch Watch at the University of Kansas , said the Midwest milkweed habitat `` is virtually gone '' with 120 -- 150 million acres lost . To help fight this problem , Monarch Watch encourages the planting of `` Monarch Waystations '' . The Natural Resources Defense Council filed a suit in 2015 against the EPA , in which it is argued that the agency ignored warnings about the dangers of glyphosate usage for monarchs . Losses during migration ( edit ) While herbicide - use has been proposed as one factor causing the decline in overwintering numbers of eastern monarchs , it is not the only possibility . Another is that the monarchs are experiencing problems reaching Mexico . This idea has been embraced by a number of leading monarch researchers , largely because of recent evidence showing that the number of breeding ( adult ) monarchs has not declined in the last two decades , based on long - term citizen science data . The lack of long - term declines in the numbers of breeding , and migratory monarchs , yet the clear declines in overwintering numbers , implies there is a disconnect between these life stages , that must be growing . One expert has proposed that a large and growing threat to migrating monarchs is mortality from car strikes . Predators ( edit ) Larvae feed exclusively on milkweed and consume protective cardiac glycosides . Toxin levels in Asclepias species vary . Not all monarchs are unpalatable , but exhibit Batesian or automimics . Cardiac glycosides levels are higher in the abdomen and wings . Some predators can differentiate between these parts and consume the most palatable ones . Bird predators include brown thrashers , grackles , robins , cardinals , sparrows , scrub jays , pinyon jays , black - headed grosbeak , and orioles . Several species of birds have acquired methods that allow them to ingest monarchs without experiencing the ill effects associated with the cardiac glycosides . The oriole is able to eat the monarch through an exaptation of its feeding behavior that gives it the ability to identify cardenolides by taste and reject them . The grosbeak , on the other hand , has developed an insensitivity to secondary plant poisons that allows it to ingest monarchs without vomiting . As a result , orioles and grosbeaks will periodically have high levels of cardenolides in their bodies , and they will be forced to go on periods of reduced monarch consumption . This cycle effectively reduces potential predation of monarchs by 50 percent and indicates that monarch aposematism has a legitimate purpose . Some mice are able to withstand large doses of the toxin . Overwintering adults become less toxic over time making them more vulnerable to predators . In Mexico , about 14 % of the overwintering monarchs are eaten by birds and mice . In North America , eggs and first - instar larvae of the monarch are eaten by larvae and adults of the introduced Asian lady beetle ( Harmonia axyridis ) . The Chinese mantis ( Tenodera sinensis ) will consume the larvae once the gut is removed thus avoiding cardenolides . Wasps commonly consume larvae . One monarch researcher emphasizes that predation on eggs , larvae or adults is natural , since monarchs are part of the food chain , thus people should not take steps to kill predators of monarchs . On Oahu , a white morph of the monarch has emerged . This is because of the introduction , in 1965 and 1966 , of two bulbul species , Pycnonotus cafer and Pycnonotus jocosus . They are now the most common insectivore birds , and probably the only ones preying on insects as large as the monarch . Monarchs in Hawaii are known to have low cardiac glycoside levels , but the birds may also be tolerant of the chemical . The two species hunt the larvae and some pupae from the branches and undersides of leaves in milkweed bushes . The bulbuls also eat resting and ovipositing adults , but rarely flying ones . Because of its color , the white morph has a higher survival rate than the orange one . This is either because of apostatic selection ( i.e. the birds have learned the orange monarchs can be eaten ) , because of camouflage ( the white morph matches the white pubescence of milkweed or the patches of light shining through foliage ) , or because the white morph does not fit the bird 's search image of a typical monarch , so is thus avoided . Parasites ( edit ) Pteromalid wasp on monarch chrysalis Parasites include the tachinid flies Sturmia convergens and Lespesia archippivora . Lesperia - parasitized butterfly larvae suspend , but die prior to pupation . The fly 's maggot lowers itself to the ground , forms a brown puparium and then emerges as an adult . Monarch chrysalises are parasitized by pteromalid wasps , specifically Pteromalus cassotis . These wasps lay their eggs in the larvae while the chrysalis is still soft . Up to 400 adults emerge from the chrysalis after 14 -- 20 days , killing the monarch . The bacterium Micrococcus flacidifex danai also infects larvae . Just before pupation , the larvae migrate to a horizontal surface and die a few hours later , attached only by one pair of prolegs , with the thorax and abdomen hanging limp . The body turns black shortly after . The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa has no invasive powers , but causes secondary infections in weakened insects . It is a common cause of death in laboratory - reared insects . The protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha is another parasite of the monarch . It infects the subcutaneous tissues and propagates by spores formed during the pupal stage . The spores are found over all of the body of infected butterflies , with the greatest number on the abdomen . These spores are passed , from female to caterpillar , when spores rub off during egg laying and are then ingested by caterpillars . Severely infected individuals are weak , unable to expand their wings , or unable to eclose , and have shortened lifespans , but parasite levels vary in populations . This is not the case in laboratory rearing , where after a few generations , all individuals can be infected . Infection with this parasite creates an effect known as culling whereby migrating monarchs that are infected are less likely to complete the migration . This results in overwintering populations with lower parasite loads . Owners of commercial butterfly breeding operations claim that they take steps to control this parasite in their practices , although this claim is doubted by most scientists who study monarchs . Confusion of host plants ( edit ) The black swallow - wort ( Cynanchum louiseae ) and pale swallow - wort ( Cynanchum rossicum ) plants are problematic for monarchs in North America . Monarchs lay their eggs on these relatives of native vining milkweed ( Cynanchum laeve ) because they produce stimuli similar to milkweed . Once the eggs hatch , the caterpillars are poisoned by the toxicity of this invasive plant from Europe . Loss of overwintering habitat ( edit ) The area of forest occupied has been declining and reached its lowest level in two decades in 2013 . The decline is continuing but is expected to increase during the 2013 -- 2014 season . Mexican environmental authorities continue to monitor illegal logging of the oyamel trees . The oyamel is a major species of evergreen on which the overwintering butterflies spend a significant time during their winter diapause , or suspended development . A 2014 study acknowledged that while `` the protection of overwintering habitat has no doubt gone a long way towards conserving monarchs that breed throughout eastern North America '' , their research indicates that habitat loss on breeding grounds in the United States is the main cause of both recent and projected population declines . Climate ( edit ) Climate variations during the fall and summer affect butterfly reproduction . Rainfall , and freezing temperatures affect milkweed growth . Omar Vidal , director general of WWF - Mexico , said `` The monarch 's lifecycle depends on the climatic conditions in the places where they breed . Eggs , larvae and pupae develop more quickly in milder conditions . Temperatures above 95 ° F can be lethal for larvae , and eggs dry out in hot , arid conditions , causing a drastic decrease in hatch rate . '' If a monarch 's body temperatures is below 86 ° F a monarch can not fly . To warm up they will sit in the sun or rapidly shiver their wings to warm themselves . There is concern that climate change will dramatically affect the monarch migration . A study from 2015 examined the impact of warming temperatures on the breeding range of the monarch , and showed that in the next 50 years the monarch host plant will expand its range further north into Canada , and that the monarchs will follow this . While this will expand the breeding locations of the monarch , this will also have the effect of increasing the distance that monarchs must travel to reach their overwintering destination in Mexico , and this could result in greater mortality during the migration . Conservation efforts ( edit ) See also : Monarch butterfly conservation in California There has been a major push to conserve the monarch butterfly , which has been largely fueled by reports of the declining numbers of overwintering monarchs . Meanwhile , numbers of breeding monarchs in eastern North America have not declined . Given the concern over the overwintering numbers , the Center for Biological Diversity , the Center for Food Safety , the Xerces Society and Lincoln Brower have filed a petition to the United States Department of the Interior to protect the monarch by having it federally protected . On 20 June 2014 , President Barack Obama issued a presidential memorandum entitled `` Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' . The memorandum established a Pollinator Health Task Force , to be co-chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency , and stated : The number of migrating Monarch butterflies sank to the lowest recorded population level in 2013 -- 14 , and there is an imminent risk of failed migration . In May 2015 , the Pollinator Health Task Force issued a `` National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' . The strategy lays out current and planned federal actions to achieve three goals , two of which are : Monarch Butterflies : Increase the Eastern population of the monarch butterfly to 225 million butterflies occupying an area of approximately 15 acres ( 6 hectares ) in the overwintering grounds in Mexico , through domestic / international actions and public - private partnerships , by 2020 . Pollinator Habitat Acreage : Restore or enhance 7 million acres of land for pollinators over the next 5 years through Federal actions and public / private partnerships . Many of the priority projects that the national strategy identifies will focus on the I - 35 corridor extending for 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) from Texas to Minnesota that provides spring and summer breeding habitats in the monarch 's key migration corridor . There have been a number of national and local efforts underway to establish pollinator habitat along highways and roadways , although this effort is controversial . Conservationists are lobbying transportation departments and utilities to reduce their use of herbicides and specifically encourage milkweed to grow along roadways and power lines . Reducing roadside mowing and application of herbicides during the butterfly breeding season will encourage milkweed growth . Conservationists lobby agriculture companies to set aside areas that remain unsprayed to allow the butterflies to breed . This practice is controversial because of the high risk of butterfly mortality near roads , as several studies have shown that millions of monarchs and other butterflies are killed by cars every year While there are few scientific studies on the subject , the practice of butterfly gardening and creating `` Monarch Waystations '' is commonly thought to increase the populations of butterflies . Efforts to increase monarch populations by establishing butterfly gardens and waystations require particular attention to the butterfly 's food preferences and population cycles , as well to the conditions needed to propagate milkweed . For example , in the Washington , D.C. area and elsewhere in the northeastern United States , monarchs prefer to reproduce on common milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca ) , especially when its foliage is soft and fresh . As monarch reproduction in that area peaks in late summer when milkweed foliage is old and tough , A. syriaca needs to be cut back at least by half in June to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak . In addition , milkweed seed may need a period of cold treatment before it will germinate . 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Bibcode : 1975Sci ... 188 ... 19B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 188.4183. 19 . PMID 17760150 . Jump up ^ Ritland , D. ; L.P. Brower ( 1991 ) . `` The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic '' . Nature . 350 ( 6318 ) : 497 -- 498 . Bibcode : 1991Natur. 350 ... 497R . doi : 10.1038 / 350497a0 . Viceroys are as unpalatable as monarchs , and significantly more unpalatable than queens from representative Florida populations . Jump up ^ `` Official Alabama Insect '' . Alabama Emblems , Symbols and Honors . Alabama Department of Archives & History . 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 19 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Symbols , Insect : Monarch Butterfly '' . Idaho State Symbols , Emblems , and Mascots . SHG resources , state handbook & guide . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` State Symbol : Illinois Official Insect -- Monarch Butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) '' . ( Illinois ) State Symbols . Illinois State Museum . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota State Symbols '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota House of Representatives . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas State Symbols '' . The Texas State Library and Archives . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ( Vermont ) State Butterfly '' . Vermont Department of Libraries . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Statistical Information , General State Information '' ( PDF ) . Official West Virginia Web Portal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Wade , Nicholas ( 1 June 1990 ) . `` Choosing a National Bug '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 Sep 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/hjres411 Jump up ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hjres200 Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Butterflies '' . Reuben H. Fleet Science Center . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saving Butterflies : Insect Ecologist Spearheads Creation of Oases for Endangered Butterflies '' . ScienceDaily. 1 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Monitoring Project '' . Cap May Bird Observatory . 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ HarperCollins Inc ; UK , Faber and Faber Jump up ^ `` Live butterfly release for funerals and butterfly weddings '' . Frangrant Acres Butterfly Farm . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Memory of 9 / 11 `` Wings of Hope '' `` . gayandciha.com. 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Pam ( 24 August 2010 ) . `` Join Branford Rotary 's 9 / 11 Town Green Event / Butterfly Release '' . Shure Publishing . The Day . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ormond Beach Flying US Flags On Granada Bridge T0 Mark 9 \ 17 '' . NewsDaytonaBeach.com . WNDB Local News First . 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterfly release at Children 's Museum of Fond du Lac '' . FDL Reporter . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monarch Watch '' . University of Kansas , Entomology Department . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ John Platt TakePart ( 14 October 2015 ) . `` When Butterflies Should n't Fly Free '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are We Loving Monarchs to Death ? -- The Crux '' . Blogs.discovermagazine.com. 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Love , Orlan ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Monarch Moonshot : Officials hope to make Linn County center of butterfly production and habitat '' . The Gazette . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rearing Monarchs Responsibly : A conservationist 's guide to raising monarchs for science and education . Monarch Joint Venture , University of Minnesota Jump up ^ `` monarchscience '' . Akdavis6.wixsite.com. 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Zhan S , Merlin C , Boore JL , Reppert SM ; Merlin ; Boore ; Reppert ( November 2011 ) . `` The Monarch Butterfly Genome Yields Insights into Long - Distance Migration '' . Cell. 147 ( 5 ) : 1171 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2011.09. 052 . PMC 3225893 . PMID 22118469 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Stensmyr MC , Hansson BS ; Hansson ( November 2011 ) . `` A Genome Befitting a Monarch '' . Cell. 147 ( 5 ) : 970 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2011.11. 009 . PMID 22118454 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Carolyn Y. ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Monarch butterfly genome sequenced '' . Boston Globe . Boston , MA . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Zhan , Shuia ; Zhang , Wei ; Niitepold , Kristjan ; Hsu , Jeremy ; Haeger , Juan Fernandez ; Zalucki , Myron P. ; Altizer , Sonia ; de Roode , Jacobus C. ; Reppert , Stephen M. ; Kronforst , Marcus R. ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` The genetics of Monarch butterfly migration and warning coloration '' . Nature . 514 ( 7522 ) : 317 -- 321 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 514 ... 317Z . doi : 10.1038 / nature13812 . PMC 4331202 . PMID 25274300 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterfly '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Howard , Elizabeth ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Monarch Population Size Announced '' . Journey North . Archived from the original on 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ( 2 ) `` Eastern Monarch Population Numbers Drop 27 % '' . News . The Monarch Joint Venture . 16 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ( 3 ) `` Where Are All The Monarchs ? '' . Monarch Lab . University of Minnesota Extension. 14 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Semmens , Brice X. ; Semmens , Darius J. ; Thogmartin , Wayne E. ; Wiederholt , Ruscena ; López - Hoffman , Laura ; Diffendorfer , Jay E. ; Pleasants , John M. ; Oberhauser , Karen S. ; Taylor , Orley R. ( 2016 ) . `` Quasi-extinction risk and population targets for the Eastern , migratory population of monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) '' . Scientific Reports . 6 : 23265 . doi : 10.1038 / srep23265 . PMC 4800428 . PMID 26997124 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch '' . Government of Ontario . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` monarchscience '' . Akdavis6.wixsite.com. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fears , Darryl ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` As pesticides wipe out Monarch butterflies in the U.S. , illegal logging is doing the same in Mexico '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pleasants , John M. ; Oberhauser , Karen S. ( 2012 ) . `` Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use : effect on the monarch butterfly population '' ( PDF ) . Insect Conservation and Diversity. 6 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 144 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1752 - 4598.2012. 00196. x . ^ Jump up to : Brennen , Shannon . `` For Love of Nature : Annual monarch butterfly migration in peril '' . The News & Advance , Lynchburg , Virginia . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Conniff , Richard ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Tracking the Causes of Sharp Decline of the Monarch Butterfly '' . Yale University . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( 13 March 2013 ) Monarch Migration Plunges to Lowest Level in Decades . The New York Times Jump up ^ `` NRDC Sues EPA Over Demise of Monarch Butterfly Population '' . NBC . 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ries , Leslie ; Taron , Douglas J. ; Rendón - Salinas , Eduardo ( 2015 ) . `` The Disconnect Between Summer and Winter Monarch Trends for the Eastern Migratory Population : Possible Links to Differing Drivers '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 108 ( 5 ) : 691 . doi : 10.1093 / aesa / sav055 . ^ Jump up to : Inamine , Hidetoshi ; Ellner , Stephen P. ; Springer , James P. ; Agrawal , Anurag A. ( 2016 ) . `` Linking the continental migratory cycle of the monarch butterfly to understand its population decline '' . Oikos. 125 ( 8 ) : 1081 . doi : 10.1111 / oik. 03196 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Andrew K. ( 2012 ) . `` Are migratory monarchs really declining in eastern North America ? Examining evidence from two fall census programs '' . Insect Conservation and Diversity. 5 ( 2 ) : 101 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1752 - 4598.2011. 00158. x . ^ Jump up to : `` monarchscience '' . Akdavis6.wixsite.com. 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barbosa , Pedro ; Deborah Kay Letourneau ( 1988 ) . `` 5 '' . Novel Aspects of Insect - plant Interactions . Wiley - Interscience . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 83276 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Brower , Lincoln ( 1988 ) . `` Avian Predation on the Monarch Butterfly and Its Implications for Mimicry Theory '' . American Society of Naturalists. 131 : S4 -- S6 . doi : 10.1086 / 284763 . Jump up ^ Koch , R.L. ; W.D. Hutchison ; R.C. Venette ; G.E. Heimpel ( October 2003 ) . `` Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly , Danaus plexippus ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae : Danainae ) , to predation by Harmonia axyridis ( Coleoptera : Coccinellidae ) '' . Biological Control . 28 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 270 . doi : 10.1016 / S1049 - 9644 ( 03 ) 00102 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rafter , Jamie ; Anurag Agruwal ; Evan Preisser ( 2013 ) . `` Chinese mantids gut caterpillars : avoidance of prey defense ? '' . Ecological Entomology. 38 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2012. 01408. x . Jump up ^ Zalucki , Myron P. ; Malcolm , Stephen B. ; Paine , Timothy D. ; Hanlon , Christopher C. ; Brower , Lincoln P. ; Clarke , Anthony R. ( 2001 ) . `` It 's the first bites that count : Survival of first - instar monarchs on milkweeds '' . Austral Ecology. 26 ( 5 ) : 547 -- 555 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1442 - 9993.2001. 01132. x . Jump up ^ `` monarchscience '' . Akdavis6.wixsite.com. 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Stimson , John ; Mark Berman ( 1990 ) . `` Predator induced colour polymorphism in Danaus plexippus L. ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) in Hawaii '' . Heredity. 65 ( 3 ) : 401 -- 406 . doi : 10.1038 / hdy. 1990.110 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Clarke , A.R. ; Zalucki , M.P. ( 2001 ) . `` Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey ( Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae ) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens ( Weidemann ) ( Diptera : Tachinidae ) , a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus ( L . ) ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) '' . Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 77 ( ? ) : 68 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Jo ; Gerard M. Thomas ( 1966 ) . `` Causes of death encountered during rearing of Danaus plexippus ( Danaidae ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Lepidopterist 's Society . 20 ( 4 ) : 235 -- 238 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Lay summary . ^ Jump up to : Stenoien , Carl ; McCoshum , Shaun ; Caldwell , Wendy ; De Anda , Alma ; Oberhauser , Karen ( January 2015 ) . `` New Reports that Monarch Butterflies ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae , Linnaeus ) are Hosts for a Pupal Parasitoid ( Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidae , Walker ) '' . Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society . 88 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 26 . doi : 10.2317 / JKES1402. 22.1 . Jump up ^ Leong , K.L.H. ; M.A. Yoshimura , H.K. Kaya and H. Williams ( 1997 ) . `` Instar Susceptibility of the Monarch Butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) to the Neogregarine Parasite , Ophryocystis elektroscirrha '' . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 69 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 83 . doi : 10.1006 / jipa. 1996.4634 . PMID 9028932 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Rebecca ; Oberhauser , Karen ; De Roode , Jacob ; Atizer , Sonya ( February 2011 ) . `` Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America '' . Ecology. 92 ( 2 ) : 342 -- 351 . doi : 10.1890 / 10 - 0489.1 . PMID 21618914 . Jump up ^ `` Do My Monarch Butterflies Have OE ? Ophryocystis elektroscirrha '' . Butterfly Fun Facts . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Invasive species alert : Black swallow - wort ( Cynanchum louisea ) and pale swallow - wort ( Cynanchum rossicum ) . monarchjointventure.org ) Jump up ^ Paz , Fátima ( 18 June 2014 ) En espera de aprobación de la Profepa por tala ilegal en la Reserva de la Mariposa Monarca . cambiodemichoacan.com.mx Jump up ^ `` Habitat Loss on Breeding Grounds Cause of Monarch Decline , U of G Study Finds '' . University of Guelph. 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Monarch Population Hits Lowest Point in More Than 20 Years . WWF ( 29 January 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` BASIC FACTS ABOUT MONARCH BUTTERFLIES '' . Jump up ^ Lemoine , Nathan P. ( 2015 ) . `` Climate Change May Alter Breeding Ground Distributions of Eastern Migratory Monarchs ( Danaus plexippus ) via Range Expansion of Asclepias Host Plants '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 2 ) : e0118614 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0118614 . PMC 4338007 . PMID 25705876 . Jump up ^ `` monarchscience '' . Akdavis6.wixsite.com. 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama , President Barack ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Presidential Memorandum -- Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Washington , D.C. : The White House . Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollinator Health Task Force ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : The White House . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Glassberg , J. ( 1995 ) . Enjoying butterflies more : attract butterflies to your backyard . Marietta , OH : Bird Watcher 's Digest Press . ( 2 ) `` Monarch Waystation Program '' . Monarch Watch . Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Abugattas , Alonzo ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` Monarch Way Stations '' . Capital Naturalist . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 -- via Blogger . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danaus plexippus . Wikispecies has information related to Danaus plexippus Wikisource has original text related to this article : Mimicry in Butterflies Australian Museum fact sheet on Monarch butterflies Mission Monarch ( Canada ) Monarch Butterfly Metamorphosis : Time - lapse video ( 2 : 42 minutes ) Monarch butterfly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website Monarch Joint Venture -- Partnering Across the U.S. to Conserve the Monarch Butterfly Migration Monarch Migration Maps Monarch Watch PBS NOVA Documentary `` The Incredible Journey of the Butterflies '' USGS description of Monarch butterfly Watch a Monarch egg hatch Taxon identifiers Wd : Q212398 ADW : Danaus_plexippus ARKive : danaus - plexippus BAMONA : Danaus - plexippus BugGuide : 540 EoL : 2682739 Fauna Europaea : 441572 GBIF : 5133088 iNaturalist : 48662 ITIS : 117273 LepIndex : 147559.0 NCBI : 13037 GND : 4372518 - 1 NDL : 01190010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarch_butterfly&oldid=817958121 '' Categories : NatureServe apparently secure species Danaus ( genus ) Butterflies of North America Butterflies of Canada Butterflies of Mexico Butterflies of the United States Butterflies of Central America Butterflies of South America Insects of Hawaii Butterflies of the Caribbean Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Animal migration Plants and pollinators Pollinator insects Aposematic species Butterflies of Europe Butterflies of Oceania Symbols of West Virginia Butterflies described in 1758 Endangered fauna of California Poisonous animals Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 16 : 17 . 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-609428890403998576 | Clean Air Act (United States) | Clean Air Act ( United States ) - wikipedia Clean Air Act ( United States ) Clean Air Act Long title An Act to improve , strengthen , and accelerate programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution . Acronyms ( colloquial ) CAA Nicknames Clean Air Act of 1963 Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective December 17 , 1963 Citations Public law 88 - 206 Statutes at Large 77 Stat. 392 Codification Titles amended 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare U.S.C. sections amended 42 U.S.C. ch. 85 , subch . I § 7401 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 6518 by Kenneth A. Roberts ( D -- AL ) on July 9 , 1963 Committee consideration by House Energy and Commerce Passed the House on July 24 , 1963 ( 275 - 104 ) Passed the Senate on November 19 , 1963 ( passed voice vote , in lieu of S. 432 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 5 , 1963 ; agreed to by the House on December 10 , 1963 ( 276 - 112 ) and by the Senate on December 10 , 1963 ( passed voice vote ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on December 17 , 1963 Major amendments Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 ( 79 Stat. 992 , Pub. L. 89 -- 272 ) Air Quality Act of 1967 ( 81 Stat. 485 , Pub. L. 90 -- 148 ) Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 ( 84 Stat. 1676 , Pub. L. 91 -- 604 ) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 ( 91 Stat. 685 , Pub. L. 95 -- 95 ) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ( 104 Stat. 2468 , Pub. L. 101 -- 549 ) United States Supreme Court cases Union Elec . Co. v. EPA , 427 U.S. 246 ( 1976 ) Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council , 467 U.S. 837 ( 1984 ) Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns , Inc. , 531 U.S. 457 ( 2001 ) The Clean Air Act ( 42 U.S.C. § 7401 ) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level . It is one of the United States ' first and most influential modern environmental laws , and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world . As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes , it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , in coordination with state , local , and tribal governments . Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapter C , Parts 50 - 97 . The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first U.S. federal legislation that pertained to air pollution ; it also provided funds for federal government research of air pollution . The first federal legislation to actually pertain to `` controlling '' air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963 . The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution . It was first amended in 1965 , by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act , which authorized the federal government to set required standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from certain automobiles , beginning with the 1968 models . A second amendment , the Air Quality Act of 1967 , enabled the federal government to increase its activities to investigate enforcing interstate air pollution transport , and , for the first time , to perform far - reaching ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . The 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories , ambient monitoring techniques , and control techniques . Amendments approved in 1970 greatly expanded the federal mandate , requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary ( industrial ) pollution sources and mobile sources . It also significantly expanded federal enforcement . Also , EPA was established on December 2 , 1970 for the purpose of consolidating pertinent federal research , monitoring , standard - setting and enforcement activities into one agency that ensures environmental protection . Further amendments were made in 1990 to address the problems of acid rain , ozone depletion , and toxic air pollution , and to establish a national permit program for stationary sources , and increased enforcement authority . The amendments also established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements , set Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) standards to control evaporative emissions from gasoline , and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states . Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H.W. Bush , William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment . The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits . Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation , either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Title I : Programs and Activities 1.1. 1 Part A : Air Quality and Emissions Limitations 1.1. 2 Part B : Ozone Protection 1.1. 3 Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality 1.1. 4 Part D: Plan Requirements for Non-attainment Areas 1.2 Title II : Emission Standards for Moving Sources 1.2. 1 Part A : Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards 1.2. 2 Part B : Aircraft Emission Standards 1.2. 3 Part C : Clean Fuel Vehicles 1.3 Title III : General Provisions 1.4 Title IV : Noise Pollution 1.5 Title IV - A : Acid Deposition Control 1.6 Title V : Permits 1.7 Title VI : Stratospheric Ozone Protection 2 History 2.1 Legislation 2.2 History of the Clean Air Act 2.2. 1 Introduction 2.2. 2 Clean Air Act of 1970 2.2. 3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 2.2. 4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 2.2. 5 Milestones 2.3 Regulations 3 Roles of the federal government and states 3.1 State Programs 4 Interstate air pollution 5 Leak detection and repair 6 Application to greenhouse gas emissions 7 Clean Air Act and environmental justice 8 Clean Air Act violations 9 Effects 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Summary ( edit ) Counties in the United States with one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards not met as of October 2015 Title I : programs and activities ( edit ) Graph showing decreases in US air pollution concentrations during 1990 to 2015 Part a : Air quality and emissions limitations ( edit ) This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation 's air quality promotes public health . The law encourages to prevent regional air pollution and control programs . It also provides technical and financial assistance for preventing air pollution at both state and local governments . Additional subchapters cover cooperation , research , investigation , training , and other activities . Grants for air pollution planning and control programs , and interstate air quality agencies and program cost limitations are also included in this section . The act even mandates air quality control regions , designated as attainment vs non-attainment . Non-attainment areas do not meet national standards for primary or secondary ambient air quality . Attainment areas meet these standards , while unclassifiable areas can not be classified based on the available information . Air quality criteria , national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards , state implementation plans and performance standards for new stationary sources are covered in Part A as well . The list of hazardous air pollutants that the act establishes includes compounds of acetaldehyde , benzene , chloroform , phenols , and selenium . The list also includes mineral fiber emissions from manufacturing or processing glass , rock or slag fibers as well as radioactive atoms . The list can periodically be modified . The act lists unregulated radioactive pollutants such as cadmium , arsenic , and polycyclic organic matter and it mandates listing them if they will cause or contribute to air pollution that endangers public health , under section 7408 or 7412 . The remaining subchapters cover smokestack heights , state plan adequacy , and estimating emissions of carbon monoxide , volatile organic compounds , and oxides of nitrogen from area and mobile sources . Measures to prevent unemployment or other economic disruption include using local coal or coal derivatives to comply with implementation requirements . The final subchapter in this act focuses on land use authority . Part B. : ozone Protection ( edit ) Because of advances in the atmospheric chemistry , this section was replaced by Title VI when the law was amended in 1990 . This change in the law reflected significant changes in scientific understanding of ozone formation and depletion . Ozone absorbs UVC light and shorter wave UVB , and lets through UVA , which is largely harmless to people . Ozone exists naturally in the stratosphere , not the troposphere . It is laterally distributed because it is destroyed by strong sunlight , so there is more ozone at the poles . Ozone is created when O comes in contact with photons from solar radiation . Therefore , a decrease in the intensity of solar radiation also results in a decrease in the formation of ozone in the stratosphere . This exchange is known as the Chapman mechanism : O + UV photon → 2 O ( note that atmospheric oxygen as O is highly unstable ) O + O + M → O ( O is Ozone ) + M M represents a third molecule , needed to carry off the excess energy of the collision of O + O . Atmospheric freon and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) contribute to ozone depletion ( Chlorine is a catalytic agent in ozone destruction ) . Following discovery of the ozone hole in 1985 , the 1987 Montreal Protocol successfully implemented a plan to replace CFCs and was viewed by some environmentalists as an example of what is possible for the future of environmental issues , if the political will is present . Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air quality ( edit ) The Clean Air Act requires permits to build or add to major stationary sources of air pollution . This permitting process , known as New Source Review ( NSR ) , applies to sources in areas that meet air quality standards as well as areas that are unclassifiable . Permits in attainment or unclassifiable areas are referred to as Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) permits , while permits for sources located in nonattainment areas are referred to as nonattainment area ( NAA ) permits . The fundamental goals of the PSD program are to : prevent new non-attainment areas by ensuring economic growth in harmony with existing clean air ; protect public health and welfare from any adverse effects ; preserve and enhance the air quality in national parks and other areas of special natural recreational , scenic , or historic value . Part d: Plan requirements for non-attainment areas ( edit ) Under the Clean Air Act states are required to submit a plan for non-attainment areas to reach attainment status as soon as possible but in no more than five years , based on the severity of the air pollution and the difficulty posed by obtaining cleaner air . The plan must include : an inventory of all pollutants permits control measures , means and techniques to reach standard qualifications contingency measures The plan must be approved or revised if required for approval , and specify whether local governments or the state will implement and enforce the various changes . Achieving attainment status makes a request for reevaluation possible . It must include a plan for maintenance of air quality . Title II : emission standards for moving sources ( edit ) Graph showing decreases in US air pollution emissions from transportation sources during 1980 - 2015 , while US population and economic activity increased . Part a : motor vehicle emission and Fuel standards ( edit ) Subchapters of Title II cover state standards and grants , prohibited acts and actions to restrain violations , as well as a study of emissions from nonroad vehicles ( other than locomotives ) to determine whether they cause or contribute to air pollution . Motorcycles are treated in the same way as automobiles under the emission standards for new motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines . The last few subchapters deal with high altitude performance adjustments , motor vehicle compliance program fees , prohibition on production of engines requiring leaded gasoline and urban bus standards . This part of the bill was extremely controversial the time it was passed . The automobile industry argued that it could not meet the new standards . Senators expressed concern about impact on the economy . Specific new emissions standards for moving sources passed years later . Part B. : aircraft emission standards ( edit ) Many volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) are emitted over airports and affect the air quality in the region . VOCs include benzene , formaldehyde and butadienes which are known to cause health problems such as birth defects , cancer and skin irritation . Hundreds of tons of emissions from aircraft , ground support equipment , heating systems , and shuttles and passenger vehicles are released into the air , causing smog . Therefore , major cities such as Seattle , Denver , and San Francisco require a Climate Action Plan as well as a greenhouse gas inventory . Additionally , federal programs such as the Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program ( VALE ) are working to offset costs for programs that reduce emissions . Title II sets emission standards for airlines and aircraft engines and adopts standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) . However aircraft carbon dioxide emission standards have not been established by either ICAO nor the EPA . It is the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation , after consultation with the Administrator , to prescribe regulations that comply with 42 U.S. Code § 7571 ( Establishment of standards ) and ensure the necessary inspections take place . Part C : Clean Fuel vehicles ( edit ) Trucks and automobiles play a large role in deleterious air quality . Harmful chemicals such as nitrogen oxide , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are released from motor vehicles . Some of these also react with sunlight to produce photochemicals . These harmful substances change the climate , alter ocean pH and include toxins that may cause cancer , birth defects or respiratory illness . Motor vehicles increased in the 1990s since approximately 58 percent of households owned two or more vehicles . The Clean Fuel Vehicle programs focused on alternative fuel use and petroleum fuels that met low emission vehicle ( LEV ) levels . Compressed natural gas , ethanol , methanol , liquefied petroleum gas and electricity are examples of cleaner alternative fuel . Programs such as the California Clean Fuels Program and pilot program are increasing demand that for new fuels to be developed to reduce harmful emissions . The California pilot program incorporated under this section focuses on pollution control in ozone non-attainment areas . The provisions apply to light - duty trucks and light - duty vehicles in California . The state also requires that clean alternative fuels for sale at numerous locations with sufficient geographic distribution for convenience . Production of clean - fuel vehicles is n't mandated except as part of the California pilot program . Title III : General provisions ( edit ) Under the law prior to 1990 , EPA was required to construct a list of Hazardous Air Pollutants as well as health - based standards for each one . There were 187 air pollutants listed and the source from which they came . The EPA was given ten years to generate technology - based emission standards . Title III is considered a second phase , allowing the EPA to assess lingering risks after the enactment of the first phase of emission standards . Title III also enacts new standards with regard to the protection of public health . A citizen may file a lawsuit to obtain compliance with an emission standard issued by the EPA or by a state , unless there is an ongoing enforcement action being pursued by EPA or the appropriate state agency . Title IV : noise pollution ( edit ) This title pre-dates the Clean Air Act . With the passage of the Clean Air Act , it became codified as Title IV . However , another Title IV was enacted in the 1990 amendments . The second Title IV was then appended to this Title IV as Title IV - A ( see below ) . This title established the EPA Office of Noise Abatement and Control to reduce noise pollution in urban areas , to minimize noise - related impacts on psychological and physiological effects on humans , effects on wildlife and property ( including values ) , and other noise - related issues . The agency was also assigned to run experiments to study the effects of noise . See also : Noise Control Act Title IV - a : acid deposition control ( edit ) This title was added as part of the 1990 amendments . It addresses the issue of acid rain , which is caused by nitrogen oxides ( NO ) and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) emissions from electric power plants powered by fossil fuels , and other industrial sources . The 1990 amendments gave industries more pollution control options including switching to low - sulfur coal and / or adding devices that controlled the harmful emissions . In some cases plants had to be closed down to prevent the dangerous chemicals from entering the atmosphere . Title IV - A mandated a two - step process to reduce SO emissions . The first stage required more than 100 electric generating facilities larger than 100 megawatts to meet a 3.5 million ton SO emission reduction by January 1995 . The second stage gave facilities larger than 75 megawatts a January 2000 deadline . Title v. : permits ( edit ) The 1990 amendments authorized a national operating permit program , covering thousands of large industrial and commercial sources . It required large businesses to address pollutants released into the air , measure their quantity , and have a plan to control and minimize them as well as to periodically report . This consolidated requirements for a facility into a single document . In non-attainment areas , permits were required for sources that emit as little as 50 , 25 , or 10 tons per year of VOCs depending on the severity of the region 's non-attainment status . Most permits are issued by state and local agencies . If the state does not adequately monitor requirements , the EPA may take control . The public may request to view the permits by contacting the EPA . The permit is limited to no more than five years and requires a renewal . Title VI : stratospheric ozone Protection ( edit ) Starting in 1990 , Title VI mandated regulations regarding the use and production of chemicals that harm the Earth 's stratospheric ozone layer . This ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet B sunlight linked to several medical conditions including cataracts and skin cancer . The ozone - destroying chemicals were classified into two groups , Class I and Class II . Class I consists of substances , including chlorofluorocarbons , that have an ozone depletion potential ( ODP ) ( HL ) of 0.2 or higher . Class II lists substances , including hydrochlorofluorocarbons , that are known to or may be detrimental to the stratosphere . Both groups have a timeline for phase - out : For Class I substances , no more than seven years after being added to the list and For Class II substances no more than ten years . Title VI establishes methods for preventing harmful chemicals from entering the stratosphere in the first place , including recycling or proper disposal of chemicals and finding substitutes that cause less or no damage . The Significant New Alternatives Policy ( SNAP ) Program is EPA 's program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone - depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act . Over 190 countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987 , agreeing to work to eliminate or limit the use of chemicals with ozone - destroying properties . History ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : There is a `` History '' subsection within this section ; redundant & confusing . Overlapping material should be consolidated or deleted as appropriate . Please help improve this section if you can . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legislation ( edit ) Congress passed the first legislation to address air pollution with the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act that provided funds to the U.S. Public Health service , but did not formulate pollution regulation . However , the Clean Air Act in 1963 created a research and regulatory program in the U.S. Public Health Service . The Act authorized development of emission standards for stationary sources , but not mobile sources of air pollution . The 1967 Air Quality Act mandated enforcement of interstate air pollution standards and authorized ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . In the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 , Congress greatly expanded the federal mandate by requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both industrial and mobile sources . The law established four new regulatory programs : National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) . EPA was required to promulgate national standards for six criteria pollutants : carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide , sulfur dioxide , particulate matter , hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants . ( Some of the criteria pollutants were revised in subsequent legislation . ) State Implementation Plans ( SIPs ) New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS ) ; and National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAPs ) . The 1970 law is sometimes called the `` Muskie Act '' because of the central role Maine Senator Edmund Muskie played in drafting the bill . To implement the strict new Clean Air Act of 1970 , during his first term as EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus spent 60 % of his time on the automobile industry , whose emissions were to be reduced 90 % under the new law . Senators had been frustrated at the industry 's failure to cut emissions under previous , weaker air laws . The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) of air quality for areas attaining the NAAQS and added requirements for non-attainment areas . The 1990 Clean Air Act added regulatory programs for control of acid deposition ( acid rain ) and stationary source operating permits . The amendments moved considerably beyond the original criteria pollutants , expanding the NESHAP program with a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants to be controlled within hundreds of source categories , according to a specific schedule . The NAAQS program was also expanded . Other new provisions covered stratospheric ozone protection , increased enforcement authority and expanded research programs . History of the Clean Air Act ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the 1967 Air Quality Act in the East Room of the White House , November 21 , 1967 . The legal authority for federal programs regarding air pollution control is based on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments ( 1990 CAAA ) . These are the latest in a series of amendments made to the Clean Air Act ( CAA ) , often referred to as `` the Act . '' This legislation modified and extended federal legal authority provided by the earlier Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970 . The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first federal legislation involving air pollution ; it authorized $3 million per year to the U.S. Public Health Service for five years to fund federal level air pollution research , air pollution control research , and technical and training assistance to the states . Subsequently , the act was extended for four years in 1959 with funding levels at $5 million per year . The act was then amended in 1960 and 1962 . Although the 1955 act brought the air pollution issue to the federal level , no federal regulations were formulated . Control and prevention of air pollution was instead delegated to state and local agencies . The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control . It established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution . In 1967 , the Air Quality Act was enacted in order to expand federal government activities . In accordance with this law , enforcement proceedings were initiated in areas subject to interstate air pollution transport . As part of these proceedings , the federal government for the first time conducted extensive ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . The Air Quality Act of 1967 also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories , ambient monitoring techniques , and control techniques . Clean Air Act of 1970 ( edit ) The Clean Air Act of 1970 ( 1970 CAA ) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary ( industrial ) sources and mobile sources . Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated : the National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ( pronounced `` knacks '' ) ) , State Implementation Plans ( SIPs ) , New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS ) , and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAPs ) . Enforcement authority was substantially expanded . This very important legislation was adopted at approximately the same time as the National Environmental Policy Act . Clean Air Act amendments of 1977 ( edit ) Major amendments were added to the Clean Air Act in 1977 ( 1977 CAAA ) . The 1977 Amendments primarily concerned provisions for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) of air quality in areas attaining the NAAQS . The 1977 CAAA also contained requirements pertaining to sources in non-attainment areas for NAAQS . A non-attainment area is a geographic area that does not meet one or more of the federal air quality standards . Both of these 1977 CAAA established major permit review requirements to ensure attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS . Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 ( edit ) Another set of major amendments to the Clean Air Act occurred in 1990 ( 1990 CAAA ) . The 1990 CAAA substantially increased the authority and responsibility of the federal government . New regulatory programs were authorized for control of acid deposition ( acid rain ) and for the issuance of stationary source operating permits . The NESHAPs were incorporated into a greatly expanded program for controlling toxic air pollutants . The provisions for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS were substantially modified and expanded . Other revisions included provisions regarding stratospheric ozone protection , increased enforcement authority , and expanded research programs . Milestones ( edit ) Some of the principal milestones in the evolution of the Clean Air Act are as follows : The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 First federal air pollution legislation Funded research on scope and sources of air pollution Clean Air Act of 1963 Authorized a national program to address air pollution Authorized research into techniques to minimize air pollution Air Quality Act of 1967 Authorized enforcement procedures involving interstate transport of pollutants Expanded research activities Clean Air Act of 1970 Established National Ambient Air Quality Standards Established requirements for State Implementation Plans to achieve them Establishment of New Source Performance Standards for new and modified stationary sources Establishment of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Increased enforcement authority Authorized control of motor vehicle emissions 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970 Authorized provisions related to prevention of significant deterioration Authorized provisions relating to non-attainment areas 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970 Authorized programs for acid deposition control Authorized controls for 189 toxic pollutants , including those previously regulated by the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants Established permit program requirements Expanded and modified provisions concerning National Ambient Air Quality Standards Expanded and modified enforcement authority Regulations ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : additional regulations . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2011 ) Since the initial establishment of six mandated criteria pollutants ( ozone , particulate matter , carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , sulfur dioxide , and lead ) , advancements in testing and monitoring have led to the discovery of many other significant air pollutants . However , with the act in place and its many improvements , the U.S. has seen many pollutant levels and associated cases of health complications drop . According to the EPA , the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent : Year 2010 ( cases prevented ) Year 2020 ( cases prevented ) Adult Mortality - particles 160,000 230,000 Infant Mortality - particles 230 280 Mortality - ozone 4,300 71,000 Chronic Bronchitis 54,000 75,000 Heart Disease - Acute Myocardial Infarction 130,000 200,000 Asthma Exacerbation 1,700,000 2,400,000 Emergency Room Visits 86,000 120,000 School Loss Days 3,200,000 5,400,000 Lost Work Days 13,000,000 17,000,000 This chart shows the health benefits of the Clean Air Act programs that reduce levels of fine particles and ozone . In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground - level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot . The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards , as well as long and fierce internal discussion within the Clinton administration , leading to the most divisive environmental debate of that decade . The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution 's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the Supreme Court of the United States , whose 2001 unanimous ruling in Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns , Inc. largely upheld EPA 's actions . The Clean Air Act ( CAA or Act ) directs EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards ( NAAQS ) for pollutants at levels that will protect public health . EPA and American Lung Association promoted the 2011 Cross State Air Pollution Rule ( CSAPR ) to control ozone and fine particles . Aim was to cut emissions half from 2005 to 2014 . It was claimed to prevent each year 400,000 asthma cases and save ca 2m work and schooldays lost by respiratory illness . Some states ( e.g. Texas ) , cities and power companies sued the case ( EPA v EME Homer City Generation ) . The appeals - court judges decided by two to one that the rule is too strict . Based on appeals the power companies were allowed to continue thousands of persons respiratory illnesses prolonged time in the USA . According to the Economist ( 2013 ) the Supreme Court decision may affect how the EPA regulates other pollutants , including the greenhouse gases . Roles of the federal government and States ( edit ) Although the 1990 Clean Air Act is a federal law covering the entire country , the states do much of the work to carry out the Act . The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and regulation of the CAA within their own borders in exchange for funding . For example , a state air pollution agency holds a hearing on a permit application by a power or chemical plant or fines a company for violating air pollution limits . However , election is not mandatory and in some cases states have chosen to not accept responsibility for enforcement of the act and force the EPA to assume those duties . In order to take over compliance with the CAA the states must write and submit a state implementation plan ( SIP ) to the EPA for approval . A state implementation plan is a collection of the regulations a state will use to clean up polluted areas . The states are obligated to notify the public of these plans , through hearings that offer opportunities to comment , in the development of each state implementation plan . The SIP becomes the state 's legal guide for local enforcement of the CAA . For example , Rhode Island law requires compliance with the Federal CAA through the SIP . The SIP delegates permitting and enforcement responsibility to the state Department of Environmental Management ( RI - DEM ) . The federal law recognizes that states should lead in carrying out the Clean Air Act , because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries , geography , housing patterns , etc . However , states are not allowed to have weaker pollution controls than the national minimum criteria set by EPA . EPA must approve each SIP , and if a SIP is n't acceptable , EPA can take over CAA enforcement in that state . The United States government , through the EPA , assists the states by providing scientific research , expert studies , engineering designs , and money to support clean air programs . Metropolitan planning organizations must approve all federally funded transportation projects in a given urban area . If the MPO 's plans do not , Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration have the authority to withhold funds if the plans do not conform with federal requirements , including air quality standards . In 2010 , the EPA directly fined the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District $29 million for failure to meet ozone standards , resulting in fees for county drivers and businesses . This was the results of a federal appeals court case that required the EPA to continue enforce older , stronger standards , and spurred debate in Congress over amending the Act . State programs ( edit ) Many states , or concerned citizens of the state , have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean - up strategies . For example , ( in alphabetical order by state ) California - California 's Clean Air Project - designed to create a smoke - free gaming atmosphere in tribal casinos Georgia - The Clean Air Campaign Illinois - Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water - coalition of farmers and other citizens to reduce harmful effects of large - scale livestock production methods New York - Clean Air NY Oklahoma - `` Breathe Easy '' - Oklahoma Statutes on Smoking in Public Places and Indoor Workplaces ( Effective November 1 , 2010 ) Oregon - Indoor Clean Air Act - Statutes on Smoking in Indoor Workplaces and Within 10ft of an Entrance Texas - Drive Clean Across Texas Virginia - Virginia Clean Cities , Inc . Interstate Air pollution ( edit ) Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state . In many metropolitan areas , people live in one state and work or shop in another ; air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area . The 1990 Clean Air Act provides for interstate commissions on air pollution control , which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution . The 1990 amendments include other provisions to reduce interstate air pollution . The Acid Rain Program , created under Title IV of the Act , authorizes emissions trading to reduce the overall cost of controlling emissions of sulfur dioxide . Leak Detection and repair ( edit ) The Act requires industrial facilities to implement a Leak Detection and Repair ( LDAR ) program to monitor and audit a facility 's fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) . The program is intended to identify and repair components such as valves , pumps , compressors , flanges , connectors and other components that may be leaking . These components are the main source of the fugitive VOC emissions . Testing is done manually using a portable vapor analyzer that read in parts per million ( ppm ) . Monitoring frequency , and the leak threshold , is determined by various factors such as the type of component being tested and the chemical running through the line . Moving components such as pumps and agitators are monitored more frequently than non-moving components such as flanges and screwed connectors . The regulations require that when a leak is detected the component be repaired within a set amount of days . Most facilities get 5 days for an initial repair attempt with no more than 15 days for a complete repair . Allowances for delaying the repairs beyond the allowed time are made for some components where repairing the component requires shutting process equipment down . Application to greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Main article : Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act EPA began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act for the first time on January 2 , 2011 . Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA , and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act . Below is a table for the sources of greenhouse gases , taken from data in 2008 . Of all greenhouse gases , about 76 percent of the sources are manageable under the CAA , marked with an asterisk ( * ) . All others are regulated independently , if at all . Source Percentage Electric Generation * 34 % Industry * 15 % Large Non-Agricultural Methane Sources * 5 % Light - , Medium - , and Heavy - Duty Vehicles * 22 % Other Transport 7 % Commercial and Residential Heating 7 % Agriculture 7 % HFCs 2 % Other 1 % Clean Air Act and Environmental Justice ( edit ) By promoting pollution reduction , the Clean Air Act can help reduce heightened exposure to air pollution among communities of color and low - income communities . Environmental researcher Dr. Marie Lynn Miranda notes that African American populations are `` consistently overrepresented '' in areas with the poorest air quality . Dense populations of low - income and minority communities inhabit the most polluted areas across the United States , which is considered to exacerbate health problems among these populations . High levels of exposure to air pollution is linked to several health conditions , including asthma , cancer , premature death , and infant mortality , each of which disproportionately impact communities of color and low - income communities . The pollution reduction achieved by the Clean Air Act is associated with a decline in each of these conditions and can promote environmental justice for communities that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution and diminished health status . Clean Air Act violations ( edit ) Major cases of Clean Air Act violations include : The Volkswagen emissions scandal ( 2015 ) ; Caterpillar and five other manufacturers violated diesel engine emission standards ( consent decree , July 1999 ) Alleged violations by Hyundai and Kia which resulted in a total $100 million in civil penalties paid to the United States and to the California Air Resources Board . Effects ( edit ) A 2017 study found that the Clean Air Act of 1970 led to an over 10 percent reduction in pollution ( `` ambient TSP levels '' ) in counties that exceeded the pollution thresholds set by the Act in the three years after the regulation went into effect . The study found that this regulation - induced reduction in air pollution is caused affected workers to work more and earned one percent more in annual earnings . The authors estimate that cumulative lifetime income gain for each affected individual is approximately $4,300 in present value terms . See also ( edit ) Clean Air Act ( disambiguation ) Air quality law United States environmental law Alan Carlin , controversy over the EPA carbon dioxide endangerment finding Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management Emission standard Emissions trading Environmental policy of the United States Startups , shutdowns , and malfunctions The Center for Clean Air Policy ( in the US ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act '' . Clean Air Act Overview . Washington , D.C. : US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Laws and Treaties '' . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Erin L. `` History of the Modern Environmental Movement in America '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of the Clean Air Act '' . EPA . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shekhtman , Lonnie . `` Beijing smog : What makes some cities cleaner than others ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yang , , Ming . Energy Efficiency : Benefits for Environment and Society . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` History of the Clean Air Act , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency '' . `` History of the Clean Air Act '' . Environmental Protection Agency . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` EPA History , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency '' . `` EPA History '' . Environmental Protection Agency . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rinde , Meir ( 2017 ) . `` Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism '' . Distillations. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes why passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments was vitally important . Reflections on US Environmental Policy : An Interview with William K. Reilly Video , Transcript ( see p10 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Air Act : Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and Control '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Clean Air Act : Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection . '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Updated 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell : How It Works '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 24 . Collectively , the PSD permitting program and nonattainment area permitting program for major sources are known as `` New Source Review . '' Before starting the construction of a new major source located in an attainment , or unclassifiable area , or the modification of an existing major source that results in a significant emissions increase in such areas , the source must obtain a PSD permit under the Act . ^ Jump up to : EPA ( 1990 ) . New Source Review Workshop Manual : Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Nonattainment Area Permitting . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act : Title II - Emission Standards for Moving Sources '' . EPA . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Trendowski , John . `` Sustainability Trends -- Reducing Emissions at Airports '' ( PDF ) . Airport Magazine . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Emissions Expected to Grow , but Technological and Operational Improvements and Government Policies Can Help Control Emissions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Report no . GAO - 09 - 554 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` www.biodiesel.org '' ( PDF ) . The Clean Air Act 's Clean - Fuel Vehicle Program . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Abe ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) . `` What is Ethanol ? '' . Open Fuel Standard . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Abe ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` What is Methanol ? '' . Open Fuel Standard . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Title III : General '' Clean Air Act , United States . The Earth Encyclopedia . Updated : Apr 12 , 2011 . http://www.eoearth.org/article/Clean_Air_Act,_United_States Jump up ^ CAA section 304 , 42 U.S.C. § 7604 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title IV : Acid Deposition Control . Clean Air Act , United States . The Earth Encyclopedia . Updated : April 12 , 2011 '' . ^ Jump up to : EPA . `` Permits and Enforcement . '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act . Revised 2011 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , James . `` Clean Air Act : A Summary of the Act and its Major Requirements '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ EPA ( February 1998 ) . `` Air Pollution Operating Permit Program Update : Key Features and Benefits . '' Document no . EPA / 451 / K - 98 / 002 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : EPA . `` Protecting the Stratospheric Ozone Layer . '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act . Revised 2011 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title VI : Stratospheric Ozone Protection . Clean Air Act , United States . The Earth Encyclopedia . Updated : April 12 , 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Significant New Alternatives Policy ( SNAP ) Program '' . US EPA . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Mark Z. ( April 2012 ) . Air Pollution and Global Warming History , Science , and Solutions ( Google Books ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 175 , 176 . ISBN 9781107691155 . 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Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 , P.L. 101 - 549 , 104 Stat. 2399 , 1990 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants ? '' Revised 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ EPA ( 2011 ) . `` The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020 . Final Report . '' ( also known as the `` Second Prospective Study . '' ) Jump up ^ Cushman Jr. ; John H. ( June 26 , 1997 ) . `` Clinton Sharply Tightens Air Pollution Regulations Despite Concern Over Costs '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Chebium , Raju ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` U.S. Supreme Court hears clean air cases regarding smog and soot standards '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cushman Jr. ; John H. ( June 25 , 1997 ) . `` D'Amato Vows to Fight for E.P.A. 's Tightened Air Standards '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 2001 - 02 - 28 ) . `` E.P.A. 's Right to Set Air Rules Wins Supreme Court Backing '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Supreme Court Of The United States Decided April 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Interstate pollution Smother my neighbour The Economist September 7th 2013 page 37 Jump up ^ Rhode Island General Law , Title 23 , Chapter 23 , Section 2 ( RIGL 23 - 23 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation ( 2010 ) . `` Metropolitan Planning Funds Administration . Section 5 : Planning Process Self - Certification . '' TxDOT Manual System . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabriel ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ) . `` D.C. Circuit Rejects EPA 's Latest Guidance on Smog Standards '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabriel ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Republicans seek to spare smoggy Calif. areas from punishment '' . Environment & Energy News . E&E Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Breathe Easy OK - Secondhand Smoke Laws '' . Ok.gov. 2002 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon ICAA '' . Oregon Health Authority . Oregon Public Health Division . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ EPA ( 2010 ) . `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2008 . '' Document no . 430 - R - 10 - 006 . Office of Atmospheric Programs . Jump up ^ EPA , OAR , US . `` Air Pollution : Current and Future Challenges '' . www.epa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Marie Lynn ; Edwards , Sharon E. ; Keating , Martha H. ; Paul , Christopher J. ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Making the Environmental Justice Grade : The Relative Burden of Air Pollution Exposure in the United States '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 8 ( 6 ) : 1755 -- 1771 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8061755 . ISSN 1661 - 7827 . PMC 3137995 . PMID 21776200 . Jump up ^ Massey , Rachel ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental Justice : Income , Race , and Health '' ( PDF ) . Tufts University Global Development And Environment Institute , Tufts University . ^ Jump up to : `` ADVANCING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE THROUGH POLLUTION PREVENTION A Report developed from the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Meeting of December 9 - 13 , 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Protection Agency . 2002 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Caterpillar Inc. # Clean Air Act violation Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-11/documents/hyundai-kia-cd.pdf Jump up ^ Isen , Adam ; Rossin - Slater , Maya ; Walker , W. Reed ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Every Breath You Take -- Every Dollar You 'll Make : The Long - Term Consequences of the Clean Air Act of 1970 '' . Journal of Political Economy : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 691465 . ISSN 0022 - 3808 . Further reading ( edit ) EPA Alumni Association . `` Cleaning the Air We Breathe : A Half Century of Progress . '' . September 2016 . 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-8067322231969287051 | Battles of Saratoga | Battles of Saratoga - wikipedia Battles of Saratoga Battles of Saratoga Part of the American Revolutionary War Saratoga campaign Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull , 1822 . This painting hangs in the United States Capitol Rotunda . Date September 19 and October 7 , 1777 Location Stillwater , Saratoga County , New York 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Coordinates : 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Result Freeman 's Farm : British Pyrrhic victory Bemis Heights : Decisive American victory British surrender October 17 Belligerents United States Canadian Auxiliaries Great Britain Quebec Loyalists Hesse - Cassel Hesse - Hanau Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Commanders and leaders Horatio Gates Benedict Arnold Benjamin Lincoln Enoch Poor Ebenezer Learned Daniel Morgan James Livingston John Burgoyne Simon Fraser † Baron Riedesel Strength 9,000 ( first battle ) over 12,000 ( second battle ) over 15,000 ( at time of surrender ) 7,200 ( first battle ) 6,600 ( second battle ) Casualties and losses 90 killed 240 wounded 440 killed 695 wounded 6,222 captured Saratoga Campaign 1777 Fort Ticonderoga Hubbardton Fort Anne Slaying of Jane McCrea Fort Stanwix Oriskany Bennington 1st Saratoga ( Freeman 's Farm ) Forts Clinton and Montgomery 2nd Saratoga ( Bemis Heights ) Kingston The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign , giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War . British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley , hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight , so he retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . '' Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way . Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , but it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City . Patriot militia forces continued to arrive , meanwhile , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle , and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British situation 1.2 American situation 2 First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) 2.1 Prelude 2.2 Battle 3 Interlude 4 Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) 4.1 British foray 4.2 American attack 5 Surrender 6 Aftermath 6.1 French aid 7 Legacy 8 References in Popular Culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Main article : Saratoga campaign The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies . British situation General John Burgoyne was referred to by some as `` Gentleman Johnny '' for his manners ( portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds , c. 1760 ) British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . American situation General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July , under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , and was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat . Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other ; they had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army by Indians under Burgoyne 's command . General George Washington 's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates ' army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe . He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving , and he took some risks in July . He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army in August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south . He also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign , and plan of the Battles of Saratoga ( inset ) On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army . First Saratoga : battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) Prelude Moving cautiously , since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position , Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson . On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from the American defensive line , and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army . The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold 's return from Fort Stanwix . While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos , Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff , dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two . These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19 , but the day 's events contributed to the situation . Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold , and assumed command himself of the right , which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln , whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne 's army . Initial dispositions and movements at the Battle of Freeman 's Farm , 19 September 1777 Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights . Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely , and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements , where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage . Gates , whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault , grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan 's men and Henry Dearborn 's light infantry . When Morgan 's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman , they spotted British advance troops in the field . Fraser 's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field , while Hamilton 's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain . Riedesel 's force , while it was on the road , was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans . The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction . The troops Morgan 's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton 's column . Battle Map depicting the positions at 1 : 00 pm Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions , who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company . Morgan and his men then charged , unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne 's main army . While they succeeded in driving back the advance company , Fraser 's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan 's left , scattering his men back into the woods . James Wilkinson , who had ridden forward to observe the fire , returned to the American camp for reinforcements . As the British company fell back toward the main column , the leading edge of that column opened fire , killing a number of their own men . Modern view of the battleground of Freeman 's Farm There was then a lull in the fighting around 1 : 00 pm as Hamilton 's men began to form up on the north side of the field , and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south . Learning that Morgan was in trouble , Gates ordered out two more regiments ( 1st and 3rd New Hampshire ) to support him , with additional regiments ( 2nd New York , 4th New York , the 1st Canadian , and Connecticut militia ) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow . Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton 's men with the 21st on the right , the 20th on the left , and the 62nd in the center , with the 9th held in reserve . Map depicting the positions at 3 : 00 pm The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action . Morgan 's men had regrouped in the woods , and picked off officers and artillerymen . They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces , only to lose them in the next British charge . At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter ; it was instead one of Burgoyne 's aides , riding a richly dressed horse , who was the victim . The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point , and only the intervention of General Phillips , leading the 20th , made it possible for the 62nd to reform . In Roger Lamb 's memoir , ( a British soldier present at the battle ) , he wrote ' ' In this battle an unusual number of officers fell , as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time , who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution , were attracted to the profession of arms . Three sulbalterns ( officers ) of the 20th regiment on this occasion , the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years , were buried together ' ' The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British . Around 3 pm , Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions . He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train , but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank . In a calculated risk , Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column . Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right , and Fraser 's force threatened to turn the American left flank . In response to the latter threat , Arnold requested more forces , and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned 's brigade ( 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts ) . ( If Arnold had been on the field , these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel 's force . ) Fortunately for the American right , darkness set in , bringing an end to the battle . The Americans retreated back to their defenses , leaving the British on the field . Map depicting the positions at 5 : 00 pm Burgoyne had gained the field of battle , but suffered nearly 600 casualties . Most of these were to Hamilton 's center column , where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company , and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded . American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded . It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field , directing some of the action . However , John Luzader , a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park , carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials , and that Arnold remained at Gates ' headquarters , receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers . Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin , however , disagrees with Luzader , arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman 's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates . Interlude ... an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ... Burgoyne to Clinton , September 23 , 1777 Burgoyne 's council discussed whether to attack the next day , and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day , to September 21 . The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead . The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton , who was commanding the British garrison in New York City . Clinton suggested that he could `` make a push at ( Fort ) Montgomery in about ten days . '' ( Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River , in the New York Highlands south of West Point ) . If Clinton left New York on September 22 , `` about ten days '' after he wrote the letter , he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month . Burgoyne , running low on men and food , was still in a very difficult position , but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army . Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23 , requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates ' army away . Clinton sailed from New York on October 3 , and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6 . The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont , where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16 . Plan of battlefield of Saratoga , and views of John Neilson 's house ( which served as headquarters for Enoch Poor and Benedict Arnold ) from south , east and inside Unknown to either side at Saratoga , General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga . Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September . Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George , and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort . These men , and some of the prisoners they freed along the way , were back in the American camp by September 29 . In the American camp , the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent . There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp . During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies . Morgan 's sharpshooters , familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare , constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank . As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne , who put the army on short rations on October 3 . The next day , Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed , but no conclusive decisions were made . When the council resumed the next day , Riedesel proposed retreat , in which he was supported by Fraser . Burgoyne refused to consider it , insisting that retreat would be disgraceful . They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men , more than one - third of the army , on October 7 . The army he was attacking , however , had grown in the interval . In addition to the return of Lincoln 's detachment , militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp , including critical increases in ammunition , which had been severely depleted in the first battle . The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in . Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton 's response to Burgoyne 's plea for help . Second Saratoga : battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) See also : Second Saratoga order of battle British foray Benedict Arnold at Battle of Bemis Heights While Burgoyne 's troop strength was nominally higher , he likely had only about 5,000 effective , battle - ready troops on October 7 , as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces . General Riedesel advised that the army retreat . Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible . As an escort , the generals took Fraser 's Advanced Corps , with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left , and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center . There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two Hesse - Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch . Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am , they advanced about three - quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) to Barber 's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook , where they stopped to observe the American position . While the field afforded some room for artillery to work , the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods . Gates , following the removal of Arnold from the field command , assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln . When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne 's movement to Gates , he ordered Morgan 's riflemen out to the far left , with Poor 's men ( 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New Hampshire on the left ; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments ) on the right , and Learned 's ( 1st New York , 1st Canadian , 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments , plus militia companies ) in the center . A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned 's line . In all , more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day , including about 1,400 men from Lincoln 's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce . Benedict Arnold portrait by Thomas Hart The opening fire came between 2 and 2 : 30 pm from the British grenadiers . Poor 's men held their fire , and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective . When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge , the Americans finally began shooting at close range . Acland fell , shot in both legs , and many of the grenadiers also went down . Their column was a total rout , and Poor 's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery . On the American left , things were also not going well for the British . Morgan 's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser 's regulars . Although slightly outnumbered , Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west . While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle , a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy , one of Morgan 's men , appears to be a 19th - century fabrication . The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck 's large militia brigade ( which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size ) , broke the British will , and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments . Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan 's marksmen ; three shots hit his horse , hat , and waistcoat . The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men , including the capture of most of the grenadiers ' command , and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action . American attack Troop dispositions and initial movements at the Battle of Bemis Heights At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was `` betraying great agitation and wrath '' in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . ) The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts . The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann , while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres . A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications . Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres ' position , as Breymann 's was slightly north and further away from the early action . Arnold led the American chase , and then led Poor 's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt . Balcarres had set up his defenses well , and the redoubt was held , in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote , `` A more determined perseverance than they showed ... is not in any officer 's experience '' . Seeing that the advance was checked , and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt , Arnold moved toward that action , recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt . He led the charge of Learned 's men through the gap between the redoubts , which exposed the rear of Breymann 's position , where Morgan 's men had circled around from the far side . In furious battle , the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed . Arnold 's horse was hit in one of the final volleys , and Arnold 's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse . Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters ; he was carried back in a litter . The capture of Breymann 's redoubt exposed the British camp , but darkness was setting in . An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line . Surrender Further information on Burgoyne 's surrender after these battles : Saratoga campaign § Surrender Burgoyne had lost 1,000 men in the two battles , leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1 ; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded . Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders , his attempts to capture the American position had failed , and his forward line was now breached . After the second battle , Burgoyne lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness . He withdrew his men 10 -- 15 miles north , near present - day Schuylerville , New York . By the morning of October 8 , he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16 . On October 13 , with his army surrounded , Burgoyne held a council of war to propose terms of surrender . Riedesel suggested that they be paroled and allowed to march back to Canada without their weapons . Burgoyne felt that Gates would not even consider such terms , asking instead to be conveyed to Boston , where they would sail back to Europe . After several days of negotiations , the two sides signed the capitulation . On October 17 , Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates . The British and German troops were accorded the traditional honors of war as they marched out to surrender . The troops formed the Convention Army , named after the convention that granted them safe passage back to Europe . However , the Continental Congress revoked the convention , and the Convention Army was kept in captivity until the end of the war . Aftermath Boot Monument , depicting Arnold 's injured leg Burgoyne 's failed campaign marked a major turning point in the war . General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army . The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively . Said one British officer : The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works . In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga , General Arnold had his seniority restored ( he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777 ) . His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months . Later , while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia , Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British . He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British , only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to the exposure of the plot . Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips , the commander of Burgoyne 's right wing , in a 1781 expedition into Virginia . Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates , General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date . He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander - in - chief . Instead , he received the command of the main American army in the South . He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden , where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat . Gates never commanded troops in the field again . In response to Burgoyne 's surrender , Congress declared December 18 , 1777 , as a national day `` for solemn Thanksgiving and praise '' ; it was the nation 's first official observance of a holiday with that name . French aid Once news of Burgoyne 's surrender reached France , King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco - American alliance and French entry into the war . This moved the conflict onto a global stage . As a consequence , Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe , and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations . Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier , France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War . Prior to the Battle of Saratoga , France did n't fully aid the colonists . However , after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists , France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war , and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers , donations , loans , military arms , and supplies . Legacy The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne 's surrender have been preserved , and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments . The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches , three of which hold statues of American commanders : Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan . The fourth niche , where Arnold 's statue would go , is empty . A more dramatic memorial to Arnold 's heroism , that does not name him , is the Boot Monument . Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster , it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general . It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann 's redoubt and is dedicated to `` the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army '' . Six Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 102nd Inf , 125th QM Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga . There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga ( 1842 ) , USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) , and USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) < center Saratoga Monument obelisk View of the battlefield from the visitor center of Saratoga National Historic Park Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga by commissioning and designing an Augustin Dupré medallion . It was minted in Paris in 1783 . The Surrender of General Burgoyne depicted on a 1927 US Postage Stamp References in popular culture In an episode of The Brady Bunch titled `` Everyone Ca n't be George Washington '' , which originally aired on December 22 , 1972 , Peter ( Christopher Knight ) is assigned the part of Benedict Arnold in a school play about the American Revolution . His teacher Miss Bailey incorrectly states that Benedict Arnold was wounded at the Battle of Saratoga when there was , in fact no SINGLE Battle of Saratoga . She also fails to mention that Arnold was wounded during the assault on Quebec City in the same leg . See also American Revolutionary War portal Capital District portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Saratoga National Historical Park References Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 395 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 436 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 371 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Springfield Armory Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 335 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 348 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 332 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 265 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 290 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 296 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 337 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 300 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 351 -- 52 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 352 , 355 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 357 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 307 -- 08 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 358 -- 60 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 309 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 240 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 310 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hagist , Don ( 2004 ) . A British Soldier 's Story : Roger Lamb 's narrative of the American Revolution . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 391 -- 92 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 368 -- 69 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 319 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 515 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 388 -- 90 , describes the relevant primary sources , and shows how early historians , including Lossing and Stone , gave rise to the story , and its propagation by later historians , including Nickerson . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold , Revolutionary Hero : An American Warrior Reconsidered . New York University Press . pp. 378 -- 81 , 514 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 343 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 345 -- 51 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 377 -- 79 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 324 -- 26 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 385 -- 88 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 271 Jump up ^ Charles Kuralt , narrator ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Misfortunes of War '' . The Revolutionary War . The Military Channel . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 356 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 326 -- 27 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 353 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 358 Jump up ^ Bird p. 223 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 359 -- 60 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 361 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxii ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 364 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Letters change view of Benedict Arnold , Gen. Gates '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 287 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 291 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Riedesel , Frederika Charlotte ( 1867 ) . Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution . Translated by Stone , William L. Albany : Joel Munsell . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . Jump up ^ See Ketchum , Morrissey , and Nickerson . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Saratoga -- A Major Turning Point of The Revolutionary War '' . Saratoga.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Brooks ; Robert Hohwald ( 1999 ) . How America Fought Its Wars : Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War . Da Capo Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 372 Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 147 -- 51 Jump up ^ Historic Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxiii Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ `` States give thanks '' . History.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , George ( 2002 ) . Grizzard , Jr. , Frank E. ; Hoth , David R. , eds . General Orders , 17 December 1777 . The Original Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series . 12 . Charlottesville , Va. : Univ Press of Virginia . pp. 620 -- 621 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 447 Jump up ^ Perkins , James . `` France in the Revolution '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Jump up ^ Saratoga activities Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 102nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 195 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 192nd Military Police Battalion . Jump up ^ Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy Aircraft Carriers '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2008 ) , p. 456 Bibliography Bennett , William J ; Cribb , John ( 2008 ) . The American Patriot 's Almanac . Thomas Nelson Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 267 - 9 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) . The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography , Volume 20 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . OCLC 1762062 . Corbett , Theodore. ( 2012 ) No Turning Point : The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective . Norman OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . ( Paperback ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 1 ) Luzader , John F. Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . OCLC 43419003 . Murphy , Jim ( 2007 ) . The Real Benedict Arnold . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77609 - 4 . Nickerson , Hoffman ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . The Turning Point of the Revolution . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat . OCLC 549809 . Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7 . Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . William Morrow and Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55710 - 034 - 4 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park -- Tour Stop 7 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Bird , Harrison ( 1963 ) . `` March To Saratoga General Burgoyne And The American Campaign 1777 '' . New York Oxford University Press . Further reading Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1908 ) . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World . Furneaux , Rupert ( 1971 ) . The Battle of Saratoga . New York : Stein and Day . Mintz , Max M ( 1990 ) . The Generals of Saratoga : John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04778 - 9 . Patterson , Samuel White ( 1941 ) . Horatio Gates : Defender of American Liberties . Columbia University Press . Savas , Theodore P ; Dameron , J. David ( 2005 ) . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . War of the Revolution , 2 Volumes . MacMillan . External links Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Saratoga . Saratoga : The Tide Turns on the Frontier , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan War Boardgame on the Battle of Saratoga Monument to Arnold 's leg at Saratoga , from pbs.org Battle of Bemis ' Heights , and Retreat of Burgoyne `` Battle of Freeman 's Farm '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . `` The Battle of Saratoga '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Animated History of the Saratoga Campaign `` Friedrich Kaltofen , one of the intentionally misnamed ' Brunswick Deserters . ' '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . 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Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Saratoga&oldid=835977723 '' Categories : 1777 in New York ( state ) 1777 in the United States Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles of the American Revolutionary War Conflicts in 1777 New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Saratoga County , New York Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 22 : 46 . 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5490633481064061647 | Alpha particle | Alpha particle - wikipedia Alpha particle Jump to : navigation , search Alpha particle Alpha decay Composition 2 protons , 2 neutrons Statistics Bosonic Symbol α , α , He Mass 6973664465723000000 ♠ 6.644 657 230 ( 82 ) × 10 kg 7000400150617912700 ♠ 4.001 506 179 127 ( 63 ) u 7000372737937800000 ♠ 3.727 379 378 ( 23 ) GeV / c Electric charge 2 e Spin 0 Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium - 4 nucleus . They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay , but may also be produced in other ways . Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet , α . The symbol for the alpha particle is α or α . Because they are identical to helium nuclei , they are also sometimes written as He 2 + or 4 2He2 + indicating a helium ion with a + 2 charge ( missing its two electrons ) . If the ion gains electrons from its environment , the alpha particle becomes a normal ( electrically neutral ) helium atom 4 2He . Some science authors may use doubly ionized helium nuclei ( He 2 + ) and alpha particles as interchangeable terms . The nomenclature is not well defined , and thus not all high - velocity helium nuclei are considered by all authors to be alpha particles . As with beta and gamma rays / particles , the name used for the particle carries some mild connotations about its production process and energy , but these are not rigorously applied . Thus , alpha particles may be loosely used as a term when referring to stellar helium nuclei reactions ( for example the alpha processes ) , and even when they occur as components of cosmic rays . A higher energy version of alphas than produced in alpha decay is a common product of an uncommon nuclear fission result called ternary fission . However , helium nuclei produced by particle accelerators ( cyclotrons , synchrotrons , and the like ) are less likely to be referred to as `` alpha particles '' . Alpha particles , like helium nuclei , have a net spin of zero . Due to the mechanism of their production in standard alpha radioactive decay , alpha particles generally have a kinetic energy of about 5 MeV , and a velocity in the vicinity of 5 % the speed of light . ( See discussion below for the limits of these figures in alpha decay . ) They are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation , and ( when resulting from radioactive alpha decay ) have low penetration depth . They are able to be stopped by a few centimeters of air , or by the skin . However , so - called long range alpha particles from ternary fission are three times as energetic , and penetrate three times as far . As noted , the helium nuclei that form 10 -- 12 % of cosmic rays are also usually of much higher energy than those produced by nuclear decay processes , and are thus capable of being highly penetrating and able to traverse the human body and also many meters of dense solid shielding , depending on their energy . To a lesser extent , this is also true of very high - energy helium nuclei produced by particle accelerators . When alpha particle emitting isotopes are ingested , they are far more dangerous than their half - life or decay rate would suggest , due to the high relative biological effectiveness of alpha radiation to cause biological damage . Alpha radiation is an average of about 20 times more dangerous , and in experiments with inhaled alpha emitter up to 1000 times more dangerous , than an equivalent activity of beta emitting or gamma emitting radioisotopes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources of alpha particles 1.1 Alpha decay 1.1. 1 Mechanism of production in alpha decay 1.2 Ternary fission 1.3 Accelerators 1.4 Solar core reactions 1.5 Cosmic rays 2 Energy and absorption 3 Biological effects 4 History of discovery and use 5 Anti-alpha particle 6 Applications 7 Alpha radiation and DRAM errors 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Sources of alpha particles ( edit ) Alpha decay ( edit ) A physicist observes alpha particles from the decay of a polonium source in a cloud chamber Alpha radiation detected in an isopropanol cloud chamber ( after injection of an artificial source radon - 220 ) . Main article : Alpha decay The best - known source of alpha particles is alpha decay of heavier ( > 106 u atomic weight ) atoms . When an atom emits an alpha particle in alpha decay , the atom 's mass number decreases by four due to the loss of the four nucleons in the alpha particle . The atomic number of the atom goes down by exactly two , as a result of the loss of two protons -- the atom becomes a new element . Examples of this sort of nuclear transmutation are when uranium becomes thorium , or radium becomes radon gas , due to alpha decay . Alpha particles are commonly emitted by all of the larger radioactive nuclei such as uranium , thorium , actinium , and radium , as well as the transuranic elements . Unlike other types of decay , alpha decay as a process must have a minimum - size atomic nucleus that can support it . The smallest nuclei that have to date been found to be capable of alpha emission are the lightest nuclides of tellurium ( element 52 ) , with mass numbers between 106 and 110 ( with the exception of beryllium - 8 ) . The process of alpha decay sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state , wherein the emission of a gamma ray then removes the excess energy . Mechanism of production in alpha decay ( edit ) In contrast to beta decay , the fundamental interactions responsible for alpha decay are a balance between the electromagnetic force and nuclear force . Alpha decay results from the Coulomb repulsion between the alpha particle and the rest of the nucleus , which both have a positive electric charge , but which is kept in check by the nuclear force . In classical physics , alpha particles do not have enough energy to escape the potential well from the strong force inside the nucleus ( this well involves escaping the strong force to go up one side of the well , which is followed by the electromagnetic force causing a repulsive push - off down the other side ) . However , the quantum tunnelling effect allows alphas to escape even though they do not have enough energy to overcome the nuclear force . This is allowed by the wave nature of matter , which allows the alpha particle to spend some of its time in a region so far from the nucleus that the potential from the repulsive electromagnetic force has fully compensated for the attraction of the nuclear force . From this point , alpha particles can escape , and in quantum mechanics , after a certain time , they do so . Ternary fission ( edit ) Especially energetic alpha particles deriving from a nuclear process are produced in the relatively rare ( one in a few hundred ) nuclear fission process of ternary fission . In this process , three charged particles are produced from the event instead of the normal two , with the smallest of the charged particles most probably ( 90 % probability ) being an alpha particle . Such alpha particles are termed `` long range alphas '' since at their typical energy of 16 MeV , they are at far higher energy than is ever produced by alpha decay . Ternary fission happens in both neutron - induced fission ( the nuclear reaction that happens in a nuclear reactor ) , and also when fissionable and fissile actinides nuclides ( i.e. , heavy atoms capable of fission ) undergo spontaneous fission as a form of radioactive decay . In both induced and spontaneous fission , the higher energies available in heavy nuclei result in long range alphas of higher energy than those from alpha decay . Accelerators ( edit ) Energetic helium nuclei may be produced by cyclotrons , synchrotrons , and other particle accelerators , but they are not normally referred to as `` alpha particles . '' Solar core reactions ( edit ) As noted , helium nuclei may participate in nuclear reactions in stars , and occasionally and historically these have been referred to as alpha reactions ( see for example triple alpha process ) . Cosmic rays ( edit ) In addition , extremely high energy helium nuclei sometimes referred to as alpha particles make up about 10 to 12 % of cosmic rays . The mechanisms of cosmic ray production continue to be debated . Energy and absorption ( edit ) The energy of the alpha emitted in alpha decay is mildly dependent on the half - life for the emission process , with many orders of magnitude differences in half - life being associated with energy changes of less than 50 % ( see alpha decay ) . The energy of alpha particles emitted varies , with higher energy alpha particles being emitted from larger nuclei , but most alpha particles have energies of between 3 and 7 MeV ( mega-electron - volts ) , corresponding to extremely long and extremely short half - lives of alpha - emitting nuclides , respectively . This energy is a substantial amount of energy for a single particle , but their high mass means alpha particles have a lower speed ( with a typical kinetic energy of 5 MeV ; the speed is 15,000 km / s , which is 5 % of the speed of light ) than any other common type of radiation ( β particles , neutrons , etc . ) Because of their charge and large mass , alpha particles are easily absorbed by materials , and they can travel only a few centimetres in air . They can be absorbed by tissue paper or the outer layers of human skin ( about 40 micrometres , equivalent to a few cells deep ) . Biological effects ( edit ) Main article : relative biological effectiveness Due to the short range of absorption and inability to penetrate the outer layers of skin , alpha particles are not , in general , dangerous to life unless the source is ingested or inhaled . Because of this high mass and strong absorption , if alpha - emitting radionuclides do enter the body ( upon being inhaled , ingested , or injected , as with the use of Thorotrast for high - quality X-ray images prior to the 1950s ) , alpha radiation is the most destructive form of ionizing radiation . It is the most strongly ionizing , and with large enough doses can cause any or all of the symptoms of radiation poisoning . It is estimated that chromosome damage from alpha particles is anywhere from 10 to 1000 times greater than that caused by an equivalent amount of gamma or beta radiation , with the average being set at 20 times . A study of European nuclear workers exposed internally to alpha radiation from plutonium and uranium found that when relative biological effectiveness is considered to be 20 , the carcinogenic potential ( in terms of lung cancer ) of alpha radiation appears to be consistent with that reported for doses of external gamma radiation i.e. a given dose of alpha - particles inhaled presents the same risk as a 20 - times higher dose of gamma radiation . The powerful alpha emitter polonium - 210 ( a milligram of Po emits as many alpha particles per second as 4.215 grams of Ra ) is suspected of playing a role in lung cancer and bladder cancer related to tobacco smoking . Po was used to kill Russian dissident and ex-FSB officer Alexander V. Litvinenko in 2006 . History of discovery and use ( edit ) Alpha radiation consists of helium - 4 nucleus and is readily stopped by a sheet of paper . Beta radiation , consisting of electrons , is halted by an aluminium plate . Gamma radiation is eventually absorbed as it penetrates a dense material . Lead is good at absorbing gamma radiation , due to its density . An alpha particle is deflected by a magnetic field Dispersing of alpha particles on a thin metal sheet In the years 1899 and 1900 , physicists Ernest Rutherford ( working in McGill University in Montreal , Canada ) and Paul Villard ( working in Paris ) separated radiation into three types : eventually named alpha , beta , and gamma by Rutherford , based on penetration of objects and deflection by a magnetic field . Alpha rays were defined by Rutherford as those having the lowest penetration of ordinary objects . Rutherford 's work also included measurements of the ratio of an alpha particle 's mass to its charge , which led him to the hypothesis that alpha particles were doubly charged helium ions ( later shown to be bare helium nuclei ) . In 1907 , Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds finally proved that alpha particles were indeed helium ions . To do this they allowed alpha particles to penetrate a very thin glass wall of an evacuated tube , thus capturing a large number of the hypothesized helium ions inside the tube . They then caused an electric spark inside the tube , which provided a shower of electrons that were taken up by the ions to form neutral atoms of a gas . Subsequent study of the spectra of the resulting gas showed that it was helium and that the alpha particles were indeed the hypothesized helium ions . Because alpha particles occur naturally , but can have energy high enough to participate in a nuclear reaction , study of them led to much early knowledge of nuclear physics . Rutherford used alpha particles emitted by radium bromide to infer that J.J. Thomson 's Plum pudding model of the atom was fundamentally flawed . In Rutherford 's gold foil experiment conducted by his students Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , a narrow beam of alpha particles was established , passing through very thin ( a few hundred atoms thick ) gold foil . The alpha particles were detected by a zinc sulfide screen , which emits a flash of light upon an alpha particle collision . Rutherford hypothesized that , assuming the `` plum pudding '' model of the atom was correct , the positively charged alpha particles would be only slightly deflected , if at all , by the dispersed positive charge predicted . It was found that some of the alpha particles were deflected at much larger angles than expected ( at a suggestion by Rutherford to check it ) and some even bounced almost directly back . Although most of the alpha particles went straight through as expected , Rutherford commented that the few particles that were deflected was akin to shooting a fifteen - inch shell at tissue paper only to have it bounce off , again assuming the `` plum pudding '' theory was correct . It was determined that the atom 's positive charge was concentrated in a small area in its center , making the positive charge dense enough to deflect any positively charged alpha particles that came close to what was later termed the nucleus . Note : Prior to this discovery , it was not known that alpha particles were themselves atomic nuclei , nor was the existence of protons or neutrons known . After this discovery , J.J. Thomson 's `` plum pudding '' model was abandoned , and Rutherford 's experiment led to the Bohr model ( named for Niels Bohr ) and later the modern wave - mechanical model of the atom . Energy - loss ( Bragg curve ) in air for typical alpha particle emitted through radioactive decay . The trace of a single alpha particle obtained by nuclear physicist Wolfhart Willimczik with his spark chamber specially made for alpha particles . Rutherford went on to use alpha particles to accidentally produce what he later understood as a directed nuclear transmutation of one element to another , in 1917 . Transmutation of elements from one to another had been understood since 1901 as a result of natural radioactive decay , but when Rutherford projected alpha particles from alpha decay into air , he discovered this produced a new type of radiation which proved to be hydrogen nuclei ( Rutherford named these protons ) . Further experimentation showed the protons to be coming from the nitrogen component of air , and the reaction was deduced to be a transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen in the reaction N + α → O + p This was the first - discovered nuclear reaction . To the pictures on the right : According to the energy - loss curve by Bragg it is recognizable that the alpha particle indeed loses more energy on the end of the trace . Anti-alpha particle ( edit ) In 2011 , members of the international STAR collaboration using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the U.S. Department of Energy 's Brookhaven National Laboratory detected the antimatter partner of the helium nucleus , also known as the anti-alpha . The experiment used gold ions moving at nearly the speed of light and colliding head on to produce the antiparticle . Applications ( edit ) Some smoke detectors contain a small amount of the alpha emitter americium - 241 . The alpha particles ionize air within a small gap . A small current is passed through that ionized air . Smoke particles from fire that enter the air gap reduce the current flow , sounding the alarm . The isotope is extremely dangerous if inhaled or ingested , but the danger is minimal if the source is kept sealed . Many municipalities have established programs to collect and dispose of old smoke detectors , to keep them out of the general waste stream . Alpha decay can provide a safe power source for radioisotope thermoelectric generators used for space probes and artificial heart pacemakers . Alpha decay is much more easily shielded against than other forms of radioactive decay . Plutonium - 238 , a source of alpha particles , requires only 2.5 mm of lead shielding to protect against unwanted radiation . Static eliminators typically use polonium - 210 , an alpha emitter , to ionize air , allowing the `` static cling '' to more rapidly dissipate . Researchers are currently trying to use the damaging nature of alpha emitting radionuclides inside the body by directing small amounts towards a tumor . The alphas damage the tumor and stop its growth , while their small penetration depth prevents radiation damage of the surrounding healthy tissue . This type of cancer therapy is called unsealed source radiotherapy . Alpha radiation and DRAM errors ( edit ) Main article : Soft error § Alpha particles from package decay In computer technology , dynamic random access memory ( DRAM ) `` soft errors '' were linked to alpha particles in 1978 in Intel 's DRAM chips . The discovery led to strict control of radioactive elements in the packaging of semiconductor materials , and the problem is largely considered to be solved . See also ( edit ) Beta particle Cosmic rays Helion , the nucleus of helium - 3 rather than helium - 4 List of alpha emitting materials Rutherford scattering Nuclear physics Particle physics Radioactive isotope Rays : β ( beta ) rays γ Gamma ray δ Delta ray ε Epsilon radiation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CODATA Value : Alpha particle mass '' . NIST . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Krane , Kenneth S. ( 1988 ) . Introductory Nuclear Physics . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 246 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 80553 - X . Jump up ^ Darling , David . `` Alpha particle '' . Encyclopedia of Science . Archived from the original on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Little , John B. ; Kennedy , Ann R. ; McGandy , Robert B. ( 1985 ) . `` Effect of Dose Rate on the Induction of Experimental Lung Cancer in Hamsters by α Radiation '' . Radiation Research . 103 ( 2 ) : 293 . doi : 10.2307 / 3576584 . PMID 4023181 . Jump up ^ N.B. Gamma rays move at the speed of light ( c ) . Beta particles often move at a large fraction of c , and exceed 0.5 c whenever their energy is > 64 keV , which it commonly is . Neutron velocity from nuclear reactions ranges from about 0.06 c for fission to as much as 0.17 c for fusion . Jump up ^ Christensen , D.M. ; Iddins , C.J. ; Sugarman , S.L. ( 2014 ) . `` Ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses '' . Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America . 32 ( 1 ) : 245 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. emc. 2013.10. 002 . PMID 24275177 . Jump up ^ Grellier , James ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Risk of lung cancer mortality in nuclear workers from internal exposure to alpha particle - emitting radionuclides '' . Epidemiology. 28 ( 5 ) : 675 -- 684 . doi : 10.1097 / EDE. 0000000000000684 . PMID 28520643 . Jump up ^ Radford , Edward P. ; Hunt , Vilma R. ( 1964 ) . `` Polonium - 210 : A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes '' . Science . 143 ( 3603 ) : 247 -- 249 . Bibcode : 1964Sci ... 143 ... 247R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 143.3603. 247 . PMID 14078362 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` Radiation Poisoning Killed Ex-Russian Spy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Rutherford distinguished and named α and β rays on page 116 of : E. Rutherford ( 1899 ) `` Uranium radiation and the electrical conduction produced by it , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 5 , vol. 47 , no . 284 , pages 109 -- 163 . Rutherford named γ rays on page 177 of : E. Rutherford ( 1903 ) `` The magnetic and electric deviation of the easily absorbed rays from radium , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 6 , vol. 5 , no . 26 , pages 177 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Hellemans , Alexander ; Bunch , Bryan ( 1988 ) . The Timetables of Science . Simon & Schuster . p. 411 . ISBN 0671621300 . Jump up ^ E. Rutherford and T. Royds ( 1908 ) `` Spectrum of the radium emanation , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 6 , vol. 16 , pages 313 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Magazine `` nuclear energy '' ( III / 18 ( 203 ) special edition , Volume 10 , Issue 2 / 1967 . Jump up ^ Agakishiev , H. ; et al. ( STAR collaboration ) ( 2011 ) . `` Observation of the antimatter helium - 4 nucleus '' . Nature . 473 ( 7347 ) : 353 -- 6 . arXiv : 1103.3312 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 473 ... 353T . doi : 10.1038 / nature10079 . PMID 21516103 ... See also `` Erratum '' . Nature . 475 ( 7356 ) : 412 . 2011 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10264 . Jump up ^ `` Antihelium - 4 : Physicists nab new record for heaviest antimatter '' . PhysOrg. 24 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ May , T.C. ; Woods , M.H. ( 1979 ) . `` Alpha - particle - induced soft errors in dynamic memories '' . IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices . 26 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1979ITED ... 26 ... 2M . doi : 10.1109 / T - ED. 1979.19370 . Further reading ( edit ) Tipler , Paul ; Llewellyn , Ralph ( 2002 ) . Modern Physics ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4345 - 0 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Alpha particle Background radiation Beta particle Cosmic ray Gamma ray Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Radioactive decay Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's radiation balance Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Gravitational Radiation Radiation and health Acute radiation syndrome Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation poisoning Radiation Protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . 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9066765590331027835 | Femur | Femur - wikipedia Femur Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Fima ( disambiguation ) or FEMA ( disambiguation ) . Femur Position of femur ( shown in red ) Left femur seen from behind . Details Origins Gastrocnemius , vastus lateralis , vastus medialis and vastus intermedius Insertions Gluteus maximus , gluteus medius , gluteus minimus , iliopsoas , lateral rotator group , adductors of the hip Articulations hip : acetabulum of pelvis superiorly knee : with the tibia and patella inferiorly Identifiers Latin Os femoris , os longissimum MeSH D005269 TA A02. 5.04. 001 FMA 9611 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The femur ( / ˈfiːmər / , pl . femurs or femora / ˈfɛmərə / ) or thigh bone , is the most proximal ( closest to the hip joint ) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping , such as most land mammals , birds , many reptiles including lizards , and amphibians such as frogs . In vertebrates with four legs such as dogs and horses , the femur is found only in the hindlimbs . The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint , while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint . By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body . The femur is also the longest bone in the human body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Upper part 1.2 Body 1.3 Lower part 1.4 Development 2 Function 2.1 Muscle attachments 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Fractures 4 Other animals 4.1 Invertebrates 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The femur is the only bone in the upper leg . The two femurs converge medially toward the knees , where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae . The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral - tibial angle . Human females have wider pelvic bones , causing their femora to converge more than in males . In the condition genu valgum ( knock knee ) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another . The opposite extreme is genu varum ( bow - leggedness ) . In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum , the femoral - tibial angle is about 175 degrees . The femur is the longest and , by most measures , the strongest bone in the human body . Its length on average is 26.74 % of a person 's height , a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation , and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject 's height from an incomplete skeleton . The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis ( shaft or body ) and two epiphyses ( extremities ) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee . Upper part ( edit ) Main article : Upper extremity of femur The upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above , showing head , neck , and the greater and lesser trochanter The upper or proximal extremity ( close to the torso ) contains the head , neck , the two trochanters and adjacent structures . The head of the femur , which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone , comprises two - thirds of a sphere . It has a small groove , or fovea , connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch . The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum . The neck is 4 -- 5 cm . long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle . The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees . This angle is highly variant . In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average . An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara . Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated . In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated , the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound ( deep ) for the femoral artery . The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule . Here the two trochanters , greater and lesser trochanter , are found . The greater trochanter is almost box - shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur . The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint . The greater trochanter can easily be felt . The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater trochanter . The lesser trochanter is a cone - shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck . The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front . A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest , and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm . along the back part of the body : it is called the linea quadrata ( or quadrate line ) . About the junction of the upper one - third and lower two - thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located . The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercel , such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur . In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle . Body ( edit ) Main article : Body of femur The body of the femur ( or shaft ) is long , slender and almost cylindrical in form . It is a little broader above than in the center , broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below . It is slightly arched , so as to be convex in front , and concave behind , where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge , the linea aspera which diverges proximal and distal as the medial and lateral ridge . Proximal the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line . Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes ; a lateral and medial border . These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces : One anterior , one medial and one lateral . Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated . The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity . When present , it is oblong , rounded , or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge . A structure of minor importance in humans , the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17 -- 72 % between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males . Lower part ( edit ) Main article : Lower extremity of femur Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below . Left knee joint from behind , showing interior ligaments . The lower extremity of the femur ( or distal extremity ) is larger than the upper extremity . It is somewhat cuboid in form , but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero - posterior ( front to back ) . It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles . Anteriorly , the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface . Posteriorly , they project considerably and a deep notch , the Intercondylar fossa of femur , is present between them . The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero - posterior and transverse diameters . The medial condyle is the longer and , when the femur is held with its body perpendicular , projects to a lower level . When , however , the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane . The condyles are not quite parallel with one another ; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero - posterior , but that of the medial runs backward and medialward . Their opposed surfaces are small , rough , and concave , and form the walls of the intercondyloid fossa . This fossa is limited above by a ridge , the intercondyloid line , and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface . The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall . The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior , inferior , and posterior surfaces of the condyles . Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella ; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities , the lateral of which is broader , more prominent , and extends farther upward than the medial . Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation , the epicondyle . The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee - joint is attached . At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the gastrocnemius . The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the medial , gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee - joint . Development ( edit ) Main article : Limb development The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm , formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development . By the sixth week of development , the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes . Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs , including the femur , by the 12th week of development . The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1 -- 2 days . Function ( edit ) As the femur is the only bone in the thigh , it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints . Some biarticular muscles -- which cross two joints , like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles -- also originate from the femur . In all , 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur . In cross-section , the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia , each containing muscles . These compartments use the femur as an axis , and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes ( or septa ) . Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply , and contains a different group of muscles . These compartments are named the anterior , medial and posterior fascial compartments . Muscle attachments ( edit ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the front ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the back ) Muscle Direction Attachment Iliacus muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter Psoas major muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter Gluteus maximus muscle Insertion Gluteal tuberosity Gluteus medius muscle Insertion Lateral surface of greater trochanter Gluteus minimus muscle Insertion Forefront of greater trochanter Piriformis muscle Insertion Superior boundary of greater trochanter Gemellus superior muscle Insertion Upper edge of Obturator internus 's tendon ( indirectly greater trochanter ) Obturator internus muscle Insertion Medial surface of greater trochanter Gemellus inferior muscle Insertion Lower edge of Obturator internus 's tendon ( indirectly greater trochanter ) Quadratus femoris muscle Insertion Intertrochanteric crest Obturator externus muscle Insertion Trochanteric fossa Pectineus muscle Insertion Pectineal line Adductor longus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera Adductor brevis muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera Adductor magnus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera and the adductor tubercle Vastus lateralis muscle Origin Greater trochanter and lateral ridge of linea aspera Vastus intermedius muscle Origin Front and lateral surface of femur Vastus medialis muscle Origin Distal part of intertrochanteric line and medial ridge of linea aspera Short head of biceps femoris Origin Lateral ridge of linea aspera Popliteus muscle Origin Under the lateral epicondyle Articularis genu muscle Origin Lower 1 / 4 of anterior femur deep to vastus intermedius Gastrocnemius muscle Origin Behind the adductor tubercle , over the lateral epicondyle and the popliteal facies Plantaris muscle Origin Over the lateral condyle Clinical significance ( edit ) Fractures ( edit ) Main articles : Hip fracture and femoral fracture A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head , femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture , especially when associated with osteoporosis . Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a traction splint . Other animals ( edit ) Femora of Moa chicks . See also : Arthropod leg In primitive tetrapods , the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter , and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the adductor crest . The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms , reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum . The greater trochanter was present in the extinct archosaurs , as well as in modern birds and mammals , being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait . The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals , which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters . The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone . Some species of whales , snakes , and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs . One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the eusthenopteron , a prehistoric lobe - finned fish from the Late Devonian period . Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals , including some primates . Invertebrates ( edit ) In invertebrate zoology the name femur appears in arthropodology . The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy ; the term `` femur '' simply has been adopted by analogy and refers , where applicable , to the most proximal of ( usually ) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda . The two basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter . This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology . In myriapodology another segment , the prefemur , connects the trochanter and femur . Additional images ( edit ) Position of femur ( shown in red ) . Pelvis and patella are shown as semi-transparent . View from behind . View from the front . Long Bone ( Femur ) Muscles of thigh . Lateral view . Muscles of thigh . Cross section . Distribution forces of the femur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Femora '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Femora '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . ^ Jump up to : Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 239 -- 241 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Feldesman , M.R. , J.G. Kleckner , and J.K. Lundy . ( November 1990 ) . `` The femur / stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late - pleistocene fossil hominids '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 83 ( 3 ) : 359 -- 372 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330830309 . PMID 2252082 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sunderland S ( January 1938 ) . `` The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur '' . J. Anat. 72 ( Pt 2 ) : 309 -- 12 . PMC 1252427 . PMID 17104699 . Jump up ^ Lozanoff , Scott ; Sciulli , Paul W ; Schneider , Kim N ( December 1985 ) . `` Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the human femur '' . J Anat. 143 : 149 -- 159 . PMC 1166433 . PMID 3870721 . ^ Jump up to : Bolanowski , Wojciech ; Śmiszkiewicz - Skwarska , Alicja ; Polguj , Michał ; Jędrzejewski , Kazimierz S ( 2005 ) . `` The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur '' ( PDF ) . Folia Morphol. 64 ( 3 ) : 168 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. `` Developmental Biology '' . 9th ed. , 2010 Jump up ^ Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 364 -- 367 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 204 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Struthers , John ( January 1881 ) . `` The Bones , Articulations , and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind - Limb of the Greenland Right - Whale ( Balaena mysticetus ) '' . Journal of Anatomy and Physiology . Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 15 ( Pt 2 ) : i1 -- 176 . PMC 1310010 . PMID 17231384 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Femur at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Femur at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of thighbone at Wiktionary ( hide ) Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femur&oldid=843590089 '' Categories : Bones of the lower limb Long bones Femur Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 文言 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the femur located on the human body | [
"The femur (/ˈfiːmər/, pl. femurs or femora /ˈfɛmərə/)[1][2] or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles including lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs such as dogs and horses, the femur is found only in the hindlimbs. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the human body."
] | [
"proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg"
] |
-2611002609189612773 | Truth, Justice, and the American Way | Truth , Justice , and the American Way - wikipedia Truth , Justice , and the American Way Jump to : navigation , search Truth , Justice , and the American Way may refer to : Truth , Justice , and the American Way , the catch - phrase of the comic - book character Superman . Truth , Justice , and the American Way , the original title of the 2006 film Hollywoodland What 's So Funny About Truth , Justice & the American Way ? , published by DC Comics in March 2001 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' ( Supergirl ) , an episode of the CBS television series Supergirl Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Truth , Justice , and the American Way . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truth,_Justice,_and_the_American_Way&oldid=706440822 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2016 , at 09 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said truth justice and the american way | [
"Truth, Justice, and the American Way, the catch-phrase of the comic-book character Superman."
] | [
"the comic-book character Superman"
] |
-8394929068646973254 | 2018 Tour de France | 2018 Tour de France - wikipedia 2018 Tour de France 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour , race 25 of 37 Route of the 2018 Tour de France Race details Dates 7 -- 29 July Stages 21 Distance 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Winning time 83h 17 ' 13 '' Results Winner Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Second Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) ( Team Sunweb ) Third Chris Froome ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) Mountains Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) ( Quick - Step Floors ) Youth Pierre Latour ( FRA ) ( AG2R La Mondiale ) Combativity Dan Martin ( IRL ) ( UAE Team Emirates ) Team Movistar Team ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Tour de France was the 105th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's three Grand Tours . The 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) race started from Noirmoutier - en - l'Île , in the Vendée department , on 7 July and concluded with the Champs - Élysées stage in Paris , on 29 July . A total of 176 riders across 22 teams were participating in the 21 - stage race . The Tour was the shortest of the millennium and was the fifth time a tour had set out from Vendée . The race was won for the first time by Geraint Thomas of Team Sky . Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) placed second , with Thomas ' teammate and four - time Tour champion Chris Froome coming third . The opening stage was won by Fernando Gaviria of Quick - Step Floors , who became the Tour 's first rider to wear the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) then took the race lead the following stage . BMC Racing Team won stage three 's team time trial , putting their rider Greg Van Avermaet in yellow . He held the jersey for eight days until the second high mountain stage , where stage winner Thomas took the lead . He held it for the rest of the race to become the first Welshman to win the overall race . As a result , Team Sky -- and additionally British riders -- won six of the previous seven Tours dating back to 2012 . Sagan won the points classification for the sixth time , Julian Alaphilippe ( Quick - Step Floors ) won the mountains classification , and Pierre Latour of AG2R La Mondiale won the young rider classification . Movistar Team won the team classification , and UAE Team Emirates rider Dan Martin was named the most combative for the entire race . Contents 1 Teams 2 Pre-race favourites 2.1 Froome 2.2 Others 3 Route and stages 4 Race overview 5 Classification leadership 6 Final standings 6.1 General classification 6.2 Points classification 6.3 Mountains classification 6.4 Young rider classification 6.5 Team classification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 8.3 Sources 9 External links Teams ( edit ) Main article : List of teams and cyclists in the 2018 Tour de France The Place Napoléon ( fr ) square in La Roche - sur - Yon , hosted the team presentation ceremony on 5 July . The 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited to the race . On 6 January 2018 , organisers of the Tour , the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the four second - tier UCI Professional Continental teams that received a wildcard invitation to participate in the event . The four teams were Cofidis , Direct Énergie , Fortuneo -- Samsic , from France and Belgium 's Wanty -- Groupe Gobert , all of which have participated in the race before . This meant that new French team Vital Concept , with their team leader , sprinter Bryan Coquard , missed out on the race . Christian Prudhomme wished the team the best in their inaugural season . The presentation of the teams -- where the members of each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries -- took place on Place Napoleon ( fr ) in the town of La Roche - sur - Yon on 5 July , two days before the opening stage . New rules by the cycling 's governing body , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8 , resulting in a start list total of 176 , instead of the usual 198 . Of these , 35 competed in their first Tour de France . The total number of riders that finished the race was 145 . The riders came from 30 countries . Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race : France ( 35 ) , Belgium ( 19 ) , the Netherlands ( 13 ) , Italy ( 13 ) , Australia ( 11 ) , Germany ( 11 ) and Spain ( 11 ) . The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years , ranging from the 21 - year - old Egan Bernal ( Team Sky ) to the 40 - year - old Franco Pellizotti ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . Groupama -- FDJ had the youngest average age while Bahrain -- Merida had the oldest . The teams entering the race were : UCI WorldTeams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data Groupama -- FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin LottoNL -- Jumbo Lotto -- Soudal Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI Professional Continental teams Cofidis Direct Énergie Fortuneo -- Samsic Wanty -- Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites ( edit ) Froome ( edit ) Defending champion Chris Froome ( pictured at the 2017 Tour de France ) had been considered the favourite for the general classification . Defending champion Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) had generally been considered the main favourite for the general classification . He had won four out of the last five editions , and was also the current defending champion at both other Grand Tours , the Vuelta a España and the Giro d'Italia . However , Froome 's participation was cast into doubt when he returned a urine sample at the 2017 Vuelta a España , which contained twice the allowed amount of the asthma drug salbutamol . This was considered not as a positive doping result , but as an `` Adverse Analytical Finding '' ( AAF ) , meaning that he was allowed to continue racing until the case was resolved . He did however face the possibility of losing his Vuelta victory and all subsequent results . The ASO were unhappy with the situation , which was very similar to that of Alberto Contador , who started the 2011 Tour with his case over a positive test for clenbuterol still unresolved . The UCI conducted an investigation into the AAF , which was still unresolved at the time that Froome won the 2018 Giro d'Italia . With an outcome before the start of the Tour unlikely , the ASO attempted to bar Froome from starting the race , citing article 28 of the race 's rules , saying that the organiser `` expressly reserves the right to refuse participation in -- or to exclude from -- the event , a team or any of its members whose presence would be such as to damage the image or reputation of ASO or the event '' . Froome was cleared by the UCI on 2 July 2018 , with a press statement reading that the authorities had found sufficient evidence `` that Mr Froome 's sample results do not constitute an AAF '' . He was thereafter cleared to start the Tour by the ASO as well . Others ( edit ) The closest rivals of Froome were thought to be Richie Porte ( BMC Racing Team ) , Nairo Quintana , Mikel Landa ( both of Movistar Team ) , Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) , and Vincenzo Nibali ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Primož Roglič ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Adam Yates ( Mitchelton -- BikeExchange ) , Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) , Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Rigoberto Urán ( EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale ) , Dan Martin ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Bob Jungels ( Quick - Step Floors ) and Ilnur Zakarin ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) . The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) , Fernando Gaviria ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Dylan Groenewegen ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) , Marcel Kittel ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) , Michael Matthews ( Team Sunweb ) , Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) , André Greipel ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Alexander Kristoff ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Sonny Colbrelli ( Bahrain -- Merida ) and John Degenkolb ( Trek -- Segafredo ) . Route and stages ( edit ) The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col de Portet Pyrenean pass , at 2,215 m ( 7,267 ft ) . It was used for the first time in the Tour de France . On 12 February 2017 at a rugby union match between France and Scotland at the Stade de France , the Tour 's race director Christian Prudhomme announced the start of the 2018 Tour ( known as the Grand Départ ) would be in the Vendée department , in the Pays de la Loire region . The departments in the Pays de la Loire region hosted the Tour de France in its first edition back in 1903 . Since then , the cities and towns of the Pays de la Loire region have welcomed the Grand Départ of the Tour de France nine times , five of which have set out from the Vendée . The last time the region hosted the Tour was in 2011 . Two weeks after the announcement , the ASO revealed that the Grand Départ would take place over three stages , with the third a team time trial . In June 2017 , the UCI 's Professional Cycling Council ( PCC ) moved the start of the Tour a week later than usual and originally planned due to a clash with the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The full route was announced on 17 October 2017 ; it was almost completely within France , with short deviations into Spain in the Pyrenees were the only exceptions . It would feature two of the Tour 's most historic climbs , Alpe d'Huez and the Col de Tourmalet , which last featured in 2015 and 2016 respectively . For the first time in 60 to 70 years , it included a section of unpaved roads on the Glières Plateau . Of the route , Mark Cavendish labelled it `` absolutely brutal '' . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) , the shortest of the 21st century . The race also included 21.7 km ( 13.5 mi ) of cobblestones ( or pavés ) in stage 9 , which were last featured in 2015 . In the first week of the race , two laps of the short , but steep , Mûr - de-Bretagne were included . Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Stage type Winner 7 July Noirmoutier - en - l'Île to Fontenay - le - Comte 201 km ( 125 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 8 July Mouilleron - Saint - Germain to La Roche - sur - Yon 182.5 km ( 113 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 9 July Cholet to Cholet 35.5 km ( 22 mi ) Team time trial BMC Racing Team 10 July La Baule to Sarzeau 195 km ( 121 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 5 11 July Lorient to Quimper 204.5 km ( 127 mi ) Medium mountain Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 6 12 July Brest to Mûr - de-Bretagne 181 km ( 112 mi ) Medium mountain Dan Martin ( IRL ) 7 13 July Fougères to Chartres 231 km ( 144 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 8 14 July Dreux to Amiens 181 km ( 112 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 9 15 July Arras to Roubaix 156.5 km ( 97 mi ) Medium mountain John Degenkolb ( GER ) 16 July Annecy Rest day 10 17 July Annecy to Le Grand - Bornand 158.5 km ( 98 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) 11 18 July Albertville to La Rosière 108.5 km ( 67 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 12 19 July Bourg - Saint - Maurice to Alpe d'Huez 175.5 km ( 109 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 13 20 July Le Bourg - d'Oisans to Valence 169.5 km ( 105 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 14 21 July Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux to Mende 188 km ( 117 mi ) Medium mountain Omar Fraile ( ESP ) 15 22 July Millau to Carcassonne 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) Medium mountain Magnus Cort Nielsen ( DNK ) 23 July Carcassonne Rest day 16 24 July Carcassonne to Bagnères - de-Luchon 218 km ( 135 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) 17 25 July Bagnères - de-Luchon to Saint - Lary - Soulan ( Col de Portet ) 65 km ( 40 mi ) High mountain Nairo Quintana ( COL ) 18 26 July Trie - sur - Baïse to Pau 171 km ( 106 mi ) Flat Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) 19 27 July Lourdes to Laruns 200.5 km ( 125 mi ) High mountain Primož Roglič ( SLO ) 20 28 July Saint - Pée - sur - Nivelle to Espelette 31 km ( 19 mi ) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) 21 29 July Houilles to Paris ( Champs - Élysées ) 116 km ( 72 mi ) Flat Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) Total 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Race overview ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 Tour de France , Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 2018 Tour de France , Stage 12 to Stage 21 The peloton during the finale of the sixth stage Stage one 's bunch sprint was won by Tour debutant Fernando Gaviria , with Peter Sagan coming in second and Marcel Kittel in third . Gaviria took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively . Kévin Ledanois ( Fortuneo -- Samsic ) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification . Sagan won stage two from a sprint to take the yellow and green jerseys , with Dion Smith of Wanty -- Groupe Gobert claiming the polka . Stage three 's team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team whose riders Tejay van Garderen and Greg Van Avermaet became tied for the overall lead , with Van Avermaet moving into yellow for the second time in his career due to him crossing the finish line ahead of Van Garderen in the first two stages being as there was not yet an individual time trial to measure their times down to the 1000th of a second . Stage four was won by Gaviria from a bunch sprint . Sagan further extend his lead in the points competition by winning stage five . Also in stage five , Toms Skujiņš of Trek -- Segafredo won the mountains points which gave him the polka . Skujins became the first rider from Latvia to ever lead the mountains classification . Stage six was a sprint that Sagan and John Degenkolb raced for , seeing as virtually all of the top sprinters finished close to fifteen minutes behind the general classification contenders . Team Sky , BMC Racing Team , and Movistar Team controlled the peloton , where Geraint Thomas reeled in the final breakaway rider and won the three second time bonus sprint that put him back only three seconds behind Van Avermaet in the general classification . With only about a kilometre to go Dan Martin attacked and was able to stay away and win the stage one second ahead of the bulk of the general classification contenders . Romain Bardet and Tom Dumoulin suffered mechanical issues late in the stage which made them lose time . Stage seven was the longest stage . At the start of stage seven , Van Avermaet remained in the yellow jersey with Thomas in second at three seconds behind . The stage was won by Dylan Groenewegen . There were multiple crashes in the first week of the tour and after stage seven , six riders had abandoned the race for various reasons including the promising young Belgian Tiesj Benoot ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Luis León Sánchez ( Astana ) , and the green jersey winner of the 2017 Tour Michael Matthews . This marked the end of the first week of the tour . Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) wearing the race leader 's yellow on one of stage nine 's pavé sectors . He held the jersey from stage three to ten . Groenewegen then won his second sprint stage in a row . Notably , Greipel and Gaviria were penalized for headbutting each other and lost their placing and green jersey points . Martin lost more than a minute after being involved in a crash during the stage . Van Avermaet improved his lead in the general classification after earning a single second in the bonus sprint . Stage nine was the cobblestone stage that was a bad day for numerous sprinters and general classification riders . Richie Porte abandoned after a crash for the second year in a row . Egan Bernal , Jakob Fuglsang , Chris Froome , and Mikel Landa crashed as did many other riders ; many riders had flat tires as well , including Bardet who got three of them . Meanwhile , Yves Lampaert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Degenkolb , and Van Avermaet survived the carnage going on around them to escape the remaining peloton and cross the finish together with Degenkolb winning his first Tour stage , as Van Avermaet gained time as well as another time bonus to extend his lead in the yellow jersey . The following day was the Tour 's first rest day . The first stage at high altitude and first in the Alps , the tenth , was won by Quick - Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe from a large breakaway that included race leader Van Avermaet . Eventually , Alaphillipe attacked and won his first Tour stage while Van Avermaet retained his yellow jersey and extended his lead to nearly two and a half minutes , when many people thought he would not be retaining it . Alaphillipe also took the mountains classification . Thomas achieved back - to - back summit finish wins both from the group of favourites on stages eleven and twelve by pushing the breakaway riders until the very end . In the steep finish of the eleventh , Thomas attacked in the final kilometre and passed lone breakaway rider Mikel Nieve ( Mitchelton -- Scott ) to take the win . He won stage twelve from a sprint on flat finish atop Alpe d'Huez . Dumoulin and Froome arose as the likely contenders in Paris . Sagan won stage thirteen after coming out of nowhere while Kristoff and Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) dueled it out . In stage fourteen , Omar Fraile of Astana came out of the breakaway and remarkably opened a twenty - minute gap to the main peloton with the yellow jersey contenders . After the Alps , it was basically down to three riders in contention , Thomas , Froome , and Dumoulin . There were many withdrawals after the Alps after names like Kittel , Mark Cavendish , Rigoberto Uran , Gaviria , Groenewegen , and Andre Griepel withdrew for various reasons . Vincenzo Nibali was forced to withdraw after fracturing a vertebrae in his back after being involved in an accident with a spectator near the summit of Alpe d'huez . Smoke from flares and animosity towards Froome were a factor and better security was called for by many people for the final week . Tom Dumoulin of Team Sunweb ( left ) placed second to Team Sky 's Geraint Thomas ( right ) ( pictured on stage nineteen ) in the final general classification . Stage fifteen , the start of the final week , was once again a breakaway victory . Magnus Cort took Astana 's second win in two days as there were no major changes overall . The next day was the second rest day of the race . Stage sixteen had a further incident when the police used tear gas against a protest by local farmers who had placed hay bales on the road . As the riders passed that point , there was still gas in the air . The race was neutralized for about fifteen minutes because several riders had problems with their eyes and had to rinse them . After the restart , a large breakaway escaped and Philippe Gilbert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , while in the lead on a descent , lost control of his bike and smashed into and over the wall . Later , Adam Yates , having taken the lead , fell on the final descent and handed the position and win to Alaphilippe , giving him his second stage win of the tour . On the first of the three Pyrenan stages , seventeen , Froome 's challenge faded on the approach to the summit of the Col de Portet and he dropped to third position in the general classification , 2 : 31 behind Thomas . Dumoulin moved into second place , 1 : 59 off the lead . Nairo Quintana won the stage after attacking at the bottom of the final climb , moving himself up to fifth overall , behind Primož Roglič . The flat stage eighteen was won by Demare from a sprint finish ; by now most of the top sprint had now left the race and Sagan was suffering with injury . On the mountainous stage nineteen from Lourdes to Laruns , Roglič attacked on the final climb , the Col d'Aubisque , and soloed to the finish nineteen seconds ahead of the chasing group of overall favourites . Thomas was able to consolidate his position in the yellow jersey by picking up six bonus seconds in the sprint thereby extending his lead over Dumoulin to 2 min 5 s . The penultimate stage was a 31 km ( 19.3 mi ) time trial , Dumoulin won the stage , one second ahead of Froome . Thomas survived a scare when his back wheel locked , but completed the time trial successfully , finishing fourteen seconds behind Dumoulin taking a lead of 1 min 51 s into the final stage . The stage was won by Kristoff in a bunch sprint on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Classification leadership ( edit ) Four main individual classifications were contested in the 2018 Tour de France , as well as a team competition . The most important was the general classification , calculated by adding each rider 's finishing times on each stage . Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages . The first three riders would get 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds , respectively . Time bonuses of three , two and one seconds , would be given to the first three riders to cross a `` bonus point '' in each of the first nine mass - start stages of the race . It would affect the general classification , but not the points . For crashes within the final 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of a stage , not including time trials and summit finishes , any rider involved would receive the same time as the group he was in when the crash occurred . The rider with the lowest cumulative time would be the winner of the general classification and the overall winner of the Tour . The rider leading the classification would wear a yellow jersey . Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Flat stage 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint The second classification was the points classification . Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish , or in intermediate sprints during the stage . The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage 's type . The leader was identified by a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first . The climbs were categorized , in order of increasing difficulty , as fourth - , third - , second - , and first - category and hors catégorie ( read : `` beyond category '' ) . Double points were awarded at the top of the last mountains in the three mountain stages in the Pyrenees ( 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots . The final individual classification was the young rider classification . This was calculated the same way as the general classification , but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993 . The leader wears a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage ; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time . The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie . The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets . In addition , there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered , by a jury , to have `` made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship '' . No combativity awards are given for the time trials and the final stage . The winner wore a red number bib the following stage . At the conclusion of the Tour , a rider would win the overall super-combativity award which was , again , awarded by a jury . A total of € 2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race . The overall winner of the general classification received € 500,000 , with the second and third placed riders getting € 200,000 and € 100,000 respectively . All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money . The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led ; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given € 25,000 , while the best young rider and most combative rider would get € 20,000 . The team classification winners was given € 50,000 . € 11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race , with smaller amounts given to places 2 -- 20 . There were also two special awards each with a prize of € 5000 . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour , the Col du Portet on stage seventeen , and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , given to the first rider to pass Goddet 's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen . Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet . Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Kévin Ledanois Fernando Gaviria Quick - Step Floors Yoann Offredo Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Dion Smith Sylvain Chavanel BMC Racing Team Greg Van Avermaet Søren Kragh Andersen No award Fernando Gaviria Jérôme Cousin 5 Peter Sagan Toms Skujiņš Toms Skujiņš 6 Daniel Martin Damien Gaudin 7 Dylan Groenewegen Laurent Pichon 8 Dylan Groenewegen Fabien Grellier 9 John Degenkolb Damien Gaudin 10 Julian Alaphilippe Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Greg Van Avermaet 11 Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas Alejandro Valverde 12 Geraint Thomas Steven Kruijswijk 13 Peter Sagan Michael Schär 14 Omar Fraile Jasper Stuyven 15 Magnus Cort Nielsen Rafał Majka 16 Julian Alaphilippe Bahrain -- Merida Philippe Gilbert 17 Nairo Quintana Movistar Team Tanel Kangert 18 Arnaud Démare Luke Durbridge 19 Primož Roglič Mikel Landa 20 Tom Dumoulin No award 21 Alexander Kristoff Final Geraint Thomas Peter Sagan Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Dan Martin In stage two , Marcel Kittel , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and Peter Sagan , who was second in the points classification , wore the rainbow jersey of the world champion . In stage two , Dylan Groenewegen , who was second in the best young rider classification , wore the white jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification . In stage three , Alexander Kristoff , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Peter Sagan wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification , and second placed Fernando Gaviria wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification . In stage seventeen Philippe Gilbert did not start , so no rider wore the red bib as the most combative rider of previous stage . Final standings ( edit ) Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award General classification ( edit ) Final general classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 83h 17 ' 13 '' Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 1 ' 51 '' Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky + 2 ' 24 '' Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 3 ' 22 '' 5 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 6 ' 08 '' 6 Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 6 ' 57 '' 7 Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 7 ' 37 '' 8 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates + 9 ' 05 '' 9 Ilnur Zakarin ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 12 ' 37 '' 10 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team + 14 ' 18 '' show Final general classification ( 11 -- 145 ) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Bob Jungels ( LUX ) Quick - Step Floors + 16 ' 32 '' 12 Jakob Fuglsang ( DEN ) Astana + 19 ' 46 '' 13 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 22 ' 13 '' 14 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 27 ' 26 '' 15 Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 27 ' 52 '' 16 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana + 34 ' 52 '' 17 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 37 ' 06 '' 18 Domenico Pozzovivo ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 39 ' 08 '' 19 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 39 ' 57 '' 20 Damiano Caruso ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 42 ' 31 '' 21 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 44 ' 39 '' 22 Ion Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 46 ' 36 '' 23 Mikel Nieve ( ESP ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 49 ' 19 '' 24 Gorka Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 50 ' 02 '' 25 Simon Geschke ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 50 ' 15 '' 26 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 06 ' 33 '' 27 Pierre Rolland ( FRA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 09 ' 09 '' 28 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 10 ' 14 '' 29 Adam Yates ( GBR ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 1h 17 ' 35 '' 30 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 18 ' 09 '' 31 Robert Gesink ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 21 ' 13 '' 32 Tejay van Garderen ( USA ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 23 ' 05 '' 33 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors + 1h 28 ' 08 '' 34 David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 30 ' 01 '' 35 Julien Bernard ( FRA ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 34 ' 12 '' 36 Daniel Felipe Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 38 ' 38 '' 37 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 39 ' 01 '' 38 Rudy Molard ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 47 ' 36 '' 39 Sylvain Chavanel ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 47 ' 47 '' 40 Kristijan Đurasek ( CRO ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 48 ' 06 '' 41 Arthur Vichot ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 51 ' 19 '' 42 Maxime Bouet ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 1h 58 ' 08 '' 43 Nicolas Edet ( FRA ) Cofidis + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 44 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 1h 59 ' 20 '' 45 Daniel Navarro ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 00 ' 32 '' 46 Daryl Impey ( RSA ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 2h 00 ' 53 '' 47 Jesús Herrada ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 01 ' 52 '' 48 Amaël Moinard ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 2h 03 ' 20 '' 49 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky + 2h 05 ' 29 '' 50 Andrey Amador ( CRC ) Movistar Team + 2h 05 ' 38 '' 51 Laurens ten Dam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 22 '' 52 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 23 '' 53 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 07 ' 14 '' 54 Thomas Degand ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 09 ' 54 '' 55 Mathias Frank ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 10 ' 29 '' 56 Jesper Hansen ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 33 '' 57 Omar Fraile ( ESP ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 59 '' 58 Wout Poels ( NED ) Team Sky + 2h 13 ' 23 '' 59 Tom - Jelte Slagter ( NED ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 13 ' 58 '' 60 Franco Pellizotti ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 17 ' 32 '' 61 Pavel Kochetkov ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 17 ' 52 '' 62 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 18 ' 51 '' 63 Jasper Stuyven ( BEL ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 20 ' 24 '' 64 Marco Minnaard ( NED ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 20 ' 31 '' 65 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 24 ' 41 '' 66 Oliver Naesen ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 29 ' 36 '' 67 Nikias Arndt ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 32 ' 02 '' 68 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 32 ' 26 '' 69 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 35 ' 47 '' 70 Jonathan Castroviejo ( ESP ) Team Sky + 2h 36 ' 06 '' 71 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 38 ' 08 '' 72 Chad Haga ( USA ) Team Sunweb + 2h 39 ' 40 '' 73 Romain Sicard ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 42 ' 53 '' 74 Tobias Ludvigsson ( SWE ) Groupama -- FDJ + 2h 45 ' 40 '' 75 Julien Vermote ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 45 ' 57 '' 76 Gregor Mühlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 46 ' 13 '' 77 Imanol Erviti ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 47 ' 46 '' 78 Koen de Kort ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 48 ' 29 '' 79 Ian Boswell ( USA ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 51 ' 47 '' 80 Yves Lampaert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors + 2h 52 ' 37 '' 81 Paul Martens ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 2h 52 ' 46 '' 82 Toms Skujiņš ( LAT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 53 ' 41 '' 83 Silvan Dillier ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 55 ' 15 '' 84 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 57 ' 00 '' 85 Anthony Perez ( FRA ) Cofidis + 2h 58 ' 56 '' 86 Élie Gesbert ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 00 ' 48 '' 87 Nils Politt ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 00 ' 54 '' 88 Edward Theuns ( BEL ) Team Sunweb + 3h 02 ' 15 '' 89 Thomas Boudat ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 04 ' 07 '' 90 Michael Schär ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 04 ' 14 '' 91 Yoann Offredo ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 04 ' 27 '' 92 Marcus Burghardt ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 04 ' 48 '' 93 Jérôme Cousin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 05 ' 34 '' 94 Paweł Poljański ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 07 ' 14 '' 95 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 09 ' 34 '' 96 Kévin Ledanois ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 11 ' 55 '' 97 Dion Smith ( NZL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 12 ' 24 '' 98 Laurent Pichon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 12 ' 46 '' 99 Florian Vachon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 13 ' 47 '' 100 Simon Clarke ( AUS ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 15 ' 40 '' 101 Julien Simon ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 15 ' 55 '' 102 Kristijan Koren ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 16 ' 54 '' 103 Tomasz Marczyński ( POL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 19 ' 10 '' 104 Daniele Bennati ( ITA ) Movistar Team + 3h 19 ' 22 '' 105 Romain Hardy ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 19 ' 49 '' 106 Rory Sutherland ( AUS ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 21 ' 22 '' 107 Simon Gerrans ( AUS ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 21 ' 37 '' 108 Mathew Hayman ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 109 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 110 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 24 ' 25 '' 111 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 26 ' 35 '' 112 Daniel Oss ( ITA ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 32 ' 29 '' 113 Michael Gogl ( AUT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 32 ' 54 '' 114 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 33 ' 33 '' 115 Sep Vanmarcke ( BEL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 34 ' 17 '' 116 Anthony Turgis ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 36 ' 11 '' 117 Michael Hepburn ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 36 ' 30 '' 118 Luke Durbridge ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 37 ' 21 '' 119 Niki Terpstra ( NED ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 37 ' 31 '' 120 Fabien Grellier ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 37 ' 56 '' 121 Jack Bauer ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 39 ' 02 '' 122 Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 39 ' 20 '' 123 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 40 ' 30 '' 124 Christophe Laporte ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 41 ' 55 '' 125 Heinrich Haussler ( AUS ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 42 ' 24 '' 126 Marco Marcato ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 42 ' 54 '' 127 Olivier Le Gac ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 49 ' 03 '' 128 Luke Rowe ( GBR ) Team Sky + 3h 50 ' 55 '' 129 Tom Scully ( NZL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 50 ' 59 '' 130 Dimitri Claeys ( BEL ) Cofidis + 3h 51 ' 15 '' 131 Timothy Dupont ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 51 ' 16 '' 132 Lukas Pöstlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 56 ' 53 '' 133 Oliviero Troia ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 57 ' 02 '' 134 Ramon Sinkeldam ( NED ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 58 ' 01 '' 135 Maximiliano Richeze ( ARG ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 58 ' 58 '' 136 Taylor Phinney ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 59 ' 07 '' 137 Timo Roosen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 01 ' 05 '' 138 Roberto Ferrari ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 4h 01 ' 34 '' 139 Amund Grøndahl Jansen ( NOR ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 02 ' 04 '' 140 Damien Gaudin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 4h 02 ' 07 '' 141 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 08 ' 18 '' 142 Jasper De Buyst ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 4h 08 ' 54 '' 143 Jay Thomson ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 09 ' 49 '' 144 Jacopo Guarnieri ( ITA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 12 ' 29 '' 145 Lawson Craddock ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 4h 34 ' 19 '' Points classification ( edit ) Final points classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 477 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates 246 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ 203 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo 178 5 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 143 6 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 134 7 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert 115 8 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 110 9 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida 104 10 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 98 Mountains classification ( edit ) Final mountains classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 170 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic 91 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 76 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 74 5 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 63 6 Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 56 7 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 41 8 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 40 9 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana 39 10 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 36 Young rider classification ( edit ) Final young rider classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale 83h 39 ' 26 '' Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 5 ' 39 '' Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 22 ' 05 '' David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 07 ' 18 '' 5 Daniel Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac + 1h 16 ' 01 '' 6 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 16 ' 48 '' 7 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 1h 44 ' 10 '' 8 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 45 ' 01 '' 9 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 1h 56 ' 14 '' 10 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 13 '' Team classification ( edit ) Final team classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Team Time Movistar Team 250h 24 ' 53 '' Bahrain -- Merida + 12 ' 33 '' Team Sky + 31 ' 14 '' LottoNL -- Jumbo + 47 ' 24 '' 5 Astana + 1h 15 ' 32 '' 6 Team Sunweb + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 7 AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 15 ' 49 '' 8 BMC Racing Team + 2h 35 ' 45 '' 9 Quick - Step Floors + 3h 06 ' 17 '' 10 Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 13 ' 41 '' See also ( edit ) Cycling portal France portal 2018 in men 's road cycling 2018 in sports 2018 La Course by Le Tour de France Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start of the tour was postponed a week in order to reduce overlap with the 2018 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robertshaw , Henry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` 2018 Tour de France rescheduled to reduce clash with FIFA World Cup '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Energie , Cofidis , Fortuneo and Wanty receive 2018 Tour de France wild cards '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France wildcard decision explained by Christian Prudhomme '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France team presentation -- Gallery '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Tour teams to be reduced from nine to eight riders from 2018 '' . Cycling Weekly . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of starters -- Tour de France 2018 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Debutants '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official classifications of Tour de France 2018 -- Stage 21 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Peloton averages '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Youngest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Oldest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Average team age '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Daniel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol '' . Cyclingnews.com. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Similarities of Chris Froome now to Alberto Contador in 2011 are clear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASO try to block Chris Froome from racing Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UCI statement on anti-doping proceedings involving Mr Christopher Froome '' . uci.org . Union Cycliste Internationale. 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Barry ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Prudhomme says attempt to bar Chris Froome from Tour de France is now ' obsolete ' '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dumoulin to ride Tour de France after second place at the Giro d'Italia '' . Cyclist.co.uk . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 start list -- Cycling Weekly '' . Cyclingweekly.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are this year 's favourites and can anybody challenge Chris Froome ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are the bookmakers backing for victory ? '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome , Mark Cavendish , Peter Sagan - all you need to know '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : All you need to know about the 105th race for the yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist predictions : Who we 're backing at the 2018 Tour de France '' . Cyclist . Dennis Publishing . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 yellow jersey guide and top 10 predictions '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Lawrence ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 contenders : Chris Froome starts as favourite against challenge of Richie Porte , Nairo Quintana and more '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 green jersey guide - Sagan , Matthews , Gaviria , Kittel ... '' Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Henrys , Colin ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 preview : can anybody stop Peter Sagan winning the green jersey ? '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aubrey , Jane ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' It 's what I want to be ' - the green jersey contenders '' . SBS . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France announces 2018 Grand Départ '' . VeloNews . Pocket Outdoor Media . Agence France - Presse. 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 to start on Passage du Gois '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Stephen ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 route revealed '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Riders and teams react to the 2018 Tour de France route announcement '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route of Tour de France '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2018 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Ostanek ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins opener and takes first yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostanek , Daniel ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Peter Sagan wins crash - marred stage 2 and takes yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At Tour de France , BMC Presents Chris Froome With an Uphill Climb '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Tejay van Garderen misses Tour de France yellow jersey on tiebreak '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins stage 4 in Sarzeau '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fernando Gaviria out - sprints Peter Sagan to take second stage win of Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Peter Sagan powers to stage five win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Dan Martin wins on the Mur de Bretagne '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Dan Martin takes uphill victory on Tour de France stage six as Bardet and Dumoulin lose time '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Organisation , Amaury Sport . `` Tour de France 2018 '' . racecenter.letour.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Laurence ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen wins stage seven with sprint win over Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan '' . The Independebt . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Greipel , Gaviria relegated in separate incidents during sprint in Amiens '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen takes stage eight for second straight win '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthurs - Brennan , Michelle ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Richie Porte abandons 2018 Tour de France after stage nine crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McCleary , John ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage nine : John Degenkolb triumphs after Richie Porte crashes out on day of chaos on cobbles '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Degenkolb wins much - feared stage in Roubaix '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whittle , Jeremy ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Julian Alaphilippe takes stage 10 as Tour de France starts Alps climb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gregor ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Greg Van Avermaet : ' It 's an honour to ride in the yellow jersey , that 's why I tried to defend it ' '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins stage 11 at La Rosiere , takes yellow '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 12 : Geraint Thomas makes history on Alpe d'Huez as Welshman extends overall lead '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Kristoff : I thought I had it , but Peter Sagan was too fast '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Omar Fraile wins stage 14 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Cort Nielsen sprints to victory in Tour de France Stage 15 '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France - etappe tijdelijk stilgelegd na gebruik traangas door politie '' ( The Tour de France -- the stage of his career in style at the doorstep of the door of politics ) . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Alaphilippe wins stage 16 after Adam Yates crash '' . The Guardian . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 17 : Geraint Thomas tightens grip on yellow as Chris Froome cracks as Nairo Quintana ends five - year wait for victory '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arnaud Demare wins Tour de France stage 18 ; Geraint Thomas retains yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas edges closer to victory after second place on stage 19 '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas set to win after maintaining lead on stage 20 '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins as Chris Froome finishes third '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Stage 17 preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Quintana wins on Col du Portet as Froome cracks and Thomas strengthens GC grip '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Geraint Thomas extends lead as Primoz Roglic zips to Stage 19 win '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2018 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Race regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Tour de France . Official website 2018 Tour de France `` 2017 2019 '' Teams and cyclists Stage 1 -- 11 Stage 12 -- 21 Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour Part of the Grand Tour 2018 UCI World Tour Races Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne RideLondon -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics Bretagne Classic Ouest -- France GP de Québec GP de Montréal Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin Lotto -- Soudal LottoNL -- Jumbo Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2018 UCI WorldTeams and riders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Tour_de_France&oldid=854473541 '' Categories : 2018 in French sport 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour July 2018 events in France July 2018 sports events in Europe Tour de France by year Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from August 2018 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Føroyskt Français Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the first stage of the 2018 tour de france | [
"The opening stage was won by Fernando Gaviria of Quick-Step Floors, who became the Tour's first rider to wear the general classification leader's yellow jersey. Peter Sagan (Bora–Hansgrohe) then took the race lead the following stage. BMC Racing Team won stage three's team time trial, putting their rider Greg Van Avermaet in yellow. He held the jersey for eight days until the second high mountain stage, where stage winner Thomas took the lead. He held it for the rest of the race to become the first Welshman to win the overall race. As a result, Team Sky—and additionally British riders—won six of the previous seven Tours dating back to 2012.\n"
] | [
"Fernando Gaviria of Quick-Step Floors"
] |
8336660754259102250 | King of the Road (skateboarding) | King of the Road ( skateboarding ) - wikipedia King of the Road ( skateboarding ) King of the Road Sport Skateboarding Founded 2003 Founder Michael Burnett Country United States , China Official website Thrasher Magazine The title of King of the Road is given out once a year by Thrasher magazine . The tradition was started in 2003 and has been one of the premier skateboarding contests in the USA . In the King of the Road ( KOTR ) contest , a group of pre-invited teams of professional skaters are each given a book containing a series of challenges . Points are awarded at the completion of each challenge . The teams compete at the same time over a two - week period , in which they travel across the U.S. to complete as many challenges as possible . KOTR has been held annually since its inception , with the exceptions of 2008 and 2009 . In 2011 , Thrasher and Converse hosted an addition KOTR competition in China , with the participation of the four biggest Chinese skateboard deck companies . Contents 1 King of the Road 2003 1.1 Teams 1.2 Final Standings 2 King of the Road 2004 2.1 Teams 2.2 Final Standings 3 King of the Road 2005 3.1 Teams 3.2 Final Standings 4 King of the Road 2006 4.1 Teams 4.2 Final Standings 5 King of the Road 2007 5.1 Teams 5.2 Final Standings 6 King of the Road 2010 7 King of the Road 2011 8 King of the Road China 2011 9 King of the Road 2012 10 King of the Road 2013 10.1 Teams 10.2 Final Standings 10.3 Web Episodes 11 King of the Road 2014 11.1 Teams 11.2 Final Standings 11.3 Web Episode 12 King of the Road 2015 12.1 Teams 12.2 Web Episodes 13 King of the Road 2016 13.1 Teams 14 King of the Road 2017 14.1 Teams 15 References 16 External links King of the Road 2003 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Team Deluxe Dan Drehobl Darrell Stanton JT Aultz Ernie Torres Tony Trujillo Team Tum Yeto Ethan Fowler Gareth Stehr Diego Bucchieri Johnny Layton Adrian Mallory Team Volcom Rune Glifberg Caswell Berry Dustin Dollin Dennis Busenitz Javier Sarmiento Team eS Eric Koston Rick McCrank Paul Rodriguez PJ Ladd Alexis Sablone Final Standings ( edit ) 1st Place : Deluxe 2nd Place : Tum Yeto 3rd Place : Volcom 4th Place : eS King of the Road 2004 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Team Almost Daewon Song Greg Lutzka Chris Haslam Ryan Sheckler Cooper Wilt Team Girl Eric Koston Mike Carroll Rick Howard Brian Anderson Jereme Rogers Team Real Peter Ramondetta Dennis Busenitz Tony Trujillo Darrell Stanton Ernie Torres Isaac Alvidrez Team Zero Jamie Thomas Jon Allie Tommy Sandoval Chris Cole James Brockman Jared Green Final Standings ( edit ) 1st Place : Zero 2nd Place : Girl 3rd Place : Almost 4th Place : Real King of the Road 2005 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Team Zero Jamie Thomas Chris Cole Garrett Hill John Rattray Tommy Sandoval Team Habitat Fred Gall Silas Baxter - Neal Stefan Janoski Kerry Getz Danny Garcia Team Flip Geoff Rowley Bastien Salabanzi Shane Cross Arto Saari Alex Chalmers Team Element Jeremy Wray Mike Vallely Brent Atchley Tosh Townend Colt Cannon Final Standings ( edit ) First Place : Zero 4,180 points Second Place : Habitat 3,470 Third Place : Flip 3,460 Fourth Place : Element 2,680 King of the Road 2006 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Team Zero Jamie Thomas Chris Cole Tommy Sandoval John Rattray James Brockman Team Darkstar Chet Thomas Paul Machnau Gailea Momolu Paul Trep Adam Dyet Team Baker Andrew Reynolds Erik Ellington Jim Greco Bryan Herman Leo Romero Team Toy Machine Ed Templeton Billy Marks Josh Harmony Johnny Layton Matt Bennett Final Standings ( edit ) 1st Place : Zero - 5,530 points 2nd Place : Darkstar - 4,610 points 3rd Place : Baker - 4,540 points 4th Place : Toy Machine - 3,690 points King of the Road 2007 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Team Blind Ronnie Creager Jake Duncombe James Craig Danilo Cerezini Morgan Smith Team Foundation Don Nguyen Sierra Fellers David Reyes Angel Ramirez Abdias Rivera Team Black Label Chet Childress Adam Alfaro Brian `` Slash '' Hansen Shuriken Shannon Chris Troy Team Zoo York Zered Bassett Aaron Suski Anthony Shetler Lamare Hemmings Brandon Westgate Final Standings ( edit ) 1st Place : Blind 2nd Place : Foundation 3rd Place : Black Label 4th Place : Zoo York King of the Road 2010 ( edit ) 1st Place Team Nike SB Eric Koston , Grant Taylor , Ishod Wair , Cory Kennedy , Justin Brock . Mystery Guest Marissa Del Santo . 2nd Place Team C1RCA David Gravette , Scott Decenzo , Sierra Fellers , David Reyes , Robbie Brockel . Mystery Guest Alexis Sablone . 3rd Place Team Converse Angel Ramirez , Kenny Anderson , Sammy Baca , Julian Davidson , Eli Reed . Mystery Guest Lacey Baker . 4th Place Team Etnies Sean Malto , Mike Taylor , Jose Rojo , Willow , Ryan Sheckler . Mystery Guest Elisa Steamer . King of the Road 2011 ( edit ) 1st Place -- 6060 points Team Lakai Guy Mariano , Marc Johnson , Daniel Espinoza , Vincent Alvarez , Mikemo Capaldi , Sam Smyth TM , Ryan Lovell , Videographer , Joe Brook , on Photography , Aaron Meza on 2nd Angle . Mystery Guest Andrew Reynolds . 2nd Place -- 5680 points Team Vans Tony Trujillo , Elijah Berle , Daniel Lutheran , Johnny Layton , Gilbert Crockett , Griffin Collins TM , Cody Green , Videographer , Joe Hammeke on Photography . Mystery Guest Arto Saari . 3rd Place -- 5480 points Team Nike SB Eric Koston , Grant Taylor , Ishod Wair , Cory Kennedy , Shane O'Neill , Bob Reynolds TM , Jason Hernandez , Videographer , Rhino on Photography , Steve Chalme on 2nd Angle . Mystery Guest Leo Romero . 4th Place -- 5340 points Team Dekline Chad Tim - tim , Matt Bennett , Nick Merlino , Dakota Servold , Ryan Spencer , Mike Sinclair TM , Jared Lucas , Videographer , Dan Zaslavsky on Photography , Tim Cisilino on Second angle . Mystery Guest Salman Agah . King of the Road China 2011 ( edit ) Presented by Converse 1st Place -- 2930 Points Team Gift Mystery Guest Raymond Molinar . 2nd place - 2710 Team Shox Mystery Guest Angel Ramirez . 3rd place - 2615 Team Society Mystery Guest Kenny Anderson . 4th place - 1930 Team Vagabond Mystery Guest ? ? ? . King of the Road 2012 ( edit ) Alien Workshop ( 1st Place ) Toy Machine ( 2nd Place ) Creature ( 3rd Place ) Antihero ( 4th Place ) Grant Taylor Leo Romero David Gravette Tony Trujillo Gilbert Crockett Daniel Lutheran Taylor Bingaman Andrew Allen Jake Johnson Collin Provost Ryan Reyes Frank Gerwer John Fitzgerald Jeremy Leabres Sean Conover Robbie Russo Omar Salazar Blake Carpenter Darren Naverette Chris Pfanner Aaron `` Jaws '' Homoki ( Mystery Guest ) Austyn Gillette ( Mystery Guest ) David Gonzalez ( Mystery Guest ) Ryan Decenzo ( Mystery Guest ) Benny Maglinao ( Videographer ) Jared Lucas ( Videographer ) Lee Dupont ( Videographer ) Preston `` P - Stone '' Maigetter ( Videographer ) Joe Brook ( Photographer ) Dan Zaslavsky ( Photographer ) Chris `` Rhino '' Rooney ( Photographer ) Xeno Tsarnas ( Photographer ) Chad Bowers ( Team Manager ) Mike Sinclair ( Team Manager ) Al Partanen ( Team Manager ) Andy Roy ( Team Manager ) King of the Road 2013 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Teams were announced August 27 , 2013 . People were able to follow each team via blogs on the Thrasher site . Enjoi Birdhouse Chocolate Real Cairo Foster Aaron Homoki Elijah Berle Robbie Brockel Wieger van Wageningen Ben Raybourn Vincent Alvarez Ishod Wair Zack Wallin Clint Walker Raven Tershy Justin Brock Jimmy Carlin Clive Dixon Stevie Perez Jake Ruiz Louie Barletta Mike Davis Justin Eldridge Kyle Walker Matt Mullen ( Videographer ) Adam Mills ( Videographer ) Daniel Wheatley ( Videographer ) Jeremy McNamara ( Videographer ) Ewan Bowman ( Videographer ) Preston Maigetter ( Videographer ) Joe Brooke ( Photographer ) Dan Zaslavsky ( Photographer ) Michael Burnett ( Photographer ) Rhino ( Photographer ) Jerome Case ( Team Manager ) Sam Smyth ( Team Manager ) John Alden ( Team Manager ) Taylor Smith ( Mystery Guest ) David Gravette ( Mystery Guest ) Auby Taylor ( Mystery Guest ) TJ Rogers ( Mystery Guest ) Final Standings ( edit ) Winners were announced on September 19 , 2013 . Winning Team : Birdhouse Phelper 's Choice : Raven Tershy MVP : Ryan Susim Web episodes ( edit ) The 2013 edition of KoTR was shown in a series of videos on the Thrasher site and on YouTube . Teams Announced YT Team Riders Announced YT Teaser YT Episode 1 YT Episode 2 YT Episode 3 YT Episode 4 YT Episode 5 YT Episode 6 YT Episode 7 YT Episode 8 YT Episode 9 YT Episode 10 YT Episode 11 YT Episode 12 YT Episode 13 YT Episode 14 YT Episode 15 YT Episode 16 YT Meet The Mystery Guests YT Highest Longest Most YT Chocolate Yardsale YT Real Yardsale YT Birdhouse Yardsale YT King of the Road 2014 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Team were announced September 3 , 2014 . Mystery guests were announced September 12 , 2014 and were all featured in the Osiris video , `` The Storm '' . Birdhouse Flip Element Aaron Homoki Curren Caples Nyjah Huston Clive Dixon Louie Lopez Evan Smith Clint Walker Alec Majerus Julian Davidson Mike Davis Ben Nordberg Nick Garcia Ben Raybourn Matt Berger Dominick Walker Adam Mills ( Videographer ) Layne Stratton ( Videographer ) Dave Hoang ( Videographer ) Jake Johnson ( Videographer ) Dan Stolling ( Videographer ) Mark Stewart ( Videographer ) Dan Zaslavsky ( Photographer ) Rhino ( Photographer ) Michael Burnett ( Photographer ) Jerome Case ( Team Manager ) John Nicholson ( Team Manager ) Cole Mathews ( Team Manager ) Peter Smolik Chad Knight Tyrone Olson Final standings ( edit ) Winning team was announced on December 13 in the final Web episode . Birdhouse Element Flip Web episode ( edit ) The 2014 edition of KoTR was shown in a series of web episodes on the Thrasher site and on YouTube . Meet The Mystery Guests YT Episode 1 YT Episode 2 YT Episode 3 YT Episode 4 YT Episode 5 YT Episode 6 YT Episode 7 YT Episode 8 YT Episode 9 YT Episode 10 YT Episode 11 YT Highest , Longest , Most YT Evan Smith MVP YT Birdhouse Detroit Extras YT King of the Road 2015 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) The 2015 teams were announced August 25 , 2015 . The Mystery guests were announced September 2 , 2015 . Team Birdhouse was the winner . In 2016 this season of King of the Road aired as eleven hour - long TV episodes on the VICELAND channel . Birdhouse Toy Machine Chocolate Aaron Homoki Blake Carpenter Raven Tershy Clive Dixon Billy Marks Justin Eldridge Clint Walker Daniel Lutheran Johnny Jones Mike Davis Axel Cruysberghs Elijah Berle Ben Raybourn Collin Provost Stevie Perez Adam Mills ( Videographer ) Ryan Lee ( Videographer ) Daniel Wheatley ( Videographer ) Ryan Lovell ( Videographer ) Jon Holland ( Videographer Federico Vitetta ( Videographer ) Rhino ( Photographer ) Joe Hammeke ( Photographer ) Sam Muller ( Photographer ) Jerome Case ( Team Manager ) Mike Sinclair ( Team Manager ) Sam Smyth ( Team Manager ) Heath Kirchart ( Mystery Guest ) Forrest Edwards ( Mystery Guest ) Jereme Rogers ( Mystery Guest ) Web Episodes ( edit ) Meet the Mystery Guests YT King of the Road 2016 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) The 2016 teams were announced October 14 , 2016 . Team Enjoi was the winner . In 2017 this season of King of the Road aired as eleven hour - long TV episodes on the VICELAND channel . Enjoi Deathwish Creature Louie Barletta Mike `` Lizard King '' Plumb David Gravette Jackson Pilz Jake Hayes Kevin Baekkel Ben Raemers Jon Dickson Sean Conover Enzo Cauleta Jamie Foy Chris Russell Zack Wallin Neen Williams Willis Kimbel Dan Stolling ( Videographer ) Ryan `` Beagle '' Ewing ( Videographer ) Noah Quale ( Videographer ) Carson Lee ( Videographer ) Jon Holland ( Videographer ) Ewan Bowman ( Videographer ) Joe Brook ( Photographer ) Sam Muller ( Photographer ) Chris Rooney ( Photographer ) James Craig ( Team Manager ) Jay Thorpe ( Team Manager ) Sam Hitz ( Team Manager ) Sammaria Brevard ( Mystery Guest ) Lacey Baker ( Mystery Guest ) Nora Vasconcellos ( Mystery Guest ) King of the Road 2017 ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) The 2017 teams were announced July 6 , 2017 . Team Element was the winner . Evan Smith was the MVP . This season of King of the Road aired in 2018 as eleven hour - long TV episodes on the VICELAND channel and the Thrasher website . Element Real Foundation Madars Apse Robbie Brockel Aidan Campbell Nyjah Huston Chima Ferguson Corey Glick ( AM ) Tyson Peterson ( AM at start of KoTR ) Jack Olson ( AM ) Nick Merlino Mason Silva Kyle Walker Dakota Servold Evan Smith Zion Wright ( AM at start of KoTR ) Cole Wilson Jamie Foy ( Mystery Guest ) Aaron `` Jaws '' Homoki ( Mystery Guest ) Axel Cruysberghs ( Mystery Guest ) Ewan Bowman ( Videographer ) Tim Fulton ( Videographer ) Jon Holland ( Videographer ) Tom Mull ( Videographer ) Dan Stolling ( Videographer ) Don Luong ( Videographer ) Chris Rooney ( Photographer ) Joe Brook ( Photographer ) Sam Muller ( Photographer ) Cole Matthews ( Team Manager ) Justin Brock ( Team Manager ) Mike Sinclair ( Team Manager ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/king-of-the-road-2014-book/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/videos/king-of-the-road-china/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/videos/king-of-the-road-2013-team-announced/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/king-of-the-road-2013-birdhouse-wins/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/king-of-the-road-2014-team-profiles/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/king-of-the-road-2014-meet-the-mystery-guest/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/videos/king-of-the-road-2014-episode-11/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/kotr-2015-team-profiles-2/ Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/videos/king-of-the-road-2015-meet-the-mystery-guests/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5866252/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 Jump up ^ https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/viceland-king-of-the-road-trailer Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/king-of-the-road-2016-team-profiles/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5866252/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 Jump up ^ https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/viceland-king-of-the-road Jump up ^ http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/king-of-the-road-season-3-team-profiles/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5866252/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 Jump up ^ https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/viceland-king-of-the-road External links ( edit ) Official Web Page King of the Road 2003 at Skatevideosite.com King of the Road 2004 at Skatevideosite.com King of the Road 2005 at Skatevideosite.com King of the Road 2006 at Skatevideosite.com King of the Road 2007 at Skatevideosite.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_the_Road_(skateboarding)&oldid=863295878 '' Categories : Skateboarding competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was king of the road season 3 filmed | [] | [] |
8673944230651408993 | How I Met Your Mother | How I Met Your Mother - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How I Met Your Mother Genre Sitcom Romantic comedy Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Cristin Milioti Narrated by Bob Saget Opening theme `` Hey , Beautiful '' by The Solids Composer ( s ) John Swihart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 208 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Carter Bays Craig Thomas Rob Greenberg Pamela Fryman Eileen Heisler DeAnn Heline Greg Malins Chris Harris Stephen Lloyd Kourtney Kang Jamie Rhonheimer Chuck Tatham Producer ( s ) Randy Cordray Suzy Mamann Greenberg Chris Harris Jamie Rhonheimer Kourtney Kang Brenda Hsueh Theresa Mulligan Rosenthal Stewart Halpern - Fingerhut Rob Greenberg Tami Sagher Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Bays & Thomas Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) -- March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) External links Official website www.cbs.com/shows/how_i_met_your_mother Production website www.foxmovies.com How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in New York City 's Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , eccentric humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double - length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 4 Season synopsis 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 5 Critical reception 6 Tie - ins 6.1 Books 6.2 Soundtracks 6.3 Pineapple Incident Explained 6.4 Proposed spin - offs 6.4. 1 How I Met Your Dad 6.4. 2 How I Met Your Father ( First attempt ) 6.4. 3 How I Met Your Father ( Second attempt ) 6.5 Russian adaptation 7 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 DVD releases 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby ( played by Josh Radnor ) narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children . The story goes into a flashback and starts in 2005 with a 27 - year - old Ted Mosby living in New York City and working as an architect ; the narrative deals primarily with his best friends , including the long - lasting couple Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) ; the eccentric , womanizing - playboy Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) ; and news reporter Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) . The lives of all characters are entwined in each others . The series explores many storylines , including a `` will they or wo n't they '' relationship between Robin and each of the two single male friends , Marshall and Lily 's relationship , and the ups and downs of the characters ' careers . The show 's frame story depicts Ted ( voice of Bob Saget , uncredited ) verbally retelling the story to his son Luke ( David Henrie ) and daughter Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) as they sit on the couch in the year 2030 . This future - set frame is officially the show 's `` present day '' and How I Met Your Mother exploits this framing device in numerous ways : to depict and re-depict events from multiple points of view ; to set up jokes using quick and sometimes multiple flashbacks nested within the oral retelling ; to substitute visual , verbal or aural euphemisms for activities Ted does n't want to talk about with his children ( sexual practices , use of illicit substances , vulgar language , etc . ) ; and even to add some elements of humor : in the episode `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten , leading all characters to act as though her given name were `` Blah - Blah . '' While the traditional love - story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other , How I Met Your Mother does not introduce Ted 's wife ( Cristin Milioti ) until the eighth - season finale , and only announces her name ( Tracy McConnell ) during the series finale . The show instead focuses on Ted 's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women , thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy . Production ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother was inspired by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas 's idea to `` write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York '' , where they previously worked as writers for Late Show with David Letterman , among others . The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters . Ted is based loosely on Bays , and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife . Thomas ' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her but agreed if they could get Alyson Hannigan to play her . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work and was available . Josh Radnor and Jason Segel , who were cast as Ted and Marshall , respectively , were not well known , though Segel had been a cast member on the short - lived Freaks and Geeks and a recurring guest star on Judd Apatow follow - up Undeclared . The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a `` John Belushi - type character '' before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the show 's casting director Megan Branman . Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the voiceover narrator , Future Ted , explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years but `` kind of into the future '' . Saget either went to the television studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode , or did so separately and rerecorded with the episode if necessary . He normally did not attend table readings but did so for the last episode . In various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that `` a pretty famous actress '' turned down the role of Robin , whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt . They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who , at the time , was fairly unknown . Bays and Thomas later said , `` Thank God we did for a million reasons ... when Ted 's seeing her for the first time , America 's seeing her for the first time -- the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive '' . Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot , it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother , which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the `` will they or wo n't they '' Ross and Rachel storyline from Friends . According to an Entertainment Weekly article , the writers adopted facets of each main actor 's personality and incorporated them into their characters . This includes Neil Patrick Harris 's skills with magic , Jason Segel 's passion for songwriting , Alyson Hannigan 's absent - mindedness while pregnant , and Josh Radnor 's intellectualism . MacLaren 's , an Irish bar in the middle of New York , in which some of the show is set , is loosely based on four favorite bars of Bays , Thomas and others from the Late Show staff . They include : McGee 's , a Midtown tavern near the Ed Sullivan Theater where the Late Show is taped ; McHale 's , a legendary Hell 's Kitchen bar which closed in 2006 ; Chumley 's , a since - closed historic Greenwich Village pub ; and Fez , another closed bar on the Upper West Side . McGee 's had a mural that Bays and Thomas both liked and wanted to incorporate into the show . The name for the bar is from Carter Bays ' assistant , Carl MacLaren ; the bartender in the show is also named Carl . Episodes were generally shot over a three - day period in the Los Angeles - based Soundstage Studio 22 and featured upwards of 50 scenes with quick transitions and flashbacks . However , the `` Pilot '' episode was filmed at CBS Radford . The laugh track was later created by recording an audience being shown the final edited episode . Thomas claimed that shooting before a live audience would have been impossible because of the structure of the show and the numerous flashforwards in each episode and because doing so `` would blur the line between ' audience ' and ' hostage situation ' '' . Later seasons started filming in front of an audience on occasion when smaller sets were used . The theme song is a portion of `` Hey Beautiful '' by The Solids , of which Bays and Thomas are members . Episodes from Season 1 generally started with the opening credits . A cold opening has been used since Season 2 . Viewers then occasionally see Ted 's children on a couch and hear him talking to them , telling the story of how he met their mother . Alternatively , scenes from previous episodes or shots of New York City with Ted narrating over the top are shown . Thomas has stated that Future Ted is an unreliable narrator since he is trying to tell a story that happened over 20 years earlier ; this has been a plot point in several episodes including `` The Goat '' , `` Oh Honey '' , `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` The Mermaid Theory '' . Nevertheless , Thomas has also emphasized maintaining a coherent and consistent universe and trying to avoid continuity errors , a problem he noticed in other shows . A scene relating to the identity of the mother , involving Ted 's future children , was filmed in 2006 for the show 's eventual series finale . This was done because it was likely that the teenage actors portraying them would be adults by the time the final season was shot . During the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , How I Met Your Mother shut - down production ; when the strike ended , the show returned on March 17 , 2008 , with nine new episodes . The network announced a change in the timeslot to 8 : 30 pm ET / 7 : 30 pm CT , flip - flopping from the summer schedule with The Big Bang Theory . CBS renewed the show for a fourth season on May 14 , 2008 , which premiered on September 22 , 2008 . In September 2008 , Lifetime Television announced it had purchased the cable rerun rights to How I Met Your Mother at a rate of about $725,000 per episode . The four - year syndication contract stipulated that the studio deliver at least 110 half - hour episodes by the year 2010 , and allowed for up to eight seasons of the show . At the end of the fourth season only 88 episodes had been produced , and a further 22 episodes were required , ensuring that there would be a fifth season . There also was a complication with the writing of the show due to the absence of actress Alyson Hannigan due to her pregnancy . The writers had to create episodes that did not include one of the five main characters . On May 19 , 2009 , the fifth - season renewal was announced . May 20 , 2009 , CBS announced that How I Met Your Mother would again be aired at 8 pm , leading into the new comedy Accidentally on Purpose . On January 12 , 2010 , the show aired its 100th episode and CBS announced that the series would return for a sixth season . Upon learning that the series would be syndicated , Thomas said , `` We 're thrilled that it will live on in other forms , '' and they were proud of the show and it was great to see the strong demand . Reruns of the series began airing on local U.S. broadcast television stations and on Chicago - based cable superstation WGN America September 13 , 2010 . Featured in these airings are vanity cards previously unseen in the CBS and Lifetime airings due to marginalized credit sequences used by the two networks . Shown in between the closing credits and the production company credits , these vanity cards show portions of `` The Bro Code '' , a list of rules frequently referenced by Harris ' character , Barney Stinson , on how men should interact with each other , with an emphasis on activities involving pursuing members of the opposite sex . The opening theme song for the syndicated reruns is also slightly edited , running shorter and not using all the pictures seen in the opening montage that runs on DVD and the original CBS broadcasts . The episodes are also slightly edited , leaving out a few details . One of the series ' ongoing traditions involves giving guest roles to actors from various Joss Whedon productions , many of whom co-starred with Hannigan on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Bays attributes this to their being `` huge fans '' and to those casts representing `` a big talent pool '' . On March 4 , 2011 , CBS announced that the show had been renewed for two more seasons , with the seventh season premiering with back - to - back episodes on September 19 , 2011 . On July 27 , 2011 , the FX channel announced it had picked up the series for syndication . On September 5 , 2011 , FX began airing the series . Although cast members had previously stated that the show would not run longer than eight seasons , a ninth season was secured in December 2012 amidst tense negotiations with the studios and the actors -- especially Jason Segel , who had wanted to move on to other ventures after the eighth season . During these negotiations , Bays and Thomas originally approached the eighth season as if it was the show 's last year , but also had a `` Plan B '' if the show was renewed . After producers secured a ninth and final season , they implemented plans to secretly cast the titular future mother , with Cristin Milioti eventually winning the role , besting at least two other contenders . Milioti first appeared in the last scene in the season eight finale `` Something New '' and was a regular cast member in the show 's final season . This marked the first time that the show had expanded its core roster . In January 2013 , How I Met Your Mother was renewed for a ninth and final season . Carter Bays stated to Entertainment Weekly that season nine `` will feature some of the most non-linear episodes we 've ever done '' . The season nine premiere episode aired on September 23 , 2013 and the one - hour series finale aired on March 31 , 2014 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother characters Main cast Josh Radnor Cristin Milioti Neil Patrick Harris Cobie Smulders Alyson Hannigan Jason Segel Ted Mosby Tracy McConnell Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Lily Aldrin Marshall Eriksen Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby , an architect , college professor and the central character of the series . He is the main protagonist where he tells the story of his adult years from his late twenties to his early thirties and about all his obstacles he has to endure before he meets The One aka the Mother . This story is told by the Older Ted Mosby , and narrator of the series , Bob Saget . Ted moved to New York City with his friends Marshall and Lily after graduating from Wesleyan University . In New York , he met Barney at the urinal of MacLaren 's and Robin , to whom he was immediately attracted . Ted is on a quest for happiness and `` The One '' , the woman he will marry . Ted prefers more elegant and high - class interests than his friends have . He goes to great lengths to profess his love to the women in his life , but they all falter eventually . Despite these qualities , Ted often acts immaturely , such as partaking in wild activities with Barney . He meets the love of his life ( the titular Mother ) in the show 's finale . Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen , Ted 's best friend . In season 2 Marshall marries Lily , with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college ; they have a child during season 7 . Marshall was born in St. Cloud , Minnesota . He has an interest in paranormal phenomenon , and mythical creatures , particularly Sasquatch . His dream to be an environmental lawyer conflicts with his immediate need for money , such as for his wedding and to raise his children . Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky , a news anchor who has on - again off - again relationships with both Ted and Barney . Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren 's ; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends . She is shown to be very career - centric and rejects traditional roles , such as getting married and having kids . Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars , and she is an avid gun fan . She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale , but divorce in the second part , three years later . Cobie 's husband Taran Kilam has also appeared on 6 episodes of the show as Gary Blauman . Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson is a serial playboy , using his relative wealth and an array of outrageous strategies to seduce women with no intention of engaging in a relationship . His catchphrases include ' Suit Up ' and ' Legend - wait - for - it - Dary ' . He is Ted 's `` bro , '' often jealous of Marshall for having known Ted since college . Abandoned by his father at a young age , Barney has abandonment issues and clings to his friends . He marries Robin in the series finale but they divorce after three years . In 2020 , a failed one - night stand gives him a daughter , Ellie . Neil 's husband David Burtka has appeared on 7 episodes on the show as Scooter . Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin , a kindergarten teacher , aspiring artist , and Marshall 's wife . She is terrible at keeping secrets , and can be manipulative at times . She marries Marshall in season 2 and gives birth to Marvin in season 7 . Though appearing sweet and cute , Lily can be quite unexpectedly fierce . Alyson 's husband Alexis Denisof has appeared on 10 episodes on the show as Sandy Rivers . Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell ( guest - season 8 ; main - season 9 ) , the future wife of Ted Mosby , The Mother . Tracy McConnell is first seen in the finale of season 8 , though her name is hinted at season 1 ( 01x09 `` Belly full of Turkey '' ) and officially revealed in the series finale . Ted falls madly in love with her , but in 2024 she passes away . Bob Saget as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only , uncredited ) , Ted 's future self , telling his children the story of how he met their mother , in the year 2030 . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22 September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 20 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 24 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 5 24 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 6 24 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 7 24 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 8 24 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 9 24 September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) In the year 2030 , Ted Mosby ( voiced by Bob Saget ) sits his daughter and son down to tell them the story of how he met their mother . The series begins in September 2005 with Ted ( Josh Radnor ) as a single , 27 - year - old architect living with his two best friends from his college years ; Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) , a law student , and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a kindergarten teacher and an aspiring artist . Lily and Marshall have been dating for almost nine years when Marshall finally proposes . Their engagement causes Ted to think about marriage and finding his soul mate , much to the disgust of his self - appointed best friend Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier . Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games , usually involving costumes and fake identities , designed to bed women , only to lose interest in them immediately afterward . Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada , Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) , with whom he quickly falls in love . Robin , however , does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends . Future Ted reveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as `` Aunt Robin '' . Ted begins dating a baker , Victoria ( Ashley Williams ) , whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia 's wedding , causing Robin to become jealous , and realize she does have feelings for Ted . Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry - making , moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long - distance relationship . Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him , he tells her he broke up with Victoria , even though he has not . They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers , mistaking Ted 's phone for her own . Ted and Victoria then break up and an angry Robin distances herself from Ted , but they eventually reconcile and decide to date . Meanwhile , Lily begins to wonder if she 's missed any opportunities because of her relationship with Marshall , and decides to pursue an art fellowship in San Francisco , breaking - up with Marshall in the process . The season ends with Ted returning to the apartment , the morning after spending the night with Robin for the first time , to find Marshall sitting in the rain with Lily 's engagement ring , devastated by their sudden break - up . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 2 ) Ted and Robin are now a couple ; meanwhile , a heartbroken Marshall tries to continue his life without Lily . After enduring numerous emotional breakdowns , Marshall 's friends step in , and Barney , using sly catchphrases and pick - up lines , tries to get Marshall back in the dating game . Later , Lily , after finally realizing she is not meant to be an artist , returns to New York . They remain separated as Marshall begins to date another girl , described by the gang as having ' crazy eyes ' . The date with the girl does not end well and eventually leads to Lily and Marshall becoming reunited , and their engagement eventually resumes . When Robin refuses to go to the mall or explain why , Marshall suspects she is married , and Barney suspects she has performed in adult films . They bet on it , appointing Lily as `` Slap Bet Commissioner . '' Lily oversees the search for the truth , as they discover that Robin was a teenage pop star named `` Robin Sparkles '' , and Marshall eventually earns the right to slap Barney five times whenever he wishes . He uses one slap immediately and another later in the season . It is revealed that Barney has a gay African American half - brother named James ( Wayne Brady ) and , unaware that his mother lied to him , believes that Bob Barker is his father . As a result of this he takes a trip to California to be a contestant on The Price Is Right to meet his `` father '' . While on the show , Barney wins all the prizes and gives them to Lily and Marshall as a ' happy early wedding ' present . In the season finale , Ted reveals to Barney that he and Robin have been broken up for some time due to their conflicting views on marriage and children . They did not tell anyone , in order to avoid taking attention away from Lily and Marshall 's wedding . The season ends with Barney 's excitement at the prospect of he and Ted being single guys on the town again . Barney 's final words are `` this is going to be legen - wait for it ... '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Barney begins the season with the word , `` - dary ! '' Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend , Gael ( Enrique Iglesias ) , and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend , while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other . Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own , falling in love with a place they can not afford . Robin learns of Lily 's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands , and forces Lily to tell Marshall . Despite this , they are able to finally secure their dream apartment , only to discover it 's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought ( the floor is tilted ) . Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving , which Marshall dubs `` Slapsgiving . '' Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella . He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party where his future wife was , although they did not meet . Ted attempts to woo Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo . This culminates in a memorable `` two - minute date , '' which incorporates small talk , dinner , a movie , coffee , two cab rides , and a goodnight kiss , all within two minutes . Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break - up with a past Canadian love ; Ted is infuriated , and decides to stop being friends with Barney . Meanwhile , an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney 's attempts to hook up . His saboteur is revealed to be Abby ( Britney Spears ) , Stella 's receptionist , with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex . In the season finale , Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital after breaking up with Stella . Subsequently , Barney is hit by a bus while he is on his way to visit Ted and receives treatment in the same hospital . Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship . Barney 's true feelings for Robin are revealed while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade with a toy kangaroo . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) Stella says yes to Ted 's proposal . Robin takes a new job in Japan , but quickly resigns and returns to New York to attend Ted 's wedding , after realizing how much she misses her friends . Stella leaves Ted at the altar to get back together with Tony ( Jason Jones ) , the father of her daughter . Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin as his company shifts him to the management team of a new acquisition , Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) , where Marshall has accepted a position . Marshall and Lily move to their new apartment and debate over whether or not they 're ready to have children . Robin becomes roommates with Ted and gets a job as an anchor for a 4 AM news show after Barney submits her video resume . Ted and Robin decide to sleep together constantly so they will not fight over each other 's bad co-living habits . Barney attempts to make them stop fighting to prevent this , revealing to Ted his love for Robin . Ted finds out Lily has sabotaged all of his relationships with anyone she does not approve of and indirectly may have inspired his breakup with Robin . Robin and Ted end up talking about it , causing their friendship to begin moving toward a positive note . After Barney finally sleeps with his 200th woman ( and rubs it in the face of the childhood bully who taunted him into pursuing it ) , he begins to question the purpose of the remainder of his life , leaving him more certain of his feelings for Robin . Ted , while carrying the yellow umbrella , bumps into Stella and Tony . Tony later decides to visit him , sympathizing with Ted over his loss of Stella . Tony offers him a job as a professor of architecture , which Ted initially turns down . In the season finale Robin finds out that Barney loves her , and initially refuses to commit to anything but a sex - only relationship ; they seemingly end up together anyway . Ted decides that being an architect is leading nowhere , and finally decides instead to become a college professor . The finale ends with Ted preparing to teach his first class and Future Ted revealing to his children that one of the women in the class is their mother . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 5 ) Ted begins his job as a professor of architecture , standing in the middle of a classroom -- although the mother was present , it turns out to be an economics class as he 's in the wrong lecture hall . Barney and Robin have had a sexual relationship throughout the summer and Lily locks them in a room , forcing them to come to terms with their relationship . After a rough patch they decide to break up . Robin describes it instead as `` two friends getting back together . '' Barney immediately goes back to his old ways , using the playbook to score with women . Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break - up . Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife . Robin meets Don Frank ( Benjamin Koldyke ) , her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show . Though she initially dislikes him , the two start dating and eventually she moves in with him . At the end of the season they break up when Don takes a job in Chicago -- a job which Robin had previously turned down to stay in New York with Don . Marshall uses his fourth slap on Barney , once again at Thanksgiving . Ted buys a house , which needs to be fixed up badly , but is later revealed to be the future home for Ted and his children . Lily and Marshall are still unsure about having children . After watching four doppelgangers of their group ( Lesbian Robin , Moustache Marshall , Stripper Lily and Mexican Wrestler Ted ) they decide to leave the big decision to the universe 's `` infinite wisdom '' and start trying when they have seen Barney 's Doppelganger . In the season finale , Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world , and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger . When Marshall finds out , he decides not to tell Lily , fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children . Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait . In the season finale , Lily thinks she sees Barney 's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor , which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she wants to see , and play along . Eventually Barney agrees having babies is not a stupid idea and Lily and Marshall should go forth . The season ends with Lily asking Marshall to `` put a baby in my belly '' . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) In the season opening , Ted sees Cindy again with a girl who he thinks to be her roommate , but she turns out to be Cindy 's girlfriend whom she later marries . After prodding by Barney , Ted is eventually hired by GNB once more as the architect of the bank 's new headquarters , which was originally scrapped in Season 4 . However , he encounters opposition when he meets Zoey Pierson ( Jennifer Morrison ) , a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel , the Arcadian , to be torn down for the headquarters . Over the season , Ted 's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband , the Captain ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love , leading to the Arcadian 's demolition . Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey . Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season , Lily and Marshall keep having sex , hoping she will get pregnant . Around Christmas , they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing . The fertility specialist , Dr. Stangel , turns out to be Barney 's doppelgänger , fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child . However , tragedy strikes when Marshall 's father passes away , leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him . Marshall tries to get over his father 's death and live again . Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future , Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer . Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile battle to save the Arcadian . At the end of the season , Lily reveals that she is pregnant . Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father , especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother , James , meets his own father . Loretta offers the identity of Barney 's father on a sheet of paper , but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother . At the funeral of Marshall 's father , Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last . The man , Jerry Whittaker ( John Lithgow ) , is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle . Barney , who remembers Jerry as a fun - loving man , is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free - wheeling ways . Although he tries to bring back Jerry 's old behaviors , Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday . He is also introduced to Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , a co-worker of Robin , for whom he develops feelings . After an initial falling out , the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee . Robin continues to work at her talk show , Come On , Get Up , New York ! , but the presence of a new hyperactive co-host forces her to leave . She is accepted as a researcher in another network , World Wide News . The gang also discovers more of her past as the Canadian pop star Robin Sparkles . Robin also encounters a man ( Michael Trucco ) she has had a secret crush on since first seeing him when she and Ted were dating , and Future Ted hints that they will see more of him later . Short scenes during the season premiere and finale feature a wedding set sometime in the future , where Ted will meet his future wife . In the final scene of the season , the groom is revealed to be Barney . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) Season seven opens with another flash forward , in which Ted is helping Barney get ready for his wedding to a still - unknown bride . In the present , Marshall gets a job in environmental law while Lily progresses with her pregnancy . Barney proves to Nora that he can be a good boyfriend to her , while Robin is revealed to still have feelings for Barney . Robin meets a therapist Kevin ( Kal Penn ) and they start to date . Meanwhile , after a period of unemployment since leaving GNB , Marshall finally manages to land his dream job at a top environmental law firm . After losing a bet , Barney is forced to wear a tie with a duck pattern on it ( nicknamed the ' Ducky Tie ' ) which he hates . Marshall allows him to take it off when meeting Nora 's parents on the condition that Barney has three slaps added to the one still remaining from the Slap Bet . Marshall uses two slaps immediately , leaving two left . While reminiscing about Hurricane Irene , Lily and Marshall reveal that they conceived their baby in Barney 's apartment , and Barney and Robin end up sleeping together . Barney and Robin decide to break up with their partners , but Robin reneges on the deal , returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken . Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his , since she and Kevin had not yet slept together . However , Robin 's doctor informs her that she can not have children at all . Kevin , who wants children , proposes to Robin , who decides that they must break up . Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her , but the gesture is unrequited . Eventually , she moves out to give him some space . Marshall and Lily decide they want to move to Long Island , after Lily 's paternal grandparents offer them their house there . Eventually , they move back to the old apartment in New York City after realizing suburban life is not for them . Ted gives them his apartment because he believes he can not move on from Robin while living there , while he and Robin become estranged and do not speak for several weeks . Robin is eventually offered a news anchor job and subsequently achieves recognition after preventing a helicopter she is flying in from crashing . Barney starts dating a stripper named Quinn , to the group 's initial apprehension . The gang begins to meddle in their relationship , but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval . Quinn moves in with Barney , while Ted buys Quinn 's old apartment . Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall , who are out at a casino . After many attempts to escape , Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily 's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby , Marvin Waitforit Eriksen . Ted and Robin 's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin 's birth . As the season concludes , Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby , Barney proposes to Quinn , and Ted contacts his old girlfriend Victoria . Unhappy with her own impending marriage , she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset . A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney 's wedding , where Robin is revealed as the bride . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney , causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together . The summer is spent with Ted , Barney , and Robin enjoying their current relationships ; however , all subsequently break up with their partners . Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin , Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other , and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity . Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together , despite Barney 's wishes . Barney then begins dating Robin 's hated co-worker Patrice ( Ellen D. Williams ) , a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him . In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin , who says yes . Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents , which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time . Lily 's father Mickey becomes Marvin 's nanny , freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends . The Captain , ex-husband of Ted 's old girlfriend Zoey , offers Lily a job as an art consultant after she identifies a painting that made a huge profit for him . Lily accepts , happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry , while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge . The Captain offers Lily a year 's work in Rome , which she accepts with Marshall 's blessing . However , just before Barney and Robin 's wedding , Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted , a development that would require them to stay in the US . Ted briefly dates Jeanette ( Abby Elliott ) , a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of New York Magazine for designing GNB headquarters . He quickly realizes he 's made a mistake and breaks up with her . Ted 's feelings of loneliness grow , especially as he is now the only single member of the group , and he decides he is truly ready to settle down . He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin 's wedding , but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument . During a chance meeting on the subway , Cindy offers the services of her roommate 's wedding band . This roommate is Ted 's future wife . As the week of the wedding approaches , Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted . Guilty , Ted realizes he ca n't be around Barney and Robin after they 're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding . The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin 's wedding , including the mother of Ted 's children ( revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti ) , who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 9 ) With the exception of the very last episode , the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin 's wedding . Marshall , who is stuck in Minnesota , desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time . Meanwhile , in Farhampton , the time is slowly counting down to the wedding , with a new problem arising in almost every episode . It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and Marshall will have a daughter . It was also revealed that Ted 's children are named Penny and Luke . In addition , the 200th episode detailed the Mother 's eight years before meeting Ted , while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes . Also , Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet : the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner , and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony . In the series finale , it was revealed that after three years of marriage , Barney and Robin decide to divorce . Barney ends up fathering a child during a one - night stand . Marshall eventually becomes a judge , and he and Lily have three children . Ted 's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024 , six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met . Upon finishing the story , at the urging of his kids , Ted decides to ask Robin out . Alluding to the first season , the finale ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season was met with generally favorable reviews from critics , though some compared the series unfavorably to Friends . On Metacritic , a review aggregation site that collected 25 reviews for the series , it scored a 69 out of 100 . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters gave the season a negative review , writing that `` The comedy that does occur in How I Met Your Mother is n't enough to compensate for its inconsistencies . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the season a lukewarm review , saying it 's `` a little better than most other sitcoms , past and present -- especially those featuring wacky urban friends in their twenties experiencing the bittersweet mysteries of life . '' On the other hand , Melanie Macfarlane gave the season a positive review , saying the show `` may not break any comedic ground , but it 's the sort of comfortable , reliable hitter CBS needs on Monday nights . '' The second season received critical acclaim . Staci Krause of IGN gave the season a positive review , calling it `` great '' . The third season was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review , saying that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . The fourth season received critical acclaim and is generally considered the best season of the series . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10 , stating that `` This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother . While Ted was busy dating Stella , the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted 's love life '' . Zoromski went on to say : `` A stellar Robin - Marshall episode , titled ' Little Minnesota ' , makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together . With Robin homesick and unemployed ( and at risk of being deported ) , this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season , when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of ' Let 's Go to the Mall ! ' '' The fifth season received mostly positive reviews . Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave the season a mixed review , and at the end of the season wrote : `` I 'm okay with any given season not being primarily focused on mother - meeting , but this season , the characters seemed to regress -- particularly Barney and Ted . Usually , when a season ends , I have to deal with a week or two weeks ' worth of letdown . Right now , all I 'm feeling is relief . '' The sixth season received generally positive reviews . Justin Fowler of Later Reviews gave the season a positive review , saying that the season was `` a pretty good season of television '' and better than the `` poor '' fifth season . He also said that `` Seventeen out of the 24 episodes are what I would consider good '' . The seventh season received mixed reviews . Alan Sepinwall gave the season a mixed review and criticized the flash - forwards throughout the season , saying that `` the show is just much , much stronger when its stories dwell on matters of the present or the past , and where the writers do n't have to act like magicians trying to keep the audience from figuring out how the trick works . And the finale affirmed that belief for me . The parts that had little or nothing to do with things to come were quite good ; the parts that were all about the future made me roll my eyes and ask , for the umpteenth time , ' Really ? This is where you 're going with this ? ' '' The eighth season was widely criticized , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 40 % of critics gave the show a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' The ninth season received mixed to positive reviews by critics , though fans found it worse than prior seasons . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the show a positive review , with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 . Gareth Mitchell at `` House of Geekery '' responded negatively , mostly criticizing the structure of the season , stating that they are `` struggling to come up with stories that last out the 22 minutes '' . The finale of the show received a polarized reaction from fans . While some complained that the last few seasons had built towards an end game that was discarded within the hour - long episode , others felt that it remained true to both the initial concept of the show and to life itself . Tie - ins ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The Bro Code , cited by Barney many times throughout the series , is a set of written rules for bros to follow , and has been published as a tie - in novel , an audiobook , an iPhone Application and an Android Application . Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson , a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin . Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show 's closing vanity cards in syndication . Bro on the Go , a companion to The Bro Code , released in 2009 . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome , released in 2012 . The Playbook , based on the fifth season episode of the same name , by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn . How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy , released in 2013 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) A soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Original Songs from the Hit Series was released digitally to iTunes on September 24 , 2012 , featuring songs from the first seven seasons A second soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe was released digitally to iTunes on September 23 , 2014 , featuring songs from the final two seasons . Pineapple Incident explained ( edit ) After the end of the series , the officials released a short video , explaining the running mystery of the pineapple in the Pineapple Incident ( season 1 , episode 10 ) . The extra footage revealed that a character revealed in the 6th season , the Captain , had put a pineapple in front of his door as a tradition and Ted took the pineapple while he was drunk . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) How I Met Your Dad ( edit ) On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that CBS and the series ' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch How I Met Your Dad , a woman - centric variation executive - produced by Bays , Thomas , and Emily Spivey . The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series . The primary cast of the series was revealed to be Greta Gerwig , Drew Tarver , Nicholas D'Agosto and Andrew Santino . On April 23 , 2014 , Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally . On May 14 , 2014 , CBS passed on picking up How I Met Your Dad since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays did not want to reshoot the pilot . Nina Tassler , the entertainment president at CBS , stated that `` there were elements of the pilot that did n't work out '' . Talks of the series being `` shopped '' to other networks emerged . Netflix , FOX and NBC were named as possible candidates for picking up the show . Ultimately , nothing came of those talks . It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumours that the spin - off pilot will be reshot . On July 11 , 2014 , Bays confirmed that the spin - off project was officially dead . Six days later , Nina Tassler said that CBS would `` love the opportunity to take another shot '' at the pilot and that she would continue to `` hound '' Carter Bays and Craig Thomas -- even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on . How I Met Your father ( first attempt ) ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was reported that Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger were set to write a new version of the previous spin - off 's pilot , re-titled How I Met Your Father , with Bays and Thomas serving as executive producers . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that following signing new contracts with 20th Century Fox Television that would see both Aptaker and Berger being promoted to executive producers and co-showrunners on This Is Us alongside Dan Fogelman , their completed spec script for How I Met Your Father would be placed on the back burner in light of their new duties . The idea was later completely abandoned . How I Met Your father ( second attempt ) ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , Fox chairman Dana Walden told Deadline that the studio was set to try a third spin - off with different writers . It was also stated that all ideas from the previous two attempts will not be carried over and the new attempt will be created from scratch . On August 11 , 2017 , Deadline reported that Alison Bennett had been selected to write the spin - off . It was also confirmed that this incarnation would be developed under the title used for the Aptaker and Berger project , and that Bays and Thomas are once again attached as executive producers . Russian adaptation ( edit ) The GoodStoryMedia , a Russian production company , made a remake of the series which was broadcast on STS and ran for two seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Viewership represented in a line graph The show 's highest viewed episode was the series finale , `` Last Forever '' , watched by 13.13 million viewers . Previously , the most viewed episode was the season 1 episode `` The Pineapple Incident '' , watched by 12.3 million viewers . The lowest - viewed episode was the season 6 episode `` Landmarks '' , watched by 6.4 million viewers , approximately 52 % of the show 's series high . Season nine was the highest watched season overall and among the 18 - 49 adults , scoring a 4.5 rating in that sector up from the second - highest rating of 4.1 in season seven . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 19 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 54 9.47 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 4 -- 22 ) September 18 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 61 8.94 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 11 ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 12 -- 20 ) September 24 , 2007 May 19 , 2008 2007 -- 2008 70 8.21 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 22 , 2008 May 18 , 2009 2008 -- 2009 49 9.42 5 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 2009 -- 2010 42 8.60 6 September 20 , 2010 May 16 , 2011 2010 -- 2011 48 8.79 7 September 19 , 2011 May 14 , 2012 2011 -- 2012 45 9.67 8 September 24 , 2012 May 13 , 2013 2012 -- 2013 42 9.02 9 September 23 , 2013 March 31 , 2014 2013 -- 2014 28 10.51 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards & nominations Award Won Nominated ALMA Awards Art Directors Guild 0 7 Casting Society of America 0 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Emmy Awards 9 28 EWwy Awards GLAAD Media Awards 0 Golden Globe Awards 0 People 's Choice Awards 6 17 PRISM Awards 0 Satellite Awards 0 TCA Awards 0 Teen Choice Awards 0 Young Hollywood Awards 0 Total number of wins and nominations Totals 18 72 Main article : List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother The show has been nominated for 72 awards , winning 18 . The show has been nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , including a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series . Stars Alyson Hannigan and Neil Patrick Harris have each received acting accolades , with both receiving People 's Choice Awards , and Harris receiving Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice for Favorite Network TV Comedy . The show 's art direction , editing and cinematography have also been awarded . DVD Releases ( edit ) DVD season Release dates Episodes Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 November 21 , 2006 May 7 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 22 Includes : commentaries on six episodes a video yearbook 2 music videos ( `` First Round '' and `` Last Call '' ) a gag reel Episodes have been cropped from the broadcast widescreen to a full frame 4 : 3 format Season 2 October 2 , 2007 February 8 , 2010 April 8 , 2008 22 Includes : commentaries on seven episodes How We Make Your Mother 2 music videos ( `` Let 's Go To The Mall '' and `` Hey Beautiful '' ) 3 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes a gag reel an Easter Egg . The Legendary Season 3 October 7 , 2008 May 10 , 2010 February 11 , 2009 20 Includes : commentaries on 7 episodes a series retrospective Lily & Marshall 's honeymoon videos cast favorites a behind the scenes of `` We 're Not From Here '' 6 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes 2 music videos ( `` You Just Got Slapped '' and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' ) `` Ted Mosby Is A Jerk '' audio track a gag reel . The Awesome Season 4 September 29 , 2009 July 19 , 2010 October 27 , 2009 24 Includes : commentaries on 4 episodes A Night With Your Mother : Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Panel Discussion season recap Eriksen 's Fight Club a music video ( `` That Guy 's Awesome '' ) a gag reel Also available on Blu - Ray , and is the only season to have a subsequent Blu Ray release . The Complete Season 5 . The Suited - Up Edition September 21 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 24 Includes : a gag reel music videos for `` Super Date '' , `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' , and `` Best Night Ever '' 2 behind the scenes features making of `` Super Date '' behind the scenes of the 100th episode an extended version of the `` Wedding Bride '' trailer a musical series recap . The Complete Season 6 . The New Is Always Better Edition September 27 , 2011 October 3 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 Includes : a gag reel making of `` Subway Wars '' behind the scenes of `` Glitter '' commentaries on 3 episodes an extended performance of `` Stand By Me '' a season recap The Complete Season 7 . The Ducky Tie Edition October 2 , 2012 October 15 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 24 Includes : a gag reel 2 behind the scenes featurettes deleted scenes audio commentaries on 3 episodes a feature on Neil Patrick Harris ' Hollywood Walk of Fame star . The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition October 1 , 2013 September 30 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 24 Includes : deleted scenes audio commentary on `` Farmhampton '' and `` The Final Page '' music video for `` PS I Love You '' making of `` PS I Love You '' Where We Make Your Mother : Set Tour a gag reel . The 9th and Legendary Final Season . The Rest of Your Life Edition September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 24 Includes : Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary on `` The Locket '' Audio Commentary on `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' Audio Commentary on `` How Your Mother Met Me '' Last Forever Alternate Ending How It All Ends Cristin Milioti Audition Behind the Scenes of `` Gary Blauman '' Gag Reel The Whole Story Seasons 1 -- 9 September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 208 Includes : All Out of Spoilers : Looking Back at Your Mother -- A Retrospective Table Read of the Series Finale with the Entire Cast The Secret of the Pineapple Incident Revealed Meeting the Mother How I Met Your Mother at Comic - Con 2013 - 2014 The Mosby Kids : 8 Years on the Couch How We Filmed the Kids Plus All the Special Features from Every Previous Season Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Netflix in Australia , Latin America , Spain , the UK , Ireland , and Canada ; season 9 was released on September 26 , 2014 . Seasons 1 - 9 were removed from Netflix in the United States as of November 13 , 2017 . Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Hotstar in India . Note : The whole story DVD had a different package in Region 1 as opposed to Region 2 + 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Summer School : How to Create and Run a Successful Sitcom '' . E ! Online . August 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : SEASON 9 REVIEW : THE BIG FAT MISDIRECT '' . ign.com . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten -- Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` CBS ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' to Get Hourlong Series Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyson Hannigan -- `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom -- William S. Paley TV Fest `` . Whedon . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Craig Thomas : ' Sitcoms used to be about something ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Przybyla , Kathryn ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` A Chat with Bob Saget '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Did they show you filmed and cut episodes , or did you just do it all at once ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` How do you feel about the fact that Josh Radnor was still the older version of Ted on the series finale of HIMYM and not you ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' unveils the mother ! The creators answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Turned Down How I Met Your Mother ? ! '' . E ! Online . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( April 2008 ) . `` How They Created Mother '' ( PDF ) . Watch ! The CBS Magazine . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother 1st Season DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 Behind the Scenes '' . CBS . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary at 00 : 58 min. of the HIMYM -- Season 1 DVD Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Watcher : How ' How I Met Your Mother ' is not a traditional sitcom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney 's Breakup , Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn '' . Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ( He is ) a guy who is telling the story so many years in the future , and he jumbles it up in his memory a little bit . He can be an unreliable narrator . Jump up ^ `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . October 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . It 's nice to go ( online ) and see how much continuity matters to people within the universe of a show . That 's absolutely true for me , too . Whenever there 's the slightest inconsistency in a Buffy episode or Friends or something , my wife and I would sit on the couch and throw stuff at the TV ... When we 're doing stuff in the writers room , I really try and remember that . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Barney writes a book , Barney + Robin , Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother ' news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted 's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother . That scene will be included in the show 's series finale , which Thomas said he hopes ' people will see in 2012 . ' Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- `` The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' To Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . TheFutonCritic.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upfront : CBS Releases Full Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2008 -- 2009 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mother ' reruns nest at Lifetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lifetime 's four - year licensing deal includes up to eight seasons of `` Mother '' , should the CBS comedy run that long . `` Mother '' had a big fourth - season premiere Monday , jumping 21 % in the ratings over last season . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Syndication Deal Ensures Season Five for Sitcom '' . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy - The Watcher '' . featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Without a Trace , ' ' Privileged , ' canceled , ' Gossip ' spin - off DOA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' meets Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : ' Buffy 's ' Danny Strong , Alexis Denisof to guest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces 2011 -- 2012 premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS Express . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' ( Press release ) . Sitcoms Online . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother to end after 8 seasons ? '' . TV Series Finale . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Renewed for Ninth and Final Season ; Entire Cast Will Return '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Report : How I Met Your Mother Renewed for 9th Season After Jason Segel 's 11th - Hour Reversal '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Showrunners talk about the ( possible ) beginning of the end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Makes Cristin ' Mom ' Milioti a Full - Fledged Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Cristin Milioti , who was unmasked as the titular mom in this week 's season finale , took the title of series regular during the comedy 's upcoming ninth and final season . This marks the first time HIMYM will have expanded its core group of regulars beyond stars Josh Radnor , Alyson Hannigan , Neil Patrick Harris , Cobie Smulders and Jason Segel . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Makes Cristin Milioti a Series Regular '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers -- We Will Meet the Mother '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS , ' ' Downton Abbey , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Find out what 's next in the Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarland , Melanie ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall TV : Seek and ye shall find something worth watching '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Something Blue '' Review `` . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 4 Review : The one where they hide the pregnancies '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 6 Episode Reviews '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Justin ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 6 in Review or Ranking the Episodes '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' The Magician 's Code ' : Miss Direction '' . Hitfix . Hitfix INC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 9 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gareth . `` How I Met Your Mother Final Season Needs to be Left at the Altar '' . Wordpress . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Heigl ; Cara Shultz ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Fans Split on Finale : Great Finish , or Disappointment ? '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2012 ) . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9058 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Playbook . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ von Matterhorn , Lorenzo , ed . ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Popular Culture and Philosophy . Open Court Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9835 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' soundtrack : See the full listings ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I met your music deluxe '' . 20th Century Fox . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Apple iTunes . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Is Finally Revealed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff -- CBS Orders Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lintz , Kristina ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' ordered , show creators tweet info '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nick D'Agosto & Andrew Santino To Star In CBS ' ' HIMYM ' Spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Meg Ryan To Voice The Mother In CBS 's ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Passes on How I Met Your Dad '' . IGN . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Has Passed On How I Met Your Dad '' . Time . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Pilots Are Still Alive , What Pilots Are Being Shopped '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` What 2014 Broadcast Pilots Are Still Alive -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` New ' How I Met Your Mother ' Dad Spinoff In Works With ' This Is Us ' Writing Duo '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff To Get Another Shot With New Writers , ' Modern Family ' & ' Empire ' Spinoffs Also Possible '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Father ' : Alison Bennett Tapped To Write New ' HIMYM ' Spinoff '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Как я встретил вашу маму ( 2010 ) -- о фильме , отзывы , смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Finale Hits High , ' Bones ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Up , ' The Voice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 6 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 7 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Press Release for Season 9 and The Whole Story '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV 2014 Preview : Catch Up On Your Favorite TV Shows With Netflix New Releases '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Amy ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Netflix recommendations of the week : How I Met Your Mother , American Beauty and more '' . IBTimes . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Leaving Netflix in November 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . 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-6163679231239487896 | Kuala Lumpur | Kuala Lumpur - wikipedia Kuala Lumpur Jump to : navigation , search Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory and City Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Other transcription ( s ) Malay Kuala Lumpur Jawi کوالا لومڤور Chinese 吉隆坡 Tamil கோலாலம்பூர் Clockwise from top left : Petronas Twin Towers , Petaling Street , Jamek Mosque and Gombak / Klang river confluence , National Monument , National Mosque , skyline of Kuala Lumpur . Centre : Kuala Lumpur Tower Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : KL , Garden City of Lights Motto : Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang ( English : Ready to Contribute towards an Excellent City ) Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia Coordinates : 3 ° 8 ′ N 101 ° 41 ′ E / 3.133 ° N 101.683 ° E / 3.133 ; 101.683 Coordinates : 3 ° 8 ′ N 101 ° 41 ′ E / 3.133 ° N 101.683 ° E / 3.133 ; 101.683 Country Malaysia Administrative Areas List ( show ) Damansara Seputeh Segambut Kepong Kuala Lumpur City Centre Setiawangsa Bandar Tun Razak Sungai Besi Establishment 1859 Granted city status 1 February 1972 Granted Federal Territory 1 February 1974 Government Mayor ( Datuk Bandar ) Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz Area Federal Territory and City 243 km ( 94 sq mi ) Metro 2,243.27 km ( 866.13 sq mi ) Elevation 66 m ( 217 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Federal Territory and City 1,768,000 ( 1st ) Density 6,891 / km ( 17,310 / sq mi ) Metro 7,200,000 Metro density 6,581 / km ( 17,040 / sq mi ) Demonym KL - ite / Kuala Lumpurian Human Development Index HDI ( 2010 ) 0.795 ( high ) ( 2nd ) Time zone MST ( UTC + 8 ) Postal code 50000 to 60000 Mean solar time UTC + 06 : 46 : 48 Area code ( s ) 03 Vehicle registration V and W ( for all vehicles except taxis ) HW ( for taxis only ) ISO 3166 - 2 MY - 14 Website www.dbkl.gov.my Kuala Lumpur ( / ˈkwɑːləˈlʊmpʊər / or / - pər / ; Malaysian pronunciation : ( ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr ) ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , or commonly KL , is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city . The only alpha world city in Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South - East Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia and home to the Parliament of Malaysia , and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di - Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government as well , but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999 . Some sections of the judiciary still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades . It is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers , which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia 's futuristic development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system that is supported by extensive public transport networks such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , monorail , elevated Bus Rapid Transit , commuter rail and airport rail link . Kuala Lumpur is one of the leading cities in the world for tourism and shopping . It is the seventh most visited city in the world . The city is also home to three of the world 's 10 largest malls . Kuala Lumpur has been ranked by the Economist Intelligence Unit at No. 70 out of 140 cities in a global ranking of liveable cities , and second in Southeast Asia after Singapore at No. 35 . Forbes has also named KL at No. 6 in its list of 10 best cities to retire abroad , and the best in Asia , with factors include world class healthcare , affordable cost of living and widely spoken English . Kuala Lumpur was named as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan , Doha , Durban , Havana , Beirut , and La Paz . Safe Cities Index 2017 has put KL 31st on its world safest cities list , the highest ranked city for a developing country . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early years 1.3 Beginning of modern Kuala Lumpur 1.4 20th century -- present 2 Geography 2.1 Climate and weather 3 Governance 3.1 Local government 3.2 Districts 3.3 Politics 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 4.2 Retail 5 Demographics 5.1 Historical demographics 5.2 Languages and religions 6 Cityscape 6.1 Architecture 6.2 Parks 7 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Sports and recreation 8.3 Media 9 Transport 10 International relations 10.1 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Kuala Lumpur Jamek Mosque at the confluence of Gombak ( left ) and Klang ( right ) rivers . The earliest settlement of Kuala Lumpur developed on the eastern side of the river bank ( to the right in this picture ) . Etymology ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur means `` muddy confluence '' ; kuala is the point where two rivers join together or an estuary , and lumpur means `` mud '' . One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur ( `` muddy river '' ) ; it was recorded in 1824 that Sungei Lumpoor was the most important tin - producing settlement up the Klang River . Doubts however have been raised on such a derivation as Kuala Lumpur lies at the confluence of Gombak River and Klang River , therefore should rightly be named Kuala Gombak as the point where one river joins another or the sea is its kuala . It has been argued by some that Sungai Lumpur is in fact Gombak River ( therefore the point where it joined the Klang River would be Kuala Lumpur ) , although Sungai Lumpur is said to be another river joining the Klang River a mile upstream from the Gombak confluence , or perhaps located to the north of the Batu Caves area . It has also been proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur ( `` muddy landing place '' ) in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu ( `` stone landing place '' ) , but became corrupted into Kuala Lumpur . Another suggestion is that it was initially a Cantonese word lam - pa meaning ' flooded jungle ' or ' decayed jungle ' . There is however no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes . It is also possible that the name is a corrupted form of an earlier but now unidentifiable forgotten name . Early years ( edit ) Historical affiliations Sultanate of Selangor 1857 -- 1974 Federated Malay States 1895 -- 1942 ; 1945 -- 1946 Empire of Japan 1942 -- 1945 Malayan Union 1946 -- 1948 Federation of Malaya 1948 -- 1963 Malaysia 1963 -- present It is unknown who founded or named the settlement called Kuala Lumpur . Chinese miners were involved in tin mining up the Selangor River in the 1840s about ten miles north of present - day Kuala Lumpur , and Mandailing Sumatrans led by Raja Asal and Sutan Puasa were also involved in tin mining and trade in the Ulu Klang region before 1860 , and Sumatrans may have settled in the upper reaches of Klang River in the first quarter of the 19th century , possibly earlier . Kuala Lumpur was originally a small hamlet of just a few houses and shops at the confluence of Sungai Gombak and Sungai Klang ( Klang River ) before it grew into a town . It is generally accepted that Kuala Lumpur become established as a town circa 1857 , when the Malay Chief of Klang , Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar , aided by his brother Raja Juma'at of Lukut , raised funds to hire some Chinese miners from Lukut to open new tin mines here . The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued their journey on foot to Ampang where the first mine was opened . Kuala Lumpur was the furthest point up the Klang River to which supplies could conveniently be brought by boat ; it therefore became a collection and dispersal point serving the tin mines . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy , the third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur . Frank Swettenham , a contributor to the development of Kuala Lumpur . Although the early miners suffered a high death toll due to the malarial conditions of the jungle , the Ampang mines were successful , and the first tin from these mines was exported in 1859 . The tin - mining spurred the growth of the town , and miners later also settled in Pudu and Batu . The miners formed gangs among themselves ; and fights between different gangs were frequent in this period , mainly to gain control of the best tin mines . Leaders of the Chinese community were conferred the title of Kapitan Cina ( Chinese headman ) by the Malay chief , and Hiu Siew , the owner of a mine in Lukut , was chosen as the first Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur . As one of the first traders to arrive in Ampang ( along with Yap Ah Sze ) , he sold provisions to the miners in exchange for tin . The third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur , Yap Ah Loy , was appointed in 1868 . Important Malay figures of early Kuala lumpur also include the Dato ' Dagang ( `` chief of traders '' ) and Haji Tahir . The Minangkabaus later became another important group of people ; Minangkabau traders from Sumatra include Utsman Abdullah , and Haji Mohamed Taib who was involved in the early development of Kampung Baru . The Minangkabaus are also important socio - religious figures , for example Utsman bin Abdullah was the first kadi of Kuala Lumpur as well as Muhammad Nur bin Ismail . Beginning of modern Kuala Lumpur ( edit ) Part of a panoramic view of Kuala Lumpur c. 1884 . To the left is the Padang . The buildings were constructed of wood and atap before regulations were enacted by Swettenham in 1884 requiring buildings to use bricks and tiles . The appearance of Kuala Lumpur transformed rapidly and greatly in the following years . Early Kuala Lumpur was a small town that suffered from many social and political problems -- the buildings were made of wood and atap ( palm frond thatching ) that were prone to fire , lack of proper sanitation plagued the town with diseases , and it suffered from a constant threat of flooding . The town became embroiled in the Selangor Civil War due in part to the fight for control of revenues from the tin mines . The Chinese Kapitan Yap Ah Loy aligned himself with Tengku Kudin , and the rival Chinese gang allied themselves with Raja Mahdi . Raja Asal and Sutan Puasa also switched side to Raja Mahdi , and Kuala Lumpur was captured in 1872 and burnt to the ground . Yap escaped to Klang where he reassembled a fighting force . Kuala Lumpur was recaptured by Yap in March 1873 when Raja Mahdi forces were defeated with the help of fighters from Pahang . The war and other setbacks , such as a drop in tin prices , led to a slump , furthermore a major outbreak of cholera in late 1870s caused many to flee the town . The slump lasted until late 1879 , when a rise in the price of tin allowed the town to recover . In late 1881 , the town was severely flooded , following a fire that had destroyed the entire town in January that year . That the town was rebuilt a few times and thrived was due in large part to the tenacity and persistence of Yap Ah Loy . Yap , together with Frank Swettenham who was appointed the Resident in 1882 , were the two most important figures of early Kuala Lumpur with Swettenham credited with its rapid growth and development and its transformation into a major urban center . Sultan Abdul Samad Building facing the Padang , c. 1900 The early Chinese and Malay settlements were along the east bank of the Klang River -- the Chinese mainly settled around the commercial centre of Market Square ; the Malays , later Indian Chettiars and Indian Muslims resided in the Java Street ( now Jalan Tun Perak ) area . In 1880 , the state capital of Selangor was moved from Klang to the more strategically advantageous Kuala Lumpur by the colonial administration , and the British Resident William Bloomfield Douglas then decided that the government buildings and living quarters should be located to the west of the river . Government offices and a new police headquarters was built on Bukit Aman , and the Padang was created initially for police training . The Padang , now known as Merdeka Square , would later become the centre of the British administrative offices when the colonial government offices were moved to the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 1897 . Frank Swettenham , on becoming the British Resident , began improving the town by cleaning up the streets . He also stipulated in 1884 that buildings should be constructed of brick and tile so that they would be less flammable , and that the town be rebuilt with wider streets to reduce fire risk . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy bought a sprawling piece of real estate to set up a brick industry for the rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur ; this place is the eponymous Brickfields . Destroyed atap buildings were replaced with brick and tiled ones , and many of the new brick buildings are characterised by the `` five foot ways '' as well as Chinese carpentry work . This resulted in a distinct eclectic shop house architecture typical to this region . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy expanded road access in the city significantly , linking up tin mines with the city ; these roads include the main arterial routes of the present Ampang Road , Pudu Road and Petaling Street . As Chinese Kapitan , he was vested with wide powers on a par with Malay community leaders . Law reforms were implemented and new legal measures introduced to the assembly . Yap also presided over a small claims court . With a police force of six , he was able to uphold the rule of law , constructing a prison that could accommodate 60 prisoners at any time . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy also built Kuala Lumpur 's first school and a major tapioca mill in Petaling Street of which the Selangor 's Sultan Abdul Samad held an interest . The construction of the railway spurred the growth of the city . The headquarters of the F.M.S. Railways in Kuala Lumpur shown , with the dome of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building just visible behind , c. 1910 . A railway line between Kuala Lumpur and Klang , initiated by Swettenham and completed in 1886 , increased accessibility which resulted in the rapid growth of the town . The population grew from 4,500 in 1884 to 20,000 in 1890 . As development intensified in the 1880s , it also put pressure on sanitation , waste disposal and other health issues . A Sanitary Board was created on 14 May 1890 which was responsible for sanitation , upkeep of roads , lighting of street and other functions . This would eventually become the Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council . In 1896 , Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the capital of the newly formed Federated Malay States . 20th century -- present ( edit ) The area that is defined as Kuala Lumpur expanded considerably in the 20th century . It was only 0.65 km in 1895 , but was extended to encompass 20 km in 1903 . By the time it became a municipality in 1948 it had expanded to 93 km , and then to 243 km in 1974 as a Federal Territory . The development of rubber industry in Selangor fueled by the demand for car tyre in the early 20th century led to a boom of the town , with the population of Kuala Lumpur increasing from 30,000 in 1900 to 80,000 in 1920 . Previously the commercial activities of Kuala Lumpur were run to a large extent by Chinese businessmen such as Loke Yew who was then the richest and most influential Chinese of Kuala Lumpur . The growth of the rubber industry led to an influx of foreign capital and planters , with new companies and industries becoming established in Kuala Lumpur , and other companies previously based elsewhere also found a presence here . Japanese troops advancing up High Street ( now Jalan Tun HS Lee ) in Kuala Lumpur in December 1941 during World War II . During World War II , Kuala Lumpur was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army on 11 January 1942 . Despite suffering little damage during the course of the battle , the wartime occupation of the city resulted in significant loss of lives ; at least 5,000 Chinese were killed in Kuala Lumpur in just a few weeks of the occupation by Japanese forces , and thousands of Indians were sent as forced labour to work on the Burma Railway where a large number died . They occupied the city until 15 August 1945 , when the commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore and Malaysia , Seishirō Itagaki , surrendered to the British administration following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Kuala Lumpur grew through the war , and continued after the war during the Malayan Emergency , during which Malaya was preoccupied with the communist insurgency and New Villages were established on the outskirts of the city in an attempt to control community contacts with the insurgents . The first municipal election in Kuala Lumpur was held on 16 February 1952 . An ad hoc alliance between the Malay UMNO and Chinese MCA party candidates won a majority of the seats contested , and their success led to the formation of the Alliance Party ( later the Barisan Nasional ) . On 31 August 1957 , the Federation of Malaya gained its independence from British rule . The British flag was lowered and the Malayan flag was raised for the first time at the Padang on the midnight of 30 August 1957 , and in the morning of 31 August , the ceremony for the Declaration of Independence was held at the Merdeka Stadium by the first Prime Minister of Malaya , Tunku Abdul Rahman . Kuala Lumpur remained the capital after the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 . The Malaysian Houses of Parliament was completed at the edge of the Lake Gardens in 1963 . The Majestic Theatre on Pudu Road was an early pioneer in Kuala Lumpur 's cinema scene . It was converted into an amusement park in the 1990s and demolished in 2009 . Kuala Lumpur had seen a number of civil disturbances over the years . A riot in 1897 was a relatively minor affair that began with the confiscation of faulty dacing ( a scale used by traders ) , and in 1912 , a more serious disturbance called the tauchang riot began during the Chinese New Year with the cutting of pigtails and ended with rioting and factional fighting lasting a number of days . The worst rioting on record in Malaysia however occurred on 13 May 1969 , when race riots broke out in Kuala Lumpur . The so - called 13 May Incident refers to the violent conflicts that took place between members of the Malay and the Chinese communities . The violence was the result of Malaysian Malays being dissatisfied with their socio - political status . The riots caused the deaths of 196 people according to official figures , and led to major changes in the country 's economic policy to promote and prioritise Malay economic development over that of the other ethnicities . Kuala Lumpur achieved city status in 1972 , becoming the first settlement in Malaysia to be granted the status after independence . Later , on 1 February 1974 , Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory . Kuala Lumpur ceased to be the capital of Selangor in 1978 after the city of Shah Alam was declared the new state capital . On 14 May 1990 , Kuala Lumpur celebrated 100 years of local council . The new federal territory Kuala Lumpur flag and anthem were introduced . On 1 February 2001 , Putrajaya was declared a Federal Territory , as well as the seat of the federal government . The administrative and judicial functions of the government were shifted from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya . Kuala Lumpur however still retained its legislative function , and remained the home of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( Constitutional King ) . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Kuala Lumpur A satellite view of Kuala Lumpur The Red Arrows over the city in 2016 The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterised by the huge Klang Valley . The valley is bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east , several minor ranges in the north and the south and the Strait of Malacca in the west . Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term that translates to `` muddy confluence '' as it is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers . Located in the centre of Selangor state , Kuala Lumpur was previously under the rule of Selangor State Government . In 1974 , Kuala Lumpur was separated from Selangor to form the first Federal Territory governed directly by the Malaysian Federal Government . Its location on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia , which has wider flat land than the east coast , has contributed to its faster development relative to other cities in Malaysia . The municipality of the city covers an area of 243 km ( 94 sq mi ) , with an average elevation of 81.95 m ( 268.9 ft ) . Climate and Weather ( edit ) Protected by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east and Indonesia 's Sumatra Island in the west , Kuala Lumpur has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) , which is warm and sunny , along with abundant rainfall , especially during the northeast monsoon season from October to March . Temperatures tend to remain constant . Maximums hover between 32 and 33 ° C ( 90 and 91 ° F ) and have never exceeded 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) , while minimums hover between 23.4 and 24.6 ° C ( 74.1 and 76.3 ° F ) and have never fallen below 14.4 ° C ( 57.9 ° F ) . Kuala Lumpur typically receives minimum 2,600 mm ( 100 in ) of rain annually ; June and July are relatively dry , but even then rainfall typically exceeds 131 millimetres ( 5.2 in ) per month . Flooding is a frequent occurrence in Kuala Lumpur whenever there is a heavy downpour , especially in the city centre and downstream areas . Smoke from forest fires of nearby Sumatra sometimes casts a haze over the region . It is a major source of pollution in the city together with open burning , emission from motor vehicles and construction work . ( hide ) Climate data for Kuala Lumpur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 193 ( 7.6 ) 198 ( 7.8 ) 257 ( 10.12 ) 290 ( 11.42 ) 197 ( 7.76 ) 131 ( 5.16 ) 148 ( 5.83 ) 162 ( 6.38 ) 214 ( 8.43 ) 265 ( 10.43 ) 321 ( 12.64 ) 252 ( 9.92 ) 2,628 ( 103.49 ) Average rainy days 17 17 19 20 18 14 16 16 19 21 24 22 223 Average relative humidity ( % ) 80 80 80 82 81 80 79 79 81 82 84 83 81 Mean monthly sunshine hours 185.0 192.4 207.9 198.8 206.8 194.4 200.2 189.0 163.8 169.1 152.3 162.6 2,222.3 Source # 1 : Pogodaiklimat.ru Source # 2 : NOAA ( sunshine hours , 1961 -- 1990 ) Climate data for Kuala Lumpur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily daylight hours 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Average Ultraviolet index 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 Source : Weather Atlas Governance ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur City Hall Kuala Lumpur was administered by a corporation sole called the Federal Capital Commissioner from 1 April 1961 , until it was awarded city status in 1972 , after which executive power transferred to the Lord Mayor ( Datuk Bandar ) . Nine mayors have been appointed since then . The current mayor is Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz , who has been in office since 18 July 2015 . Local government ( edit ) The local administration is carried out by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall , an agency under the Federal Territories Ministry of Malaysia . It is responsible for public health and sanitation , waste removal and management , town planning , environmental protection and building control , social and economic development , and general maintenance functions of urban infrastructure . Executive power lies with the mayor in the city hall , who is appointed for three years by the Federal Territories Minister . This system of appointing the mayor has been in place ever since the local government elections were suspended in 1970 . Districts ( edit ) Districts ( divisions ) of Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 's eleven districts serve as administrative subdivisions under the Kuala Lumpur City Hall authority . Bukit Bintang Titiwangsa Setiawangsa Wangsa Maju Batu Kepong Segambut Lembah Pantai Seputeh Bandar Tun Razak Cheras Politics ( edit ) Members of Parliament for Kuala Lumpur Malaysian general election , 2013 DAP 5 / 11 PKR 4 / 11 UMNO 2 / 11 Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia . The hierarchy of authority in Malaysia , in accordance with the Federal Constitution , has stipulated the three branches , of the Malaysian government as consisting of the Executive , Judiciary and Legislative branches . The Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara ( Upper House / House of Senate ) and Dewan Rakyat ( Lower House / House of Representatives ) . Economy ( edit ) A pedestrian mall by the Central Market . Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically , the fastest growing region in Malaysia . Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya , certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia ( National Bank of Malaysia ) , Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city . The city remains as the economic and business centre of the country . Kuala Lumpur is a centre for finance , insurance , real estate , media and the arts of Malaysia . Kuala Lumpur is rated as an alpha world city , and is the only global city in Malaysia , according to the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network ( GaWC ) . The infrastructure development in the surrounding areas such as the Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang , the creation of the Multimedia Super Corridor and the expansion of Port Klang further reinforce the economic significance of the city . A street view of the Old Market Square ( Medan Pasar , on Jalan Medan Pesar ) in 2007 . The square has since been pedestrianised . Bursa Malaysia or the Malaysia Exchange is based in the city and forms one of its core economic activities . As of 5 July 2013 , the market capitalisation stood at US $505.67 billion . The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) for Kuala Lumpur is estimated at RM73 , 536 million in 2008 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent . By 2015 , the GDP has reached RM160 , 388 million , representing 15.1 % of the total GDP of Malaysia . The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur in 2013 was RM79 , 752 with an average annual growth rate of 5.6 percent , and RM94 , 722 in 2015 . The total employment in Kuala Lumpur is estimated to be around 838,400 in 2000 . The service sector comprising finance , insurance , real estate , business services , wholesale and retail trade , restaurants and hotels , transport , storage and communication , utilities , personal services and government services form the largest component of employment representing about 83.0 percent of the total . The remaining 17 percent comes from manufacturing and construction . The average monthly household income for Kuala Lumpur was RM4 , 105 ( USD 1,324 ) in 1999 , up from RM3 , 371 ( USD 1,087 ) four years prior , making it 66 % higher than the national average . In terms of household income distribution , 23.5 % of households in the city earned more than RM5 , 000 ( USD 1,613 ) per month compared to 9.8 % for the entire country , while 8.1 % earned less than RM1 , 000 ( USD 323 ) a month . Pre-war terraced houses refurbished into restaurants and bars along Tengkat Tong Shin in Bukit Bintang The large service sector is evident in the number of local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the city . Kuala Lumpur is poised to become the global Islamic Financing hub with an increasing number of financial institutions providing Islamic Financing and the strong presence of Gulf 's financial institutions such as the world 's largest Islamic bank , Al - Rajhi Bank and Kuwait Finance House . Apart from that , the Dow Jones & Company is keen to work with Bursa Malaysia to set up Islamic Exchange Trade Funds ( ETFs ) , which would help raise Malaysia 's profile in the Gulf . The city has a large number of foreign corporations and is also host to many multi national companies ' regional offices or support centres , particularly for finance and accounting , and information technology functions . Most of the country 's largest companies have their headquarters here , and as of December 2007 and excluding Petronas , there are 14 companies that are listed in Forbes 2000 based in Kuala Lumpur . Other important economic activities in the city are education and health services . Kuala Lumpur also has advantages stemming from the high concentration of educational institutions that provide a wide - ranging of courses . Numerous public and private medical specialist centres and hospitals in the city offer general health services , and a wide range of specialist surgery and treatment that caters to locals and tourists . There has been growing emphasis to expand the economic scope of the city into other service activities , such as research and development , which supports the rest of the economy of Malaysia . Kuala Lumpur has been home for years to important research centres such as the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia , the Forest Research Institute Malaysia and the Institute of Medical Research and more research centres are expected to be established in the coming years . Tourism ( edit ) Petaling Street , Kuala Lumpur 's bustling Chinatown Tourism plays an important role in the city 's service - driven economy . Many large worldwide hotel chains have a presence in the city . One of the oldest hotels is the Hotel Majestic . Kuala Lumpur is the sixth most visited city in the world , with 8.9 million tourists per year . Tourism here is driven by the city 's cultural diversity , relatively low costs , and wide gastronomic and shopping variety . MICE tourism , which mainly encompasses conventions -- has expanded in recent years to become a vital component of the industry , and is expected to grow further once the Malaysian government 's Economic Transformation Programme kicks in , and with the completion of a new 93,000 m2 - size MATRADE Centre in 2014 . Another notable trend is the increased presence of budget hotels in the city . Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque built in 1907 The major tourist destinations in Kuala Lumpur include the PETRONAS Twin Tower , the Bukit Bintang shopping district , the Kuala Lumpur Tower , Petaling Street ( Chinatown ) , the Merdeka Square , the House of Parliament , the National Palace ( Istana Negara ) , Batu Caves , the National Museum , Islamic Arts Museum , Central Market , KL Bird Park , Aquaria KLCC , the National Monument , and religious sites such as the Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque . Kuala Lumpur plays host to many cultural festivals such as the Thaipusam procession at the Sri Mahamariamman Temple . Every year during the Thaipusam celebration , a silver chariot carrying the statue of Lord Muruga together with his consort Valli and Teivayanni would be paraded through the city beginning at the temple all the way to Batu Caves in the neighboring Selangor . The entertainment hub of the city is mainly centred in the Golden Triangle encompassing Jalan P. Ramlee , Jalan Sultan Ismail and Ampang Road . Trendy nightclubs , bars and lounges , such as Marini 's on 57 , Skybar at Traders Hotel , the Beach Club , Espanda , the Hakka Republic Wine Bar & Restaurant , Hard Rock Cafe , the Luna Bar , Nuovo , Rum Jungle , No Black Tie , the Thai Club , Zion club , Zouk , and many others are located here . Retail ( edit ) Suria KLCC , located between the Petronas Twin Towers Further information : Shopping in Kuala Lumpur and Bukit Bintang Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion hub in Malaysia as well as Southeast Asia . Shopping in Malaysia contributed RM7. 7 billion ( USD 2.26 billion ) or 20.8 percent of the RM31. 9 billion tourism receipts in 2006 . Suria KLCC is one of Malaysia 's premier upscale shopping destination due to its location beneath the Petronas Twin Towers . Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur retail cluster Apart from Suria KLCC , Bukit Bintang district has the highest concentration of shopping malls in Kuala Lumpur . It includes : Pavilion , Fahrenheit 88 , Plaza Low Yat , Berjaya Times Square , Lot 10 , BB Plaza , Sungai Wang Plaza . Quill City Mall , Changkat area of Bukit Bintang hosts various cafes , alfresco dining outlets and illegal activities . Bangsar district also has a few shopping complexes , including Bangsar Village , Bangsar Shopping Centre , and Mid Valley Megamall . The Damansara subdivision north - west of Kuala Lumpur , though not in the city - proper , is the home of the one of the only two IKEA outlets in the country , and a cluster of locally operated malls like The Curve with KidZania , The Curve , Ikano Power Centre and One Utama , whereas Sunway Pyramid and Paradigm Mall can be found in the southern district of Greater Kuala Lumpur , Bandar Sunway . Apart from shopping complexes , Kuala Lumpur has designated numerous zones in the city to market locally manufactured products such as textiles , fabrics and handicrafts . The Chinatown of Kuala Lumpur , commonly known as Petaling Street , is one of them . Chinatown features many pre-independence buildings with Straits Chinese and colonial architectural influences . In 2000 , the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism introduced the mega sale event for shopping in Malaysia . The mega sale event is held three times a year -- in March , May and December -- during which all shopping malls are encouraged to participate to boost Kuala Lumpur as a leading shopping destination in Asia . Demographics ( edit ) Ethnicities of Kuala Lumpur -- 2010 Census ethnic group percent Bumiputera 45.9 % Chinese 43.2 % Indians 10.3 % Others 0.6 % Religion in Kuala Lumpur -- 2010 Census religion percent Islam 46.4 % Buddhism 35.7 % Hinduism 8.5 % Christianity 5.8 % Unknown / None 1.4 % Chinese Ethnic Religion 1.1 % Others 0.6 % No Religion 0.5 % Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia , with a population of 1.76 million in the city proper as of 2016 . It has a population density of 6,696 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 17,340 / sq mi ) , and is the most densely populated administrative district in Malaysia . Residents of the city are colloquially known as KLites . Kuala Lumpur is also the centre of the wider Klang Valley metropolitan ( covering Petaling Jaya , Klang , Subang Jaya , Shah Alam , Gombak and others ) which has an estimated metropolitan population of 7.25 million as of 2017 . Kuala Lumpur 's heterogeneous populace includes the country 's three major ethnic groups : the Malays , the Chinese and the Indians , although the city also has a mix of different cultures including Eurasians , as well as Kadazans , Ibans and other indigenous races from East Malaysia and Peninsula Malaysia . Historical demographics ( edit ) Historically Kuala Lumpur was a predominantly Chinese city , with the Kuala Lumpur of 1872 beside the Klang River described by Frank Swettenham as a `` purely Chinese village '' , although a Malay stockade already existed at Bukit Nanas at that time . By 1875 , after the Selangor Civil War had ended , Swettenham noted Malay quarters near the Chinese area in a sketch map he had drawn , and there were said to be 1,000 Chinese and 700 Malays in the town in this period ( many of the Malays may have settled in Kuala Lumpur after the war ) . More recently the Bumiputra component of the city has increased substantially and they are now the dominant group . Large number of Malays were originally from the other islands of Malay Archipelago -- Sumatrans such as the Mandailings , the Minangkabaus , Javanese , and Buginese began arriving in Kuala Lumpur in the 19th century , while the Acehnese arrived in the late 20th century . Many Pahang Malays who fought in the Selangor Civil War in 1873 also chose to settle in Selangor after the war . The population of Kuala Lumpur was estimated to be around three thousand in 1880 when it was made the capital of Selangor . In the following decade which saw the rebuilding of the town it showed considerable increase with a large influx of immigrants , due in large part to the construction of a railway line in 1886 connecting Kuala Lumpur and Klang . A census in 1891 of uncertain accuracy gave a figure of 43,796 inhabitants , 79 % of whom were Chinese ( 71 % of the Chinese were Hakka ) , 14 % Malay , and 6 % Indian . Another estimate put the population of Kuala Lumpur in 1890 at 20,000 . In 1931 , 61 % of Kuala Lumpur 's 111,418 inhabitants were Chinese , and in 1947 63.5 % . The Malays however began to settle in the Kuala Lumpur in significant numbers , in part due to government employment , as well as the expansion of the city that absorbed the surrounding rural areas where many Malays lived . Between 1947 and 1957 the population of Malays in Kuala Lumpur doubled , increasing from 12.5 to 15 % , while the proportion of Chinese dropped . The process continued after Malayan independence with the growth of a largely Malay civil service , and later the implementation of the New Economic Policy which encouraged Malay participation in urban industries and business . In 1980 the population of Kuala Lumpur had reached over a million , with 52 % Chinese , 33 % Malay , and 15 % Indian . From 1980 to 2000 the number of Bumiputras increased by 77 % , but the Chinese still outnumbered the Bumiputras in Kuala Lumpur in the 2000 census at 43 % compared to Bumiputras at 38 % . By the 2010 census , according to the Department of Statistics and excluding non-citizens , the percentage of the Bumiputera population in Kuala Lumpur has reached around 45.9 % , with the Chinese population at 43.2 % and Indians 10.3 % . A notable phenomenon in recent times has been the increase of foreign residents in Kuala Lumpur , which rose from 1 % of the city 's population in 1980 to about 8 % in the 2000 census , and 9.4 % in the 2010 census . These figures also do not include a significant number of illegal immigrants . Kuala Lumpur 's rapid development has triggered a huge influx of low - skilled foreign workers from Indonesia , Nepal , Burma , Thailand , Bangladesh , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Philippines , and Vietnam into Malaysia , many of whom enter the country illegally or without proper permits . Clockwise from top left : Masjid Negara , Thean Hou Temple , Sri Mahamariamman Temple , St. John 's Cathedral Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in the lower proportion of young people -- the proportion of those in the below 15 years old category fell from 33 % in 1980 to slightly less than 27 % in 2000 . On the other hand , the working age group of 15 -- 59 increased from 63 % in 1980 to 67 % in 2000 . The elderly age group , 60 years old and above has increased from 4 % in 1980 and 1991 to 6 % in 2000 . Languages and religions ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur is pluralistic and religiously diverse . The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population . Islam is practised primarily by the Malays and the Indian Muslim communities . Buddhism , Confucianism and Taoism are practised mainly among the Chinese . Indians traditionally adhere to Hinduism . Some Chinese and Indians also subscribe to Christianity . As of 2010 Census the population of Kuala Lumpur was 46.4 % Muslim , 35.7 % Buddhist , 8.5 % Hindu , 5.8 % Christian , 1.4 % of unknown affiliations , 1.1 % Taoist or Chinese religion adherent , 0.6 % follower of other religions , and 0.5 % non-religious . Bahasa Malaysia is the principal language in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur residents are generally literate in English , with a large proportion adopting it as their first language . It has a strong presence , especially in business and is a compulsory language taught in schools . Cantonese and Mandarin are prominent as they are spoken by the local majority Chinese population . Another major dialect spoken is Hakka . While Tamil is dominant amongst the local Indian population , other Indian languages spoken include Telugu , Malayalam , Punjabi and Hindi . Beside the Malay language , there are a variety of languages spoken by people of Indonesian descent , such as Minangkabau and Javanese . Cityscape ( edit ) The city night scene from a building balcony Kuala Lumpur night skyline Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Kuala Lumpur The Kuala Lumpur Railway Station ( right ) contrasts with a Keretapi Tanah Melayu ( left ) Administration Building darker , similarly Mughal - styled building . Both designed by A.B. Hubback The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a mixture of old colonial influences , Asian traditions , Malay Islamic inspirations , modern , and postmodern architecture mix . Being a relatively young city compared with other Southeast Asian capitals such as Bangkok , Jakarta and Manila , most of Kuala Lumpur 's notable colonial - era buildings were built toward the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries . These buildings were designed in a number of styles -- Mughal / Moorish Revival , Mock Tudor , Neo-Gothic or Grecian - Spanish style or architecture . Most of the styling has been modified to use local resources and acclimatised to the local climate , which is hot and humid all year around . A significant architect of the early period is Arthur Benison Hubback who designed a number of the colonial era buildings including the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station and Jamek Mosque . The Kuala Lumpur Tower Prior to the Second World War , many shophouses , usually two stories with functional shops on the ground floor and separate residential spaces upstairs , were built around the old city centre . These shop - houses drew inspiration from Straits Chinese and European traditions . Some of these shophouses have made way for new developments but there are still many standing today around Medan Pasar ( Old Market Square ) , Chinatown , Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman , Jalan Doraisamy , Bukit Bintang and Tengkat Tong Shin areas . Independence coupled with the rapid economic growth from the 1970s to the 1990s and with Islam being the official religion in the country , has resulted in the construction of buildings with a more local and Islamic flavour arise around the city . Many of these buildings derive their design from traditional Malay items such as the songkok and the keris . Some of these buildings have Islamic geometric motifs integrated with the designs of the building , signifying Islamic restriction on imitating nature through drawings . Examples of these buildings are Menara Telekom , Menara Maybank , Dayabumi Complex , and the Islamic Centre . Some buildings such as the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia and National Planetarium have been built to masquerade as a place of worship , complete with dome and minaret , when in fact it is a place of science and knowledge . The 452 - metre ( 1,483 ft ) tall Petronas Twin Towers are the tallest twin buildings in the world . They were designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art . Late modern and postmodern architecture began to appear in the late - 1990s and early - 2000s . With the economic development , old buildings such as Bok House have been razed to make way for new ones . Buildings with all - glass shells exist throughout the city , with the most prominent examples being the Petronas Twin Towers and Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre . Kuala Lumpur 's central business district today has shifted around the Kuala Lumpur city centre ( KLCC ) where many new and tall buildings with modern and postmodern architecture fill the skyline . According to the World Tallest 50 Urban Agglomeration 2010 Projection by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , Kuala Lumpur was ranked 10th among cities to have most buildings above 100 metres with a combined height of 34,035 metres from its 244 high rise buildings . Parks ( edit ) KLCC Park The Lake Gardens , a 92 - hectare ( 230 - acre ) botanical garden , is the first recreational park created in Kuala Lumpur . The Malaysian Parliament building is located close by , and Carcosa Seri Negara which was once the official residence of British colonial administration is also sited here . The park includes a Butterfly Park , Deer Park , Orchid Garden , Hibiscus Garden and the Kuala Lumpur Bird Park , which is the world 's largest aviary bird park . Other parks in the city include the ASEAN Sculpture Garden , KLCC Park , Titiwangsa Lake Gardens , Metropolitan Lake Gardens in Kepong , Forest Research Institute Of Malaysia , Taman Tasik Permaisuri ( Queen 's Lake Gardens ) , Bukit Kiara Botanical Gardens , Equestrian Park and West Valley Park near TTDI , and Bukit Jalil International Park . There are three forest reserves within the city namely the Bukit Nanas Forest Reserve in the city centre , the oldest gazetted forest reserve in the country 10.52 ha or 26.0 acres , Bukit Sungai Putih Forest Reserve ( 7.41 ha or 18.3 acres ) and Bukit Sungai Besi Forest Reserve ( 42.11 ha or 104.1 acres ) . Bukit Nanas , in the heart of the city centre , is one of the oldest virgin forests in the world within a city . These residual forest areas are home to a number of fauna species particularly monkeys , treeshrews , pygmy goats , budgerigars , squirrels and birds . There is another park in the close vicinity to Kuala Lumpur i.e. Templer Park initiated and opened by Sir Gerald Templer in 1954 during the `` Emergency '' time . The view of Kuala Lumpur from Titiwangsa Lake Gardens Education ( edit ) The main gate of the University of Malaya , established 1949 . According to government statistics , Kuala Lumpur has a literacy rate of 97.5 % in 2000 , the highest rate in any state or territory in Malaysia . In Malaysia , Malay is the language of instruction for most subjects while English is a compulsory subject , but as of 2012 , English is still the language of instruction for mathematics and the natural sciences for certain schools . Some schools provide Mandarin and Tamil as languages of instruction for certain subjects . Each level of education demands different skills of teaching and learning ability . Kuala Lumpur contains 13 tertiary education institutions , 79 high schools , 155 elementary schools and 136 kindergartens . Several institutions in the city are older than 100 years -- such as Bukit Bintang Girls ' School ( 1893 -- 2000 , relocated to Taman Shamelin Perkasa in Cheras and renamed GIS Garden International school Seri Bintang Utara ) , the Victoria Institution ( 1893 ) ; Methodist Girls ' School ( 1896 ) ; Methodist Boys ' School ( 1897 ) ; Convent Bukit Nanas ( 1899 ) , St. John 's Institution ( 1904 ) , Confucian Private Secondary School ( 1906 ) , Kuen Cheng High School ( 1908 ) and Tsun Jin High School ( 1913 ) . International Medical University Kuala Lumpur is home to the University of Malaya ( UM ) . Established in 1949 , it is the oldest university in Malaysia , and one of the oldest in the region . It was ranked the best university in Malaysia , the 32nd best in Asia , and 3rd in Southeast Asia in 2014 . In recent years , the number of international students at University of Malaya has risen , as a result of increasing efforts made to attract more international students . Other universities located in Kuala Lumpur include Taylor 's University ( TULC ) being the top Private University in Malaysia , International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ) , Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman ( UTAR ) , UCSI University ( UCSI ) , International Medical University ( IMU ) , Open University Malaysia ( OUM ) , Kuala Lumpur University ( UniKL ) , Wawasan Open University ( WOU ) , Tunku Abdul Rahman University College ( TARUC ) Help University and the branch campus of the National University of Malaysia ( UKM ) and University of Technology Malaysia ( UTM ) . The National Defence University of Malaysia is located at Sungai Besi Army Base , at the southern part of central Kuala Lumpur . It was established to be a major centre for military and defence technology studies . This institution covers studies in the field of army , navy , and air force . Greater Kuala Lumpur covers an even more extensive selection of universities including several international branches such as Monash University in Bandar Sunway , Nottingham University and Xiamen University . Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) Frieze depicting Malaysian history at the National Museum Kuala Lumpur is a hub for cultural activities and events in Malaysia . Among the centres is the National Museum , which is situated along the Mahameru Highway . Its collection comprises artefacts and paintings collected throughout the country . The Islamic Arts Museum , which houses more than seven thousand Islamic artefacts including rare exhibits as well as a library of Islamic art books , is the largest Islamic Arts collection in Southeast Asia . The museum 's collection not only concentrate on works from the Middle East , but also includes work from elsewhere in Asia , such as China and Southeast Asia . Kuala Lumpur has a Craft Complex coupled with a museum that displays a variety of textile , ceramic , metal craft and weaved products . All the information of the production process are portrayed in diorama format complete with historical facts , technique and traditionally engineered equipment . Among the processes shown are pottery making , intricate wood carving , silver - smithing , weaving songket cloth , stamping batik patterns on cloth and boat making . Royal Selangor has an ultra modern visitor 's centre , which allows tours to be conducted through its pewter museum , gallery and its factory . In its pewtersmithing workshop , `` The School of Hard Knocks '' , participants are taught to create their own pewter dish using traditional tools and methods . The premier performing arts venue is the Petronas Philharmonic Hall located underneath the Petronas Twin Tower . The resident orchestra is the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra ( MPO ) , consisting of musicians from all over the world and features regular concerts , chamber concerts and traditional cultural performances . The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre ( KLPac ) in Sentul West and Damansara Performing Arts Centre ( DPac ) in Damansara Perdana are two of the most established centres for performing arts , notably theatre , plays , music , and film screening in the country . It has housed many local productions and has been a supporter of local and regional independent performance artists . One of the highlights was the KL Sing Song 2006 music fest , which featured Malaysian singer - songwriters of various cultural backgrounds , from both West and East Malaysia , through two days of performances and workshops . The National Art Gallery of Malaysia is located on Jalan Temerloh , off Jalan Tun Razak on a 5.67 - hectare ( 14.0 - acre ) site neighbouring the National Theatre ( Istana Budaya ) and National Library . The architecture of the gallery incorporates elements of traditional Malay architecture , as well as contemporary modern architecture . The National Art Gallery serves as a centre of excellence and trustee of the national art heritage . The Petronas Art Gallery , another centre for fine art , is situated in Kuala Lumpur City Centre ( KLCC ) . The Ilham Tower Gallery near Ampang Park houses exhibitions of works by local and foreign artists . Kuala Lumpur holds the Malaysia International Gourmet Festival annually . Another event hosted annually by the city is the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week , which includes international brands as well as local designers . Kuala Lumpur also is becoming the centre for new media , innovation and creative industry development in the region and hosts the international creative industry event , Kreative.Asia . Kreative.Asia gathers local , regional and international experts in the creative industry who are involved in the creation , development and delivery of interactive content , arts , community and applications . Kuala Lumpur is at the forefront of the convergence of media , art , culture and communications . Sports and recreation ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur has numerous parks , gardens and open spaces for recreational purposes . Total open space for recreational and sport facilities land use in the city has increased significantly by 169.6 percent from 5.86 square kilometres ( 1,450 acres ) in 1984 to 15.8 square kilometres ( 3,900 acres ) in 2000 . Although Kuala Lumpur is touted as one of the host cities for the Formula One World Championship , the open - wheel auto racing A1 Grand Prix and the Motorcycle Grand Prix , races are held at the Sepang International Circuit in Sepang in the neighbouring state of Selangor . The Formula One event contributes significantly to tourist arrivals and tourism income to Kuala Lumpur . This was evident during the Asian financial crisis in 1998 . Despite cities around Asia suffering declining tourist arrivals , Kuala Lumpur tourist arrivals increased from 6,210,900 in 1997 to 10,221,600 in 2000 , or 64.6 % increase in tourist arrivals . In 2015 , the Kuala Lumpur Street Circuit was constructed to host the Kuala Lumpur City Grand Prix motor racing event . Football is one of the most popular sports in Kuala Lumpur . The Merdeka Tournament is mainly held at Stadium Merdeka . The city also the home of Kuala Lumpur FA , which plays in the second - tier Malaysia Premier League . Kuala Lumpur hosted the official Asian Basketball Championship in 1965 , 1977 and 1985 . The city 's basketball supporters cheered Malaysia 's national basketball team to a Final Four finish in 1985 , the team 's best performance to date . Further , the city is home to the Westports Malaysia Dragons , 2016 Champion of the ASEAN Basketball League . The team plays its home games in the MABA Stadium . KL Grand Prix CSI 5 * , a five - star international showjumping equestrian event is held annually in the city . This annual event draws the world 's top riders and their prized horses to Malaysia . Other annual sport events hosted by the city include the KL Tower Run , the KL Tower International BASE Jump Merdeka Circuit and the Kuala Lumpur International Marathon . Kuala Lumpur is also one of the stages of the Tour de Langkawi cycling race . The annual Malaysia Open Super Series badminton tournament is held in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur has a considerable array of sports facilities of international class after hosting the 1998 Commonwealth Games . Many of these facilities including the main stadium ( with running track and a football field ) , hockey stadium and swimming pools are located in the National Sports Complex at Bukit Jalil while a velodrome and more swimming pools are located in Bandar Tun Razak , next to the Taman Tasik Permaisuri Lake Gardens . There are also football fields , local sports complexes , swimming pools and tennis courts scattered around the suburbs . Badminton and ' takraw ' courts are usually included in community halls . The AFC House -- current headquarters of the Asian Football Confederation -- is built on a 4 - acre ( 16,000 m ) complex in the Kuala Lumpur suburb of Bukit Jalil . Kuala Lumpur has several golf courses including the Kuala Lumpur Golf and Country Club ( KLGCC ) and the Malaysia Civil Service Golf Club in Kiara and the Berjaya Golf Course at Bukit Jalil . The city also has numerous large private fitness centres run by Celebrity Fitness , Fitness First , True Fitness and major five - star hotels . Kuala Lumpur is also the birthplace of Hashing , which began in December 1938 when a group of British colonial officers and expatriates , some from the Selangor Club , began meeting on Monday evenings to run , in a fashion patterned after the traditional British Paper Chase or `` Hare and Hounds '' . Kuala Lumpur hosted the 128th IOC Session in 2015 where the IOC elected Beijing as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics and Lausanne as the host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics . Media ( edit ) The Kuala Lumpur Tower is an important broadcast centre in the country . Several newspapers , including daily , opposition , business , and digital papers , are based in Kuala Lumpur . Daily newspapers include The Star , New Straits Times , The Sun , Malay Mail , Kosmo ! , Utusan Malaysia , Berita Harian , and Harian Metro . Mandarin and Tamil newspapers are also published daily , for example Guang Ming Daily , Sin Chew Daily , China Press , Nanyang Siang Pau and Tamil Nesan , Malaysia Nanban , and Makkal Osai . Opposition newspapers such as Harakah , Suara Keadilan , Siasah and Wasilah are also based here . Kuala Lumpur is also the headquarters for Malaysia 's state media public government terrestrial television stations : TV1 and TV2 , the subsidiaries of RTM , TV Alhijrah , a subsidiary of Alhijrah Media Corporation , and Media Prima Berhad , a media corporation that houses the private commercial terrestrial television stations : TV3 , NTV7 , 8TV and TV9 . Programmes are broadcast in Malay , English , Chinese and Tamil . Television Station Channel ( Gunung Ulu Kali ) Channel ( Sungai Besi ) Channel ( Menara KL ) Channel ( Astro & UniFi ) Network Status Country of Region Group Type Public TV1 48 UHF 50 UHF 5 VHF 101 RTM National Malaysia Free - to - air Terrestrial TV2 10 VHF 53 UHF 8 VHF 102 Commercial TV3 29 UHF 12 VHF 103 Media Prima National Malaysia Free - to - air Terrestrial NTV7 37 UHF 7 VHF 35 UHF 107 8TV 27 UHF 58 UHF 708 / 108 TV9 42 UHF 33 UHF 119 / 109 TV AlHijrah 55 UHF 55 UHF 55 UHF 114 AlHijrah Media TM Tower is the headquarters of Malaysia 's principal telecommunication service provider , Telekom Malaysia . The city is home to the country 's main pay television service , Astro , a satellite television service which broadcasts local and international television channels such as CNN International Asia Pacific , BBC World News , STAR World , FOX Movies Premium and HBO Asia . Al - Jazeera , the Doha - based Arab news network , has launched a new English - speaking channel called Al - Jazeera English to boost its international viewership with one of its broadcast centres based in Kuala Lumpur . Phoenix TV , a Hong Kong - based television broadcaster has also announced plans to expand its regional business by partnership with local satellite TV provider Astro . In March 2008 , Time Out , an international listings and events magazine , was launched in Kuala Lumpur , its 24th global city . Kuala Lumpur has been featured in all aspects of popular culture such as movies , television , music and books . Television series set in Kuala Lumpur include A Tale of 2 Cities ( starring Rui En and Joanne Peh ) . Movies set in Kuala Lumpur include Police Story 3 : Super Cop ( starring Jackie Chan and Michelle Yeoh ) , Entrapment ( starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta - Jones ) and Children of Men ( starring Clive Owen ) , in which the Petronas Twin Towers were depicted in flames for a few seconds . Kuala Lumpur was referenced in an episode of The Simpsons entitled `` Bart Gets Famous '' , in which the Bumblebee Man stated that `` a powerful tidal wave in Kuala Lumpur has killed 120 people '' . Books set in Kuala Lumpur include KL 24 / 7 by Ida M Rahim , Shireen Zainudin and Rizal Zainudin , My Life As a Fake by Peter Carey , and Democracy by Joan Didion . A few notable local films featured Kuala Lumpur as background location , such as Masam - masam Manis ( 1965 ) , Keluarga Si Comat ( 1973 ) , Jiwa Remaja ( 1976 ) , Abang ( 1981 ) , Matinya Seorang Patriot ( 1984 ) , Kembara Seniman Jalanan ( 1986 ) , Orang Kampung Otak Kimia ( 1988 ) , Hati Bukan Kristal ( 1990 ) , Mat Som ( 1990 ) , Mira Edora ( 1990 ) , Femina ( 1993 ) , Maria Mariana ( 1996 ) , Hanya Kawan ( 1997 ) , KLU ( 1999 ) , Soal Hati ( 2000 ) , KL Menjerit ( 2002 ) , Laila Isabella ( 2003 ) , Gangster ( 2005 ) , Gol & Gincu ( 2005 ) , Remp - it ( 2006 ) , Cinta ( 2006 ) , Anak Halal ( 2007 ) Evolusi KL Drift ( 2008 ) , Adnan Sempit ( 2010 ) , KL Gangster ( 2011 ) , Kepong Gangster ( 2012 ) , Lagenda Budak Setan 2 : Katerina ( 2012 ) and Kolumpo ( 2013 ) . A few local films featured Kuala Lumpur during the historical era , such as 1975 : Hati Malaya ( 2007 ) , Petaling Streets Warrior ( 2011 ) and Tanda Putera ( 2013 ) . Kuala Lumpur is mentioned in many songs by local Malaysian artists , such as `` Keroncong Kuala Lumpur ' '' by P. Ramlee , `` Kuala Lumpur , Ibu Kota '' by Saloma , `` Chow Kit Road '' by Sudirman Arshad , `` Senyumlah Kuala Lumpur '' by Alleycats , `` Streets of Kuala Lumpur '' by Murkyway , `` K.L. '' by Vandal , `` Kuala Lumpur '' by Poetic Ammo , `` Anak Dara '' by Azmyl Yunor , `` KL '' ' by Too Phat , `` Kotarayaku '' by Hujan and Altimet , and `` Lagu Untuk Kuala Lumpur '' by Tom . Kuala Lumpur , along with Putrajaya , was featured in the music video for the single `` Dancing Out '' by South Korean boy band Super Junior . Kuala Lumpur was one of the destinations in The Amazing Race Asia and The Amazing Race . Games have also been set in Kuala Lumpur , including include three levels of the game Hitman 2 : Silent Assassin and two levels of the PlayStation 2 game Burnout Dominator . A reality game show set in Kuala Lumpur from February until April 2013 was aired on AXN Asia . The Apprentice Asia was launched on 22 May 2013 . Several commercial radio stations licensed to cover the Great Klang Valley market together with federal government radio stations as list below : Frequency Station Operator Language Genre 87.7 MHz Klasik Nasional FM RTM Malay Music 88.1 MHz One FM Media Prima Chinese ( Mandarin , Cantonese ) Talk , Music 88.5 MHz Nasional FM RTM Malay Music 88.9 MHz Capital FM Star RFM Radio English Music 89.3 MHz Ai FM RTM Chinese ( Mandarin , Various Chinese dialects ) Talk , music 89.9 MHz BFM 89.9 BFM Media English Music , News , Talk 90.3 MHz TraXX FM RTM English Talk , music 90.7 MHz Putra FM Universiti Putra Malaysia Malay , English Talk , music 91.1 MHz Asyik FM RTM Jakun , Semai , Temiar Talk , music 91.5 MHz IKIM.fm Institute of Islamic Studies Malaysia Malay , English , Arabic Talk , music 92.3 MHz Minnal FM RTM Tamil Talk , music 92.9 MHz Hitz.fm AMP Radio Networks English Talk , music 93.6 MHz UFM Universiti Teknologi MARA English , Malay Talk , music 93.9 MHz Radio24 Bernama Malay , English News , music 94.5 MHz Mix FM AMP Radio Networks English Talk , Music 95.3 MHz Nasional FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Malay Music 95.8 MHz Fly FM Media Prima English , Malay Talk , music 96.3 MHz Minnal FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Tamil Talk , music 96.7 MHz Sinar FM AMP Radio Networks Malay Talk , music 97.3 MHz KLFM RTM Malay Talk , music 97.6 MHz Hot FM Media Prima Malay Talk , music 98.3 MHz Klasik Nasional FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Malay Music 98.8 MHz 988 FM Star RFM Radio Chinese ( Mandarin , Cantonese ) Talk , music 99.3 MHz THR.fm ( Raaga ) AMP Radio Networks Tamil Talk , music 100.1 MHz TraXX FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM English Talk , music 100.9 MHz Selangor FM RTM Malay Talk , music 101.8 MHz My FM AMP Radio Networks Chinese ( Mandarin , Cantonese ) Talk , music 102.5 MHz Asyik FM and Salam FM RTM Orang Asli Talk , music 103.0 MHz Melody FM AMP Radio Networks Chinese Music 103.3 MHz Era FM AMP Radio Networks Malay Talk , music 104.1 MHz Best 104 Suara Johor Sdn. Bhd Malay Music 104.9 MHz Red FM Star RFM Radio English , Malay Talk , music 105.3 MHz Suria FM Star RFM Radio Malay Talk , music 105.7 MHz LiteFM AMP Radio Networks English Music 106.7 MHz Ai FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Chinese ( Mandarin , Various Chinese dialects ) Talk , music 107.5 MHz Pahang FM RTM Malay Talk , music Transport ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur Monorail Ampang Line LRT train Main articles : Transport in Kuala Lumpur and Public transport in the Klang Valley Like most other Asian cities , driving is the main mode of commuting in Kuala Lumpur . Hence , every part of the city is well connected by highways . As capital of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road network that leads to the rest of Peninsular Malaysia . The busy Jalan Ampang at night leading straight to the Petronas Towers In terms of air connectivity , Kuala Lumpur is served by two airports . The main airport , Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) at Sepang , Selangor , which is also the aviation hub of Malaysia , is located about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of city . The other airport is Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport , also known as Subang Skypark and served as the main international gateway to Kuala Lumpur from 1965 until KLIA opened in 1998 . KLIA connects the city with direct flights to destinations in six continents around the world , and is the main hub for the national carrier , Malaysia Airlines and low - cost carrier , AirAsia . KLIA can be reached using the KLIA Ekspres a airport rail link service from KL Sentral , which takes twenty - eight minutes , while travelling by car or bus via highway will take about an hour . Air Asia and other low - cost carrier flights do not fly out of KLIA main terminal but from KLIA2 which is two kilometres from KLIA . KLIA2 is served by an extension of the KLIA Ekspres and by buses from KL Sentral . As of 2007 , Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport is only used for chartered and turboprop flights by airlines such as Firefly and Berjaya Air . Public transport in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of transport modes such as bus , rail and taxi . Despite efforts to promote usage of public transport , utilisation rates are low as only 16 percent of the population used public transport in 2006 . However , public transport utilisation is set to rise with the opening of 2 light metro ( LRT ) extension lines on 30 June 2016 . Rail transport in Kuala Lumpur encompasses the light metro ( LRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and Airport rail link . The LRT system has 2 lines namely , Kelana Jaya Line and Ampang Line , connecting many locations in the city with major suburbs in Greater Kuala Lumpur . The Monorail serves various key locations in the city centre whereas the KTM Komuter runs between the city and the suburbs . The main rapid transit hub is KL Sentral , which is an interchange station for the rail systems . KL Sentral is also a hub for intercity railway service namely KTM Intercity and KTM ETS . It provides rail services to as far as Singapore in the south , and Hat Yai , Thailand , in the north . The rail system in Kuala Lumpur is expanding fast with more train lines due for completion or in the pipeline . In December 2016 , the 1st phase of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) Project , Sungai Buloh - Kajang Line was completed , the remaining phases of the line has been open in July 2017 , providing a more efficient ride around Greater Kuala Lumpur . The largest public transport operator in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley is Prasarana Malaysia via its subsidiaries of Rapid Rail and Rapid Bus using Rapid KL brands service . Since the take over from Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd , Prasarana Malaysia has redrawn the entire bus network of Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley metropolitan area to increase passenger numbers and improve Kuala Lumpur 's public transport system . The Prasarana Malaysia has adopted the hub and spoke system to provide greater connectivity , and cut down the need of more buses . In Kuala Lumpur , most taxis have distinctive white and red liveries . Kuala Lumpur is one of the major ASEAN city with taxis extensively running on natural gas . Taxis can be hailed from taxi stands or from the streets . Nevertheless , taxis are known to charge high rates for foreigners . Kuala Lumpur is served by Port Klang , located about 64 km ( 40 mi ) southwest of the city . The port is the largest and busiest in the country handling about 6.3 million twenty - foot equivalent units ( TEU ) of cargo in 2006 . International Relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia Isfahan street ( formerly Jalan Selat , Straits Road ) in Kuala Lumpur ( above ) and Kuala Lumpur avenue in Isfahan ( below ) . Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur is twinned with the following cities : Chennai , India . Isfahan , Iran . Mashhad , Iran . Shiraz , Iran . Osaka , Japan . Malacca City , Malaysia . Karachi , Pakistan . Ankara , Turkey . Dubai , United Arab Emirates . See also ( edit ) Malaysia portal Greater Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya Cyberjaya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Malaya Celebrates , 1959 '' . British Pathé . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 '' . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia . p. 27 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KL on track to megacity status '' . Focus Malaysia . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Elevation Map ( Elevation of Kuala Lumpur ) '' . 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Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Intercity services '' . Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Tan Sri Nor Mohamed Yakcop ( Minister of Finance II ) ( 10 September 2007 ) . Launching of the Cyberjaya Dedicated Transportation System ( Speech ) . Cyberjaya . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rapid KL to revamp network '' . Cleanairnet.org. 14 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Port Klang retains top ranking among Malaysia 's ports '' . SchedNet. 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai , Kuala Lumpur sign sister city pact '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sisterhoods '' . Isfahan Islamic Council . 2005 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mashhad - Kuala Lumpur Become Sister Cities '' . Mircea Birca . Eurasia Press and News . 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities of Shiraz '' . Shiraz Municipality. 12 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ビジネス パートナー 都市 ( BPC ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Osaka Policy Planning Office . 19 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bandar Kembar Melaka , Hoorne '' ( PDF ) . Bernama ( in Malay ) . National Library of Malaysia . 7 July 1989 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Pakistani cities have 47 sister cities around the world '' . Associated Press of Pakistan . 16 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ( via WaybackMachine.com ) '' ( in Turkish ) . Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi -- Tüm Hakları Saklıdır . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relations between Turkey and Malaysia '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Turkey ) . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KL 's Sister Cities -- Poskod Malaysia '' . Poskod Malaysia . 2010 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuala Lumpur . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kuala Lumpur . 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Both Israel and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as capital . Jerusalem contains the Israeli parliament and almost all Israeli government ministries . Tel Aviv contains most foreign embassies in Israel ; Ramallah is the administrative seat of the Palestinian Authority . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is kuala lumpur located on a map | [
"\n\nKuala Lumpur\n\n\nFederal Territory and City\n\n\nWilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur\nFederal Territory of Kuala Lumpur\n\n\nOther transcription(s)\n\n\n • Malay\nKuala Lumpur\n\n\n • Jawi\nکوالا لومڤور\n\n\n • Chinese\n吉隆坡\n\n\n • Tamil\nகோலாலம்பூர்\n\n\n\nClockwise from top left: Petronas Twin Towers, Petaling Street, Jamek Mosque and Gombak/Klang river confluence, National Monument, National Mosque, skyline of Kuala Lumpur. Centre: Kuala Lumpur Tower\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): KL, Garden City of Lights\n\n\nMotto: Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang\n(English: Ready to Contribute towards an Excellent City)\n\n\n\n Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia\n\n\nCoordinates: 3°8′N 101°41′E / 3.133°N 101.683°E / 3.133; 101.683Coordinates: 3°8′N 101°41′E / 3.133°N 101.683°E / 3.133; 101.683\n\n\nCountry\n Malaysia\n\n\nAdministrative Areas\n\n\nList[show]\n\nDamansara\nSeputeh\nSegambut\nKepong\nKuala Lumpur City Centre\nSetiawangsa\nBandar Tun Razak\nSungai Besi\n\n\n\n\n\nEstablishment\n1859[1]\n\n\nGranted city status\n1 February 1972\n\n\nGranted Federal Territory\n1 February 1974\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor (Datuk Bandar)\nMhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz\n\n\nArea[2]\n\n\n • Federal Territory and City\n243 km2 (94 sq mi)\n\n\n • Metro\n2,243.27 km2 (866.13 sq mi)\n\n\nElevation[4]\n66 m (217 ft)\n\n\nPopulation (2015)[5]\n\n\n • Federal Territory and City\n1,768,000 (1st)\n\n\n • Density\n6,891/km2 (17,310/sq mi)\n\n\n • Metro\n7,200,000[3]\n\n\n • Metro density\n6,581/km2 (17,040/sq mi)\n\n\n • Demonym\nKL-ite / Kuala Lumpurian\n\n\nHuman Development Index\n\n\n • HDI (2010)\n0.795 (high) (2nd)\n\n\nTime zone\nMST (UTC+8)\n\n\nPostal code\n50000 to 60000\n\n\nMean solar time\nUTC + 06:46:48\n\n\nArea code(s)\n03\n\n\nVehicle registration\nV and W (for all vehicles except taxis)\nHW (for taxis only)\n\n\nISO 3166-2\nMY-14\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.dbkl.gov.my\n\n"
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"3°8′N 101°41′E / 3.133°N 101.683°E"
] |
2633671420380113704 | Falcon (comics) | Falcon ( Comics ) - wikipedia Falcon ( Comics ) Falcon Sam Wilson as Falcon , accompanied by Redwing Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Captain America # 117 ( September 1969 ) Created by Stan Lee Gene Colan In - story information Alter ego Samuel Thomas `` Sam '' Wilson Team affiliations Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. `` Defenders for a Day '' Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers Avengers Unity Squad Partnerships Captain America Redwing Nomad Notable aliases `` Snap '' Wilson , Falcon , Blackwing , Blackbird , Captain America Abilities Excellent bird trainer Skilled martial artist and gymnast Flight via wing harness Empathic link with pet falcon Limited control over birds Ability to see through the eyes of nearby birds Falcon ( Samuel Thomas `` Sam '' Wilson ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer - editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan , and introduced in Captain America # 117 ( Sept. 1969 ) . As the superhero Falcon , Wilson uses mechanical wings to fly , granting him limited telepathic and empathic control over birds . Following Steve Rogers ' retirement , Wilson becomes the newest Captain America and leader of the Avengers . Wilson 's deceased nephew was the Incredible Hulk 's sometime - sidekick Jim Wilson , one of the first openly HIV - positive comic - book characters . Jim Wilson 's father Gideon Wilson would go on to join the Gamma Corps . Sam also has parents named Paul and Darlene Wilson , a sister named Sarah Casper , a nephew named Jody Toby Casper , and an unnamed niece . Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson / Falcon in the 2014 Marvel Studios film , Captain America : The Winter Soldier and reprises his role in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Ant - Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and is set to reprise his role in the fourth Avengers film ( 2019 ) . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 Becoming the Falcon 2.3 2000s 2.4 Becoming Captain America 2.5 Return as Falcon 3 Powers , abilities , and equipment 3.1 Powers 3.2 Abilities 3.3 Uniform and flight harness 4 Other characters named Falcon 4.1 Joaquin Torres 4.2 Adrian Toomes 4.3 Carl Burgess 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Theatre 6.4 Video games 7 Reception 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Samuel Thomas Wilson , known as the Falcon , was the first African - American superhero in mainstream comic books , and also the first black superhero not to have the word `` black '' as part of his superhero name . The character first appeared in Captain America # 117 ( Sept. 1969 ) . Created by writer - editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan , he came about , Colan recalled in 2008 , ... in the late 1960s ( when news of the ) Vietnam War and civil rights protests were regular occurrences , and Stan , always wanting to be at the forefront of things , started bringing these headlines into the comics ... One of the biggest steps we took in this direction came in Captain America . I enjoyed drawing people of every kind . I drew as many different types of people as I could into the scenes I illustrated , and I loved drawing black people . I always found their features interesting and so much of their strength , spirit and wisdom written on their faces . I approached Stan , as I remember , with the idea of introducing an African - American hero and he took to it right away ... I looked at several African - American magazines , and used them as the basis of inspiration for bringing The Falcon to life . He was introduced as an unnamed former resident of New York City 's Harlem neighborhood , who had adopted a wild falcon he trained and named Redwing . ( His own name , Sam Wilson , was not given until page five of the following issue . ) When a group of men on an island `` in the tropics '' wanted a hunting falcon , Wilson answered the ad , only to discover that the self - dubbed `` Exiles '' were former Nazis in league with the supervillain the Red Skull . He escaped , but remained on the island to organize the natives to confront the Exiles , who had turned them into serfs . At the urging of Steve Rogers , whom he later learned was Captain America , Wilson took on the costumed identity of the Falcon and underwent training with Rogers in order to better inspire the villagers and lead the fight . Through most of the 1970s , the Falcon and Captain America were a team in New York City , and the series was cover - billed Captain America and the Falcon from issues # 134 -- 192 and 194 -- 222 ( February 1971 -- June 1978 ) , though still copyrighted as Captain America . In issue # 186 ( June 1975 ) , writer Steve Englehart retconned aspects of the Falcon 's past . Originally depicted as a former social worker , motivated by a desire to better the lives of inner - city youth , the Falcon was revealed as a mob - connected thug whose memories were altered by the reality - warping Cosmic Cube . The Falcon briefly joined the superhero team the Defenders , appearing in issues # 62 -- 64 ( August -- October 1978 ) , and was a member of the Avengers from issues # 183 -- 194 ( May 1979 -- April 1980 ) . During this time he also starred in a solo adventure in issue # 49 of the try - out series Marvel Premiere ; however , the story was not a try - out for a Falcon series , but an intended fill - in issue of Captain America which was shuffled into Marvel Premiere when the editors objected to having an issue of Captain America with someone other than the title character as the star . He starred in his own four - issue miniseries in 1983 , written by Jim Owsley . Its first issue was illustrated by Paul Smith with the final three issues by Mark Bright . The series revealed that the Falcon was a mutant , although this development was later retconned in the Avengers 2001 Annual . After regularly appearing in Captain America vol. 2 ( November 1996 -- November 1997 ) , the Falcon rejoined the Avengers in The Avengers vol. 3 , # 1 ( February 1998 ) . This time , he remained with the team , becoming one of its most prominent members by issue # 57 ( Oct. 2002 ) . Concurrently , he was also a supporting character in Captain America vols. 3 -- 4 ( January 1998 -- February 2002 and June 2002 -- December 2004 ) . The Falcon next appeared in the short - lived Captain America and the Falcon series , in 2004 and 2005 . After the events of the storyline `` Avengers Disassembled '' , when the Scarlet Witch temporarily restored his criminal personality , the Falcon became a supporting character in Captain America vol. 5 ( January 2005 -- July 2009 ) . The Falcon continued to play a significant role in the series after it returned to its original numbering , beginning with Captain America # 600 ( Aug. 2009 ) . Falcon was a member of the Avengers in the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . On July 16 , 2014 Marvel Comics announced that Sam Wilson would relinquish the mantle of Falcon and would become the new Captain America , succeeding Steve Rogers in the role . An ongoing series starring Sam Wilson as Captain America launched in October 2015 , as part of Marvel 's post-Secret Wars relaunch , written by Nick Spencer and Daniel Acuña . Wilson temporarily returns to the role of Captain America in the 2017 miniseries Marvel 's Generations . Wilson resumed the identity of Falcon in a series written by Rodney Barnes that debuted in late 2017 , the character 's first solo series since 1983 . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Samuel Thomas Wilson was born in Harlem , New York City , to Paul Wilson , a prominent minister , and Darlene Wilson . Wilson has a happy childhood and finds he has a natural affinity for birds . He takes up training pigeons , and has the largest pigeon coop in Harlem . In his teens , however , encounters with racism leave him jaded . When he is 16 , Wilson refuses to join the church , believing his deeply religious parents to be ignorant for their faith . To his surprise , rather than put up a fight , his parents provide him with books on different religions and comparative theology . The next night , however , Sam 's father is killed trying to break up a neighborhood fight ( originally Paul was said to have been killed when Sam was 9 years old ) . Two years later , his mother is shot and killed by a mugger one block from their apartment . Consumed by grief and `` angry at the world '' Sam turns his back on his past as a respected community volunteer . He moves to Los Angeles and creates a new persona : `` Snap '' Wilson , a professional criminal and gang member . While Snap is on his way to `` a big score in Rio de Janeiro '' , his plane crashes on Exile Island ( years later , he would say `` I actually loved this place quite a bit . It 's where I met my two best friends , '' referring to Captain America and Redwing ) . The once - peaceful island had been taken over by the Exiles , a group of would - be world conquerors who had collaborated with the Nazi supervillain the Red Skull during World War II . They had been betrayed by the Red Skull and were forced to remain in hiding on the island , enslaving the natives . Wilson finds and befriends Redwing , a falcon with which he feels a remarkably strong bond . Becoming the Falcon ( edit ) As part of a plot against Captain America , the Red Skull uses the Cosmic Cube , a creation that allows its user to alter reality , to mentally fuse Wilson with Redwing , creating a `` super-normal mental link '' that would , with time and concentration , give Wilson broad powers over all birds . Next , the Skull uses the Cube to rewrite the past and erase the years Wilson had spent angrily living as Snap Wilson . In this new history , Wilson was an upright and cheerful social worker who is eventually lured to the Exiles ' island and organizes the natives to fight for their freedom . Steve Rogers ( Captain America ) befriends him there and convinces Wilson to adopt a persona to inspire the natives in their rebellion . The two create the costumed persona the Falcon and train together extensively before attacking and defeating the Exiles and the Red Skull . The Falcon becomes Captain America 's regular partner in crime - fighting , and briefly even takes on the Captain America costume and identity when Rogers is believed to have been killed . Later , again as the Falcon , Wilson receives help from the Black Panther , who creates a harness for Wilson , allowing him to fly . When Rogers briefly abandons his Captain America identity , others attempt to take up the mantle , including a young man named Roscoe whom the Falcon mentors . When the Red Skull eventually kills Roscoe , Rogers again becomes Captain America . Soon afterward , the Red Skull reveals the Falcon 's true past as Snap Wilson , and unsuccessfully attempts to use the Cosmic Cube to make the Falcon kill Captain America . Now aware of his past but deciding to continue as a hero , the Falcon is eventually named head of the Super Agents at the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. . US government superhero liaison Henry Peter Gyrich then recruits Wilson , one of the few active black superheroes , to fill a mandated racial quota for the venerable team the Avengers . Resentful of being a `` token '' , the Falcon quits at the first opportunity . He debuts a new costume when he fights the supervillain Taskmaster . 2000s ( edit ) Falcon becomes a member of the new team of Avengers assembled to fight the international menace Scorpio as a United Nations peacekeeping agency . By this point , Falcon had discovered that he could extend his telepathic bond with Redwing , allowing him to control other birds and `` see '' through their eyes . He uses this ability to spy on Henry Gyrich ( now the Avengers ' liaison with the United Nations ) and discovers that the United States ' Secretary of Defense , Dell Rusk , has been pressuring Gyrich to spy on the Avengers and turn over their secrets . Although initially hostile to one another , Falcon convinces Gyrich to help the Avengers spy on Rusk , feeding him false information while gathering evidence to expose him . They discover that Rusk is actually the Red Skull , who has launched a biological weapon attack on America , intending to use the ensuing panic to gain control over America 's government and start a war with other countries . Falcon is instrumental in defeating the Red Skull . It is around this period of time that , a new `` Captain America '' secretly created by the Office of Naval Intelligence ( O.N.I. ) goes rogue and begins eliminating anything and anyone he sees as a source of terrorism . To draw out this agent ( dubbed `` The Anti-Cap '' ) , O.N.I. leaks information about their involvement in a biological weapons project with the notorious Rivas Family , powerful Cuban drug lords . Reporter and social activist Leila Taylor investigates this rumor and attempts to smuggle a sample of the virus into America , but she is arrested by U.S. forces in Cuba . Falcon , who is a friend of Taylor , breaks her out of prison and investigates her claims , destroying the Rivas Family 's biological weapons lab and obtaining a sample of the mysterious virus they were developing for O.N.I. Falcon is able to fly Leila back to America ( although his flying harness is destroyed in a hurricane ) while Captain America follows Falcon 's directions and retrieves the virus sample . The Anti-Cap kills the head of the Rivas family , and pursues Leila , Falcon , and Cap , intent on obtaining the virus sample . After reuniting , Falcon and Captain America are able to barely defeat the Anti-Cap . Realizing that O.N.I. 's goal was to draw out their rogue agent to execute him , Captain America arranges to have the Anti-Cap secretly imprisoned in the Wakandan embassy until O.N.I. agrees not to kill him . Since Captain America and Falcon now possess both O.N.I. 's rogue agent and the last remaining sample of O.N.I. 's virus , O.N.I. begins to put increasing amounts of pressure on the heroes . Falcon is especially targeted -- he had broken Leila out of Federal Custody , and his criminal history makes it easier for O.N.I. to create further false charges against him . Falcon soon finds himself on the run from O.N.I. Meanwhile , the superheroine the Scarlet Witch , having gone insane , begins using her powers to re-create many of the Avengers ' greatest trials and tragedies . She destabilizes the Falcon 's mind , causing him to act increasingly like his `` Snap '' persona . He begins carrying a gun , keeps secrets from his friends , assaults Leila 's boyfriend Norman when he protests they go into hiding , and uses a high power rifle to shoot at his friend Robbie Robertson ( to fool Robbie into thinking O.N.I. was threatening to kill him ) . Although they succeed in exposing the illegal activities of O.N.I. and clear Wilson 's name , Sam 's methods cause his relationship with Captain America to become strained . Cap confronts Falcon about his recent actions , and Falcon , angered at what he sees as an ultimatum , terminates their partnership . As they are walking away , Norman ( who blames Falcon for the end of his relationship with Leila ) appears and shoots at Falcon . Captain America is seriously injured by the stray bullets , and even appears to die . The shock of watching his best friend seemingly die because of his actions has a powerful affect on Sam , who briefly gives up being Falcon and reexamines his life . Sam Wilson reappears as Falcon in the 2005 `` House of M '' storyline and in the 2006 -- 07 `` Civil War '' storyline . In the latter , he supports Captain America against the Superhuman Registration Act . When the Captain becomes incapacitated , Falcon temporarily assumes leadership of the `` Secret Avengers '' rebel group . Following Captain America 's assassination by the machinations of the Red Skull , the Falcon registers with the government and is made responsible for Harlem , although he continues to maintain contact with the underground New Avengers . He is also called upon to investigate the Captain 's assassination by locating Winter Soldier and tracking down the Red Skull . Becoming Captain America ( edit ) Wilson as Captain America on the cover of All - New Captain America # 1 ( November 2014 ) . Art by Stuart Immonen . Wilson appears in the 2010 `` Shadowland '' storyline as Falcon , after which he becomes an operative in the new incarnation of the Heroes for Hire team , in the book of the same name . He later appears in the 2012 `` Avengers vs. X-Men '' storyline , helping She - Hulk and several other Avengers contain the students at the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning . As part of the 2012 - 2015 Marvel NOW ! relaunch , Wilson rejoins the Avengers after Iron Man and Captain America choose to expand the team 's line - up . After Rogers is aged into an old man , he appoints Wilson as his ' official ' replacement as Captain America . During a confrontation with the Red Skull 's daughter Sin , it is revealed that the `` Snap '' identity was a fake memory implanted into Sam by the Red Skull in an attempt to discredit the hero through racism . As part of the 2015 All - New , All - Different Marvel initiative , Captain America investigated the disappearance of Mexican teenager Joaquin Torres after he was abducted by the Sons of the Serpent . After fighting Armadillo and capturing the leader of the hate group , Captain America discovered that Joaquin was being used in the experiments of Karl Malus who turned Joaquin into a bird / human hybrid using Captain America 's pet bird Redwing . When Karl Malus was defeated , Captain America took Joaquin in . When it was discovered Joaquin 's bird / human hybrid condition was n't temporary , Captain America learned from Claire Temple that Joaquin 's condition was permanent due to Redwing being vampiric and sporting a healing factor . When Captain America was captured by the Serpent Society and thrown out the window by Viper , he was saved by Joaquin . Using his link with Redwing , Captain America telepathically sent Joaquin the knowledge on how to fight where he held his own until Misty Knight and Demolition Man showed up . After the Serpent Society was defeated , Captain America allowed Joaquin to become his sidekick , enabling him to become the new Falcon . During the 2016 `` Avengers : Standoff ! '' storyline , Sam , after defeating the Green Skull , is contacted by Whisperer ( an alias of Rick Jones ) . After meeting Whisperer , he learns that S.H.I.E.L.D. never discarded the Kobik project as he thought they did . He meets with Steve Rogers , where they follow a lead to a town in Connecticut and are later picked up by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . He then meets the Winter Soldier and rescue S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Avril Kincaid from the Blood Brothers , who informs them of a super-weapon hidden in the town that Baron Zemo and the other villains are looking for . They then head to the bowling alley where Kobik uses her powers to restore Steve Rogers to his prime when he was about to be killed by Crossbones . They begin looking for Kobik again only to discover that Baron Zemo had Fixer invent a device that would help find Kobik as Kraven the Hunter rallies the villains to help with their goals . Upon not being able to successfully locate Kobik , Steve Rogers decides to rally the heroes so that they can take the fight to Baron Zemo . In the aftermath of the incident , Steve and Sam plan to keep what happened at Pleasant Hill under wraps at the time being . After the `` Standoff ! '' storyline , Sam begins to face public pressure to return the shield and mantle of Captain America to Steve , as does Maria Hill for the consequences of her actions on Pleasant Hill . He and Steve then begin to secretly plan for a way to get Hill to face her crimes publicly . During a press conference , Sam encounters the mercenary Chance who was about to kill Steve in the middle of his speech . After defeating him , Sam receives a hero 's welcome when Steve announces him to the public as Captain America . While getting arrested , Chance tells Sam that he was on Pleasant Hill and that he did n't agree with the heroes ' actions . During the 2016 `` Civil War II '' storyline , Captain America attend War Machine 's funeral , where he delivers an inspirational speech . Months later , Wilson watches a TV broadcast about former New Warrior Rage engaging in a fight with the Americops , a private police force funded by Keane Industries , in Brooklyn . Intending to stop the fight , Wilson , along with Redwing and Falcon , try to contain the situation . Sam manages to stop the fight , although not without fighting the Americops , for which he knew the media would portray him negatively . As he leaves , he is attacked from behind by U.S. Agent . After a brief argument , Captain America and U.S. Agent begin to fight , with U.S. Agent gaining the upper hand , until Sam drags him into a tunnel where the darkness and the great horned owls that reside in it allow him to win the fight . After defeating U.S. Agent and receiving an argument from Rage , Wilson returns to his headquarters where he decides to put a tiny implant in his brain that will enhance his ability to see what birds see , enabling him to transmit them into a data storage facility that converts them into images and videos . He decides to further investigate the Americops to find proof of their violent activities . While accompanying Steve Rogers on a mission to stop Flag - Smasher 's latest assault , Wilson fails to save a senator from being shot by the villain , further compromising his current public image . This is subsequently revealed to have been deliberately staged by Rogers who has been converted to believe he is a Hydra sleeper agent since childhood . Using his greater familiarity with the shield , Rogers deliberately put Wilson in a position where he would be unable to use the shield to save the senator , with the final goal of demoralizing Sam to the point where he will return the shield to Rogers of his own free will ( not wanting to kill Wilson and risk creating a martyr ) . After discovering that Rage was arrested and accused of robbing a pawn shop which Man Mountain Marko and Speed Demon committed , Sam offers him professional help from other heroes , but Rage turns it down , preferring that he should be the one to prove his innocence . After consulting with his brother and Rogers , Sam posts a video on the internet showing footage of the Americops beating up Rage , exposing their violent activities . During Rage 's trial , a frustrated Sam leaves the courtroom and captures Speed Demon , who confesses to his and Man Mountain Marko 's involvement in the pawn shop robbery . Upon returning to the court , Misty tells Sam that the verdict was already given . While people protest over Rage 's arrest , Sam tries his best to calm them . Sam leaves a letter which explains he is ending his role as Captain America and returning the shield to Steve Rogers During the 2017 `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Sam has spent time alone in a desert and returns to the city where he discovers Hydra 's takeover and that Steve Rogers is their leader . Sam rescues a woman and her Inhuman daughter from Hydra enforcers , Sam reluctantly helps them to safety . He reunites with Misty Knight and Demolition Man and helps smuggle other Inhumans out of the country . He helps Ant - Man smuggle his daughter Cassandra Lang then declines their offer to join the underground resistance . When Hawkeye and the Tony Stark A.I. reveal that Kobik was responsible for Steve 's change , Sam agrees to help smuggle them out of the country so they can find the Cosmic Cube 's fragments . Sam takes the group through an abandoned subway tunnel where they encounter Mole Man , with whom Sam strikes a deal when they are attacked by Dreadnoughts sent by Hydra . After crossing the tunnel , the group departs in a jet plane . They arrive in a mansion where Ultron resides , since he is in possession of the shard . They encounter Steve Rogers and his Avengers until Ultron captures them . After a brief battle , Ultron allows them to leave and gives the shard to Tony 's team . Steve muses that he is unconcerned about who will acquire the fragments as he has an inside man in the Tony Stark A.I. 's team . After a series of dead ends , the team returns to the hideout , where Sam reunites with Misty , until Hydra forces arrive and begin their assault on the base . During the battle , Sam helps the other heroes in protecting the refugees and battling Hydra 's Avengers and a revived Bruce Banner as the Hulk until the base explodes . In the aftermath of the attack , Sam appears standing on top of the rubble as Captain America to inspire the resistance to not surrender . It is later revealed that Sam had a conversation with Misty Knight and Rayshaun Lucas , the new Patriot , which has persuaded him to reassume the role of Captain America , leading the resistance and wielding Rogers ' original round shield as a symbol of hope . Sam uses the Cosmic Cube fragment acquired by the resistance to help destroy the Darforce dome surrounding Manhattan and the planetary defense shield , releasing all the trapped heroes . Liberating all the imprisoned Inhumans , the Underground attacks the Capitol which attracts the attention of Steve Rogers , who arrives wearing Cosmic Cube - powered armor . During the final battle , Sam fakes surrender and gives the fragment to Steve , only for Winter Soldier to intervene and bring Kobik and the real Steve Rogers back . The restored Steve Rogers manages to defeat the Hydra Steve Rogers with Thor 's hammer and Kobik restores reality back to normal . Return as Falcon ( edit ) Upon taking the second Patriot on as his sidekick , they travel to Chicago to deal with an outbreak of gang violence , unaware that Blackheart is posing as the city 's Mayor . Powers , abilities , and equipment ( edit ) Powers ( edit ) In his earliest appearances , Wilson exhibits a close bond with his bird Redwing , which is confirmed as being a telepathic link by Professor X in Captain America # 174 . The Red Skull later reveals that he had used the Cosmic Cube to create a `` super-normal mental link '' between Sam Wilson and Redwing . Falcon later recalled the experience , stating `` Hurt like hell . Being mentally fused with that falcon . Able to see through his eyes . '' Wilson eventually revealed that he has been able to extend this empathic link . `` I 'm always psychically connected with Redwing , but through concentration , I 've recently tapped into another ability -- I 'm able to link - up with other birds ... I have over six billion pairs of eyes in the United States alone . '' He used this ability to quickly search New York City when the criminal Scarecrow kidnapped two children , as well as to spy on Senator Dell Rusk ( actually the Red Skull in disguise ) and Henry Peter Gyrich . He is also apparently able to access the memories of birds , and see things they had witnessed in the past ( although birds have a different concept of the passage of time , which makes it difficult for him to know when any events they witnessed occurred ) . Abilities ( edit ) Wilson is a skilled hand - to - hand combatant , having been trained in Judo and Karate by Steve Rogers . Wilson is also highly - skilled in the use of Captain America 's shield . Uniform and flight harness ( edit ) Wilson 's original Falcon wing harness featured detachable jet - powered glider wings made of lightweight titanium ribbing and Mylar . The wings were covered with wafer - thin solar power receptors that convert sunlight into electricity to power miniature high - speed electric turbine fans in his uniform and boots . The wings detached and reattached to his uniform cybernetically . The harness was destroyed in Captain America and the Falcon # 2 ( 2004 ) . The uniform was made of synthetic stretch fabric lined with a steel - alloy mesh . After the original flying harness 's destruction in a 2004 storyline , the Black Panther supplied Falcon with a new costume and wings . An emitter array on Falcon 's back creates holographic `` hard light '' wings with a maximum wingspan of up to 50 feet ( 15 m ) . Controlled by a cybernetic link , the wings can be instantly reconfigured into `` dozens of different cruise configurations '' . A `` magnetic drive '' , in turn , provides the thrust needed to get Falcon airborne . The emitter also possesses GPS jamming devices that prevent satellite tracking , while the hard - light wings interfere with infra - red tracking . A vibranium microweave was added to the costume itself , making Falcon resistant to small arms fire . The entire system is controlled mentally through cybernetic circuitry in the Falcon 's mask . The costume has in the past featured a hidden `` talon , '' a cybernetically controlled grappling line built into the gauntlets of his costume which he uses to entangle opponents , hook objects , or for swinging and climbing when his wings are detached . The costume 's visors come equipped with various capabilities , including infrared lenses , giving him the ability to see objects by their infrared signature at night , magnification capabilities , and remote imaging sensors that allow a full 360 degree of vision when activated . The cowl also has a wide band receiver and transmitter with an unspecified range . The suit was originally built by the Black Panther , with costume modifications by Desmond Burrell . Other characters named Falcon ( edit ) Joaquin Torres ( edit ) As part of the 2015 All - New , All - Different Marvel branding , Captain America ( Sam Wilson ) investigated the disappearance of Mexican teenager Joaquin Torres after he was abducted by the Sons of the Serpent . Captain America discovered that Joaquin was being used in the experiments of Karl Malus who turned Joaquin into a bird / human hybrid using Captain America 's pet bird Redwing . When Karl Malus was defeated , Captain America took Joaquin in . When it was discovered Joaquin 's bird / human hybrid condition was n't temporary , Captain America learned from Claire Temple that Joaquin 's condition was permanent due to Redwing being vampiric and sporting a healing factor . When Captain America was captured by the Serpent Society and thrown out the window by Viper , he was saved by Joaquin . Using his link with Redwing , Captain America telepathically sent Joaquin the knowledge on how to fight where he held his own until Misty Knight and Demolition Man showed up . After the Serpent Society was defeated , Captain America allowed Joaquin to become his sidekick , enabling him to become the new Falcon . During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Falcon II and Ironheart join the Champions when they join up with the Underground. > Adrian Toomes ( edit ) Main article : Vulture ( Marvel Comics ) In a 2017 storyline , Adrian Toomes developed a modified version of his Electromagnetic Wing Harness that has a reinforced helmet and lightweight , razor - sharp , nano - woven wings which responded to his mental commands where he took on the name Falcon where he believed the name to be vacant at the time . He robbed a location in East Village where he fought Spider - Man until they were immobilized by a new Trapster who made off with Falcon 's loot . Carl burgess ( edit ) A similar , unrelated character of the same name and powers was created in 1939 by writer - artist Bill Everett for Marvel Comics ' predecessor company , Timely Comics . Other versions ( edit ) In the alternate reality of a 1983 What If ? story , Sam - under his gang name `` Snap '' - is a member of a secret rebellion force in a United States turned fascist who aids Captain America in beating an impostor and leading the chastised nation back to its democratic roots . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears as one of the zombified heroes in the Marvel Zombies universe . Initially , he is among the many heroes summoned by Nick Fury to fight off the infection , but he winds up being infected . Afterwards , in Marvel Zombies 3 , he , along with other wing - laden characters ( Angel , Beak and Vulture ) , attack Machine Man , Ultron and Jocasta as soon as they arrive in this ravaged universe , but he and the others are quickly killed by Machine Man . In Amazing Spider - Girl # 7 , which is part of the MC2 universe , Wilson was revealed to be dead . However , the Ladyhawk twins wear attire similar to his first costume , from before he had the mantle of either Falcon or Captain America . In the `` Once and Future King '' story arc from Black Panther , a retired Sam Wilson is shown as the mayor of New York City 25 years into the future . He comes out of retirement for one final mission to help Black Panther defeat T'charra , T'Chaka's treasonous son . The Ultimate Marvel version of Falcon on the cover of Ultimate Comics : The Ultimates # 7 ( April 2012 ) . Art by Kaare Andrews . In the Ultimate Marvel universe , Samuel Wilson is an explorer , adventurer , and scientist who uses a backpack with high - tech folding wings to fly as the Eagle . Wilson first appeared in Ultimate Nightmare and then worked on the Vision , demonstrating a high level of technological understanding and confronted George Tarleton of A.I.M. aboard a space station studying a Gah Lak Tus module . He is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. rather than an official member of the Ultimates or Reserves . He has served with or under General Nick Fury , and was a member of the armed forces but retired to pursue scientific interests . This version appears to be an accomplished combatant , especially when using the sharp edge of the metal wings he wears as a weapon , which are controlled through the help of nanotechnology , with which he can communicate and retrieve computer information . The wings are partially self - repairing , as referenced in Ultimate Extinction . In Marvel 's MAX imprint series U.S. War Machine , Wilson appeared alongside Captain America and Hawkeye ; he and Hawkeye served as Captain America 's backup and wore no costumes , only being addressed by their real names . In this reality , Captain America was actually Bucky wearing the Captain 's uniform as here the Captain had died in World War II in his stead . In the 2006 comic What If Captain America had fought in the Civil War ? , the Earth - 717 version of Wilson was an orphan raised by a Shawnee medicine man , and grew up to fight in the American Civil War as part of an Indian volunteer regiment . He performs a ritual to give Steven Rogers the power of We - Pi - Ahk , the Eagle Spirit , and has a red eagle painted on his chest for this ceremony . He is killed by Colonel Barnes ( who in this reality is the White Skull ) . In the `` Heroes Reborn '' universe , created by Franklin Richards , a version of Samuel Wilson appears . His father , Abraham `` Abe '' Wilson fought alongside Captain America during World War II , but is later killed by Master Man 's army . During the fight , Abe 's son Sam Wilson is shot in a fight and gravely wounded , but Captain America saves his life by giving him a transfusion of the Super-Soldier's own blood . Consequently , Wilson gains superhuman abilities comparable to those of Captain America . His military nickname , `` The Falcon '' , becomes his superhero code name , avenges his father by beating Master Man , and along with Captain America , and Nick Fury defeat the Red Skull 's plans for world domination . In an alternate timeline seen in Avengers : The Children 's Crusade , Sam was succeeded as the Falcon by his daughter Samantha . Samantha is shown as a member of the Avengers alongside her husband Eli ( the new Captain America ) , and their son Steve ( the new Bucky ) . In Daredevil : End of Days , Wilson is briefly shown as the future president of the United States of America . During the Secret Wars storyline , an alternate , naturally - winged version of Sam Wilson is a member of the Thor Corps ( which are the police force of Battleworld ) . He and the Thor Corps members arrest Miss America after she violates Doom 's laws by throwing a Megalodon that attacked Arcadia far enough to go over the Shield and end up in the Deadlands . A female version of Sam Wilson ( Samantha T. Wilson ) serves as the original Captain America of the Spider - Gwen universe of Earth - 65 . When World War II struck , she became one of the first black female pilots in the U.S. military . Eventually , she was recruited into Project Rebirth , and was chosen to undergo the procedure when the other candidates Bucky , Steve Rogers , and Isaiah Bradley were badly injured by Nazi agents . After this , she became Captain America , and fought the Nazis . When the Nazis attempted to summon creatures from another dimension , she entered said dimension to hold off the invading forces , un-aging in this reality for nearly 75 years . When she finally defeated them and returned to her home dimension of Earth - 65 , she was recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. director Peggy Carter to continue her service as Captain America as one of her agents . Another version of Sam Wilson appears in the Spider - Gwen universe of Earth - 65 . He is the male clone of Samantha Wilson and is also this universe 's Falcon where he works as Captain America 's sidekick . Falcon is known as Sam 13 and is an expert sniper - assassin . He is aided by Redwing ( who in this reality is a robotic falcon ) where Sam 13 used him for assault and reconnaissance . Falcon and Redwing first come into contact with Spider - Woman while she was fighting Lizard . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Falcon ( along with his bird Redwing ) appeared as a member of the Avengers in the television series The Avengers : United They Stand , voiced by Martin Roach . Falcon along with his bird Redwing appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , with Falcon voiced by Alimi Ballard and Redwing 's vocal effects provided by Steven Blum . In this version , he is capable of launching his `` feathers '' at his enemies . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Lance Reddick . Alongside Doc Samson , Falcon is a mind - controlled servant of Dell Rusk . He appears in the episodes `` Nightmare in Red '' , `` Code Red '' , and `` Avengers Assemble ! '' . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears as one of the main characters in the Avengers Assemble animated series , voiced by Bumper Robinson . This iteration of Sam Wilson is depicted as a 17 - year - old S.H.I.E.L.D. operative that Iron Man had an eye on . When the Avengers brought together to save Captain America from the Red Skull , Sam was originally offered the War Machine armor , but turned it down in favor of the Falcon armor . Wilson later dons a new version of his Falcon armor where there is a beak - shaped visor over his eyes . The wing pack is capable of detaching itself from the rest of the armor to become `` Redwing Mode '' and fly by itself to the point where it can whip up tornadoes . In the fourth season , Falcon is kidnapped by Kang the Conqueror and spends years in the future working with him to stop a black hole from destroying the Earth . When he returns to the present , he is significantly older and has a new outfit that greatly resembles his outfit in the MCU . Sam Wilson appears in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors , voiced again by Bumper Robinson . He appears in the episodes `` Avenging Spider - Man '' ( Parts 1 and 2 ) and `` Contest of Champions '' ( Part 4 ) . Sam Wilson appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload mini-series , voiced again by Bumper Robinson . Falcon appears in the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Kaito Ishikawa in the Japanese version . Film ( edit ) Anthony Mackie as the Falcon in a character poster for the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , with the character 's first appearance being in the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier . In the film , Wilson uses a pair of submachine guns as his main weapons and flies using a jet pack with articulated wings . Mackie reprises the role in the 2015 films Avengers : Age of Ultron , Ant - Man , the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , and Avengers : Infinity War . Redwing makes a first appearance in Civil War as Falcon 's bird - shaped robotic drone . Theatre ( edit ) Sam Wilson appears in the Marvel Universe : LIVE ! arena stage show . Video Games ( edit ) Falcon appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad video game and its sequel Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet , with Alimi Ballard reprising the role . Falcon is once again a playable character in the game Marvel Super Hero Squad : Comic Combat , with Alimi Ballard voicing the role . Falcon is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online . Falcon appears as DLC in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Andrew Kishino . Falcon appears in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . He appears in the 17th Spec Ops game loosely based upon the events of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The MCU version of Falcon appears as a Team - Up character in Marvel Heroes , voiced by Bumper Robinson . An alternate version of Captain America is later added to the game . Falcon appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , with Bumper Robinson reprising the role . Falcon 's wings are also available as a usable vehicle for other heroes . Falcon also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . The MCU version of Falcon appears as a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . An alternate version of Captain America is later added to celebrate the 4th of July . Falcon is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Anthony Mackie . He is initially available in his Classic and Captain America : The Winter Soldier designs along with his Captain America appearance . Falcon 's Captain America : Civil War appearance is available through DLC . Falcon appears as a playable character in Playmation : Avengers . A teenage version of Falcon appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by A $ AP Rocky . Falcon is a playable character in the match - three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest . Captain America is added to the game in August 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Wilson was placed as the 96th greatest comic book hero by IGN , which opined that the partnership between him and Steve Rogers forms one of the greatest crime fighting duos in comics , and as # 45 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . See also ( edit ) List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members List of African - American firsts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvel had previously introduced the Black Panther , a native of the fictional African country Wakanda . The first comic starring a black character was Dell Comics ' Old West gunfighter Lobo , introduced in 1965 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 134 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ All - New Captain America # 6 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Brothers , David . `` A Marvel Black History Lesson Pt. 1 '' , Marvel.com , February 18 , 2011 . WebCitation archive . Marvel Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort : `` The Falcon was the very first African - American super hero , as opposed to The Black Panther , who preceded him , but was n't American . '' ^ Jump up to : `` GCD : : Issue : : Captain America # 117 '' . comics.org . Jump up ^ Colan , Gene . `` Introduction , '' Marvel Masterworks : Captain American Volume 4 ( Marvel Publishing : New York , 2008 ) , p. 2 of introduction ( unnumbered ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 117 -- 118 ( September -- October 1969 ) . Writer : Stan Lee . Penciler : Gene Colan . Publisher : Magazine Management Company . Brand : Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America cover scans , page 1 to page 4 , at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Brennaman , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Marvel Premiere '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 71 ) : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Abandoned An ' Forsaked -- The Falcon is a Mutant ? ! '' . Goodcomics.comicbookresources.com . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATED : 1st Look at Marvel NOW ! AVENGERS Lineup '' . Newsarama . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Captain America will be African - American , as the Falcon takes over the star - spangled mantle in the comic books '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Sam Wilson , Captain America Soars Higher than Ever News Marvel.com '' . marvel.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Exclusive : Original Wolverine , Hulk and more to return in Marvel 's ' Generations ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Legacy : Sam Wilson Returns as The Falcon '' . CBR.com . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Legacy : Rodney Barnes To Have Falcon Wrestle With Demons In New Series '' . ComicBook.com . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan Captain America # 117 -- 119 ( Sept. -- Nov. 1969 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 Jump up ^ Captain America # 277 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers volume 3 , # 64 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon # 7 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon , # 11 Jump up ^ Captain America # 186 Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 ( June 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . The Avengers # 475 / vol. 3 , # 60 ( Jan. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Captain America # 133 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sentinel of Liberty # 8 -- 9 ( April -- May 1999 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve , and Mike Friedrich . Captain America # 170 ( Feb. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 181 -- 183 ( Jan. -- March 1975 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve , and John Warner . Captain America # 186 ( June 1975 ) Jump up ^ Glut , Donald F. Captain America # 218 ( Feb. 1978 ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 184 ( June 1979 ) Jump up ^ Captain America Annual # 11 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers , Volume 3 , # 57 -- 70 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon # 1 -- 4 , May - July 2004 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon . # 1 -- 14 Jump up ^ House of M # 1 , Captain America vol. 5 , # 12 , Civil War # 1 Jump up ^ Civil War # 4 Jump up ^ Jeph Loeb ( w ) , John Cassaday ( a ) . `` The Death of Captain America , Chapter 5 : Acceptance '' Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America 5 ( August 2007 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 31 -- 33 ( Dec. 2007 -- Feb. 2008 ) , Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Heroes for Hire vol. 4 # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 266 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers ( vol. 5 ) # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America ( vol. 7 ) # 25 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ All - New Captain America # 3 . 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Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 22 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 3 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 23 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 4 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 7 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 24 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 8 - 10 Jump up ^ Barnes , Rodney ; Thompson , Robbie ( w ) , Cassara , Joshua ; Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Hennessy , Andrew ( i ) . ( Anthology ) , Falcon ( Vol. 2 ) # 1 ( December 2017 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 . Marvel Comics , 1975 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 60 . Marvel Comics , 2003 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 64 . Marvel Comics , 2003 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 61 -- 69 . Marvel Comics , 2003 -- 2004 Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed . Captain America vol. 5 # 35 . Marvel Comics , 2008 Jump up ^ Captain America and the Falcon vol 1 # 163 ( July 1973 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol 1 # 118 ( October 1969 ) Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher ( w ) . Captain America and the Falcon # 2 ( 2004 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher Captain America and the Falcon # 6 , Marvel Comics ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 170 ( February 1974 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Free Comic Book Day Vol 2017 Secret Empire . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Gillis , Peter B. ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Simons , Dave ( i ) . `` What If ? ... Captain America Were Not Revived Until Today ? '' What If ? 44 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Comics 3 # 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Black Panther ( vol. 2 ) # 37 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Nightmare # 1 -- 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Extinction # 1 -- 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America Vol. 2 # 1 Jump up ^ Captain America ( Vol 2 ) # 1 -- 12 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers : The Children 's Crusade : Young Avengers # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Daredevil : End of Days # 2 Jump up ^ A-Force # 1 ^ Jump up to : Spider - Gwen vol. 2 # 2 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast '' . Comics Continuum. 2009 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes ! Vol 1 & 2 ( Disney ) '' . Pendragon 's Post . April 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sands , Rich ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Assembles New Animated Series for the Hulk and Avengers '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` NYCC : Marvel to Premiere Avengers Assemble & Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Next Summer '' . Superhero Hype . October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avenging Spider - Man '' . Ulimate Spider - Man . 2012 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Anthony Mackie Has n't Seen His Falcon Costume Yet '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Character Bios , Fun Facts ( Minor Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson . `` New Ant - Man TV Spot Reveals Avenger Guest Star In New Costume '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Concept Art Shows Where Each Avenger 's Loyalties Lie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan . `` Anthony Mackie Teases Falcon 's Fate After Avengers : Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . ComicBook.com . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel brings Captain America : Civil War to Disney 's D23 Expo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Universe LIVE ! Character Designs '' . Newsarama . November 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ Cl.eb-cdn.com.au Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel 's ' Avengers Alliance ' Gets ' Winter Soldier ' And ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Upgrade '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Team - Up Heroes FAQ ( Page 1 ) '' Archived 2014 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Marvel Heroes . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Captain Marvel , Sam Wilson & More Celebrate Fourth of July with Marvel Games '' . Comic Book Resources . July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Break Records for ' Disney Infinity ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Super Heroes Announced '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Future Fight ' : Top 10 Tips & Cheats You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` LEGO Marvel 's Avengers Reveals Stanbuster , Miss America , More New Characters '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Falcon '' . Playmation . Jump up ^ `` John Cena and Colton Haynes Lend Voices to ' Marvel Avengers Academy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://marvel.com/news/video_games/24982/piecing_together_marvel_puzzle_quest_sam_wilson_captain_america Jump up ^ `` # 96 -- The Falcon '' . IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time . IGN . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did falcon first appear in the mcu | [
"Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with the character's first appearance being in the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[95][96] In the film, Wilson uses a pair of submachine guns as his main weapons and flies using a jet pack with articulated wings.[97] Mackie reprises the role in the 2015 films Avengers: Age of Ultron,[98] Ant-Man,[99] the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War, [100][101] and Avengers: Infinity War.[102] Redwing makes a first appearance in Civil War as Falcon's bird-shaped robotic drone.[103]"
] | [
"in the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier"
] |
7588491895054620505 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . 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463429824025825828 | Battle of Bannockburn | Battle of Bannockburn - wikipedia Battle of Bannockburn Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2016 ) Coordinates : 56 ° 05 ′ 31 '' N 3 ° 54 ′ 54 '' W / 56.092 ° N 3.915 ° W / 56.092 ; - 3.915 Battle of Bannockburn Part of the First War of Scottish Independence This depiction from the Scotichronicon ( c. 1440 ) is the earliest known image of the battle . King Robert wielding an axe and Edward II fleeing toward Stirling feature prominently , conflating incidents from the two days of battle . Date 23 -- 24 June 1314 Location Bannockburn , south of Stirling , Scotland Result Decisive Scottish victory Belligerents Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England Commanders and leaders Robert the Bruce Edward Bruce Sir Robert Keith James Douglas Thomas Randolph Edward II Humphrey de Bohun Aymer de Valence Gilbert de Clare † Robert de Clifford † Strength 5,000 -- 10,000 13,700 -- 25,000 Casualties and losses 400 -- 4,000 700 cavalry 4,000 -- 11,000 infantry First War of Scottish Independence First Berwick Dunbar Lanark Stirling Bridge Falkirk Roslin Happrew Stirling Castle Methven Dalrigh Turnberry Loch Ryan Glen Trool Loudoun Hill Slioch Inverurie Buchan Pass of Brander Bannockburn Campaign in Ireland Moiry Pass Connor Kells Skerries Skaithmuir Second Berwick Faughart Myton Arbroath Declaration The Great Raid of 1322 Old Byland Corbeil Treaty Stanhope Park Edinburgh - Northampton Treaty Scottish Independence Wars First Second Third The Battle of Bannockburn ( Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Allt a ' Bhonnaich ) 24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence , and a landmark in Scottish history . Stirling Castle , a Scots royal fortress , occupied by the English , was under siege by the Scottish army . The English king , Edward II , assembled a formidable force to relieve it . This attempt failed , and his army was defeated in a pitched battle by a smaller army commanded by the King of Scots , Robert the Bruce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Battle 3.1 Location of the battlefield 3.2 First day of battle 3.3 Second day of battle 3.4 English retreat 4 Aftermath 5 Notable casualties 5.1 Deaths 5.2 Captives 6 Legacy 6.1 Bannockburn Visitor Centre 6.2 Arts 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Primary 8.2 Secondary 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Wars of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in 1296 and initially the English were successful under the command of Edward I , having won victories at the Battle of Dunbar ( 1296 ) and at the Capture of Berwick ( 1296 ) . The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success . The Scots had been victorious in defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297 . This was countered , however , by Edward I 's victory at the Battle of Falkirk ( 1298 ) . By 1304 Scotland had been conquered , but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened . Edward II of England came to the throne in 1307 but was incapable of providing the determined leadership that had been shown by his father , Edward I , and the English position soon became more difficult . Stirling Castle was one of the most important castles that was held by the English as it commanded the route north into the Scottish Highlands . It was besieged in 1314 by Robert the Bruce 's brother , Edward Bruce , and an agreement was made that if the castle was not relieved by mid-summer then it would be surrendered to the Scots . The English could not ignore this challenge and military preparations were made for a substantial campaign in which the English army probably numbered 2,000 cavalry and 15,000 infantry , many of whom would have been longbowmen . The Scottish army probably numbered between 7,000 and 10,000 men , of whom no more than 500 would have been mounted . Unlike the heavily armoured English cavalry , the Scottish cavalry would have been light horsemen who were good for skirmishing and reconnaissance but were not suitable for charging the enemy lines . The Scottish infantry would have had axes , swords and pikes , with few bowmen among them . The precise size of the English force relative to the Scottish forces is unclear but estimates range from as much as at least two or three times the size of the army Bruce had been able to gather , to as little as only 50 % larger . Prelude ( edit ) An early 14th century English depiction of a Biblical battle giving an impression of how soldiers were equipped at Bannockburn . The image of a king wielding a battle axe in the top half has led some historians to link this image to Bannockburn . Edward II and his advisors were aware of the places that the Scots were likely to challenge them and sent out orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near to the River Forth , near Stirling . The English appear to have advanced in four divisions whereas the Scots were in three divisions , known as ' schiltrons ' which were strong defensive circles of men bristling with pikes . Thomas Randolph , 1st Earl of Moray , commanded the Scottish vanguard , which was stationed about a mile to the south of Stirling , near the church of St. Ninian , while the king commanded the rearguard at the entrance to the New Park . His brother Edward led the third division . According to Barbour , there was a fourth division nominally under the youthful Walter the Steward , but actually under the command of Sir James Douglas . The Scottish archers used yew - stave longbows and though these were not weaker than or inferior to English longbows , there were fewer Scottish archers than English archers , possibly numbering only 500 . These archers played little part in the battle . There is firsthand evidence in a poem by the captured Carmelite friar Robert Baston , written just after the battle , that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen . Battle ( edit ) Location of the battlefield ( edit ) There is some confusion over the exact site of the Battle of Bannockburn , although most modern historians agree that the traditional site , where a visitor centre and statue have been erected , is not the correct one . Although a large number of possible alternatives have been proposed , most can be dismissed leaving two serious contenders : the area of peaty ground known as the Dryfield outside the village of Balquhiderock , about three - quarters of a mile to the east of the traditional site , and the Carse of Balquhiderock , about a mile and a half north - east of the traditional site , accepted by the National Trust as the most likely candidate . First day of battle ( edit ) An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn - first day Most medieval battles were short - lived , lasting only a few hours , so that the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in lasting two days . On 23 June 1314 two of the English cavalry formations advanced , the first commanded by the Earl of Gloucester and the Earl of Hereford . They encountered a body of Scots , among them Robert the Bruce himself . A celebrated single combat then took place between Bruce and Henry de Bohun who was the nephew of the Earl of Hereford . Bohun charged at Bruce and when the two passed side by side , Bruce split Bohun 's head with his axe . The Scots then rushed upon the English under Gloucester and Hereford who struggled back over the Bannockburn . The second English cavalry force was commanded by Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont and included Sir Thomas de Grey of Heaton , father of the chronicler Thomas Grey whose account of events follows ; Robert Lord de Clifford and Henry de Beaumont , with three hundred men - at - arms , made a circuit upon the other side of the wood towards the castle , keeping the open ground . Thomas Randolph , 1st Earl of Moray , Robert de Brus 's nephew , who was leader of the Scottish advanced guard , hearing that his uncle had repulsed the advanced guard of the English on the other side of the wood , thought that he must have his share , and issuing from the wood with his division marched across the open ground towards the two afore - named lords . Sir Henry de Beaumont called to his men : `` Let us wait a little ; let them come on ; give them room '' `` Sir , '' said Sir Thomas Gray , `` I doubt that whatever you give them now , they will have all too soon '' `` Very well '' exclaimed the said Henry , `` if you are afraid , be off '' `` Sir , '' answered the said Thomas , `` it is not from fear that I shall fly this day . '' So saying he spurred in between Beaumont and Sir William Deyncourt , and charged into the thick of the enemy . William was killed , Thomas was taken prisoner , his horse being killed on the pikes , and he himself carried off with the Scots on foot when they marched off , having utterly routed the squadron of the said two lords . Some of the English fled to the castle , others to the king 's army , which having already left the road through the wood had debouched upon a plain near the water of Forth beyond Bannockburn , an evil , deep , wet marsh , where the said English army unharnessed and remained all night , having sadly lost confidence and being too much disaffected by the events of the day . -- Sir Thomas Gray , Scalacronica , translated by Herbert Maxwell Second day of battle ( edit ) An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn - second day Under nightfall the English forces crossed the stream that is known as the Bannock Burn , establishing their position on the plain beyond it . A Scottish knight , Alexander Seton , who was fighting in the service of Edward II of England , deserted the English camp and told Bruce of the low English morale , encouraging Bruce to attack them . In the morning the Scots then advanced from New Park . Not long after daybreak , the Scots spearmen began to move towards the English . Edward was surprised to see Robert 's army emerge from the cover of the woods . As Bruce 's army drew nearer , they paused and knelt in prayer . Edward is supposed to have said in surprise `` They pray for mercy ! '' `` For mercy , yes , '' one of his attendants replied , `` But from God , not you . These men will conquer or die . '' The English responded to the Scots advance with a charge of their own , led by the Earl of Gloucester . Gloucester had argued with the Earl of Hereford over who should lead the vanguard into battle , and argued with the king that the battle should be postponed . This led the king to accuse him of cowardice , which perhaps goaded Gloucester into the charge . Few accompanied Gloucester in his charge and when he reached the Scottish lines he was quickly surrounded and killed . Gradually the English were pushed back and ground down by the Scots ' schiltrons . The English longbowmen attempted to support the advance of the knights but were ordered to stop shooting , as they were causing casualties among their own . An attempt to deploy the English and Welsh longbowmen to shoot at the advancing Scots from their flank failed when they were dispersed by 500 Scottish cavalry under the Marischal Sir Robert Keith . Although these are sometimes described as light cavalry , this appears to be a misinterpretation of Barbour 's statement that these were men - at arms on lighter horses than their English counterparts . The English cavalry was hemmed in , making it difficult for them to manoeuvre . As a result , the English were unable to hold their formations and broke ranks . It soon became clear to Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke and Giles d'Argentan ( reputedly the third best knight in Europe ) that the English had lost and Edward II needed to be led to safety at all costs . So , seizing his horse 's reins , they dragged him away , closely followed by five hundred knights of the royal bodyguard . Once they were clear of the battle d'Argentan turned to the king , said `` Sire , your protection was committed to me , but since you are safely on your way , I will bid you farewell for never yet have I fled from a battle , nor will I now . '' and turned his horse to charge back into the ranks of Scottish where he was overborne and slain . English retreat ( edit ) Edward fled with his personal bodyguard , ending the remaining order in the army ; panic spread and defeat turned into a rout . He arrived eventually at Dunbar Castle , from which he took ship to Berwick . From the carnage of Bannockburn , the rest of the army tried to escape to the safety of the English border , ninety miles to the south . Many were killed by the pursuing Scottish army or by the inhabitants of the countryside that they passed through . Historian Peter Reese says that , `` only one sizeable group of men -- all foot soldiers -- made good their escape to England . '' These were a force of Welsh spearmen who were kept together by their commander , Sir Maurice de Berkeley , and the majority of them reached Carlisle . Weighing up the available evidence , Reese concludes that `` it seems doubtful if even a third of the footsoldiers returned to England . '' Out of 16,000 infantrymen , this would give a total of about 11,000 killed . The English chronicler Thomas Walsingham gave the number of English men - at - arms who were killed as 700 , while 500 more men - at - arms were spared for ransom . The Scottish losses appear to have been comparatively light , with only two knights among those killed . Aftermath ( edit ) The defeat of the English opened up the north of England to Scottish raids and allowed the Scottish invasion of Ireland . These finally led , after the failure of the Declaration of Arbroath to reach this end by diplomatic means , to the Treaty of Edinburgh -- Northampton . Under the treaty the English Crown recognised the full independence of the Kingdom of Scotland , and acknowledged Robert the Bruce , and his heirs and successors , as the rightful rulers . Notable casualties ( edit ) Deaths ( edit ) Gilbert de Clare , 8th Earl of Gloucester Sir Giles d'Argentan John Lovel , 2nd Baron Lovel John Comyn , Lord of Badenoch Robert de Clifford , 1st Baron de Clifford Sir Henry de Bohun William le Marshal , Marshal of Ireland Edmund de Mauley , King 's Steward Sir Robert de Felton of Litcham , 1st Lord Captives ( edit ) Humphrey de Bohun , 4th Earl of Hereford John Segrave , 2nd Baron Segrave Maurice de Berkeley , 2nd Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley Sir Marmaduke Tweng Ralph de Monthermer , 1st Baron Monthermer Robert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus Sir Anthony de Luci Sir Ingram de Umfraville Sir John Maltravers , 1st Baron Maltravers Sir Thomas de Grey of Heaton Legacy ( edit ) Bannockburn visitor Centre ( edit ) The hemicircle of the modern Bannockburn monument In 1932 the Bannockburn Preservation Committee , under Edward Bruce , 10th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine , presented lands to the National Trust for Scotland . Further lands were purchased in 1960 and 1965 to facilitate visitor access . A modern monument stands in a field above the battle site , where the warring parties are believed to have camped on the night before the battle . The monument consists of two hemicircular walls depicting the opposing parties . Nearby stands the 1960s statue of Bruce by Pilkington Jackson . The monument , and the associated visitor centre , is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the area . The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment ( Amendment ) Act 2011 . Alley to the monument Statue of Robert the Bruce by Pilkington Jackson View of the circular walls and the flag pole Close Up of the statue The National Trust for Scotland operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre ( previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre ) , which is open daily from March through October . On 31 October 2012 the building was closed for demolition and replacement by a new design , inspired by traditional Scottish buildings , by Reiach and Hall Architects . The project is a partnership between the National Trust for Scotland and Historic Scotland , funded by the Scottish Government and the Heritage Lottery Fund . The battlefield 's new visitor centre - now rebranded as the Bannockburn Visitor Centre - opened in March 2014 . One of the attractions created by a £ 9m redevelopment of the centre and the nearby battlefield memorial is a computerised multiplayer game . Arts ( edit ) Bruce addresses troops from Cassell 's History of England `` Scots Wha Hae '' is the title of a patriotic poem by Robert Burns . The chorus of Scotland 's unofficial national anthem Flower of Scotland refers to Scotland 's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn . Many artworks depict the battle . John Duncan and Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson both painted Bruce 's encounter with de Bohun . John Phillip painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of the battle . John Hassall painted a similar theme . William Findlay also depicts Bruce at the battle . The Swedish power metal band Sabaton wrote the song Blood of Bannockburn on their album The Last Stand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nusbacher , Aryeh ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Bannockburn 1314 . Stroud : Tempus . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1783 - 5 . Jump up ^ Oman , Charles ( 1991 ) ( 1924 ) . A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages Vol. II . London : Greenhill Books . p. 88 . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 105 - 3 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Pete ( 2002 ) . Bannockburn . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 43 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 609 - 4 . Jump up ^ Grant , R.G. ( 2008 ) , Battle : A visual journey through 5,000 years of combat , DK Publishing , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Sadler , John , Scottish Battles , ( Biddles Ltd. , 1998 ) , 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Grant , 118 . ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , p. 88 referencing Walsingham , p. 141 Jump up ^ Sadler , 52 . ^ Jump up to : Reese , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy . ( 2005 ) . The Seventy Great Battles of All Time . pp. 71 -- 73 . Thames & Hudson Ltd . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25125 - 8 . Jump up ^ Watson , F. , `` In Our Time : The Battle of Bannockburn '' , BBC Radio , 3 February 2011 Jump up ^ Nicholson , Later Middle Ages pp. 87 -- 89 Jump up ^ Strickland , Matthew ; Hardy , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Great Warbow . Stroud : Sutton . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3167 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Chronicle of Lanercost says that on the second day of the battle , `` the English archers were thrown forward before the line , and the Scottish archers engaged them , a few being killed and wounded on either side ; but the King of England 's archers quickly put the others to flight . '' The Chronicle of Lanercost , 1272 -- 1346 : Translated , with notes by Sir Herbert Maxwell . p. 206 Jump up ^ Walter Bower , Scotichronicon , Book XII , p. 371 Jump up ^ Historic Environment Scotland . `` Battle Of Bannockburn ( 47243 ) '' . Canmore . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` OS 25 inch map 1892 - 1949 , with Bing opacity slider '' . National Library of Scotland . Ordnance Survey . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , W.M. ( 1913 ) . The Battle of Bannockburn : a Study in Mediaeval Warfare , Publisher : James MacLehose ; Glasgow . Jump up ^ Barrow , Geoffrey W.S. ( 1998 ) . Robert Bruce & The Community of The Realm of Scotland . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 604 - 8 Jump up ^ Barron , E.M. , The Scottish War of Independence : a Critical Study , 1934 Jump up ^ Christison , Philip , Bannockburn : The Story of the Battle , 1960 , Edinburgh : The National Trust for Scotland . Jump up ^ Hyland , Ann . The Warhorse 1250 -- 1600 , UK : Sutton Publishing , 1998 , p 38 Jump up ^ The Battle of Bannockburn britishbattles.com . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Maxwell 1907 Jump up ^ Scott 1982 , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Scott 1982 Jump up ^ ( Brown , C. ( 2008 ) pp 129 - 130 ) Jump up ^ Scott 1982 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Scott 1982 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Mackenzie , p. 90 Jump up ^ Reese , p. 176 Jump up ^ `` Inventory battlefields '' . Historic Scotland . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bannockburn Heritage Centre closes before demolition '' . BBC News . 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bannockburn : Bannockburn : About the project '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bannockburn : : The Battle of Bannockburn Visitor Centre Opens '' . Jump up ^ Arnold - Foster , Hugh Oakley ( 1907 ) . `` Bannockburn '' . A History of England from the Landing of Julius Caesar to the Present Day . London , Paris , New York & Melbourne : Cassell and Company . p. 207 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Complete Works of Robert Burns at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` Bruce and De Bohun '' . ArtUK . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert the Bruce and de Bohun '' . ArtUK . The Fleming Collection . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert the Bruce on the Eve of Bannockburn Receiving the Sacrament from the Abbot of Inchaffre '' . ArtUK . Brechin Mechanics ' Institute . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bannockburn '' . ArtUK . Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liberation of Scotland ( The Battle of Bannockburn ) '' . ArtUK . Glasgow Museums Resource Centre ( GMRC ) . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Stand ( Sabaton Album ) '' . Sources ( edit ) Primary ( edit ) Barbour , John , The Brus , trans . A.A.M. Duncan , 1964 . Bower , Walter , Scotichronicon , ed . D.E.R. Watt , 1987 -- 1993 . Maxwell , Herbert , trans . ( 1907 ) . Scalacronica ; The reigns of Edward I , Edward II and Edward III as Recorded by Sir Thomas Gray . Glasgow : James Maclehose & Sons . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Lanercost Chronicle , edited and translated by H. Maxwell , 1913 . Vita Edwardi Secundi ( Life of Edward the Second ) , ed . N.D. Young , 1957 . Walsingham , Thomas , Historia Anglicana . Secondary ( edit ) Armstrong , Pete ( illustrated by Graham Turner ) , Bannockburn 1314 : Robert Bruce 's Great Victory , Osprey Publishing , 2002 ISBN 1 - 85532 - 609 - 4 Barrow , G.W.S. , Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 85224 - 604 - 8 Brown , C.A. , `` Bannockburn 1314 '' , History Press , Stroud , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4600 - 4 . Brown , C.A. , Robert the Bruce . A life Chronicled . Brown , Michael ( 2008 ) . Bannockburn . The Scottish War and the British Isles 1307 - 1323 . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . Brown , M. , Wars of Scotland Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bannockburn '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Mackenzie , W.M. , Bannockburn : A Study in Medieval Warfare , The Strong Oak Press , Stevenage 1989 ( first published 1913 ) , ISBN 1 - 871048 - 03 - 6 MacNamee , C. , The Wars of the Bruces Nicholson , R. , Scotland - the Later Middle Ages , 1974 . Prestwich , M. , The Three Edwards : War and State in England , 1272 -- 1377 , 1980 Ramsay , J.H. , The Genesis of Lancaster , 1307 -- 99 , 1913 . Reese , P. , Bannockburn , Canongate , Edinburgh , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 84195 - 465 - 9 Scott , Ronald McNair ( 1982 ) . Robert the Bruce King of Scots . London : Hutchinson & Co . External links ( edit ) The Battle of Bannockburn 700th Anniversary Project Battle of Bannockburn on Medieval Archives Podcast BBC `` In our time '' discussion on the battle and its consequences Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bannockburn&oldid=817803486 '' Categories : 1314 in Scotland Battles between England and Scotland Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence Conflicts in 1314 History museums in Scotland Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland Military and war museums in Scotland Museums in Stirling ( council area ) National Trust for Scotland properties Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 18 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the battle of bannockburn take place | [
"The Battle of Bannockburn (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich) 24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence, and a landmark in Scottish history."
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"24 June 1314"
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558333641701098082 | Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act | Law enforcement officers Safety Act - Wikipedia Law enforcement officers Safety Act Jump to : navigation , search This article may be incomprehensible or very hard to understand . Please help by rewording it if the intended meaning can be determined . The talk page may have details . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President George W. Bush signs the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act , June 22 , 2004 The Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act ( LEOSA ) is a United States federal law , enacted in 2004 , that allows two classes of persons -- the `` qualified law enforcement officer '' and the `` qualified retired or separated law enforcement officer '' -- to carry a concealed firearm in any jurisdiction in the United States , regardless of state or local laws , with certain exceptions . LEOSA is often incorrectly referred to as `` H.R. 218 '' . The act was introduced during the 108th Congress as H.R. 218 and enacted as Public Law 108 - 277 . The law was later amended by the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act Improvements Act of 2010 ( S. 1132 , Public Law 111 - 272 ) , and Section 1099C of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 ( H.R. 4310 , Public Law 112 - 239 ) . It is codified within the provisions of the Gun Control Act of 1968 as 18 USC § 926B and USC § 926C . Contents ( hide ) 1 The law and its amendments 1.1 2010 amendment 1.2 2013 amendment 2 Qualified law enforcement officers 3 Qualified retired law enforcement officers 4 Case law 5 LEOSA Policy 6 LEOSA Restrictions 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links The law and its amendments ( edit ) Whether or not a person is privileged by the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act ( LEOSA ) of 2004 and its amendments in 2010 and 2013 to carry a concealed firearm depends on whether or not he or she meets the federal definitions for either a `` qualified law enforcement officer '' or a `` qualified retired law enforcement officer . '' If a person meets the criteria , then `` notwithstanding any other provision of the law of any State or any political subdivision thereof '' , he or she may carry a concealed firearm that has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce , in any state or political subdivision thereof . As a result , an individual who qualifies under LEOSA does not require a state - issued permit for carrying a concealed firearm in any state , including that person 's home state . This is because LEOSA , by its terms , provides in its introductory paragraphs ( Sections 926B ( a ) and Section 926C ( a ) ) that notwithstanding the law of `` any State '' a person who qualifies under LEOSA is not subject to the concealed carry laws of any state . Some officials , such as in New Jersey , believe that a retired officer residing in NJ must still obtain a state issued permit in order to be eligible to carry a firearm under LEOSA , in effect nullifying LEOSA . However , that view assumes New Jersey law is not preempted by LEOSA and has no support in the LEOSA statute itself , by its terms , or in any published court case to date . Furthermore , LEOSA 's legislative history indicates that its framers intended LEOSA to supersede all states ' laws , including the home state of the individual claiming its exemption . For example , Congress declared LEOSA 's purpose was to implement `` national measures of uniformity and consistency '' and allow officers to carry a concealed firearm `` anywhere within the United States . '' In addition , Congress rejected efforts to allow states to opt out of LEOSA . The House of Representatives also defeated , and the Senate refused to consider , proposed amendments aimed at preserving local law enforcement agencies ' discretion to regulate `` the conditions under which their officers may carry firearms . '' Thus , both the words of LEOSA and its legislative intent clearly establish that LEOSA applies nationwide , including the home state of the individual . The privilege specifically does not extend to machine guns , destructive devices , or suppressors . This law includes state and public university and / or college campus law enforcement officers , however this law does not cover private campus police or company police . Although LEOSA preempts state and local laws , there are two notable exceptions : `` the laws of any State that ( 1 ) permit private persons or entities to prohibit or restrict the possession of concealed firearms on their property '' ( such as a bars , private clubs , amusement parks , etc . ) , or `` ( 2 ) prohibit or restrict the possession of firearms on any State or local government property , installation , building , base , or park '' Additionally , LEOSA does not override the federal Gun - Free School Zone Act ( GFSZA ) which prohibits carrying a firearm within 1,000 feet of elementary or secondary schools . Although the GFSZA authorizes on - duty law enforcement officers to carry firearms in such circumstances , off - duty and retired law enforcement officers are still restricted from doing so unless they have a firearms license issued from the state in which they reside and then it is only good for the state in which they reside . Individuals must also obey any federal laws and federal agency policies that restrict the carrying of concealed firearms in certain federal buildings and lands , as well as federal regulations prohibiting the carriage of firearms on airplanes . Debate has continued over the effect and scope of policies issued by individual law enforcement agencies in relation to their own employees , where such policies would appear to restrict the ability of a law enforcement officer to carry a firearm . Some argue that the law does not override the internal policies of a department or agency . However , when LEOSA was under consideration in the United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary , considerable representations were made to the effect that it would override agency - specific policies , leading to opposition to the Act from the International Association of Chiefs of Police , the Police Executive Research Forum , and the United States Conference of Mayors , which was expressed as a dissenting view in the report of the Committee . Congressman Bobby Scott ( D - VA ) proposed an amendment to the Bill to provide that it `` shall not be construed to supersede or limit the rules , regulations , policies , or practices of any State or local law enforcement agency , '' but this amendment was opposed by the sponsors of the bill , and was rejected by the Committee 21 - 11 , so the enacted law contains no such exception . In his dissent to the passage of LEOSA , Senator Edward M. Kennedy acknowledged that LEOSA overrides agency policy in accordance with United States Supreme Court precedent : `` The bill removes the ability of police departments to enforce rules and policies on when and how their own officers can carry firearms . Police chiefs will lose the authority to prohibit their own officers from carrying certain weapons on - duty or off - duty . Section 2 of the bill provides that regardless of any other provision of the law of any State or any political subdivision thereof , any individual who qualifies as a law enforcement officer and who carries photo identification will be authorized to carry any firearm . In a variety of contexts , including the federal preemption of state law , courts have interpreted the term law to include agency rules and regulations . The Supreme Court has ruled that this term specifically includes contractual obligations between employers and employees , such as work rules , policies , and practices promulgated by state and local police departments . 2010 amendment ( edit ) In 2010 , LEOSA was amended by the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act Improvements Act of 2010 , which specifically extended coverage to include law enforcement officers of the Amtrak Police , Federal Reserve Police , and law enforcement officers of the executive branch of the Federal Government . The provisions for disqualification on mental health grounds and the provisions regarding qualifications to carry a firearm were amended , and the number of aggregate years for retired officers was reduced from fifteen to ten . In addition the definition of a firearm was expanded to include any ammunition not prohibited by the National Firearms Act of 1934 . This was done to exempt qualified active and retired law enforcement officers from the prohibitions against carrying hollow - point ammunition that is in force in New Jersey ( except for their peace officers and active federal law enforcement officers ) and a few other locations . The concept of `` retirement '' was replaced with `` separated from service '' and the requirement that the retired officer have a nonforfeitable right to retirement benefits was eliminated . 2013 amendment ( edit ) In 2013 , LEOSA was again amended by the National Defense Authorization Act ( NDAA ) for Fiscal Year 2013 , effective January 2 , 2013 after President Obama signed Public Law 112 - 239 ( H.R. 4310 ) . Section 1089 of the NDAA contained language which further clarified that military police officers and civilian police officers employed by the U.S. Government unambiguously met the definitions in the original Act . The definitions of `` qualified active '' and `` qualified retired '' law enforcement officer include the term `` police officers '' and expanded the powers of arrest requirement definition to include those who have or had the authority to `` apprehend '' suspects under the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Senator Patrick Leahy , a key sponsor of the bill , remarked `` The Senate has agreed to extend that trust to the law enforcement officers that serve within our military . They are no less deserving or worthy of this privilege and I am very pleased we have acted to equalize their treatment under the federal law '' . He further stated `` The amendment we adopt today will place military police and civilian police officers within the Department of Defense on equal footing with their law enforcement counterparts across the country when it comes to coverage under LEOSA . '' Qualified law enforcement officers ( edit ) In 18 USC § 926B ( c ) , `` qualified law enforcement officer '' is defined as any individual employed by a governmental agency , state or local municipality , or private agency / firm who : is authorized by law to engage in or supervise the prevention , detection , investigation , or prosecution of , or the incarceration of any person for , any violation of law , and ( sic ? ) has statutory powers of arrest , or apprehension under section 807 ( b ) of title 10 , United States Code ( article 7 ( b ) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ) ; This includes state and public college / university police officers . is authorized by the agency to carry a firearm ; is not the subject of any disciplinary action by the agency which could result in suspension or loss of police powers ; meets standards , if any , established by the agency which require the employee to regularly qualify in the use of a firearm ; is not under the influence of alcohol or another intoxicating or hallucinatory drug or substance ; and is not prohibited by Federal law from receiving a firearm . Additionally , 18 USC § 926B requires that the individual must carry photographic identification issued by the governmental agency for which the individual is employed that identifies the employee as a police officer or law enforcement officer of the agency . On - duty status determines LEOSA - eligibility . Thus , as long as the person meets the definition of `` qualified law enforcement officer '' in an on - duty capacity , whether an officer is a full - time , part - time , auxiliary , or reserve peace officer is not relevant in determining whether a person is a `` qualified law enforcement officer '' under LEOSA . LEOSA 's definition of `` qualified law enforcement officer '' does not include a requirement that a person have law enforcement authority off - duty . Qualified retired law enforcement officers ( edit ) In 18 USC § 926C ( c ) , `` qualified retired law enforcement officer '' is defined as an individual who : separated from service in good standing from service with a public agency as a law enforcement officer ; before such separation , was authorized by law to engage in or supervise the prevention , detection , investigation , or prosecution of , or the incarceration of any person for , any violation of law , and had statutory powers of arrest or apprehension under section 807 ( b ) of title 10 , United States Code ( article 7 ( b ) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ) ; before such separation , served as a law enforcement officer for an aggregate of 10 years or more ; or separated from service with such agency , after completing any applicable probationary period of such service , due to a service - connected disability , as determined by such agency ; during the most recent 12 - month period , has met , at the expense of the individual , the standards for qualification in firearms training for active law enforcement officers , as determined by the former agency of the individual , the State in which the individual resides or , if the State has not established such standards , either a law enforcement agency within the State in which the individual resides or the standards used by a certified firearms instructor that is qualified to conduct a firearms qualification test for active duty officers within that State ; has not been officially found by a qualified medical professional employed by the agency to be unqualified for reasons relating to mental health and as a result of this finding will not be issued photographic identification ; or has not entered into an agreement with the agency from which the individual is separating from service in which that individual acknowledges he or she is not qualified under this section for reasons relating to mental health and for those reasons will not receive or accept photographic identification ; is not under the influence of alcohol or another intoxicating or hallucinatory drug or substance ; and is not prohibited by Federal law from receiving a firearm . Additionally , the individual must carry either : photographic identification issued by the agency from which the individual separated from service as a law enforcement officer that identifies the person as having been employed as a police officer or law enforcement officer and indicates that the individual has , not less recently than one year before the date the individual is carrying the concealed firearm , been tested or otherwise found by the agency to meet the active duty standards for qualification in firearms training as established by the agency to carry a firearm of the same type as the concealed firearm ; or photographic identification issued by the agency from which the individual separated from service as a law enforcement officer that identifies the person as having been employed as a police officer or law enforcement officer ; and a certification issued by the State in which the individual resides or by a certified firearms instructor that is qualified to conduct a firearms qualification test for active duty officers within that State that indicates that the individual has , not less than one year before the date the individual is carrying the concealed firearm , been tested or otherwise found by the State or a certified firearms instructor that is qualified to conduct a firearms qualification test for active duty officers within that State to have met the active duty standards for qualification in firearms training , as established by the State , to carry a firearm of the same type as the concealed firearm ; or if the State has not established such standards , standards set by any law enforcement agency within that State to carry a firearm of the same type as the concealed firearm . Case law ( edit ) The first known criminal prosecution against an individual asserting concealed carry privileges under LEOSA occurred in New York in People v. Rodriguez , Indictment No. 2917 ( 2006 ) . Rodriguez was a full - time construction worker who was also employed as a Pennsylvania State Constable . He was arrested in New York City for criminal possession of a weapon . He testified in a hearing that he was authorized , qualified , and certified to carry a weapon in his state as a constable . The Court took judicial notice of the various Pennsylvania statutes that authorize constables to carry firearms , make arrests , serve process , and enforce the law . Upon applying LEOSA in terms of the known facts , the Court dismissed the charge against Rodriguez and held that he was covered by section 926B though constables are elected law enforcement officers and they lack government funding . A number of other courts have held that Coast Guard boarding officers are qualified under LEOSA . In People against Benjamin L. Booth , Jr. , Indictment No. 2007 - 940 ( 2007 ) , a county court in Orange County , New York , dismissed a criminal charge against Booth , an off - duty member of the Coast Guard , who had been arrested for carrying a loaded handgun in a vehicle . The court held that Booth was authorized to carry a firearm while acting as a Coast Guard boarding officer , adding , `` Although the proof at the hearing indicates that the defendant engaged in a violation of rules , regulations and policies of the United States Coast Guard by possessing a handgun for which he had no license , these violations do not act to lessen the scope of LEOSA as it is applied in this instance . '' Another Coast Guardsman , Reserve Petty Officer Jose Diaz , was arrested for carrying an unloaded handgun in a vehicle in San Fernando , California , in November 2007 , but the charge was later dismissed and Diaz won a $44,000 settlement from the city for false arrest . The Coast Guard has issued a formal directive to advise Coast Guard personnel of which Coast Guard personnel are considered to be covered by LEOSA , and the limitations of such coverage . On June 3 , 2016 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Washington D.C. Circuit ruled ( in a 2 - 1 decision ) that a case brought by Ronald Duberry would be remanded for further proceedings . The court ruled that Washington D.C. 's Department of Corrections could not keep retired officers from carrying concealed firearms , saying the 2004 Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act guaranteed that right . The court rejected the city 's argument that the law does not apply to corrections officers . The city had cited the fact that the officers did not have full statutory powers of arrest during their time of employment . The court held that only some statutory power of arrest or apprehension was required ( such as the power to take parole violators into custody ) . In the opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge Rogers , the court said , `` In the LEOSA , Congress defined `` qualified law enforcement officers '' broadly , to include individuals who engage in or supervise incarceration . Given the breadth of Congress 's definition , the reference to `` statutory powers of arrest '' necessarily means some statutory power of arrest such as a power to arrest parole violators , and not , as the District of Columbia suggests , only the police power to arrest upon probable cause , see Appellee 's Br. 25 . '' LEOSA policy ( edit ) The adoption of a LEOSA policy by law enforcement agencies is a best practice which serves to provide clarity to LEOSA protocols and procedures and give certainty and guidance to agencies and their active and separated law enforcement officers who carry a firearm under LEOSA . Current law enforcement officers who invoke LEOSA to carry a firearm out of State , as well as separated law enforcement officers no matter where they carry , do so in their capacities as private persons with no law enforcement authority whatsoever . A policy clarifies the roles and responsibilities ( as well as liability ) of both agencies and their current and separated officers . LEOSA restrictions ( edit ) Persons who are qualified to carry nationwide under LEOSA are not exempt from : state laws regarding magazine capacity limits ( However , Most states do provide an exemption for Law Enforcement members to purchase , possess and carry so called `` high capacity '' magazines ) - no longer valid after the 2010 amendment restrictions imposed by private persons on their own private property restrictions imposed by state and local governments regarding state and local government properties restrictions prohibiting carrying a firearm in federal facilities , including US post office buildings restrictions prohibiting carrying a firearm in federal Gun Free School Zones or national parks unless the person is complying with state law regarding carrying a firearm . For instance , if a qualified law enforcement officer from Pennsylvania travels to Yellowstone National Park for vacation , he / she can only carry legally in the park if he / she has a valid carry permit from PA because WY has a reciprocity agreement with PA and therefore he / she is complying with WY state law . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Title 18 , USC , Section 921 , which defines `` state '' to also include the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and U.S. possessions . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 218 : Public Law No. 108 - 277 '' . Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` S. 1132 : Public Law No. 111 - 272 '' . Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act Improvements Act of 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 1089 , H.R. 4310 : Public Law No. 112 - 239 '' . National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Title 18 of the United States Code § 926B - Carrying Of Concealed Firearms By Qualified Law Enforcement Officers `` . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Title 18 of the United States Code § 926C - Carrying Of Concealed Firearms By Qualified Retired Law Enforcement Officers '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.njsp.org/about/fire_ret.html#instruct Jump up ^ H.R. Rep. 108 - 560 at p. 4 . Jump up ^ H.R. Rep. 108 - 560 at pp. 7 - 8 , 29 - 37 ; Sen. Rep. 108 - 29 at p. 7 Jump up ^ H.R. Rep. 108 - 560 at pp. 8 - 9 , 37 - 45 , Sen. Rep. 108 - 29 at pp. 6 - 7 ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 18 > PART I > CHAPTER 44 > § 926B . Carrying of concealed firearms by qualified law enforcement officers '' . United States Code from the Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 18 > PART I > CHAPTER 44 > § 926C . Carrying of concealed firearms by qualified retired law enforcement officers '' . United States Code from the Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bulzomi , Michael J. ( JD ) ( January 2011 ) . `` Off - Duty Officers and Firearms '' . FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) about H.R. 218 / S. 1132 '' ( PDF ) . Website of the Fraternal Order of Police . Fraternal Order of Police . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferrell Jr. , Craig E. ( October 2004 ) . `` Law Enforcement Safety Act of 2004 '' . The Police Chief . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HR 218 - LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS SAFETY ACT ( LEOSA ) OF 2000 - - ISSUES '' ( PDF ) . Website of the California Department of Justice . Office of the Attorney - General , California . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2003 from the United States House of Representative Committee on the Judiciary , House Report 108 - 560 , pp. 53 - 62 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Am. Train Dispatchers ' Assoc. , 499 U.S. 117 ( 1991 ) . '' Senate Report No. 108 - 29 at page 17 Jump up ^ url = http://www.leahy.senate.gov/press/leahy-hails-senate-action-on-law-enforcement-amendment Jump up ^ Rene , James M. , `` Officer Safety and California Reserve Peace Officers : The Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act and California Assembly Bill 703 . '' Retrieved 10 - 26 - 13 Jump up ^ Rene , James M. , and Ekerling , Howard L. , `` The Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004 And Its Application to California Reserve Peace Officers . '' Retrieved 04 - 27 - 2013 Jump up ^ Rene , James M. , `` California Reserve Peace Officers and ' Legal Status ' Under The Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004 . '' ^ Jump up to : `` People of NY v Rodriguez ( N.Y. Co . Ct. 2006 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Limitations and Risks to Coast Guard Personnel Under the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act ( LEOSA ) : ALCOAST 549 / 10 , COMDTNOTE 16200 '' . Uscg.mil . External links ( edit ) Original text of the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004 Text of the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act Improvements Act of 2010 Text of the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004 as amended to reflect the 2013 amendments Model LEOSA Policy Model LEOSA Policy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_Enforcement_Officers_Safety_Act&oldid=843233669 '' Categories : United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 20 : 06 . About Wikipedia | can police officers carry guns across state lines | [] | [] |
4509397015627740718 | Just Go with It | Just Go with It - Wikipedia Just Go with It This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Pretend Wife '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with The Make - Believe Wife . Just Go with It Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Heather Parry Screenplay by Allan Loeb Timothy Dowling Based on Cactus Flower by I.A.L. Diamond Cactus Flower by Abe Burrows Pierre Barillet Jean Pierre - Gredy Starring Adam Sandler Jennifer Aniston Nick Swardson Brooklyn Decker Dave Matthews Bailee Madison Nicole Kidman Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) ( New York City ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $215 million Just Go with It is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan , written by Allan Loeb and Timothy Dowling and starring Adam Sandler ( who also co-produced ) , Jennifer Aniston , Nicole Kidman , Nick Swardson and Brooklyn Decker . The film is based on the 1969 film Cactus Flower , which was adapted from an earlier Broadway stage play written by Abe Burrows , which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus . Production of the film began on March 2 , 2010 . The film was released on February 11 , 2011 by Columbia Pictures in North America . The film grossed over $214 million , making it a box office success - however , the film received negative reviews from critics and won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Actor and Worst Director . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee ( Adam Sandler ) , a 22 - year old man , leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him , and was only marrying him because he was going to be a doctor . He goes to drink alone at a bar , where a young , beautiful woman walks in . She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand , and asks him about his wife , to which he explains how she recently left him for someone else , and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him . Twenty - three years later , Danny ( now 45 - years old ) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women , and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak . The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy ( Jennifer Aniston ) , a divorced mother of two . At a party , Danny meets Palmer ( Brooklyn Decker ) , a sixth grade math teacher , without his wedding ring on , and they have a connection together . The next morning , she finds the ring and assumes he is married . She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery . Instead of telling her the truth , Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin . Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named `` Dolph Lundgren '' ( not the actor ) . Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin . Danny asks Katherine to pose as `` Devlin '' and they go shopping for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife . A made - over Katherine / `` Devlin '' then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing . However , after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids , Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny 's as well . Danny then privately meets with Katherine 's kids , Maggie ( Bailee Madison ) and Michael ( Griffin Gluck ) , to get them to play along and gives them the aliases of `` Kiki Dee '' and `` Bart '' respectively . Danny accepts their demands for being his fake children . Palmer meets the kids at a play center where Maggie has adopted a fake british accent , and Michael acts very morose . They blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii . At the airport , they are all surprised by Danny 's goofball cousin Eddie ( Nick Swardson ) , who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the `` Dolph Lundgren '' that Danny had made up earlier . To maintain the lies , Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along . At the resort in Hawaii , Danny tells Eddie that he is considering asking Palmer to marry him . Katherine and Danny also run into the real - life Devlin Adams ( Nicole Kidman ) and her husband Ian Maxtone - Jones ( Dave Matthews ) . Because of Katherine and Devlin 's long - time rivalry , Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother . Over time , Katherine is impressed by Danny and his way of fun with her kids . Katherine again runs into Devlin , who invites her and Danny out to dinner . Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine . Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman , Eddie 's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle . At dinner , Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other , and , as Danny and Katherine talk , they start to feel a connection . Later , when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date , Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now , since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny 's plans of engagement . Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition , but Danny ultimately agrees . Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion , but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City to get a fresh start to her life . The next day , Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny 's feelings for her , which Katherine dismisses . Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment . Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod , but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball . Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny , but then Danny shows up behind her , saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine . Meanwhile , on the plane ride back to the mainland , Palmer meets a professional tennis player ( Andy Roddick ) who shares her interests . Sometime later , Danny and Katherine get married . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy , later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone - Jones Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant Kevin Nealon as Adon Heidi Montag as Kimberly Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon Rakefet Abergel as Patricia Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick Mario Joyner as Henderson Keegan - Michael Key as Ernesto Allen Covert as Brian ( Soul Patch ) Andy Roddick as Himself Jake Shimabukuro as ukulele player Unknown as the Kangaroo Production ( edit ) Originally titled `` Holiday in Hawaii '' , and then `` Pretend Wife '' , it was released as `` Just Go with It '' . The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2 , 2010 and May 25 , 2010 . The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts ; thus , the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai , rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates . The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria . In actuality , the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui , which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts . One of the film 's in - jokes is the scene wherein Decker 's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married . Release ( edit ) The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11 , 2011 and in Bulgaria on March 25 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million . The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million . The biggest market in other territories being Russia , where it grossed $13,174,937 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 18 % , based on 137 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom - com genre , but that 's far from a recommendation . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its `` ten worst films of 2011 '' list , saying it is `` a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower , served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions . '' Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that `` the title itself seems a plea for audiences ' forbearance '' and is part of a disappointing trend involving `` the reimagining of good , if perhaps not quite classic , films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It `` is saved from utter disaster , though , by Jennifer Aniston '' who has `` expert comic timing '' and `` plays like a grown - up . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref Golden Raspberry Awards April 1 , 2012 Worst Actor Adam Sandler ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Worst Supporting Actor Nick Swardson ( also for Jack and Jill ) Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Worst Screen Couple Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker Nominated Worst Director Dennis Dugan ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Teen Choice Awards August 7 , 2011 Choice Movie : Romantic Comedy Just Go with It Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Romantic Comedy Adam Sandler Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated Choice Movie Breakout : Female Brooklyn Decker Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston Won Home Media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu - ray disc on June 7 , 2011 . It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horn , John ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Word of Mouth : ' Just Go With It ' plays the demographics '' . LA Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Sandler , Aniston playing ' Pretend ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Wailea in Maui : The Setting for `` Just Go With It '' `` . FiveStarAlliance.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Weekend Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Foreign Totals '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ten worst films of 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` ' Just Go With It ' : A Sad Union of the Saccharine and Scatological '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Just Go With It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Just Go With It Official website Just Go with It on IMDb Just Go with It at AllMovie Just Go with It at Rotten Tomatoes Just Go with It at Metacritic Just Go with It at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Go_with_It&oldid=862057205 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films American film remakes American films American romantic comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films about families Films about vacationing Films based on adaptations Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Films set in 1988 Films set in 2011 Films set in California Films set in Hawaii Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Long Island Happy Madison films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does danny end up with in just go with it | [
"The next day, Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny's feelings for her, which Katherine dismisses. Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment. Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod, but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball. Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny, but then Danny shows up behind her, saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine. Meanwhile, on the plane ride back to the mainland, Palmer meets a professional tennis player (Andy Roddick) who shares her interests. Sometime later, Danny and Katherine get married.\n"
] | [
"Katherine"
] |
8988692123340208594 | Head of the Class | Head of the class - wikipedia Head of the class Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Head of the Class Genre Sitcom Created by Michael Elias Rich Eustis Starring Howard Hesseman Billy Connolly Theme music composer Ed Alton Composer ( s ) Ed Alton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 114 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Elias Rich Eustis Producer ( s ) Alan Rosen Frank Pace Larry Spencer Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Eustis / Elias Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) -- June 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) Chronology Related shows Billy Head of the Class is an American sitcom that ran from 1986 to 1991 on the ABC television network . The series follows a group of gifted students in the Individualized Honors Program ( IHP ) at the fictional Monroe High School ( later Millard Fillmore High School ) in Manhattan , and their history teacher Charlie Moore ( Howard Hesseman ) . The program was ostensibly a vehicle for Hesseman , best known for his role as radio DJ Dr. Johnny Fever on the sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati ( 1978 -- 1982 ) . Hesseman left Head of the Class in 1990 and was replaced by Scottish personality Billy Connolly ( in his first major American production ) as teacher Billy MacGregor for the final season . After the series ended , Connolly appeared in a short - lived spin - off titled Billy . The series was created and executive produced by Rich Eustis and Michael Elias . Rich Eustis had previously worked as a New York City substitute teacher while hoping to become an actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Cast 2.1 Regular characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season one ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 3.2 Season two ( 1987 -- 1988 ) 3.3 Season three ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 3.3. 1 `` Mission to Moscow '' 3.4 Season four ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 3.5 Season five ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 4 Episodes 4.1 Broadcast history 5 Novel tie - in 6 Spin - off 7 Home video and syndication 8 International broadcasts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characters ( edit ) Head of the Class deals with an entire classroom of academically gifted high school students . The IHP students comprised a diverse range of personalities , ethnicities , and academic specialties . For the first three years of the show , the IHP class had ten students . Arvid Engen ( Dan Frischman ) was a skinny , bespectacled nerd , mathematics expert and budding scientist . Arvid 's best friend was the overweight , wisecracking cynic Dennis Blunden ( Dan Schneider ) , a computer whiz whose fields were chemistry and physics and who more often than not had a knack for getting the socially - inept Arvid involved in various schemes . Alan Pinkard ( Tony O'Dell ) was an ultra-conservative preppy and egotist ; his area of expertise was political science and he was a devout fan of Ronald Reagan . Alan competed for the highest grades in the class with Darlene Merriman ( Robin Givens ) , a spoiled rich girl who was probably even more self - centered than Alan , and whose specialties were speech and debate . Both Alan and Darlene held the ambition of being named class valedictorian . Sarah Nevins ( Kimberly Russell ) did not have any one particular area of expertise ; she was the most down - to - earth of the IHP class , and was once cited as having the lowest G.P.A. Maria Borges ( Leslie Bega ) was very passionate about getting A 's ( going as far as grounding herself in the pilot episode for getting a ' B ' ) , and Jawaharlal Choudhury ( Jory Husain aka Joher Coleman ) was an exchange student from India whose expertise was natural science . Eleven - year - old Janice Lazarotto ( Tannis Vallely ) , despite her young age , was in high school and the IHP class because of her advanced intellect . Arts student Simone Foster ( Khrystyne Haje ) was a quiet , sensitive redhead with a particular fondness for poetry . A notable development in the show was the relationship between Simone and Eric Mardian ( Brian Robbins ) , an aspiring writer and , outwardly , the most unlikely member of the IHP - Eric wore black leather , drove a motorcycle , acted tough and ostensibly disliked anything academic ( to Dr. Samuels 's delight , he was the only one in the class not on the academic team , although he would never leave the IHP ) . Eric constantly hit on Simone ( on whom he had a crush ) and the two eventually had an on - again - off - again romance . There was some turnover in the cast in seasons four and five . Janice left for Harvard , Maria went to Performing Arts High School , and Jawarhalal moved to California . New students included Aristotle McKenzie ( De'voreaux White ) , described by Dennis as `` this reject from Do the Right Thing '' for his dreadlocks , Vicky Amory ( Lara Piper ) , a new - ager interested in quantum physics and skin - revealing clothing , and Alex Torres ( Michael DeLorenzo ) , who had transferred from parochial school . T.J. Jones ( Rain Pryor ) and Jasper Kwan ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) , who had appeared as potential IHP members in earlier seasons , were eventually added to the program and the cast . Appearing as regulars throughout all five seasons were school staff members Dr. Harold Samuels ( William G. Schilling ) and Bernadette Meara ( Jeannetta Arnette ) . Dr. Samuels was the blustery , overweight principal of the school . His attitude towards the IHP students was one of ambivalence : on the one hand , Dr. Samuels distrusted the kids ( and had a particularly antagonistic relationship with Dennis , and tried to avoid Eric ) , but at the same time he was proud of their achievements and valued the prestige they brought to the school . He also distrusted the teaching methods of the class 's teacher , Charlie Moore ( Howard Hesseman ) , concerned that Charlie 's methods -- which often involved helping the IHP students branch out of their comfort zones and help them deal with the typical problems of kids their age , as well as using unorthodox methods of teaching the class subject at hand -- might distract them too much from their studies . Ms. Meara was the level - headed assistant principal . There was some romantic tension between her and Charlie , although this ultimately came to nothing , and later had a romantic ' friendship ' with Billy . In the series , the students often faced off against the rival Bronx High School of Science . Also , in every season , the IHP students produced the school musical . Musicals staged by the students included Grease , Little Shop of Horrors , and Hair . A number of someday - famous actors made appearances on the show , including Brad Pitt . Cast ( edit ) Regular characters ( edit ) Charles P. `` Charlie '' Moore -- Howard Hesseman ( 1986 -- 1990 ; Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Billy MacGregor -- Billy Connolly ( 1990 -- 1991 ; Season 5 ) Harold Samuels -- William G. Schilling ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Bernadette Meara -- Jeannetta Arnette ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Maria Borges -- Leslie Bega ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Arvid Engen -- Dan Frischman ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Darlene Merriman -- Robin Givens ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Simone Foster -- Khrystyne Haje ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Jawaharlal Choudhury -- Jory Husain ( aka Joher Coleman ) ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Alan Pinkard -- Tony O'Dell ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Eric Mardian -- Brian Robbins ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Sarah Nevins -- Kimberly Russell ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Dennis Blunden - Dan Schneider ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Janice Lazarotto -- Tannis Vallely ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 , guest in Season 5 ) Alex Torres -- Michael DeLorenzo ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Viki Amory -- Lara Piper ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Theola June `` T.J. '' Jones -- Rain Pryor ( 1988 -- 1991 ; Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Jasper Kwong -- Jonathan Ke Quan ( 1990 -- 1991 ; Season 5 ) Aristotle McKenzie -- De'voreaux White ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Lori Applebaum -- Marcia Christie Jeremy Irizarry -- Joshua Duty Dr. Enric Engen -- Bruce Gray Madeline Mardian -- Patricia McCormack Season synopses ( edit ) Season one ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Out - of - work actor Charlie Moore began the first season as a substitute teacher , but warmed to the IHP class immediately , making it his mission to get them to think rather than merely to know . Although they are gifted academically , the IHP students had plenty of problems in their personal lives , and Mr. Moore not only is there to listen , he shows an unswerving ability to get the students to solve their own problems while making it seem like they came up with the answers on their own . By Episode 6 ( `` Teacher 's Teacher '' ) , the class 's original teacher Mr. Thomas ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) had returned to Monroe High , announcing his return to the IHP class once Mr. Moore 's tenure ended . After observing Mr. Moore 's unorthodox teaching methods for most of the episode ( much to Charlie 's chagrin , as it also made apparent how much he would miss the IHP students ) , Mr. Thomas ultimately decides to retire from teaching , allowing Mr. Moore to become their full - time teacher . Throughout the first season , Mr. Moore attempted to get the class involved in more than just their studies , encouraging them to play volleyball and make a music video for the school 's time capsule ( this marks the first foray into the fondness of Head of the Class for musical production numbers ) . At the same time , the class brought Mr. Moore into the present , acclimating him to the importance of personal computers . Near the end of the season , the IHP faces their Russian counterparts in an academic tournament , foreshadowing their famous trip to Moscow in season three . Season two ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Season two began involving the IHP in the school as a whole , with Mr. Moore involving the class in the school literary journal and encouraging a lampoon of the school newspaper . Season three ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) `` Mission to Moscow '' ( edit ) In 1988 , Head of the Class broke new ground as it became the first American sitcom to be filmed in the Soviet Union and was entirely filmed in Moscow . The IHP is invited to come to the country for a rematch of the academic meet that happened in season one , which ended in a tie . The class has a lot of experiences while in Moscow : Dennis and Arvid take an interest in two beautiful women , until they realize they might be KGB spies ; Eric meets up with his relatives in what is a very positive experience for him ; capitalist Alan has an argument with a die - hard socialist in a store ( who is also on the opposing Russian academic team ) ; Sarah and Darlene decide to record the sights and sounds of Moscow ; Simone goes to put flowers on a poet 's grave and meets up with a charming Russian musician ; Dr. Samuels believes that his hotel room is bugged , but ends up making a fool of himself ; and Charlie has a brief romance with a schoolteacher . The IHP eventually wins the meet and the respect of the Russian team . The episode concludes with both teams attending a concert in Gorky Park swaying to the song `` Far Away Lands '' ( written and performed by American David Pomeranz and Russian rock star Sasha Malinin ) . Season four ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The fourth season saw some significant changes to the cast of characters -- Maria , Jawaharlal and Janice left ( Maria went to a performing arts school , Jawarhalal moved to California , and Janice went to college ) . Several new characters took their place : Alex Torres ( Michael DeLorenzo ) was a Hispanic athletics student , somewhat stereotypically portrayed as having an eye for the ladies . Although Alex seemed attracted to Darlene particularly , both he and Eric competed for the affections of another new IHP student , the blonde hippie Viki Amory ( Lara Piper ) . Another new character was aspiring filmmaker Aristotle McKenzie ( De'voreaux White ) . T.J. Jones ( Rain Pryor ) , a recurring character since the third season , joined the IHP in the fourth season ( a remedial student with a streetwise attitude , T.J. was found to be smart enough to join the IHP ) . The students ' final year of high school was split over seasons four and five . Howard Hesseman left the show after the fourth season . Season five ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) In the first episode of season five , Scottish teacher Billy MacGregor ( Billy Connolly ) arrived to replace the departed Charlie Moore ( in the first episode of the season , it is explained to the dismayed IHP students that Mr. Moore 's acting career finally took off ) . Despite initial uncertainty and some hostility from the students , Billy proved to be a successful replacement for Charlie . He insisted that the students refer to him by his first name , and although he was more rousing and less laid - back than his predecessor , he proved to be just as wise and caring ( Billy also had a habit of boisterously greeting his class every morning with the phrase , `` good morning , geniuses '' , and facetiously barking to his students to , `` get out of here '' , when the bell rang at the end of the class . He also taught his class in a manner more akin to a stand - up comedian than a teacher ) . Many episodes from this season focused on Billy having to adapt to living in America , and his attempts to romance Ms. Meara . Other aspects of Billy were his dislike of an outdated French textbook , which actually prompted one student to take a spur - of - the - moment jaunt to Paris , and his encouragement to the male students that the best way to get girls was to be themselves . Also , the character of Jasper Quong ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) was added to the IHP class . The season ( and the program itself ) concluded with the IHP students graduating from high school . Janice Lazarotto ( from seasons one -- three ) returned for a guest appearance in the finale , in which T.J. is named class valedictorian and the school is closed down and demolished . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Head of the Class episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 06 ) 30 16.4 22 September 23 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 23 ) May 11 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 11 ) 23 16.7 ( Tied with The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 22 October 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 19 ) May 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 10 ) 20 17.1 26 September 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 27 ) May 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 02 ) 26 14.8 5 22 September 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 11 ) June 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) 26 14.5 Broadcast history ( edit ) Schedule Time slot ( ET ) 1986 -- 87 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 - 3 , 5 - 22 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 4 ) 1989 -- 90 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM 1990 -- 91 Tuesday at 8 : 30 PM Novel tie - in ( edit ) One major novelization was released , with the plotlines based on six episodes of the show . The book makes all the chapters flow together as one story , even though they did n't happen one right after the other on the show . It was written by Susan Beth Pfeffer and released in December 1989 by Bantam Books . The book is 120 pages long , with six chapters , each based on a different episode . Chapter 1 -- `` First Day '' , based on the 1986 episode `` First Day '' , written by Lisa Rosenthal ( otherwise known as the pilot ) Chapter 2 -- `` A Problem Like Maria '' is based on the 1986 episode `` A Problem Like Maria '' written by Cynthia Thompson Chapter 3 -- `` Crimes of the Heart '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Crimes of the Heart '' written by Valri Bromfield Chapter 4 -- `` Cello Fever '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Cello Fever '' written by show creators Rich Eustis and Michael Elias Chapter 5 -- `` Trouble in Perfectville '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Trouble in Perfectville '' written by George Beckerman Chapter 6 -- `` Parents Day '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Parents Day '' written by Ellis Bufton and Scott Glaze All copyrights belong to Warner Bros . The novelization erroneously credits `` First Day '' as having been made in 1988 rather than 1986 . Spin - off ( edit ) A year after Head of the Class left the air , Billy Connolly reprised the role of Billy MacGregor for a short - lived spin - off series , Billy . Home video and syndication ( edit ) Head of the Class has never been released on DVD . No official reason has been forthcoming from Warner Home Video , although the show had multiple musical episodes , and licensing music rights for home video is often a sticking point for many series , including WKRP in Cincinnati , which also featured Hesseman . The show also seems to appear infrequently in syndicated reruns , airing on local stations and then briefly on TBS during the 1990s , and on Nick at Nite in the early 2000s . Antenna TV began airing it in January 2018 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Canada , the series was simulcast on the Global Television Network throughout its original run . In Australia , the series aired on the Nine Network . In the UK the show aired on BBC Two and in Ireland on RTÉ One . In Indonesia , it was aired by RCTI . In Italy the series arrived in 1989 and first season was aired by Telemontecarlo . Then it was aired by Italia 1 , from 1992 to 1993 . See also ( edit ) Welcome Back , Kotter ( 1975 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. O'Connor , John ( November 2 , 1988 ) . `` Review / Television ; ' Head of the Class ' Goes to Moscow '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Class '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mike Tyson : ' Brad Pitt had sex with my wife ' Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1691 - 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Class ( 1986 ) '' . TV Shows on Demand . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Amber ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` 5 TV Shows That Are n't On DVD -- And Should Be '' . Film School Rejects . Jump up ^ Bylund , Anders ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` How TV shows on DVD suffer from music licensing '' . ars TECHNICA . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` The weird legal reason many of your favorite shows are n't on DVD '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Comedy Guide - Head of the Class '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Head of the Class on IMDb Head of the Class at TV.com Head of the Class at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_of_the_Class&oldid=843148937 '' Categories : 1986 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs American high school television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 06 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played tj on head of the class | [
"\nCharles P. \"Charlie\" Moore – Howard Hesseman (1986–1990; Seasons 1–4)\nBilly MacGregor – Billy Connolly (1990–1991; Season 5)\nHarold Samuels – William G. Schilling (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nBernadette Meara – Jeannetta Arnette (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nMaria Borges – Leslie Bega (1986–1989; Seasons 1–3)\nArvid Engen – Dan Frischman (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nDarlene Merriman – Robin Givens (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nSimone Foster – Khrystyne Haje (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nJawaharlal Choudhury – Jory Husain (aka Joher Coleman) (1986–1989; Seasons 1–3)\nAlan Pinkard – Tony O'Dell (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nEric Mardian – Brian Robbins (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nSarah Nevins – Kimberly Russell (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nDennis Blunden - Dan Schneider (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)\nJanice Lazarotto – Tannis Vallely (1986–1989; Seasons 1–3, guest in Season 5)\nAlex Torres – Michael DeLorenzo (1989–1991; Seasons 4–5)\nViki Amory – Lara Piper (1989–1991; Seasons 4–5)\nTheola June \"T.J.\" Jones – Rain Pryor (1988–1991; Seasons 3–5)\nJasper Kwong – Jonathan Ke Quan (1990–1991; Season 5)\nAristotle McKenzie – De'voreaux White (1989–1991; Seasons 4–5)\n"
] | [
"Rain Pryor"
] |
-5907776303164941868 | Last Song (Edward Bear song) | Last song ( Edward Bear song ) - Wikipedia Last song ( Edward Bear song ) `` Last Song '' Single by Edward Bear from the album Edward Bear B - side `` Best Friend '' Released December 1972 Format 7 '' Recorded 1972 Genre Pop Length 3 : 15 Label Capitol Records Songwriter ( s ) Larry Evoy Producer ( s ) Gene Martynec Edward Bear singles chronology `` You , Me and Mexico '' ( 1970 ) `` Last Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Close Your Eyes '' ( 1973 ) `` You , Me and Mexico '' ( 1970 ) `` Last Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Close Your Eyes '' ( 1973 ) `` Last Song '' is a 1972 hit song by Canadian trio Edward Bear . It was the first release from their self - titled third album and was their greatest hit . The song is written in the key of F# Major . `` Last Song '' spent 18 weeks on the U.S. charts , and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . It reached number one in Canada , and did the same on the Adult Contemporary charts of both nations . `` Last Song '' was certified gold in the United States by the RIAA . In 1994 , music industry magazine RPM placed `` Last Song '' at number 20 on its list of the Top 100 Canadian singles since the magazine 's founding in 1964 . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 References 3 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 - 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary New Zealand US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 20 Canada 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 67 U.S. Cash Box 14 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . RIAA . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ RPM Magazine ( 27 June , 1994 ) . Top 100 Cancon Tracks 1964 - 1994 . Retrieved from Library and Archives Canada , 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Bear Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Edward Bear Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song This 1970s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Song_(Edward_Bear_song)&oldid=826405927 '' Categories : 1972 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles 1972 songs Metasongs Capitol Records singles Songs about music 1970s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 22 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | song this is the last song i ll ever write for you | [] | [] |
-215685991702588421 | Biggest ball of twine | Biggest ball of twine - wikipedia Biggest ball of twine Jump to : navigation , search Largest community rolled ball of twine in Cawker City , Kansas ( 2013 ) There are multiple claims to the world 's biggest ball of twine record in the United States . As of 2014 , the ball of twine with the largest circumference is located in Cawker City , Kansas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest ball of sisal twine built by a community 2 Largest ball of sisal twine built by a single person 3 Heaviest twine ball 4 Largest nylon twine ball 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links Largest ball of sisal twine built by a community ( edit ) In Cawker City , Kansas , Frank Stoeber created a ball that had 1.6 million feet ( 490,000 m ) of twine and 11 - foot - diameter ( 3.4 m ) when he died in 1974 . Cawker City built an open - air gazebo over Stoeber 's ball where every August a `` Twine - a-thon '' is held and more twine is added to the ball . By 2006 , the twine ball had reached 17,886 pounds ( 8,111 kg , 8.9 US tons ) , a circumference of 40 feet ( 12 m ) , and a length of 7,801,766 feet ( 2,377,978 m ) . In 2013 , its weight was estimated at 19,973 pounds . In August 2014 , the ball measures 41.42 feet ( 12.62 m ) in circumference , 8.06 feet ( 2.46 m ) in diameter and 10.83 feet ( 3.30 m ) in height , and it still growing . Largest ball of sisal twine built by a single person ( edit ) Twine ball in Darwin , Minnesota ( 2006 ) Darwin , Minnesota , is the home of a ball of baler twine rolled by Francis A. Johnson . It is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) in diameter and weighs 17,400 pounds ( 7,900 kg ) . Johnson began rolling the twine in March 1950 , and wrapped four hours every day for 29 years . It is currently housed in an enclosed gazebo across from the town park on Main Street at ( 45 ° 05 ′ 47 '' N 94 ° 24 ′ 37 '' W / 45.096332 ° N 94.410276 ° W / 45.096332 ; - 94.410276 ) to prevent the public from touching it . The town celebrates `` Twine Ball Day '' on the second Saturday in August every year . An adjacent volunteer - run , free to visit museum and gift shop has information on the history of the ball , as well as selling a variety of souvenirs . It was the long - standing holder of the `` biggest ball of twine '' title in the Guinness Book of World Records , holding the title from its completion in 1979 until 1994 , and was referenced by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in his 1989 song `` The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota . '' Heaviest twine ball ( edit ) In Lake Nebagamon , Wisconsin , James Frank Kotera claims to have made the heaviest ball of twine ever built . He started it in 1979 and is still working . Kotera estimates , by measuring the weight of each bag of twine that he winds on , that the ball weighs 8,770 kg ( 19,336 pounds ) , making it the heaviest ball of twine ever built . The ball is housed in an open - air enclosure in Kotera 's lawn . The ball has a smaller companion , `` Junior '' , that is made of string . Largest nylon twine ball ( edit ) In Branson , Missouri , a ball of nylon twine built by J.C. Payne of Valley View , Texas , is on display in Ripley 's Believe It or Not museum . The ball , which measures 41.5 feet ( 12.6 m ) in circumference , was certified as the world 's largest ball of twine by the Guinness Book of World Records in 1993 . It is , however , the lightest of the four contenders , weighing 12,000 pounds . Cultural references ( edit ) `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's album UHF - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff has a song called `` The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota '' . Although ostensibly about the ball in Darwin , Minnesota , Yankovic takes artistic license with the statistics . In a case of life imitating art , postcards that read `` Greetings from the Twine Ball , wish you were here , '' a fictitious invention of Yankovic 's , are now an attraction in Darwin . The Twineball Inn was a restaurant ( not a motel ) that has since closed . Yankovic refers to the ball itself , and thus his previous work , in the video for `` White & Nerdy '' , wherein a Trivial Pursuit card which includes the question `` In what city is the largest ball of twine built by one man ? '' appears on screen . The Sam & Max Hit the Road adventure game by LucasArts includes a stop at a Biggest Ball of Twine , which is about 50 feet ( 15 m ) tall with a rotating restaurant on top - this fictional ball of twine is located at Central Dis , Minnesota . An exhibit in the museum at its base claims that its mass will eventually cause the Earth to gravitate towards the sun , destroying the planet . When the characters look at the ball of twine , the following exchange takes place : Sam : It 's things like this that make me wish I were Canadian . Docent : They 've got one of these too , but half of it 's French . In one episode of Time Squad , George W. Bush tries to lift the spirits of Americans by building the biggest ball of twine . The Cawker City , Kansas ball of twine was the subject of Garry Trudeau 's comic strip , Doonesbury , on July 16 , 2012 . In the 2001 Canadian film , Jet Boy , one of the characters drives a car into what is billed as the world 's largest ball of string to test whether or not the structure is hollow . In the 1996 movie Michael , starring John Travolta as an angel on holiday on Earth , his character requests to stop and visit the biggest ball of twine that was supposedly located somewhere in Iowa . In the 1983 movie National Lampoon 's Vacation , Clark Griswold ( Chevy Chase ) tries to entice his reluctant kids back into the family station wagon with a promise to take them to see `` the second largest ball of twine on the face of the earth , which is only four short hours away . '' In the 1943 story The Mystery Yarn , part of Robert McCloskey 's children 's book Homer Price , two male rivals for a lady 's affection , both of whom have string balls that are nearly six feet in diameter , stage a public contest to unravel the balls ; they agree among themselves that the loser will be required to desist as a rival ; however , the lady outsmarts their plan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Battle to Be the World 's Largest Ball of Twine ; The Atlantic Magazine , September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Ball of Twine '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Murphy ( 1993 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Balls of String '' . ABC Evening News . Vanderbilt Television News Archive . Jump up ^ Cawker City wins the ball game with massive sphere of twine ; The Wichita Eagle ; September 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Twisted : The Battle to Be the World 's Largest Ball of Twine ; The Atlantic ; September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doug Kirby ; Ken Smith & Mike Wilkins . `` World 's Largest Twine balls '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darwin 's Twine Ball Museum '' . Dassel - Cotako Enterprise Dispatch . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eye To Eye : On The Road Again '' . CBS . 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` JFK 's Twine Ball : World 's Largest ? '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) `` Texans have a ball , but unraveled twine king unimpressed '' . San Antonio Express . December 4 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Ball of Twine , Branson , Missouri '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , Garry . Doonesbury . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Lampoon 's Vacation ( IMDB ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to sisal and twine . The Battle to Be the World 's Largest Ball of Twine , The Atlantic Magazine , September 2014 Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! in Branson , Missouri ( nylon twine ball ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biggest_ball_of_twine&oldid=800429523 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Mitchell County , Kansas Tourist attractions in Meeker County , Minnesota Tourist attractions in Taney County , Missouri Tourist attractions in Douglas County , Wisconsin Roadside attractions in the United States World records Ropework Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the largest ball of yarn located | [] | [] |
2981864293344849441 | In forma pauperis | In forma pauperis - Wikipedia In forma pauperis In forma pauperis ( / ɪn ˈfɔːrmə ˈpɔːpərɪs / ; IFP or i.f.p. ) is a Latin legal term meaning `` in the character or manner of a pauper '' . It refers to the ability of an indigent person to proceed in court without payment of the usual fees associated with a lawsuit or appeal . Contents 1 United Kingdom 2 United States 3 See also 4 Notes United Kingdom ( edit ) IFP was abolished in the United Kingdom in favor of a legal aid approach as part of the Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 . United States ( edit ) In the United States , the IFP designation is given by both state and federal courts to someone who is without the funds to pursue the normal costs of a lawsuit or a criminal defense . The status is usually granted by a judge without a hearing , and it entitles the person to a waiver of normal costs , and sometimes in criminal cases the appointment of counsel . While court - imposed costs such as filing fees are waived , the litigant is still responsible for other costs incurred in bringing the action such as deposition and witness fees . However , in federal court , a pauper can obtain free service of process through the United States Marshal 's Service . Approximately two - thirds of writ of certiorari petitions to the Supreme Court are filed in forma pauperis . Most of those petitioners are prisoners . Statistically , petitions that appear on the Supreme Court 's in forma pauperis docket are substantially less likely to be granted review than others on the docket . Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) , is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history where in forma pauperis was invoked . In forma pauperis is usually granted in connection to pro se petitioners , but the two concepts are separate and distinct . See also ( edit ) Pauper 's oath Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Black , Henry Campbell ; Nolan , Joseph R. ; Nolan - Haley , Jacqueline M. ( 1990 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) . West Publishing . p. 779 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 76271 - X . Jump up ^ `` The implications for access to justice of the Government 's proposals to reform legal aid '' . Jump up ^ L.C.B.G. ( 1950 ) . `` Legal Aid and Advice Act , 1949 '' . The Modern Law Review . 13 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 87 . JSTOR 1090151 . Jump up ^ Fed . R. Civ . P. Rule 4 ( c ) ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 2006 ) . The Psychology of the Supreme Court . USA : Oxford University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530604 - X . Jump up ^ Stephens , Otis H. ; Scheb , John M. ( 2002 ) . American Constitutional Law . Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 534 - 54570 - X . Jump up ^ Thompson , David C. ; Wachtell , Melanie F. ( 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures '' . George Mason University Law Review . 16 ( 2 ) : 237 , 241 . SSRN 1377522 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anthony ( 1964 ) . Gideon 's Trumpet . U.S. : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72312 - 9 . IUS This legal article about a Latin phrase is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_forma_pauperis&oldid=817322106 '' Categories : Latin legal terminology Latin legal phrase stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 16 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | petition for a writ of certiorari and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis filed | [] | [] |
-8493558525620136887 | Outrigger canoe | Outrigger canoe - wikipedia Outrigger canoe Jump to : navigation , search Modern sailing outrigger canoe in Hawaii , US A double outrigger canoe in White Island , Philippines . The outrigger canoe ( Ketagalan : bangka ; Filipino : bangka ; Indonesian : bangka or Jukung ; New Zealand Māori : waka ama ; Cook Islands Maori : vaka ; Hawaiian : wa ʻa ; Tahitian and Samoan : va ʻa , Proto - Austronesian * waŋkaŋ ) is a type of canoe featuring one or more lateral support floats known as outriggers , which are fastened to one or both sides of the main hull . Smaller canoes often employ a single outrigger on the port side , while larger canoes may employ a single - outrigger , double - outrigger , or double - hull configuration ( see also catamaran ) . The sailing canoes are an important part of the Polynesian heritage and are raced and sailed in Hawaii , Tahiti , Samoa and by the Māori of New Zealand . They are also very popular in Puerto Rico . Unlike a single - hulled canoe , an outrigger or double - hull canoe generates stability as a result of the distance between its hulls rather than due to the shape of each individual hull . As such , the hulls of outrigger or double - hull canoes are typically longer , narrower and more hydrodynamically efficient than those of single - hull canoes . Compared to other types of canoes , outrigger canoes can be quite fast , yet are also capable of being paddled and sailed in rougher water . This paddling technique , however , differs greatly from kayaking or rowing . The paddle , or blade , used by the paddler is single sided , with either a straight or a double - bend shaft . Despite the single paddle , an experienced paddler will only paddle on one side , using a technique such as a J - stroke to maintain heading and stability . The outrigger float is called the ama in many Polynesian languages ( compare Hawaiian ama , Maori ama , and Samoan ama , all meaning ' outrigger float ' ) , realisations of Proto - Malayo - Polynesian * saRman ' outrigger float ' . Similar terms also exist in other Malayo - Polynesian languages , such as Pohnpeian dahm , Yapese thaam , Ambonese Malay semang , all meaning ' outrigger float ' , as well as Chamorro sakman meaning ' ( a ) large canoe - from Polynesia or Papua , ( with ) no outrigger , capable of carrying over 100 people ' . The outrigger boom -- spars connecting the ama to the main hull ( or the two hulls in a double - hull canoe ) -- are called ʻiako in Hawaiian and kiato in Māori ( with similar words in other Polynesian languages ) , ultimately from Proto - Oceanic * kiajo or its doublet * kayajo both meaning ' outrigger boom ' ( compare Loinu kiec , Kiribati kiaro , and Tongan kiato , as well as Seimat ayas and Gedaged ayad , all meaning ' outrigger boom ' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 3 Roles 3.1 Steersman 3.2 Paddlers 4 Modern sport 4.1 Racing 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The traditional pōpao of Tonga . Hawaiiloa , a double - hull sailing canoe built as a replica of Polynesian voyaging canoes . Outrigger canoes were originally developed by the Austronesian - speaking peoples of the islands of Southeast Asia for sea travel . They were used to transport these peoples both eastward to Polynesia and New Zealand and westward across the Indian Ocean as far as Madagascar during the Austronesian migration period . While today they can be found in East Africa ( e.g. the ungalawa of Tanzania ) , the Austronesian peoples ( Filipino , Malay , Micronesian , Melanesian and Polynesian peoples ) continue to be the primary users of the outrigger canoes . Outrigger fishing canoes are also used among certain non-Austronesian groups , such as the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka , where they are known as oruwa , as well as among some groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . The ethnological significance of this spread has been studied by James Hornell . When Magellan 's ships first encountered the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in 1521 , Antonio Pigafetta recorded that the Chamorros ' sailboats far surpassed Magellan 's in speed and maneuverability . The Polynesian Voyaging Society has two double - hull sailing canoes , Hokulea and Hawaiiloa , and sails them between various islands in the Pacific using traditional Polynesian navigation methods without instruments . The Hikianalia and Alingano Maisu are other extant double - hulled voyaging canoes . The technology has persisted into the modern age . Outrigger canoes can be quite large fishing or transport vessels . In the Philippines , outrigger canoes ( called bangka , parao or balanghai ) are often fitted with petrol engines . The links between seafaring and outrigger canoes in the Philippines extend through to political life , in which the smallest political unit in the country is still called Barangay after the historical Balangay outrigger proas used in the original migrations of the first Austronesian peoples across the archipelago and beyond . Types ( edit ) A six - person outrigger canoe A variety of boat types exist , including the OC1 , OC2 , OC3 , OC4 and OC6 ( with the respective number of paddlers using a single - hull outrigger canoe ) , and the DC12 or OC12 ( with twelve paddlers using a double - hull outrigger canoe , two six - person canoes rigged together like a catamaran ) . Outriggers without a rudder are referred to as V1 , V2 , etc. ( where V refers to vaʻa ) . Single - hull outrigger canoes have an ama ( outrigger float ) connected to the main hull by spars called ʻiako ( Hawaiian ) , ʻiato ( Tahitian ) , or kiato ( Māori ) . The ama , which is usually rigged on the left side , provides stability . The paddlers need to be careful to avoid leaning too far on the opposite side of the ama , as that may cause the canoe to capsize ( huli or lumaʻi ) . There are also outrigger sailing canoes ranging from smaller three or four - person canoes to large voyaging canoes . Sailing canoes may have one ama , two amas ( one on each side , but only one side is normally in contact with the water ) , or a double - hull configuration ( like a catamaran ) . Roles ( edit ) In an outrigger canoe the paddlers sit in line , facing toward the bow of the canoe ( i.e. forward , in the direction of travel , unlike rowing ) . The seats are numbered from 1 ( closest to the bow ) to the number of seats in the canoe , usually 6 . The steerer ( or steersman or steersperson ) sits in the last seat of the canoe ( seat 6 in the common OC6 ) and , as the name indicates , is primarily responsible for steering . The paddler sitting in seat 1 is called the stroke ( or stroker ) and is responsible for setting the pace of the paddle strokes . The stroker should have a high level of endurance to keep the rate ( the number of strokes taken in a given amount of time ) manageable for whatever the situation may be . The first two positions may also be involved in certain steering manoeuvers . This usually involves the draw stroke . During a tight turn the one seat might poke to make the canoe turn the opposite way . In the middle of the canoe ( seats number 3 and 4 ) known as the powerhouse are the strong and powerful paddlers . Any of the 2 can be the ' caller ' who directs when to switch over their blades , when to pick up or slow down the stroking pace , etc . Whoever is caller must have very good leadership skills and know how to think off the top of their heads in any situation . Every position has an important role to play in the canoe . In an OC1 , the single paddler must also steer the canoe . Some OC1s have rudders operated by foot pedals , while OC1s without rudders must be steered by drawing and paddling as needed for steering purposes while paddling to move the canoe forward . Steersman ( edit ) A good steersman is able to maintain the straight attitude of the canoe throughout the course of a race , and also keep the boat and the crew safe in rough sea conditions . S / he may also take advantage of water conditions to gain extra speed by surfing . The steersman uses a single bladed steering paddle which has a larger blade than a standard outrigger paddle , is built stronger , and has less or no bend in its shaft . S / he steers by the following methods : Poking : holding the paddle vertically against the side of the canoe , causing drag on that side to cause the canoe to turn that direction . ( left to go left and right to go right ) Drawing : paddling at a 45 to 90 degree angle to pull water under the canoe , causing the canoe to turn the opposite direction . Posting : holding the paddle in the water out to the side with the forward edge angled opposite to the desired turn direction , usually as a prelude to drawing . Paddling : by applying power on one side of the canoe , the steersman can influence to a small degree which way the canoe will turn . Paddling also increases the total power moving the canoe forward compared to the other steering methods . The steersman should try and paddle as much as possible so he or she does n't slow down the canoe by contributing to the amount of weight in the canoe . A steersman also skippers the canoe and instructs all other paddlers as necessary . As an outrigger canoe is a long narrow canoe with the steersman placed at the very end , the steersman must give instructions sufficiently loudly and clearly for the entire crew to hear . From a water safety perspective the steersman should also be amongst the most experienced crew members , and be knowledgeable with the waterways and weather conditions , relevant maritime rules and other safety considerations such as the use of personal flotation devices , rigging of the canoe , placement of paddlers in the various seating positions , and recovery from a huli by righting the canoe and bailing out the water . The steersman should also be able to keep the ama down during rough water . Paddlers ( edit ) Paddlers use single bladed paddles , usually with single or double bent shafts . The paddling stroke is similar to that of most other racing canoe paddling strokes , involving primarily core and lat strength . Generally , each paddler paddles on the opposite side from the paddler in directly front ( for example , in an OC6 , paddlers in seats 1 , 3 , and 5 paddle on one side , while paddlers in seats 2 and 4 paddle on the other side ) . All paddlers switch sides simultaneously on a call from one who is the designated caller . The steerer may paddle either side or switch sides as needed for steering purposes . The steersman will also switch sides to keep the ama from popping up and capsizing the canoe . Stronger paddlers are typically placed in the middle of the canoe , while paddlers with the most endurance tend to be placed at the front , as the lead paddler sets the pace for the crew . All other paddlers synchronize their strokes to the paddler in front of them ( whom they can directly see ) . In rough water , it is often desirable to have a paddler with steering skill in seat 5 ( of an OC6 ) , to allow for the steerer to have that paddler also take steering strokes if needed in some situations . In conditions when the boat is surfing , the stern of the canoe will be so far out of the water that seat 5 will have to keep the boat on course . A seat 5 paddler with steering skill can also assist in preventing a huli by staying on the ama side during a particularly rough stretch of water . In water rough enough to splash into the canoe , paddlers also need to pay attention to the water level in the canoe , report the situation to the steerer , and bail out the water as necessary . Paddlers also need to know how to recover from a huli under the steerer 's direction . In a quick turn situation , paddlers at the front may also be instructed to une ( poke steer , causes the canoe to turn the opposite direction ) or kahi ( post and draw steer , pulls the canoe to the side where this is done ) to help bring the canoe around a turn quickly . Modern sport ( edit ) Outrigger canoe racing has become a popular canoeing sport , with numerous clubs located around the world . Outrigger Canoe Racing is the State sport of Hawaii and an interscholastic high school sport . In Hawaii entire families participate in summer regattas with age groups from keiki ( children as young as 6 with an adult steersperson ) and age 12 through age 60 + . Major races in Hawaii include the Moloka ʻi Hoe 43 mi ( 69 km ) men 's race from the island of Molokai to Oahu across the Kaiwi Channel , Na Wahine O Ke Kai ( same race for women ) and the Queen Lili ʻuokalani Race held near Kona on the Island of Hawai . Racing outrigger canoes . The canoe in the front right , with a narrower hull and smaller body , is a single - person outrigger canoe , or OC1 . The other canoes are six - person outrigger canoes , or OC6 . Six - person outrigger canoes ( or OC6 ) are among the most common used for sport use ; single - person outrigger canoes ( or OC1 ) are also very common . Two and four - person outrigger canoes are also sometimes used , and two six - person outrigger canoes are sometimes rigged together like a catamaran to form a twelve - person double canoe . Modern OC6 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass - reinforced plastic . However , some canoes are made of more traditional materials . In Ancient Hawaii , canoes were carved from the trunks of very old koa trees . These canoes , although rare , are still very much in use today . The ʻiako are usually made of wood ; the ʻiako - ama and ʻiako - hull connections are typically done with rope wrapped and tied in interlocking fashion to reduce the risk of the connection coming completely apart if the rope breaks . Modern OC1 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass - reinforced plastic , carbon fiber reinforced plastic , and / or Kevlar to produce a strong but light canoe . OC1 are often made with rudders operated by foot pedals . More traditional designs do not have rudders . OC1 commonly use ʻiako made of aluminium , with a mechanism for quickly assembling and disassembling the canoe ( snap buttons , large wing nuts , etc . ) . Racing ( edit ) Hudson River , New York The length of a race ranges from short sprints ( e.g. 250 -- 500 metres for the OC1 and the OC12 , 500 -- 2000 metres ( usually includes turns ) for the OC6 ) to longer events , including marathons ( e.g. 42 kilometres ) . A number of races are raced over distances that far exceed 42 kilometres , including the Molokaʻi Hoe that crosses the Kaiwi Channel between the islands of Molokai and Oahu in Hawaii . However , long distance races of 20 to 30 kilometres are more common , with shorter 5 to 8 kilometre courses typically being offered to novice paddlers and those under 20 years of age . Longer races involving the OC6 often involve paddler replacements , which involve exit and entry to the canoe directly from the water while the canoe is under way ( this is called a water change ) . Typically , nine paddlers form a crew , with six paddling the OC6 and the other three resting , drinking , and / or eating on an escort boat . Replacement typically occurs at 20 to 30 minute intervals ; the escort boat drops the relief paddlers into the water ahead of the OC6 , which is steered toward them . The relief paddlers climb in on the ama side as those they are replacing roll out into the water on the opposite side . The escort boat then picks up the paddlers in the water so that they can rest , drink , and / or eat before they in turn relieve some of the paddlers in the OC6 . The longer races are typically conducted in the open ocean , e.g. between islands in the South Pacific . The Molokaʻi Hoe in Hawaii , The Hamilton Cup in Australia , The Vaka Eiva in Rarotonga ( Cook Islands ) , The Motu2Motu in Aitutaki ( Cook Islands ) and the Catalina Channel crossing in California are four examples of races involving water changes . Paddlers and crews are usually classified by gender and age . Gender classification is typically straightforward , with male , female , and coed classifications , with the latter being a crew with equal numbers of male and female paddlers ( different rules may apply to nine person coed crews doing a race with paddler replacements ) . Age classifications typically include youth divisions like 19 - and - under , 16 - and - under , etc. , master divisions with minimum ages typically starting at 35 or 40 years of age , and an open division which allows paddlers of any age . A novice division for paddlers with less than a specified number of years of race experience ( usually one or two ) may also exist in a given association . In some races , a particular type of outrigger canoe , usually a more traditional design for the region , may be given its own racing classification . For example , races in Hawaii have a koa division , while southern California has a Bradley OC6 division and northern California OC1 sprint races have a traditional ( no rudder ) division . There are several outrigger racing organizations in the United States . They include : East Coast Outrigger Racing Association ( ECORA ) , Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association ( HCRA ) , Northern California Outrigger Canoe Association ( NCOCA ) , Southern California Outrigger Canoe Association ( SCORA ) and several more . See also ( edit ) Painting by John LaFarge showing girls carrying a va'a , Samoa , ( 1891 painting ) . Ama and Aka Canoe sailing Catamaran Jukung Outrigger Paraw Pirogue Proa Tepukei Trimaran Ungalawa Vinta Wa ( watercraft ) Va'a References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blust , Robert ; Trussel , Stephen ( December 2013 ) . `` The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary '' . Oceanic Linguistics. 52 ( 2 ) : 493 -- 523 . Jump up ^ Blust , Robert ; Trussel , Stephen ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) . `` * saRman outrigger float '' . Austronesian Comparative Dictionary . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blust , Robert ; Trussel , Stephen ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) . `` * saRman outrigger float '' . Austronesian Comparative Dictionary . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blust , Robert ; Trussel , Stephen ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) . `` * kiajo outrigger boom '' . Austronesian Comparative Dictionary . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blust , Robert ; Trussel , Stephen ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) . `` * kayajo outrigger boom '' . Austronesian Comparative Dictionary . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kapitän , Gerhard ( May 1989 ) . `` Records of Native Craft in Sri Lanka -- I : The single outrigger fishing canoe oruwa -- Part 2.2 : Rowed , paddled and poled oru '' . International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 18 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 149 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 9270.1989. tb00185. x . Jump up ^ Irenäus Eibl - Eibesfeldt , Land of a Thousand Atolls : A Study of Marine Life in the Maldive and Nicobar Islands , World Publishing Co. , Cleveland and New York , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Paddles - Hamilton Island Events '' . hamiltonisland.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Vaka Eiva - Home '' . vakaeiva.com . Jump up ^ `` Motu 2 Motu Aitutaki '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` SCORA - Catalina Crossing - US Outrigger Championships '' . hcatalinacrossing.org . Further reading ( edit ) Dierking , Gary ( August 15 , 2007 ) . Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes : Modern Construction Methods for Three Fast , Beautiful Boats ( Paperback ) ( 1st ed . ) . Camden , Maine : International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press / McGraw Hill . p. 192 . ISBN 0071487913 . Steve West ( 2006 ) ' Outrigger Canoeing - A Paddler 's Guide ' , Batini Books , Kanuculture . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9586554 - 2 - 2 Steve West ( 2006 ) ' Outrigger Canoeing - The Art and Skill of Steering ' , Batini Books , Kanuculture . ISBN 0 - 9586554 - 1 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Outrigger canoes . Dierking , Gary . `` Wa'apa : A Three Board Sailing Canoe '' . Gary Dierking Boatbuilder . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Race Links East Coast Outrigger Racing Association Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association Queen Lili'uokalani Canoe Race ( Kai ' Opua ) Japan Outrigger Canoe Network Moloka'i Hoe Na Wahine O Ke Kai New York Outrigger Northern California Outrigger Canoe Association Polynesian Voyaging Society Southern California Outrigger Canoe Racing Association Pacific NorthWest Outrigger Racing Association Takia Outrigger Canoe Club Fiji World of Boats ( EISCA ) Collection ~ Outrigger Canoes : Tongan Pao Pao Fijian Proa Traditional Papuan Single Outrigger Filipino Dugout kiribatian Proa ... and more Original Outrigger Canoe ( Drua ) in the Fiji Museum Original Outrigger Canoe in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall An Introduction to Outrigger Canoe Paddling Orchid Outriggers - Experience photo tours in handmade outrigger canoes on the central coast of California . An interactive for kids featuring a traditional outrigger canoe commissioned by the National Museum of Australia Dragon Boat and Outrigger Canoe website `` The Longest Canoe Paddle in Modern History '' Article about outrigger canoe trip to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands Hawaii . Maui No Ka ' Oi Magazine Vol. 11 , No. 1 ( January 2007 ) . `` Canoes That Carve '' Article about surfing outrigger canoes Hawaii . Maui No Ka ' Oi Magazine Vol. 11 , No. 3 ( May 2007 ) . `` Master Strokes . '' Article about outrigger canoe club in Haleiwa , Hawaii . Hana Hou ! Vol. 10 , No. 3 ( June / July 2007 ) . new hope outrigger - Complete online resource to the sport and history of outrigger canoeing . 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6838471364789086601 | February 29 | February 29 - wikipedia February 29 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 July 2018 . This article is about the calendar day . For the South Korean film , see February 29 ( film ) . For the Malaysian film , see 29 Februari . `` Leap Day '' redirects here . For the `` 30 Rock '' episode , see Leap Day ( 30 Rock ) . For the `` Modern Family '' episode , see Leap Day ( Modern Family ) . < < February > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2018 February 29 in recent years 2016 ( Monday ) 2012 ( Wednesday ) 2008 ( Friday ) February 29 , also known as leap day or leap year day , is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4 , such as 2008 , 2012 , 2016 , 2020 , and 2024 . A leap day is added in various solar calendars ( calendars based on the Earth 's revolution around the Sun ) , including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world . Lunisolar calendars ( whose months are based on the phases of the Moon ) instead add a leap or intercalary month . In the Gregorian calendar , years that are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 , do not contain a leap day . Thus , 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 did not contain a leap day ; neither will 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . Conversely , 1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will . Years containing a leap day are called leap years . Years not containing a leap day are called common years . February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar , in such a year , with 306 days remaining until the end of the year . In the Chinese calendar , this day will only occur in years of the monkey , dragon , and rat . A leap day is observed because the Earth 's period of orbital revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 whole days . A leap day compensates for this lag , realigning the calendar with the Earth 's position in the Solar System ; otherwise , seasons would occur later than intended in the calendar year . The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years ; but this rule adds too many days ( roughly 3 every 400 years ) , making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates . By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11 , and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days , and to reduce the number of leap years via the `` century rule '' to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Leap years 1.1 Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar 1.2 Early Roman calendar 1.3 Julian reform 2 Born on February 29 2.1 Legal status 2.2 In fiction 3 Events 4 Births 5 Deaths 6 Holidays and observances 7 Folk traditions 8 References 9 External links Leap years ( edit ) Main article : Leap year Although most modern calendar years have 365 days , a complete revolution around the Sun ( one solar year ) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours . An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years , requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun 's apparent position . Without the added day , in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar , eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather , ecology , or hours of daylight . A solar year is actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours ( 365.25 days ) . As early as the 13th century it was recognized that the year is shorter than the 365.25 days assumed by the Julian calendar : the Earth 's orbital period around the Sun was derived from the medieval Alfonsine tables as 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes , and 16 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) . The currently accepted modern figure is 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . Adding a calendar day every four years , therefore , results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years , or about 3 days every 400 years . To compensate for this , three days are removed every 400 years . The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years . Instead , a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400 . This means that the years 1600 , 2000 , and 2400 are leap years , while the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , and 2500 are common years . Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar ( edit ) The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years , which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days ( 146,097 days ) . Over this period , February 29 falls on Sunday , Tuesday , and Thursday 13 times each ; 14 times each on Friday and Saturday ; and 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday . Excepting when a century mark that is not a multiple of 400 intervenes , consecutive leaps days fall in order Thursday , Tuesday , Sunday , Friday , Wednesday , Monday , and Saturday ; then repeating with Thursday again . Early Roman calendar ( edit ) Adding a leap day ( after 23 February ) shifts the commemorations in the 1962 Roman Missal . Main article : Roman calendar The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days ( even though it was not a lunar calendar ) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year . An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February , the last month of the year . February consisted of two parts , each with an odd number of days . The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd , which was considered the end of the religious year , and the five remaining days formed the second part . To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year , a leap month , called Mensis Intercalaris ( `` intercalary month '' ) , was added from time to time between these two parts of February . The ( usual ) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days , with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them . This followed naturally , because the days after the Ides ( 13th ) of February ( in an ordinary year ) or the Ides of Intercalaris ( in an intercalary year ) both counted down to the Kalends of March ( i.e. they were known as `` the nth day before the Kalends of March '' ) . The Nones ( 5th ) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions . The third - century writer Censorinus says : When it was thought necessary to add ( every two years ) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days , so that the civil year should correspond to the natural ( solar ) year , this intercalation was in preference made in February , between Terminalia ( 23rd ) and Regifugium ( 24th ) . Julian reform ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC . As before , the intercalation was made after February 23 . The day following the Terminalia ( February 23 ) was doubled , forming the `` bis sextum '' -- literally ' twice sixth ' , since February 24 was ' the sixth day before the Kalends of March ' using Roman inclusive counting ( March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year ) . Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four ; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position . Although there were exceptions , the first day of the bis sextum ( February 24 ) was usually regarded as the intercalated or `` bissextile '' day since the 3rd century AD . February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages , although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland . In Britain , the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th , although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar . Born on February 29 ( edit ) A person born on February 29 may be called a `` leapling '' , a `` leaper '' , or a `` leap - year baby '' . In non-leap years , some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1 , while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date , February 29 . Legal status ( edit ) The effective legal date of a leapling 's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions . In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , when a person born on February 29 turns 18 , they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year . In New Zealand , a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years , for the purposes of Driver Licensing under § 2 ( 2 ) of the Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 . The net result is that for drivers aged 75 , or over 80 , their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February , even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years . Otherwise , New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday , although case law would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed , from the day after the date of birth , and that the person 's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period . This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year , the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday . While a person attains the same age on the same day , it also means that , in New Zealand , if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age , that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful . In Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years : If a period fixed by weeks , months , and years does not commence from the beginning of a week , month , or year , it ends with the ending of the day which proceeds the day of the last week , month , or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence . But if there is no corresponding day in the last month , the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month . Thus , in England and Wales or in Hong Kong , a person born on February 29 will have legally reached 18 years old on March 1 . If they were born in Taiwan they legally become 18 on February 28 , a day earlier . In the United States , according to John Reitz , a professor of law at the University of Iowa , there is no `` ... statute or general rule that has anything to do with leap day . '' Reitz speculates that `` March 1 would likely be considered the legal birthday in non-leap years of someone born on leap day , '' using the same reasoning as described for the United Kingdom and Hong Kong . In fiction ( edit ) There are many instances in children 's literature where a person 's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting only their leap - year birthdays . A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance . As a child , Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until his 21st birthday . Having passed his 21st year , he leaves the pirate band and falls in love . However , since he was born on February 29 , his 21st birthday will not arrive until he is eighty - four , so he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates . Events ( edit ) 1504 -- Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies . 1644 -- Abel Tasman 's second Pacific voyage began . 1704 -- Queen Anne 's War : French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield , Massachusetts Bay Colony , killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive . 1712 -- February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden , in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar . 1720 -- Ulrika Eleonora , Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband , who becomes King Frederick I on 24 March . 1752 -- King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty , the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy . 1768 -- Polish nobles formed Bar Confederation . 1796 -- The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force , facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations . 1864 -- American Civil War : Kilpatrick -- Dahlgren Raid fails : Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond , Virginia are thwarted . 1892 -- St. Petersburg , Florida is incorporated . 1912 -- The Piedra Movediza ( Moving Stone ) of Tandil falls and breaks . 1916 -- Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom . 1916 -- Child labor : In South Carolina , the minimum working age for factory , mill , and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old . 1920 -- Czechoslovak National assembly adopted the Constitution . 1936 -- February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends . 1940 -- For her performance as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind , Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award . 1940 -- Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations . 1940 -- In a ceremony held in Berkeley , California , because of the war , physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden 's Consul General in San Francisco . 1944 -- World War II : The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur . 1960 -- The 5.7 M Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) , destroying Agadir , and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured . 1964 -- In Sydney , Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100 - meter freestyle swimming competition ( 58.9 seconds ) . 1972 -- Vietnam War : Vietnamization : South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam . 1980 -- Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal . 1988 -- South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five - day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town . 1988 -- Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the House of Commons of Canada to come out as gay . 1992 -- First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum . 1996 -- Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes , all 123 passengers and crew died . 1996 -- Siege of Sarajevo officially ends . 2000 -- Second Chechen War : Eighty - four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert . 2004 -- Jean - Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup . 2008 -- The United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan `` immediately '' after a leak led to his deployment being reported by foreign media . 2008 -- Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir , Misha : A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years , in which she claimed to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust . 2012 -- Tokyo Skytree construction completed . It is , as of 2017 , the tallest tower in the world , 634 meters high , and second tallest ( man - made ) structure on Earth , next to Burj Khalifa . Births ( edit ) 1468 -- Pope Paul III ( d . 1549 ) 1528 -- Albert V , Duke of Bavaria ( d . 1579 ) 1528 -- Domingo Báñez , Spanish theologian ( d . 1604 ) 1572 -- Edward Cecil , 1st Viscount Wimbledon ( d . 1638 ) 1576 -- Antonio Neri , Florentine priest and glassmaker ( d . 1614 ) 1640 -- Benjamin Keach , Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach 's Catechism ( d . 1704 ) 1692 -- John Byrom , English poet and educator ( d . 1763 ) 1724 -- Eva Marie Veigel , Austrian - English dancer ( d . 1822 ) 1736 -- Ann Lee , English - American religious leader , founded the Shakers ( d . 1784 ) 1792 -- Gioachino Rossini , Italian pianist and composer ( d . 1868 ) 1812 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( d . 29 February 1880 ) 1828 -- Emmeline B. Wells , American journalist , poet , and activist ( d . 1921 ) 1836 -- Dickey Pearce , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1908 ) 1852 -- Frank Gavan Duffy , Irish - Australian lawyer and judge , 4th Chief Justice of Australia ( d . 1936 ) 1860 -- Herman Hollerith , American statistician and businessman , co-founded the Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company ( d . 1929 ) 1884 -- Richard S. Aldrich , American lawyer and politician ( d . 1941 ) 1892 -- Augusta Savage , American sculptor ( d . 1962 ) 1896 -- Morarji Desai , Indian civil servant and politician , 4th Prime Minister of India ( d . 1995 ) 1896 -- William A. Wellman , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1975 ) 1904 -- Rukmini Devi Arundale , Indian dancer and choreographer ( d . 1986 ) 1904 -- Jimmy Dorsey , American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader ( d . 1957 ) 1904 -- Pepper Martin , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1965 ) 1908 -- Balthus , French - Swiss painter and illustrator ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Dee Brown , American historian and author ( d . 2002 ) 1908 -- Alf Gover , English cricketer and coach ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Louie Myfanwy Thomas , Welsh writer ( d . 1968 ) 1916 -- Dinah Shore , American singer and actress ( d . 1994 ) 1916 -- James B. Donovan , American lawyer ( d . 1970 ) 1916 -- Leonard Shoen , founder of U-Haul Corp. ( d . 1999 ) 1920 -- Fyodor Abramov , Russian author and critic ( d . 1983 ) 1920 -- Arthur Franz , American actor ( d . 2006 ) 1920 -- James Mitchell , American actor and dancer ( d . 2010 ) 1920 -- Michèle Morgan , French - American actress and singer ( d . 2016 ) 1920 -- Howard Nemerov , American poet and academic ( d . 1991 ) 1920 -- Rolland W. Redlin , American lawyer and politician ( d . 2011 ) 1924 -- David Beattie , New Zealand judge and politician , 14th Governor - General of New Zealand ( d . 2001 ) 1924 -- Carlos Humberto Romero , Salvadoran politician , President of El Salvador ( d . 2017 ) 1924 -- Al Rosen , American baseball player and manager ( d . 2015 ) 1928 -- Joss Ackland , English actor 1928 -- Vance Haynes , American archaeologist , geologist , and author 1928 -- Seymour Papert , South African mathematician and computer scientist , co-created the Logo programming language ( d . 2016 ) 1932 -- Gene H. Golub , American mathematician and academic ( d . 2007 ) 1932 -- Masten Gregory , American race car driver ( d . 1985 ) 1932 -- Reri Grist , American soprano and actress 1932 -- Jaguar , Brazilian cartoonist 1932 -- Gavin Stevens , Australian cricketer 1936 -- Jack R. Lousma , American colonel , astronaut , and politician 1936 -- Henri Richard , Canadian ice hockey player 1936 -- Alex Rocco , American actor ( d . 2015 ) 1940 -- Bartholomew I of Constantinople 1940 -- William H. Turner , Jr . American horse trainer 1944 -- Ene Ergma , Estonian physicist and politician 1944 -- Dennis Farina , American police officer and actor ( d . 2013 ) 1944 -- Nicholas Frayling , English priest and academic 1944 -- Phyllis Frelich , American actress ( d . 2014 ) 1944 -- Steve Mingori , American baseball player ( d . 2008 ) 1944 -- Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri , Italian author and illustrator 1948 -- Hermione Lee , English author , critic , and academic 1948 -- Patricia A. McKillip , American author 1948 -- Henry Small , American - born Canadian singer 1952 -- Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush , American journalist and producer 1952 -- Tim Powers , American author and educator 1952 -- Raisa Smetanina , Russian cross-country skier 1952 -- Bart Stupak , American police officer and politician 1956 -- Jonathan Coleman , English - Australian radio and television host 1956 -- Bob Speller , Canadian businessman and politician , 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture 1956 -- Aileen Wuornos , American serial killer ( d . 2002 ) 1960 -- Lucian Grainge , English businessman 1960 -- Khaled , Algerian singer - songwriter 1960 -- Richard Ramirez , American serial killer ( d . 2013 ) 1960 -- Tony Robbins , American motivational speaker and author 1964 -- Dave Brailsford , English cyclist and coach 1964 -- Lyndon Byers , Canadian ice hockey player and radio host 1964 -- Mervyn Warren , American tenor , composer , and producer 1968 -- Suanne Braun , South African - English actress 1968 -- Chucky Brown , American basketball player and coach 1968 -- Pete Fenson , American curler and sportscaster 1968 -- Naoko Iijima , Japanese actress and model 1968 -- Bryce Paup , American football player and coach 1968 -- Howard Tayler , American author and illustrator 1968 -- Eugene Volokh , Ukrainian - American lawyer and educator 1968 -- Frank Woodley , Australian actor , producer , and screenwriter 1972 -- Mike Pollitt , English footballer and coach 1972 -- Sylvie Lubamba , Italian showgirl 1972 -- Antonio Sabàto , Jr. , Italian - American model and actor 1972 -- Pedro Sánchez , Prime Minister of Spain 1972 -- Dave Williams , American singer ( d . 2002 ) 1972 -- Saul Williams , American singer - songwriter 1972 -- Pedro Zamora , Cuban - American activist and educator ( d . 1994 ) 1976 -- Zoë Baker , English - New Zealand swimmer and coach 1976 -- Gehad Grisha , Egyptian soccer referee 1976 -- Terrence Long , American baseball player 1976 -- Ja Rule , American rapper and actor 1980 -- Çağdaş Atan , Turkish footballer 1980 -- Chris Conley , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1980 -- Patrick Côté , Canadian mixed martial artist 1980 -- Simon Gagné , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 -- Rubén Plaza , Spanish cyclist 1980 -- Clinton Toopi , New Zealand rugby league player 1980 -- Taylor Twellman , American soccer player and sportscaster 1984 -- Darren Ambrose , English footballer 1984 -- Giedrius Tomkevičius , Lithuanian footballer 1984 -- Hélio Pinto , Portuguese footballer 1984 -- Megan Bernard , Australian audio artist 1984 -- Mark Foster , American musician ( Foster the People ) 1984 -- Rica Imai , Japanese model and actress 1984 -- Cullen Jones , American swimmer 1984 -- Nuria Martínez , Spanish basketball player 1984 -- Adam Sinclair , Indian field hockey player 1984 -- Rakhee Thakrar , English actress 1984 -- Dennis Walger , German rugby player 1984 -- Cam Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1988 -- Lena Gercke , German model and television host 1988 -- Mikel Balenziaga , Spanish footballer 1988 -- Fabiano Ribeiro de Freitas , Brazilian footballer 1988 -- Scott Golbourne , English footballer 1988 -- Benedikt Höwedes , German footballer 1988 -- Viktor Prodell , Swedish footballer 1988 -- Nadav Ben Yehuda , Israeli Mountaineer and SAR Specialist 1988 -- Brent Macaffer , Australian Rules footballer 1988 -- Bobby Sanguinetti , American ice hockey player 1992 -- Sean Abbott , Australian cricketer 1992 -- Ben Hampton , Australian rugby league player 1992 -- Perry Kitchen , American soccer player 1992 -- Caitlin EJ Meyer , American actress 1992 -- Saphir Taïder , French - Algerian footballer 1996 -- Nelson Asofa - Solomona , New Zealand rugby league player 1996 -- Claudia Williams , New Zealand tennis player Deaths ( edit ) 468 -- Pope Hilarius 992 -- Oswald of Worcester , French archbishop and saint ( b . 925 ) 1212 -- Hōnen , Japanese monk , founded Jōdo - shū ( b . 1133 ) 1460 -- Albert III , Duke of Bavaria - Munich ( b . 1401 ) 1528 -- Patrick Hamilton , Scottish Protestant reformer and martyr ( b . 1504 ) 1592 -- Alessandro Striggio , Italian composer and diplomat ( b . 1540 ) 1600 -- Caspar Hennenberger , German pastor , historian and cartographer ( b . 1529 ) 1604 -- John Whitgift , English archbishop and academic ( b . 1530 ) 1740 -- Pietro Ottoboni , Italian cardinal ( b . 1667 ) 1744 -- John Theophilus Desaguliers , French - English physicist and philosopher ( b . 1683 ) 1792 -- Johann Andreas Stein , German piano builder ( b . 1728 ) 1820 -- Johann Joachim Eschenburg , German historian and critic ( b . 1743 ) 1848 -- Louis - François Lejeune , French general , painter and lithographer ( b . 1775 ) 1852 -- Matsudaira Katataka , Japanese daimyo ( b . 1806 ) 1868 -- Ludwig I of Bavaria ( b . 1786 ) 1880 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( b . 29 February 1812 ) 1908 -- Pat Garrett , American sheriff ( b . 1850 ) 1908 -- John Hope , 1st Marquess of Linlithgow , Scottish - Australian politician , 1st Governor - General of Australia ( b . 1860 ) 1920 -- Ernie Courtney , American baseball player ( b . 1875 ) 1928 -- Adolphe Appia , Swiss architect and theorist ( b . 1862 ) 1928 -- Ina Coolbrith , American poet and librarian ( b . 1841 ) 1940 -- E.F. Benson , English archaeologist and author ( b . 1867 ) 1944 -- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , Finnish lawyer , judge and politician , 3rd President of Finland ( b . 1861 ) 1948 -- Robert Barrington - Ward , English lawyer and journalist ( b . 1891 ) 1948 -- Rebel Oakes , American baseball player and manager ( b . 1883 ) 1952 -- Quo Tai - chi , Chinese politician and diplomat , Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations ( b . 1888 ) 1956 -- Elpidio Quirino , Filipino lawyer and politician , 6th President of the Philippines ( b . 1890 ) 1960 -- Melvin Purvis , American police officer and FBI agent ( b . 1903 ) 1960 -- Walter Yust , American journalist and author ( b . 1894 ) 1964 -- Frank Albertson , American actor and singer ( b . 1909 ) 1968 -- Lena Blackburne , American baseball player , coach and manager ( b . 1886 ) 1968 -- Tore Ørjasæter , Norwegian poet and educator ( b . 1886 ) 1972 -- Tom Davies , American football player and coach ( b . 1896 ) 1976 -- Florence P. Dwyer , American politician ( b . 1902 ) 1980 -- Yigal Allon , Israeli general and politician , Prime Minister of Israel ( b . 1918 ) 1980 -- Gil Elvgren , American painter and illustrator ( b . 1914 ) 1984 -- Ludwik Starski , Polish screenwriter and songwriter ( b . 1903 ) 1988 -- Sidney Harmon , American screenwriter and producer ( b . 1907 ) 1992 -- Ruth Pitter , English poet and author ( b . 1897 ) 1996 -- Wes Farrell , American singer - songwriter and producer ( b . 1939 ) 1996 -- Ralph Rowe , American baseball player , coach and manager ( b . 1924 ) 2000 -- Dennis Danell , American guitarist ( b . 1961 ) 2004 -- Kagamisato Kiyoji , Japanese sumo wrestler , the 42nd Yokozuna ( b . 1923 ) 2004 -- Jerome Lawrence , American playwright and author ( b . 1915 ) 2004 -- Harold Bernard St. John , Barbadian lawyer and politician , 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados ( b . 1931 ) 2004 -- Lorrie Wilmot , South African cricketer ( b . 1943 ) 2008 -- Janet Kagan , American author ( b . 1946 ) 2008 -- Erik Ortvad , Danish painter and illustrator ( b . 1917 ) 2008 -- Akira Yamada , Japanese scholar and philosopher ( b . 1922 ) 2012 -- Roland Bautista , American guitarist ( b . 1951 ) 2012 -- Davy Jones , English singer , guitarist and actor ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Sheldon Moldoff , American illustrator ( b . 1920 ) 2012 -- P.K. Narayana Panicker , Indian social leader ( b . 1930 ) 2016 -- Wenn V. Deramas , Filipino director and screenwriter ( b . 1966 ) 2016 -- Gil Hill , American police officer , actor and politician ( b . 1931 ) 2016 -- Josefin Nilsson , Swedish singer ( b . 1969 ) 2016 -- Louise Rennison , English author ( b . 1951 ) Holidays and observances ( edit ) Christian feast day : Auguste Chapdelaine ( one of Martyr Saints of China ) Oswald of Worcester ( in leap year only ) February 29 ( Eastern Orthodox liturgics ) Saint John Cassian The fourth day of Ayyám - i - Há ( Bahá'í Faith ) ( Please note that this observance is only locked into this date the Gregorian calendar on this date if Bahá'í Naw - Rúz takes place on March 21 , which it does n't in all years ) Rare Disease Day ( in leap years , otherwise is February 28th ) Bachelor 's Day ( Ireland , United Kingdom ) In Discordianism , February 29 is coterminus with St. Tibs ' day in the Discordian calendar Folk traditions ( edit ) There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor 's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29 . If the man refuses , he then is obliged to give the woman money or buy her a dress . In upper - class societies in Europe , if the man refuses marriage , he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman , suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman 's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring . In Ireland , the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick . In the town of Aurora , Illinois , single women are deputized and may arrest single men , subject to a four - dollar fine , every February 29 . In Greece , it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Ed . K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda W. ( 2004 ) . `` Calendar '' . The Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Detroit , MI : Gale . pp. 679 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Reform '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Censorinus , The Natal Day , 20.28 , tr . William Maude , New York 1900 , available at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens , The Oxford companion to the year ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 678 -- 680 . Jump up ^ `` Ante Diem Bis Sextum Kalendras Martii '' , News , The British Sundial Society , 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob . `` Leap year February 29 : 29 things you need to know about leap years and their extra day '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Part B -- Entitlement to register '' ( PDF ) . The Electoral Commission . February 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cap 410 , s. 5 Chapter 410 : Age of Majority ( Related Provisions ) Ordinance '' . Department of Justice . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . June 30 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 § 2 ( 2 ) '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Re an Infant ( 1936 ) 31 MCR 42 Jump up ^ Article 121 of the Civil Code Part I General Principles of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan . ^ Jump up to : `` Leap day not a significant concern in field of law , government '' . University of Iowa News Service . The University of Iowa . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Arthur ; Gilbert , W.S. ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Pirates of Penzance '' . Gilbert and Sullivan Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' Excuse Me , But I Think You 're Sitting on My Hershey Bar ' and Other Openers `` , The Washington Post , February 29 , 1980 . p . D5 Jump up ^ Oblander , Terry . `` Leap Year : It Depends on How You Figure It '' . Akron Beacon Journal . February 29 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Day customs & traditions '' . Time and Date AS . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tan , Tiffany . `` ' Will you marry me ? ' she says '' , ChinaDaily.com.cn , February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Convenient Year for a Leap '' . Wisconsin State Journal ( Madison , Wisconsin ) . February 28 , 1992 . `` Tradition dies hard in Aurora , Ill. , where every Feb. 29 single women are deputized and allowed to arrest bachelors and fine them $4 . '' Jump up ^ Krucoff , Carol . `` By Leaps and Seconds : It 's Feb. 29 : Call It a Time - Consuming Day '' , The Washington Post . February 29 , 1984 , p . F9 . `` Leap Day was not created , as rumor has it , to give women one day out of 1,461 to chase men ( who needs a special day for that ? ) -- even though the town of Aurora , Ill. , deputizes single women and allows them to arrest bachelors ( fine , $4 ) every Feb. 29 . '' Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Leap Day 2012 : What you need to know '' . The Star . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 29 . 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-2273537927037517609 | Free Trade Area of the Americas | Free trade Area of the Americas - Wikipedia Free trade Area of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The Free Trade Area of the Americas logo The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ; Spanish : Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas , ALCA ; French : Zone de libre - échange des Amériques , ZLÉA ; Portuguese : Área de Livre Comércio das Américas , ALCA ; Dutch : Vrijhandelszone van Amerika ) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas , excluding Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginning 1.2 Disagreements 1.3 Current status 2 Membership 3 Support and opposition 4 Agreements 4.1 Previous agreements 4.2 Current agreements 4.3 Proposed agreements 5 Security pacts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In the latest round of negotiations , trade ministers from 34 countries met in Miami , Florida , in the United States , in November 2003 to discuss the proposal . The proposed agreement was an extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) between Canada , Mexico , and the United States . Opposing the proposal were Cuba , Venezuela , Bolivia , Ecuador , Dominica , and Nicaragua ( all of which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response ) , and Mercosur member states . Discussions have faltered over similar points as the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) talks ; developed nations seek expanded trade in services and increased intellectual property rights , while less developed nations seek an end to agricultural subsidies and free trade in agricultural goods . Similar to the WTO talks , Brazil has taken a leadership role among the less developed nations , while the United States has taken a similar role for the developed nations . Beginning ( edit ) Free Trade Area of the Americas began with the Summit of the Americas in Miami , Florida , on December 11 , 1994 , but the FTAA came to public attention during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas , held in Canada in 2001 , a meeting targeted by massive anti-corporatization and anti-globalization protests . The Miami negotiations in 2003 met similar protests , though perhaps not as large . Disagreements ( edit ) In previous negotiations , the United States had pushed for a single comprehensive agreement to reduce trade barriers for goods , while increasing intellectual property protection . Specific intellectual property protections could include Digital Millennium Copyright Act - style copyright protections similar to the U.S. - Australia Free Trade Agreement . Another protection would likely restrict the reimportation or cross-importation of pharmaceuticals , similar to the proposed agreement between the United States and Canada . Brazil proposed a three - track approach that calls for a series of bilateral agreements to reduce specific tariffs on goods , a hemispheric pact on rules of origin , and a dispute resolution process ; Brazil proposed to omit the more controversial issues from the FTAA , leaving them to the WTO . The location of the FTAA Secretariat was to have been determined in 2005 . The contending cities are : Atlanta , Chicago , Galveston , Houston , San Juan , and Miami in the United States ; Cancún and Puebla in Mexico ; Panama City , Panama ; and Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew . Miami , Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process . The last summit was held at Mar del Plata , Argentina , in November 2005 , but no agreement on FTAA was reached . Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations , 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations , but no such meeting took place . The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly . Current status ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) The FTAA missed the targeted deadline of 2005 , which followed the stalling of useful negotiations of the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005 . Over the next few years , some governments , most notably the United States , not wanting to lose any chance of hemispheric trade expansion moved in the direction of establishing a series of bilateral trade deals . The leaders however , planned further discussions at the Sixth Summit of the Americas in Cartagena , Colombia , in 2012 . Membership ( edit ) The following countries are in the plans of the Free Trade Area of the Americas : Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Support and opposition ( edit ) A vocal critic of the FTAA was Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , who has described it as an `` annexation plan '' and a `` tool of imperialism '' for the exploitation of Latin America . As a counterproposal to this initiative , Chávez promoted the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( Alianza Bolivariana para las Américas , ALBA ) , based mostly on the model of the Eurasian Economic Community , which emphasizes energy and infrastructure agreements that are gradually extended to other areas finally to include the total economic , political and military integration of the member states . Evo Morales of Bolivia has referred to the U.S. - backed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as `` an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas '' . On the other hand , the then presidents of Brazil , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , and Argentina , Néstor Kirchner , have stated that they do not oppose the FTAA but they do demand that the agreement provide for the elimination of U.S. agriculture subsidies , the provision of effective access to foreign markets and further consideration towards the needs and sensibilities of its members . One of the most contentious issues of the treaty proposed by the United States is with concerns to patents and copyrights . Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the United States were implemented and applied this would reduce scientific research in Latin America . On the left - wing Council of Canadians web site , Barlow wrote : `` This agreement sets enforceable global rules on patents , copyrights and trademark . It has gone far beyond its initial scope of protecting original inventions or cultural products and now permits the practice of patenting plants and animal forms as well as seeds . It promotes the private rights of corporations over local communities and their genetic heritage and traditional medicines '' . On the weekend of April 20 , 2001 , the 3rd Summit of the Americas was a summit held in Quebec City , Canada . This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed FTAA . Agreements ( edit ) There are currently 34 countries in the Western Hemisphere , stretching from Canada to Chile that still have the FTAA as a long term goal . The Implementation of a full multilateral FTAA between all parties could be made possible by enlargement of existing agreements . North America , with the exception of Cuba and Haiti ( which has participated in economic integration with the Caricom since 2002 ) has come close to setting up a subcontinental free trade area . At this point Agreements within the Area of the Americas include : Previous agreements ( edit ) Canada : Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 1988 ; superseded by the NAFTA ) Costa Rica - Dominican Republic ( superseded by DR - CAFTA ) Costa Rica - Trinidad and Tobago ( superseded by a Costa Rica - CARICOM FTA ) . Current agreements ( edit ) Canada , Mexico and United States : North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; 1994 ) Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Dominican Republic and United States : Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ; 2008 ) Chile , Colombia , Mexico and Peru : Pacific Alliance ( 2012 ) Chile -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 2004 ) Peru -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2007 ) United States -- Colombia Free Trade Agreement ( 2011 ) Panama -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2011 ) Bolivia - Mexico Canada - Chile Canada - Colombia Canada - Costa Rica Canada - Honduras Canada - Panama Canada - Peru Chile - Mexico Chile - Costa Rica Costa Rica - Mexico Costa Rica - CARICOM Mexico - Nicaragua Mexico - Uruguay Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay and Venezuela - Mercosur ( 1991 ) Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru - Andean Community ( 1969 ) Proposed agreements ( edit ) Active negotiations Canada - CARICOM : Canada - Central America ( CA4TA - Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Honduras ) Canada - Mexico - Peru - Chile ( among other Pacific nations ) : Trans - Pacific Partnership Negotiations on hold CARICOM - Mercosur : United States - Ecuador : U.S. - Ecuador Free Trade Agreement CARICOM - North American Free Trade Agreement , first discussed in 1993 -- 1994 Security pacts ( edit ) United States - Central America - Mexico ( Mérida Initiative ) United States - CARICOM - Dominican Republic ( Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean See also ( edit ) Miami model Pacific Alliance Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Union of South American Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Ministerial Declaration - Miami 2003 '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Candidate Cities for the Permanent Site of the FTAA Secretariat '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` About AFSC American Friends Service Committee '' . Afsc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Links to FTAA Countries '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA ) '' . Crwflags.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Evo Morales ( 12 / 08 / 03 ) '' . Upsidedownworld.org. 2005 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gill , Nathan . `` April 2008 '' . Southern Affairs . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Council of Canadians : Campaigns : Trade and Investment : Publications : The Free Trade Area of the Americas by Maude Barlow '' . Ratical.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Area of Americas ( FTAA ) '' . Actrav.itcilo.org. 1997 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti '' . Caricom.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Maroday , Patricia ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Infographic : The Ultimate Map Of Tax Free Zones In Latin America '' . Mercatrade . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived April 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Caricom And Nafta '' . Silvertorch.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil : More Power to Quilombos '' . Brazzilmag.com. 2004 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Joshua ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Bush Excluded by Latin Summit as China , Russia Loom ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) process - official home page Comparing the official agreement and alternative visions The Rise of the New Global Elite - Statements of the former five - term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan Plutonomy and Democracy does not mix - YOUTUBE video by Bill Moyers Chilean and Foreign Policy Chilean and Foreign Policy Mit.edu Harvard.edu Hemisphere Summit Marred by Violent Anti-Bush Protests by Larry Rohter , The New York Times , November 5 , 2005 FTAA Delayed , Not Over . By Eric Farnsworth , Council of the Americas , December 2005 Whither the FTAA ? ( November 10 , 2005 ) , Guyana Chronicle Newspaper Canada , Chile thwart U.S. -- Brazilian plan , The Washington Times ( washtimes.com AP ) Myths of the FTAA , FoodFirst.org Institute for Food and Development Policy Why say no to FTAA , bilaterals.org The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Threat to Social Programs , Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice in Canada and the Americas ( hide ) United States free - trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) Middle East Free Trade Area ( MEFTA ) Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA ) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) Suspended Southern African Customs Union ( on hold since 2006 ) Thailand ( on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar ( on hold since 2006 ) Defunct or expired Canada ( became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada -- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament CAF -- Development Bank of Latin America Bank of the South ( BancoSur ) Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank ( IDB ) Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) GND : 5288546 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas&oldid=800087576 '' Categories : Free trade agreements of the United States Foreign relations of Argentina Politics of the Americas Trade blocs United States federal trade legislation Proposed free trade agreements Free trade areas Foreign trade of Argentina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is free trade area of the americas | [
"The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA; Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas, ALCA; French: Zone de libre-échange des Amériques, ZLÉA; Portuguese: Área de Livre Comércio das Américas, ALCA; Dutch: Vrijhandelszone van Amerika) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba."
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"agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers"
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8771338511440412041 | Atomic theory | Atomic theory - wikipedia Atomic theory Jump to : navigation , search `` Atomic model '' redirects here . For the unrelated term in mathematical logic , see Atomic model ( mathematical logic ) . This article is about the historical models of the atom . For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules , see History of molecular theory . The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic `` cloud '' of electrons In chemistry and physics , atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter , which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms . It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms . The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos , meaning `` indivisible '' . 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements . While seemingly apropos , around the turn of the 20th century , through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity , physicists discovered that the so - called `` uncuttable atom '' was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles ( chiefly , electrons , protons and neutrons ) which can exist separately from each other . In fact , in certain extreme environments , such as neutron stars , extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all . Since atoms were found to be divisible , physicists later invented the term `` elementary particles '' to describe the `` uncuttable '' , though not indestructible , parts of an atom . The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics , and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Philosophical atomism 1.2 John Dalton 1.3 Avogadro 1.4 Brownian Motion 1.5 Discovery of subatomic particles 1.6 Discovery of the nucleus 1.7 First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom 1.8 Discovery of isotopes 1.9 Discovery of nuclear particles 1.10 Quantum physical models of the atom 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links History Philosophical atomism Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . Because of this , they could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms . John Dalton Near the end of the 18th century , two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory . The first was the law of conservation of mass , formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 , which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant ( that is , the reactants have the same mass as the products ) . The second was the law of definite proportions . First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 , this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements , then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions , regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance . John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions : if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds , then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers . For example : Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen or 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( these were tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen ; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 . Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry . In the case of Proust 's tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example , he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases ' respective particles . Indeed , carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single , unique type , and though they can not be altered or destroyed by chemical means , they can combine to form more complex structures ( chemical compounds ) . This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom , since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion . Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances . This paper was published in 1805 , but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures . The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson , in the third edition of Thomson 's textbook , A System of Chemistry . Finally , Dalton published a full account in his own textbook , A New System of Chemical Philosophy , 1808 and 1810 . Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined , with the hydrogen atom taken as unity . However , Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules -- e.g. pure oxygen exists as O. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each ( so he thought water was HO , not H O ) . This , in addition to the crudity of his equipment , flawed his results . For instance , in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms , because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO . Adopting better data , in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5 , and he retained this weight for the rest of his life . Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1 , if one assumes Dalton 's formula for the water molecule ( HO ) , or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula ( H O ) . Avogadro The flaw in Dalton 's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro . Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases , at equal temperature and pressure , contain equal numbers of molecules ( in other words , the mass of a gas 's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies ) . Avogadro 's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted . For instance : since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor ( at constant pressure and temperature ) , it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water . Thus , Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements , and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms . Brownian motion In 1827 , the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason . In 1905 , Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about , and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it . This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin , thus providing additional validation for particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) . Discovery of subatomic particles Main articles : Electron and Plum pudding model The cathode rays ( blue ) were emitted from the cathode , sharpened to a beam by the slits , then deflected as they passed between the two electrified plates . Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays . A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum . When a voltage is applied across the electrodes , cathode rays are generated , creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube . Through experimentation , Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field ( in addition to magnetic fields , which was already known ) . He concluded that these rays , rather than being a form of light , were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called `` corpuscles '' ( they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists ) . He measured the mass - to - charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen , the smallest atom . These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known . Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible , and that the corpuscles were their building blocks . To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom , he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge ; this was the plum pudding model as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding ( although in Thomson 's model they were not stationary ) . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Rutherford model The Geiger - Marsden experiment Left : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Right : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . Thomson 's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students , Ernest Rutherford , who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume , which he assumed to be at the very center . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden ( colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest ) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen . Given the very small mass of the electrons , the high momentum of the alpha particles , and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model , the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection . To their astonishment , a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection . Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly . This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small , compact nucleus of positive charge . Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection . First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom Main article : Bohr model The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings . The first is that , unlike planets orbiting a sun , electrons are charged particles . An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism . An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus , colliding with it in a small fraction of a second . The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed . The Bohr model of the atom Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century , when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta ( singular , quantum ) . In 1913 , Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom , in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy , its distance from the nucleus ( i.e. , their radii ) being proportional to its energy . Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner ; instead , it could only make instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' between the fixed energy levels . When this occurred , light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy ( hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra ) . Bohr 's model was not perfect . It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen ; it could n't predict those of multielectron atoms . Worse still , as spectrographic technology improved , additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr 's model could n't explain . In 1916 , Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines , but this made the model very difficult to use , and it still could n't explain more complex atoms . Discovery of isotopes Main article : Isotope While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements . That same year , J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields , striking a photographic plate at the other end . He observed two glowing patches on the plate , which suggested two different deflection trajectories . Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass . The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932 . Discovery of nuclear particles Main articles : Atomic nucleus and Discovery of the neutron In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas ( Rutherford recognized these , because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles , and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products ) . Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves ( in effect , he had split a nitrogen ) . From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley , Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei . This , coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei . He named such particles protons . Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed ; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously - unknown neutrally charged particles , which were tentatively dubbed `` neutrons '' . In 1928 , Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating , electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles . It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax . Initially it was thought to be high - energy gamma radiation , since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals , but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation , so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction . In 1932 , Chadwick exposed various elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , to the mysterious `` beryllium radiation '' , and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles , he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray , but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton . Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford 's neutrons . For his discovery of the neutron , Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 . Quantum physical models of the atom Main article : Atomic orbital The five filled atomic orbitals of a neon atom separated and arranged in order of increasing energy from left to right , with the last three orbitals being equal in energy . Each orbital holds up to two electrons , which most probably exist in the zones represented by the colored bubbles . Each electron is equally present in both orbital zones , shown here by color only to highlight the different wave phase . In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles -- particularly subatomic particles such as electrons -- exhibit a degree of wave - like behavior . Erwin Schrödinger , fascinated by this idea , explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle . Schrödinger 's equation , published in 1926 , describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle . This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr 's model failed to explain . Although this concept was mathematically convenient , it was difficult to visualize , and faced opposition . One of its critics , Max Born , proposed instead that Schrödinger 's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states , and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus . This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave -- particle duality was introduced . This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle . For example , it can be refracted like a wave , and has mass like a particle . A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron . This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , who first described it and published it in 1927 . This invalidated Bohr 's model , with its neat , clearly defined circular orbits . The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities . An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus , but , depending on its energy level , exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others ; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital . The orbitals come in a variety of shapes - sphere , dumbbell , torus , etc. - with the nucleus in the middle . See also Physics portal Spectroscopy History of the molecule Discoveries of the chemical elements Introduction to quantum mechanics Kinetic theory of gases Atomism The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory Notes Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Ancient Atomism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pullman , Bernard ( 1998 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 31 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Henri ; Lefebvre , Claire , eds. ( 2017 ) . Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science ( Second ed . ) . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier . p. 427 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 101107 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) '' . scienceworld.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proust , Joseph Louis . `` Researches on Copper '' , excerpted from Ann . chim. 32 , 26 - 54 ( 1799 ) ( as translated and reproduced in Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein , A Source Book in Chemistry , 1400 -- 1900 ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard , 1952 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 49584 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , John . `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids '' , in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester . 1803 . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris . `` Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Rocke ( 1984 ) . Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century . Columbus : Ohio State University Press . Jump up ^ Avogadro , Amedeo ( 1811 ) . `` Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies , and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds '' . Journal de Physique. 73 : 58 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A. ( 1905 ) . `` Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen '' . Annalen der Physik. 322 ( 8 ) : 549 . Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 549E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220806 . hdl : 10915 / 2785 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1897 ) . `` Cathode rays '' ( ( facsimile from Stephen Wright , Classical Scientific Papers , Physics ( Mills and Boon , 1964 ) ) ) . Philosophical Magazine . 44 ( 269 ) : 293 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786449708621070 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) , A history of the theories of aether and electricity . Vol 1 , Nelson , London Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1904 ) . `` On the Structure of the Atom : an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle ; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure '' . Philosophical Magazine . 7 ( 39 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440409463107 . Jump up ^ Geiger , H ( 1910 ) . `` The Scattering of the α - Particles by Matter '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 83 : 492 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1911 ) . `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 21 ( 4 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 2012PMag ... 92 ... 379R . doi : 10.1080 / 14786435.2011. 617037 . ^ Jump up to : Bohr , Niels ( 1913 ) . `` On the constitution of atoms and molecules '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Soddy , The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1913 ) . `` Rays of positive electricity '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 89 ( 607 ) : 1 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 1T . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0057 . ( as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz , The World of the Atom , Vol. 1 ( New York : Basic Books , 1966 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1919 ) . `` Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV . An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen '' . Philosophical Magazine . 37 ( 222 ) : 581 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635919 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Jump up ^ Schrödinger , Erwin ( 1926 ) . `` Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem '' . Annalen der Physik. 81 ( 18 ) : 109 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1926AnP ... 386 ... 109S . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19263861802 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Erwin Schrödinger : The Founder of Quantum Wave Mechanics '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Max Born : Founder of Lattice Dynamics '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter . `` Quantum Mechanics : An Introduction '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1927 ) . `` Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik '' . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 43 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 172 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 43 ... 172H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01397280 . Jump up ^ Milton Orchin ; Roger Macomber ; Allan Pinhas ; R. Wilson . `` The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry , Second Edition , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Bernard Pullman ( 1998 ) The Atom in the History of Human Thought , trans . by Axel Reisinger . Oxford Univ . Press . Eric Scerri ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , New York . Charles Adolphe Wurtz ( 1881 ) The Atomic Theory , D. Appleton and Company , New York . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Atomic theory Atomism by S. Mark Cohen . Atomic Theory - detailed information on atomic theory with respect to electrons and electricity . ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in liquids Liquid helium Atoms in gases Noble gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Drude Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_theory&oldid=813080741 '' Categories : Atomic physics Statistical mechanics Chemistry theories Foundational quantum physics Amount of substance Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first to suggest an atom existed | [
"The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one, appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India. The word \"atom\" was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus.[2][3] However, these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation. Because of this, they could not convince everybody, so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter. It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists, as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms."
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"the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus"
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-4425830144367300225 | Eastern United States | Eastern United States - Wikipedia Eastern United States Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The area ceded to the United States by Great Britain in 1783 ( light brown ) is usually recognized as the Eastern United States . Louisiana and Florida acquisitions were recognized as the Western and Southern frontiers in the early days of the Republic . Although east of the Rockies , Texas is considered a Western state . Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS . The pass goes over the eastern United States . The Eastern United States , commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East , is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United States established in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , which bounded the new country to the west along the Mississippi River . It is geographically diverse , spanning the Northeast and Southeast as well as the eastern part of the Central United States . In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi ( in addition to Washington , D.C. but not including the small portions of Louisiana and Minnesota east of the river ) had an estimated population of 179,948,346 or 58.28 % of the total U.S. population of 308,745,358 ( excluding Puerto Rico ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Southern United States 2 New England 3 The Midwest 4 Major population centers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Southern United States ( edit ) Main article : Southern United States The Southern United States constitutes a large region in the south - eastern and south - central United States , usually enumerated as the following : Kentucky , Tennessee , Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Arkansas , and Louisiana ; all of these are also considered to number among the Eastern United States . Its unique cultural and historic heritage includes the following aspects : Native Americans early European settlements of English , Scots - Irish , Scottish and German heritage importation of hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans growth of a large proportion of African Americans in the population reliance on slave labor legacy of the Confederacy after the American Civil War . These led to `` the South '' developing distinctive customs , literature , musical styles , and varied cuisines , that have profoundly shaped traditional American culture . Many aspects of the South 's culture remain deeply rooted in the American Civil War . In the last few decades , the Southern US has been attracting domestic and international migrants , and the American South is among the fastest - growing areas in the United States . New England ( edit ) Main article : New England New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country , bounded by the Atlantic Ocean , Canada and the state of New York , consisting of the modern states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . In one of the earliest English settlements in the New World , English Pilgrims from Europe first settled in New England in 1620 , in the colony of Plymouth . In the late 18th century , the New England colonies would be among the first North American British colonies to demonstrate ambitions of independence from the British Crown , although they would later threaten secession over the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain . New England produced the first examples of American literature and philosophy and was home to the beginnings of free public education . In the 19th century , it played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States . It was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution . Historically an area in which parts were strongly Republican , it is now a region with one of the highest levels of support for the Democratic Party in the United States , with the majority of voters in every state voting for the Democrats in the 1992 , 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Presidential elections , and every state but New Hampshire voting for Al Gore in 2000 . The Midwest ( edit ) Main article : Midwestern United States The Midwestern United States ( in the U.S. generally referred to as the Midwest ) is one of the four geographic regions within the United States that are recognized by the United States Census Bureau . Seven states in the central and inland northeastern US , traditionally considered to be part of the Midwest , can also be classified as being part of the Eastern United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , and Wisconsin . A 2006 Census Bureau estimate put the population at 66,217,736 . The United States Census Bureau divides this region into the East North Central States ( essentially the Great Lakes States ) and the West North Central States . Chicago is the largest city in the region , followed by Indianapolis and Columbus . Chicago has the largest metropolitan statistical area , followed by Detroit , and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan is the oldest city in the region , having been founded by French missionaries and explorers in 1668 . The term Midwest has been in common use for over 100 years . Another term sometimes applied to the same general region is `` the heartland '' . Other designations for the region have fallen into disuse , such as the `` Northwest '' or `` Old Northwest '' ( from `` Northwest Territory '' ) and `` Mid-America '' . Since the book Middletown appeared in 1929 , sociologists have often used Midwestern cities ( and the Midwest generally ) as `` typical '' of the entire nation . The region has a higher employment - to - population ratio ( the percentage of employed people at least 16 years old ) than the Northeast , the West , the South , or the Sun Belt states . Four of the states associated with the Midwestern United States ( Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) are also traditionally referred to as belonging in part to the Great Plains region . Major population centers ( edit ) The following is a list of the 24 largest cities in the East by population : New York City population : 8,175,133 Chicago population : 2,695,598 Philadelphia population : 1,526,006 Jacksonville population : 821,784 Indianapolis population : 820,445 Columbus population : 787,033 Charlotte population : 731,424 Detroit population : 713,777 Memphis population : 646,889 Baltimore population : 620,961 Boston population : 617,594 Washington , D.C. population : 601,723 Nashville population : 601,222 Louisville , Kentucky population : 597,337 Milwaukee population : 594,833 Virginia Beach , Virginia population : 437,994 Atlanta population : 420,003 Raleigh population : 403,892 Miami population : 399,457 Cleveland population : 396,815 Tampa population : 335,709 Pittsburgh population : 305,704 Cincinnati population : 296,943 Lexington , Kentucky population : 295,803 See also ( edit ) East Coast of the United States Eastern Canada Territories of the United States on stamps References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern United States . ( hide ) Regions of the United States Administrative ( political ) Units U.S. state District of Columbia Insular area Minor Outlying Island Maritime territory Time zones Hawaii -- Aleutian Alaska Pacific Mountain Central Eastern Census West Pacific Mountain Midwest EN Central WN Central Northeast New England Middle Atlantic South S Atlantic ES Central WS Central Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Physical Physiographic Pacific Mountain Intermontane Plateaus Rocky Mountain Superior Upland Interior Plains Interior Highlands Appalachian Atlantic Plain Coastal Arctic West Great Lakes Gulf East Historical Acquisitions Thirteen Colonies Northwest Territory Southwest Territory Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Texas annexation Oregon Treaty Mexican Cession Alaska Purchase Newlands Resolution Civil War Union Border states Confederacy Old South Dixie Slave and free states Theaters Pacific Western Trans - Mississippi Lower Seaboard Eastern Divided Pacific Northwest Atlantic Northeast Prairie Pothole Columbia Oregon Other Appalachia Border states Red states and blue states Central Eastern Four Corners Great Plains High Plains Intermountain Interior Northern Northwest South Central Southern Deep New Upland Southeast Southwest List Coordinates : 38 ° N 82 ° W / 38 ° N 82 ° W / 38 ; - 82 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_United_States&oldid=833458740 '' Categories : Eastern United States Regions of the United States Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2017 All articles lacking sources All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Slovenčina Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what percentage of the us population is east of the mississippi | [
"In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi (in addition to Washington, D.C. but not including the small portions of Louisiana and Minnesota east of the river) had an estimated population of 179,948,346 or 58.28% of the total U.S. population of 308,745,358 (excluding Puerto Rico)."
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-7787486149906651577 | Gertrude Bell | Gertrude Bell - wikipedia Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell in 1909 , visiting archaeological excavations in Babylon Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell ( 1868 - 07 - 14 ) 14 July 1868 Washington Hall , County Durham , England 12 July 1926 ( 1926 - 07 - 12 ) ( aged 57 ) Baghdad , Mandatory Iraq Nationality British Education Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford Occupation Traveller , political officer Era Victorian , Edwardian -- 1900s Known for Writer , traveller , political officer , archaeologist , explorer , cartographer in Greater Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor , and Arabia Parent ( s ) Sir Hugh Bell Mary Bell ( née Shield ) Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell , CBE ( 14 July 1868 -- 12 July 1926 ) was an English writer , traveller , political officer , administrator , and archaeologist who explored , mapped , and became highly influential to British imperial policy - making due to her knowledge and contacts , built up through extensive travels in Greater Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor , and Arabia . Along with T.E. Lawrence , Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq . She played a major role in establishing and helping administer the modern state of Iraq , utilizing her unique perspective from her travels and relations with tribal leaders throughout the Middle East . During her lifetime she was highly esteemed and trusted by British officials and exerted an immense amount of power . She has been described as `` one of the few representatives of His Majesty 's Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection '' . Contents 1 Early life 2 Travels and writings 3 War and political career 3.1 Cairo and Basra 3.2 Armenian genocide 3.3 Creation of Iraq 3.4 1921 conference 3.5 National Library of Iraq 3.6 Baghdad Archaeological Museum 4 Final years 5 Legacy and tributes 5.1 Contemporary 5.2 Modern 5.3 Film 5.4 Posthumous tributes 5.5 Museum 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Writings by Bell 8.2 Biographies of Bell 8.3 Other sources 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Bell was born on 14 July 1868 in Washington New Hall , County Durham , England -- now known as Dame Margaret Hall -- to a family whose wealth ensured her education and enabled her travels . Her personality was characterised by energy , intellect , and a thirst for adventure which shaped her path in life . Her grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell , an industrialist and a Liberal Member of Parliament , in Benjamin Disraeli 's second term . His role in British policy - making exposed Gertrude at a young age to international matters and most likely encouraged her curiosity for the world , and her later involvement in international politics . Bell 's mother , Mary Shield Bell , died in 1871 while giving birth to a son , Maurice ( later the 3rd Baronet ) . Gertrude Bell was just three at the time , and the death led to a lifelong close relationship with her father , Sir Hugh Bell , 2nd Baronet , a progressive capitalist and mill owner who made sure his workers were well paid and cared for . Throughout her life , Gertrude consulted on political matters with her father , who had also served for many years in various governmental positions . Some biographies suggest that the loss of her mother caused underlying childhood trauma , revealed through periods of depression and risky behaviour . But when Gertrude was seven years old her father remarried , providing her a stepmother , Florence Bell ( née Olliffe ) , and eventually , three half - siblings . Florence Bell was a playwright and author of children 's stories , as well as the author of a study of Bell factory workers . She instilled concepts of duty and decorum in Gertrude and contributed to her intellectual development . Florence Bell 's activities with the wives of Bolckow Vaughan ironworkers in Eston , near Middlesbrough , may have helped influence her step - daughter 's later stance promoting education of Iraqi women . Gertrude Bell received her early education from Queen 's College in London and then later at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University , at the age of 17 . History was one of the few subjects women were allowed to study , due to the many restrictions imposed on them at the time . She specialised in modern history , and it was said that she was first woman to graduate from Modern History at Oxford with a first class honours degree , a feat she achieved in only two years . Actually eleven people graduated that year . Nine were recorded because they were men but the other two were Bell and Alice Greenwood . `` The history lecturer at Queens Collage at that time was Mr. Gramb , a distinguished and inspiring teacher . Gertrude 's intelligence and aptitude for history impressed him keenly , and he strongly urged us to let her go to Oxford and go on for the History School. The time had not yet come when it was a usual part of a girl 's education to go to a University , and it was with some qualms that we consented . But the result justified our decision . Gertrude went to Lady Margaret Hall , in 1886 just before she was eighteen , she left it in June 1888 just before she was twenty , and wound up , after those two years , by taking a brilliant First Class in Modern History '' . Bell never married or had children . She befriended British colonial administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore with her brother Hugo in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with him until 1909 . She had a `` brief but passionate affair '' with Swettenham following his retirement to England in 1904 . She also had an unconsummated affair with Maj . Charles Doughty - Wylie , a married man , with whom she exchanged love letters from 1913 to 1915 . After his death in 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign , Bell launched herself into her work . Travels and writings ( edit ) Bell 's uncle , Sir Frank Lascelles , was British minister ( similar to ambassador ) at Tehran , Persia . In May 1892 , after leaving Oxford , Bell travelled to Persia to visit him . She described this journey in her book , Persian Pictures , which was published in 1894 . She spent much of the next decade travelling around the world , mountaineering in Switzerland , and developing a passion for archaeology and languages . She had become fluent in Arabic , Persian , French and German as well as also speaking Italian and Turkish . In 1899 , Bell again went to the Middle East . She visited Palestine and Syria that year and in 1900 , on a trip from Jerusalem to Damascus , she became acquainted with the Druze living in Jabal al - Druze . She travelled across Arabia six times during the next 12 years . Between 1899 and 1904 , she conquered a number of mountains including the La Meije and Mont Blanc as she recorded 10 new paths or first ascents in the Bernese Alps . One Alpine peak in the Bernese Oberland , the 2,632 m ( 8,635 ft ) Gertrudspitze , was named after her after it was first traversed by her and her guides Ulrich and Heinrich Fuhrer in 1901 . However , she did fail in an attempt of the Finsteraarhorn in August 1902 when inclement weather including snow , hail and lightning forced her to spend `` forty eight hours on the rope '' with her guides , clinging to the rock face in terrifying conditions which nearly cost her her life . Bell 's workers at the Binbirkilise excavations in 1907 She published her observations of the Middle East in the book Syria : The Desert and the Sown published in 1907 ( William Heinemann Ltd , London ) . In this book she described , photographed and detailed her trip to Greater Syria 's towns and cities like Damascus , Jerusalem , Beirut , Antioch and Alexandretta . Bell 's vivid descriptions opened up the Arabian deserts to the western world . In March 1907 , Bell journeyed to the Ottoman Empire and began to work with the archaeologist and New Testament scholar Sir William M. Ramsay . Their excavations in Binbirkilise were chronicled in A Thousand and One Churches . In 1907 , they discovered a field of ruins in northern Syria on the east bank of the upper course of the Euphrates to the steep slope of the former river valley . From the ruins , they created a plan and described the ramparts : `` Munbayah , where my tents were pitched -- the Arabic name means only a high - altitude course -- was probably the Bersiba in Ptolemy 's list of city names . It consists of a double rampart , situated on the river bank . '' In January 1909 , she left for Mesopotamia . She visited the Hittite city of Carchemish , mapped and described the ruin of Ukhaidir and finally went to Babylon and Najaf . Back in Carchemish , she consulted with the two archaeologists on site . One of them was T.E. Lawrence , assistant to Reginald Campbell - Thompson . In 1913 , she completed her last and most arduous Arabian journey , travelling around 1800 miles from Damascus to the politically volatile Ha'il , back up across the Arabian peninsula to Baghdad and from there back to Damascus . She was only the second foreign woman after Lady Anne Blunt to visit Ha'il , and arriving during a period of particular instability was held in the city for eleven days . In 1927 , a year after her death , her stepmother Dame Florence Bell published two volumes of Bell 's collected correspondence written during the 20 years preceding World War I . War and political career ( edit ) At the outbreak of World War I , Bell 's request for a Middle East posting was initially denied . She instead volunteered with the Red Cross in France . Later , she was asked by British Intelligence to get soldiers through the deserts , and from the World War I period until her death she was the only woman holding political power and influence in shaping British imperial policy in the Middle East . She often acquired a team of locals which she directed and led on her expeditions . Throughout her travels Bell established close relations with tribe members across the Middle East . Additionally , being a woman gave her exclusive access to the chambers of wives of tribe leaders , giving her access to other perspectives and functions . Cairo and Basra ( edit ) St John Philby In November 1915 she was summoned to Cairo to the nascent Arab Bureau , headed by General Gilbert Clayton . She also again met T.E. Lawrence . Both Bell and Lawrence had attended Oxford and earned a First Class Honours in Modern History , both spoke fluent Arabic and both had travelled extensively in the Arabian desert and established ties with the local tribes before World War I. Renowned archaeologist and historian Lt. Cmdr . David Hogarth recognised the value of Lawrence and Bell 's expertise and upon his recommendation first Lawrence , then Bell , were assigned to Army Intelligence Headquarters in Cairo in 1915 for war service . Arriving in February 1916 , she did not , at first , receive an official position , but instead helped Hogarth set about organising and processing her own , Lawrence 's and Capt . W.H.I. Shakespear 's data about the location and disposition of Arab tribes that could be encouraged to join the British against the Ottoman Empire . Lawrence and the British used the information in forming alliances with the Arabs . On 3 March 1916 , Gen. Clayton abruptly sent Bell to Basra , which British forces had captured in November 1914 , to advise Chief Political Officer Percy Cox regarding an area she knew better than any other Westerner . Cox found her an office in his headquarters , where she was employed for the two days per week she was not at Military GHQ Basra . She drew maps to help the British army reach Baghdad safely . She became the only female political officer in the British forces and received the title of `` Liaison Officer , Correspondent to Cairo '' ( i.e. to the Arab Bureau where she had been assigned ) . She was St. John Philby 's field controller , and taught him the finer arts of behind - the - scenes political manoeuvering . I went out last week along the light railway 25 miles into the desert it 's the Nasariyeh Railway - ... it was so curious to travel 50 minutes by rail and find ... General Maude , our new army commander , has just arrived . I 've made his acquaintance ... '' Armenian Genocide ( edit ) While in the Middle East , Gertrude Bell was a witness to the Armenian Genocide . Contrasting them with previous massacres , she wrote that the massacres of preceding years `` were not comparable to the massacres carried out in 1915 and the succeeding years . '' Bell also reported that in Damascus , `` Turks sold Armenian women openly in the public market . '' In an intelligence report , Bell wrote : The battalion left Aleppo on 3 February and reached Ras al - Ain in twelve hours ... some 12,000 Armenians were concentrated under the guardianship of some hundred Kurds ... These Kurds were called gendarmes , but in reality mere butchers ; bands of them were publicly ordered to take parties of Armenians , of both sexes , to various destinations , but had secret instructions to destroy the males , children and old women ... One of these gendarmes confessed to killing 100 Armenian men himself ... the empty desert cisterns and caves were also filled with corpses ... No man can ever think of a woman 's body except as a matter of horror , instead of attraction , after Ras al - Ain . '' Creation of Iraq ( edit ) After British troops took Baghdad on 10 March 1917 , Bell was summoned by Cox to Baghdad and given the title of `` Oriental Secretary . '' As the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire was finalised by the end of the war in late January 1919 , Bell was assigned to conduct an analysis of the situation in Mesopotamia . Due to her familiarity and relations with the tribes in the area she had strong ideas about the leadership needed in Iraq . She spent the next ten months writing what was later considered a masterly official report , `` Self Determination in Mesopotamia '' . The British Commissioner in Mesopotamia , Arnold Wilson , had different ideas of how Iraq should be run , preferring an Arab government to be under the influence of British officials who would retain real control , as he felt , from experience , that Mesopotamian populations were not yet ready to govern and administer the country efficiently and peacefully . On 11 October 1920 , Percy Cox returned to Baghdad and asked her to continue as Oriental Secretary , acting as liaison with the forthcoming Arab government . Gertrude Bell essentially played the role of mediator between the Arab government and British officials . Bell often had to mediate between the various groups of Iraq including a majority population of Shias in the southern region , Sunnis in central Iraq , and the Kurds , mostly in the northern region , who wished to be autonomous . Keeping these groups united was essential for political balance in Iraq and for British imperial interests . Iraq not only contained valuable resources in oil but would act as a buffer zone , with the help of Kurds in the north as a standing army in the region to protect against Turkey , Persia ( Iran ) , and Syria . British officials in London , especially Churchill , were highly concerned about cutting heavy costs in the colonies , including the cost of quashing tribal infighting . Another important project for both the British and new Iraqi rulers was creating a new identity for these people so that they would identify themselves as one nation . British officials quickly realised that their strategies in governing were adding to costs . Iraq would be cheaper as a self - governing state . The Cairo Conference of 1921 was held to determine the political and geographic structure of what later became Iraq and the modern Middle East . Significant input was given by Gertrude Bell in these discussions thus she was an essential part of its creation . At the Cairo Conference Bell and Lawrence highly recommended Faisal bin Hussein , ( the son of Hussein , Sherif of Mecca ) , former commander of the Arab forces that helped the British during the war and entered Damascus at the culmination of the Arab Revolt . He had been recently deposed by France as King of Syria , and British officials at the Cairo Conference decided to make him the first King of Iraq . They believed that due to his lineage as a Hashemite and his diplomatic skills he would be respected and have the ability to unite the various groups in the country . Shias would respect him because of his lineage from Muhammad . Sunnis , including Kurds , would follow him because he was Sunni from a respected family . Keeping all the groups under control in Iraq was essential to balance the political and economic interests of the British Empire . Upon Faisal 's arrival in 1921 , Bell advised him on local questions , including matters involving tribal geography and local business . She also supervised the selection of appointees for cabinet and other leadership posts in the new government . Referred to by Arabs as `` al - Khatun '' ( a Lady of the Court who keeps an open eye and ear for the benefit of the State ) , she was a confidante of King Faisal of Iraq and helped ease his passage into the role , amongst Iraq 's other tribal leaders at the start of his reign . He helped her to found Baghdad 's Iraqi Archaeological Museum from her own modest artefact collection and to establish The British School of Archaeology , Iraq , for the endowment of excavation projects from proceeds in her will . The stress of authoring a prodigious output of books , correspondence , intelligence reports , reference works , and white papers ; of recurring bronchitis attacks brought on by years of heavy smoking in the company of English and Arab cohorts ; of bouts with malaria ; and finally , of coping with Baghdad 's summer heat all took a toll on her health . Somewhat frail to start with , she became emaciated . Some consider the present troubles in Iraq to be derived from the political boundaries Bell conceived to create its borders . Her reports , however , indicate that problems were foreseen , and that it was clearly understood that there were just not many ( if any ) permanent solutions for calming the divisive forces at work in that part of the world . Throughout the early 1920s Bell was an integral part of the administration of Iraq . The new Hashemite monarchy used the Sharifian flag , which consisted of a black stripe representing the Abbasid caliphate , white stripe representing the Umayyad caliphate , and a green stripe for Fatimid Dynasty , and lastly a red triangle to set across the three bands symbolising Islam . Bell felt it essential to customise it for Iraq by adding a gold star to the design . Faisal was crowned king of Iraq on 23 August 1921 , but he was not completely welcomed . Utilizing Shi'ite history to gain support for Faisal , during the holy month of Muharram , Bell compared Faisal 's arrival in Baghdad to Husayn , grandson of Muhammad . However , she did not find working with the new king to be easy : `` You may rely upon one thing -- I 'll never engage in creating kings again ; it 's too great a strain . '' 1921 Conference ( edit ) Bell , Cox and Lawrence were among a select group of `` Orientalists '' convened by Winston Churchill to attend a 1921 Conference in Cairo to determine the boundaries of the British mandate ( e.g. , `` the British Partitions '' ) and nascent states such as Iraq . Gertrude is supposed to have described Lawrence as being able `` to ignite fires in cold rooms '' . Throughout the conference , she , Cox and Lawrence worked tirelessly to promote the establishment of the countries of Transjordan and Iraq to be presided over by the Kings Abdullah and Faisal , sons of the instigator of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire ( ca . 1915 -- 1916 ) , Hussein bin Ali , Sharif and Emir of Mecca . Until her death in Baghdad , she served in the Iraq British High Commission advisory group there . Bell opposed the Zionist movement , on the grounds that it would be unfair to impose Jewish rule on Arab inhabitants of Palestine . She wrote that she regarded the Balfour Declaration with `` the deepest mistrust '' and that `` It 's like a nightmare in which you foresee all the horrible things which are going to happen and can ` t stretch out your hand to prevent them '' . Mark Sykes , the British diplomat responsible for the Sykes -- Picot Agreement , was not fond of her . National Library of Iraq ( edit ) In November 1919 , Bell was an invited speaker at a meeting for the promotion of a public library in Baghdad , and subsequently served on its Library Committee , as President from 1921 to 1924 . The Baghdad Peace Library ( Maktabat al - Salam ) was a private , subscription library , but in c. 1924 was taken over by the Ministry of Education and became known as the Baghdad Public Library ( or sometimes as the General Library ) . In 1961 , this became the National Library of Iraq . Baghdad Archaeological Museum ( edit ) Further information : National Museum of Iraq Gertrude Bell 's first love had always been archaeology , thus she began forming what became the Baghdad Archaeological Museum , later renamed the Iraqi Museum . Her goal was to preserve Iraqi culture and history which included the important relics of Mesopotamian civilizations , and keep them in their country of origin . She also supervised excavations and examined finds and artifacts . She brought in extensive collections , such as from the Babylonian Empire . The museum was officially opened in June 1926 , shortly before Bell 's death . After her death , at the Emir 's suggestion , the right wing of the Museum was named as a memorial to her . Final years ( edit ) When Bell briefly returned to Britain in 1925 , she faced family problems and ill health . Her family 's fortune had begun to decline due to the onset of post-World War I strikes by workers in Britain and economic depression in Europe . She returned to Baghdad and soon developed pleurisy . When she recovered , she heard that her younger half brother Hugh had died of typhoid . On 12 July 1926 , Bell was discovered dead , of an apparent overdose of sleeping pills . There is much debate on her death , but it is unknown whether the overdose was an intentional suicide or accidental since she had asked her maid to wake her . In her final years she became acquainted with Kinahan Cornwallis who later wrote an introduction to the posthumously published book The Arab War , Confidential Information for General Headquarters from Gertrude Bell , Being Despatches Reprinted from the Secret `` Arab Bulletin '' . She was buried at the British cemetery in Baghdad 's Bab al - Sharji district . Her funeral was a major event , attended by large numbers of people including her colleagues , British officials and the King of Iraq . It was said King Faisal watched the procession from his private balcony as they carried her coffin to the cemetery . Legacy and tributes ( edit ) Contemporary ( edit ) An obituary written by her peer D.G. Hogarth expressed the respect British officials held for her . Hogarth honoured her by saying , No woman in recent time has combined her qualities -- her taste for arduous and dangerous adventure with her scientific interest and knowledge , her competence in archaeology and art , her distinguished literary gift , her sympathy for all sorts and condition of men , her political insight and appreciation of human values , her masculine vigour , hard common sense and practical efficiency -- all tempered by feminine charm and a most romantic spirit . Modern ( edit ) Gertrude Bell is remembered in Iraq in the 21st century . The British diplomat , travel writer and Member of Parliament Rory Stewart wrote : When I served as a British official in southern Iraq in 2003 , I often heard Iraqis compare my female colleagues to `` Gertrude Bell . '' It was generally casual flattery , and yet the example of Bell and her colleagues was unsettling . More than ten biographies have portrayed her as the ideal Arabist , political analyst , and administrator . -- Rory Stewart Stewart notes that Bell was `` both more lively and more honest '' than political statements in his time . He quotes six examples of her writing , the shortest of which is `` No one knows exactly what they do want , least of all themselves , except that they do n't want us . '' He quotes Bell 's colleague , T. E. Lawrence ( of Arabia ) , as saying that she was `` not a good judge of men or situations '' , and observes that `` If there was no ideal solution , however , there were still clear mistakes . Bell should never have acquiesced in the inclusion of the Kurdish - dominated province of Mosul in Iraq . '' However , Stewart praises her 1920 White Paper , comparing it to General Petraeus 's report to the US Congress . Film ( edit ) In 1992 , Bell was portrayed by Gillian Barge in the ITV television film A Dangerous Man : Lawrence After Arabia . In 2015 , Werner Herzog released Queen of the Desert . The film chronicles much of Bell 's life and in it she is portrayed by Nicole Kidman . In 2016 , the documentary Letters from Baghdad based on Gertrude Bell 's and her contemporaries ' own writings was released . The film was directed and produced by Zeva Oelbaum and Sabine Krayenbühl . The quotations from Bell 's letters were read by Tilda Swinton . Posthumous tributes ( edit ) Gertrude Bell 's work was specially mentioned in the British Parliament , and she was awarded the Order of the British Empire . A stained - glass window dedicated to her memory , made by Douglas Strachan , was erected in St Lawrence 's Church , East Rounton , North Yorkshire . It depicts Magdalen College , Oxford , and Khadimain , Baghdad . The inscription reads : This window is in remembrance of Gertrude Versed in the learning of the east and of the west Servant of the state Scholar Poet Historian Antiquary Gardener Mountaineer Explorer Lover of nature of flowers and of animals Incomparable friend sister daughter . Museum ( edit ) In 2016 , a campaign was launched to transform Bell 's family estate , Red Barns , into a memorial and museum . The family were patrons to the Arts and Crafts movement in England , and the home , located in Redcar , features wallpaper by movement leader William Morris . The building is Grade II * listed among historical buildings , however it has lacked upkeep in recent years . Turning the building into a memorial to Gertrude is partially the result of a popular 2015 exhibition about her at the Great North Museum in Newcastle . The exhibition moved to the Kirkleatham Museum in Redcar after its run in Newcastle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daughter of John Shield of Newcastle - on - Tyne . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bell , Gertrude ( 1927 ) . Bell , Florence , ed . The Letters of Gertrude Bell . London . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude Lowthian . O'Brien , Rosemary , ed . Gertrude Bell : The Arabian Diaries , 1913 - 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Getrude Bell '' . The Dictionary of National Biography . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Meyer , Karl E. ; Brysac , Shareen B. ( 2008 ) , Kingmakers : The Invention of the Modern Middle East , New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , p. 162 Jump up ^ Del Testa , David W. , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Bell , Gertrude '' . Government Leaders , Military Rulers , and Political Activists . Westport , Connecticut : Oryx Press . p. 20 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ O'Brien , Rosemary , ed. ( 2000 ) , Gertrude Bell : The Arabian Diaries , 1913 -- 1914 , Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press Jump up ^ https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/74e845fa-b746-3598-8c8e-cebd02f786b7 ^ Jump up to : Howell , Georgina ( 2008 ) . Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert , Shaper of Nations ( Paperback ed . ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 53135 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` LMH , Oxford - Prominent Alumni '' . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Georgina ( 2007 ) . Queen of the Desert : The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell ( Paperback ed . ) . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4472 - 8626 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwood , Alice Drayton ( 1862 -- 1935 ) , historian Oxford Dictionary of National Biography '' . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 9780198614128.001. 0001 / odnb - 9780198614128 - e-59037 . Jump up ^ Lady Bell ( 1927 ) . The Letters Of Gertrude Bell ( vol - I ) . Jump up ^ Barlow , Henry S. ( 1995 ) . Swettenham . Kuala Lumpur : Southdene . pp. 654 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Henry S. ( 1997 ) . `` Malaysia : Swettenham 's Legacy '' . Asian Affairs . 28 ( 3 ) : 333 . ^ Jump up to : Lukitz , Liora ( 3 March 2006 ) . A Quest in the Middle East : Gertrude Bell and the Making of Modern Iraq . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 415 - 3 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gertrude Bell and the Birth of Iraq '' . theava.com. 15 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2004 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Berry , Helen ( September 2013 ) . `` Gertrude Bell : adventurer , diplomat , mountaineer and anti-suffragette '' . BBC History Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 16 May 2017 -- via cloudfront.net . Jump up ^ Cohen , Getzel M. ; Sharp Joukowsky , Martha ( 2006 ) . Breaking Ground : Pioneering Women Archaeologists . University of Michigan Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03174 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alfred Werner Maurer . Mumbaqat 1977 report on the resources of the University of Saarbrücken , undertaken by the German Oriental Society excavation . Philologus Verlag , Basel , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude ( 1927 ) . Bell , Florence , ed . `` To Herbert Baker , Basrah , June 25 , 1916 '' . The Letters of Gertrude Bell , Volume 1 . London . p. 379 . He is going to give me a room in his office where I shall go two or three mornings a week ... the other days I shall go on working at GHQ ... Sir Percy 's office is a quarter of an hour away . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude ( 1927 ) . Bell , Florence , ed . `` To Florence Bell , August 27 , 1916 '' . The Letters of Gertrude Bell , Volume 1 . London : 386 . He is going to give me a room in his office where I shall go two or three mornings a week ... the other days I shall go on working at GHQ ... Sir Percy 's office is a quarter of an hour away . Jump up ^ Townshend , Charles ( 2011 ) . Desert Hell : The British Invasion of Mesopotamia . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . p. 494 . ISBN 0674061349 . Jump up ^ Rich , Paul J. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Iraq and Gertrude Bell 's The Arab of Mesopotamia . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 144 . ISBN 1461633664 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Great War for Civilisation : the Conquest of the Middle East . London : Alfred Knopf . p. 327 . ISBN 1 - 84115 - 007 - X . Jump up ^ Sobel , Andrew ; Sheth , Jagdish ( 2001 ) . Clients for Life Clients for Life : How Great Professionals Develop Breakthrough Relationships ( Reprint ed . ) . Simon and Schuster . p. 64 . ISBN 9780743215091 . ^ Jump up to : Wallach , Janet ( 1996 ) . Desert Queen . Bantam Doubleday Dell . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74436 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude ( 20 May 2009 ) . `` Friday July 8 . ( 8 July 1921 ) '' . The Letters . Gertrude Bell Archive , Newcastle University . Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mowla , Khondakar Golam ( 2008 ) . `` The Judgment Against Imperialism , Fascism and Racism Against Caliphate and Islam '' . AuthorHouse . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1438910956 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel ( 3 September 2006 ) . `` Putting the dons on their mettle '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Howell , Georgina ( 2006 ) . Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert , Shaper of Nations . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 353 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 3401 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` How Gertrude Bell caused a desert storm '' . The Telegraph . 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchan , James ( 12 March 2003 ) . `` Miss Bell 's lines in the sand '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ H.D.G. ( 1926 ) . `` Obituary : Gertrude Lowthian Bell '' . The Geographical Journal . 68 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 368 . JSTOR 1783440 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Rory ( 25 October 2007 ) . `` The Queen of the Quagmire '' . New York Review of Books . p. 1 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Rory ( 25 October 2007 ) . `` The Queen of the Quagmire '' . New York Review of Books . p. 2 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the Desert '' . Metacritic. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Letters from Baghdad '' . Between the Rivers Productions . 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Letters from Baghdad '' . IMDb.com . International Movie Database . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevsner , Nikolaus ( 1966 ) . The Buildings of England : Yorkshire : The North Riding . Vol. 30 . Penguin . Jump up ^ `` pictures of the memorial in East Rounton Church '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Yale , Pat ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Gertrude of Arabia : the great adventurer may finally get her museum '' . The Guardian . Bibliography ( edit ) Writings by Bell ( edit ) Bell , Gertrude ( 1892 ) . Poems from the Divan of Hafiz . London . Bell , Gertrude ( 1907 ) . The Desert and the Sown . Bell , Gertrude ( 1910 ) . Mountains of the Servants of God . Bell , Gertrude ( 1911 ) . Amurath to Amurath . Bell , Gertrude ( 1914 ) . The Palace and Mosque of Ukhaidir : a Study in Early Mohammadan Architecture . Bell , Gertrude ( 1961 ) . Gertrude Bell : From Her Personal Papers 1914 -- 1926 . London : Ernest Benn Ltd . Bell , Gertrude ( 2015 ) . A Woman in Arabia : The Writings of the Queen of the Desert . London : Penguin . Gertrude Lowthian Bell ; Gertrude Bell ( 1919 ) ( 1907 ) . The Desert and the Sown : Travels in Palestine and Syria . W. Heinemann . p. 340 . Gertrude Bell ( 1911 , rep. 1924 ) From Amurath to Amurath , complete text with illustrations . Works by Gertrude Bell at Project Gutenberg Australia The letters of Gertrude Bell , selected and edited by Lady Bell , 1927 ( plain text and HTML ) The Arabian Report Arab Bulletin Biographies of Bell ( edit ) Adams , Amanda ( 2010 ) . Ladies of the Field : Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure . Greystone Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 641 - 8 . Bodley , R.V.C. ; Hearst , L. ( 1940 ) . Gertrude Bell . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 258 - 44101 - 2 . Howell , Georgina ( 2006 ) . Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert , Shaper of Nations . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 3401 - 5 . ; also issued as Daughter of the Desert : the remarkable life of Gertrude Bell . Macmillan , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4050 - 4587 - 6 -- - ( paperback edition , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 53135 - 8 Lukitz , Liora ( 2004 ) . `` Gertrude Bell '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . 4 . Lukitz , Liora ( 3 March 2006 ) . A Quest in the Middle East : Gertrude Bell and the Making of Modern Iraq . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 415 - 3 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Wallach , Janet ( 1996 ) . Desert Queen . Bantam Doubleday Dell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74436 - 4 . Winstone , H.V.F. ( 2004 ) . Gertrude Bell . Barzan Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9547728 - 0 - 2 . Other sources ( edit ) Bell ( ed . ) , Lady Florence ( 1927 ) . The Letters of Gertrude Bell . 2 vols . London : Ernest Benn Ltd . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hogarth , David G. `` Obituary : Gertrude Lowthian Bell '' . The Geographical Journal 68.4 ( 1926 ) : pp. 363 -- 368 . JSTOR. 28 October 2009 . Meyer , Karl E. ; Brysac , S.B. ( 2008 ) . Kingmakers : The Invention of the Modern Middle East . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33770 - 9 . O'Brien , R. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Gertrude Bell : The Arabian Diaries , 1913 -- 1914 . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0672 - 7 . Satia , Priya ( 2008 ) . Spies in Arabia : The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain 's Covert Empire in the Middle East . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199715985 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gertrude Bell . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Gertrude Bell The Gertrude Bell Project based at Newcastle University Library Gertrude Bell Biography also Gertrude Bell on her translations of Hafiz `` Archival material relating to Gertrude Bell '' . UK National Archives . British `` Queen of Iraq '' rests in Baghdad cemetery Gertrude Bell , a Masterful Spy and Diplomat `` Gertrude of Arabia '' . The Economist. 7 September 2006 . Review of Daughter of the Desert : The Remarkable Life of Gertrude Bell by Georgina Howell Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia , London : H.M. Stationery Office . 1920 Works by Gertrude Bell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Gertrude Bell at Internet Archive Works by Gertrude Bell at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Poems from the Divan of Hafiz . Translated by Gertrude Lowthian Bell . 1897 . The Arab war ; confidential information for General headquarters from Gertrude Bell , being despatches from the secret `` Arab bulletin '' . Golden Cockerel Press . 1940 . The Rountons : The Bell Family ( photographs ) Lifestory of Gertrude Bell , from `` Lives of the First World War '' Newspaper clippings about Gertrude Bell in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) WorldCat Identities BNE : XX957112 BNF : cb12286528n ( data ) CiNii : DA00875505 GND : 118658026 ISNI : 0000 0000 8096 8759 LCCN : n50082912 NDL : 00511964 NKC : xx0023632 NLA : 35016937 PIC : 268199 SELIBR : 177195 SNAC : w6vx3zz5 SUDOC : 031699367 ULAN : 500080338 VIAF : 17391032 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Bell&oldid=866254123 '' Categories : 1868 births 1926 deaths Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford English Arabists Commanders of the Order of the British Empire English archaeologists English explorers English mountain climbers English travel writers Explorers of Arabia Explorers of Asia Female wartime spies Interwar period spies People educated at Queen 's College , London People from Washington , Tyne and Wear British women in World War I Women archaeologists Women travel writers World War I spies for the United Kingdom People from County Durham Holy Land travellers Female explorers Burials in Iraq Victorian women writers 20th - century British women writers 19th - century English writers 20th - century English writers 20th - century archaeologists Female climbers 19th - century British women writers Witnesses of the Armenian Genocide Women geographers 20th - century geographers People from Middlesbrough Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Subscription required using via EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 15 elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is gertrude bell queen of the desert | [
"Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist[2] who explored, mapped, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making due to her knowledge and contacts, built up through extensive travels in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia.[3] Along with T. E. Lawrence, Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq.\n"
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"an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist"
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3781831664055310449 | Periodic table | Periodic table - wikipedia Periodic table Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics . For other uses , see Periodic table ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( superactinide ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals reactive nonmetals noble gases By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configuration , and recurring chemical properties , whose adopted structure shows periodic trends . Generally , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right , with the elements having similar chemical behaviours being placed in the same column . Table rows are commonly called periods and columns are called groups . Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers : for example , group 17 elements are halogens ; and group 18 are noble gases . Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals . Importantly , the organization of the periodic table can be utilized to derive relationships between various element properties , but also predicted chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements . Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was first to publish a recognizable periodic table in 1869 , developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then - known elements . He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within this table . Most of his forecasts proved to be correct . Mendeleev 's idea has been slowly expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and by developing new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions , and continues to be widely adopted in chemistry , nuclear physics and other sciences . All elements ranging from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been either discovered or synthesized , completing the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 98 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Atomic numbers for elements 99 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued : these elements would begin an eighth row , and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible appearances for this extension . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Grouping methods 2.1 Groups 2.2 Periods 2.3 Blocks 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals 3 Periodic trends and patterns 3.1 Electron configuration 3.2 Atomic radii 3.3 Ionization energy 3.4 Electronegativity 3.5 Electron affinity 3.6 Metallic character 3.7 Linking or bridging groups 4 History 4.1 First systemization attempts 4.2 Mendeleev 's table 4.3 Second version and further development 5 Different periodic tables 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table 5.2 Tables with different structures 6 Open questions and controversies 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties 6.5 Further periodic table extensions 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number 6.7 Optimal form 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Overview For a more detailed periodic table , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . hide Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H 7000100800000000000 ♠ 1.008 Helium 2He 7000400260000000000 ♠ 4.0026 Lithium 3Li 7000694000000000000 ♠ 6.94 Beryllium 4Be 7000901220000000000 ♠ 9.0122 Boron 5B 7001108100000000000 ♠ 10.81 Carbon 6C 7001120110000000000 ♠ 12.011 Nitrogen 7N 7001140070000000000 ♠ 14.007 Oxygen 8O 7001159990000000000 ♠ 15.999 Fluorine 9F 7001189980000000000 ♠ 18.998 Neon 10 Ne 7001201800000000000 ♠ 20.180 Sodium 11 Na 7001229899999999999 ♠ 22.990 Magnesium 12 Mg 7001243050000000000 ♠ 24.305 Aluminium 13 Al 7001269820000000000 ♠ 26.982 Silicon 14 Si 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 Phosphorus 15 P 7001309740000000000 ♠ 30.974 Sulfur 16 S 7001320600000000000 ♠ 32.06 Chlorine 17 Cl 7001354500000000000 ♠ 35.45 Argon 18 Ar 7001399480000000000 ♠ 39.948 Potassium 19 K 7001390980000000000 ♠ 39.098 Calcium 20 Ca 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 Scandium 21 Sc 7001449560000000000 ♠ 44.956 Titanium 22 Ti 7001478670000000000 ♠ 47.867 Vanadium 23 V 7001509420000000000 ♠ 50.942 Chromium 24 Cr 7001519960000000000 ♠ 51.996 Manganese 25 Mn 7001549380000000000 ♠ 54.938 Iron 26 Fe 7001558450000000000 ♠ 55.845 Cobalt 27 Co 7001589330000000000 ♠ 58.933 Nickel 28 Ni 7001586930000000000 ♠ 58.693 Copper 29 Cu 7001635460000000000 ♠ 63.546 Zinc 30 Zn 7001653800000000000 ♠ 65.38 Gallium 31 Ga 7001697230000000000 ♠ 69.723 Germanium 32 Ge 7001726300000000000 ♠ 72.630 Arsenic 33 As 7001749220000000000 ♠ 74.922 Selenium 34 Se 7001789710000000000 ♠ 78.971 Bromine 35 Br 7001799040000000000 ♠ 79.904 Krypton 36 Kr 7001837980000000000 ♠ 83.798 5 Rubidium 37 Rb 7001854680000000000 ♠ 85.468 Strontium 38 Sr 7001876200000000000 ♠ 87.62 Yttrium 39 Y 7001889060000000000 ♠ 88.906 Zirconium 40 Zr 7001912240000000000 ♠ 91.224 Niobium 41 Nb 7001929060000000000 ♠ 92.906 Molybdenum 42 Mo 7001959500000000000 ♠ 95.95 Technetium 43 Tc ( 98 ) Ruthenium 44 Ru 7002101070000000000 ♠ 101.07 Rhodium 45 Rh 7002102910000000000 ♠ 102.91 Palladium 46 Pd 7002106420000000000 ♠ 106.42 Silver 47 Ag 7002107870000000000 ♠ 107.87 Cadmium 48 Cd 7002112410000000000 ♠ 112.41 Indium 49 In 7002114820000000000 ♠ 114.82 Tin 50 Sn 7002118710000000000 ♠ 118.71 Antimony 51 Sb 7002121760000000000 ♠ 121.76 Tellurium 52 Te 7002127600000000000 ♠ 127.60 Iodine 53 I 7002126900000000000 ♠ 126.90 Xenon 54 Xe 7002131289999999999 ♠ 131.29 6 Caesium 55 Cs 7002132910000000000 ♠ 132.91 Barium 56 Ba 7002137330000000000 ♠ 137.33 Lanthanum 57 La 7002138910000000000 ♠ 138.91 Hafnium 72 Hf 7002178490000000000 ♠ 178.49 Tantalum 73 Ta 7002180950000000000 ♠ 180.95 Tungsten 74 W 7002183840000000000 ♠ 183.84 Rhenium 75 Re 7002186210000000000 ♠ 186.21 Osmium 76 Os 7002190230000000000 ♠ 190.23 Iridium 77 Ir 7002192220000000000 ♠ 192.22 Platinum 78 Pt 7002195080000000000 ♠ 195.08 Gold 79 Au 7002196970000000000 ♠ 196.97 Mercury 80 Hg 7002200590000000000 ♠ 200.59 Thallium 81 Tl 7002204380000000000 ♠ 204.38 Lead 82 Pb 7002207200000000000 ♠ 207.2 Bismuth 83 Bi 7002208980000000000 ♠ 208.98 Polonium 84 Po ( 209 ) Astatine 85 At ( 210 ) Radon 86 Rn ( 222 ) 7 Francium 87 Fr ( 223 ) Radium 88 Ra ( 226 ) Actinium 89 Ac ( 227 ) Rutherfordium 104 Rf ( 267 ) Dubnium 105 Db ( 268 ) Seaborgium 106 Sg ( 269 ) Bohrium 107 Bh ( 270 ) Hassium 108 Hs ( 270 ) Meitnerium 109 Mt ( 278 ) Darmstadtium 110 Ds ( 281 ) Roentgenium 111 Rg ( 282 ) Copernicium 112 Cn ( 285 ) Nihonium 113 Nh ( 286 ) Flerovium 114 Fl ( 289 ) Moscovium 115 Mc ( 290 ) Livermorium 116 Lv ( 293 ) Tennessine 117 Ts ( 294 ) Oganesson 118 Og ( 294 ) Cerium 58 Ce 7002140120000000000 ♠ 140.12 Praseodymium 59 Pr 7002140910000000000 ♠ 140.91 Neodymium 60 Nd 7002144240000000000 ♠ 144.24 Promethium 61 Pm ( 145 ) Samarium 62 Sm 7002150360000000000 ♠ 150.36 Europium 63 Eu 7002151960000000000 ♠ 151.96 Gadolinium 64 Gd 7002157250000000000 ♠ 157.25 Terbium 65 Tb 7002158930000000000 ♠ 158.93 Dysprosium 66 Dy 7002162500000000000 ♠ 162.50 Holmium 67 Ho 7002164930000000000 ♠ 164.93 Erbium 68 Er 7002167260000000000 ♠ 167.26 Thulium 69 Tm 7002168930000000000 ♠ 168.93 Ytterbium 70 Yb 7002173050000000000 ♠ 173.05 Lutetium 71 Lu 7002174970000000000 ♠ 174.97 Thorium 90 Th 7002232040000000000 ♠ 232.04 Protactinium 91 Pa 7002231040000000000 ♠ 231.04 Uranium 92 U 7002238030000000000 ♠ 238.03 Neptunium 93 Np ( 237 ) Plutonium 94 Pu ( 244 ) Americium 95 Am ( 243 ) Curium 96 Cm ( 247 ) Berkelium 97 Bk ( 247 ) Californium 98 Cf ( 251 ) Einsteinium 99 Es ( 252 ) Fermium 100 Fm ( 257 ) Mendelevium 101 Md ( 258 ) Nobelium 102 No ( 259 ) Lawrencium 103 Lr ( 266 ) 1 ( red ) = Gas 3 ( black ) = Solid 80 ( green ) = Liquid 109 ( gray ) = Unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Standard atomic weight ( A ) Ca : 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 -- Formal short value , rounded ( no uncertainty ) Po : ( 209 ) -- mass number of the most stable isotope Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) , occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . Grouping methods Groups Main article : Group ( periodic table ) A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . In some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . hide Groups in the Periodic table IUPAC group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III B IV B VB VI B VII B CAS ( US , A-B-A ) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII B IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0 Trivial name Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Coinage metals Triels Tetrels Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Name by element Lithium group Beryllium group Scandium group Titanium group Vanadium group Chromium group Manganese group Iron group Cobalt group Nickel group Copper group Zinc group Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Fluorine group Helium or Neon group Period 1 He Period 2 Li Be O Ne Period 3 Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Period 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Period 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Period 6 Cs Ba La Ce -- Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Period 7 Fr Ra Ac Th -- Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . Group name as recommended by IUPAC . Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . Periods Main article : Period ( periodic table ) A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . Blocks Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . Metals , metalloids and nonmetals Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than noble gases ) . A majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals , feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals may be subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . Nonmetals may be simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , being nearer to the metalloids and show some incipient metallic character ; the essentially nonmetallic diatomic nonmetals , nonmetallic and the almost completely inert , monatomic noble gases . Specialized groupings such as refractory metals and noble metals , are examples of subsets of transition metals , also known and occasionally denoted . Placing elements into categories and subcategories based just on shared properties is imperfect . There is a large disparity of properties within each category with notable overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetallic noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is characteristic of metals . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be placed on the periodic table to show elements having shared properties , such as metals , nonmetals , or gaseous elements . Periodic trends and patterns Main article : Periodic trends Electron configuration Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered 1 , 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell ; there are two electrons in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . Atomic radii Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled across the lanthanide series , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . Ionization energy Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . Electronegativity Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection and data availability . Methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Electron affinity Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . In going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . Metallic character The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . Linking or bridging groups Sc , Y , La , Ac , Lu , Lr , Cu , Ag , Au , Zn , Cd , Hg , He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Xe , Rn Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumable display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . History Main article : History of the periodic table First systemization attempts The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , English chemist William Odling published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . Mendeleev 's table Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Mendeleev published in 1869 , using atomic weight to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev to accurately predict the properties of missing elements . Following the discovery , in 1911 , by Ernest Rutherford of the atomic nucleus , it was proposed that the integer count of the nuclear charge is identical to the sequential place of each element in the periodic table . In 1913 , Henry Moseley using X-ray spectroscopy confirmed this proposal experimentally . Moseley determined the value of the nuclear charge of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually places the elements in sequential order by nuclear charge . Nuclear charge is identical to proton count , and determines the value of the atomic number ( Z ) of each element . Using atomic number gives a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements . Moseley predicted , in 1913 , that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The atomic number is the absolute definition of an element , and gives a factual basis for the ordering of the periodic table . The periodic table is used to predict the properties of new synthetic elements before they are produced and studied . Second version and further development Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . Plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . Glenn T. Seaborg , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series . In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . Different periodic tables The long - or 32 - column table The periodic table in 32 - column format The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . Tables with different structures Main article : Alternative periodic tables Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . hide Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) f f f f f f f f f f f f f f d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s 1s He 2s Li Be 2p 3s O Ne Na Mg 3p 4s Al Si Cl Ar Ca 3d 4p 5s Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 4d 5p 6s Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba 4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra 5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120 f - block d - block p - block s - block This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . Open questions and controversies Placement of hydrogen and helium Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( 1s 2s ) and beryllium ( 1s 2s ) . While such a placement is common for hydrogen , it is rarely used for helium outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top of that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 . On this basis it is sometimes placed elsewhere . A common alternative is at the top of group 17 given hydrogen 's strictly univalent and largely non-metallic chemistry , and the strictly univalent and non-metallic chemistry of fluorine ( the element otherwise at the top of group 17 ) . Sometimes , to show hydrogen has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it is shown at the top of the two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . Lanthanum and actinium La and Ac below Y Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes it `` in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . Lutetium and lawrencium Lu and Lr below Y In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and ' 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . It has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . Lanthanides and actinides Markers below Y A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . Groups included in the transition metals The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . Though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . Elements with unknown chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . The current experimental evidence still leaves open the question of whether flerovium behaves more like a metal or a noble gas . Further periodic table extensions Main article : Extended periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . In all of these it is element 172 , rather than element 168 , that emerges as the next noble gas after oganesson , although these must be regarded as speculative as no complete calculations have been done beyond element 122 . Element with the highest possible atomic number The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than circa 256 ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . Bohr model The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron . This does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . Optimal form The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . See also Chemistry portal Book : Periodic table Abundance of the chemical elements Atomic electron configuration table Element collecting List of chemical elements List of periodic table - related articles Names for sets of chemical elements Standard model Table of nuclides Template : Spectral lines of the elements The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries Notes Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , plutonium ( 94 ) , americium ( 95 ) , curium ( 96 ) , berkelium ( 97 ) and californium ( 98 ) . Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , as do the rest of the late actinides . Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et . al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scerri , one of the foremost authorities on the history of the periodic table , favoured the concept of an optimal form of periodic table but has recently changed his mind and now supports the value of a plurality of periodic tables . References Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Four elements added to periodic table '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . 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Leach. `` 1989 Physicist 's Periodic Table by Timothy Stowe '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , D. ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` At last , a definitive periodic table ? '' . ChemViews Magazine . doi : 10.1002 / chemv. 201000107 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , pp. 285 ‒ 86 Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 2002 Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2008 ) . `` The role of triads in the evolution of the periodic table : Past and present '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 4 ) : 585 -- 89 ( see p. 589 ) . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85 ... 585S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p585 . Jump up ^ Alper , R. ( 2010 ) . `` The simplified periodic table : elements ordered by their subshells '' . The Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 10 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 80 . doi : 10.4024 / 43AL09F. jbpc. 10.02 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Some comments on the recently proposed periodic table featuring elements ordered by their subshells '' . Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 12 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Bent , H.A. ; Weinhold , F. ( 2007 ) . `` Supporting information : News from the periodic table : An introduction to `` Periodicity symbols , tables , and models for higher - order valency and donor -- acceptor kinships '' `` . Journal of Chemical Education . 84 ( 7 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / ed084p1145 . Jump up ^ Francl , M. ( May 2009 ) . `` Table manners '' ( PDF ) . Nature Chemistry . 1 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2009NatCh ... 1 ... 97F . doi : 10.1038 / nchem. 183 . PMID 21378810 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ IUPAC ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements '' ( PDF ) . iupac.org . IUPAC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( 1945 ) . `` The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements '' . Chemical English Newspaper. 23 ( 23 ) : 2190 -- 2193 . Jump up ^ Cronyn , M.W. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Proper Place for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 80 ( 8 ) : 947 -- 951 . Bibcode : 2003JChEd ... 80 ... 947C . doi : 10.1021 / ed080p947 . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , throughout the book Jump up ^ Lewars , Errol G. ( 5 December 2008 ) . Modeling Marvels : Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6973 - 4 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemans , K. ( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hevesy , G. ( 1929 ) . Redkie zemeli s tochki zreniya stroeniya atoma ( Rare earths from the point of view of structure of atom ) ( cited in Trifonov 1970 , p. 188 ) ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : NKhTI . Jump up ^ Stewart , P.J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Flyleaf Table : An Alternative '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 11 ) : 1490 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1490 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1490 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemanns , K. ( 2011 ) . `` 1 : Accommodation of the rare earths in the periodic table : A historical analysis '' . In Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Büzli , J-C. J. ; Pecharsky , V.K. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keeler , J. ; Wothers , P. ( 2014 ) . Chemical Structure and Reactivity : An Integrated Approach . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Mendeleev 's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3 ? '' . Chemistry International . 34 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1515 / ci. 2012.34. 4.28 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Castelvecchi , D. ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table '' . Nature News . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table '' . IUPAC. 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks ( new ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 651 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : William B. Jensen ( 1982 ) . `` The Positions of Lanthanum ( Actinium ) and Lutetium ( Lawrencium ) in the Periodic Table '' . J. Chem. Educ. 59 ( 8 ) : 634 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1982JChEd ... 59 ... 634J . doi : 10.1021 / ed059p634 . Jump up ^ Trifonov , D.N. ( 1970 ) . Rare - earth elements and their position in the periodic system ( translated from Russian ) . New Delhi : Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre . pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Harrington , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The chemistry of the transition elements . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 855435 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aylward , G. ; Findlay , T. ( 2008 ) . SI chemical data ( 6th ed . ) . Milton , Queensland : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 81638 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wiberg , N. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wulfsberg , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Periodic table : Trends in the properties of the elements '' . Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86210 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , S. ( 2007 ) . Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01006 - 8 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Five ideas in chemical education that must die -- part five '' . educationinchemistryblog . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc , Y , La and Ac is abandoned Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Xu , W-H. ; Pyykkö , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 ( 26 ) : 17351 -- 17355 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1817351X . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP02706G . Jump up ^ King , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 56081 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` transition element '' . Jump up ^ Xuefang , W. ; Andrews , L. ; Riedel , S. ; Kaupp , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . PMID 17899620 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Is Mercury Now a Transition Element ? '' . J. Chem. Educ. 85 ( 9 ) : 1182 -- 1183 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1182 J . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1182 . Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham , G. ; Overton , T. Descriptive inorganic chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman . pp. 484 -- 485 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schändel , M. ( 2003 ) . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yakushev , Alexander ; Eichler , Robert ( 2016 ) . Gas - phase chemistry of element 114 , flerovium ( PDF ) . Nobel Symposium NS160 -- Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements . doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 201613107003 . Jump up ^ Fricke , B. ; Greiner , W. ; Waber , J.T. ( 1971 ) . `` The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172 . The chemistry of superheavy elements '' . Theoretica chimica acta . Springer - Verlag. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frazier , K. ( 1978 ) . `` Superheavy Elements '' . Science News . 113 ( 15 ) : 236 -- 238 . doi : 10.2307 / 3963006 . JSTOR 3963006 . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , P. ( 2011 ) . `` A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172 , based on Dirac -- Fock calculations on atoms and ions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2011PCCP ... 13 ... 161P . doi : 10.1039 / c0cp01575j . PMID 20967377 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 688 ) . doi : 10.1021 / ja02218a004 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cwiok , S. ; Heenen , P. - H. ; Nazarewicz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' . Nature . 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 705C . doi : 10.1038 / nature03336 . PMID 15716943 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , P. ( November 2010 ) . `` Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table ? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence '' . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisberg , R. ; Resnick , R. ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei and Particles . Wiley . Jump up ^ Bjorken , J.D. ; Drell , S.D. ( 1964 ) . Relativistic Quantum Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. ; Schramm , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Resource Letter QEDV - 1 : The QED vacuum '' . American Journal of Physics. 76 ( 6 ) : 509 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2820395. , and references therein . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , Eric ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science '' . ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au . Eric Scerri . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sella , Andrea ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` An elementary history lesson '' . New Scientist ( 2929 ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Bibliography Ball , P. ( 2002 ) . The Ingredients : A Guided Tour of the Elements . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284100 - 9 . Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284100 - 1 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Huheey , J.E. ; Keiter , E.A. ; Keiter , R.L. Principles of structure and reactivity ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 042995 - X . Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . OCLC 776059614 . External links Find more aboutPeriodic tableat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Periodic table on the IUPAC web site , noting there is no official IUPAC table Dynamic periodic table , with interactive layouts Eric Scerri , leading philosopher of science specializing in the history and philosophy of the periodic table The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables Periodic table of endangered elements Periodic table of samples Periodic table of videos WebElements ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid - 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"The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose adopted structure shows periodic trends. Generally, within one row (period) the elements are metals on the left, and non-metals on the right, with the elements having similar chemical behaviours being placed in the same column. Table rows are commonly called periods and columns are called groups. Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are halogens; and group 18 are noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals."
] | [
"periods"
] |
1214611440828826807 | National Park Service | National Park Service - wikipedia National Park Service Jump to : navigation , search National Park Service National Park Service Arrowhead Guidon of the National Park Service Agency overview Formed August 25 , 1916 ; 101 years ago ( 1916 - 08 - 25 ) Jurisdiction United States federal government Headquarters 1849 C Street NW , Washington , D.C. 20240 Employees 15,828 permanent , 1,256 term , 2,984 seasonal ( 2007 ) Annual budget $2.924 billion ( 2009 ) Agency executive Mike Reynolds , Acting Director Parent agency Department of the Interior Website www.NPS.gov The National Park Service ( NPS ) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks , many national monuments , and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations . It was created on August 25 , 1916 , by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior . The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management , while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment . As of 2014 , the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units , of which 59 are designated national parks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 National parks 2 Directors 3 National Park System 3.1 Holdings 3.2 Criteria 3.3 Special designations 4 Budget 4.1 Discretionary spending 4.2 Resource stewardship 4.3 Visitor services 4.4 Park protection 4.5 Facility maintenance and operations 4.6 Park support 4.7 External administrative costs 4.8 Park partnerships 4.9 Land and Water Conservation Fund ( LWCF ) 4.10 Construction 4.11 Historic preservation fund 4.12 National recreation and preservation 4.13 Offsetting reductions and fixed costs in various accounts 4.14 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 4.15 Great Lakes Restoration Initiative 4.16 Mandatory spending 4.17 Employees and volunteers 4.18 Economic benefits 5 Nomenclature 6 Visitors 7 Youth programs 8 Accessibility 9 Concessions 9.1 Litigation with Delaware North 10 Bookstores 11 Offices 12 Staff and volunteers 12.1 Employees 12.2 Volunteers - In - Parks ( VIP ) 13 Law enforcement 13.1 Jurisdiction 13.2 Law Enforcement Rangers 13.3 Special Agents 13.4 Laws enforced 13.5 United States Park Police 14 Special divisions 15 International affairs 16 Initiatives 16.1 Green Park Plan 16.1. 1 Climate Friendly Parks Program 17 Related acts 18 See also 18.1 Areas 18.2 People 18.2. 1 Individuals 18.2. 2 Roles 18.3 Related organizations 18.4 Other links 19 References 20 Sources 21 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the National Park Service See also : National Park Service Organic Act In 1916 , a portfolio of nine major parks was published to generate interest . Printed on each brochure was a map showing the parks and principal railroad connections . In 1934 , a series of ten postage stamps were issued to commemorate the reorganization and expansion of the National Park Service . National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior . The movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather , as well as J. Horace McFarland . With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard , Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior . They wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational , inspirational , and recreational benefits . This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service . On August 25 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated the agency `` to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein , and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations . '' Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS . On March 3 , 1933 , President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933 . The act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government . It was n't until later that summer when the new President , Franklin D. Roosevelt , made use of this power . Deputy Director Horace M. Albright had suggested to President Roosevelt that the historic sites from the American Civil War should be managed by the National Park Service , rather than the War Department . President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen . These two executive orders not only transferred to the National Park Service all the War Department historic sites , but also the national monuments managed by the Department of Agriculture and the parks in and around the capital , which had been run by an independent office . In 1951 , Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service and went to work on bringing park facilities up to the standards that the public expected . The demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met . In 1952 , with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , he began Mission 66 , a ten - year effort to upgrade and expand park facilities for the 50th anniversary of the Park Service . New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded . In 1966 , as the Park Service turned 50 years old , emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery and unique natural features to making parks accessible to the public . Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas . National parks ( edit ) Grand Canyon National Park , south rim of canyon . A National Park Service MD 900 helicopter NPS Preliminary Survey party , Great Smoky Mountains , 1931 Winter at the Gettysburg Battlefield Since its inception in 1916 , the National Park Service has managed each of the United States ' national parks , which have grown in number over the years to 59 . Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States . In 1872 , there was no state government to manage it , so the federal government assumed direct control . Yosemite National Park began as a state park ; the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation . Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership . At first , each national park was managed independently , with varying degrees of success . In Yellowstone , the civilian staff was replaced by the U.S. Army in 1886 . Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures , Stephen Mather petitioned the federal government to improve the situation . In response , Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency , the National Park Service , to manage all national parks and some national monuments . Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916 . Later , the agency was given authority over other protected areas , many with varying designations as Congress created them . Directors ( edit ) Stephen Mather ( center ) and his staff , 1927 or 1928 Jon Jarvis , Former NPS Director Name Term of office Start End Stephen Mather May 16 , 1917 January 8 , 1929 Horace M. Albright January 12 , 1929 August 9 , 1933 Arno B. Cammerer August 10 , 1933 August 9 , 1940 Newton B. Drury August 20 , 1940 March 31 , 1951 5 Arthur E. Demaray April 1 , 1951 December 8 , 1951 6 Conrad L. Wirth December 9 , 1951 January 7 , 1964 7 George B. Hartzog Jr . January 9 , 1964 December 31 , 1972 8 Ronald H. Walker January 7 , 1973 January 3 , 1975 9 Gary Everhardt January 13 , 1975 May 27 , 1977 10 William J. Whalen III July 5 , 1977 May 13 , 1980 11 Russell E. Dickenson May 15 , 1980 March 3 , 1985 12 William Penn Mott Jr . May 17 , 1985 April 16 , 1989 13 James M. Ridenour April 17 , 1989 January 20 , 1993 14 Roger G. Kennedy June 1 , 1993 March 29 , 1997 15 Robert Stanton August 4 , 1997 January 2001 16 Fran P. Mainella July 18 , 2001 October 15 , 2006 17 Mary A. Bomar October 17 , 2006 January 20 , 2009 18 Jonathan Jarvis September 24 , 2009 January 20 , 2017 National Park System ( edit ) This section is missing information about governance , policy decisions etc . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2015 ) Customs House at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem , Massachusetts . See also : List of the United States National Park System official units and List of areas in the United States National Park System Further information : African - American Heritage Sites ( U.S. National Park Service ) , Hispanic Heritage Site , Native American Heritage Sites ( U.S. National Park Service ) , and Women 's History Sites ( U.S. National Park Service ) The National Park System ( NPS ) includes all properties managed by the National Park Service ( also , confusingly , `` NPS '' ) . The title or designation of a unit need not include the term park ; indeed , most do not . The System as a whole is considered to be a national treasure of the United States , and some of the more famous national parks and monuments are sometimes referred to metaphorically as `` crown jewels '' . The system encompasses approximately 84.4 million acres ( 338,000 km2 ) , of which more than 4.3 million acres ( 17,000 km2 ) remain in private ownership . The largest unit is Wrangell - St. Elias National Park and Preserve , Alaska . At 13,200,000 acres ( 53,000 km2 ) , it is over 16 percent of the entire system . The smallest unit in the system is Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial , Pennsylvania , at 0.02 acre ( 80 m2 ) . In addition to administering its units and other properties , the National Park Service also provides technical and financial assistance to several `` affiliated areas '' authorized by Congress . The largest affiliated area is New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve at 1,164,025 acres ( 4711 km2 ) . The smallest is Benjamin Franklin National Memorial at less than 0.01 acres ( 40 m ) . Although all units of the National Park System in the United States are the responsibility of a single agency , they are all managed under individual pieces of authorizing legislation or , in the case of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act , presidential proclamation . For example , because of provisions within their enabling legislation , Congaree National Park is almost entirely wilderness area devoid of development , yet Yosemite allows unique developments such as the Badger Pass Ski Area and the O'Shaughnessy Dam within its boundaries . Death Valley National Park has an active mine legislated within its boundaries . Such irregularities would not be found in other parks unless specifically provided for with exceptions by the legislation that created them . Holdings ( edit ) For current specifics and a multitude of information , see the Quick Facts section of the NPS website . Type Amount Area of land 84,000,000 acres 340,000 km Area of oceans , lakes , reservoirs 4,502,644 acres 18,222 km Length of perennial rivers and streams 85,049 mi 136,873 km Archeological sites 68,561 Length of shoreline 43,162 mi 69,463 km Historic structures 27,000 Objects in museum collections 121,603,193 Buildings 21,000 Trails 12,250 mi 19,710 km Roads 8,500 mi 13,700 km Criteria ( edit ) Most units of the National Park Service have been established by an act of Congress , with the president confirming the action by signing the act into law . The exception , under the Antiquities Act , allows the president to designate and protect areas as National Monuments by executive order . Regardless of the method used , all parks are to be of national importance . A potential park should meet all four of the following standards : It is an outstanding example of a particular type of resource . It possesses exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our Nation 's heritage . It offers superlative opportunities for recreation , for public use and enjoyment , or for scientific study . It retains a high degree of integrity as a true , accurate , and relatively unspoiled example of the resource . Special designations ( edit ) Wilderness areas are covered by the US National Wilderness Preservation System , which protects federally managed lands that are of a pristine condition , established by the Wilderness Act ( Public Law 88 - 577 ) in 1964 . The National Wilderness Preservation System originally created hundreds of wilderness zones within already protected federally administered property , consisting of over 9 million acres ( 36,000 km2 ) . Marine Protected Areas ( MPAs ) began with Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 , when official MPAs were established for the first time . The initial listing of U.S. areas was presented in 2010 , consisting of areas already set aside under other legislation . The National Park Service has 19 park units designated as MPAs . See also : § International Affairs Budget ( edit ) See also : United States federal budget and United States budget process As of 2016 , the National Park Service has an annual budget of about $3 billion and an estimated $12 billion maintenance backlog . The National Park Services budget is divided into two primary areas , discretionary and mandatory spending . Within each of these areas , there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities . The budget of the National Park Service includes discretionary spending which is broken out into two portions : the direct operations of the National Parks and the special initiatives . Listed separately are the special initiatives of the service for the year specified in the legislation . For Fiscal Year 2010 , the service has been charged with five initiatives . They include : Stewardship and Education ; Professional Excellence ; Youth Programs ; Climate Impacts ; and Budget Restructure and Realignment . Discretionary spending ( edit ) NPS Operations of the National Parks budget from FY 2001 - FY 2006 Discretionary spending includes the Operations of the National Parks ( ONPS ) , from which all park operations are paid . The United States Park Police funds cover the high - profile law enforcement operations at some of the large parks ; i.e. , Gateway National Recreation Area , Golden Gate National Recreation Area , and the National Mall . The National Recreation and Preservation Program and the Urban Park and Recreation Fund are outreach programs to support state and local outdoor recreational activities . The ONPS section of the budget is divided into five operational areas . These areas include : Resource stewardship ( edit ) These are funds and people directed towards the restoration , preservation , and maintenance of natural and cultural resources . The resource staff includes biologists , geologists , archeologists , preservation specialists and a variety of specialized employees to restore and preserve cultural buildings or natural features . Visitor services ( edit ) Funds go towards providing for public programs and educational programs for the general public and school groups . This area is commonly staffed by park rangers , who are trained in providing walks , talks , and educational programs to the public . There is an increased number of media specialists , who provide for the exhibits along trails , roads and in visitor contact facilities , as well as the written brochures and web - sites . Park protection ( edit ) This includes the staff responding to visitor emergencies ( medical and criminal ) , and the protection of the park 's natural and cultural resources from damage by those persons visiting the park . The staff includes park rangers , park police , criminal investigators , and communication center operators . Facility maintenance and operations ( edit ) This is the cost of maintaining the necessary infrastructure within each park that supports all the services provided . It includes the plows and heavy equipment for road clearing , repairs and construction . There are buildings , trails , roads , docks , boats , utility pipes and wires , and a variety of hidden systems that make a park accessible by the public . The staff includes equipment operators , custodians , trail crews , electricians , plumbers , engineers , architects , and other building trade specialists . Park support ( edit ) This is the staff that provides for the routine logistical needs of the parks . There are human resource specialists , contracting officers , property specialists , budget managers , accountants and information technology specialists . External administrative costs ( edit ) These costs are bills that are paid directly to outside organizations as part of the logistical support needed to run the parks . It includes rent payments to the General Services Administration for building space ; postage payments to the postal machine vendor , and other direct payments . Functional area FY 2010 ( in thousands ) % of total Resource stewardship $347,328 15.3 % Visitor services $247,386 10.9 % Park protection $368,698 16.3 % Facility maintenance and operations $705,220 31.1 % Park support $441,854 19.5 % External administrative costs $155,530 6.9 % Total ( 2010 ) $2,266,016 Park partnerships ( edit ) These funds support the use of partnerships to achieve park preservation. 25 million dollars have been provided for FY 2010 . These funds require matching grants from individuals , foundations , businesses , and the private sector . Land and water Conservation Fund ( LWCF ) ( edit ) The LWCF supports Land Acquisition and State Conservation Assistance grant programs . The 2010 funds are the beginning of an incremental process to fully fund LWCF programs at $900 million . The Department of the Interior and the U.S. Forest Service use these funds to purchase critical lands to protect existing public lands . Grants will be made to states and local communities to preserve and protect Civil War battlefield sites that are not part of the national park system . The NPS State Conservation Assistance program distributes funding to States for land preservation . Construction ( edit ) This segment of the budget provides for the construction of new facilities or the replacement of aging and unsafe facilities . Additionally , there are funds in the recreation fees , park roads funding , and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that provide for other specific facilities / infrastructure work . Additional funds come from the Federal Land Highway Administration for the construction and repair of Park roads . Historic preservation Fund ( edit ) As the nation 's leader in cultural preservation , funds are provided for a variety of programs to meet these needs nationwide . Two specific programs include the Save America 's Treasures and the Preserve America . The Historic Preservation Offices makes grants available to the States , territories , and tribal lands . National Recreation and preservation ( edit ) These funds go to local communities to preserve natural and cultural resources . Among the programs supported are the Rivers , Trails , and Conservation Assistance programs that promote community links to parks , natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation across America . Offsetting reductions and fixed costs in various accounts ( edit ) Within this category are a number of one - time events , which are added or removed as the events require . Notably in the FY 2009 and FY 2010 is the removal of the costs for the presidential inaugural . Other savings are identified through reduced operational costs from energy - efficient retro - fitting and the demolition of structures beyond repair . American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( edit ) Otherwise known as `` stimulus funds , '' the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funds to restore and preserve major infrastructures within the national parks . Great Lakes restoration Initiative ( edit ) The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative , is a $475.0 million proposal included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency budget . The park service will participate through the EPA in restoration activities in those parks that are within the watershed of the Great Lakes . Activities will include such actions as removal of dumps and fuel spills . Park will monitor mercury , lead , DDT , and other contaminants in six parks on the Great Lakes . Work also includes the removal of invasive species and education on how to prevent their spread . There are YouTube videos about the work being done in this field . Mandatory spending ( edit ) Mandatory appropriations are those items created by other congressional legislation that must be paid for . They include the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program , which requires the distribution and expenditure of fees collected by the National Park Service . Other Permanent Appropriations includes special funding categories to non-profit and state entities , which have been assigned to the National Park Service to manage . Miscellaneous Trust Funds includes funding sources that have been created by the federal government or private citizen , where the National Park Service or a specific park have been identified as the beneficiaries . And there is also the L&WCF Contract Authority which is the Land and Water Conservation Fund , a congressionally created source of revenues , managed by the National Park Service . Employees and volunteers ( edit ) Annually , the NPS employs over 20,000 Americans with an additional 221,000 Volunteers - In - Parks who contribute about 6.4 million hours annually . Economic benefits ( edit ) According to a 2011 Michigan State University report prepared for the NPS , for each $1 invested in the NPS , the American public receives $4 in economic value . In 2011 , national parks generated $30.1 billion in economic activity and 252,000 jobs nationwide . Thirteen billion of that amount went directly into communities within 60 miles of a NPS unit . Nomenclature ( edit ) The National Park Service uses over 20 different titles for the park units it manages , including national park and national monument . Classification as of 2009 Number Area Visitors National Military Park , National Battlefield Park , National Battlefield Site , and National Battlefield 25 71,502.49 acres ( 289 km ) 8,360,261 National Historical Park , National Historic Site , and International Historic Site 125 228,260.60 acres ( 924 km ) 34,407,217 National Lakeshore 228,995.14 acres ( 927 km ) 3,728,821 National Memorial 29 10,588.45 acres ( 43 km ) 30,559,258 National Monument 79 2,027,864.58 acres ( 8,206 km ) 22,646,428 National Park 59 52,095,045.71 acres ( 210,821 km ) 62,950,968 National Parkway 177,339.69 acres ( 718 km ) 29,948,911 National Preserve and National Reserve 20 24,191,311.63 acres ( 97,899 km ) 2,956,325 National Recreation Area 18 3,700,277.20 acres ( 14,974 km ) 50,645,414 National River and National Wild and Scenic River and Riverway 15 746,262.99 acres ( 3,020 km ) 5,999,161 National Scenic Trail 239,659.27 acres ( 970 km ) not available National Seashore 10 595,013.55 acres ( 2,408 km ) 17,920,507 Other Designations ( White House , National Mall , etc . ) 11 36,826.96 acres ( 149 km ) 11,156,670 Totals 401 84,331,948.26 acres ( 341,279 km ) 320,309,151 National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) National Parks preserve nationally and globally significant scenic areas and nature reserves . National Monuments preserve a single unique cultural or natural feature . Devils Tower National Monument was the first in 1906 . National Historical Parks of the United States Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Adams Appomattox Court House Blackstone River Valley Boston Cane River Creole Cedar Creek and Belle Grove Chaco Culture Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Colonial Cumberland Gap Dayton Aviation Heritage First State George Rogers Clark Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Harpers Ferry Hopewell Culture Independence Jean Lafitte Kalaupapa Kaloko - Honokōhau Keweenaw Klondike Gold Rush Lewis and Clark Lowell Lyndon B. Johnson Manhattan Project Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller Minute Man Morristown Natchez New Bedford Whaling New Orleans Jazz Nez Perce Palo Alto Battlefield Paterson Great Falls Pecos Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Rosie the Riveter / World War II Home Front Salt River Bay San Antonio Missions San Francisco Maritime San Juan Island Saratoga Sitka Thomas Edison Tumacácori Valley Forge War in the Pacific Women 's Rights Full alphabetical list National Historic Sites protect a significant cultural resource that is not a complicated site . Examples of these types of parks include Ford 's Theatre National Historic Site and William Howard Taft National Historic Site . National Historical Parks are larger areas with more complex subjects . Appomattox Court House National Historical Park was created in 1940 . George Rogers Clark National Historical Park was dedicated in 1936 . Historic sites may also be protected in national parks , monuments , seashores , and lakeshores . National Military Parks , Battlefield Parks , Battlefield Sites , and Battlefields preserve areas associated with military history . The different designations reflect the complexity of the event and the site . Many of the sites preserve important Revolutionary War battles and Civil War battlefields . Military parks are the sites of larger actions , such as Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park , Vicksburg National Military Park , Gettysburg National Military Park , and Shiloh National Military Park -- the original four from 1890 . Examples of battlefield parks , battlefield sites , and national battlefields include Richmond National Battlefield Park , Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site , and Antietam National Battlefield . United States National Lakeshores , National Seashores , and National Rivers National Lakeshores Apostle Islands Indiana Dunes Pictured Rocks Sleeping Bear Dunes National Seashores Assateague Island Canaveral Cape Cod Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout Cumberland Island Fire Island Gulf Islands Padre Island Point Reyes National Rivers Big South Fork Bluestone River Buffalo River Mississippi River Missouri River New River Gorge Saint Croix National Seashores and National Lakeshores offer preservation of the national coast line , while supporting water -- based recreation . Cape Hatteras National Seashore was created in 1937 . Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore , created in 1966 , were the first national lakeshores . National Rivers and Wild and Scenic Riverways protect free - flowing streams over their length . The riverways may not be altered with dams , channelization , or other changes . Recreational pursuits are encouraged along the waterways . Ozark National Scenic Riverways was established in 1964 . National Recreation Areas of the United States Administered by the National Park Service Amistad Big South Fork Bighorn Canyon Boston Harbor Islands Chattahoochee River Chickasaw Curecanti Delaware Water Gap Gateway Gauley River Glen Canyon Golden Gate Lake Chelan Lake Mead Lake Meredith Lake Roosevelt Mississippi Ross Lake Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity Administered by the US Forest Service Allegheny Arapaho Ed Jenkins Flaming Gorge Grand Island Hells Canyon Jemez Land Between The Lakes Moosalamoo Mount Baker Mount Hood Mount Rogers Oregon Dunes Pine Ridge Rattlesnake Sawtooth Smith River Spring Mountains Spruce Knob - Seneca Rocks Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity White Rocks Winding Stair Mountain Administered by the Bureau of Land Management White Mountains National Recreation Areas originally were units ( such as Lake Mead National Recreation Area ) surrounding reservoirs impounded by dams built by other federal agencies . Many of these areas are managed under cooperative agreement with the National Park Service . Now some national recreation areas are in urban centers , because of the recommendations of a Presidential commission , the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission ( ORRRC ) . These include Gateway National Recreation Area and Golden Gate National Recreation Area , which encompass significant cultural as well as natural resources . U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking The National Trails System preserves long - distance routes across America . The system was created in 1968 and consists of two major components : National Scenic Trails are long - distance trails through some of the most scenic parts of the country . They received official protection in 1968 . The Appalachian Trail and the Continental Divide Trail are the best known . National Historic Trails commemorate the routes of major historic events . Some of the best known are the Trail of Tears , the Mormon Trail , and the Santa Fe Trail . These trails are administered by several federal agencies . National Preserves are for the protection of certain resources . Activities like hunting , fishing , and some mining are allowed . Big Cypress National Preserve and Big Thicket National Preserve were created in 1974 as the first national preserves . National Reserves are similar to national preserves , but the operational authority can be placed with a local government . New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve was the first to be established in 1978 . Visitors ( edit ) The National Park System receives over 280 million visits each year throughout the 413 units , with over 307 million visitors in 2015 . Park visitation ( recreational only ) grew 64 percent between 1979 and 2015 . The 10 most - visited units of the National Park System handle over 28 percent of the visits to the 413 park units . The top 10 percent of parks ( 41 ) handle 62.8 percent of all visits , leaving the remaining 372 units to accommodate 37.2 percent of visits . Park Rank Visits Blue Ridge Parkway 15,054,603 Golden Gate National Recreation Area 14,888,537 Great Smoky Mountains National Park 10,712,674 Lincoln Memorial 9 7,941,771 Lake Mead National Recreation Area 5 7,298,465 George Washington Memorial Parkway 6 7,286,463 Gateway National Recreation Area 6,392,565 Natchez Trace Parkway 7 5,785,812 Vietnam Veterans Memorial 8 5,597,077 Grand Canyon National Park 10 5,520,736 Overnight stays Over 15 million visitors spent a night in one of the National Park Units during 2015 . The largest number ( 3.68 million ) were tent campers . The second largest group ( 3.38 million ) stayed in one of the lodges , followed by Miscellaneous stays ( on boats , group sites -- 2.15 million ) . The last three groups of over-night visitors included RV Campers ( 2.26 million ) , Back country campers ( 2.02 million ) and users of the Concession run campgrounds ( 1.42 million ) . Previous years of statistics are below . Park 2010 Rank 1994 Rank 1979 Rank Lodges Tent campers Misc 5 RV campers Backcountry 5 5 Concession campers 6 6 6 Annually , visitors are surveyed for their satisfaction with services and facilities provided . Services Consistently , the highest ranked service has been Assistance from Park Employees ( 82 % very good , 2007 ) . Facilities Among facilities , the park Visitor Centers obtain a consistent 70 % very good rating ( 73 % in 2007 ) . Youth programs ( edit ) The National Park Service offers a variety of youth oriented programs . They range from the Web Ranger on - line program to many programs in each National Park Unit . The primary work opportunities for youth are through the Youth Corp networks . The oldest serving group is the Student Conservation Association ( SCA ) . It was established in 1957 , committed to conservation and preservation . The SCA 's goal is to create the next generation of conservation leaders . SCA volunteers work through internships , conservation jobs , and crew experiences . Volunteers conduct resource management , historic preservation , cultural resources and conservation programs to gain experience , which can lead to career development and further educational opportunities . The SCA places volunteers in more than 350 national park units and NPS offices each year . The Corps Network , formerly known as the National Association for Service and Corps ( NASCC ) , represents 136 Service and Conservation Corps . These groups have programs in 42 states and the District of Columbia . Corpsmembers are between the ages of 16 -- 25 . Service and Conservation Corps are direct descendants of the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) of the 1930s that built park facilities in the national parks and other public parks around the country . The Corps Network was established in 1985 . Youth Conservation Corps ( ages 15 -- 18 ) The Youth Conservation Corps ( YCC ) , bring young people into a park to restore , preserve and protect a natural , cultural , or historical resources . Enrollees are paid for their work . Public Land Corps ( ages 16 -- 25 ) The Public Land Corps ( PLC ) is a job helping to restore , protect , and rehabilitate a local national parks . The enrollees learn about environmental issues and the park . A dozen non-profit . Programs for Boy Scouts ( ages 7 -- 18 ) The National Park Service works with the Boy Scouts of America . Members can become a Scout Ranger and earn a patch . The Service formerly participated every four years at the BSA Jamboree at Fort A.P. Hill , Virginia . Many scouts have completed their Eagle projects in a National Park helping preserve the resources , while furthering the scouting experience . Programs for Girl Scouts ( ages 5 -- 18 ) Girl Scouts can become a Girl Scout Ranger and earn a patch . The National Park Service works with Girl Scout Troops through their Linking Girls to the Land . Accessibility ( edit ) Access Pass The Access Pass offers free , lifetime admission to federal areas of the National Park Service , Bureau of Land Management , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , U.S. Forest Service , and Tennessee Valley Authority . Service Animals Service animals are allowed in all facilities and on most trails , with the exceptions of stock trails and areas closed by the superintendent to protect park resources . Service animals must always be leashed . Service animals in training and pets are subject to other park regulations . When traveling with an animal , carry water , and allow for stops . Dispose of pet feces in a trash bin . Camping The National Park System offers numerous accessible camping opportunities . In over 120 units , campgrounds have sites specifically designed for tent camper accessibility . Special camp sites are located near restrooms with paved walkways to and from the restroom and water sources . Sites have hardened tenting sites that provide for easy access , but allow for tents to be erected on soil . Many additional units have pull - through trailer sites , providing for motorized use , but may have limited access to the rest of the campground facilities . Trails Many National Park units have fully accessible trails . Visitors should check the park 's web - site to insure that the trail is designed to meet their individual needs . Trails may have a compacted gravel surface , paved with asphalt , or a board walk . Many will have guardrails , others may have a ridge along the edge , detectable by the visually impaired using a cane and capable of stopping a wheelchair . Many have no detectable edge when there is a stable surface . Vistas Parks that are known for their scenic vistas make them available through a variety of designs . Paved overlooks with accessible parking is the most common , and not always identified in written material . Road designs are configured to provide for mountain and landscape vistas from a vehicle . Additional information at `` The Disabled Traveler 's Companion '' . Concessions ( edit ) In an effort to increase visitation and allow for a larger audience to enjoy national park land , the National Park Service has numerous concession contracts with private businesses to bring recreation , resorts and other compatible amenities to their parks . NPS lodging opportunities exist at places such as the Wawona Hotel in Yosemite National Park and the Fort Baker Retreat and Conference Center in Golden Gate National Recreation Area . Adaptive reuses like those at Fort Baker , have raised some controversy from concerns about the historical integrity of these buildings , after extensive renovations and whether such alterations fall within the spirit and / or the letter of the preservation laws they are protected by . Delaware North Corporation at Yosemite National Park , Yellowstone National Park Forever Resorts at Big Bend National Park , Blue Ridge Parkway , Badlands National Park , North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park , Olympic National Park , Lake Mead National Recreation Area , Mammoth Cave National Park , Isle Royale National Park , and Rocky Mountain National Park . Xanterra Parks & Resorts at Bryce Canyon National Park , Crater Lake National Park , Death Valley National Park , South Rim Grand Canyon National Park , Mount Rushmore National Memorial , Painted Desert at Petrified Forest National Park , Yellowstone National Park , and Zion National Park . Litigation with Delaware North ( edit ) In 2015 , Delaware North sued the NPS in the United States Court of Claims for breach of contract , alleging that the NPS had undervalued its trademarks of the names of iconic Yosemite National Park concession facilities . When it offered for bid the contract to operate these facilities , the National Park Service estimated the value of the intangible assets including the names `` Ahwahnee , '' `` Badger Pass , '' `` Curry Village , '' and `` Yosemite Lodge '' at $3.5 million . Delaware North lost the contract , and asserted that the historic names were worth $51 million and maintained that the incoming concessioner had to be paid that amount . The Justice Department and the NPS asserted that this was an `` improper and wildly inflated '' value . Rather than pay Delaware North 's demanded valuation , in January 2016 the NPS instead opted to rename the famous landmarks , effective in March . The Ahwahnee Hotel is slated to become The Majestic Yosemite Hotel , Curry Village will become Half Dome Village , and the Wawona Hotel will become Big Trees Lodge . Widespread public outcry focused on Delaware North 's decision to claim ownership of names within a national park . Bookstores ( edit ) At many Park Service sites a bookstore is operated by a non-profit cooperating association . The largest example is Eastern National , which runs bookstores in 30 states with 178 stores . Eastern National Western National Park Association Park specific : Crater Lake Natural History Association Cuyahoga Valley National Park Association Devils Tower Natural History Association Bookstore Kennesaw Mountain Historical Association Oregon Caves Natural History Association Yellowstone Association Yosemite Conservancy Publisher of National Parks Interpretive Books Books written by individual National Park interpreters or experts on specific parks are published for each park by KC Publications . Offices ( edit ) Main article : Organization of the National Park Service Depicts twelve figures , most in NPS uniforms , shown in occupations from left to right : a lifeguard , a Civil War reenactor , fire management , mounted patrol , researcher and / or natural resources with fish , a female ranger with two visitors , a laborer , a climber / rescuer , and a youth with a male ranger . Headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , with regional offices in Anchorage , Atlanta , Lakewood , CO ( Denver ) , Omaha , NE , Philadelphia , San Francisco and Seattle . The headquarters building of the National Park Service Southwest Regional Office is architecturally significant and is designated a National Historic Landmark . The National Park Service is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior . The Director is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The Director is supported by six senior executives . They manage national programs , policy , and budget from the Washington , DC , headquarters . Under the Deputy Director of Operations are seven regional directors , who are responsible for national park management and program implementation . Together this group is called the National Leadership Council . The national office is located in the Main Interior Building , 1849 C Street NW , several blocks southwest of the White House . The central office is composed of eleven directorates : Director / Deputy Directors ; Business Services ; Workforce Management ; Chief Information Officer ; Cultural Resources ; Natural Resource Stewardship and Science ; Office of the Comptroller ; Park Planning , Facilities , and Lands ; Partnerships and Visitor Experience ; Visitor and Resource Protection ; and the United States Park Police . Staff and volunteers ( edit ) Employees ( edit ) By the mid-1950s , the primary employees of the Service were the Park Rangers , who had broad responsibilities on the parks ' behalf . They cleaned up trash , operated heavy equipment , fought fires , managed traffic , cleared trails and roads , provided information to visitors , managed museums , performed rescues , flew aircraft , and investigated crime . The National Park Service employs many kinds of workers , as shown below . National Park Service Ranger Interpreter Law enforcement Park management ( Superintendent / Deputy ) United States Park Police Emergency management ( Emergency medical providers , search and rescue specialists ) Dispatchers Maintenance ( including carpenters , plumbers , masons , laborers , auto mechanics , motor vehicle operators , heavy equipment operators , electricians ) Park planning Architects , Engineers , and Landscape architects Resource management ( including archeologist , biologist , botanist , aquatics , soil scientist , geologist ) History ( curators , historians , preservation technicians , historic architects , archivists ) Fire management ( managers , weather specialist , firefighters , engine captains , crew superintendents , battalion chiefs ) See also : Wildfire Public Affairs Administration ( human resources , finance , accountants , information technology , budgeting , concessions management ) National Park Service employment levels . Executives : abt 27 ; Gen Sch : 16 -- 17,000 ; Others : 6 -- 7,000 Locations are varied . Parks exist in the nation 's larger cities like New York City ( Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site ) , Atlanta ( Martin Luther King , Jr . National Historic Site ) , and San Diego ( Cabrillo National Monument ) to some of the remotest areas of the continent like Hovenweep National Monument in southeastern Utah , to Aniakchak National Monument in King Salmon , Alaska . Volunteers - in - parks ( vip ) ( edit ) The Volunteers - In - Parks program was authorized in 1969 by the Volunteers in the Parks Act of 1969 . for the purpose of allowing the public to serve in the nations parks providing support and skills for their enhancement and protection . Volunteers come from all walks of life and include professionals , artists , laborers , homemakers and students , performing varied duties . Many come from surrounding communities and some travel significant distances . In a 2005 annual report , the National Park Service reported that , ... 137,000 VIPs contributed 5.2 million hours of service ( or 2500 FTEs ) valued at $91,260,000 based on the private sector value figure of $17.55 as used by AARP , Points of Light Foundation , and other large - scale volunteer programs including many federal agencies . There are 365 separate volunteer programs throughout the National Park Service . Since 1990 , the number of volunteers has increased an average of 2 % per year . FTE stands for Full Time Equivalency or 1 work year . In 2012 , the National Park Service reported that over 221,000 volunteers contributed about 6.4 million hours annually . Additionally , other types of volunteers also conduct offsite NPS public outreach and education , such as the Trails & Rails program guides on board certain segments of long - haul Amtrak routes , who offer passengers insights to the travel area 's natural resources and heritage . Artist - In - Residence Across the nation , there are special opportunities for artists ( visual artists , photographers , sculptors , performers , writers , composers , and crafts ) to live and work in a park . Twenty - nine parks currently participate in the Artist - In - Residence program . Law enforcement ( edit ) National Park Service patrol boat at Rock Harbor , Isle Royale National Park The National Park Service commonly refers to law enforcement operations in the agency as Visitor and Resource Protection . There are several different types of law enforcement employees including Type I and Type II Law Enforcement Rangers and Special Agents . The United States Park Police is a unit of the National Park Service , with jurisdiction in all National Park Service areas and certain other Federal and State lands . Most Law Enforcement Rangers , Park Police Officers , and Special Agents Receive their training through Federal Law Enforcement Training Center ( FLETC ) . Type II Law Enforcement Rangers receive their training through FLETC accredited Seasonal Law Enforcement Academies . Jurisdiction ( edit ) There are several types of National Park Service jurisdiction . Jurisdiction is set by the enabling legislation for each individual unit of the NPS and is considered part of the Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of the United States . Law enforcement on NPS lands with exclusive jurisdiction is solely conducted by NPS Law Enforcement Rangers ( field officers ) or the US Park Police . Many NPS units have concurrent jurisdiction and share law enforcement authority with their state and / or local county law enforcement agencies . Some National Park Service units have proprietary or partial jurisdiction where law enforcement authority for certain serious incidents lies with the state or county . Most NPS units have memorandums of understanding with outside law enforcement agencies , so that policies are in place when and if outside agency assistance is needed . NPS Photo of Badge worn by Chief Park Rangers Law enforcement Rangers ( edit ) Uniformed Law Enforcement Rangers , Park Police Officers and Special Agents enforce Federal laws and regulations governing NPS lands and resources . These personnel can also enforce some or all state laws on NPS lands . As part of that mission , LEOs carry firearms , defensive equipment , make arrests , execute search warrants , complete reports and testify in court . They establish a regular and recurring presence on a vast amount of public lands , roads , and recreation sites . The primary focus of their jobs is the protection of natural resources , protection of NPS employees and the protection of visitors . To cover the vast and varied terrain under their jurisdiction , NPS employees use numerous types of vehicles , horses , aircraft , UTV / ATV 's , snowmobiles , dirt bikes and boats . Special Agents ( edit ) Special Agents are criminal investigators who plan and conduct investigations concerning possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of the NPS and other statues under the United States Code and / or Code of Federal Regulations . Special agents can be uniformed or plain clothes officers . Special Agents often carry concealed firearms , and other defensive equipment , make arrests , carry out complex criminal investigations , present cases for prosecution to U.S. Attorneys , and prepare investigative reports . Field agents travel a great deal and typically cover several NPS units and several states . Criminal investigators occasionally conduct internal and civil claim investigations . Laws enforced ( edit ) Generally speaking the laws enforced on NPS lands are covered in Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations . The NPS also enforces United States Code . Title 16 of the United States Code , Title 18 of the United States Code and Title 21 of the United States Code are enforced most commonly . The National Park Service generally also has the authority to enforce any state law not covered already by federal laws under the Assimilative Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. § 13 . However , by policy the National Park Service can not charge violators with a state offense that has a harsher penalty than an equivalent federal law already on the books . Commissioned National Park Service employees must follow all policies outlined in DOI reference manuals and directors orders in performance of their duties . Badge worn by USPP Officers United States Park Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Park Police The United States Park Police ( USPP ) is the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in the United States . It functions as a full service law enforcement agency with responsibilities and jurisdiction in those National Park Service areas primarily located in the Washington , D.C. , San Francisco , and New York City areas . In addition to performing the normal crime prevention , investigation , and apprehension functions of an urban police force , the Park Police are responsible for policing many of the famous monuments in the United States and share law enforcement jurisdiction in all lands administered by the Service with a force of National Park Rangers tasked with the same law enforcement powers and responsibilities . Special divisions ( edit ) Historic Preservation Training Center Other special NPS divisions include the Archeology Program , Historic American Buildings Survey , National Register of Historic Places , National Natural Landmarks , the Rivers , Trails and Conservation Assistance Program , the Challenge Cost Share Program , the Federal Lands to Parks , the Hydropower Relicensing Program , the Land and Water Conservation Fund , the National Trails System , the Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers Program , and the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division . Centers The National Park Service operates four archeology - related centers : Harpers Ferry Center in Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , the Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln , Nebraska , the Southeast Archeological Center in Tallahassee , Florida and the Western Archeological and Conservation Center in Tucson , Arizona . The Harpers Ferry Center specializes in interpretive media development and object conservation . The other three focus to various degrees on archaeological research and museum object curation and conservation . National Park Service training centers include : Horace Albright Training Center , Grand Canyon ; Stephen Mather Training Center , Harpers Ferry , West Virginia ; Historic Preservation Training Center , Frederick , Maryland and Capital Training Center , Washington , D.C. The Submerged Resources Center is the unit responsible for inventory and evaluation of submerged resources throughout the National Park system . The SRC is based out of the Intermountain Region 's headquarters in Lakewood , Colorado . The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training , located in Natchitoches , Louisiana , conducts research and training in the fields of archeology , architecture , landscape architecture and materials conservation . Preservation programs ( HABS / HAER ) Photograph of El Santuario Del Señor Esquipula , Chimayo , New Mexico LaSalle Street Bridge , Chicago , Illinois The oldest federal preservation program , the Historic American Buildings Survey / Historic American Engineering Record ( HABS / HAER ) , produces graphic and written documentation of historically significant architectural , engineering and industrial sites and structures . Dating from 1934 , the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) was chartered to document historic architecture -- primarily houses and public buildings -- of national or regional significance . Originally a New Deal employment / preservation program , after World War II , HABS employed summer teams of advanced undergraduate and graduate students to carry out the documentation , a tradition followed to this day . Many of the structures they documented no longer exist . HABS / HAER produces measured drawings , large - format photographs and written histories of historic sites , structures and objects , that are significant to the architectural , engineering and industrial heritage of the U.S. Its 25,000 records are part of the Library of Congress . HABS / HAER is administered by the NPS Washington office and five regional offices . Historic American Buildings Survey In 1933 , the National Park Service , Department of the Interior , established the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) , based on a proposal by Charles E. Peterson , Park Service landscape architect . It was founded as a make - work program for architects , draftsmen and photographers left jobless by the Great Depression . Guided by field instructions from Washington , D.C. , the first recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of America 's architectural heritage . After 70 years , there is now an archive of historic architecture . HABS provided a database of primary source material for the then fledgling historic preservation movement . Historic American Engineering Record Recognizing a similar fragility in our national industrial and engineering heritage , the National Park Service , the Library of Congress and the American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) formed the HAER program in 1969 , to document nationally and regionally significant engineering and industrial sites . A short while later , HAER was ratified by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) , the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ( IEEE ) , the American Institute of Chemical Engineers ( AIChE ) and the American Institute of Mining , Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers ( AIME ) . HAER documentation , in the forms of measured and interpretive drawings , large - format photographs and written histories , is archivally preserved in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress , where it is readily available to the public . Rivers , Trails and Conservation Assistance Program The RTCA program of the National Park Service is designed to assist local communities and the public in preservation of rivers , trails and greenways . Unlike the mainline National Park Programs , these programs take place on non-federal property at the request of the local community . One of their better known programs is Rails to Trails , where unused railroad right - of - ways are converted into public hiking and biking trails . National Trails System The National Trails System is a joint mission of the National Park Service , the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service . It was created in 1968 to establish a system of long - distance National Scenic and National Historic Trails , as well as to recognize existing trails in the states as National Recreation Trails . Several additional trails have been established since 1968 , and in 2009 Congress established the first National Geologic Trail . National Heritage Areas National Heritage Areas are a unique blend of natural , cultural , historic , and scenic resources . Having developed out of a shared historic , they create a unique whole . Currently ( 2015 ) there are 49 designated heritage areas . International affairs ( edit ) World Heritage Sites Main article : World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites have enough universally recognized natural and cultural features that they are considered to merit the protection of all the peoples in the world . The National Park Service is responsible for 16 of the 19 World Heritage Sites in the United States . Carlsbad Caverns National Park , New Mexico Chaco Culture National Historical Park , New Mexico Everglades National Park , Florida Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Tennessee and North Carolina Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park , Hawaii Independence Hall , Pennsylvania Kluane / Wrangell - St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini - Alsek Park , Alaska , U.S. / B.C. & Yukon , Canada Mammoth Cave , Kentucky Mesa Verde National Park , Colorado Olympic National Park , Washington Redwood National and State Parks , California Statue of Liberty , New York Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park ( union of Waterton Lakes ( Canada ) and Glacier ( U.S. ) parks ) , Montana & Alberta , Canada Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , extending into Montana and Idaho Yosemite National Park , California Initiatives ( edit ) 24 - hr all Taxa BioBlitz : A joint venture of the National Geographic Society and the National Park Service . Beginning in 2004 , at Rock Creek Parkway , the National Geographic Society and the National Park Service began a 10 - year program of hosting a major biological survey of ten selected national park units . The intent is to develop public interest in the nations natural resources , develop scientific interest in America 's youth and to create citizen scientist . 2007 : Rock Creek Park , Washington D.C. 661 species 2008 : Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area , Los Angeles , California . 1,700 species and more pending . 2009 : Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , near Chicago in northern Indiana . 1,716 species and still counting . 2010 : Biscayne National Park , Miami , Florida . 810 species were identified during this 24 - hr event . As classification continues , more species will be added to the list . 2011 : Saguaro National Park , Tucson , Arizona . During the 24 - hours , 859 different species were identified , of which more than 400 were previously unknown in the park . 2012 : Rocky Mountain National Park , in Estes Park , In August 2012 489 species were identified . 2013 : Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve , in New Orleans . The BioBlitz will occur on May 17 and 18 , 2013 in the park 's Barataria Preserve . Biological Diversity : Biological Diversity is the vast variety of life as identified through species and genetics . This variety is decreasing as people spread across the globe , altering areas to better meet their needs . Climate Change : Warming of the climate system is unequivocal , as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures , widespread melting of snow and ice , and rising global sea levels . ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007 ) . South Florida Restoration Initiative : Rescuing an Ecosystem in Peril : In partnership with the State of Florida , and the Army Corps of Engineers , the National Park Service is restoring the physical and biological processes of the South Florida ecosystem . Historically , this ecosystem contained some of the most diverse habitats on earth . Vanishing Treasures Initiative : Ruins Preservation in the American Southwest : The Vanishing Treasures Initiative began in FY 1998 to reduce threats to prehistoric and historic sites and structures in 44 parks of the Intermountain Region . In 2002 , the program expanded to include three parks in the Pacific West Region . The goal is to reduce backlogged work and to bring sites and structures up to a condition where routine maintenance activities can preserve them . Wetlands : Wetlands includes marshes , swamps , and bogs . These areas and the plants and animals adapted to these conditions spread from the arctic to the equator . The shrinking wetlands provide habitat for fish and wildlife , help clean water and reduce the impact of storms and floods on the surrounding communities . Wildland Fire : Fires have been a natural part of park eco-systems . Many plants and some animals require a cycle of fire or flooding to be successful and productive . With the advent of human intervention and public access to parks , there are safety concerns for the visiting public . Green Park Plan ( edit ) In September 2010 , the NPS released its Climate Change Response Strategy , followed in April 2012 by the Green Parks Plan . Climate Friendly parks program ( edit ) The Climate Friendly Parks Program is a subset of the Green Parks plan . It was created in collaboration between the National Park Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . The program is meant to measure and reduce greenhouse gases to help slow the effects of climate change . Parks in the CFP program create and implement plans to reduce greenhouse gases through reducing energy and water use . Facilities are designed and retrofitted using sustainable materials . Alternative transportation systems are developed to reduce dependency on fossil fuels . Parks in the program offer public education programs about how the parks are already affected . The program provides climate friendly solutions to the visiting public , like using clean energy , reducing waste , and making smart transportation choices . The CFP program can provide technical assistance , tools and resources for the parks and their neighboring communities to protect the natural and cultural resources . The large , isolated parks typically generate their own electricity and heat and must do so without spoiling the values that the visitors have come to experience . Pollution is emitted by the vehicles used to transport visitors around the often - vast expanses of the parks . Many parks have converted vehicles to electric hybrids , and substitute diesel / electric hybrid buses for private automobiles . In 2001 it was estimated that replacement with electric vehicles would eliminate 25 TPY emissions entirely . In 2010 , the National Park Service estimated that reducing bottled water could eliminate 6,000 tons of carbon emissions and 8 million kilowatt hours of electricity every year . The NPS Concessions office voiced concerns about concessions impacts . By 2014 , 23 parks had banned disposable water bottles . In 2015 , the International Bottled Water Association stated the NPS was `` leaving sugary drinks as a primary alternative '' , even though the Park Service provides water stations to refill bottles , `` encouraging visitors to hydrate for free . '' The Water Association made the national parks one of its top lobbying targets and in July 2015 Rep. Keith Rothfus added a `` last - minute '' amendment into Congress 's appropriations bill , blocking the National Park Service from funding or enforcing the program . The National Park Service discontinued its ban on disposable water bottles in August 2017 . Related acts ( edit ) Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 Antiquities Act or Lacy Act of 1906 Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934 Historic Sites Act of 1935 Lacey Act of 1900 ( Wildlife preservation ) Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 National Park Service General Authorities Act of 1970 National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 ( NEPA ) National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 ( NHPA ) National Wild and Scenic River of 1968 Redwood Act of 1978 , creating one protection standard for the System Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 Wilderness Act of 1964 See also ( edit ) Areas ( edit ) List of National Parks of the United States List of areas in the United States National Park System List of the United States National Park System official units National Heritage Area National Memorial National Monument ( United States ) People ( edit ) Individuals ( edit ) Ansel Franklin Hall , first Chief Naturalist and first Chief Forester of the National Park Service William Kent ( U.S. Congressman ) , donated early parklands to the government John F. Lacey , congressman from Iowa Harry Yount , progenitor of the modern national park ranger Roles ( edit ) National Park People National Park Ranger Related organizations ( edit ) National Park Foundation National Parks Conservation Association Other links ( edit ) Land and Water Conservation Fund National Park Passport Stamps National Park Service Rustic , style of architecture National Park to Park Highway National Park Travelers Club National Park Service uniforms United States Senate Committee on Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game Wilderness preservation systems in the United States Alt National Park Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the National Park Service '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Park Service Organic Act '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Budget Justifications and Performance Information , Fiscal Year 2014 , National Park Service Jump up ^ Sutter , p. 102 Jump up ^ Sutter , p. 104 Jump up ^ Albright , Horace M. as told to Robert Cahn ; The Birth of the National Park Service ; The Founding Years , 1913 -- 33 ; Howe Brothers , Salt Lake City , Utah ; 1985 . ^ Jump up to : The National Parks : Shaping the System ; National Park Service , Dept of the Interior ; 1991 ; pg 24 Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Organic Act '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Directors of the National Park Service '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Press Release : Director Bomar To Retire On Tuesday ; Dave Barna , Press Office , National Park Service ; January 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Jonathan Jarvis Confirmed As Director , By Hugh Vickery , September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ronald F. ; Family Tree of the National Park System ; Eastern National Parks , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 1972 ; pg 9 -- 12 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service , 2008 Director 's Report ; National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior ; Washington , D.C. ; 2009 Jump up ^ Criteria for Parklands brochure ; Department of the Interior , National Park Service ; 1990 ^ Jump up to : Federal Register , Vol. 75 , No. 100 ; Tuesday , May 25 , 2010 ; pg 29317 Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs ^ Jump up to : FY 2006 President 's Budget , Executive Summary ; National Park Service ; Government Printing Office ; February 7 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Budget Justification and Performance Information , Fiscal Year 2010 , National Park Service , The United States Department of the Interior , 2009 Jump up ^ Budget Justification and Performance Information , Fiscal Year 2010 , National Park Service , The United States Department of the Interior , 2009 @ http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/FY_2010_greenbook.pdf Jump up ^ Gr8LakesRestoration . YouTube . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.npca.org/assets/pdf/Great_Lakes_GLRI_report.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior , ( 2012 ) . NPS Overview '' . Jump up ^ Yue , Cui ; Mahoney , Ed ; Herbowicz , Teresa ( 2013 ) . `` Economic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . United States . National Park Service , Department of the Interior . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 , Official Index of the National Park Service , Government Printing Office , Washington D.C. ; March 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` NPS Stats for 2009 '' . Nature.nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service : New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Butch Street . `` Statistical Abstract 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resource Data Series NPS / NRPC / SSD / NRDS -- 2011 / 147 . National Park Service . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Visitation Summary Report for : 2015 '' . NPS.gov . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Reports '' . Nature.nps.gov . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The National Park or Parking System ? . National Parks . July -- August 2001 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Webrangers '' . Webrangers.us . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Youth Programs '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SCA Jump up ^ Corp Networks Jump up ^ YCC Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PLC Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ BSA in NPS Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GSA in NPS Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Yosemite National Park Accessibility Guide ; Merced , California Jump up ^ `` NPS Campground Accessibility '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Accessible trails '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Accessible Vistas '' . Nps.gov . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service '' . Tdtcompanion.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yosemite National Park The Official Guide to Lodging & Activities . Yosemitepark.com . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forever Resorts Team . `` Adventure Vacations - Trips , Travel and Outdoor Family Vacations - Forever Resorts '' . Jump up ^ `` xanterra.com '' . xanterra.com . June 12 , 1981 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware North sues park service over Yosemite dispute '' . www.buffaloNews.com . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service offers Yosemite contract to new company '' . www.fresnobee.com . Jump up ^ `` Amid court battle , Yosemite park plans to change some iconic names '' . www.fresnobee.com . Jump up ^ Doyle , Michael . Public outcry and pressing questions follow Yosemite name changes . The Sacramento Bee , 15 January 2016 Jump up ^ nationalparkbooks.com Jump up ^ `` NPS About US '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Headquarters Organization , March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Washington Contacts '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Park Ranger , The Work , Thrills and Equipment of the National Park Rangers , Colby , C.B. ; Coward - McCann , Inc. , New York , 1955 Jump up ^ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR , National Park Service , Fiscal Year nnnn Budget Justifications ; , where nnnn = 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , and 2009 Jump up ^ Careers in the National Parks ; Gartner , Bob ; The Rosen Publishing Company , New York ; 1993 Jump up ^ `` Director 's Order # 7 : Volunteers in Parks ; June 13 , 2005 ; Department of the Interior , National Park Service '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Volunteers in Parks ; National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior , Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. ; 1990 Jump up ^ Volunteer in Parks , FY05 Annual Report , Department of the Interior , National Park Service ; GPO , Washington D.C. ; 2006 Jump up ^ https://www.amtrak.com/trails-rails-heritage-appreciation-during-your-train-ride Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/subjects/amtraktrailsandrails/about.htm Jump up ^ `` NPS Artist - in - Residence '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Association of National Park Rangers '' . Anpr.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 7 -- Special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States defined Title 18 -- Crimes and Criminal Procedure U.S. Code LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16 USC § 1a -- 6 -- Law enforcement personnel within National Park System Title 16 -- Conservation U.S. Code LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 13 -- Laws of States adopted for areas within Federal jurisdiction Title 18 -- Crimes and Criminal Procedure U.S. Code LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ rwcar4 . `` Police Cars '' . Policecarwebsite.net . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Office of Personnel Management '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Director 's Orders and Related Documents / NPS Office of Policy '' . Home.nps.gov . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Director 's Order 9 : Law Enforcement Program '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Park Police '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Archeology Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers , Trails , and Conservation Assistance Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge Cost Share Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Lands to Parks '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hydropower Relicensing Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Land and Water Conservation Fund '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Trails System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Wild & Scenic Rivers '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/orgs/1050/index.htm ^ Jump up to : Nimz , J ; Clark , T ( 2012 ) . `` Aquatic Research Opportunities with the National Park Service '' . In : Steller D , Lobel L , eds . Diving for Science 2012 . Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9800423 - 6 - 8 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NPS brochure A Heritage So Rich Jump up ^ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ALMANAC , Edited and Compiled by Ben Moffett and Vickie Carson , Rocky Mountain Region -- Public Affairs , 1994 Jump up ^ Rivers , Trails and Conservation Assistance Program brochure ; National Park Service , Department of the Interior Jump up ^ National Trails System Map and Guide ; National Park Service ( DOI ) ; Bureau of Land Management ( DOI ) ; Forest Service ( USDA ) : Government Printing Office , 1993 Jump up ^ U.S. World Heritage Sites ; U.S. Department of the Interior , National Park Service , Washington , D.C. ; brochure ^ Jump up to : `` BioBlitz , Species Inventory Information , Facts '' . National Geographic . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Parks Traveler , May 17th , 2009 ; Kurt Repanshek '' . Nationalparkstraveler.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biscayne BioBlitz page '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arrowhead ; The Newsletter of the Employees & Alumni Association of the National Park Service ; Eastern National ; Spring / Summer 2012 , vol. 19 no . 3 Jump up ^ Braun , David ( August 26 , 2012 ) . `` BioBlitz Finds 489 Species in Rocky Mountain National Park '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BioBlitz 2013 : Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biological Diversity brochure ; National Park Service ; 1993 Jump up ^ Climate Change in National Parks brochure ; Dept of the Interior , National Park Service ; 2007 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Wetlands in the National Parks ; Dept of the Interior , National Park Service ; 1998 Jump up ^ Managing Wildland Fire brochure ; Dept of the Interior , National Park Service & National Interagency Fire Center ; 2003 ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( April 2012 ) . `` Green Parks Plan '' . US Dpt of the Interior . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Climate Friendly Parks Program '' . US Dpt of the Interior . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Climate Friendly Parks , Environmental Leadership Program ; National Park Service , Harpers Ferry , WV , 2009 Jump up ^ Seth Shteir ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Grange ; Climate Friendly National Parks '' . High Country News . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Explore Climate Friendly Parks '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Don Shepherd Estimating and Reducing Emissions from Within National Parks National Park Service , April 2001 Jump up ^ Shawn Norton , chief for sustainable operations and climate change Plastic Water Bottles in National Parks and the Green Parks Plan , National Park Service , January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly two dozen national park sites ban plastic water bottle sales '' . The Wilderness Society . April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa Rein , How Big Water is trying to stop the National Park Service from cleaning up plastic bottles fouling the parks , Washington Post , July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/08-16-2017-water-bottles.htm Sources ( edit ) Albright , Horace M. ( as told to Robert Cahn ) . The Birth of the National Park Service . Salt Lake City : Howe Brothers , 1985 . Albright , Horace M , and Marian Albright Schenck . Creating the National Park Service : The Missing Years . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1999 . Dilsaver , Lary M. , ed . America 's National Park System : The Critical Documents . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 1994 . Everhardt , William C. The National Park Service . New York : Praeger , 1972 . Foresta , Ronald A. America 's National Parks and Their Keepers . Washington : Resources for the Future , 1985 . Freemuth , John . Islands Under Siege : National Parks and the Politics of External Threats . Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , 1991 . Garrison , Lemuel A ; . The Making of a Ranger . Salt Lake City : Howe Brothers , 1983 . Gartner , Bob ; Exploring Careers in the National Parks . New York : The Rosen Publishing Group , Inc. 1993 Hartzog , George B. Jr ; Battling for the National Parks ; Moyer Bell Limited ; Mt . Kisco , New York ; 1988 Ise , John . Our National Park Policy : A Critical History . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1961 . Lee , Ronald F. ; Family Tree of the National Park System ; Eastern National Parks , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 1972 Lowery , William . Repairing Paradise : The Restoration of Nature in America 's National Parks . Washington : Brookings , 2009 Mackintosh , Barry . The National Parks : Shaping the System . Washington : National Park Service , 1991 . National Parks for the 21st Century ; The Vail Agenda ; The National Park Foundation , 1991 National Park Service Almanac , Edited and Compiled by Ben Moffett and Vickie Carson : Rocky Mountain Region , National Park Service , 1991 , revised 2006 The National Parks : Shaping The System ; National Park Service , Washington D.C. 1991 . Rettie , Dwight F. ; Our National Park System ; University of Illinois Press ; Urbana , Illinois ; 1995 Ridenour , James M. The National Parks Compromised : Pork Barrel Politics and America 's Treasures . Merrillville , IN : ICS Books , 1994 . Rothman , Hal K. Preserving Different Pasts : The American National Monuments . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Runte , Alfred . National Parks , the American Experience , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1987 . Sellars , Richard West . Preserving Nature in the National Parks : A History . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1997 . Shankland , Robert ; Steve Mather of the National Parks ; Alfred A. Knopf , New York ; 1970 Sontag , William H. National Park Service : The First 75 Years . Philadelphia : Eastern National Park & Monument Assn. , 1991 . Sutter , Paul . 2002 . Driven Wild : How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement . Seattle : University of Washington press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98219 - 9 . Swain , Donald . Wilderness Defender : Horace M. Albright and Conservation . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1970 . Udall , Stewart L. , The Quiet Crisis . New York : Holt , Rinehart & Winston , 1963 . Wirth , Conrad L. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the current director of the national park service | [
"\nNational Park Service\n\n\nNational Park Service Arrowhead\n\n\n\n\nGuidon of the National Park Service\n\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\nAugust 25, 1916; 101 years ago (1916-08-25)\n\n\nJurisdiction\nUnited States federal government\n\n\nHeadquarters\n1849 C Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240\n\n\nEmployees\n15,828 permanent, 1,256 term, 2,984 seasonal (2007)\n\n\nAnnual budget\n$2.924 billion (2009)\n\n\nAgency executive\n\n\n\nMike Reynolds, Acting Director\n\n\n\n\n\nParent agency\nDepartment of the Interior\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.NPS.gov\n\n"
] | [
"Mike Reynolds, Acting Director"
] |
-2228183241584872203 | The Legend of Zelda | The Legend of Zelda - wikipedia The Legend of Zelda This article is about the video game series . For the video game , see The Legend of Zelda ( video game ) . For other uses , see The Legend of Zelda ( disambiguation ) . `` LoZ '' redirects here . For other uses , see LoZ ( disambiguation ) . The Legend of Zelda The logo of the series , first appearing in A Link to the Past ( 1991 ) Genres Action - adventure Developer ( s ) Nintendo Capcom Vanpool Grezzo Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Creator ( s ) Shigeru Miyamoto Takashi Tezuka Composer ( s ) Koji Kondo Platforms List ( show ) Nintendo Entertainment System Super NES Game Boy Nintendo 64 Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance GameCube Wii Nintendo DS Nintendo 3DS Wii U Nintendo Switch Platform of origin Family Computer Disk System First release The Legend of Zelda February 21 , 1986 Latest release The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild March 3 , 2017 The Legend of Zelda is a action - adventure video - game series created by Japanese game designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka . It is primarily developed and published by Nintendo , although some portable installments and re-releases have been outsourced to Capcom , Vanpool and Grezzo . The series ' gameplay incorporates elements of action , adventure and puzzle - solving games . The series centers on Link , the playable character and chief protagonist . Link is often given the task of rescuing Princess Zelda and the kingdom of Hyrule from Ganon , who is the principal antagonist of the series ; however , other settings and antagonists have appeared in several games . The plots commonly involve a relic known as the Triforce , a set of three omnipotent golden triangles . The protagonist in each game is usually not the same incarnation of Link , but a few exceptions exist . Since the original The Legend of Zelda was released in 1986 , the series has expanded to include 19 entries on all of Nintendo 's major game consoles , as well as a number of spin - offs . An American animated TV series based on the games aired in 1989 and individual manga adaptations commissioned by Nintendo have been produced in Japan since 1997 . The Legend of Zelda is one of Nintendo 's most prominent and successful franchises , selling over 80 million copies as of 2017 ; many of its games are considered by critics to be among the greatest video games of all time . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Gameplay 1.2 Audio 1.3 Inspiration 2 Setting 2.1 Fictional chronology 3 Characters 3.1 Link 3.2 Princess Zelda 3.3 Ganon 4 History 4.1 1980s 4.2 1990s 4.3 2000s 4.4 2010s 5 Other games 5.1 CD - i games 5.2 LCD games 5.3 Cancelled games 5.4 Spin - off games 5.5 Cross-overs 6 Reception and legacy 6.1 Impact 7 Other media 7.1 TV series 7.2 Print media 7.3 Music 7.4 Cancelled films 7.5 Board games 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview Gameplay The Legend of Zelda games feature a mixture of puzzles , action , adventure / battle gameplay , and exploration . These elements have remained constant throughout the series , but with refinements and additions featured in each new game . Later games in the series also include stealth gameplay , where the player must avoid enemies while proceeding through a level , as well as racing elements . Although the games can be beaten with a minimal amount of exploration and side quests , the player is frequently rewarded with helpful items or increased abilities for solving puzzles or exploring hidden areas . Some items are consistent and appear many times throughout the series ( such as bombs and bomb flowers , which can be used both as weapons and to open blocked or hidden doorways ; boomerangs , which can kill or paralyze enemies ; keys for locked doors ; magic swords , shields , and bows and arrows ) , while others are unique to a single game . Though the games contain many role - playing elements ( Zelda II : The Adventure of Link is the only one to include an experience system ) , they emphasize straightforward hack and slash - style combat over the strategic , turn - based or active time combat of games like Final Fantasy . The game 's role - playing elements , however , have led to much debate over whether or not the Zelda games should be classified as action role - playing games , a genre on which the series has had a strong influence . Every game in the main Zelda series has consisted of three principal areas : an overworld in which movement is multidirectional , allowing the player some degree of freedom of action ; areas of interaction with other characters ( merely caves or hidden rooms in the first game , but expanding to entire towns and cities in subsequent games ) in which the player gains special items or advice ; and dungeons , areas of labyrinthine layout , usually underground , comprising a wide range of difficult enemies , bosses , and items . Each dungeon usually has one major item inside , which is usually essential for solving many of the puzzles within that dungeon and often plays a crucial role in defeating that dungeon 's boss , as well as progressing through the game . In nearly every Zelda game , navigating a dungeon is aided by locating a map , which reveals its layout , and a magic compass , which reveals the location of significant and smaller items such as keys and equipment . In later games , the series includes a special `` big key '' that will unlock the door to battle the dungeon 's boss enemy and open the item chest . In most Zelda games , the player 's life meter is represented as a line of hearts . The life meter is replenished a number of different ways , including picking up hearts left by defeated enemies or destroyed objects , fairies or springs located in specific locations , or consuming items such as potions or food . Fairies can be kept in bottles and act as extra lives , reviving the player if they run out of hearts . Players are able to extend their life meter by finding heart - shaped crystals called `` Heart Containers '' . Full heart containers are usually received at the end of dungeons and dropped by the dungeon boss . Smaller `` Pieces of Heart '' are awarded for completing certain side quests or found hidden around the game world in various places , and require a certain number ( usually four ) to form a full heart container . The games pioneered a number of features that were to become industry standards . The original Legend of Zelda was the first console game with a save function that enabled players to stop playing and then resume later . The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time introduced a targeting system that simplified 3D combat . Audio Koji Kondo , the series ' original composer and current sound director , in 2007 Games in The Legend of Zelda series frequently feature in - game musical instruments , particularly in musical puzzles , which are widespread . Often , instruments trigger game events : for example , the recorder in The Legend of Zelda can reveal secret areas , as well as warp Link to the Dungeon entrances . This warping with music feature has also been used in A Link to the Past and Link 's Awakening . In Ocarina of Time , playing instruments is a core part of the game , with the player needing to play the instrument through the use of the game controller to succeed . Ocarina of Time is `` ( one of the ) first contemporary non-dance title ( s ) to feature music - making as part of its gameplay '' , using music as a heuristic device and requiring the player to utilise songs to progress in the game -- a game mechanic that is also present in Majora 's Mask . `` The Legend of Zelda Theme '' is a recurring piece of music that was created for the first game of the franchise . The composer and sound director of the series , Koji Kondo , initially planned to use Maurice Ravel 's Boléro as the game 's title theme , but was forced to change it when he learned , late in the game 's development cycle , that the copyright for the orchestral piece had not yet expired . As a result , Kondo wrote a new arrangement of the overworld theme within one day . The `` Zelda Theme '' has topped ScrewAttack 's `` Top Ten Videogame Themes Ever '' list . Up until Breath of the Wild , the Legend of Zelda series avoided using voice acting in speaking roles , relying instead on written dialogue . Series producer Eiji Aonuma previously stated that as Link is entirely mute , having the other characters speak while Link remains silent `` would be off - putting '' . Instead of theme music for different locations , Breath of the Wild plays natural ambience around the player as main sounds , in addition to some minimalist piano music . Inspiration The Legend of Zelda was principally inspired by Shigeru Miyamoto 's `` explorations '' as a young boy in the hillsides , forests , and caves surrounding his childhood home in Sonobe , Japan where he ventured into forests with secluded lakes , caves , and rural villages . According to Miyamoto , one of his most memorable experiences was the discovery of a cave entrance in the middle of the woods . After some hesitation , he apprehensively entered the cave , and explored its depths with the aid of a lantern . Miyamoto has referred to the creation of the Zelda games as an attempt to bring to life a `` miniature garden '' for players to play with in each game of the series . Hearing of American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald 's wife Zelda , Miyamoto thought the name sounded `` pleasant and significant '' . Paying tribute , he chose to name the princess after her , and titled it The Legend of Zelda . Link and the fairy were inspired by Peter Pan and Tinker Bell . The Master Sword was inspired by the Arthurian legend , first mentioned in Welsh mythology ; Mabinogion as ; ' Caledfwlch ' Excalibur . The similarities lay with the swords being kept in stone until the chosen one ' hero ' takes it out to save the land . Setting Main article : Universe of The Legend of Zelda The Legend of Zelda on the NES . The Legend of Zelda takes place predominantly in a medieval Western Europe - inspired fantasy land called Hyrule , which has developed a deep history and wide geography over the series ' many releases . Much of the backstory of the creation of Hyrule was revealed in the games A Link to the Past , Ocarina of Time , The Wind Waker , Twilight Princess , Skyward Sword , and A Link Between Worlds . Hyrule 's principal inhabitants are pointy - eared humanoids called Hylians , which include the player character , Link , and the eponymous princess , Zelda . According to the in - game backstories , the world of Hyrule was created by the three golden goddesses : Din , Farore and Nayru . Before departing , the goddesses left a sacred artifact called the Triforce , which could grant powers to the user . It physically manifests itself as three golden triangles in which each embodies one of the goddesses ' virtues : Power , Courage and Wisdom . However , because the Triforce has no will of its own and it could not judge between good and evil , it would grant any wish indiscriminately . Because of this , it was placed within an alternate world called the `` Sacred Realm '' or the `` Golden Land '' until one worthy of its power and has balanced virtues of Power , Wisdom , and Courage in their heart could obtain it , in its entirety . If a person is not of a balanced heart , the triforce part that the user mostly believes in will stay with that person and the remainder will seek out others . In order to master and control the triforce as a whole , the user must get the other parts found in other individuals and bring them together to reunite them . The Sacred Realm can itself be affected by the heart of those who enters it : those who are pure will make it a paradise , while those who are evil will transform it into a dark realm . In Skyward Sword , the Triforce was sought by a demon king named Demise , and after a long battle , Demise was sealed away within the Temple of the goddess Hylia , guardian of the Triforce . Hylia , placing the Hylians on a floating island ( called Skyloft ) in the sky to protect them , orchestrated a means to stop the demon from escaping : creating the Goddess Sword ( later becoming the Master Sword ) for her chosen hero and discarding her divinity to be reborn among the people of Skyloft . In time , Zelda and Link ( the reborn Hylia and her predestined warrior ) , enacted the goddess ' plan and Demise was destroyed . However , Demise vowed that his rage would be reborn and forever plague those descended from Link and Zelda . That prophecy came to fruition in Ocarina of Time , when Ganondorf 's attempt to get the Triforce scattered it with him gaining the Triforce of Power . The Triforce of Wisdom ended up with the Hylian princesses descended from Zelda , each named after her , while the Triforce of Courage is passed to a youth named Link across generations . While the Triforces of Power and Wisdom have been part of the series since the original The Legend of Zelda , it was only in Zelda II : The Adventure of Link that the Triforce of Courage was first introduced , being obtained by Link at the end of his quest . The Triforce , or even a piece of it , is not always distributed as a whole . Such as in The Wind Waker , Link must find all the pieces ( called Triforce Shards ) of the Triforce of Courage before he can return to Hyrule . Even in the original The Legend of Zelda , Zelda breaks her Triforce of Wisdom into 8 pieces for Link to find , before she was captured by Ganon . The fictional universe established by the Zelda games sets the stage for each adventure . Some games take place in different lands with their own back - stories . Termina and Lorule serve as parallel worlds to Hyrule , Hytopia is a connected kingdom , and Koholint is an island far away from Hyrule that appears to be part of a dream . Fictional chronology The Legend of Zelda series chronology Skyward Sword The Minish Cap Four Swords Ocarina of Time The Decline of Hyrule The Twilight Realm A New World A Link to the Past Link 's Awakening Oracle of Seasons & Ages A Link Between Worlds Tri Force Heroes The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link Majora 's Mask Twilight Princess Four Swords Adventures The Wind Waker Phantom Hourglass Spirit Tracks Final timeline Breath of the Wild The chronology of the Legend of Zelda series was a subject of much debate among fans until an official timeline was released within the Hyrule Historia collector 's book , which was first released in Japan in December 2011 . Prior to its release , producers confirmed the existence of a confidential document , which connected all the games . Certain materials and developer statements once partially established an official timeline of the released installments . Zelda II : The Adventure of Link is a direct sequel to the original The Legend of Zelda , and takes place several years later . The third game , A Link to the Past , is a prequel to the first two games , and is directly followed by Link 's Awakening . Ocarina of Time is a prequel that takes the story many centuries back ; according to character designer Satoru Takizawa , it was meant to implicitly tell the story of the Imprisoning War from the manual of A Link to the Past , with Majora 's Mask directly following its ending . Skyward Sword is then a prequel to Ocarina of Time . Twilight Princess is set more than 100 years after Ocarina of Time . The Wind Waker is parallel , and takes place in the other timeline branch , more than a century after the adult era of Ocarina of Time . Phantom Hourglass is a continuation of the story from The Wind Waker , and is followed by Spirit Tracks , which is set about 100 years later on a supercontinent far away from the setting of The Wind Waker . At the time of its release , Four Swords for the Game Boy Advance was considered the oldest tale in the series ' chronology , with Four Swords Adventures set sometime after its events . The Minish Cap precedes the two games , telling of the origins of villain Vaati and the creation of the Four Sword . A Link Between Worlds takes place six generations after Link to the Past . Important events that occur in the game include the Triforce being reunited , and Ganon being resurrected . Nintendo 's 2011 timeline announcement subsequently posits that following Ocarina of Time , the timeline splits into three alternate routes : in one , Link fails to defeat Ganon , leading into the Imprisoning War and A Link to the Past , Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages , Link 's Awakening , The Legend of Zelda and The Adventure of Link . In the second and third , Link is successful , leading to a timeline split between his childhood ( when Zelda sends him back in time so he can use the wisdom he has gained to warn the Zelda in the past of the horrifying fate of Hyrule ) and adulthood ( where the Zelda from the future lives on to try and rebuild the kingdom ) . His childhood continues with Majora 's Mask , followed by Twilight Princess and Four Swords Adventures . The timeline from his adult life continues into Wind Waker , Phantom Hourglass and Spirit Tracks . In the early 2000s , Nintendo of America released a timeline on the official website of the series , which interpreted all stories up to the Oracle games as the adventures of a single protagonist named Link . At one point , translator Dan Owsen and his coworkers at Nintendo of America had conceived another complete timeline and intended to make it available online . However , the Japanese series developers rejected the idea so the timeline would be kept open to the imagination of the players . In 2018 , Nintendo revealed that Breath of the Wild officially takes place after all previous games in the series ( without specifying a connection to any of the three timelines ) , and moved Link 's Awakening to take place before Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages . Characters See also : Characters in The Legend of Zelda series Link Main article : Link ( The Legend of Zelda ) The central protagonist of The Legend of Zelda series , Link is the name of various young men who characteristically wear a green tunic and a pointed cap , and are the bearers of the Triforce of Courage . In most games , the player can give Link a different name before the start of the adventure , and he will be referred by that given name throughout by the non-player characters ( NPCs ) . The various Links each have a special title , such as `` Hero of Time '' , `` Hero of the Winds '' or `` Hero chosen by the gods '' . Like many silent protagonists in video games , Link does not speak , only producing grunts , yells , or similar sounds . Despite the player not seeing the dialogue , it is referenced second - hand by in - game characters , showing that he is not , in fact , mute . Link is shown as a silent protagonist so that the audience is able to have their own thoughts as to how their Link would answer the characters instead of him having scripted responses . Princess Zelda Main article : Princess Zelda Princess Zelda is the princess of Hyrule and the guardian of the Triforce of Wisdom . Her name is present in many of her female ancestors and descendants . While most games require Link to save Zelda from Ganon , she sometimes plays a supporting role in battle , using magical powers and weapons such as Light Arrows to aid Link . With the exception of the CD - i games ( which were not official Nintendo games ) , she was not playable in the main series until Spirit Tracks , where she becomes a spirit and can possess a Phantom Knight that can be controlled by the player . Zelda appears under various other aliases and alter egos , including Sheik ( in Ocarina of Time ) and Tetra ( in The Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass ) . In Skyward Sword , it is revealed that the Zelda of that game is a reincarnation of the goddess Hylia , whose power flows through the royal bloodline . The name `` Zelda '' derives from the American novelist Zelda Fitzgerald . Ganon Main article : Ganon Ganon , also known as Ganondorf in his humanoid form , is the main antagonist and the final boss in the majority of The Legend of Zelda games . In the series , Ganondorf is the leader of a race of desert brigands called the Gerudo , which consists entirely of female warriors save for one man born every one hundred years . He is significantly taller than other human NPCs , but his looks vary between games , often taking the form of a monstrous anthropomorphic boar . His specific motives vary from game to game , but most often his plans include him kidnapping Princess Zelda and planning to achieve domination of Hyrule and presumably the world beyond it . To this end , he seeks the Triforce , a powerful magical relic . He often possesses a portion of the Triforce called the Triforce of Power , which gives him great strength . However , it is often not enough to accomplish his ends , leading him to hunt the remaining Triforce pieces . Unlike Link , Zelda , and most other recurring characters , he is actually the same person in every game , with the exception of Four Swords Adventures , where he is a reincarnation of the original . In each game the battles with him are different and he fights using different styles . The game Skyward Sword indicates that Ganon is a reincarnation of an evil deity known as Demise . History Timeline of release years 1986 The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link A Link to the Past Link 's Awakening Ocarina of Time Link 's Awakening DX 1999 2000 Majora 's Mask Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages 2002 Four Swords The Wind Waker 2003 The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition Four Swords Adventures The Minish Cap 2005 2006 Twilight Princess 2007 Phantom Hourglass 2008 2009 Spirit Tracks 2011 Ocarina of Time 3D Skyward Sword 2012 2013 The Wind Waker HD A Link Between Worlds 2014 2015 Majora 's Mask 3D Tri Force Heroes 2016 Twilight Princess HD 2017 Breath of the Wild 1980s The first Legend of Zelda game appeared on the Famicom Disk System in 1986 . It was later converted into a cartridge game for the American NES . The Legend of Zelda , the first game of the series , was first released in Japan on February 21 , 1986 , on the Famicom Disk System . A cartridge version , using battery - backed memory , was released in the United States on August 22 , 1987 , and Europe on November 27 , 1987 . The game features a `` Second Quest , '' accessible either upon completing the game , or by registering one 's name as `` ZELDA '' when starting a new quest . The Second Quest features different dungeons and item placement , and more difficult enemies . The second game , Zelda II : The Adventure of Link , was released for the Famicom Disk System in Japan on January 14 , 1987 , and for the Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe in November 1988 and North America in December 1988 . The game exchanged the top - down perspective for side - scrolling ( though the top - down point of view was retained for overworld areas ) , and introduced RPG elements ( such as experience points ) not used previously or thereafter in the series . The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II were released in gold - coloured cartridges instead of the console 's regular grey cartridges . Both were re-released in the final years of the Nintendo Entertainment System with grey cartridges . 1990s Four years later , The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past returned to the top - down view ( under a 3 / 4 perspective ) , and added the concept of an alternate dimension , the Dark World . The game was released for the Super NES on November 21 , 1991 . It was later re-released for the Game Boy Advance on March 14 , 2003 , in North America , on a cartridge with Four Swords , the first multiplayer Zelda , and then through Nintendo 's Virtual Console service on January 22 , 2007 . In addition , both this game ( unchanged , except for being converted into a downloadable format ) and an exclusive `` loosely based '' sequel ( which used the same game engine ) called BS Zelda no Densetsu Inishie no Sekiban were released on the Satellaview in Japan on March 2 , 1997 , and March 30 , 1997 , respectively . In 1994 , near the end of the Famicom 's lifespan , the original Famicom game was re-released in cartridge format . A modified version , BS Zelda no Densetsu , was released for the Super Famicom 's satellite - based expansion , Satellaview , on August 6 , 1995 , in Japan . A second Satellaview game , BS Zelda no Densetsu MAP2 was released for the Satellaview on December 30 , 1995 . Both games featured rearranged dungeons , an altered overworld , and new voice - acted plot - lines . The next game , Link 's Awakening , is the first Zelda for Nintendo 's Game Boy handheld , and the first set outside Hyrule and to exclude Princess Zelda . It was released in 1993 , and re-released , in full color , as a launch game for the Game Boy Color in 1998 as Link 's Awakening DX . This re-release features additions such as an extra color - based dungeon and a photo shop that allows interaction with the Game Boy Printer . Ocarina of Time , the first 3D - styled game of the franchise After a five - year hiatus , the series made the transition to 3D with Ocarina of Time for the Nintendo 64 , which was released in November 1998 . This game , initially known as Zelda 64 , retains the core gameplay of the previous 2D games , and was very successful commercially and critically . It is considered by many critics and gamers to be the best video game of all time , and ranks highly on IGN and EGM 's `` greatest games of all time '' lists , as well as scoring perfect scores in several video game publications . In February 2006 , it was ranked by Nintendo Power as the best game released for a Nintendo console . The game was originally developed for the poorly selling , Japanese - only Nintendo 64DD , but was ported to cartridge format when the 64DD hardware was delayed . A new gameplay mechanic , lock - on targeting ( called `` Z - targeting '' as that is the controller button used ) , is used in the game , which focuses the camera on a nearby target and alters the player 's actions relative to that target . Such mechanics allow precise sword fighting in a 3D space . The game heavily uses context - sensitive button play , which enabled the player to control various actions with Link using only one button on the Nintendo 64 's game pad . Each action was handled slightly differently but all used the ' A ' button to perform . For instance , standing next to a block and pressing ' A ' made Link grab it ( enabling him to push / pull it ) , but moving forwards into a block and pressing ' A ' allowed Link to climb the block . The ' B ' button was used only as an attack button . The game featured the first appearance of Link 's horse , Epona , allowing Link to travel quickly across land and fire arrows from horseback . Those who preordered the game received a gold - coloured cartridge in a limited edition box with a golden plastic card affixed , reading `` Collector 's Edition '' . In some stores that had this `` Collector 's Edition '' quickly sell out , a small and rare Zelda pin was given instead . It is the sword and shield emblem with `` Zelda '' written on it . Very few of them are known to remain . Ocarina of Time was re-released on the GameCube in 2002 , when it was offered as a pre-order incentive for The Wind Waker in the U.S. , Canada and Japan . Europe continued to receive it free in every copy of The Wind Waker , except for the discounted Player 's Choice version . It includes what is widely believed to be the remnants of a cancelled 64DD expansion for Ocarina of Time known as Ura Zelda in early development . Named Ocarina of Time Master Quest , the game was given the addition of revamped , more difficult dungeon layouts . Ocarina of Time was included as part of the Collector 's Edition for the GameCube in 2003 . It is now available through the Wii 's Virtual Console service . In 2011 , Nintendo released a new version of the game in stereoscopic 3D for the Nintendo 3DS , The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time 3D . In July 2015 , Nintendo rereleased it for the Wii U Virtual Console . 2000s Ocarina of Time 's follow - up , Majora 's Mask , was released in April 2000 . It uses the same 3D game engine as the previous game , and added a time - based concept , in which Link , the protagonist , relives the events of three days as many times as needed to complete the game 's objectives . It was originally called Zelda Gaiden , a Japanese title that translates as Zelda Side story . Gameplay changed significantly ; in addition to the time - limit , Link can use masks to transform into creatures with unique abilities . While Majora 's Mask retains the graphical style of Ocarina of Time , it is also a departure , particularly in its atmosphere . It features motion - blur , unlike its predecessor . The game is darker , dealing with death and tragedy in a manner not previously seen in the series , and has a sense of impending doom , as a large moon slowly descends upon the land of Termina to destroy all life . All copies of Majora 's Mask are gold cartridges . A limited `` Collector 's Edition '' lenticular cartridge label was offered as the pre-order incentive . Copies of the game that are not collector 's editions feature a normal sticker cartridge label . Majora 's Mask is included in the Collector 's Edition , and is available on the Virtual Console , as well as a 3D port for the portable 3DS console . The next two games , Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages , were released simultaneously for the Game Boy Color , and interact using passwords or a Game Link Cable . After one game has been completed , the player is given a password that allows the other game to be played as a sequel . They were developed by Flagship in conjunction with Nintendo , with supervision from Miyamoto . After the team experimented with porting the original The Legend of Zelda to the Game Boy Color , they decided to make an original trilogy to be called the `` Triforce Series '' . When the password system linking the three games proved too troublesome , the concept was reduced to two games at Miyamoto 's suggestion . These two games became Oracle of Ages , which is more puzzle - based , and Oracle of Seasons , which is more action - oriented . When Nintendo revealed the GameCube on August 24 , 2000 , the day before Nintendo 's SpaceWorld 2000 exposition , a software demonstration showed a realistically styled real - time duel between Ganondorf and Link . Fans and the media speculated that the battle might be from a Zelda game in development . At Spaceworld 2001 , Nintendo showed a cel - shaded Zelda game , later released as The Wind Waker in December 2002 . Due to poor reception , nothing further was shown until a playable demonstration was ready . Miyamoto felt The Wind Waker would `` extend Zelda 's reach to all ages '' . The gameplay centres on controlling wind with a baton called the `` Wind Waker '' and sailing a small boat around an island - filled ocean , retaining similar gameplay mechanics as the previous 3D games in the series . Following the release of The Wind Waker came The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition , which included the original The Legend of Zelda , Zelda II , Ocarina of Time , Majora 's Mask , and a demo of The Wind Waker . GameSpot noted that Majora 's Mask suffered from a frame rate which appeared choppier and inconsistencies in the audio . This compilation was never sold commercially , and originally could only be obtained by purchasing a GameCube bundled with the disc ( in North America , Europe and Australia ) , by registering a GameCube and two games at Nintendo.com , or by subscribing or renewing a subscription to Nintendo Power ( in North America ) or Club Nintendo in Sweden . In the UK , 1000 copies were made available through the Club Nintendo Stars Catalogue program . After these were quickly claimed , Nintendo gave a copy to customers who mailed in proof of purchases from select GameCube games . The next game released in the series was Four Swords Adventures for the GameCube , which was released in early 2004 in Japan and America , and January 2005 in Europe . Based on the handheld Four Swords , Four Swords Adventures was another deviation from previous Zelda gameplay , focusing on level - based and multiplayer gameplay . The game contains 24 levels and a map screen ; there is no connecting overworld . For multiplayer features , each player must use a Game Boy Advance system linked to the GameCube via a Nintendo GameCube -- Game Boy Advance link cable . The game features a single - player campaign , in which using a Game Boy Advance is optional . Four Swords Adventures includes two gameplay modes : `` Hyrulean Adventure '' , with a plot and gameplay similar to other Zelda games , and `` Shadow Battle '' , in which multiple Links , played by multiple players , battle each other . The Japanese and Korean versions include an exclusive third segment , `` Navi Trackers '' ( originally designed as the stand - alone game `` Tetra 's Trackers '' ) , which contains spoken dialogue for most of the characters , unlike other games in The Legend of Zelda series . In November 2004 in Japan and Europe , and January 2005 in America , Nintendo released The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance . In The Minish Cap Link can shrink in size using a mystical , sentient hat named Ezlo . While shrunk , he can see previously explored parts of a dungeon from a different perspective , and enter areas through otherwise - impassable openings . Promotional artwork for Twilight Princess In November 2006 , Twilight Princess was released as the first Zelda game on the Wii , and later , in December 2006 , as the last official Nintendo game for the GameCube , the console for which it was originally developed . The Wii version features a reversed world where everything that is in the west on the GameCube is in the east on the Wii , and vice versa . The display is mirrored in order to make Link right - handed , to make use of the Wii remote feel more natural . The game chronicles the struggle of an older Link to clear the troubles of the interacting `` Twilight Realm '' , a mysterious force that appears around Hyrule . When he enters this realm , he is transformed into a wolf , and loses the ability to use his sword , shield or other items , but gains other abilities such as sharpened senses from his new form . Twilight Princess includes an incarnation of Link 's horse , Epona , for fast transportation , and features mounted battle scenarios including boss battles that were not seen in previous games . Twilight Princess diverted from the cel shading of Wind Waker and went for graphics featuring more detailed textures , giving the game a darker atmosphere , thus making it feel more adult than previous games . At the 2006 Game Developers Conference , a trailer for Phantom Hourglass for the Nintendo DS was shown . It revealed traditional top - down Zelda gameplay optimised for the DS ' features , with a cel - shaded 3d graphical style similar to The Wind Waker . At E3 2006 , Nintendo confirmed the game 's status as a direct sequel to The Wind Waker , and released an extensive playable demo , including a multiplayer mode with `` capture the flag '' elements . Phantom Hourglass was released on June 23 , 2007 , in Japan , October 1 , 2007 , in North America and October 19 , 2007 , in Europe . The next Legend of Zelda for the DS , The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks , was released December 7 , 2009 , in North America and December 11 , 2009 , in the UK . In this game , the ' spirit tracks ' , railroads which chain an ancient evil , are disappearing from Hyrule . Zelda and Link go to the ' Spirit Tower ' ( the ethereal point of convergence for the tracks ) to find out why . But villains steal Zelda 's body for the resurrection of the Demon King . Rendered disembodied , Zelda is left a spirit , and only Link ( and a certain few sages ) can see her . Together they go on a quest to restore the spirit tracks , defeat the Demon King , and return Zelda to her body . Using a modified engine of that used in Phantom Hourglass , the notably new feature in this game is that the Phantom Guardians seen in Phantom Hourglass are , through a series of events , periodically controllable . It was the first time in the series that both Link & Zelda work together on the quest . 2010s In April 2008 , Miyamoto stated that `` the Zelda team is forming again to work on new games '' . Miyamoto clarified in July that the Zelda team had been working on a new Zelda game for the Wii . In January 2010 , Nintendo Executive Satoru Iwata stated that the game would be coming out at some time in 2010 , and confirmed that the game would make use of the Wii 's MotionPlus feature , which had been announced too late to be integrated into the Twilight Princess Wii release . The game 's subtitle was announced at E3 in 2010 as Skyward Sword , but its release was delayed to 2011 . The game , the earliest in the Legend of Zelda timeline , reveals the origins of Hyrule , Ganon and many elements featured in previous games . It was released on November 20 , 2011 ; the first run included a 25th Anniversary CD of fully orchestrated music from various Zelda games , including Skyward Sword . In addition , Nintendo celebrated the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda game by releasing a Zelda game for all its current consoles in 2011 : Link 's Awakening in the 3DS 's Virtual Console on June 7 , Ocarina of Time 3D for the 3DS in mid-June , Four Swords Anniversary Edition from September 28 , 2011 , to February 20 , 2012 , as a free DSiWare download and Skyward Sword for the Wii , which was released on November 18 , 2011 , in Europe ; on November 20 , 2011 , in the United States ; and on November 24 , 2011 , in Australia . A limited edition Zelda 25th anniversary 3DS was released on December 1 , 2011 , in Australia . The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker HD , a remaster of the original GameCube game , was released by Nintendo on September 20 , 2013 , digitally on the Nintendo eShop in North America with a retail release on September 26 in Japan , October 4 in North America and Europe , and October 5 in Australia . A month later , Nintendo released The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds for the Nintendo 3DS , which takes place in the same setting as A Link to the Past . Nintendo released a second 3DS version , The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask 3D , in North America and Europe on February 13 , 2015 , and in Japan and Australia on February 14 , 2015 . At E3 2015 , Nintendo announced The Legend of Zelda : Tri Force Heroes , a cooperative multiplayer game released for the 3DS in October 2015 . The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , a high - definition remastering of Twilight Princess , was released for the Wii U in March 2016 . Nintendo showcased a demo reel at E3 2011 , which depicted Link fighting a monster in HD . In January 2013 , Nintendo revealed that a new Legend of Zelda game was being planned for the Wii U . The game was officially teased at E3 2014 , and was scheduled to be released in 2015 . However , in March 2015 , the game was delayed to 2016 . In April 2016 , the game was delayed again to 2017 ; it was also announced that it would be simultaneously released on the Wii U and Nintendo Switch . At E3 2016 , the game was showcased under the title The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . The game was released on March 3 , 2017 . Other games CD - I games The Zelda games for the Philips CD - i are infamous for their poor quality and are not canon . Main article : CD - i games from The Legend of Zelda series A series of video games was developed and released for the Philips CD - i in the early 1990s as a product of a compromise between Philips and Nintendo , after the companies failed to develop a CD - ROM peripheral for the Super NES . Created independently with no observation by or influence from Nintendo , the games are Link : The Faces of Evil and Zelda : The Wand of Gamelon , together with Zelda 's Adventure . Nintendo never acknowledged them in the Zelda timeline , and they are considered to be in a separate , self - contained canon . These games are widely acknowledged to be the worst installments in the series . LCD games Main article : LCD games from The Legend of Zelda series Three Zelda - themed LCD games were created between 1989 and 1992 . The Zelda version of Nintendo 's Game & Watch series was released first in August 1989 as a dual - screen handheld electronic game similar in appearance to today 's Nintendo DS . It was re-released in 1998 as a Toymax , Inc . Mini Classic and was later included as an unlockable extra in Game & Watch Gallery 4 , a 2002 compilation for the Game Boy Advance . While the Game & Watch Zelda was developed in - house by Nintendo , the subsequent two LCD games were developed by third parties under license by Nintendo . In October 1989 , The Legend of Zelda was developed by Nelsonic as part of its Game Watch line . This game was an actual digital watch with primitive gameplay based on the original Legend of Zelda . In 1992 , Epoch Co. developed Zelda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Triforce for its Barcode Battler II console . The game employed card - scanning technology similar to the later - released Nintendo e-Reader . Cancelled games Throughout the lifespan of The Legend of Zelda series , a number of games ( including main series games as well as re-releases and spin - offs ) in varying states of completeness have had their releases cancelled . Perhaps the earliest of these was Gottlieb 's The Legend of Zelda Pinball Machine ( cancelled 1993 ) . After securing a license from Nintendo to produce two Nintendo - franchise - based pinball machines , pinball designer Jon Norris was tasked with designing the table . Before it was completed , Gottlieb decided to repurpose the game with an American Gladiators theme . Licensing for this version ultimately fell through and the game was released as simply Gladiators ( November 1993 ) . In 1998 , Nintendo cancelled The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time Ura . Originally intended as an expansion disk for Ocarina of Time on the Nintendo 64DD , poor sales figures for the N64DD system led Nintendo to cancel its plans for the release . In 2002 , Nintendo released a bonus disc called The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time Master Quest . It contained emulated versions of Ocarina of Time and Ocarina of Time Master Quest with a number of modifications originally planned for release in Ocarina of Time Ura including GUI textures and text modified to reflect the GameCube . In 2001 , under license from Nintendo , Capcom cancelled the release of The Legend of Zelda : Mystical Seed of Courage for Game Boy Color . Working with a Capcom team , Yoshiki Okamoto was originally tasked with designing a series of three Zelda games for the Game Boy Color . Referred to as the `` Triforce Series '' , the games were known as The Legend of Zelda : The Mysterious Acorn : Chapter of Power , Chapter of Wisdom , and Chapter of Courage in Japan and The Legend of Zelda : Mystical Seed of Power , Mystical Seed of Wisdom , and Mystical Seed of Courage in the US . The games were to interact using a password system , but the limitations of this system and the difficulty of coordinating three games proved too complicated , so the team scaled back to two games at Miyamoto 's suggestion . The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons was adapted from Mystical Seed of Power , The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages was adapted from Mystical Seed of Wisdom , and Mystical Seed of Courage was cancelled . Before its 2006 release , both Link and Samus from the Metroid series were planned to be playable characters for the Wii version of Marvel : Ultimate Alliance . However , they did n't make the final release because they were n't Marvel characters . In 2011 , an unnamed Zelda 25th Anniversary Compilation was cancelled . To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the series , Nintendo of America originally had planned to release a compilation of games together for the Wii , similar to the collector 's edition disc released for the GameCube in 2003 . However Nintendo of Japan 's president Satoru Iwata and Shigeru Miyamoto disagreed in releasing it , believing it would be too similar to the Super Mario 25th Anniversary game released in 2010 . Spin - off games As the franchise has grown in popularity , several games have been released that are set within or star a minor character from the universe of The Legend of Zelda but are not directly connected to the main The Legend of Zelda series . Both map versions of the game BS Zelda no Densetsu for the Satellaview ( released in August and December 1995 ) could be considered spin - offs due to the fact that they star the `` Hero of Light '' ( portrayed by either the Satellaview 's male or female avatar ) as opposed to Link as the protagonist of Hyrule . A third Satellaview game released in March 1997 , BS Zelda no Densetsu Inishie no Sekiban ( BS The Legend of Zelda : Ancient Stone Tablets ) could also be considered a spin - off for the same reason . Other spin - off games include Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland for the Nintendo DS -- an RPG released in September 2006 in Japan ( Summer of 2007 in the UK ) to star supporting character Tingle . A second Tingle game is Tingle 's Balloon Fight DS for the Nintendo DS . Here Tingle again stars in this spin - off arcade style platformer , released in April 2007 only in Japan and available solely to Platinum Club Nintendo members . In addition to games in which Link does not star as the protagonist , games such as the shooter game , Link 's Crossbow Training ( for the Wii ) , have been considered spin - offs due to the lack of a traditional `` Save Hyrule '' plot - line . Released in November 2007 as a bundle with the Wii Zapper , this game allows players to assume the identity of Link as he progresses through a series of tests to perfect his crossbow marksmanship . Color Changing Tingle 's Love Balloon Trip was released in Japan in 2009 as a sequel to Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland . Hyrule Warriors , a crossover game combining the setting of Nintendo 's The Legend of Zelda series and the gameplay of Tecmo Koei 's Dynasty Warriors series , was announced for the Wii U video game system in December 2013 and was released in North America in September 2014 . Hyrule Warriors Legends , a version for the Nintendo 3DS containing more content and gameplay modifications , was released in March 2016 . To commemorate the launch of the My Nintendo loyalty program in March 2016 , Nintendo released My Nintendo Picross : The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess , a Picross puzzle game developed by Jupiter for download to the Nintendo 3DS . Cross-overs The Legend of Zelda series has crossed - over into a number of other Nintendo and third party video games . Most prominent of the collaborations would be in the Super Smash Bros. series of fighting games published by Nintendo . Link appears as a fighter in Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64 , the first entry in the series , and is part of the roster in all subsequent releases in the series as well . Zelda , ( who is able to transform into Sheik as well ) , Ganondorf , and Young Link ( the child version of Link from Ocarina of Time ) were added to the player roster for Super Smash Bros. Melee , and appeared in all subsequent releases except for `` Young Link '' , who is later replaced by `` Toon Link '' from The Wind Waker , in subsequent releases Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U however , both Young Link and Toon Link appear in the fifth installment , Super Smash Bros. Ultimate . Other elements from the series , such as locations and items , are also included throughout the Smash Bros. series . Outside of the series , Nintendo allowed for the use of Link as a playable character exclusively in the GameCube release of Namco 's fighting game Soulcalibur II . Link , using a design based on Skyward Sword , appears as a playable character in Mario Kart 8 via downloadable content , along with a `` Hyrule Circuit '' racetrack themed on The Legend of Zelda series . The first pack is named after the series . In Sonic Lost World , a DLC stage based on The Legend of Zelda series was released in March 2014 , named `` The Legend of Zelda Zone '' . While built around the core gameplay mechanics of Sonic Lost World , `` The Legend of Zelda Zone '' incorporates some elements from the Zelda series , including a heart - based vitality meter , rupee collection , and a miniature dungeon to explore . Reception and Legacy Aggregate review scores As of March 22 , 2017 . Game GameRankings Metacritic The Legend of Zelda ( NES ) 84 % ( GBA ) 79 % ( GBA ) 84 The Adventure of Link ( NES ) 78 % ( GBA ) 69 % ( GBA ) 73 A Link to the Past ( SNES ) 93 % ( GBA ) 92 % ( GBA ) 95 Link 's Awakening ( GB ) 90 % ( GBC ) 91 % -- Ocarina of Time ( N64 ) 98 % ( GC ) 90 % ( 3DS ) 94 % ( N64 ) 99 ( GC ) 91 ( 3DS ) 94 Majora 's Mask ( N64 ) 92 % ( 3DS ) 90 % ( N64 ) 95 ( 3DS ) 89 Oracle of Seasons and Ages ( Seasons ) 91 % ( Ages ) 92 % -- Four Swords ( NDS ) 85 % ( NDS ) 85 The Wind Waker ( GC ) 94 % ( Wii U ) 91 % ( GC ) 96 ( Wii U ) 90 Four Swords Adventures ( GC ) 85 % ( GC ) 86 The Minish Cap ( GBA ) 90 % ( GBA ) 89 Twilight Princess ( GC ) 95 % ( Wii ) 95 % ( Wii U ) 86 % ( GC ) 96 ( Wii ) 95 ( Wii U ) 86 Phantom Hourglass ( NDS ) 89 % ( NDS ) 90 Spirit Tracks ( NDS ) 87 % ( NDS ) 87 Skyward Sword ( Wii ) 93 % ( Wii ) 93 A Link Between Worlds ( 3DS ) 91 % ( 3DS ) 91 Tri Force Heroes ( 3DS ) 72 % ( 3DS ) 73 Breath of the Wild ( NS ) 97 % ( Wii U ) 97 % ( NS ) 97 ( Wii U ) 96 Life - to - date number units shipped , in millions Game Year Sales The Legend of Zelda 1986 ( NES ) 6.51 The Adventure of Link 1987 ( NES ) 4.38 A Link to the Past 1991 ( SNES ) 4.61 Link 's Awakening 1993 ( GB ) 3.83 Ocarina of Time 1998 ( N64 ) 7.6 Majora 's Mask 2000 ( N64 ) 3.36 Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages 2001 ( GBC ) 3.96 The Wind Waker 2002 ( GC ) 4.43 The Minish Cap 2004 ( GBA ) 1.76 Twilight Princess 2006 ( GC / Wii ) 8.85 Phantom Hourglass 2007 ( DS ) 4.76 Spirit Tracks 2009 ( DS ) 2.96 Skyward Sword 2011 ( Wii ) 3.67 A Link Between Worlds 2013 ( 3DS ) 2.9 Tri Force Heroes 2015 ( 3DS ) 1.14 Breath of the Wild 2017 ( Wii U / NS ) 10.40 The Legend of Zelda series has received outstanding levels of acclaim from critics and the public . Ocarina of Time , The Wind Waker , Skyward Sword , and Breath of the Wild have each received a perfect 40 / 40 score ( 10 / 10 by four reviewers ) by Japanese Famitsu magazine , making Zelda one of the few series with multiple perfect scores . Ocarina of Time was even listed by Guinness World Records as the highest - rated video game in history , citing its Metacritic score of 99 out of 100 . Computer and Video Games awarded The Wind Waker and Twilight Princess a score of 10 / 10 . A Link to the Past has won Gold Award from Electronic Gaming Monthly . In Nintendo Power 's Top 200 countdown in 2004 , Ocarina of Time took first place , and seven other Zelda games placed in the top 40 . Twilight Princess was named Game of the Year by X-Play , GameTrailers , 1UP , Electronic Gaming Monthly , Spacey Awards , Game Informer , GameSpy , Nintendo Power , IGN , and many other websites . The editors of review aggregator websites GameRankings , IGN and Metacritic have all given Ocarina of Time their highest aggregate scores . Game Informer has awarded The Wind Waker , Twilight Princess , Skyward Sword , A Link Between Worlds and Breath of the Wild with scores of 10 / 10 . Phantom Hourglass was named DS Game of the Year by IGN and GameSpy . Airing December 10 , 2011 , Spike TV 's annual Video Game Awards gave the series the first ever `` Hall of Fame Award '' , which Miyamoto accepted in person . Ocarina of Time and its use of melodic themes to identify different game regions has been called a reverse of Richard Wagner 's use of leitmotifs to identify characters and themes . Ocarina of Time was so well received that sales increased for real ocarinas . IGN praised the music of Majora 's Mask for its brilliance despite its heavy use of MIDI . It has been ranked the seventh - greatest game by Electronic Gaming Monthly , whereas Ocarina of Time was ranked eighth . The series won GameFAQs Best Series Ever competition . As of April 2018 , The Legend of Zelda franchise has sold over 80 million copies , with the original The Legend of Zelda being the fourth best - selling NES game of all time . The series was ranked as the 64th top game ( collectively ) by Next Generation in 1996 . According to British film magazine Empire , with `` the most vividly - realised world and the most varied game - play of any game on any console , Zelda is a solid bet for the best game series ever . '' Impact Multiple members of the game industry have expressed how Zelda games have impacted them . Rockstar Games founder and Grand Theft Auto director , Dan Houser , stated , `` Anyone who makes 3 - D games who says they 've not borrowed something from Mario or Zelda ( on the Nintendo 64 ) is lying . '' Rockstar founder and Grand Theft Auto director Sam Houser also cited the influence of Zelda , describing Grand Theft Auto III as `` Zelda meets Goodfellas '' . Ōkami director Hideki Kamiya ( Capcom , PlatinumGames ) states that he has been influenced by The Legend of Zelda series in developing the game , citing The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past as his favorite game of all time . Soul Reaver and Uncharted director , Amy Hennig ( Crystal Dynamics , Naughty Dog ) , cited Zelda as inspiration for the Legacy of Kain series , noting A Link to the Past 's influence on Blood Omen and Ocarina of Time 's influence on Soul Reaver . Soul Reaver and Uncharted creator , Richard Lemarchand ( Crystal Dynamics , Naughty Dog ) , cited A Link to the Past 's approach to combining gameplay with storytelling as inspiration for Soul Reaver . Wing Commander and Star Citizen director , Chris Roberts ( Origin Systems , Cloud Imperium Games ) , cited Zelda as an influence on his action role - playing game , Times of Lore . Souls creator Hidetaka Miyazaki ( FromSoftware ) named A Link To The Past as one of his favorite role - playing video games . According to Miyazaki , `` The Legend of Zelda became a sort of textbook for 3D action games . '' Ico director Fumito Ueda ( Team Ico ) cited Zelda as an influence on Shadow of the Colossus . Fable series director Peter Molyneux ( Lionhead Studios , Microsoft Studios ) stated that Twilight Princess is one of his favorite games . `` I just feel it 's jaw - dropping and its use of the hardware was brilliant . And I 've played that game through several times , '' he said to TechRadar . Darksiders director David L. Adams ( Vigil Games ) cited Zelda as an influence on his work . Prince of Persia and Assassin 's Creed director Raphael Lacoste ( Ubisoft ) cited The Wind Waker as an influence on Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . CD Projekt Red ( The Witcher , Cyberpunk 2077 ) cited the Zelda series as an influence on The Witcher series , including The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt . Final Fantasy and The 3rd Birthday director Hajime Tabata ( Square Enix ) cited Ocarina of Time as inspiration for the seamless open world of Final Fantasy XV . Other Media This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Legend of Zelda media TV series Main article : The Legend of Zelda ( TV series ) A 13 - episode American animated TV series , adapted by DiC and distributed by Viacom Enterprises , aired in 1989 . The animated Zelda shorts were broadcast each Friday , instead of the usual Super Mario Bros. cartoon which was aired during the rest of the week . The series loosely follows the two NES Zelda games ( the original The Legend of Zelda and The Adventure of Link ) , mixing settings and characters from those games with original creations . The show 's older incarnations of both Link and Zelda appear in various episodes of Captain N : The Game Master during its second season . Print Media Valiant Comics released a short series of comics featuring characters and settings from the Zelda cartoon as part of their Nintendo Comics System line . Manga adaptations of many entries in the series , including A Link to the Past , Ocarina of Time , Majora 's Mask , Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages , Four Swords Adventures , The Minish Cap , and Phantom Hourglass , have been produced under license from Nintendo , mostly in Japan . These cartoons are usually not involved with the chronology of the actual games . A number of official books , novels , and gamebooks have been released based on the series as well . The earliest was Moblin 's Magic Spear , published in 1989 by Western Publishing under their Golden Books Family Entertainment division and written by Jack C. Harris . It took place sometime during the first game . Two gamebooks were published as part of the Nintendo Adventure Books series by Archway , both of which were written by Matt Wayne . The first was The Crystal Trap ( which focuses more on Zelda ) and the second was The Shadow Prince . Both were released in 1992 . A novel based on Ocarina of Time was released in 1999 , written by Jason R. Rich and published by Sybex Inc. under their Pathways to Adventure series . Another two gamebooks were released as part of the You Decide on the Adventure series published by Scholastic . The first book was based on Oracle of Seasons and was released in 2001 . The second , based on Oracle of Ages , was released in 2002 . Both were written by Craig Wessel . In 2006 , Scholastic released a novel as part of their Nintendo Heroes series , Link and the Portal of Doom . It was written by Tracey West and was set shortly after the events of Ocarina of Time . In 2011 , to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the series , an art book was published exclusively in Japan under the name Hyrule Historia by Shogakukan . It contains concept art from the series 's conception to the release of Skyward Sword in 2011 and multiple essays about the production of the games , as well as an overarching timeline of the series . It also includes a prequel manga to Skyward Sword by Zelda manga duo Akira Himekawa . The book received an international release by publisher Dark Horse Comics on January 29 , 2013 ; it took the number one spot on Amazon 's sales chart , taking the spot away from E.L. James 's 50 Shades of Grey trilogy . Dark Horse released The Legend of Zelda : Art & Artifacts , a follow - up art book to Hyrule Historia containing additional artwork and interviews , in North America on February 21 , 2017 , and in Europe on February 23 , 2017 . Music Taking place in Cologne , Germany , on September 23 , 2010 , the video game music concert Symphonic Legends focused on music from Nintendo and , among others , featured games such as The Legend of Zelda . Following an intermission , the second half of the concert was entirely dedicated to an expansive symphonic poem dedicated to the series . The 35 - minute epic tells the story of Link 's evolution from child to hero . To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the series in 2011 , Nintendo commissioned an original symphony , The Legend of Zelda : Symphony of the Goddesses . The show was originally performed in the fall of 2011 in Los Angeles and consists of live performances of much of the music from the series . It has since been scheduled for 18 shows so far throughout the United States and Canada . Nintendo released a CD , The Legend of Zelda 25th Anniversary Special Orchestra CD . Featuring eight tracks from live performances of the symphony , the CD is included alongside the special edition of The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword for the Wii . Nintendo would later celebrate The Legend of Zelda 's 30th anniversary with an album which was released in Japan in February 2017 . Cancelled films In 2007 , Imagi Animation Studios , who provided the animation for TMNT and Astro Boy , created a pitch reel for a computer - animated The Legend of Zelda movie . Nintendo did not take the studio up on their offer due to the failure of the live - action movie adaption of Super Mario Bros . In 2013 , Aonuma stated that , if development of a film were to move forward , the company would want to use the opportunity to embrace audience interaction in some capacity . Board games The Legend of Zelda - themed Monopoly board game was released in the United States on September 15 , 2014 . A Clue board game in the style of The Legend of Zelda series was released in June 2017 . A UNO - styled The Legend of Zelda game was announced in February 2018 for release exclusively at GameStop in North America . Notes Jump up ^ In Japanese : ゼルダ の 伝説 ( Zeruda no Densetsu ) Group n Jump up ^ Twilight Princess sales breakdown : GameCube version : 1.59 million Wii version : 7.26 million Jump up ^ Breath of the Wild sales breakdown : Wii U version : 1.08 million Switch version : 9.32 million References Jump up ^ Barton , Matt ( 2008 ) . Dungeons & Desktops : The History of Computer Role - Playing Games . AK Peters , Ltd . pp. 209 -- 10 , 216 , 385 . ISBN 1 - 56881 - 411 - 9 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pichlmair , Martin ; Kayali , Fares ( 2007 ) . `` Levels of Sound : On the Principles of Interactivity in Music Video Games '' ( PDF ) . Situated Play , Proceedings of DiGRA 2007 Conference . Jump up ^ Lane , Pete ( February 26 , 1999 ) . `` Review : Legend of Zelda '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Glenn ( February 26 , 1999 ) . `` A Brief Timeline of Video Game Music '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Whalen , Zach ( 2007 ) . `` Play Along -- An Approach to Videogame Music '' . Game Studies . 4 ( 1 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mirabella , Fran . `` Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask '' . IGN . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Mark ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` Zelda Exposed from 1UP.com '' . 1UP.com . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ScrewAttack 's Top Ten Video Game Themes Ever '' . ScrewAttack 's Top 10 . ScrewAttack . October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda producer says Link may never talk '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Rod ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Breath of the Wild 's Soundtrack Makes Heavy Use of Piano and Environmental Sounds '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Vestal ( September 14 , 2000 ) . `` The History of Zelda '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Todd Mowatt . `` In the Game : Nintendo 's Shigeru Miyamoto '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Life , Nintendo ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda 's Link Was Inspired By Walt Disney 's Peter Pan '' . Jump up ^ `` Link design inspired by Peter Pan , name explained '' . Nintendo Everything . November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda and Mythology : Arthurian Legend -- Zelda Dungeon '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mabinogion '' . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 21 , 1998 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time . Nintendo 64 . Nintendo . Great Deku Tree : Before time began , before spirits and life existed ... Three golden goddesses descended upon the chaos that was Hyrule ... Din , the Goddess of Power ... Nayru , the Goddess of Wisdom ... Farore , the Goddess of Courage ... Din ... With her strong flaming arms , she cultivated the land and created the red earth . Nayru ... Poured her wisdom onto the earth and gave the spirit of law to the world . Farore ... With her rich soul , produced all life forms who would uphold the law . ^ Jump up to : Shigeru Miyamoto , Eiji Aonuma ( January 29 , 2013 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Hyrule Historia . Milwaukie , Oregon : Dark Horse . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1616550417 . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 21 , 1998 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time . Nintendo 64 . Nintendo . Zelda : If someone with a righteous heart makes a wish , it will lead Hyrule into a golden age of prosperity . If one with an evil mind has his wish granted , the world will be consumed by evil ... That is what is foretold ... Jump up ^ Shigeru Miyamoto , Eiji Aonuma ( January 29 , 2013 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Hyrule Historia . Milwaukie , Oregon : Dark Horse . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1616550417 . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 21 , 1998 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time . Nintendo 64 . Nintendo . Sheik : The resting place of the sacred triangle , the Sacred Realm , is a mirror that reflects what is in the heart ... the heart of one who enters it ... If an evil heart , the Realm will become full of evil ; if pure , the Realm will become a paradise . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 18 , 2011 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword . Wii . Nintendo . Zelda : In his thirst to make the world his own , Demise readied a massive army of monsters for war . He sought to take the Triforce for himself by force . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 21 , 1998 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time . Nintendo 64 . Nintendo . Introduction : Handed down by the gods of old , this power gave its holder the means to make any desire a reality . Such was the might of the ultimate power that the old ones placed it in the care of the goddess . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 18 , 2011 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword . Wii . Nintendo . Zelda : She made the spirit that resides in your sword to serve a single purpose : to assist her chosen hero on his mission . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 18 , 2011 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword . Wii . Nintendo . Zelda : Knowing this power was her last and only hope , the goddess gave up her divine powers and her immortal form . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( November 18 , 2011 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword . Wii . Nintendo . Demise : I will rise again . Those like you ... Those who share the blood of the goddess and the spirit of the hero ... They are eternally bound to this curse . An incarnation of my hatred shall ever follow your kind , dooming them to wander a blood - soaked sea of darkness for all time ! Jump up ^ Nintendo , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask manual . Nintendo . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Most games in The Legend of Zelda series have a connection to Hyrule . Does the land of Hytopia connect to Hyrule in any way ? '' . Nintendo . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Hyrule Encyclopedia ( K ) '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Alistair ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Has Been Added To The Series ' Official Timeline '' . Siliconera . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Legend of Zelda Timeline Revealed '' . December 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fred Dutton ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Zelda Timeline Explained '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future Publishing Limited . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shigeru Miyamoto Interview '' . Super PLAY ( in Swedish ) . Medströms Dataförlag AB ( 4 / 03 ) . March 2003 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Long , Neil ; Scullion , Chris . `` Game On -- The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future Publishing Limited ( July 2010 ) : 51 . Jump up ^ Nintendo EAD ( January 14 , 1987 ) . The Legend of Zelda 2 : Link no Bōken . Famicom Disk System . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Several years after Gannon was destroyed , Link learns from Impa about another sleeping Princess Zelda . Jump up ^ Nintendo EAD ( December 1988 ) . Zelda II : The Adventure of Link . Nintendo Entertainment System . Nintendo of America , Inc . After Ganon was destroyed , Impa told Link a sleeping spell was cast on Princess Zelda . Jump up ^ `` Zelda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Triforce -- Back Cover '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. ( via MobyGames ) . November 21 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . 今度 の 舞台 は リンク が 活躍 した 頃 より も 遥か 昔 、 ハイラル が 、 まだ 一 つの 王国 で あっ た 時代 . / This time , the stage is set a long time before Link 's exploits , an era when Hyrule was still one kingdom . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past -- Back Cover '' . Nintendo of America , Inc. ( via MobyGames ) . April 13 , 1992 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . The predecessors of Link and Zelda face monsters on the march when a menacing magician takes over the kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Dengeki Nintendo 64 '' . Dengeki Nintendo 64 . MediaWorks , Inc . January 1999 . Shigeru Miyamoto : ( 時 オカ → 神 トラ ) それから 初代 とき て リンク の 冒険 という 順番 に なる . / Ocarina of Time , A Link to the Past , then comes the original one and The Adventure of Link in turn . Jump up ^ Nintendo , ed ( 1993 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening instruction manual . Nintendo . pp. 3 -- 4 . `` Though you fulfilled the Hyrulian prophecy of the Legendary Hero and destroyed the evil tyrant Ganon , the land of Hyrule enjoyed only a precarious peace . `` Who knows what threats may arise from Ganon 's ashes ? '' the restless people murmured as they knitted their brows and shook their heads . Ever vigilant , you decided to journey away from Hyrule on a quest for enlightenment , in search of wisdom that would make you better able to withstand the next threat to your homeland . '' Jump up ^ `` Zelda の 伝説 プロローグ '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc . April 13 , 1992 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Many centuries have passed since the Imprisoning War . Jump up ^ `` 「 ゼルダ の 伝説 時 の オカリナ 」 の 情報 ・ 産地 直送 ! '' . Hobo Nikkan Itoi Shinbun . November 26 , 1998 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Satoru Takizawa : 今回 の ストーリー は 本当 の オリジナル では なくっ て 、 前作 の スーパーファミコン に 出 てき た 「 七 賢者 の 封印 戦争 」 を 扱っ て いる ん だ / The story this time is not truly original , it 's from the previous SNES version and tells of the `` Seal War of the Seven Sages '' . Jump up ^ Neil Long , Chris Scullion . `` Game On -- The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future Publishing Limited ( July 2010 ) : 51 . Eiji Aonuma : I have already talked to Mr. Miyamoto about this so I am comfortable in releasing this information -- this title ( Skyward Sword ) takes place before Ocarina of Time . ^ Jump up to : `` Long interview with Eiji Aonuma '' . nindori.com . Nintendo DREAM . Feb 2007 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . 『 時 の オカリナ 』 から 百 数 年 後 の 世界 です. ... 『 風 の タクト 』 は パラレル なん です よ. 『 時 の オカリナ 』 で リンク が 7 年 後 の 世界 に 飛ん で 、 ガノン を 倒す と 、 子ども 時代 に 戻る じゃ ない です か. 『 トワイライト プリンセス 』 は 、 平和 に なっ た 子ども 時代 から 百 数 年 後 の 世界 なん です . / It is a world 100 and something years after Ocarina of Time ... The Wind Waker is parallel . In Ocarina of Time , Link leaps to a world seven years later , defeats Ganon , and then returns to the child era , right ? Twilight Princess is the world 100 and something years after peace is restored in the child era . ^ Jump up to : Fennec Fox ( December 6 , 2002 ) . `` Interview With Nintendo 's Shigeru Miyamoto and Eiji Aonuma '' . GamePro . GamePro Media . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass '' . Zelda Universe . Nintendo of America , Inc . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walton , Mark ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks Eiji Aonuma Interview '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Eiji Aonuma : Yes , it is actually a sequel and it is taking place about 100 years after the world of the game Phantom Hourglass . Jump up ^ Billy Berghammer ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` A Legend Of Zelda : The Eiji Aonuma Interview '' . Game Informer Online . Game Informer Magazine . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda : The interview ! '' . Nintendo of Europe GmbH . November 17 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . NoE : How does the Minish Cap fit into the Zelda chronology ? Is it a prequel to the upcoming The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures on GameCube ? Aonuma : Yes , this title takes place prior to The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures , and tells the secret of the birth of the Four Sword . Jump up ^ Jose Otero ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` New Details for The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds '' . IGN . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Library : Hall of Time '' . Nintendo of America , Inc . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ East , Thomas ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Ocarina writer wanted to put Zelda timeline online '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future Publishing Limited . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Alistair ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Has Been Added To The Series ' Official Timeline '' . Siliconera . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mowatt , Todd . `` In the Game : Nintendo 's Shigeru Miyamoto '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eiji Aonuma ( ed . ) . Hyrule Historia . Dark Horse Books . Jump up ^ ZELDA : The Second Quest Begins ( 1988 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ `` BS Zelda Info '' . 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BS Zelda Info '' . 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Legend of Zelda ' '' . NinDB . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BS Zelda Info '' . 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Video Games in the History of Humanity '' . filibustercartoons.com. 2006 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NP Top 200 '' . Nintendo Power . 200 . February 2006 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Gaiden and Ura Zelda Split '' . IGN . August 20 , 1999 . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ * The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time instruction booklet . Nintendo. 1998 . pp. 11 -- 12 . U / NUS - NZLE - USA . Jump up ^ `` Zelda 's Future is Golden '' . IGN . August 26 , 1998 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zelda Bonus Disc Coming to US '' . IGN . December 4 , 2002 . Retrieved January 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda Collector 's Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Daemon ( February 23 , 2007 ) . `` VC Getting ( Arguably ) Greatest Game Ever '' . IGN . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ronaghan , Neal ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` This Week in the Nintendo Downloads '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mirabella III , Fran ( October 25 , 2000 ) . `` Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask '' . IGN . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda Sequel Invades Spaceworld '' . IGN . June 16 , 1999 . Retrieved January 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Pelland , Scott ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons / The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages Player 's Guide . Redmond , Washington : Nintendo of America , Inc. p. 124 . ISBN 1 - 930206 - 10 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pelland , Scott ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons / The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages Player 's Guide . Redmond , Washington : Nintendo of America , Inc. p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 930206 - 10 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Miyamoto Speaks on Zelda GBC '' . IGN . August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Third Oracle profile '' . IGN . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons Interview '' . Nintendo. 2001 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brad Shoemaker ( 2004 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages for Game Boy Color Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Gamecube FAQ '' . IGN . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved January 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda on Gamecube '' . IGN . August 23 , 2000 . Retrieved January 21 , 2006 . 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IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Wii Zelda Uses MotionPlus for Swordplay , Targeting '' . Wired . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iwata Asks : The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time 3D : One Year Steeped in The Legend of Zelda '' . Nintendo . p. 6 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Miyamoto : ( ... ) and The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords , scheduled for free download as the Nintendo DSiWare software starting in September . Jump up ^ `` Limited Edition The Legend of Zelda 25th Anniversary 3DS '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aonuma , Eiji ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Interview with Eiji Aonuma and Koji Kondo '' . MyGames ( Interview ) ( in Portuguese ) . Interviewed by Daniel Silvestre . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Ashcraft ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Next 3DS Zelda Is Set In The World Of Link To The Past '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 : The Legend of Zelda : Triforce Heroes Revealed for 3DS '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD coming to Wii U in 2016 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phil Kollar ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Aonuma Drops Hints On Zelda Wii U And Next Zelda For 3DS '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard George . `` New HD Zelda Revealed for Wii U '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Nintendo Announces The Wii U 's ' Legend of Zelda ' Wo n't Be Seen In 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Mitch ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda Wii U Has Been Pushed Back to 2017 , Will Release on NX As Well '' . Nintendo Life . Gamer Network . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild - Official Game Trailer - Nintendo E3 2016 . Los Angeles , California : Nintendo . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . www.nintendo.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 6 Worst Games Ever Farted Out by Beloved Franchises '' . Cracked.com . Jump up ^ Norris , Jon . `` The Legend of Zelda Pinball Machine '' . Norrispinball.com . June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miyamoto Speaks on Zelda GBC '' . IGN . August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda : The Third Oracle profile '' . IGN . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Okamoto on Zelda '' . IGN . November 16 , 1999 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official US Names for Tri-Force series '' . IGN . May 13 , 2000 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons Interview '' . Nintendo. 2001 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda 's Tri-Force Down To Two '' . IGN . July 24 , 2000 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pop - Fiction Episode 9 : The Invisible Man ( Flash video ) . GameTrailers . July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Has Crushed Your Dreams of a Zelda 25th Anniversary Compilation '' . Kotaku . June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Legend of Zelda Picross Revealed As `` My Nintendo '' Bonus - Report `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Nintendo Picross : The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess '' . My Nintendo. 2016 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Maybe We 'll Get Link In ' SoulCalibur 2 HD Online ' After All '' . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Zelda , Animal Crossing Coming to Mario Kart 8 '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Sonic Lost World 's Zelda Crossover '' . IGN . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classic NES Series : The Legend of Zelda Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classic NES Series : The Legend of Zelda Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda II : The Adventure of Link Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classic NES Series : Zelda II : The Adventure of Link Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classic NES Series : Zelda II : The Adventure of Link Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past & Four Swords Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past & Four Swords Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening DX Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time / Master Quest Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time 3D Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time / Master Quest Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time 3D Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask 3D Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask 3D Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Anniversary Edition Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Anniversary Edition Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker HD Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Minish Cap Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : The Minish Cap Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD Reviews '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Tri Force Heroes Reviews '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Tri Force Heroes Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Reviews '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Reviews '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breath of the Wild now the second highest - selling Zelda game '' . Nintendo Everything . Nintendo Everything . 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Co. , Ltd. ; Fiscal Year Ended March 31 , 2007 ; Supplementary Information about Earnings Release '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. April 27 , 2007 . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD - Wii U '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . In Japanese . Jump up ^ `` 14 Titles Across Wii U and 3DS Were Million Sellers in the Last Year '' . Nintendo Life . 2016 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Title Sales Unit ( Switch ) '' . Nintendo . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time ( n64 : 1998 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . November 25 , 1998 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda Scores Big '' . IGN . December 11 , 2002 . Retrieved January 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . `` Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition -- Records -- Nintendo '' . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda The Wind Waker '' . CVG . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess '' . CVG . 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Jump up ^ `` Top 100 games of all time '' . Gamers.com . GX Media . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Fran Mirabella III ( October 25 , 2000 ) . `` Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Summer 2006 : Best . Series . Ever '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nintendo of America ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Like Sands Through the Hourglass , Zelda 's Debut on Nintendo DS Approaches '' ( Press release ) . Redmond , WA : PR Newswire . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Old Nintendo Games '' . Old Nintendo Games . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Next Generation . United States : Imagine Media . September 1996 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Colin , `` The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker Review '' , Empire . Jump up ^ Houser , Dan ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Americana at Its Most Felonious : Q. and A. : Rockstar 's Dan Houser on Grand Theft Auto V '' . The New York Times ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Chris Suellentrop . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , I.G.N. ( September 10 , 2001 ) . `` Rockstar 's Sam Houser Mouths Off '' . Jump up ^ Jonti Davies ( March 2007 ) . `` Okami creator ' disappointed ' by Twilight Princess '' . joystiq.com . Jump up ^ Brandon , Alexander . `` Interactive Composition Column 1.2 '' . IASIG . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Atari to Zelda : Japan 's Videogames in Global Contexts , page 203 Jump up ^ Barton , Matt ( 2008 ) . Dungeons & Desktops : The History of Computer Role - Playing Games . AK Peters , Ltd . pp. 181 -- 182 , 212 . ISBN 1 - 56881 - 411 - 9 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls ' grand vision '' . Edge . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mielke , James . `` ' Dark Souls ' Creator Miyazaki on ' Zelda , ' Sequels and Starting Out '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Rogers ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus '' . Insert Credit . Jump up ^ Hugh Langley . `` Peter Molyneux 's top five games of all time '' . TechRadar . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahardy , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Legacy of Zelda '' . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen . `` Yes , The New Assassin 's Creed Is Like That Lovely Zelda Game '' . Jump up ^ Episode # 478 -- The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt Interview with CD Projekt Red ( 48 : 45 ) Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy XV inspired by Zelda : Ocarina of Time '' . Jump up ^ Max , Josh . `` Dark Horse Comics Localizing Hyrule Historia '' . Nintendo World Report . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme . `` Amazon suffers ' Hyrule Historia ' hysteria '' . Digital Trends . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dark Horse publishing new The Legend of Zelda art book in 2017 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casey . `` The Legend of Zelda 's Hyrule Encyclopedia Revealed For The Series ' 30th Anniversary '' . Siliconera . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Art and Artifacts Art Book Is Getting A Limited Edition '' . Siliconera . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with WDR Radio Orchestra Manager Winfried Fechner Part 1 '' . Square Enix Music Online . March 2010 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Symphonic Legends Program Announcement '' . Square Enix Music Online . September 2010 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` More dates revealed for ' Legend of Zelda ' symphony tour '' . USA Today . January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda Symphony '' . zelda-symphony.com . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara . `` Legend of Zelda '' 30th Anniversary Concert Coming to DVD and CD `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Vejvoda ( August 4 , 2013 ) . `` Footage From the Unproduced Legend of Zelda CG - Animated Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You Might Need Your 3DS If There 's Ever A Legend of Zelda Movie '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo wants to `` change movies '' with an interactive Zelda film `` . GamesIndustry . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Thomas ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda Monopoly Dated for 15th September in US '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda Clue Board Game Is Now Available for Pre-Order '' . Dual Shockers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Official Legend of Zelda Uno Set Is Coming To North America This Week '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Works cited `` ZELDA : The Second Quest Begins '' . Nintendo Power . 1 . July -- August 1988 . pp. 26 -- 36 . External Links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Legend of Zelda . Official website The Legend of Zelda series Main series Console games The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link A Link to the Past Ocarina of Time Majora 's Mask The Wind Waker HD Four Swords Adventures Twilight Princess HD Skyward Sword Breath of the Wild Handheld games Link 's Awakening Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages A Link to the Past and Four Swords The Minish Cap Phantom Hourglass Spirit Tracks Ocarina of Time 3D A Link Between Worlds Majora 's Mask 3D Tri Force Heroes Spin - offs LCD games CD - i games Faces of Evil and Wand of Gamelon Zelda 's Adventure Satellaview games Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland Link 's Crossbow Training Irodzuki Tingle no Koi no Balloon Trip Hyrule Warriors Universe Characters Link Princess Zelda Ganon Navi Epona Tingle Midna Recurring enemies Triforce `` I am Error '' `` It 's dangerous to go alone ! 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-5373514649067141711 | History of gravitational theory | History of gravitational theory - wikipedia History of gravitational theory In physics , theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass . There have been numerous theories of gravitation since ancient times . Contents 1 Antiquity 1.1 Greece 1.2 India 2 Modern era 2.1 Newton 's theory of gravitation 2.2 Mechanical explanations of gravitation 2.3 General relativity 2.4 Gravity and quantum mechanics 3 See also 4 References Antiquity ( edit ) See also : Aristotelian physics Greece ( edit ) In the 4th century BC , the Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that there is no effect or motion without a cause . The cause of the downward motion of heavy bodies , such as the element earth , was related to their nature , which caused them to move downward toward the center of the universe , which was their natural place . Conversely , light bodies such as the element fire , move by their nature upward toward the inner surface of the sphere of the Moon . Thus in Aristotle 's system heavy bodies are not attracted to the Earth by an external force of gravity , but tend toward the center of the universe because of an inner gravitas or heaviness . In Book VII of his De Architectura , the Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius contends that gravity is not dependent on a substance 's `` weight '' but rather on its `` nature '' ( cf . specific gravity ) . If the quicksilver is poured into a vessel , and a stone weighing one hundred pounds is laid upon it , the stone swims on the surface , and can not depress the liquid , nor break through , nor separate it . If we remove the hundred pound weight , and put on a scruple of gold , it will not swim , but will sink to the bottom of its own accord . Hence , it is undeniable that the gravity of a substance depends not on the amount of its weight , but on its nature . India ( edit ) Aryabhata first identified the force to explain why objects do not fall when the Earth rotates , and developed a geocentric solar system of gravitation , with an eccentric elliptical model of the planets , where the planets spin on their axes and follow elliptical orbits , the Sun and the Moon revolving around the Earth in epicycles . Indian astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta described gravity as an attractive force and used the term `` gurutvākarṣaṇ '' for gravity . Al Hamdānī and Al Biruni quote Brahmagupta saying `` Disregarding this , we say that the earth on all its sides is the same ; all people on the earth stand upright , and all heavy things fall down to the earth by a law of nature , for it is the nature of the earth to attract and to keep things , as it is the nature of water to flow , that of fire to burn , and that of the wind to set in motion . If a thing wants to go deeper down than the earth , let it try . The earth is the only low thing , and seeds always return to it , in whatever direction you may throw them away , and never rise upwards from the earth . '' Modern era ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the 17th century , Galileo found that , counter to Aristotle 's teachings , all objects tend to accelerate equally when falling . The relation of the distance of objects in free fall to the square of the time taken was confirmed by Grimaldi and Riccioli between 1640 and 1650 . They also made a calculation of the gravitational constant by recording the oscillations of a pendulum . In the late 17th century , as a result of Robert Hooke 's suggestion that there is a gravitational force which depends on the inverse square of the distance , Isaac Newton was able to mathematically derive Kepler 's three kinematic laws of planetary motion , including the elliptical orbits for the six then known planets and the Moon : `` I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centres about which they revolve , and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth and found them to answer pretty nearly . '' -- Isaac Newton , 1666 So Newton 's original formula was : F o r c e o f g r a v i t y ∝ m a s s o f o b j e c t 1 × m a s s o f o b j e c t 2 d i s t a n c e f r o m c e n t e r s 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rm ( Force \ , of \ , gravity ) ) \ propto ( \ frac ( \ rm ( mass \ , of \ , object \ , 1 \ , \ times \ , mass \ , of \ , object \ , 2 ) ) ( \ rm ( distance \ , from \ , centers ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) where the symbol ∝ ( \ displaystyle \ propto ) means `` is proportional to '' . To make this into an equal - sided formula or equation , there needed to be a multiplying factor or constant that would give the correct force of gravity no matter the value of the masses or distance between them . This gravitational constant was first measured in 1797 by Henry Cavendish . In 1907 Albert Einstein , in what was described by him as `` the happiest thought of my life '' , realized that an observer who is falling from the roof of a house experiences no gravitational field . In other words , gravitation was exactly equivalent to acceleration . Between 1911 and 1915 this idea , initially stated as the equivalence principle , was formally developed into Einstein 's theory of general relativity . Newton 's theory of gravitation ( edit ) Main article : Law of universal gravitation In 1687 , English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia , which hypothesizes the inverse - square law of universal gravitation . In his own words , `` I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve ; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth ; and found them answer pretty nearly . '' Newton 's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted by the actions of the other planets . Calculations by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier both predicted the general position of the planet , and Le Verrier 's calculations are what led Johann Gottfried Galle to the discovery of Neptune . Years later , it was another discrepancy in a planet 's orbit that showed Newton 's theory to be inaccurate . By the end of the 19th century , it was known that the orbit of Mercury could not be accounted for entirely under Newtonian gravity , and all searches for another perturbing body ( such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury ) have been fruitless . This issue was resolved in 1915 by Albert Einstein 's new general theory of relativity , which accounted for the discrepancy in Mercury 's orbit . Paul Dirac developed the hypothesis that gravitation should have slowly and steadily decreased over the course of the history of the universe . Although Newton 's theory has been superseded , most modern non-relativistic gravitational calculations still use it because it is much easier to work with and is sufficiently accurate for most applications . Mechanical explanations of gravitation ( edit ) Main article : Mechanical explanations of gravitation The mechanical theories or explanations of the gravitation are attempts to explain the law of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes , such as pushes , and without the use of any action at a distance . These theories were developed from the 16th until the 19th century in connection with the aether theories . René Descartes ( 1644 ) and Christiaan Huygens ( 1690 ) used vortices to explain gravitation . Robert Hooke ( 1671 ) and James Challis ( 1869 ) assumed , that every body emits waves which lead to an attraction of other bodies . Nicolas Fatio de Duillier ( 1690 ) and Georges - Louis Le Sage ( 1748 ) proposed a corpuscular model , using some sort of screening or shadowing mechanism . Later a similar model was created by Hendrik Lorentz , who used electromagnetic radiation instead of the corpuscles . Isaac Newton ( 1675 ) and Bernhard Riemann ( 1853 ) argued that aether streams carry all bodies to each other . Newton ( 1717 ) and Leonhard Euler ( 1760 ) proposed a model , in which the aether loses density near the masses , leading to a net force directing to the bodies . Lord Kelvin ( 1871 ) proposed that every body pulsates , which might be an explanation of gravitation and the electric charges . However , those models were overthrown because most of them lead to an unacceptable amount of drag , which is not observed . Other models are violating the energy conservation law and are incompatible with modern thermodynamics . General relativity ( edit ) Main article : Introduction to general relativity In general relativity , the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of to a force . The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle , which equates free fall with inertial motion . The issue that this creates is that free - falling objects can accelerate with respect to each other . In Newtonian physics , no such acceleration can occur unless at least one of the objects is being operated on by a force ( and therefore is not moving inertially ) . To deal with this difficulty , Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter , and that free - falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime . ( This type of path is called a geodesic ) . More specifically , Einstein and Hilbert discovered the field equations of general relativity , which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime and are named after Einstein . The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous , non-linear , differential equations . The solutions of the field equations are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime . A metric tensor describes the geometry of spacetime . The geodesic paths for a spacetime are calculated from the metric tensor . Notable solutions of the Einstein field equations include : The Schwarzschild solution , which describes spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetric non-rotating uncharged massive object . For compact enough objects , this solution generated a black hole with a central singularity . For radial distances from the center which are much greater than the Schwarzschild radius , the accelerations predicted by the Schwarzschild solution are practically identical to those predicted by Newton 's theory of gravity . The Reissner -- Nordström solution , in which the central object has an electrical charge . For charges with a geometrized length which are less than the geometrized length of the mass of the object , this solution produces black holes with an event horizon surrounding a Cauchy horizon . The Kerr solution for rotating massive objects . This solution also produces black holes with multiple horizons . The cosmological Robertson -- Walker solution , which predicts the expansion of the universe . General relativity has enjoyed much success because of the way its predictions of phenomena which are not called for by the older theory of gravity have been regularly confirmed . For example : General relativity accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet Mercury . The prediction that time runs slower at lower potentials has been confirmed by the Pound -- Rebka experiment , the Hafele -- Keating experiment , and the GPS . The prediction of the deflection of light was first confirmed by Arthur Eddington in 1919 , and has more recently been strongly confirmed through the use of a quasar which passes behind the Sun as seen from the Earth . See also gravitational lensing . The time delay of light passing close to a massive object was first identified by Irwin Shapiro in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals . Gravitational radiation has been indirectly confirmed through studies of binary pulsars . In 2016 , the LIGO experiments directly detected gravitational radiation from two colliding black holes , making this the first direct observation of both the gravitational radiation as well as black holes . The expansion of the universe ( predicted by the Robertson -- Walker metric ) was confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929 . Gravity and quantum mechanics ( edit ) Main articles : Graviton and Quantum gravity Several decades after the discovery of general relativity it was realized that it can not be the complete theory of gravity because it is incompatible with quantum mechanics . Later it was understood that it is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces . In this framework the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons , in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons . This reproduces general relativity in the classical limit , but only at the linearized level and postulating that the conditions for the applicability of Ehrenfest theorem holds , which is not always the case . Besides , this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length . It is notable that in general relativity , gravitational radiation , which under the rules of quantum mechanics must be composed of gravitons , is created only in situations where the curvature of spacetime is oscillating , such as is the case with co-orbiting objects . The amount of gravitational radiation emitted by the solar system is far too small to measure . However , gravitational radiation has been observed both indirectly , as an energy loss over time in binary pulsar systems such as PSR 1913 + 16 , and directly by the LIGO gravitational wave observatory , whose first detection ( named GW150914 ) occurred on 14 September 2015 and matched theoretical predictions of signals due to the inward spiral and merger of a pair of black holes . It is believed that neutron star mergers ( since detected in 2017 ) and black hole formation may also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation . See also ( edit ) Gravitation portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edward Grant , The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1996 ) , pp. 60 - 1 . Jump up ^ Olaf Pedersen , Early Physics and Astronomy , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1993 ) , p. 130 Jump up ^ Vitruvius , Marcus Pollio ( 1914 ) . `` 7 '' . In Alfred A. Howard . De Architectura libri decem ( Ten Books on Architecture ) . VII . Herbert Langford Warren , Nelson Robinson ( illus ) , Morris Hicky Morgan . Harvard University , Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Pickover , Clifford ( 2008 ) . Archimedes to Hawking : Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979268 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mainak Kumar ( 1988 ) . Late classical India . A. Mukherjee & Co . Jump up ^ * Sen , Amartya ( 2005 ) . The Argumentative Indian . Allen Lane . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9687 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alberuni 's India . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co. , 1910. Electronic reproduction . Vol. 1 and 2 . New York , N.Y. : Columbia University Libraries , 2006 . p. 272 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kitāb al - Jawharatayn al - ʻatīqatayn al - māʼiʻatayn min al - ṣafrāʼ wa - al - bayḍāʼ : al - dhahab wa - al - fiḍḍah . Cairo : Maṭbaʻat Dār al - Kutub wa - al - Wathāʼiq al - Qawmīyah bi-al - Qāhirah ( Arabic : كتاب الجوهرتين العتيقتين المائعتين من الصفراء والبيضاء : الذهب والفضة ) , 2004 . pp. 43 -- 44 , 87 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ J.L. Heilbron , Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries : A Study of Early Modern Physics ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1979 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I. Bernard ; George Edwin Smith ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Newton . Cambridge University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65696 - 2 . Jump up ^ Haber , Heinz ( 1967 ) ( 1965 ) . `` Die Expansion der Erde '' ( The expansion of the Earth ) . Unser blauer Planet ( Our blue planet ) . Rororo Sachbuch ( Rororo nonfiction ) ( in German ) ( Rororo Taschenbuch Ausgabe ( Rororo pocket edition ) ed . ) . Reinbek : Rowohlt Verlag . p. 52 . Der englische Physiker und Nobelpreisträger Dirac hat ( ... ) vor über dreißig Jahren die Vermutung begründet , dass sich das universelle Maß der Schwerkraft im Laufe der Geschichte des Universums außerordentlich langsam , aber stetig verringert . '' English : `` The English physicist and Nobel laureate Dirac has ( ... ) , more than thirty years ago , substantiated the assumption that the universal strength of gravity decreases very slowly , but steadily over the course of the history of the universe . Jump up ^ Taylor , W.B. ( 1876 ) . `` Kinetic Theories of Gravitation '' . Smithsonian : 205 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Zenneck , J. ( 1903 ) . `` Gravitation '' . Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen . Leipzig . 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 67 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 663 - 16016 - 8_2 . ^ Jump up to : Randall , Lisa ( 2005 ) . Warped Passages : Unraveling the Universe 's Hidden Dimensions . Ecco . ISBN . Jump up ^ Feynman , R.P. ; Morinigo , F.B. ; Wagner , W.G. ; Hatfield , B. ( 1995 ) . Feynman lectures on gravitation . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 62734 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zee , A. ( 2003 ) . Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell . Princeton University Press . ISBN . Jump up ^ Abbott , Benjamin P. ; et al. ( LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration ) ( 2016 ) . `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 . arXiv : 1602.03837 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116f1102A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 . PMID 26918975 . Lay summary ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 848 ( 2 ) : L12. 2017 . arXiv : 1710.05833 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 848L ... 12A . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aa91c9 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Theories of gravitation Standard Newtonian gravity ( NG ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation History of gravitational theory General relativity ( GR ) Introduction History Mathematics Resources Tests Post-Newtonian formalism Linearized gravity ADM formalism Gibbons -- Hawking -- York boundary term Alternatives to general relativity Paradigms Classical theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything Classical Einstein -- Cartan Bimetric theories Gauge theory gravity Teleparallelism Composite gravity f ( R ) gravity Infinite derivative gravity Massive gravity Modified Newtonian dynamics , MOND AQUAL Tensor -- vector -- scalar Nonsymmetric gravitation Scalar -- tensor theories Brans -- Dicke Scalar -- tensor -- vector Conformal gravity Scalar theories Nordström Whitehead Geometrodynamics Induced gravity Chameleon Pressuron Quantisation Euclidean quantum gravity Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler -- DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory Unification Kaluza -- Klein theory Dilaton Supergravity Unification and quantisation Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M - theory F - theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory Type II string theory Little string theory Twistor theory Twistor string theory Generalisations / extensions of GR Scale relativity Liouville gravity Lovelock theory ( 2 + 1 ) - dimensional topological gravity Gauss -- Bonnet gravity Jackiw -- Teitelboim gravity Pre-Newtonian theories and toy models Aristotelian physics CGHS model RST model Mechanical explanations Fatio -- Le Sage Entropic gravity Gravitational interaction of antimatter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gravitational_theory&oldid=856932284 '' Categories : Theories of gravitation History of physics Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first person who discovered gravitational pull | [
"Aryabhata first identified the force to explain why objects do not fall when the Earth rotates, and developed a geocentric solar system of gravitation, with an eccentric elliptical model of the planets, where the planets spin on their axes and follow elliptical orbits, the Sun and the Moon revolving around the Earth in epicycles. Indian astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta described gravity as an attractive force and used the term \"gurutvākarṣaṇ\" for gravity.[4][5][6]\n"
] | [
"Aryabhata"
] |
6322217572359979363 | Mount Gambier, South Australia | Mount Gambier , South Australia - Wikipedia Mount Gambier , South Australia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the regional city known as Mount Gambier . For other uses , see Mount Gambier ( disambiguation ) . City in South Australia Mount Gambier South Australia View north across Valley Lake and Marist Park to the eastern urban area of Mount Gambier from Centenary Tower Mount Gambier Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 46 '' S 140 ° 46 ′ 58 '' E / 37.82944 ° S 140.78278 ° E / - 37.82944 ; 140.78278 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 46 '' S 140 ° 46 ′ 58 '' E / 37.82944 ° S 140.78278 ° E / - 37.82944 ; 140.78278 Population 28,684 ( 2016 ) ( 47th ) Density 148.39 / km ( 384.33 / sq mi ) Established 1854 Postcode ( s ) 5290 , 5291 Area 193.3 km ( 74.6 sq mi ) ( 2011 urban ) Time zone ACST ( UTC + 9 : 30 ) Summer ( DST ) ACDT ( UTC + 10 : 30 ) Location 450 km ( 280 mi ) from Adelaide 435 km ( 270 mi ) from Melbourne LGA ( s ) City of Mount Gambier District Council of Grant County Grey State electorate ( s ) Mount Gambier Federal Division ( s ) Barker Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 19.0 ° C 8.2 ° C 711.1 mm Mount Gambier is the second most populated city in South Australia with an estimated urban population of 28,684 . The city is located on the slopes of Mount Gambier ( volcano ) in the south east of the state , about 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) south - east of the capital Adelaide and just 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the Victorian border , it is the most important settlement in the Limestone Coast region and the seat of government for both the City of Mount Gambier and the District Council of Grant . The peak of the dormant volcano was the first place in South Australia named by European explorers . It was sighted in 1800 by Lieutenant James Grant from the survey brig , HMS Lady Nelson , and named for Lord James Gambier , Admiral of the Fleet . The peak is marked by Centenary Tower , built in 1901 to commemorate the first sighting , and at 192 m ( 630 ft ) above sea level the landmark is the city 's highest point . The city is well known for its geographical features , particularly its volcanic and limestone features , most notably its Blue Lake , parks and gardens , caves and sinkholes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 4.2 Service industries 5 Education 6 Media 6.1 Newspapers 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 7 Arts and culture 7.1 Music 7.2 Sport 7.2. 1 Mount Gambier Gift 7.2. 2 Mount Gambier Pioneers 7.3 Notable persons 8 Governance 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Health 9.2 Utilities 9.3 Transport 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Before European settlement , the Buandig ( or Boandik ) people were the original Aboriginal inhabitants of the area . They called it ' ereng balam ' or ' egree belum ' , meaning ' home of the eagle hawk ' . The peak of the dormant Mount Gambier crater was sighted in 1800 by Lieutenant James Grant from the survey brig , HMS Lady Nelson , and named for Lord James Gambier , Admiral of the Fleet . The Henty brothers who owned large holdings in Portland , Western Victoria , laid claim to the land but were forced to retreat when the lands were granted to Evelyn Sturt , the brother of the explorer Charles Sturt . Industries soon began to appear . The Post Office opened on 22 September 1846 , John Byng built the Mount Gambier Hotel in 1847 , and Dr Edward Wehl arrived in 1849 to begin a flour - milling operation . Settlement of Gambierton in 1856 including Mitchell 's Hotel Hastings Cunningham founded `` Gambierton '' in 1854 by subdividing a block of 77 acres ( 31 ha ) . From 1861 to 1878 the Post Office was known by this name before reverting to Mount Gambier . Local government appeared in 1863 when Dr Wehl , who now owned a substantial millhouse on Commercial Road , was elected chairman of the District Council of Mount Gambier . In December 1864 this became the District Council of Mount Gambier West and , at the same time , a separate District Council of Mount Gambier East was formed . Incorporation in 1876 saw a further division , with the creation of the Town Council and Mr John Watson elected Mayor . Mount Gambier was governed in this fashion until 1932 , when the District Council of East and West merged to form a single District Council of Mount Gambier once more . On 9 December 1954 , Mount Gambier was officially declared a city , and is now an important tourism centre in south - east South Australia . Geography ( edit ) Mount Gambier and region as seen from space Mount Gambier 's urban area is located mainly along the northern slopes and plain of a maar volcano of the same name , Mount Gambier . Comprising several craters , it is part of the Newer Volcanics Province complex of volcanoes . One of these contains a huge lake of high - quality artesian drinking water which changes colour with the seasons . In winter , it is a steel grey and then changes to a spectacular cobalt blue in the summer , giving rise to its name , Blue Lake . This 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) deep lake also accommodates a range of unusual aquatic flora and fauna , in particular fields of large stromatolites . There are several other craters in the city including Valley Lake and the Leg of Mutton Lake . The region surrounding the city also includes other volcanic features such as Mount Schank , along with many karst features such as water - filled caves and sinkholes . The urban area extends outside of the City of Mount Gambier into the District Council of Grant where the following suburbs now exist : Suttontown , Mil Lel and Worrolong to the north of the city , Glenburnie to the east , Compton to the west , and Moorak and OB Flat to the south . Climate ( edit ) Mount Gambier has a warm - summer Mediterranean climate ( Koppen : Csb ) . The town has warm dry summers and cool wet winters . July is the wettest month with an average of 100.2 mm falling on 22 days whilst February normally records the lowest rainfall with an average of 26 mm on an average 8 days . The highest ever temperature recorded in Mount Gambier was 44.9 ° C on 2 February 2014 and the lowest ever temperature recorded was − 3.9 ° C on 20 June 1950 and 2 July 1960 . Mount Gambier has 40.5 clear days on an annual basis . ( hide ) Climate data for Mount Gambier Airport , Wandilo Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 44.1 ( 111.4 ) 44.9 ( 112.8 ) 41.3 ( 106.3 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 41.2 ( 106.2 ) 43.3 ( 109.9 ) 44.9 ( 112.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 2.8 ( 37 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 3.9 ( 25 ) − 3.9 ( 25 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) − 1.6 ( 29.1 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) ( 34.2 ) − 3.9 ( 25 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 27.4 ( 1.079 ) 26.0 ( 1.024 ) 35.8 ( 1.409 ) 54.7 ( 2.154 ) 71.8 ( 2.827 ) 84.1 ( 3.311 ) 100.2 ( 3.945 ) 95.7 ( 3.768 ) 72.6 ( 2.858 ) 60.7 ( 2.39 ) 46.2 ( 1.819 ) 38.3 ( 1.508 ) 711.1 ( 27.996 ) Average precipitation days 8.4 7.8 11.0 14.5 18.4 19.8 21.9 21.6 19.1 16.8 13.2 11.6 184.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 44 44 49 56 68 73 72 67 63 59 53 48 58 Mean monthly sunshine hours 282.1 243.6 213.9 165.0 136.4 120.0 133.3 164.3 171.0 213.9 228.0 251.1 2,322.6 Source : Demographics ( edit ) The government in the south - east area of the state , consisting of three local councils , amounted to a single administration . In consequence , many residents of Victoria used to look across the border to Mount Gambier as their centre . Consequently , during the 1970s many elderly locals relocated to Victor Harbor and Moonta , both rural areas but with more resources available to cope with an ageing population . A 1976 study found that less than 10 per cent ( around 160 people ) of residents aged over 65 had lived in the area for less than 5 years , leading to a lack of specific aged - care facilities . According to the 2006 Census the population of the Mount Gambier census area was 24,905 people , making it the largest urban area in the state outside Adelaide , and the 50th largest urban area in Australia . Approximately 51.7 % of the population were female , 84.9 % were Australian born , over 91.5 % of residents were Australian citizens and 1.6 % were indigenous . The most popular industries for employment were Log Sawmilling and Timber Dressing ( 8 % ) , School Education ( 4.8 % ) and Retail Trade ( 3.8 % ) , while the unemployment rate is approx. 7 % . The median weekly household income is A $814 or more per week , compared with $924 in Adelaide . According to the 2006 Census , 60.0 % of residents identified themselves as being Christian . The largest denominations represented were Catholics at 21.5 % , Anglicans at 11.4 % , the Uniting Church at 8.6 % , and Presbyterians at 6.9 % . 26.9 % of people claim no religion . A further 12.1 % of people chose either not to state their beliefs , or did not adequately define them . Economy ( edit ) The economy of Mount Gambier is driven by all three economic sectors , though it has emerged as a regional service economy with its main industry being the service industry and its key areas of business including tourism , hospitality , retail , professional services , government administration and education . The city 's historic primary industry roots including mining , agriculture and forestry continue to play a key role as well as being a major road transport and trucking centre . Tourism ( edit ) Blue Lake , Mount Gambier 's most popular tourist attraction . Mount Gambier is the major service centre for the tourism region known as The Limestone Coast . It is a progressive community , visitors enjoy city services and facilities . With many natural attractions , including volcanic craters , lakes , limestone caves , sinkholes and underground aquifers , surrounded by a thriving city with a wide range of accommodation , shopping and entertainment opportunities . Tourism generates around $100 million for the Mount Gambier economy . The city is a major accommodation gateway for the region . Major tourism attractions include the Blue Lake and Valley Lake wildlife park and caves such as Umpherston Sinkhole , Cave Gardens and Engelbrecht Cave . Engelbrechts Cave is a popular cave diving venue . The region around Mount Gambier also has many water - filled caves and sinkholes which attract cave divers from around the globe . Further information : Cave diving sites in the Limestone Coast region Service industries ( edit ) Mount Gambier Marketplace As a major service centre for the region , the city has several key retail districts including the Commercial Street CBD . Mount Gambier Marketplace , opened in August 2012 , is one of two major shopping centres in the city , the other being Mount Gambier Central ( formerly known as Centro Mount Gambier ) . Major department stores include Target , Big W , Kmart , and Harvey Norman . Additionally each of the major supermarkets ( Coles , Woolworths , IGA ) are represented . Servicing the financial sector are branches of the big four Australian retail banks ( National Australia Bank , Australia and New Zealand Banking Group , Commonwealth Bank and Westpac ) along with Bendigo Bank and St. George Bank and a number of smaller independent financial services firms . Education ( edit ) There are six Reception to Year 7 ( R - 7 ) Primary schools : Reidy Park Primary School ; McDonald Park ; Compton Primary School ; Melaleuca Park ; Mulga Street Primary School ; and Mount Gambier North Primary School . There are two Reception to Year 12 ( R - 12 ) colleges : Tenison Woods College and St Martins Lutheran College . There are two high schools for Year 8 to 12 : Mount Gambier High School and Grant High School . Post-secondary education is offered by the following providers : TAFE South Australia has a campus in Mount Gambier providing an extensive variety of vocational study . University of South Australia has a modern , state of the art campus in Mount Gambier which offers full - time or part - time undergraduate degrees in Education , Nursing , Midwifery and Social Work with enabling courses in Foundation Studies and Aboriginal Pathways Program also offered . Flinders University also operates Flinders Rural Health SA in the grounds of Mount Gambier Hospital . Media ( edit ) Newspapers ( edit ) The local newspaper for Mount Gambier , the Limestone Coast and South East region of South Australia is The Border Watch . It is published and available in the local area every Tuesday through Friday ( with the exception of some public holidays such as Christmas Day ) . Daily newspapers from Melbourne ( Herald Sun and The Age ) and Adelaide ( The Advertiser ) as well as national newspapers such as The Australian and The Australian Financial Review are also available in Mount Gambier and the southeast SA region . Some newspapers from nearby towns such as Millicent and Penola , specialty newspapers like the British International Express weekly newspaper , agricultural newspapers such as The Weekly Times newspaper from Victoria and The South Australian Stock Journal ( published by Rural Press ) and The Independent Weekly from Adelaide are also available from local newsagents . Historically , the town was served by multiple newspapers . Two earlier papers , the biweekly Mount Gambier Standard ( 3 May 1866 -- 1874 ) , and the South Eastern Star ( 2 October 1877 -- 13 October 1930 ) , were taken over by The Border Watch . Another , a free commercial paper , the Exchange ( 1902 -- 8 October 1942 ) ran in opposition to the Watch , and was published by the Clark family . However , it ceased when the Second World War caused paper restrictions and a decline in advertising . Television ( edit ) The Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) -- ABC1 , ABC2 , ABC3 , ABC News 24 ( digital channels ) The Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) -- SBS One , SBS Two ( digital channels ) WIN Television ( 7 , 9 & 10 ) as SES - 8 -- SES - 8 relays the programming from Seven Network ( Seven SA ) , Nine Network ( WIN SA ) & Network Ten ( Ten SA ) . Foxtel -- Subscription Television service Foxtel is also available via satellite . WIN Television broadcasts Nine Network programming , Channel Seven broadcasts Seven Network programming & Channel Ten broadcasts Network Ten programming . The programming schedules for these channels is the same as Channel Nine , Channel Seven and Channel Ten in Adelaide , with local commercials inserted and some variations for coverage of Australian Football League or National Rugby League matches , state and national news and current affairs programs , some lifestyle and light entertainment shows and infomercials . As of February 2013 , there are no local news programs for the Mount Gambier area since the closure of WIN Television 's news operation . On Friday 11 November 2011 , WIN Television commenced transmission of the digital TV multi-channels ONE , Eleven , GO ! , GEM ( an acronym of General Entertainment and Movies ) , 7Two ( an acronym of `` 72 '' ) and 7mate for Mount Gambier and the surrounding South East region of South Australia . Due to the close proximity to the Victoria / South Australia state border , most people in Mount Gambier and some adjacent areas of southeast South Australia can receive television services from Western Victoria . These channels are broadcast from the Mount Dundas transmitter near the town of Cavendish , Victoria . The transmitter site is located approximately 100 kilometres northeast of Mount Gambier and broadcasts all the television channels from Western Victoria including Prime7 Television ( AMV ) , WIN Television Victoria ( VTV ) , Southern Cross Ten ( BCV ) , the ABC and SBS Victorian services , as well as the digital free - to - air multi-channels that are also now available from the Mount Burr transmitter , north west of Mount Gambier . Radio ( edit ) ABC ABC South East SA ( 1476 AM ) ABC Triple J ( 102.5 FM ) ABC Radio National ( 103.3 FM ) ABC Classic FM ( 104.1 FM ) ABC NewsRadio ( 105.7 FM ) Commercial Radio TAB Triple M Limestone Coast ( 963 AM ) Hit 96.1 ( 96.1 FM ) 5GTR FM ( 100.1 FM ) LIME FM ( 104.9 FM ) ( Formerly Rhema FM ) Some ABC radio services can also be received from the nearby town of Naracoorte and from Western Victoria . Arts and culture ( edit ) Main Corner and former town hall The city 's Civic Centre , around Cave Gardens , is the hub of the city 's arts and includes the Riddoch Art Gallery , South Australia 's major regional art gallery located in the adaptively reused old town hall complex . Also houses the University of South Australia 's James Morrison Academy . The complex was extended in 2011 to include `` The Main Corner '' , a modern building which includes a theatre . Nearby are the public library and the old post office . Music ( edit ) Every year the town and the surrounding area , hosts nearly 7,000 secondary school musicians for the Generations in Jazz Festival . Jazz artists like James Morrison , Ross Irwin , and Graeme Lyall travel to perform and adjudicate the stage band competition . Special guests have included Gordon Goodwin and his Big Phat Band , Whycliffe Gordon and recently ( 2017 ) the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra . Sport ( edit ) Vansittart Park , home of the North Gambier Football Club There are four Australian rules football teams competing in the Western Border Football League : North Gambier , East Gambier , South Gambier and West Gambier . They have produced such AFL players as David Marshall , Nick Daffy and Matthew Clarke . There is also a range of different sporting leagues and clubs in Mount Gambier and surrounding regions , including soccer , netball , basketball , tennis , hockey , cricket , swimming , cycling , triathlon , rifle , gun and pistol shooting , lawn bowls , ten - pin bowling , angling , archery and golf . Motor sport is also popular , with the main facilities being the McNamara Park road racing circuit , and the Borderline Speedway , a 372 - metre ( 407 yd ) dirt track oval speedway nicknamed `` The Bullring '' . Borderline Speedway hosts an annual Sprintcar event called the `` Kings Challenge '' , first run in 1995 and is held in January each year a week before the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic in nearby Warrnambool ( Victoria ) , and two weeks before the Australian Sprintcar Championship . Borderline has played host to many Australian and South Australian speedway championships throughout its over 50 - year history and is regarded as one of the best run and promoted speedways in Australia . The speedway is currently managed and promoted by former star sprintcar driver , Mount Gambier native Bill Barrows . In 2007 , Borderline hosted the fifth and final round of the Australian Solo Championship . The round and the championship was won by Australia 's own reigning World Champion Jason Crump . Mount Gambier is the home of `` The Alex Roberts 100 Mile Classic '' , a cycling event that lays claim to the longest continuing open cycling event in South Australia . The event held annually by the Mount Gambier Cycling Club . Mount Gambier Gift ( edit ) Umpherston Sinkhole The 120m Mount Gambier Gift was held annually on the first Saturday in December at Vansittart Oval was the 2nd richest professional footrace in South Australia . Resurrected in 2001 the athletic carnival includes races from 70m to 1600m and attracts athletes from all over Australia , mostly from South Australia and Victoria . Of the eleven Mount Gambier athletic carnivals held to date , three Victorians have won the 120 m Gift . On 3 December 2011 , 21 - year - old Wallace Long - Scafidi won the Gift for the second year in a row . The race has not been held since 2012 , and to this date continues to go unheld . year winner state 2011 Wallace Long - Scafidi SA Wallace Long - Scafidi SA 2009 Shaun Hargreaves Vic 2008 Aaron Rouge - Serrett Vic 2007 Dale Woodhams SA 2006 Keith Sheehy SA 2005 Keith Sheehy SA Andrew Steele SA 2003 Chris Burckhardt SA 2002 Matthew Callard Vic Shane McKenzie SA Mount Gambier Pioneers ( edit ) There is only one national sporting side which is the Mount Gambier Pioneers . The Pioneers entered the South Eastern Basketball League in 1988 and currently play in the SEABL ( South East Australian Basketball League ) . The Pioneers play at the Icehouse ( Mount Gambier Basketball Stadium ) which seats over 900 people and is also home to the Mount Gambier Basketball Association . The Pioneers have had four ABA / SEABL championships which occurred in 2003 , 2014 , 2015 and 2017 . The 2003 side was rated second in the top 5 sides to have ever played in the league by a group of special selectors in 2012 to mark the leagues 25th anniversary celebrates . The Pioneers have been six - time champions of the South Conference in the SEABL , occurring in 2003 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 . The Pioneers were also twice Runners - up of the South Conference occurring in 1997 and 2000 . In 2017 the current President Neale Boase , Head Coach Richard Hill and Club Captain Matt Sutton will lead the team into its 30th season in the SEABL , with former NBL player Brad Hill and US imports . The Mount Gambier Pioneers celebrated their 25th anniversary in 2013 . This anniversary weekend also included a 10 - year re-union of the 2003 championship side and a highlight game before the men played , including two teams of Pioneers players from the 25 years of existence . The Pioneers also listed their 25 best players of all time during this weekend . The number one Pioneer of all time going to 2003 Championship player and former import Jamie ' X-Factor ' Holmes . In 2015 , The Mount Gambier Pioneers officially started their hall of fame status for people of the club . The Hall of Fame is divided into two categories ; Player Members and General Members . There are a list of criteria that these people have to make . There are currently 6 Hall of Fame members : Bill Hately ( 2015 ) Tony Cook ( 2015 ) Jason Joynes ( 2015 ) Soyna Knight ( 2015 ) Jason Sedlock ( 2015 ) Jamie Holmes ( 2015 ) Notable persons ( edit ) Kasey Chambers ( born there in 1976 ) George Crennan , Director of the Federal Catholic Immigration Office in Australia from 1949 until 1995 Gavin Wanganeen ( AFL Footballer ) ( born there in 1973 ) Elizabeth Grant , ( born there in 1963 and lived there until 1980 ) . Dave Graney ( born there in 1959 and lived there until 1978 ) Mark Yeates ( AFL Footballer ) ( born there 1960 ) Robert Helpmann ( Sir ) ( 1909 - 1986 ) Steve Lines , Sprintcar Driver David Marshall ( Australian footballer with the Adelaide Crows in the AFL , Glenelg in the SANFL , North Gambier in the WBFL ) Tony Pasin Allan Scott , ( 1923 - 2008 , businessman ) James Stein , pioneer overlander and pastoralist , died and buried there 1877 . John Tremelling , Olympian . Josip Skoko , Socceroo - 51 Caps . William Paltridge , politician . Governance ( edit ) City of Mount Gambier Council Chambers and offices Council Chamber in the Civic Centre at 10 Watson Terrace , Mount Gambier is the seat of local government for the City of Mount Gambier . The council was created in 1932 when the District Council of Mount Gambier West and District Council of Mount Gambier East merged to become the District Council of Mount Gambier which was later proclaimed a city on 9 December 1954 . The city consists of a mayor and ten councillors , elected equally from the East and West wards once every four years by postal voting . As of May 2017 , the Mayor of Mount Gambier council is Andrew Lee . The local government area is situated entirely within the District Council of Grant and due to the city 's growth there have been ongoing talks of amalgamation , the most recent boundary changes taking place in 2010 . Law and order for the Limestone Coast region is maintained via the Mount Gambier Police Complex at 42 Bay Road Mount Gambier , the Mount Gambier Magistrates Court at 41 Bay Road Mount Gambier and the Mount Gambier Prison at Moorak south of the city . In state politics , Mount Gambier is located in the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Mount Gambier , which has been held since 2014 by former Liberal Party member Troy Bell , who was re-elected as an independent in the 2018 state election . In federal politics , Mount Gambier is located in the Australian House of Representatives division of Barker , which has been represented by Tony Pasin since 2013 . It is a safe Liberal Party of Australia seat . Infrastructure ( edit ) Health ( edit ) The city has a major regional hospital , Mount Gambier Hospital out of which operates the Mount Gambier and Districts Health Service . Additionally there are a number of private health services including the Mount Gambier Private Hospital . Utilities ( edit ) The city 's main catchment is the Blue Lake , the volcano lake is both a tourist attraction and the city 's main reservoir . Water supply , sewage collection and disposal are provided by South East Catchment Water Management Board . Transport ( edit ) Mount Gambier sits on a number of highways which connect the city to other major towns in the region , as well as to Adelaide and Melbourne . Princes Highway ( Jubilee Highway ) travels through the city east to west . to Melbourne via Dartmoor , Portland and Warrnambool to Adelaide via Millicent , Kingston S.E. and Meningie Riddoch Highway ( Penola / Bay Road ) travels through the city north to south . to Adelaide via Naracoorte and Keith to Port Macdonnell Before conversion of the Adelaide - Wolseley railway line to standard gauge in 1995 , Mount Gambier was connected to Adelaide on the broad gauge network via Naracoorte , Bordertown and Tailem Bend . Normal commercial passenger services to Adelaide ceased in December 1990 , while limited freight services operated until the line was disconnected from the national network . Mount Gambier Airport is located a few kilometres north of the city via the Riddoch Highway . The city is served only by Regional Express , which flies Saab 340 aircraft to Adelaide and Melbourne a number of times a day . Premier Stateliner operate coach services to Mount Gambier from Adelaide . V / Line operates a daily interstate coach service from Mount Gambier to Warrnambool , connecting with a rail service to Melbourne . The Visitor Centre ( The Lady Nelson ) is an agent for public passenger services tickets sales , and the services use the car park to arrive and depart from . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Census QuickStats : Mount Gambier ( SUA ) '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Estimated resident population , March 2016 . Jump up ^ Australia Post -- Postcode : Mount Gambier , SA ( 25 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Australia Post -- Postcode : Mount Gambier West , Mount Gambier East , SA ( 25 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census Community Profiles : Mount Gambier '' . ABS Census . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Other information '' . Place Names Online . Government of South Australia Land Services Group . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Premier Postal History . `` Post Office List '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ smh.com.au -- Travel / Mount Gambier ( 28 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Council Area Map '' . District Council of Grant . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Meteorology > Mount Gambier , South Australia , January 2014 Daily Weather Observations Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Climate of Mount Gambier . bom.gov.au Jump up ^ Climate statistics for Australian locations . bom.gov.au Jump up ^ `` Monthly climate statistics for Mount Gambier Airport '' . Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology . Jump up ^ Radford , Anthony J. ( 1981 ) . `` Community Action : A Rural Survey and Its Outcome '' . In Howe , Anna b . Towards an older Australia : Readings in Social Gerontology . St Lucia , QLD : University of Queensland Press . pp. 196 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 1534 - 1 . Jump up ^ 2006 Census Table : Mount Gambier ( C ) ( Statistical Local Area ) . Censusdata.abs.gov.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ 2006 Census Table : Mount Gambier ( C ) ( Statistical Local Area ) . Censusdata.abs.gov.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mount Gambier Tourism Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Mount Gambier Tourism . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbrechts East Cave - 5L019 '' . Richard `` Harry '' Harris . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbrechts West Cave 5L20 '' . Richard `` Harry '' Harris . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mount Gambier Campus Courses '' . TAFE SA . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gambier Regional Centre '' . University of South Australia . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Forest Science and Management '' . Southern Cross University . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flinders University Rural Clinical School '' . Flinders University . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Newspapers in the South East district of South Australia '' . www.jaunay.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Mount Gambier standard . Mount Gambier , S. Aust . : Theophilus Skilton Carey. 1866 . Jump up ^ The Exchange ( newspaper : microform ) . Mount Gambier , S. Aust : H. Chaston. 1902 . Jump up ^ Get ready for multichannels in regional SA . wintv.com.au Jump up ^ `` 0407 8 RHEMA '' . rhemafmlive.com.au . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Riddoch Art Gallery '' . riddochartgallery.org.au . Jump up ^ https://www.generationsinjazz.com.au/2016-lineup/ ^ Jump up to : Mount Gambier Cycling and Triathlon Club . Mgcatc.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mount Gambier Golf Club . Mtgambiergc.com.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Borderline Speedway Mount Gambier '' . borderlinespeedway.com . Jump up ^ `` Long - Scafidi wins best gift in history '' . ABC News Online . Australian Broadcasting Authority . 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ The Gift Carnival scrapped . Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . The Border Watch , 27 November 2012 . Accessed 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( 18 October 2009 ) . `` Kasey tunes up to become queen of the kids '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Elizabeth Grant Churchill Fellowship ' Investigate the design of correctional facilities for Indigenous prisoners - New Zealand , Canada , Denmark ' '' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( 6 July 2014 ) . `` Stellar cast promises plenty of tension between rival teams and ratings gold for The Amazing Race '' . Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bracken , Amy ( 2014 ) . `` Media Kit The Amazing Race Australia vs. New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . Jump up ^ Koufos , Natalie , ( 30 July 2014 ) . ' Mother and Son to take on the World ' The Courier p. 10 Jump up ^ Who Magazine ( 11 August 2013 ) ' The Amazing Race ' Who Magazine p. 83 Jump up ^ McFarlane , Ian ( 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . `` Encyclopedia entry for ' Dave Graney ' n ' the Coral Snakes ' '' . Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop . St Leonards , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 072 - 1 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2004 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Note : ( On - line ) version updated from 1999 book . Jump up ^ Sexton , Christopher . `` Helpmann , Sir Robert Murray ( 1909 -- 1986 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Halls Motorsport Web Page Sprintcar race team Jump up ^ Tony Pasin . Liberal Party of Australia . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Mt Gambier business magnate Allan Scott dies The Advertiser , 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Tremelling '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Gambier can be soccer satellite '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Limestone Coast Local Service Area '' . South Australia Police . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gambier ( Magistrates Court ) '' . Courts Administration Authority of South Australia . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT GAMBIER PRISON '' . corrections.sa.gov.au . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Independent MP Troy Bell holds Mt Gambier seat amid criminal charges '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airport '' . District Council of Grant . Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mount Gambier - Adelaide timetable Premier Stateliner 1 January 2015 Jump up ^ Mount Gambier - Melbourne Public Transport Victoria External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Gambier , South Australia . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mount Gambier . Mount Gambier travel guide from Wikivoyage City of Mount Gambier Mount Gambier tourism South Australia Topics History Government Flag Culture Transport Rail transport Education Geography Geology South Australian English Sport Country Fire Service Regions Adelaide Hills Barossa Valley Clare Valley Eyre Peninsula Far North Fleurieu Peninsula Flinders Ranges Limestone Coast Mid North Murraylands Nullarbor Plain Riverland Yorke Peninsula Cities and towns Adelaide Mount Gambier Murray Bridge Port Augusta Port Lincoln Port Pirie Victor Harbor Whyalla South Australia portal Cities of Australia Australian Capital Territory Canberra ( national capital ) New South Wales Albury Armidale Bathurst Broken Hill Cessnock Coffs Harbour Dubbo Gosford Goulburn Grafton Griffith Lake Macquarie Lismore Lithgow Maitland Newcastle Orange Queanbeyan Sydney Tamworth Wagga Wagga Wollongong Northern Territory Darwin Palmerston Queensland Brisbane Bundaberg Cairns Caboolture Caloundra Gladstone Gold Coast Gympie Hervey Bay Ipswich Mackay Maryborough Mount Isa Rockhampton Sunshine Coast Toowoomba Townsville South Australia Adelaide Mount Gambier Murray Bridge Port Augusta Port Lincoln Port Pirie Victor Harbor Whyalla Tasmania Burnie Devonport Hobart Launceston Victoria Ararat Bairnsdale Ballarat Benalla Bendigo Geelong Hamilton Horsham Melbourne Mildura Sale Shepparton Traralgon Wangaratta Warrnambool Wodonga Western Australia Albany Bunbury Busselton Geraldton Kalgoorlie - Boulder Mandurah Perth Limestone Coast , South Australia Cities Mount Gambier Towns and localities Allendale East Beachport Bordertown Cape Jaffa Carpenter Rocks Coonawarra Donovans Furner Glencoe Greenways Kalangadoo Kingston SE Keith Kongorong Lucindale Millicent Moorak Mount Benson Mount Burr Mundulla Nangwarry Naracoorte OB Flat Padthaway Penola Port MacDonnell Rendelsham Robe Southend Tantanoola Tarpeena Wandilo Wolseley Wrattonbully Yahl Governance Federal division Division of Barker State electoral districts Electoral district of MacKillop Electoral district of Mount Gambier Local Government City of Mount Gambier District Council of Grant District Council of Robe Kingston District Council Naracoorte Lucindale Council Tatiara District Council Wattle Range Council Hills , mountains and volcanoes Mount Benson Mount Gambier Mount Schank Caves , sinkholes and freshwater lakes Blanche Cave Blue Lake Cave Gardens Engelbrecht Ewens Ponds Fossil Cave Lake Bonney SE Little Blue Lake Piccaninnie Ponds Valley Lake Islands Baudin Rocks Penguin Coastal features Cape Banks Cape Jaffa Cape Northumberland Discovery Bay ( part only ) Guichen Bay Lacepede Bay Rivoli Bay Protected areas National parks Canunda Coorong ( southern end only ) Naracoorte Caves Conservation parks Aberdour Baudin Rocks Bangham Beachport Belt Hill Big Heath Butchers Gap Calectasia Carpenter Rocks Christmas Rocks Custon Desert Camp Dingley Dell Douglas Point Ewens Ponds Fairview Furner Geegeela Glen Roy Gower Grass Tree Guichen Bay Gum Lagoon Hacks Lagoon Hanson Scrub Jip Jip Kungari Lake Frome Lake Hawdon South Lake St Clair Little Dip Lower Glenelg River Mary Seymour Mount Monster Mount Scott Mullinger Swamp Nene Valley Ngarkat Padthaway Paranki Lagoon Penambol Penguin Island Penola Piccaninnie Ponds Pine Hill Soak Reedy Creek Talapar Tantanoola Caves Telford Scrub Tilley Swamp Vivigani Ardune Woakwine Wolseley Common Game reserves Bool Lagoon Bucks Lake Lake Robe Poocher Swamp Conservation reserves Desert Camp Bernouilli Hardings Springs Related and uncategorised Limestone Coast zone ( wine ) Coonawarra Mount Benson Mount Gambier Robe Padthaway Wrattonbully Towns and localities of the City of Mount Gambier Glenburnie ( part ) Mount Gambier OB Flat ( part ) Suttontown ( part ) Worrolong ( part ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Gambier,_South_Australia&oldid=840039166 '' Categories : Cities in South Australia Limestone Coast Populated places established in 1854 1854 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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-6896499521830510022 | Houston Astros | Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . Houston Astros 2018 Houston Astros season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 Colors Navy blue , orange , white Name Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames ' Stros Ballpark Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2017 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2017 NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1980 1986 1997 1998 1999 2001 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : move to the AL West 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency 1.16 2017 : World Series champions 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1970s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out , the team electing to keep a five - stripe `` rainbow '' design on the sleeves . From 1987 to 1993 , the Astros wore the same uniform for both home and away games ; the only team in Major League Baseball to do so during that period . Its favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990.1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 -- 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hoped would generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World Series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 -- 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 -- 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 -- 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 -- 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 -- 75 and 74 -- 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 -- 2014 : move to the AL West ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 -- 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 -- 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 -- 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the American League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 -- 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 -- 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 -- 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 -- 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 -- 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 -- 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : World Series Champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series Many buildings in the skyline of Downtown Houston participated in cheering for the Astros during the 2017 World Series . In 2014 , Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process . As of June 9 , the Astros were 41 -- 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . This was the best start in the Astros ' 55 - year history . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with an American League best 60 -- 29 record and a 16 - game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' three - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 -- 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( home of the Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Astros greatly improved against the Rangers in 2017 , going 12 -- 7 against them and winning the season series . At the August 31 waiver - trade deadline GM Jeff Luhnow acquired veteran starting pitcher and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander to bolster the starting rotation . Verlander won each of his 5 regular season starts with the Astros , yielding only 4 runs over this stretch . He carried his success into the playoffs , posting a record of 4 - 1 in his 6 starts , and throwing a complete game shutout in Game 2 of the ALCS . Verlander was named the 2017 ALCS MVP . The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division , and first division title overall since 2001 . They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions : National League West in 1980 and 1986 , National League Central from 1997 -- 1999 and 2001 , and American League West in 2017 . On September 29 , the Astros won their 100th game of the season , the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins , the first being in 1998 . They finished 101 -- 61 , with a 21 - game lead in the division , and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs . The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one , and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The Astros won the ALCS four games to three , and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series , winning the first championship in franchise history . The city of Houston celebrated the team 's accomplishment with a parade on the afternoon of November 3 , 2017 . Houston 's Independent School District gave the students and teachers the day off to watch the parade . On November 16 , 2017 Jose Altuve was named the American League Most Valuable Player , capping off a historic season in which he accumulated 200 hits for the fourth consecutive season , led the majors with a . 346 BA , and was the unquestioned clubhouse leader of the World Series Champions . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 season Team name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 810 392 418 -- . 484 Overall total 8948 4391 4552 5 . 491 Playoff record 80 35 45 -- . 438 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers No . Name Position Date retired 5 Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell 1B , Coach August 26 , 2007 7 Biggio , Craig Craig Biggio C , OF , 2B August 17 , 2008 24 Wynn , Jimmy Jimmy Wynn OF June 25 , 2005 25 Cruz , José José Cruz OF , Coach October 3 , 1992 32 Umbricht , Jim Jim Umbricht April 12 , 1965 33 Scott , Mike Mike Scott October 3 , 1992 34 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan September 29 , 1996 40 Wilson , Don Don Wilson April 13 , 1975 49 Dierker , Larry Larry Dierker P , Manager May 19 , 2002 42 Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson All MLB April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Houston Astros Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) Houston Astros 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Buddy Boshers 45 Gerrit Cole -- Dean Deetz 47 Chris Devenski 53 Ken Giles -- Anthony Gose 64 Reymin Guduan 61 Jandel Gustave 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 60 Dallas Keuchel 58 Francis Martes 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 63 David Paulino 41 Brad Peacock -- Cionel Pérez 62 Brady Rodgers 56 Héctor Rondón 29 Tony Sipp 38 Joe Smith 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 10 Yuli Gurriel † 23 A.J. Reed 13 Tyler White Outfielders 21 Derek Fisher 9 Marwin González 18 Tony Kemp 6 Jake Marisnick 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Pitchers -- Matt Ramsey Catchers -- Tim Federowicz Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( assistant hitting ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 37 Alex Cintrón ( first base ) -- Joe Espada ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) -- Doug White ( bullpen ) 96 Carlos Munoz ( bullpen catcher ) 38 active , 1 inactive , 2 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated January 17 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations Jump up ^ `` Astros officially launch new identity '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sale of Astros to Jim Crane , move to American League in 2013 approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media LP . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Headed to American League as New Team Owner Approved '' . Businessweek . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Astros . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elston , Gene . `` George Kirksey Papers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Colt . 45s '' . AstrosDaily . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Drops Plans to Buy Buff Franchise '' . Bonham Daily Favorite . January 24 , 1960 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New York - Houston Get National Franchises '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . October 11 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Baseball Muddled for ' 61 '' . The Victoria Advocate. 1960 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Will Get Emphasis , Paul Declares '' . Observer -- Reporter. 1961 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herskowitz , Mickey ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Astros out to make history their history '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ian , Fleming ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` April 10 , 1962 Chicago Cubs at Houston Colt . 45 's Play by Play and Box Score '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Coons , Ron ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Richard `` Turk '' Farrell `` . find a grave . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht , Colts pitcher , dies of cancer '' . Morning Record . Meriden , Connecticut . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht Incredible-people.com '' . Profiles.incredible-people.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . 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Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Treder , Steve . `` Offseason blockbusters : November ( Part two : 1966 -- 1981 ) '' . Hardball Times . Jump up ^ `` Lee May Baseball Stats , facts , biography , images and video '' . The Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hofheinz , Roy Mark tshonline.org '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Tal Smith -- Pres . Baseball Ops -- Astros '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2005 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Enos Cabell '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Joe Niekro '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Encyclopedia -- Michael Eisenbath -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 1999 - 05 - 14 . ISBN 9781566397032 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Houston Astros Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` John J. McMullen Dies at 87 ; Ex-Owner of Devils and Astros '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 18 , 1980 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One - game playoff history -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Doran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Lanier Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Ball '' . Hardballtimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2013/4/11/4213250/houston-astros-uniforms-craig-biggio-jeff-bagwell-jimmy-winn-cesar-cedeno Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history -- 1987 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated has very , very , very high hopes for the 2017 Astros '' . Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Astros ' Justin Verlander trade came together at the last second '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Astros win 1st World Series crown , top Dodgers 5 - 1 in Game 7 '' . statesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Numbers : Houston Astros - Baseball Essential '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Houston Astros official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2016 American League champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Houston Astros managers Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. Hinch ( 2015 -- ) Houston Astros retired numbers 5 Jeff Bagwell 7 Craig Biggio 24 Jimmy Wynn 25 José Cruz 32 Jim Umbricht 33 Mike Scott 34 Nolan Ryan 40 Don Wilson 49 Larry Dierker Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. 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-3329203769685149704 | World Health Organization | World Health Organization - wikipedia World Health Organization Jump to : navigation , search `` WHO '' redirects here . For other uses , see Who ( disambiguation ) . World Health Organization World Health Organization Organisation mondiale de la santé ( in French ) Flag of the World Health Organization Abbreviation WHO OMS Formation 7 April 1948 ; 69 years ago ( 1948 - 04 - 07 ) Type Specialized agency of the United Nations Legal status Active Headquarters Geneva , Switzerland Head Tedros Adhanom , Director - General Parent organization United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) Website www.who.int The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health . It was established on 7 April 1948 , headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Its predecessor , the Health Organization , was an agency of the League of Nations . The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946 , with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948 . It incorporated the Office international d'hygiène publique and the League of Nations Health Organization . Since its creation , it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , in particular HIV / AIDS , Ebola , malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases ; sexual and reproductive health , development , and ageing ; nutrition , food security and healthy eating ; occupational health ; substance abuse ; and driving the development of reporting , publications , and networking . The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report , the worldwide World Health Survey , and World Health Day . The Director - General of WHO is Tedros Adhanom who started his five - year term on 1 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Operational history 1.3 Overall focus 1.4 Communicable diseases 1.5 Non-communicable diseases 1.6 Environmental health 1.7 Life course and life style 1.8 Surgery and trauma care 1.9 Emergency work 1.10 Health policy 1.11 Governance and support 1.11. 1 Partnerships 1.11. 2 Public health education and action 1.12 Data handling and publications 2 Structure 2.1 Membership 2.2 Assembly and Executive Board 2.3 Regional offices 2.4 People 2.5 Country and liaison offices 2.6 Financing and partnerships 3 Controversies 3.1 IAEA -- Agreement WHA 12 -- 40 3.2 Roman Catholic Church and AIDS 3.3 Intermittent preventive therapy 3.4 Diet and sugar intake 3.5 2009 swine flu pandemic 3.6 2013 -- 16 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts 3.7 FCTC implementation database 3.8 IARC controversies 3.9 Block of Taiwanese participation 3.10 Travel expenses 3.11 Robert Mugabe 's naming as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador 4 World headquarters 4.1 Early views 4.2 Views 2013 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization , Szeming Sze , a delegate from China , conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations . After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject , Alger Hiss , the Secretary General of the conference , recommended using a declaration to establish such an organisation . Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health . The use of the word `` world '' , rather than `` international '' , emphasised the truly global nature of what the organisation was seeking to achieve . The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations , and by 10 other countries , on 22 July 1946 . It thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed . Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948 , when it was ratified by the 26th member state . The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948 , having secured a budget of US $5 million ( then GB £ 1,250,000 ) for the 1949 year . Andrija Stampar was the Assembly 's first president , and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director - General of WHO , having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages . Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria , tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections , and to improve maternal and child health , nutrition and environmental hygiene . Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease . The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing . Operational history ( edit ) Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated , 1980 In 1947 the WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex , and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way . In 1955 , the malaria eradication programme was launched , although it was later altered in objective . 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer . In 1958 , Viktor Zhdanov , Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR , called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox , resulting in Resolution WHA11. 54 . At this point , 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year . In 1966 , WHO moved into its headquarters building . In 1967 , the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method . The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases . WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities . The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972 . After over two decades of fighting smallpox , the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated -- the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort . In 1974 , the Expanded Programme on Immunization and the control programme of onchocerciasis was started , an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , and World Bank . In 1967 the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was also launched . In 1976 , the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation , with a focus on community - driven care . In 1977 , the first list of essential medicines was drawn up , and a year later the ambitious goal of `` health for all '' was declared . In 1986 , WHO started its global programme on HIV / AIDS . Two years later preventing discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 UNAIDS was formed . In 1988 , the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established . In 1998 , WHO 's Director - General highlighted gains in child survival , reduced infant mortality , increased life expectancy and reduced rates of `` scourges '' such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO 's founding . He , did , however , accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow . In 2000 , the Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN 's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals . In 2001 the measles initiative was formed , and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68 % by 2007 . In 2002 , The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available . In 2006 , the organisation endorsed the world 's first official HIV / AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe , which formed the basis for a global prevention , treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic . Overall focus ( edit ) The WHO 's Constitution states that its objective `` is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health '' . WHO fulfills its objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution : ( a ) to act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work ( b ) to establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations , specialised agencies , governmental health administrations , professional groups and such other organisations as may be deemed appropriate ( c ) to assist Governments , upon request , in strengthening health services ( d ) to furnish appropriate technical assistance and , in emergencies , necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments ( e ) to provide or assist in providing , upon the request of the United Nations , health services and facilities to special groups , such as the peoples of trust territories ( f ) to establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required , including epidemiological and statistical services ( g ) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic , endemic and other diseases ( h ) to promote , in co-operation with other specialised agencies where necessary , the prevention of accidental injuries ( i ) to promote , in co-operation with other specialised agencies where necessary , the improvement of nutrition , housing , sanitation , recreation , economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene ( j ) to promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health ( k ) to propose conventions , agreements and regulations , and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform . As of 2012 WHO has defined its role in public health as follows : providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed ; shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation , translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge ; setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation ; articulating ethical and evidence - based policy options ; providing technical support , catalysing change , and building sustainable institutional capacity ; and monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends . Communicable diseases ( edit ) The 2012 -- 2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed . Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases : the first , to reduce the `` health , social and economic burden '' of communicable diseases in general ; the second to combat HIV / AIDS , malaria and tuberculosis in particular . As of 2015 WHO has worked within the UNAIDS network and strived to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV / AIDS . In line with UNAIDS , WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15 -- 24 years who are infected by 50 % ; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90 % ; and reducing HIV - related deaths by 25 % . During the 1970s , WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious , it retained a strong commitment to malaria control . WHO 's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases , and future problems in malaria control schemes . As of 2012 WHO was to report , as to whether RTS , S / AS01 , were a viable malaria vaccine . For the time being , insecticide - treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria , as are antimalarial drugs -- particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children . Between 1990 and 2010 , WHO 's help has contributed to a 40 % decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis , and since 2005 , over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO . These include engaging national governments and their financing , early diagnosis , standardising treatment , monitoring of the spread and impact of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply . It has also recognised the vulnerability of victims of HIV / AIDS to tuberculosis . In 1988 , WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio . It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99 % since which partnered WHO with Rotary International , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , and smaller organisations . As of 2011 it has been working to immunise young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared `` polio - free '' . Non-communicable diseases ( edit ) Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of `` disease , disability and premature deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases , mental disorders , violence and injuries , and visual impairment '' . Environmental Health ( edit ) The WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 -- this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths . Environmental risk factors , such as air , water and soil pollution , chemical exposures , climate change , and ultraviolet radiation , contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries . This can result in a number of pollution - related diseases . Life course and life style ( edit ) WHO works to `` reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life , including pregnancy , childbirth , the neonatal period , childhood and adolescence , and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals '' . It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for `` health conditions associated with use of tobacco , alcohol , drugs and other psychoactive substances , unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex '' . WHO works to improve nutrition , food safety and food security and to ensure this has a positive effect on public health and sustainable development . Surgery and trauma care ( edit ) The WHO promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic - related injuries . WHO has also worked on global initiatives in surgery , including emergency and essential surgical care , trauma care , and safe surgery . The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety . Emergency work ( edit ) The World Health Organization 's primary objective in natural and man - made emergencies is to co-ordinate with member states and other stakeholders to `` reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability . '' On 5 May 2014 , WHO announced that the spread of polio was a world health emergency -- outbreaks of the disease in Asia , Africa , and the Middle East were considered `` extraordinary '' . On 8 August 2014 , WHO declared that the spread of Ebola was a public health emergency ; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone . The situation in West Africa was considered very serious . Health policy ( edit ) WHO addresses government health policy with two aims : firstly , `` to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor , gender - responsive , and human rights - based approaches '' and secondly `` to promote a healthier environment , intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health '' . The organisation develops and promotes the use of evidence - based tools , norms and standards to support member states to inform health policy options . It oversees the implementation of the International Health Regulations , and publishes a series of medical classifications ; of these , three are over-reaching `` reference classifications '' : the International Statistical Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) , the International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) and the International Classification of Health Interventions ( ICHI ) . Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Breast - milk Substitutes ( adopted in 1981 ) , Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( adopted in 2003 ) and the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel ( adopted in 2010 ) . In terms of health services , WHO looks to improve `` governance , financing , staffing and management '' and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy making . It also strives to `` ensure improved access , quality and use of medical products and technologies '' . WHO -- working with donor agencies and national governments -- can improve their use of and their reporting about their use of research evidence . Governance and support ( edit ) The remaining two of WHO 's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself : `` to provide leadership , strengthen governance and foster partnership and collaboration with countries , the United Nations system , and other stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of WHO in advancing the global health agenda '' ; and `` to develop and sustain WHO as a flexible , learning organization , enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and effectively '' . Partnerships ( edit ) The WHO along with the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for administering the International Health Partnership ( IHP+ ) . The IHP+ is a group of partner governments , development agencies , civil society and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries . Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development co-operation into practice in the health sector . The organisation relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work , such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization , the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy , and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice . WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research , targeted at improving health policy and systems . WHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the HINARI network . Public Health Education and action ( edit ) Each year , the organisation marks World Health Day and other observances focusing on a specific health promotion topic . World Health Day falls on 7 April each year , timed to match the anniversary of WHO 's founding . Recent themes have been vector - borne diseases ( 2014 ) , healthy ageing ( 2012 ) and drug resistance ( 2011 ) . The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are World Tuberculosis Day , World Immunization Week , World Malaria Day , World No Tobacco Day , World Blood Donor Day , World Hepatitis Day , and World AIDS Day . As part of the United Nations , the World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals . Of the eight Millennium Development Goals , three -- reducing child mortality by two - thirds , to reduce maternal deaths by three - quarters , and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV / AIDS -- relate directly to WHO 's scope ; the other five inter-relate and have an impact on world health . Data handling and publications ( edit ) The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well - being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms , including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries , and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health ( SAGE ) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries . The Country Health Intelligence Portal ( CHIP ) , has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries . The information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans , implement , monitor , and evaluate it . The WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national health systems and health workforces . The Global Health Observatory ( GHO ) has been the WHO 's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe . The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems ( WHO - AIMS ) , the WHO Quality of Life Instrument ( WHOQOL ) , and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment ( SARA ) provide guidance for data collection . Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies , such as through the Health Metrics Network , also aim to provide sufficient high - quality information to assist governmental decision making . WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs , including through the Evidence - Informed Policy Network ( EVIPNet ) . The Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO / AMRO ) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009 . On 10 December 2013 , a new WHO database , known as MiNDbank , went online . The database was launched on Human Rights Day , and is part of WHO 's QualityRights initiative , which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions . The new database presents a great deal of information about mental health , substance abuse , disability , human rights , and the different policies , strategies , laws , and service standards being implemented in different countries . It also contains important international documents and information . The database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners . Users can review policies , laws , and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health . The WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report , its leading publication , including an expert assessment of a specific global health topic . Other publications of WHO include the Bulletin of the World Health Organization , the Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ( overseen by EMRO ) , the Human Resources for Health ( published in collaboration with BioMed Central ) , and the Pan American Journal of Public Health ( overseen by PAHO / AMRO ) . Structure ( edit ) The World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Membership ( edit ) Countries by World Health Organization membership status As of 2016 , the WHO has 194 member states : all of them Member States of the United Nations except for the Cook Islands and Niue . ( A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization . ) As of 2013 , it also had two associate members , Puerto Rico and Tokelau . Several other countries have been granted observer status . Palestine is an observer as a `` national liberation movement '' recognised by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118 . The Holy See also attends as an observer , as does the Order of Malta . In 2010 , Taiwan was invited under the name of `` Chinese Taipei '' . WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly , WHO 's supreme decision - making body . All UN Member States are eligible for WHO membership , and , according to the WHO web site , `` other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly '' . Liechtenstein is currently the only UN member not in the WHO membership . In addition , the UN observer organisations International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into `` official relations '' with WHO and are invited as observers . In the World Health Assembly they are seated alongside the other NGOs . Assembly and Executive Board ( edit ) WHO Headquarters in Geneva The World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO . Based in Geneva , it typically meets yearly in May . It appoints the Director - General every five years , and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO , including the proposed budget . It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination . The Assembly elects 34 members , technically qualified in the field of health , to the Executive Board for three - year terms . The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly , to advise it and to facilitate its work . The current Director General of the WHO is Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , an Ethiopian national . The current chairman of the executive board is Dr. Assad Hafeez . Regional offices ( edit ) Regional offices and regions of the WHO : Africa ; HQ : Brazzaville , Congo Americas ; HQ : Washington , DC , USA Eastern Med. ; HQ : Cairo , Egypt Europe ; HQ : Copenhagen , Denmark South East Asia ; HQ : New Delhi , India Western Pacific ; HQ : Manila , Philippines The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952 , and are based on article 44 of WHO 's constitution , which allowed the WHO to `` establish a ( single ) regional organization to meet the special needs of ( each defined ) area '' . Many decisions are made at regional level , including important discussions over WHO 's budget , and in deciding the members of the next assembly , which are designated by the regions . Each region has a Regional Committee , which generally meets once a year , normally in the autumn . Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region , including those states that are not fully recognised . For example , Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional office . Each region also has a regional office . Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director , who is elected by the Regional Committee . The Board must approve such appointments , although as of 2004 , it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee . The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate , but the practical effect has always been small . Since 1999 , Regional Directors serve for a once - renewable five - year term . Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads , in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region . Aside from electing the Regional Director , the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation , within the region , of the health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly . The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region . The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region . The RD manages and / or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialised centres . The RD is also the direct supervising authority -- concomitantly with the WHO Director - General -- of all the heads of WHO country offices , known as WHO Representatives , within the Region . Regional Offices of WHO Region Headquarters Notes Website Africa Brazzaville , Republic of Congo AFRO includes most of Africa , with the exception of Egypt , Sudan , Djibouti , Tunisia , Libya , Somalia and Morocco ( all fall under EMRO ) . The Regional Director is Matshidiso Moeti . AFRO Europe Copenhagen , Denmark . EURO includes Europe , Israel , and former USSR , except Liechtenstein . EURO South - East Asia New Delhi , India North Korea is served by SEARO . SEARO Eastern Mediterranean Cairo , Egypt Eastern Mediterranean Regional office includes the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO , as well as the countries of the Middle East , except for Israel . Pakistan is served by EMRO . EMRO Western Pacific Manila , Philippines . WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO , and all the countries in Oceania . South Korea is served by WPRO . WPRO The Americas Washington D.C. , USA . Also known as the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) , and covers the Americas . The Regional Director is Carissa F. Etienne . AMRO People ( edit ) Directors - General of WHO Name Years of Tenure Tedros Adhanom since 2017 Margaret Chan 2006 -- 2017 Anders Nordström * 2006 ( acting ) Lee Jong - wook 2003 -- 2006 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1998 -- 2003 Hiroshi Nakajima 1988 -- 1998 Halfdan T. Mahler 1973 -- 1988 Marcolino Gomes Candau 1953 -- 1973 Brock Chisholm 1948 -- 1953 * Acting Director - General following the death of Lee Jong - wook while in office The head of the organisation is the Director - General , elected by the World Health Assembly . The current Director - General is Tedros Adhanom , who was appointed on 1st July 2017 . WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries . In support of the principle of a tobacco - free work environment the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers . The organisation has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003 . The WHO operates `` Goodwill Ambassadors '' , members of the arts , sport or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO 's initiatives and projects . There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors ( Jet Li , Nancy Brinker , Peng Liyuan , Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra ) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ( Craig David ) . Country and liaison offices ( edit ) The World Health Organization operates 147 country offices in all its regions . It also operates several liaison offices , including those with the European Union , United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . It also operates the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon , France , and the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe , Japan . Additional offices include those in Pristina ; the West Bank and Gaza ; the US - Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso ; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados ; and Northern Micronesia office . There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital , occasionally accompanied by satellite - offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question . The country office is headed by a WHO Representative ( WR ) . As of 2010 , the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( `` Libya '' ) ; all other staff were international . Those in the Region for the Americas , they are referred to as PAHO / WHO Representatives . In Europe , WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office , and are nationals with the exception of Serbia ; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania , the Russian Federation , Tajikistan , Turkey , and Uzbekistan . The WR is member of the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator . The country office consists of the WR , and several health and other experts , both foreign and local , as well as the necessary support staff . The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country 's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies . Financing and partnerships ( edit ) The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors . As of 2012 , the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ( $110 million ) , Japan ( $58 million ) , Germany ( $37 million ) , United Kingdom ( $31 million ) and France ( $31 million ) . The combined 2012 -- 2013 budget has proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million , of which $944 million ( 24 % ) will come from assessed contributions . This represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009 -- 2010 budget , adjusting to take account of previous underspends . Assessed contributions were kept the same . Voluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million ( 76 % ) , of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding , with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives . In recent years , the WHO 's work has involved increasing collaboration with external bodies . As of 2002 , a total of 473 non-governmental organisations ( NGO ) had some form of partnership with WHO . There were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal `` official relations '' -- the rest being considered informal in character . Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation . Controversies ( edit ) IAEA -- Agreement WHA 12 -- 40 ( edit ) Alexey Yablokov ( left ) and Vassili Nesterenko ( farthest right ) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland in 2008 . Demonstration on Chernobyl disaster day near WHO in Geneva In 1959 , the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12 -- 40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) . A selective reading of this document can result in the misunderstanding that the IAEA is able to prevent the WHO from conducting research or work on some areas . The agreement states that the WHO recognises the IAEA as having responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the WHO of promoting health . However , the following paragraph adds that `` whenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest , the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement '' . The nature of this statement has led some pressure groups and activists ( including Women in Europe for a Common Future ) to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the effects on human health of radiation caused by the use of nuclear power and the continuing effects of nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima . They believe WHO must regain what they see as `` independence '' . Roman Catholic Church and AIDS ( edit ) Main article : Roman Catholic Church and AIDS In 2003 , the WHO denounced the Roman Curia 's health department 's opposition to the use of condoms , saying : `` These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people , and currently affects at least 42 million . '' As of 2009 , the Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV / AIDS . At the time , the World Health Assembly President , Guyana 's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy , condemned Pope Benedict 's opposition to contraception , saying he was trying to `` create confusion '' and `` impede '' proven strategies in the battle against the disease . Intermittent preventive therapy ( edit ) The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent preventive therapy of malaria triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief Akira Kochi . Diet and sugar intake ( edit ) Some of the research undertaken or supported by WHO to determine how people 's lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live in better or worse health can be controversial , as illustrated by a 2003 joint WHO / FAO report on nutrition and the prevention of chronic non-communicable disease , which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10 % of a healthy diet . The report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation , to which the WHO / FAO responded by including in the report this statement : `` The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10 % of total energy is controversial '' . It also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies . In 2014 , WHO reduced recommended sugar levels by half and said that sugar should make up no more than 5 % of a healthy diet . 2009 swine flu pandemic ( edit ) Main article : 2009 flu pandemic In 2007 , the WHO organised work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts . A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by the then Director - General Margaret Chan in April 2009 . By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger , spreading `` fear and confusion '' rather than `` immediate information '' . Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to `` unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities , scientists and manufacturers , resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken , with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration . This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade '' . 2013 -- 16 Ebola outbreak and Reform efforts ( edit ) Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa , the organisation was heavily criticised for its bureaucracy , insufficient financing , regional structure , and staffing profile . An internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and lack of `` core capacity '' in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system . At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015 , Director - General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies , of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 ( for 2017 disbursement ) . WHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its Health Emergencies Programme in 2016 -- 17 , for which it had received $140 million by April 2016 . The program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action , which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organisation in an advisory role dependent on member states for on - the - ground activities . In comparison , billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013 -- 16 Ebola epidemic and 2015 -- 16 Zika epidemic . FCTC implementation database ( edit ) The WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the only mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC . However , there has been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built . As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report `` As of July 4 , 2012 , 361 ( 32 7 % ) of 1104 countries ' responses were misreported : 33 ( 3 0 % ) were clear errors ( eg , database indicated `` yes '' when report indicated `` no '' ) , 270 ( 24 5 % ) were missing despite countries having submitted responses , and 58 ( 5 3 % ) were , in our opinion , misinterpreted by WHO staff `` . IARC controversies ( edit ) Further information : International Agency for Research on Cancer The World Health Organization sub-department , the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) , has been criticised for the way it analyses the tendency of certain substances and activities to cause cancer and for having politically motivated bias when it selects studies for its analysis . Ed Yong , a British science journalist , has criticized the agency and its `` confusing '' category system for misleading the public . Marcel Kuntz , a French director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research , criticized the agency for its classification of potentially carcinogenic substances . He claimed that this classification did not take into account the extent of exposure : for example , red meat is qualified as probably carcinogenic , but the quantity of consumed red meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified . Controversies have erupted multiple times when the IARC has classified many things as Class 2a ( probable carcinogens ) , including cell phone signals , glyphosate , drinking hot beverages , and working as a barber . Block of Taiwanese participation ( edit ) China has barred Taiwan from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations , and in 2017 refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly . Travel expenses ( edit ) According to The Associated Press , WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses , more than it spends to tackle mental health problems , HIV / AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria combined . In 2016 , Margaret Chan , Director - General of WHO from November 2006 to June 2017 , stayed in a $1000 per night hotel room while visiting West Africa . Robert Mugabe 's naming as a WHO Goodwill ambassador ( edit ) On 21st October 2017 the Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus appointed Zimbabwe 's president Robert Mugabe as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases . The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe . The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organisations due to Robert Mugabe 's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe 's public health . Due to the outcry , the following day the appointment was revoked . World headquarters ( edit ) The seat of the organisation is in Geneva , Switzerland . It was dedicated and opened in 1966 . Early views ( edit ) Building as portrayed on a Hungarian postage stamp , 1966 On a 1966 stamp of the German Democratic Republic Stairwell , 1969 Internal courtyard , 1969 Reflecting pool , 1969 Exterior , 1969 Views 2013 ( edit ) WHO Headquarters from Southwest WHO Headquarters from South WHO Headquarters from East WHO Headquarters from North WHO Headquarters from West WHO Headquarters main entrance WHO Headquarters entrance hall WHO Headquarters main conference room See also ( edit ) Global health Timeline of global health Global Mental Health Health For All Health promotion Healthy city / Alliance for Healthy Cities , an international alliance Health Sciences Online , virtual learning resources High 5s Project , a patient safety collaboration International Health Partnership International Labour Organization Open Learning for Development , virtual learning resources Public health Sustainable Development The Partnership for Maternal , Newborn and Child Health Tropical disease WHO Guidelines for drinking - water quality WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dr Tedros takes office as WHO Director - General '' . 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Jump up ^ `` WHO Aims To Reform Itself But Health Experts Are n't Yet Impressed '' . Jump up ^ http://apps.who.int/fctc/reporting/database Jump up ^ Hoffman S.J. ; Rizvi Z. ( 2012 ) . `` WHO 's Undermining Tobacco Control '' . The Lancet . 380 ( 9843 ) : 727 -- 728 . PMID 22920746 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61402 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yong , Ed . `` Beefing With the World Health Organization 's Cancer Warnings '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pourquoi les fausses sciences gouvernent le monde ( et pourquoi il faut mettre un terme à ce règne ) '' . Slate.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kelland , Kate ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Exclusive : U.S. lawmakers to investigate funding of WHO cancer agency '' . Reuters . London , U.K . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` China warns Taiwan of continued lockout from WHO assembly '' . washingtonpost.com. 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Health Assembly elects Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus as new WHO Director - General '' . Geneva : World Health Organization . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Maria ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Health agency spends more on travel than AIDS '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Mugabe 's WHO appointment condemned as ' an insult ' '' . BBC News . 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHO chief ' rethinking ' appointment of Zimbabwe 's Mugabe as ' goodwill ambassador ' after widespread condemnation '' . The Globe and Mail . The Associated Press . 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHO cancels Robert Mugabe goodwill ambassador role '' . BBC News . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Health Organization . Official website `` Staff regulations and staff rules '' ( pdf ) . WHO . February 2016 . 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-3810488522875946421 | Can't Help Falling in Love | Ca n't Help Falling in Love - wikipedia Ca n't Help Falling in Love Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Blue Hawaii B - side `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' Released October 1 , 1961 Format 7 '' Recorded March 23 , 1961 , Radio Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Pop Length 2 : 59 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Elvis Presley ( Joseph Lilley for Paramount Pictures ) Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music , Elvis Presley 's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss . The melody is based on `` Plaisir d'amour '' ( 1784 ) , a popular romance by Jean - Paul - Égide Martini ( 1741 -- 1816 ) . It was featured in Elvis Presley 's 1961 film , Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades , it was recorded by numerous other artists , including Tom Smothers , British reggae group UB40 , whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts , and Swedish pop group A-Teens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elvis Presley version 1.1 Personnel 1.2 Track listings 2 UB40 version 2.1 Track listings 2.2 Charts and sales 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 2.2. 3 Decade - end charts 2.2. 4 Certifications 2.2. 5 Chart successions 3 A-Teens version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Releases 4 Other versions 4.1 Other artists who recorded the song 4.2 Additional versions 5 References 6 External links Elvis Presley version ( edit ) Elvis Presley 's version of the song , which topped the British charts in 1962 , has appeared in numerous other films , including the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , the 2002 Disney film Lilo & Stitch , the 2016 film The Conjuring 2 and the pilot episode of Sons of Anarchy . Other films that feature the song include Overboard , Honeymoon in Vegas , The Thing Called Love , Was It Something I Said ? , Fools Rush In , Love Stinks and Happily Ever After . The single is certified by the RIAA as a Platinum record , for US sales in excess of one million copies . In the United States , the Elvis Presley version of the song peaked at number two on the pop chart and went to number one on the Easy Listening chart for six weeks . During Presley 's late 1960s and 1970s live performances , the song was performed as the show 's finale . Most notably , it was also sung in the live segment of his 1968 NBC television special , and as the closer for his 1973 Global telecast , Aloha from Hawaii . A version with a faster arrangement was used as the closing for Presley 's final TV special , Elvis in Concert . Personnel ( edit ) Elvis Presley -- lead vocals The Jordanaires -- backing vocals Scotty Moore -- electric guitar Floyd Cramer -- piano Bob Moore -- double bass Hal Blaine -- drums Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' Preceded by `` When I Fall in Love '' by the Lettermen Billboard Easy Listening number - one single by Elvis Presley January 13 , 1962 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Little Bitty Tear '' by Burl Ives Preceded by `` The Young Ones '' by Cliff Richard and the Shadows UK number - one single `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' b / w `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love February 22 , 1962 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wonderful Land '' by the Shadows UB40 version ( edit ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' Single by UB40 from the album Sliver : Music from the Motion Picture and Promises and Lies Released May 10 , 1993 Format 7 '' 10 '' CD MCD Recorded March 3 , 1993 Genre Reggae fusion synthpop Length 3 : 24 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) In 1993 , British reggae band UB40 recorded the song as the first single from their 1993 album Promises and Lies . The song was released in May 1993 , in the majority of countries worldwide . It eventually climbed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at number 100 and appears in the soundtrack of the movie Sliver , the trailer for Fools Rush In and an episode of Hindsight . It remained at number one in the United States for seven weeks . It was also number one in the United Kingdom , Austria , Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand . The single version of the song has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody . In the US , and on the Sliver soundtrack , the song title was listed as `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love , '' rather than what appeared on the record sleeve . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 CD maxi `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 10 '' single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 7 '' single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base UK Singles Chart number - one single June 6 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreams '' by Gabrielle Preceded by `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway Dutch Top 40 number - one single June 26 , 1993 -- July 17 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Preceded by `` Somebody Dance with Me '' by DJ Bobo Swedish number - one single June 30 , 1993 -- July 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Informer '' by Snow Australian ( ARIA ) number - one single July 11 , 1993 -- August 22 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel Preceded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Austrian number - one single July 18 , 1993 -- August 8 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Weak '' by SWV Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 24 , 1993 , -- September 4 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` What Is Love '' '' by Haddaway Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single July 31 , 1993 -- September 21 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes A-Teens version ( edit ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by A-Teens from the album Lilo & Stitch and Pop ' til You Drop ! Released October 29 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 06 Label Walt Disney Universal Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Mark Hammond A-Teens singles chronology `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) The song was the A-Teens 's first single from their first extended play Pop ' til You Drop ! , as well as for the Lilo & Stitch movie soundtrack , which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks , the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in the soundtrack . It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album , New Arrival for the European market . The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels , with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album . As a result , the song had two music videos , one to promote the Disney movie , the other for the album . It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album , Disney Girlz Rock . The song did not chart in the United States but reached No. 12 in Sweden , No. 16 in Argentina , and No. 41 in Australia . Despite the success of the song overseas , it failed to attract the rest of the Latin American public , due to the fact that there was a Spanish version of the song , performed by the Argentine group , Bandana . In addition , the A-Teens ' version of the song was overshadowed by the promotion of Bandana 's version . Music video ( edit ) The video was directed by Gregory Dark and filmed in Los Angeles , California . It had two different versions . The `` Disney Version '' , as the fans named it , features scenes of the movie , and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes . The `` A-Teens Version '' of the video , features the A-Teens on the white background with different close - ups and choreography , and scenes with puppies and different costumes . Releases ( edit ) Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks . European 2 - track CD single `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + European / Australian CD maxi `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + `` He Mele , No Lilo '' -- 2 : 28 + Other versions ( edit ) Other artists who recorded the song ( edit ) Erasure released a cover of this song on their 2003 album Other People 's Songs . Keely Smith , whose cover was on the charts at the same time as Presley 's . The uptempo version by Andy Williams peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1970 . The Al Martino recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2746 and charted in 1970 , peaking at No. 51 on the Billboard charts and No. 57 on the Cashbox chart . Filipina singer - actress Nora Aunor , released this single 1971 and is part of her Blue Hawaii album . Taiwanese boyband F4 covered the song in Mandarin version for their album Fantasy 4ever which was released in December 2002 . William Control released this single in 2010 inside his second album Noir . Bob Dylan recorded a version of this song for his 1973 cover album , Dylan . The Stylistics ' disco version was a hit in the UK , climbing to No. 4 in June 1976 . Shirley Bassey recorded a version of this song for a 1976 single . Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By . Abbey Road Records issued a version by Herb Reed & The Original Platters in 1977 . Lick the Tins included the song on their 1986 album Blind Man on a Flying Horse . It was a minor hit on the British charts , and it was featured in the ending credits of the films Some Kind of Wonderful and The Snapper . In 1987 , Corey Hart 's recording reached No. 1 in his native Canada and No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The cover and song were used with the image of forlorn animals in desperate need of rescue for a fundraising television commercial for the Ontario Humane Society . U2 used the song frequently on the Zoo TV Tour to close the concert . Ingrid Michaelson released an updated version on her album Be OK in 2008 , which was nominated for the American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , and Independent Music Award for Best Song -- Cover . Haley Reinhart 's remake of the song was used in a 2015 advert for Extra gum and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 17 , 2017 . Twenty One Pilots ' arrangement of the song was released in 2012 as a video cover on their YouTube channel , was recorded for their Holding On To You EP ( UK release ) in 2013 , and is played live on tour . Liela Avila ' version of the song was used in closing credits of the 2008 film The Other End of The Line . Keaton Henson recorded the song in his session called Forts Pt. 2 in the spring of 2012 . Chris Isaak on Beyond the Sun ( 2011 ) . Eels frontman Mark Oliver Everret ( stage name E ) , included a cover of the song on the 2008 album Useless Trinkets : B - Sides , Soundtracks , Rarities and Unreleased 1996 -- 2006 . Doris Day `` Love Him '' album December 1963 Engelbert Humperdinck recorded an uptempo version for his 1979 album `` This Moment In Time '' . Vov Dylan and The Palace Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of this song for the album `` So In Love '' ( 2015 ) Klaus Nomi 's cover of the song was featured on the album Encore , released in 1983 shortly after his death from AIDS Daniel Padilla 's version of the song was used as the theme song of the 2017 Philippine romantic drama film of the same name , also titled Ca n't Help Falling in Love which is starred by him and Kathryn Bernardo . Pentatonix covered the song for their 2017 extended play PTX , Vol. IV - Classics . Beck recorded a version for the Amazon original The Man in the High Castle . Perry Como recorded a version of this song in June 1962 Additional versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is most closely associated as the main supporters ' song of English football club Sunderland whose fans were the first to sing it . Since then other English clubs have adopted it including Swindon Town , Hull City , Huddersfield Town , Preston North End , A.F.C. Wimbledon , Sheffield United , Woking FC and MK Dons and Welsh football club Swansea City A.F.C. . It is also used by Scottish clubs Dundee United , Airdrie United and Raith Rovers , Portland Timbers and Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer , as well as Central Coast Mariners of Hyundai A-League . The English punk band Leatherface ( who are from Sunderland ) released a punk arrangement of the song on a limited edition 7 '' in 1993 . This version would later be used in the final episode of Sons of Anarchy . The Argentine pop group Bandana also featured a Spanish version of the song for the Spanish - speaking countries soundtrack of the same movie . Céline Dion performs a live rendition of the song on her 1995 DVD / VHS release The Colour of My Love Concert . This particular performance has been hailed as one of Dion 's greatest vocal performances ever , live or recorded . She also performed this song at the 2002 Diva 's Live in Las Vegas show . In August 2007 , she performed the song once more during her A New Day ... show . The Who integrated parts of the song into their 2004 single `` Real Good Looking Boy '' . In fact , the song is credited to Pete Townshend , George Weiss , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore . The 2004 Broadway musical All Shook Up , based on William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night with songs by Elvis , has a version of the song . Keele University hockey club in Staffordshire , UK , have adopted this song as their own , changing the `` you '' to `` keele '' . Il Divo cover their song in their compilation album The Greatest Hits . Canadian reggae fusion group Magic ! ( known for their debut single `` Rude '' ) recorded a version of this song . Christina Grimmie performed the song during the sixth season of The Voice in 2014 . Actor Patrick Wilson impersonates Elvis by performing the song in the film The Conjuring 2 . During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is repeated throughout the whole song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love / Rock - A-Hula Baby by Elvis Presley ( Single , Blue Eyed Soul ) : Reviews , Ratings , Credits , Song list '' . Rate Your Music . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Elvis Presley - A Life in Music by Ernst Jorgensen p. 151 - 152 Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love by Elvis Presley Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 196 . Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 342 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' , in various Singles Chart Lescharts.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 20090617222452 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 20090603000000 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia ( Retrieved May 31 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Single top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ub40.co.uk Archived January 31 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard allmusic.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993 '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter UB40 in the field Interpret . Enter Ca n't Help Falling in Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select UB40 and click OK Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( UB40 ; ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Ca n't Help Falling in Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- UB - 40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A * Teens Draft Baha Men , LMNT For Tour '' . Billboard . July 17 , 2002 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska . `` Daniel serenades Kathryn in ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' music video '' . Star Cinema . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' Recap : The Finals Begin With Performances from Top Three '' . ABC News . 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Links to related articles Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro ! '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject We Five Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan ' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let 's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B - Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Andrea Bocelli singles Il mare calmo della sera `` Il mare calmo della sera '' Bocelli `` Con te partirò '' / `` Vivere '' `` Macchine da Guerra '' `` Per amore '' `` Vivo per lei '' Romanza `` Vivo por ella '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Ich lebe für sie '' `` Je vis pour elle '' Sogno `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' Sacred Arias `` Ave Maria '' Cieli di Toscana `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` L'abitudine '' Andrea `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' Amore `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` Ama Credi E Vai '' Vivere `` Dare to Live ( Vivere ) '' `` Vive Ya '' My Christmas `` White Christmas / Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' Cinema `` E Più Ti Penso '' Other singles `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Other songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Bésame Mucho '' `` Amapola '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Panis Angelicus '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Blue Christmas '' Category Media The Stylistics Airrion Love Herb Murrell Harold Eban Brown Jason Sharpe Russell Thompkins , Jr . James Dunn James Smith Raymond Johnson Van Fields Studio albums The Stylistics Round 2 Rockin ' Roll Baby Let 's Put It All Together Compilation albums The Best of the Stylistics The Best of the Stylistics , Vol. 2 Singles `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Betcha by Golly , Wow '' `` I 'm Stone in Love with You '' `` Break Up to Make Up '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Ca n't Give You Anything ( But My Love ) '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Shame and Scandal in the Family '' `` Always on My Mind '' Related articles Discography Avco Records H&L Records Book : The Stylistics UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love , Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International A-Teens Marie Serneholt Amit Paul Dhani Lennevald Sara Lumholdt Studio albums The ABBA Generation Teen Spirit Pop ' til You Drop ! New Arrival Extended plays Extr - A-Teens Compilation albums Greatest Hits Remix albums The ABBA Generation Remix Singles `` Mamma Mia '' `` Super Trouper '' `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' `` Happy New Year '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` Upside Down '' `` Halfway Around the World '' `` Sugar Rush '' `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' `` Floorfiller '' `` A Perfect Match '' `` Let Your Heart Do All the Talking '' `` I Promised Myself '' Related articles Discography Songs Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related articles Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Haley Reinhart Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) Better ( 2016 ) EPs American Idol season 10 highlights : Haley Reinhart ( 2011 ) Songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Free '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Better '' Concert tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love&oldid=801799237 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1961 singles 1976 singles 1987 singles 1993 singles 2002 singles 1961 songs Songs written by Hugo Peretti Songs written by George David Weiss Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Gregory Dark Songs written by Luigi Creatore Pop ballads Rock ballads Soul ballads Reggae fusion songs Dance - pop songs A-Teens songs Andy Williams songs Bob Dylan songs Corey Hart ( singer ) songs Elvis Presley songs Ingrid Michaelson songs Marty Robbins songs The Stylistics songs UB40 songs Songs written for films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk More Contents Help About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | can't help falling in love who wrote it | [
"\"Can't Help Falling in Love\" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Elvis Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on \"Plaisir d'amour\"[4] (1784), a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1741–1816). It was featured in Elvis Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts, and Swedish pop group A-Teens.",
"\"Can't Help Falling in Love\" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Elvis Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on \"Plaisir d'amour\"[4] (1784), a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1741–1816). It was featured in Elvis Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts, and Swedish pop group A-Teens.",
"\"Can't Help Falling in Love\" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Elvis Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on \"Plaisir d'amour\"[4] (1784), a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1741–1816). It was featured in Elvis Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts, and Swedish pop group A-Teens."
] | [
"Hugo Peretti",
"Luigi Creatore",
"George David Weiss"
] |
4889311379000720376 | Calvin and Hobbes | Calvin and Hobbes - wikipedia Calvin and Hobbes Calvin and Hobbes The cover of Calvin and Hobbes , the first collection of comic strips , released in April 1987 Author ( s ) Bill Watterson Website www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes Current status / schedule Concluded Launch date November 18 , 1985 End date December 31 , 1995 Syndicate ( s ) Universal Press Syndicate Publisher ( s ) Andrews McMeel Publishing Genre ( s ) Humor , family life , politics , philosophy , satire Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Bill Watterson that was syndicated from November 18 , 1985 to December 31 , 1995 . Commonly cited as `` the last great newspaper comic '' , Calvin and Hobbes has enjoyed broad and enduring popularity , influence , and academic interest . Calvin and Hobbes follows the humorous antics of Calvin , a precocious , mischievous , and adventurous six - year - old boy , and Hobbes , his sardonic stuffed tiger . Set in the contemporary suburban United States , the strip depicts Calvin 's frequent flights of fancy and his friendship with Hobbes . It also examines Calvin 's relationships with family and classmates , especially the love / hate relationship between him and his classmate Susie Derkins . Hobbes ' dual nature is a defining motif for the strip : to Calvin , Hobbes is a living anthropomorphic tiger ; all the other characters see Hobbes as an inanimate stuffed toy . Though the series does not mention specific political figures or current events , it does explore broad issues like environmentalism , public education , philosophical quandaries , and the flaws of opinion polls . At the height of its popularity , Calvin and Hobbes was featured in over 2,400 newspapers worldwide . In 2010 , reruns of the strip appeared in more than 50 countries , and nearly 45 million copies of the Calvin and Hobbes books had been sold . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Syndication and formatting 1.2 Animation 2 Merchandising 3 Style and influences 3.1 Art and academia 4 Main characters 4.1 Calvin 4.2 Hobbes 4.3 Calvin 's parents 4.4 Susie Derkins 5 Secondary characters 5.1 Rosalyn 5.2 Moe 5.3 Miss Wormwood 5.4 Mr. Spittle 5.5 Uncle Max 6 Recurring elements 6.1 Calvin 's roles 6.2 Cardboard boxes 6.3 Calvinball 6.4 Snow sculptures 6.5 Wagon and sled 6.6 G.R.O.S.S. 7 Books 7.1 Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes 8 Academic response 9 Legacy 9.1 Grown - up Calvin 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) `` I thought it was perhaps too ' adult , ' too literate . When my then - 8 - year - old son remarked , ' This is the Doonesbury for kids ! ' I suspected we had something unusual on our hands . '' -- Lee Salem , Watterson 's editor at Universal , recalling his reaction after seeing Watterson 's first submission Calvin and Hobbes was conceived when Bill Watterson , who was working in an advertising job he detested , began devoting his spare time to cartooning . He explored various strip ideas but all were rejected by the syndicates . United Feature Syndicate finally responded positively to one strip called Critturs , which featured a side character ( the main character 's little brother ) who had a stuffed tiger . Watterson began a new strip centered on them when he was told that these characters were the strongest . Though United Feature rejected the new strip , Universal Press Syndicate eventually took it . The first strip was published on November 18 , 1985 and the series quickly became a hit . Within a year of syndication , the strip was published in roughly 250 newspapers . Before long the strip was in wide circulation outside the United States . By April 5 , 1987 , Watterson was featured in an article in The Los Angeles Times . Calvin and Hobbes earned Watterson the Reuben Award from the National Cartoonists Society in the Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year category , first in 1986 and again in 1988 . He was nominated another time in 1992 . The Society awarded him the Humor Comic Strip Award for 1988 . Calvin and Hobbes has also won several more awards . Watterson took two extended breaks from writing new strips , from May 5 , 1991 , to February 1 , 1992 , and from April 3 through December 31 , 1994 . In 1995 , Watterson sent a letter via his syndicate to all editors whose newspapers carried his strip : I will be stopping Calvin and Hobbes at the end of the year . This was not a recent or an easy decision , and I leave with some sadness . My interests have shifted however , and I believe I 've done what I can do within the constraints of daily deadlines and small panels . I am eager to work at a more thoughtful pace , with fewer artistic compromises . I have not yet decided on future projects , but my relationship with Universal Press Syndicate will continue . That so many newspapers would carry Calvin and Hobbes is an honor I 'll long be proud of , and I 've greatly appreciated your support and indulgence over the last decade . Drawing this comic strip has been a privilege and a pleasure , and I thank you for giving me the opportunity . The final strip ran on Sunday , December 31 , 1995 . It depicted Calvin and Hobbes outside in freshly fallen snow , reveling in the wonder and excitement of the winter scene . `` It 's a magical world , Hobbes , ol ' buddy ... Let 's go exploring ! '' Calvin exclaims as they zoom off over the snowy hills on their sled , leaving , according to one critic ten years later , `` a hole in the comics page that no strip has been able to fill . '' Syndication and formatting ( edit ) From the outset , Watterson found himself at odds with the syndicate , which urged him to begin merchandising the characters and touring the country to promote the first collections of comic strips . Watterson refused . To him , the integrity of the strip and its artist would be undermined by commercialization , which he saw as a major negative influence in the world of cartoon art . Watterson also grew increasingly frustrated by the gradual shrinking of available space for comics in the newspapers . He lamented that without space for anything more than simple dialogue or sparse artwork , comics as an art form were becoming dilute , bland , and unoriginal . Watterson strove for a full - page version of his strip , in contrast to the few cells allocated for most strips . He longed for the artistic freedom allotted to classic strips such as Little Nemo and Krazy Kat , and he gave a sample of what could be accomplished with such liberty in the opening pages of the Sunday strip compilation , The Calvin and Hobbes Lazy Sunday Book . During Watterson 's first sabbatical from the strip , Universal Press Syndicate continued to charge newspapers full price to re-run old Calvin and Hobbes strips . Few editors approved of the move , but the strip was so popular that they had no choice but to continue to run it for fear that competing newspapers might pick it up and draw its fans away . This standard half - page layout can easily be rearranged for full , third , and quarter pages ( optionally discarding panels 1 and 2 ) . However , Watterson wished to draw comics which did not conform to the standard panel division , making such rearrangement / removal impossible . Upon Watterson 's return , Universal Press announced that Watterson had decided to sell his Sunday strip as an unbreakable half of a newspaper or tabloid page . Many editors and even a few cartoonists criticized him for what they perceived as arrogance and an unwillingness to abide by the normal practices of the cartoon business . Watterson had negotiated the deal to allow himself more creative freedom in the Sunday comics : I took a sabbatical after resolving a long and emotionally draining fight to prevent Calvin and Hobbes from being merchandised . Looking for a way to rekindle my enthusiasm for the duration of a new contract term , I proposed a redesigned Sunday format that would permit more panel flexibility . To my surprise and delight , Universal responded with an offer to market the strip as an unbreakable half page ( more space than I 'd dared to ask for ) , despite the expected resistance of editors . To this day , my syndicate assures me that some editors liked the new format , appreciated the difference , and were happy to run the larger strip , but I think it 's fair to say that this was not the most common reaction . The syndicate had warned me to prepare for numerous cancellations of the Sunday feature , but after a few weeks of dealing with howling , purple - faced editors , the syndicate suggested that papers could reduce the strip to the size tabloid newspapers used for their smaller sheets of paper ... I focused on the bright side : I had complete freedom of design and there were virtually no cancellations . For all the yelling and screaming by outraged editors , I remain convinced that the larger Sunday strip gave newspapers a better product and made the comics section more fun for readers . Comics are a visual medium . A strip with a lot of drawing can be exciting and add some variety . Proud as I am that I was able to draw a larger strip , I do n't expect to see it happen again any time soon . In the newspaper business , space is money , and I suspect most editors would still say that the difference is not worth the cost . Sadly , the situation is a vicious circle : because there 's no room for better artwork , the comics are simply drawn ; because they 're simply drawn , why should they have more room ? Animation ( edit ) Watterson did consider allowing Calvin and Hobbes to be animated , and has expressed admiration for the art form of animation . In a 1989 interview in The Comics Journal he said : If you look at the old cartoons by Tex Avery and Chuck Jones , you 'll see that there are a lot of things single drawings just ca n't do . Animators can get away with incredible distortion and exaggeration ... because the animator can control the length of time you see something . The bizarre exaggeration barely has time to register , and the viewer does n't ponder the incredible license he 's witnessed . In a comic strip , you just show the highlights of action -- you ca n't show the buildup and release ... or at least not without slowing down the pace of everything to the point where it 's like looking at individual frames of a movie , in which case you 've probably lost the effect you were trying to achieve . In a comic strip , you can suggest motion and time , but it 's very crude compared to what an animator can do . I have a real awe for good animation . After this he was asked if it was `` a bit scary to think of hearing Calvin 's voice . '' He responded that it was `` very scary , '' and that although he loved the visual possibilities of animation , the thought of casting voice actors to play his characters was uncomfortable . He was also unsure whether he wanted to work with an animation team as he had done all previous work by himself . Ultimately , Calvin and Hobbes was never made into an animated series . Watterson later stated in The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book that he liked the fact that his strip was a `` low - tech , one - man operation , '' and that he took great pride in the fact that he drew every line and wrote every word on his own . Merchandising ( edit ) Bill Watterson insists that cartoon strips should stand on their own as an art form and has resisted the use of Calvin and Hobbes in merchandising of any sort . Watterson explained in a 2005 press release : Actually , I was n't against all merchandising when I started the strip , but each product I considered seemed to violate the spirit of the strip , contradict its message , and take me away from the work I loved . If my syndicate had let it go at that , the decision would have taken maybe 30 seconds of my life . Almost no legitimate Calvin and Hobbes merchandise exists . Exceptions produced during the strip 's original run include two 16 - month calendars ( 1988 -- 1989 and 1989 -- 1990 ) and the textbook Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes , which has been described as `` perhaps the most difficult piece of official Calvin and Hobbes memorabilia to find . '' On July 16 , 2010 the United States Postal Service released a set of postage stamps honoring five comic strips , one of them Calvin and Hobbes . Uclick , the digital division of Andrews McMeel Universal , offers licensed prints of Calvin and Hobbes strips through its website . The strip 's immense popularity has led to the appearance of various counterfeit items such as window decals and T - shirts that often feature crude humor , binge drinking and other themes that are not found in Watterson 's work . Images from one strip in which Calvin and Hobbes dance to loud music at night were commonly used for copyright violations . After threat of a lawsuit alleging infringement of copyright and trademark , some sticker makers replaced Calvin with a different boy , while other makers made no changes . Watterson wryly commented , `` I clearly miscalculated how popular it would be to show Calvin urinating on a Ford logo . '' Style and influences ( edit ) The strip borrows several elements and themes from three major influences : Walt Kelly 's Pogo , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat , and Charles M. Schulz 's Peanuts . Schulz and Kelly particularly influenced Watterson 's outlook on comics during his formative years . Notable elements of Watterson 's artistic style are his characters ' diverse and often exaggerated expressions ( particularly those of Calvin ) , elaborate and bizarre backgrounds for Calvin 's flights of imagination , expressions of motion , and frequent visual jokes and metaphors . In the later years of the strip , with more panel space available for his use , Watterson experimented more freely with different panel layouts , art styles , stories without dialogue , and greater use of whitespace . He also makes a point of not showing certain things explicitly : the `` Noodle Incident '' and the children 's book Hamster Huey and the Gooey Kablooie are left to the reader 's imagination , where Watterson was sure they would be `` more outrageous '' than he could portray . Watterson 's technique started with minimalist pencil sketches drawn with a light pencil ( though the larger Sunday strips often required more elaborate work ) on a piece of Bristol board , with his brand of choice being Strathmore because he felt it held the drawings better on the page as opposed to the cheaper brands ( Watterson said he would use any cheap pad of Bristol board his local supply store had , but switched to Strathmore after he found himself growing more and more displeased with the results ) . He would then use a small sable brush and India ink to fill in the rest of the drawing , saying that he did not want to simply trace over his penciling and thus make the inking more spontaneous . He lettered dialogue with a Rapidograph fountain pen , and he used a crowquill pen for odds and ends . Mistakes were covered with various forms of correction fluid , including the type used on typewriters . Watterson was careful in his use of color , often spending a great deal of time in choosing the right colors to employ for the weekly Sunday strip ; his technique was to cut the color tabs the syndicate sent him into individual squares , lay out the colors , and then paint a watercolor approximation of the strip on tracing paper over the Bristol board and then mark the strip accordingly before sending it on . When Calvin and Hobbes began there were 64 colors available for the Sunday strips . For the later Sunday strips Watterson had 125 colors as well as the ability to fade the colors into each other . Art and Academia ( edit ) Watterson used the strip to poke fun at the art world , principally through Calvin 's unconventional creations of snowmen but also through other expressions of childhood art . When Miss Wormwood complains that he is wasting class time drawing impossible things ( a Stegosaurus in a rocket ship , for example ) , Calvin proclaims himself `` on the cutting edge of the avant - garde . '' He begins exploring the medium of snow when a warm day melts his snowman . His next sculpture `` speaks to the horror of our own mortality , inviting the viewer to contemplate the evanescence of life . '' In later strips , Calvin 's creative instincts diversify to include sidewalk drawings ( or , as he terms them , examples of `` suburban postmodernism '' ) . Watterson also lampooned the academic world . In one example , Calvin carefully crafts an `` artist 's statement '' , claiming that such essays convey more messages than artworks themselves ever do ( Hobbes blandly notes , `` You misspelled Weltanschauung '' ) . He indulges in what Watterson calls `` pop psychobabble '' to justify his destructive rampages and shift blame to his parents , citing `` toxic codependency . '' In one instance , he pens a book report based on the theory that the purpose of academic writing is to `` inflate weak ideas , obscure poor reasoning , and inhibit clarity , '' entitled The Dynamics of Interbeing and Monological Imperatives in Dick and Jane : A Study in Psychic Transrelational Gender Modes . Displaying his creation to Hobbes , he remarks , `` Academia , here I come ! '' Watterson explains that he adapted this jargon ( and similar examples from several other strips ) from an actual book of art criticism . Overall , Watterson 's satirical essays serve to attack both sides , criticizing both the commercial mainstream and the artists who are supposed to be `` outside '' it . Not long after he began drawing his `` Dinosaurs in Rocket Ships '' series , Calvin tells Hobbes : Calvin : The hard part for us avant - garde post-modern artists is deciding whether or not to embrace commercialism . Do we allow our work to be hyped and exploited by a market that 's simply hungry for the next new thing ? Do we participate in a system that turns high art into low art so it 's better suited for mass consumption ? Of course , when an artist goes commercial , he makes a mockery of his status as an outsider and free thinker . He buys into the crass and shallow values art should transcend . He trades the integrity of his art for riches and fame . ... Oh , what the heck . I 'll do it . ... Hobbes ( rolling his eyes ) : That was n't so hard . The strip for Sunday , June 21 , 1992 , criticized the naming of The Big Bang theory as not evocative of the wonders behind it , and coined the term `` Horrendous Space Kablooie '' , an alternative that achieved some informal popularity among scientists and was often shortened to `` the HSK . '' The term has also been referred to in newspapers , books , and university courses . Main characters ( edit ) See also : Secondary characters in Calvin and Hobbes Calvin ( edit ) Calvin First appearance November 18 , 1985 Created by Bill Watterson Comic Calvin and Hobbes Information Age 6 Calvin , named after the 16th - century theologian John Calvin , is a six - year - old , whose last name is never mentioned in the strip . Despite his poor grades in school , Calvin demonstrates his intelligence through his sophisticated vocabulary and a philosophical mind : Calvin : Dad , are you vicariously living through me in the hope that my accomplishments will validate your mediocre life and in some way compensate for all of the opportunities you botched ? Dad : If I were , you can bet I 'd be re-evaluating my strategy . Calvin ( later , to his mother ) : Mom , Dad keeps insulting me . He commonly wears his distinctive red - and - black striped shirt , black pants , and white - and - magenta sneakers . One of his most noticeable features is his spiky yellow hair ( in early predecessors to the strip , Calvin is drawn with ' bangs ' , or hair fringe , that cover his eyes ) . He also wears a light blue jacket when going to school or when playing in the snow . He is an enthusiastic reader of comic books and has a tendency to order items marketed in comic books or on boxes of his favorite cereal , Chocolate Frosted Sugar Bombs ( which is hinted as having far too many calories , made worse by the fact that Calvin frequently pours large amounts of additional sugar onto the cereal ) . Watterson described Calvin : Calvin is pretty easy to do because he is outgoing and rambunctious , and there 's not much of a filter between his brain and his mouth . I guess he 's a little too intelligent for his age . The thing that I really enjoy about him is that he has no sense of restraint ; he does n't have the experience yet to know the things that you should n't do . Calvin also has a sensitive side as well . This is displayed , for example , when he finds a dying raccoon and tries to save it but fails . The scene is made even more poignant by Calvin asking Hobbes not to `` go anywhere '' while Hobbes hugs him and promises him he will not . In another story , Calvin 's house is broken into and he frantically looks for Hobbes , even crying in joy as he is reunited with his friend . Hobbes ( edit ) Main article : Hobbes ( Calvin and Hobbes ) Hobbes First appearance November 18 , 1985 Created by Bill Watterson Comic strip Calvin and Hobbes Information Species Bengal tiger From Calvin 's point of view , Hobbes is an anthropomorphic tiger , much larger than Calvin and full of independent attitudes and ideas . When the perspective shifts to any other character , readers again see merely a stuffed animal , usually seated at an off - kilter angle and blankly staring into space . Watterson explains : When Hobbes is a stuffed toy in one panel and alive in the next , I 'm juxtaposing the ' grown - up ' version of reality with Calvin 's version , and inviting the reader to decide which is truer . In more than one strip , Hobbes is shown being washed in a washing machine , a fact Calvin takes in stride and which Watterson has referred to as `` one of the stranger blurrings of what Hobbes is . '' Hobbes is named after the 17th - century philosopher Thomas Hobbes , who held what Watterson describes as `` a dim view of human nature . '' Watterson 's Hobbes feels that animals ( and tigers in particular ) are superior to humans , showing disdain for human nature , human mannerisms , and how humankind destroys their environment . Hobbes is much more rational and aware of consequences than Calvin , but he seldom interferes with Calvin 's troublemaking beyond a few oblique warnings . Hobbes is sarcastic when Calvin is being hypocritical about things he dislikes . Although the debut strip shows Calvin capturing Hobbes by means of a snare ( with a tuna sandwich as the bait ) , a later comic ( August 1 , 1989 ) indicates that Hobbes has been with Calvin since Calvin was a baby : Calvin : The whole first half of my life is a complete blank ! What on earth did I know that someone wanted me to forget ? Hobbes : I seem to recall you spent most of the time burping up . Another later strip featured Hobbes humorously claiming that Calvin 's mother `` wanted another tiger '' instead of Calvin , which could be taken as an instance of Hobbes ' sly humor ( not all of his words are to be taken at face value ) but could also suggest that Hobbes was around before Calvin was born . Watterson eventually decided that it was not important to establish how Calvin and Hobbes met . As a running gag , Calvin usually asks for Hobbes ' help when doing homework , but Hobbes ' grasp of mathematics is horribly inaccurate , as he often attempts advanced , yet baseless calculations for simple adding questions , always resulting in wrong answers . Calvin 's parents ( edit ) The Father and Mother Calvin 's unnamed parents , usually referred to only as `` Mom '' and `` Dad '' First appearance November 18 , 1985 ( Dad ) November 26 , 1985 ( Mom ) Created by Bill Watterson Comic Calvin and Hobbes Calvin 's unnamed mother and father are typical middle - class parents . Calvin 's father is a patent attorney ( like Watterson 's own father ) and his mother is a stay - at - home mom . Both remain unnamed except as `` Mom '' and `` Dad . '' Watterson says , `` As far as the strip is concerned , they are important only as Calvin 's mom and dad . '' Like many other characters in the strip , they are relatively down to earth and their sensible attitudes serve as a foil for Calvin 's outlandish behavior . Watterson says some fans are angered by the sometimes sardonic way that Calvin 's parents respond to him . These exchanges are typical : Mom : You 're not sorry we had Calvin , are you ? Dad : Are you ? Mom : I asked first . Besides , it was n't all my decision . Dad : All I know is , I offered to buy us a dachshund , but no , you said ... Dad : Someday I 'm going to get my DNA checked to see if he 's really my kid . Mom : Take my word for it . Dad : I just know some nurse switched the bassinets . Calvin 's parents are not above some outrageous behavior of their own . For example , Calvin asks for a cigarette and his mother gives him one to teach him a lesson . Calvin 's father tells Calvin sarcastic lies when asked a straight question , and Calvin often believes them : Calvin : Dad , how do people make babies ? Dad : Most people just go to Sears , buy the kit , and follow the assembly instructions . Calvin : I CAME FROM SEARS ? ? Dad : No . You were a Blue Light Special at K - Mart ; almost as good , and a lot cheaper . Calvin : AAUUGHHH ! Mom ( out of frame ) : Dear , what are you telling Calvin now ? ! Watterson defends what Calvin 's parents do , remarking that in the case of parenting a kid like Calvin , `` I think they do a better job than I would . '' Calvin 's father is overly concerned with `` character building '' activities in a number of strips , either in the things he makes Calvin do or in the masochistic eccentricities of his own lifestyle . For example , Calvin 's father is shown coming home from an early morning run in the snow , which he follows with a bowl of plain oatmeal . Calvin 's father has a brother named Max , who lives out of state . Watterson introduced him in a week of strips but said he later regretted the idea . Although Watterson said the idea of having Max in the strip was to set up potential future storylines , he realized that his intent to have the parents remain nameless worked against him because Max could not refer to either one by name . This was cited as one of the main reasons Max never reappeared . Susie Derkins ( edit ) Susie Derkins Susie Derkins , Calvin 's classmate First appearance December 5 , 1985 Created by Bill Watterson Comic Calvin and Hobbes Susie Derkins , who first appeared early in the strip and is the only important character with both a first and last name , lives on Calvin 's street and is one of his classmates . Her last name apparently derives from the pet beagle owned by Watterson 's wife 's family . Susie is polite and studious , and she likes to play house or host tea parties with her stuffed animals . However , she is also depicted playing imaginary games with Calvin in which she is a high - powered lawyer or politician and he is her househusband . Though both of them hate to admit it , Calvin and Susie have quite a bit in common . For example , Susie is shown on occasion with a stuffed bunny rabbit named `` Mr. Bun . '' Susie also has a mischievous ( and sometimes aggressive ) streak , which can be seen when she subverts Calvin 's attempts to cheat on school tests by feeding him incorrect answers , or when she clobbers Calvin after he attacks her with snowballs . Susie also regularly bests Calvin in confrontations such as their water balloon and snowball fights , employing guile or force . Hobbes often openly expresses romantic feelings for Susie , much to Calvin 's disgust . Calvin starts a `` club '' ( of which he and Hobbes are the only members ) that he calls G.R.O.S.S. ( Get Rid Of Slimy GirlS ) , and while holding `` meetings '' in Calvin 's treehouse or in the `` box of secrecy '' in Calvin 's room , they usually come up with some way to annoy or discomfit Susie , most of which backfire on them completely . In one instance , Calvin steals one of Susie 's dolls for ransom , only to have Susie retaliate by nabbing Hobbes . Watterson admits that Calvin and Susie have a nascent crush on each other , and that Susie is inspired by the type of woman whom Watterson himself found attractive and eventually married . Secondary characters ( edit ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Calvin also interacts with a handful of secondary characters . These include his babysitter , the school bully , his school teacher , and the school principal . Rosalyn ( edit ) Rosalyn is Calvin 's babysitter . She takes advantage of his parents ' desperation to leave the house and the fact that no one else will babysit for Calvin by demanding advances and raises . She is also probably the only character in the strip whom Calvin really fears , as she does not mince words or actions to get Calvin to behave or go to bed on time . Watterson put her in a Sunday strip early on , never thinking of her as a regular character . But Rosalyn 's intimidation of Calvin surprised Watterson , so she came back several times . At one point she was Calvin 's swimming instructor , though he was shown to attend only one lesson . In Rosalyn 's last story , she is revealed to have in common with Calvin a sense of imagination , and the two of them play Calvinball with Hobbes . Rosalyn is the only one without a role in Spaceman Spiff . Moe ( edit ) According to Calvin , Moe is a `` six - year - old who shaves '' and a stereotypical bully who picks on Calvin ( both physically and emotionally ) and calls him names . Moe is the only regular character whose speech is shown in an unusual font as his frequently monosyllabic dialogue is shown in crude , lower - case letters . Watterson describes Moe as `` every jerk I 've ever known . '' Miss Wormwood ( edit ) Miss Wormwood is Calvin 's world - weary teacher and is named after the junior devil in C.S. Lewis 's The Screwtape Letters . She usually wears either a polka - dotted dress or a brown dress , and is another character who serves as a foil to Calvin 's mischief . Calvin , when in his Spaceman Spiff persona , sees Miss Wormwood as a slimy , often dictatorial alien . Calvin refers to Miss Wormwood 's indigestion ( `` It 's really gross how she drinks Maalox straight from the bottle '' ) , her medication ( `` I wonder if her doctor knows she mixes all those prescriptions '' ) and her smoking habit ( `` Rumor has it she 's up to two packs a day , unfiltered '' ) . Miss Wormwood reacts to Calvin 's behavior by tightly shutting her eyes and thinking `` Five years until retirement '' repeatedly . Watterson describes her as `` an unhappy person '' due to her belief in the value of education . Mr. Spittle ( edit ) Mr. Spittle is the school principal to whose office Miss Wormwood threatens to send Calvin for his pranks . Susie also occasionally accompanies Calvin to the principal 's office . Though his name has been shown in only two strips , he has appeared many times including the first story about Calvin 's duplicator . Uncle Max ( edit ) Uncle Max is Calvin 's paternal uncle . Uncle Max was originally meant as a character who could increase the possibilities of the strip : as Watterson noted , `` Calvin could go visit Uncle Max ... '' . However , Watterson dropped the character after finding it was awkward that Max could not address Calvin 's parents by name , and realizing that Max was redundant as far as the strip 's personality goes . Recurring elements ( edit ) There are many recurring gags in the strip , some in `` reality '' and others in Calvin 's imagination . These are as follows : Calvin 's roles ( edit ) Main article : Calvin 's alter egos Calvin imagines himself as a great many things including dinosaurs , elephants , jungle - farers and superheroes . Three of his alter egos are well defined and recurrent : `` Spaceman Spiff '' is a heroic spacefarer who narrates his experiences in the third person . As Spiff , Calvin battles aliens ( typically his parents or teacher , but also sometimes other kids his age ) with a ray gun known as a `` zorcher '' ( later `` frap - ray blaster '' , `` death ray blaster '' or `` atomic napalm neutralizer '' ) and travels to distant planets ( his house , school , or neighborhood ) , often crashing unhurt on a planet . Calvin 's self - narration as Spaceman Spiff is frequently riddled with alliteration : `` Zounds ! Zorched by Zarches , Spaceman Spiff 's crippled craft crashes on planet Plootarg ! '' Watterson has stated the idea of Spaceman Spiff was from an earlier drawing he made . `` Tracer Bullet '' is a hardboiled private eye , who says he has eight slugs in him ( `` One 's lead , and the rest are bourbon . '' ) . In one story , Bullet is called to a case in which a `` pushy dame '' ( Calvin 's mother ) accuses him of destroying an expensive lamp ( broken during an indoor football game between Calvin and Hobbes ) . Later , he is snatched by the pushy dame 's `` hired goon '' ( Calvin 's father having a talk with him ) . He made his debut when Calvin donned a fedora to hide a haircut Hobbes had given him . These strips are drawn in elaborate , shadowy black - and - white that evoke film noir . Watterson did not attempt Tracer Bullet stories often , due to the time - consuming way the strip needed to be drawn and inked . As `` Stupendous Man '' he pictures himself as a superhero in disguise , wearing a mask and a cape made by his mother , and narrating his own adventures . While in character as Stupendous Man , he refers to his alter ego as a mild - mannered millionaire playboy . Stupendous Man almost always `` suffers defeat '' at the hands of his opponent . When Hobbes asks if Stupendous Man has ever won any battles , Calvin says all his battles are `` moral victories . '' Stupendous Man 's nemeses include `` Mom - Lady '' ( Calvin 's mom ) , `` Annoying Girl '' ( Susie Derkins ) , `` Crab Teacher '' ( Miss Wormwood ) , and `` Baby - Sitter Girl '' ( Rosalyn ) . Some of the `` super powers '' of the villains have been revealed : Mom - Lady has a `` mind scrambling eyeball ray '' that wills the victim to `` do her nefarious bidding , '' and Baby Sitter Girl has a similar power of using a `` psycho beam '' which weakens `` Stupendous Man 's stupendous will '' . The `` powers '' of Annoying Girl and Crab Teacher are unknown . Calvin often tries to pretend he and `` Stupendous Man '' are two different people , but it never seems to work . Stupendous Man has multiple `` superpowers '' , including , but not limited to , super strength , the ability to fly , various vision powers such as `` high - speed vision '' , `` muscles of magnitude '' , and a stomach of steel . Cardboard boxes ( edit ) Calvin duplicating himself using a cardboard box , as seen on the cover of Scientific Progress Goes `` Boink '' Calvin has had several adventures involving corrugated cardboard boxes , which he adapts for many different uses . In one strip , when Calvin shows off his Transmogrifier , a device that transforms its user into any desired creature or item , Hobbes remarks , `` It 's amazing what they do with corrugated cardboard these days . '' Calvin is able to change the function of the boxes by rewriting the label and flipping the box onto another side . In this way , a cardboard box can be used not only for its conventional purposes ( a storage container for water balloons , for example ) , but also as a flying time machine , a duplicator or , with the attachment of a few wires and a colander , a `` Cerebral Enhance - o - tron . '' In the real world , Calvin 's antics with his box have had varying effects . When he transmogrified into a tiger , he still appeared as a regular human child to his parents . However , in a story where he made several duplicates of himself , his parents are seen interacting with what does seem like multiple Calvins , including in a strip where two of him are seen in the same panel as his father . It is ultimately unknown what his parents do or do not see , as Calvin tries to hide most of his creations ( or conceal their effects ) so as not to traumatize them . In addition , Calvin uses a cardboard box as a desk when he is attempting to sell things . Often , Calvin 's merchandise is something that no one would want , such as `` suicide drink '' , `` a swift kick in the butt '' for one dollar , or a `` frank appraisal of your looks '' for fifty cents . In one strip , he sells `` happiness '' for ten cents ; if one bought it , Calvin hit the person in the face with a water balloon , then revealed that he meant his own happiness . In another strip , he sold `` insurance '' , firing a slingshot at those who refused to buy it . In some strips , he tried to sell `` great ideas '' , and in one earlier strip , he attempted to sell the family car to obtain money for a grenade launcher . In yet another strip , he sells `` life '' for five cents , where the customer receives nothing in return , which , in Calvin 's opinion , is life . The box has also functioned as a secret meeting place for G.R.O.S.S. , as the `` Box of Secrecy '' . Calvinball ( edit ) Other kids ' games are all such a bore ! They 've got ta have rules and they got ta keep score ! Calvinball is better by far ! It 's never the same ! It 's always bizarre ! You do n't need a team or a referee ! You know that it 's great , ' cause it 's named after me ! -- Excerpt from the Calvinball theme song Calvinball is a game played by Calvin and Hobbes as a rebellion against organized team sports ; according to Hobbes , `` No sport is less organized than Calvinball ! '' Calvinball was first introduced to the readers at the end of a 1990 storyline involving Calvin reluctantly joining recess baseball . It quickly became a staple of the comic afterwards . The only hint at the true creation of the game ironically comes from the last Calvinball strip , in which a game of football quickly devolves into a game of Calvinball . Calvin remarks that `` sooner or later , all our games turn into Calvinball '' , suggesting a similar scenario that directly led to the creation of the sport . Calvin and Hobbes usually play by themselves , although in one storyline Rosalyn ( Calvin 's baby - sitter ) plays in return for Calvin doing his homework , and plays very well once she realizes that the rules are made up on the spot . The only consistent rule states that Calvinball may never be played with the same rules twice . Scoring is also arbitrary , with Hobbes at times reporting scores of `` Q to 12 '' and `` oogy to boogy '' . The only recognizable sports Calvinball resembles are the ones it emulates ( i.e. , a cross between croquet , polo , badminton , capture the flag , and volleyball ) . Equipment includes a volleyball ( the eponymous `` Calvinball '' ) , a croquet set , a badminton set , assorted flags , bags , signs , a hobby horse , and enigmatic and never - pictured `` time - fracture wickets '' . Other things appear as needed , such as a bucket of ice - cold water , a water balloon , and various songs and poetry . Players also wear masks resembling blindfolds with holes for the eyes . When Rosalyn asks Calvin the reason for the requirement , Calvin responds : `` Sorry , no one 's allowed to question the masks . '' When asked how to play , Watterson states : `` It 's pretty simple : you make up the rules as you go . '' Calvinball is a nomic or self - modifying game , a contest of wits , skill and creativity rather than stamina or athletic skill , in which Hobbes ( and on one occasion , Rosalyn ) usually outwits Calvin , who takes it in stride , in contrast to his otherwise poor sportsmanship . Snow sculptures ( edit ) Calvin often creates horrendous / dark humor scenes with his snowmen . He uses the snowman for social commentary , revenge , or pure enjoyment . Examples include Snowman Calvin being yelled at by Snowman Dad to shovel the snow ; one snowman eating snow cones scooped out of a second snowman , who is lying on the ground with an ice - cream scoop in his back ; a `` snowman house of horror '' ; and snowmen representing the people he hates . `` The ones I really hate are small , so they 'll melt faster , '' he says . There was even an occasion on which Calvin accidentally brought a snowman to life and it made itself and a small army into `` deranged mutant killer monster snow goons . '' Calvin 's snow art is often used as a commentary on art in general . For example , Calvin has complained more than once about the lack of originality in other people 's snow art and compared it with his own grotesque snow sculptures . In one of these instances , Calvin and Hobbes claim to be the sole guardians of high culture ; in another , Hobbes admires Calvin 's willingness to put artistic integrity above marketability , causing Calvin to reconsider and make an ordinary snowman . Wagon and sled ( edit ) Calvin and Hobbes frequently ride downhill in a wagon , sled , or toboggan , depending on the season , as a device to add some physical comedy to the strip and because , according to Watterson , `` it 's a lot more interesting ... than talking heads . '' While the ride is sometimes the focus of the strip , it also frequently serves as a counterpoint or visual metaphor while Calvin ponders the meaning of life , death , God , philosophy or a variety of other weighty subjects . Many of their rides end in spectacular crashes which leave them battered and broken , a fact which convinces Hobbes to sometimes hop off before a ride even begins . In the final strip , Calvin and Hobbes depart on their toboggan to go exploring . This theme is similar ( perhaps even homage ) to scenarios in Walt Kelly 's Pogo . G.R.O.S.S. ( edit ) G.R.O.S.S. , which stands for Get Rid Of Slimy GirlS ( `` otherwise it does n't spell anything '' ) , is a club which consists of only two members : Calvin and Hobbes . The club was founded in the garage of their house . To clear space for its activities , Calvin and ( purportedly ) Hobbes push Calvin 's parents ' car , causing it to roll into a ditch ( but not suffer damage ) ; the incident necessitates changing the club 's location to Calvin 's treehouse . They hold meetings to attempt to annoy Susie Derkins . Notable actions include planting a fake secret tape near her in attempt to draw her in to a trap , trapping her in a closet at their house , and creating elaborate water balloon traps . Calvin gave himself and Hobbes important positions in the club , Calvin being `` Dictator - for - Life '' and Hobbes being `` President - and - First - Tiger '' . They go into Calvin 's treehouse for their club meetings and often get into fights during them . The password to get into the treehouse is intentionally long and difficult , which has on at least one occasion ruined Calvin 's plans . As Hobbes is able to climb the tree without the rope , he is usually the one who comes up with the password , which often involves heaping praise upon tigers . An example of this can be seen in the comic strip where Calvin , rushing to get into the treehouse to throw things at a passing Susie Derkins , insults Hobbes , who is in the treehouse and thus has to let down the rope . Hobbes forces Calvin to say the password for insulting him . By the time Susie arrives , in time to hear Calvin saying some of the password , causing him to stumble , Calvin is on `` Verse Seven : Tigers are perfect ! / The E-pit - o - me / of good looks and grace / and quiet ... uh ... um ... dignity '' . The opportunity to pelt Susie with something having passed , Calvin threatens to turn Hobbes into a rug . G.R.O.S.S. is one of the most common adventures that Calvin has . The club anthem begins : `` Ohhhh Gross , best club in the cosmos ... '' Books ( edit ) Main article : List of Calvin and Hobbes books There are 18 Calvin and Hobbes books , published from 1987 to 1997 . These include 11 collections , which form a complete archive of the newspaper strips , except for a single daily strip from November 28 , 1985 . ( The collections do contain a strip for this date , but it is not the same strip that appeared in some newspapers . Treasuries usually combine the two preceding collections with bonus material and include color reprints of Sunday comics . ) Watterson included some new material in the treasuries . In The Essential Calvin and Hobbes , which includes cartoons from the collections Calvin and Hobbes and Something Under the Bed Is Drooling , the back cover features a scene of a giant Calvin rampaging through a town . The scene is based on Watterson 's home town of Chagrin Falls , Ohio , and Calvin is holding the Chagrin Falls Popcorn Shop , an iconic candy and ice cream shop overlooking the town 's namesake falls . Several of the treasuries incorporate additional poetry ; The Indispensable Calvin and Hobbes book features a set of poems , ranging from just a few lines to an entire page , that cover topics such as Calvin 's mother 's `` hindsight '' and exploring the woods . In The Essential Calvin and Hobbes , Watterson presents a long poem explaining a night 's battle against a monster from Calvin 's perspective . A complete collection of Calvin and Hobbes strips , in three hardcover volumes totaling 1440 pages , was released on October 4 , 2005 , by Andrews McMeel Publishing . It includes color prints of the art used on paperback covers , the treasuries ' extra illustrated stories and poems , and a new introduction by Bill Watterson in which he talks about his inspirations and his story leading up to the publication of the strip . The alternate 1985 strip is still omitted , and two other strips ( January 7 , 1987 , and November 25 , 1988 ) have altered dialogue . A four - volume paperback version was released November 13 , 2012 . To celebrate the release ( which coincided with the strip 's 20th anniversary and the tenth anniversary of its absence from newspapers ) , Bill Watterson answered 15 questions submitted by readers . Early books were printed in smaller format in black and white . These were later reproduced in twos in color in the `` Treasuries '' ( Essential , Authoritative , and Indispensable ) , except for the contents of Attack of the Deranged Mutant Killer Monster Snow Goons . Those Sunday strips were not reprinted in color until the Complete collection was finally published in 2005 . Watterson claims he named the books the `` Essential , Authoritative , and Indispensable '' because , as he says in The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book , the books are `` obviously none of these things . '' Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes ( edit ) Main article : Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes An officially licensed children 's textbook entitled Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes was published in a single print run in Fargo , North Dakota , in 1993 . The book , which has been `` highly recommend ( ed ) '' as a teaching resource , includes five complete Calvin and Hobbes multi-strip story arcs together with lessons and questions to follow , such as , `` What do you think the principal meant when he said they had `` quite a file '' on Calvin ? '' The book is rare , sought by collectors , and highly valued . Only eight libraries in the world hold a copy of the book . Academic response ( edit ) In 1993 , paleontologist and paleoartist Gregory S. Paul praised Bill Watterson for the scientific accuracy of the dinosaurs appearing in Calvin and Hobbes . In her 1994 book When Toys Come Alive , Lois Rostow Kuznets says that Hobbes serves both as a figure of Calvin 's childish fantasy life and as an outlet for the expression of libidinous desires more associated with adults . Kuznets also looks at Calvin 's other fantasies , suggesting that they are a second tier of fantasies utilized in places like school where transitional objects such as Hobbes would not be socially acceptable . Political scientist James Q. Wilson , in a paean to Calvin and Hobbes upon Watterson 's decision to end the strip in 1995 , characterized it as `` our only popular explication of the moral philosophy of Aristotle . '' Alisa White Coleman analyzed the strip 's underlying messages concerning ethics and values in `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' : A Critique of Society 's Values , '' published in the Journal of Mass Media Ethics in 2000 . A collection of original Sunday strips was exhibited at Ohio State University 's Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum in 2001 . Watterson himself selected the strips and provided his own commentary for the exhibition catalog , which was later published by Andrews McMeel as Calvin and Hobbes : Sunday Pages 1985 -- 1995 . Since the discontinuation of Calvin and Hobbes , individual strips have been licensed for reprint in schoolbooks , including the Christian homeschooling book The Fallacy Detective in 2002 , and the university - level philosophy reader Open Questions : Readings for Critical Thinking and Writing in 2005 ; in the latter , the ethical views of Watterson and his characters Calvin and Hobbes are discussed in relation to the views of professional philosophers . Since 2009 , Twitter users have indicated that Calvin and Hobbes strips have appeared in textbooks for subjects in the sciences , social sciences , mathematics , philosophy , and foreign language . In a 2009 evaluation of the entire body of Calvin and Hobbes strips using grounded theory methodology , Christijan D. Draper found that : `` Overall , Calvin and Hobbes suggests that meaningful time use is a key attribute of a life well lived , '' and that `` the strip suggests one way to assess the meaning associated with time use is through preemptive retrospection by which a person looks at current experiences through the lens of an anticipated future ... '' Jamey Heit 's Imagination and Meaning in Calvin and Hobbes , a critical , academic analysis of the strip , was published in 2012 . Calvin and Hobbes strips were again exhibited at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University in 2014 , in an exhibition entitled Exploring Calvin and Hobbes . An exhibition catalog by the same title , which also contained an interview with Watterson conducted by Jenny Robb , the curator of the museum , was published by Andrews McMeel in 2015 . Legacy ( edit ) `` Since its concluding panel in 1995 , Calvin and Hobbes has remained one of the most influential and well - loved comic strips of our time . '' -- The Atlantic , `` How Calvin and Hobbes Inspired a Generation , '' October 25 , 2013 Years after its original newspaper run , Calvin and Hobbes has continued to exert influence in entertainment , art , and fandom . In television , Calvin and Hobbes are depicted in stop motion animation in the 2006 Robot Chicken episode `` Lust for Puppets , '' and in traditional animation in the 2009 Family Guy episode `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven . '' In the 2013 Community episode `` Paranormal Parentage , '' the characters Abed Nadir ( Danny Pudi ) and Troy Barnes ( Donald Glover ) dress as Calvin and Hobbes , respectively , for Halloween . British artists , merchandisers , booksellers , and philosophers were interviewed for a 2009 BBC Radio 4 half - hour programme about the abiding popularity of the comic strip , narrated by Phill Jupitus . The first book - length study of the strip , Looking for Calvin and Hobbes : The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson and His Revolutionary Comic Strip by Nevin Martell , was first published in 2009 ; an expanded edition was published in 2010 . The book chronicles Martell 's quest to tell the story of Calvin and Hobbes and Watterson through research and interviews with people connected to the cartoonist and his work . The director of the later documentary Dear Mr. Watterson referenced Looking for Calvin and Hobbes in discussing the production of the movie , and Martell appears in the film . The American documentary film Dear Mr. Watterson , released in 2013 , explores the impact and legacy of Calvin and Hobbes through interviews with authors , curators , historians , and numerous professional cartoonists . The enduring significance of Calvin and Hobbes to international cartooning was recognized by the jury of the Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2014 by the awarding of its Grand Prix to Watterson , only the fourth American to ever receive the honor ( after Will Eisner , Robert Crumb , and Art Spiegelman ) . In 2016 and 2017 , author Berkeley Breathed included Calvin and Hobbes in various Bloom County cartoons . He launched the first cartoon on April Fool 's Day 2016 and jokingly issued a statement suggesting that he had acquired Calvin and Hobbes from Bill Watterson , who was `` out of the Arizona facility , continent and looking forward to some well - earned financial security . '' While bearing Watterson 's signature and drawing style , as well as featuring characters from both Calvin and Hobbes and Breathed 's Bloom County , it is unclear whether Watterson had any input into these cartoons or not . Grown - up Calvin ( edit ) A number of artists and cartoonists have created works portraying Calvin as a teenager or an adult ; the concept has also inspired writers . In 2011 , a comic strip appeared by cartoonists Dan and Tom Heyerman called Hobbes and Bacon . The strip depicts Calvin as an adult , married to Susie Derkins , with a young daughter named after philosopher Francis Bacon , to whom Calvin gives Hobbes . Though consisting of only four strips originally , Hobbes and Bacon received considerable attention when it appeared and was continued by other cartoonists and artists . A novel entitled Calvin by CLA Young Adult Book Award - winning author Martine Leavitt was published in 2015 . The story tells of seventeen - year - old Calvin -- who was born on the day that Calvin and Hobbes ended , and who has now been diagnosed with schizophrenia -- and his hallucination of Hobbes , his childhood stuffed tiger . With his friend Susie , who might also be a hallucination , Calvin sets off to find Bill Watterson , in the hope that the cartoonist can provide aid for Calvin 's condition . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Campanelli , John ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' fans still pine 15 years after its exit '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes : The last great newspaper comic strip '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) . `` ' Dear Mr. Watterson ' : Remembering the last great newspaper comic '' . Salon . San Francisco , California : Salon Media Group . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . ' Calvin and Hobbes ' has been immensely influential -- but mostly in TV animation , in stand - up and sketch comedy , and in graphic novels and in Internet culture . The newspaper comic , like the newspaper itself , has lost its social meaning . Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1989 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Watterson and Walker Differ on Comics : ' Calvin and Hobbes ' creator criticizes today 's cartooning while ' Beetle Bailey ' / ' Hi and Lois ' creator defends it at meeting '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 78 . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( May 20 , 1990 ) . `` Speech by Bill Watterson '' . Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio : Via Calvin and Hobbes ' Magical World ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Neely ( October 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Tiger Strikes Again '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Paul ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes Creator Draws on the Simple Life '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Christie , Andrew ( January 1987 ) . `` An Interview With Bill Watterson '' . Honk ! via Calvin and Hobbies : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Fantagraphics Books . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Complete Calvin and Hobbes '' . Andrews & McMeel . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NCS Reuben Award winners ( 1975 -- present ) '' . National Cartoonists Society . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , p. 481 . Comic originally published 1995 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Complete Calvin and Hobbes '' . Day to Day . 3 : 28.50 minutes in . NPR . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . In the final strip , Calvin and Hobbes put aside their conflicts and rode their sled into a snowy forest . They left behind a hole in the comics page that no strip has been able to fill . ^ Jump up to : West , Richard Samuel ( February 1989 ) . `` Interview : Bill Watterson '' . The Comics Journal / Fantagraphics via Calvin and Hobbies : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1988 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Watterson Knocks the Shrinking of Comics '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 40 . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( October 27 , 1989 ) . The Cheapening of the Comics . The 1989 Festival of Cartoon Art . Via Calvin and Hobbies : Magic on Paper ( fansite ) . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1991 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Nine - month Vacation for Bill Watterson '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 34 . Jump up ^ Astor , David ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Cartoonists discuss ' Calvin ' requirement '' . Editor & Publisher . Irvine , California : Duncan McIntosh : 34 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2001 ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fans From Around the World Interview Bill Watterson '' . Andrews McMeel Publishing . 2005 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hulsizer , Tim . `` A Concise Guide to All Legal Calvin and Hobbes Items '' . Calvin and Hobbes : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Holmen , Linda ; Santella - Johnson , Mary ; Watterson , Bill ( 1993 ) . Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes . Cover and supplementary art by Jan Roebken . Fargo , North Dakota : Playground Publishing . ISBN 1 - 878849 - 15 - 8 . Lay summary ( 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Martell ( 2010 ) , p. 236 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Funnies Comic Strips Debut on Stamps '' . Columbus , Ohio : United States Postal Service press release . July 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( July 17 , 1997 ) . `` Calvin 's Unauthorized Leak : Stock Car Fans Misuse Comics Character '' . The Virginian - Pilot ( Norfolk , Virginia ) via The Washington Post via Calvin and Hobbes : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . p . B9 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 200 ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( October 31 , 1990 ) , Andrews McMeel Publishing Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( November 1 , 1990 ) , Andrews McMeel Publishing Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( July 15 , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Bill Watterson ( w , a ) . Calvin and Hobbes ( January 21 , 1993 ) ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 2012 ) . The Complete Calvin and Hobbes. 3 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4494 - 3325 - 3 . Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 2006 ) . Big Bang : The Origin of the Universe . Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 716220 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Calling ' Big Bang ' a Dud , Journal Seeks New Name '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1993 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andy ( October 17 , 2004 ) . `` We Are Wandering Stardust '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kerby ; Bohlin , Raymond G. ( 2000 ) . Creation , Evolution , and Modern Science . Kregel Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8254 - 2033 - 7 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Linder , Eric . `` Cosmology Summary '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Caroline ( May 7 , 2001 ) . `` Faculty Team Serves Up a Slice of the Universe '' . Princeton Weekly Bulletin . 90 ( 27 ) . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 1 , p. 303 . Comic originally published 1987 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gene ( 1987 ) . Watterson : Calvin 's other alter ego . Cleveland Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill . `` Calvin and Hobbes Cast of Characters Cast of Characters '' . Andrew McMeel . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 1988 ) . The Essential Calvin and Hobbes : A Calvin and Hobbes Treasury . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1805 - 1 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , p. 432 . Comic originally published 1995 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 268 -- 273 . Comics originally published 1990 - 04 - 16 to 1990 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , p. 438 . Comic originally published 1995 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 3 , pp. 430 -- 434 . Comics originally published 1995 - 09 - 04 to 1995 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , p. 292 . Comic originally published 1990 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 292 , 336 . Comics originally published 1990 - 05 - 27 and 1990 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 273 , 292 , 336 , 429 ; vol. 3 , pp. 430 -- 433 , 438 . Comics originally published 1990 - 05 - 05 , 1990 - 05 - 27 , 1990 - 08 - 26 , 1991 - 03 - 31 , 1995 - 09 - 04 to 1995 - 09 - 16 , and 1995 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Watterson ( 1995 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , pp. 233 , 325 . Comics originally published 1990 - 01 - 07 and 1990 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 1 , pp. 26 , 56 , 217 ; vol. 2 , pp. 120 , 237 , 267 , 298 , 443 ; vol. 3 , pp. 16 , 170 , 224 , 326 , 414 . Comics originally published 1985 - 11 - 30 , 1986 - 02 - 07 , 1987 - 01 - 11 , 1989 - 05 - 28 , 1990 - 02 - 04 , 1990 - 04 - 15 , 1990 - 06 - 10 , 1992 - 02 - 02 , 1992 - 05 - 17 , 1993 - 04 - 18 , 1993 - 08 - 22 , 1995 - 01 - 14 , and 1995 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 2 , p. 373 . Comic originally published 1990 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 1990 ) . Weirdos from Another Planet ! . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1862 - 0 . Jump up ^ Milicia , Joe ( October 22 , 2005 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes Creator Keeps Privacy '' . Associated Press via Calvin and Hobbes : Magic on Paper ( fan site ) . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2005 ) . vol. 1 , p. 215 ; vol. 2 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 1995 ) . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Watterson , Bill ( 1990 ) . Weirdos from Another Planet ! . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1862 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rief , Sandra F. ; Heimburge , Julie A. ( 2006 ) . How to Reach and Teach All Children in the Inclusive Classroom : Practical Strategies , Lessons , and Activities ( 2nd ed . ) . Jossey - Bass . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8154 - 9 . We highly recommend a wonderful book , Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes ... Jump up ^ Murphy , David ( April 23 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Algorithm Price War Leads to $23.6 - Million - Dollar Book Listing '' . PC Magazine . New York City : Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 ... you 're trying to hunt down that elusive , rare edition of Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes ? Jump up ^ `` Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes : Find a copy in the library '' . WorldCat . Online Computer Library Center . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Paul , Gregory S. ( November 6 , 1993 ) . `` A Comic History of Dinosaurs '' ( PDF ) . The Washington Post via Bringing Them Back to Life : The Science and Art of Gregory S. Paul ( official site ) . p . A24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuznets , Lois Rostow ( 1994 ) . When Toys Come Alive . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Wilson , James Q. ( 1995 - 12 - 17 ) . `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' and the Moral Sense '' . The Weekly Standard . Washington , D.C. : Clarity Media Group . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Alisa White ( 2000 ) . `` ' Calvin and Hobbes ' : A Critique of Society 's Values '' . Journal of Mass Media Ethics : Exploring Questions of Media Morality . Taylor & Francis . 15 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 28 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327728JMME1501_3 . Jump up ^ Bluedorn , Hans ( 2002 ) . The Fallacy Detective . Christian Logic . ISBN 0 - 9745315 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Chris ; Runciman , Lex , eds. ( 2005 ) . Open Questions : Readings for Critical Thinking and Writing . Bedford - St. Martin 's . pp. 413 -- 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41635 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' Calvin Hobbes textbook ' search on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . I have yet to encounter a statistics textbook that does not contain at least one Calvin and Hobbes comic . Jump up ^ Draper , Christijan D. ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . Exploring Calvin and Hobbes : Comic Strip Illuminates Issues Surrounding Family Recreation ( M.S. ) . Brigham Young University . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Heit ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Calvin and Hobbes : March 22 , 2014 -- August 3 , 2014 '' . Columbus , Ohio : Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum , Ohio State University . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Bill Watterson talks : This is why you must read the new ' Exploring Calvin and Hobbes ' book '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watterson ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Price - Waldman , Sam ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) . `` How Calvin and Hobbes Inspired a Generation '' . The Atlantic . Washington , D.C. : Atlantic Media . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Nickolai ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Weighing the Light and Dark of Calvin and Hobbes '' . 1UP.com . IGN . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Bill Watterson 's work is undoubtedly art , but what is more important is what this means for dissonant media like that of video games . Calvin and Hobbes is proof that mass perception does not make a truth -- that a preconception of elitists or the uninitiated about what is and is n't art does n't make it so ... Calvin and Hobbes proves that any artistic form can wear multiple hats . Jump up ^ Antunes , Paulo Gabriel ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes Collection '' . Abduzeedo . Brazil . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Bill Watterson 's creation got ta be the reason why I love illustration ... And also , there 's tons of fan art around the web , really good ones , and even sculptures . Jump up ^ Daniel ( 2012 - 06 - 07 ) . `` ' The Days Are Just Packed ' - A Calvin and Hobbes Inspired Art Print '' . JazJaz . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Casey Weldon 's latest art print , inspired by his childhood favorites -- Calvin and Hobbes , will be released in conjunction with the opening of his solo show at Spoke Art . Jump up ^ Olmstead , Gracy ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Imagination and the Artistic Value of Calvin & Hobbes '' . The American Conservative . Washington , D.C. : The American Ideas Institute . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Bill Watterson 's comic series Calvin and Hobbes has inspired a religious following since its publication . Even after its retirement in 1995 , millions of readers remained devoted to the series . Jump up ^ Hawking , Tom ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About ' Calvin and Hobbes ' '' . Flavorwire . New York , New York : Flavorpill Media . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Calvin & Hobbes has always inspired a special brand of obsessive geekdom ... Jump up ^ Martell ( 2010 ) , pp. 216 - 217 `` Family Guy had a brief appearance from Calvin and Hobbes in 2009 . Perhaps the most disturbing use of Calvin and Hobbes was on Seth Green 's Robot Chicken , which did a stop - motion segment in which the parents think Calvin has gone insane , because he imagines his stuffed animal is alive . '' Jump up ^ `` Calvin and Hobbes '' . United Kingdom : BBC Radio 4 . 2009 - 09 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Matos , Michaelangelo ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Nevin Martell : Looking For Calvin And Hobbes '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago , Illinois : Onion , Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . It 's surprising that until now , no one has attempted a book - length study of Bill Watterson 's Calvin And Hobbes . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ; Ferris , D.X. ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Expanded Book Chronicles Search for Bill Watterson , Calvin and Hobbes Creator '' . Scene and Heard : Cleveland Scene 's News Blog . Cleveland , Ohio : Cleveland Scene . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Martell ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Hankins , Brent ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` INTERVIEW -- Joel Allen Schroeder explores the impact of ' Calvin and Hobbes ' with documentary ' Dear Mr. Watterson ' '' . The Nerd Repository . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . ( Watterson ) declined to be interviewed for Nevin Martell 's book a few years back , and I felt like if he was n't going to do an interview for a book , it was unlikely he would be involved or participate in a film . Jump up ^ Lambert , Nancy ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Dear Mr. Watterson : New Calvin and Hobbes Documentary Has So Many Feels '' . Tor.com . Macmillan Publishers . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Makice , Kevin ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Dear Mr. Watterson Explains Why Geeks Love Calvin and Hobbes '' . Wired . San Francisco , California : Condé Nast . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 ... the film raised $25,000 to allow the crew to capture interviews with industry cartoonists , including Bill Amend ( Foxtrot ) , Berkeley Breathed ( Bloom County , Outland , Opus ) , Seth Green ( co-creator , Robot Chicken ) and Wiley Miller ( Non-Sequitur ) . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gary ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Review : A love letter to ' Dear Mr. Watterson ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Schroeder interviews a starry array of cartoonists , including Berkeley Breathed ( `` Bloom County '' ) , Stephan Pastis ( `` Pearls Before Swine '' ) and Jan Eliot ( `` Stone Soup '' ) , plus authors , curators , historians and the toon 's syndicators , all of whom wax poetic about Watterson 's creation and its enduring influence . Jump up ^ Potet , Frédéric ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Angoulême : le Grand Prix attribué à Bill Watterson , le père de '' Calvin et Hobbes `` '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Paris , France . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Election du Grand Prix du Festival d'Angoulême 2014 '' ( in French ) . Angoulême International Comics Festival . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Berkeley Breathed 's ' Calvin and Hobbes ' gag wins April Fools ' Day '' . CBR. 2016 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - Up Calvin And Hobbes : Craig Mahoney 's Painting Will Bring A Tear To Your Eye ( IMAGE ) '' . The Huffington Post . New York , New York : AOL . 2013 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Canavan , Gerry ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Found on the Internet : grown - up Calvins and Hobbeses '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Leavitt , Martine ( 2015 ) . Calvin . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0374380731 . Jump up ^ Jagny , Louis A.E. ( 2015 ) . All Grown Up : A Boy and His Tiger ( One - act play ) . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1514752487 . Jump up ^ Heyerman , Dan ; Heyerman , Tom ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Hobbes and Bacon '' . Pants are Overrated . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Calvin , Hobbes And Comic Book Biology '' . Krulwich Wonders ... Washington , D.C. : NPR . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Dan and Tom Heyerman ... to the delight of many Calvin and Hobbes fans ... brought Calvin back ... as an adult ! ... Not only that , he has a kid , a daughter named ' Bacon ' ( named for the Enlightenment philosopher , Francis Bacon . ) Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Calvin And Hobbes , Add The Bacon '' . Krulwich Wonders ... Washington , D.C. : NPR . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . ' Hobbes and Bacon ' ... went instantly viral . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Check out the web cartoonists continuing Calvin And Hobbes '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago , Illinois : Onion , Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . The strips got a lot of attention when they first posted , and Watterson fans often point back to them ... Terra Snover picked it up with ... strips continuing the Hobbes And Bacon idea ... In February 2013 , Phil Berry at DeviantArt started posting his own , more elaborate Hobbes And Bacon strips ... Meanwhile , a fourth artist , DeviantArt 's DomNX , has spent the past year churning out his own still - ongoing Calvin And Company strip ... Jump up ^ `` Canadian Library Association Announces 2013 CLA Young Adult Book Award Winner and Honour Books '' . Ottawa , Ontario : Canadian Library Association . 2013 - 04 - 15 . Archived from the original ( CFM ) on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PW Picks : Books of the Week , November 16 , 2015 '' . Publishers Weekly . 2015 - 11 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Watterson , Bill ( 1995 ) . The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews and McMeel . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 0438 - 7 . Watterson , Bill ( 2001 ) . Calvin and Hobbes : Sunday Pages 1985 -- 1995 . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2135 - 6 . Watterson , Bill ( 2005 ) . The Complete Calvin and Hobbes . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 4847 - 5 . Martell , Nevin ( 2010 ) . Looking for Calvin and Hobbes : The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson and His Revolutionary Comic Strip ( Revised ed . ) . Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 0685 - 8 . Heit , Jamey ( 2012 ) . Imagination and Meaning in Calvin and Hobbes . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9031 - 8 . Watterson , Bill ( 2015 ) . Exploring Calvin and Hobbes : An Exhibition Catalogue . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4494 - 6036 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Calvin and Hobbes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calvin and Hobbes . Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Calvin and Hobbes '' dated 2006 - 01 - 29 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official sites Calvin and Hobbes at GoComics Calvin and Hobbes at Andrews McMeel Publishing Fan sites Fisher - Cox , Adam , ed . `` The Calvin and Hobbes Album '' . AdamFisherCox.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Calvin and Hobbes at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Multimedia `` Radio show in which fans of the comic strip express their views about the ending of Calvin and Hobbes '' . ( MP3 ) . CBC Canada via TheHeartOfGold.org. 1995 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) `` Spiffy : ' The Complete Calvin and Hobbes ' '' . Morning Edition ( Real , Windows Media ) . November 18 , 2005 . NPR . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Further reading Suellentrop , Chris ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Calvin and Hobbes : The last great newspaper comic strip '' . Slate . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Calvin and Hobbes at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . hide Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson Characters Calvin Hobbes Other Calvin and Hobbes in translation List of Calvin and Hobbes books Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes Dear Mr. Watterson hide Andrews McMeel Universal Andrews McMeel Universal Uclick ( Universal Press Syndicate Uclick ) AMUSE Comic strips Adam@home Argyle Sweater Baker Street Puzzle Baldo Biographic Bloom County Brainwaves Breaking Cat News Calvin and Hobbes Cathy Cleats Close to Home Condorito Cornered Cul de Sac Doonesbury The Duplex The Elderberries The 5th Wave The Flying McCoys For Better or For Worse FoxTrot Fred Basset The Fusco Brothers Garfield Gaturro Ginger Meggs Heart of the City In the Bleachers In the Sticks Ink Pen James Bond Judge Dredd La Cucaracha Liō Mutt and Jeff Non Sequitur Off the Mark Overboard Peanuts Phoebe and Her Unicorn Pooch Café Real Life Adventures Red and Rover Ronaldinho Gaucho Shortcuts Stone Soup Tank McNamara Thatababy Tom the Dancing Bug W.T. 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-7094989102967982781 | Finland | Finland - wikipedia Finland This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the European country . For other uses , see Finland ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Finland Suomen tasavalta ( Finnish ) Republiken Finland ( Swedish ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Maamme ( Finnish ) Vårt land ( Swedish ) `` Our Land '' Location of Finland ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Helsinki 60 ° 10 ′ N 24 ° 56 ′ E / 60.167 ° N 24.933 ° E / 60.167 ; 24.933 Official languages Finnish Swedish Recognised regional languages Sami Religion Evangelical Lutheran Church Orthodox Church Demonym Finnish Finn Government Unitary parliamentary republic President Sauli Niinistö Prime Minister Juha Sipilä Legislature Parliament of Finland Formation Autonomy within Russia 29 March 1809 Independence from the Russian SFSR 6 December 1917 Joined the European Union 1 January 1995 Area Total 338,424 km ( 130,666 sq mi ) ( 64th ) Water ( % ) 10 Population August 2017 estimate 5,509,717 ( 114th ) 2016 official 5,503,297 Density 16 / km ( 41.4 / sq mi ) ( 201st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $239.662 billion Per capita $43,545 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $234.524 billion Per capita $42,611 Gini ( 2014 ) 25.6 low 6th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.895 very high 23rd Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Date format dd. mm. yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 358 Patron saint St Henry of Uppsala ISO 3166 code FI Internet TLD . fi The . eu domain is also used , as it is shared with other European Union member states . Finland ( / ˈfɪnlənd / ( listen ) ; Finnish : Suomi ( suo̯mi ) ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland ( ˈfɪnland ) ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ) , is a sovereign state in Northern Europe . The country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest , Norway to the north , and Russia to the east . To the south is the Gulf of Finland with Estonia on the opposite side . Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia , which also includes Scandinavia . Finland 's population is 5.5 million ( 2016 ) , and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region . 88.7 % of the population is Finnish and speaks Finnish , a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages ; the next group is the Finland - Swedes ( 5.3 % ) . Finland is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital city of Helsinki , local governments in 311 municipalities , and one autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BCE . The first settlers left behind artifacts that present characteristics shared with those found in Estonia , Russia , and Norway . The earliest people were hunter - gatherers , using stone tools . The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE , when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced . The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions and the sedentary farming inhabitation increased towards the end of Iron Age . At the time Finland had three main cultural areas , Finland proper , Tavastia and Karelia , which is reflected in e.g. contemporary jewellery . From the late 13th century , Finland gradually became an integral part of Sweden through the crusades and the Swedish part - colonisation of coastal Finland , a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status . In 1809 Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland . In 1906 , Finland became the first European state to grant all adult citizens the right to vote , and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office . Following the 1917 Russian Revolution , Finland declared itself independent . In 1918 , the fledgling state was divided by civil war , with the Bolshevik - leaning Red Guard supported by the equally new Soviet Russia , fighting the White Guard , supported by the German Empire . After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom , the country became a republic . During World War II , the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland , with Finland losing parts of Karelia , Salla , Kuusamo , Petsamo and some islands , but retaining independence . Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality . The Finno - Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era . Finland joined the OECD in 1969 , the NATO Partnership for Peace in 1994 , the European Union in 1995 , the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997 , and finally the Eurozone at its inception , in 1999 . Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation , remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s . After World War II , the Soviet Union demanded war reparations from Finland not only in money but also in material , such as ships and machinery . This forced Finland to industrialise . It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model , resulting in widespread prosperity and one of the highest per capita incomes in the world . However , Finnish GDP growth was negative in 2012 -- 2014 ( − 0.698 % to − 1.426 % ) , with a preceding nadir of − 8 % in 2009 . Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance , including education , economic competitiveness , civil liberties , quality of life , and human development . In 2015 , Finland was ranked first in the World Human Capital and the Press Freedom Index and as the most stable country in the world during 2011 -- 2016 in the Fragile States Index , and second in the Global Gender Gap Report . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , and freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Suomi 1.2 Concept 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Swedish era 2.3 Russian Empire era 2.4 Civil war and early independence 2.5 World War II 3 Language 4 Geography 4.1 Biodiversity 4.2 Climate 4.3 Regions 4.4 Administrative divisions 5 Politics 5.1 Constitution 5.2 President 5.3 Parliament 5.4 Cabinet 5.5 Law 5.6 Foreign relations 5.7 Social security 5.8 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Energy 6.2 Transport 6.3 Industry 6.4 Public policy 6.5 Tourism 7 Demographics 7.1 Largest cities 7.2 Religion 7.3 Health 7.4 Education and science 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Visual arts , design , and architecture 8.3 Music 8.3. 1 Classical 8.3. 2 Modern 8.4 Cinema and television 8.5 Media and communications 8.6 Cuisine 8.7 Public holidays 8.8 Sports 9 International rankings 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also : Finns § Etymology The first known written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune - stones . Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti ( U 582 ) . The third was found in Gotland . It has the inscription finlandi ( G 319 ) and dates back to the 13th century . The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns , which is mentioned at first known time AD 98 ( disputed meaning ) . Suomi ( edit ) The name Suomi ( Finnish for `` Finland '' ) has uncertain origins , but a candidate for a source is the Proto - Baltic word * źemē , meaning `` land '' . In addition to the close relatives of Finnish ( the Finnic languages ) , this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian . Alternatively , the Indo - European word * ghm - on `` man '' ( cf . Gothic guma , Latin homo ) has been suggested , being borrowed as * ćoma . The word originally referred only to the province of Finland Proper , and later to the northern coast of Gulf of Finland , with northern regions such as Ostrobothnia still sometimes being excluded until later . Earlier theories suggested derivation from suomaa ( fen land ) or suoniemi ( fen cape ) , and parallels between saame ( Sami , a Finno - Ugric people in Lapland ) , and Häme ( a province in the inland ) were drawn , but these theories are now considered outdated . Concept ( edit ) Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp In the earliest historical sources from the 12th and 13th centuries , the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku from Perniö to Uusikaupunki . This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland . Finland became a common name for the whole country in a centuries - long process that started when the Catholic Church established missionary diocese in Nousiainen in the northern part of the province of Suomi possibly sometime in the 12th century . In the 15th century , Finland became a common name for the whole land area to the east of the Bothnian Sea , possibly even including the Åland Islands , when the archipelago was seen as belonging to Turku . What the term actually refers to can vary depending on the sources . In addition , the boundaries to the east and the north were not exact . An establishment of sorts of Finland as a united entity , if only in name , was made when John III of Sweden called his duchy the `` Grand Duchy of Finland '' ( about 1580 ) , as a strategy to counter the claims of the Russian tsar . The term became part of the title of the King of Sweden but had little practical meaning . The Finnish land area had the same standing as the area to the west of the Bothnian Sea , and the Finnish part of the realm had the same representation in the parliament as the western part . In 1637 , Queen Christina named Per Brahe the Younger Governor - General of Finland , Åland , and Ostrobothnia ( other parts of Sweden had also had governor generals ) . The modern boundaries of Finland actually came into existence only after the end of Sweden -- Finland . What was signed over to Russia in 1809 was not so much `` Finland '' as six counties , Åland , and a small part of Västerbotten County . The boundary between the new Grand Duchy of Finland and the remaining part of Sweden could have been drawn along the river Kemijoki , the boundary at the time between Västerbotten County and Österbotten County ( Ostrobothnia ) -- as proposed by the Swedes in the peace negotiations -- or along the river Kalix , thereby including the Finnish - speaking part of Meänmaa -- as proposed by the Russians . The actual boundary , which followed the Torne River and the Muonio River to the fells Saana and Halti in the northwest , was a compromise . The area it delineated was to become what was represented by the concept of Finland -- at least after Tsar Alexander I of Russia permitted the parts of Finland located to the east of the Kymi River , which were conquered by Russia in 1721 and 1743 , called `` Old Finland '' , to be administratively included in `` New Finland '' in 1812 . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Finland Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : History of Finland § Prehistory Northern Europe in 814 According to archaeological evidence , the area now comprising Finland was settled at the latest around 8500 BCE during the Stone Age as the ice sheet of the last ice age receded . The artifacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia , Russia , and Norway . The earliest people were hunter - gatherers , using stone tools . The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE , when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced . The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture . Even with the introduction of agriculture , hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy . The Bronze Age ( 1500 -- 500 BCE ) and Iron Age ( 500 BCE -- 1200 CE ) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions . There is no consensus on when Uralic languages and Indo - European languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland . During the first millennium AD , early Finnish was spoken in agricultural settlements in southern Finland , whereas Sámi - speaking populations occupied most parts of the country . Although distantly related , the Sami are a different people that retained the hunter - gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns . The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland , the northernmost province , but the Sami have been displaced or assimilated elsewhere . The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic sea . The Livonian crusade was ongoing and Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other . Also during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea were made against Finnish tribes . According to historical sources , Danes made two crusades to Finland , in 1191 and in 1202 , and Swedes , possibly the so - called second crusade to Finland , in 1249 against Tavastians and the third crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians . The so - called first crusade to Finland , possibly in 1155 , is most likely an unreal event . Also it is possible that Germans made violent conversion of Finnish pagans in 13th century . According to a papal letter in 1241 the king of Norway was also fighting against `` nearby pagans '' at that time . Swedish era ( edit ) Main article : Finland under Swedish rule The Swedish Empire following the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658 . Dark green : Sweden proper , as represented in the Riksdag of the Estates . Other greens : Swedish dominions and possessions . Now lying within Helsinki , Suomenlinna is a UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands . It is one of Finland 's most popular tourist attractions . As a result of the crusades together and with the colonisation of Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedish population during the Middle Ages Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden . In the 17th century , Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility , administration , and education ; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry , clergy , and local courts in predominantly Finnish - speaking areas . During the Protestant Reformation , the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism . In the 16th century , Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish . The first university in Finland , the Royal Academy of Turku , was established in 1640 . Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696 -- 1697 , during which about one third of the Finnish population died , and a devastating plague a few years later . In the 18th century , wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces , times known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath ( 1714 -- 1721 ) and the Lesser Wrath ( 1742 -- 1743 ) . It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath , due namely to the destruction of homes and farms , and to the burning of Helsinki . By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border . Two Russo - Swedish wars in twenty - five years served as reminders to the Finnish people of the precarious position between Sweden and Russia . An increasingly vocal elite in Finland soon determined that Finnish ties with Sweden were becoming too costly , and following Gustav III 's War ( 1788 -- 1790 ) , the Finnish elite 's desire to break with Sweden only heightened . In the late eighteenth century a politically active portion of the Finnish nobility became convinced that , due to Sweden and Russia 's repeated use of Finland as a battlefield , it would be in the country 's best interests to seek autonomy . Even before the Russo - Swedish War of 1788 -- 1790 , there were conspiring Finns , among them Col G.M. Sprengtporten , who had supported Gustav III 's coup in 1772 . Sprengporten fell out with the king and resigned his commission in 1777 . In the following decade he tried to secure Russian support for an autonomous Finland , and later became an adviser to Catherine II . In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson ( 1791 -- 1858 ) , `` we are not Swedes , we do not want to become Russians , let us therefore be Finns '' , the Finnish national identity started to become established . Notwithstanding the efforts of Finland 's elite and nobility to break ties with Sweden , there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early twentieth century . As a matter of fact , at this time the Finnish peasantry was outraged by the actions of their elite and almost exclusively supported Gustav 's actions against the conspirators . ( The High Court of Turku condemned Sprengtporten as a traitor c. 1793 . ) Russian Empire era ( edit ) Main article : Grand Duchy of Finland See also : Finland 's language strife and Russification of Finland On 29 March 1809 , having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War , Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917 . In 1811 , Alexander I incorporated Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland . During the Russian era , the Finnish language began to gain recognition . From the 1860s onwards , a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew . Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland 's national epic -- the Kalevala -- in 1835 , and the Finnish language 's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892 . Pioneers in Karelia ( 1900 ) by Pekka Halonen The Finnish famine of 1866 -- 1868 killed 15 % of the population , making it one of the worst famines in European history . The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations , and investment rose in following decades . Economic and political development was rapid . The GDP per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain . In 1906 , universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland . However , the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy . For example , the universal suffrage was , in practice , virtually meaningless , since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament . Desire for independence gained ground , first among radical liberals and socialists . Civil War and early independence ( edit ) Main articles : Finnish Declaration of Independence and Finnish Civil War After the 1917 February Revolution , the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned , mainly by Social Democrats . Since the head of state was the tsar of Russia , it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution . The Parliament , controlled by social democrats , passed the so - called Power Act to give the highest authority to the Parliament . This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government which decided to dissolve the Parliament . New elections were conducted , in which right - wing parties won a slim majority . Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament ( and thus the ensuing elections ) were extralegal . The two nearly equally powerful political blocs , the right - wing parties and the social democratic party , were highly antagonized . White firing squad executing Red soldiers in Länkipohja , Längelmäki , in 1918 . The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation anew . Suddenly , the right - wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland , as the Bolsheviks took power in Russia . Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Law of a few months earlier , the right - wing government declared independence on 6 December 1917 . On 27 January 1918 , the official opening shots of the war were fired in two simultaneous events . The government started to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa , and the Social Democratic Party staged a coup . The latter succeeded in controlling southern Finland and Helsinki , but the white government continued in exile from Vaasa . This sparked the brief but bitter civil war . The Whites , who were supported by Imperial Germany , prevailed over the Reds . After the war , tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps , where thousands died by execution or from malnutrition and disease . Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and beyond . The civil war and activist expeditions into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations . After a brief experimentation with monarchy , Finland became a presidential republic , with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919 . The Finnish -- Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920 , largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga ( Finnish : Petsamo ) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland . Finnish democracy did not see any Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist Lapua Movement . The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense . Germany 's relations with democratic Finland cooled also after the Nazis ' rise to power . Army officers were trained in France , and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened . In 1917 , the population was 3 million . Credit - based land reform was enacted after the civil war , increasing the proportion of capital - owning population . About 70 % of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10 % in industry . The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany . World War II ( edit ) Areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union after the Winter War from 1939 to 1940 and the Continuation War from 1941 to 1944 . The Porkkala land lease was returned to Finland in 1956 . Finland covered an area of approximately 385,000 km ( 149,000 sq mi ) before the handover . Main article : Military history of Finland during World War II During World War II , Finland fought the Soviet Union twice : in the Winter War of 1939 -- 1940 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland ; and in the Continuation War of 1941 -- 1944 , following Operation Barbarossa , during which Finland aligned with Germany following Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union . For 872 days , the German army , aided indirectly by Finnish forces , besieged Leningrad , the USSR 's second largest city . After fighting a major Soviet offensive in June / July 1944 to a standstill , Finland reached an armistice with the Soviet Union . This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944 -- 1945 , when Finland fought against the retreating German forces in northern Finland . The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations , restraints , and reparations -- as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940 . As a result of the two wars , Finland ceded most of Finnish Karelia , Salla , and Petsamo , which amounted to 10 % of its land area and 20 % of its industrial capacity , including the ports of Vyborg ( Viipuri ) and the ice - free Liinakhamari ( Liinahamari ) . Almost the whole population , some 400,000 people , fled these areas . Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and it retained its independence , but at the loss of about 93,000 soldiers . Finland rejected Marshall aid , in apparent deference to Soviet desires . However , the United States provided secret development aid and helped the ( non-Communist ) Social Democratic Party in hopes of preserving Finland 's independence . Establishing trade with the Western powers , such as the United Kingdom , and paying reparations to the Soviet Union produced a transformation of Finland from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one . For example , the Valmet corporation was founded to create materials for war reparations , but , after the reparations had been paid off , Finland -- which was poor in certain resources necessary for an industrialized nation ( such as iron and oil ) -- continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade . Urho Kekkonen , the eighth president of Finland ( 1956 -- 1982 ) In 1950 , 46 % of Finnish workers worked in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas . The new jobs in manufacturing , services , and trade quickly attracted people to the towns . The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973 . When baby - boomers entered the workforce , the economy did not generate jobs fast enough , and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden , with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970 . The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors . Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade . Officially claiming to be neutral , Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet Union . The YYA Treaty ( Finno - Soviet Pact of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics . This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents . He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on , which was crucial for his continued popularity . In politics , there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet . This phenomenon was given the name `` Finlandization '' by the West German press . Despite close relations with the Soviet Union , Finland maintained a market economy . Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets , which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland . Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era , and by 1975 Finland 's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world . In the 1970s and 80s , Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world . Finland negotiated with the EEC ( a predecessor of the European Union ) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977 , although Finland did not fully join . In 1981 , president Urho Kekkonen 's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years . Finland reacted cautiously to the collapse of the Soviet Union , but swiftly began increasing integration with the West . On 21 September 1990 , Finland unilaterally declared the Paris Peace Treaty obsolete , following the German reunification decision nine days earlier . Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 . Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions , a banking crisis , the collapse of its largest single trading partner ( the Soviet Union ) , and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland . The depression bottomed out in 1993 , and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years . Like other Nordic countries , Finland decentralised its economy since the late 1980s . Financial and product market regulation were loosened . Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts . Finland joined the European Union in 1995 , and the Eurozone in 1999 . Much of the late 1990s economic growth was fueled by the phenomenal success of the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia , which held a unique position of representing 80 % of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange . Language ( edit ) Main articles : Finnish language , Finland Swedish , and Languages of Finland Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland . Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland . The native language of 89 % of the population is Finnish , which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages . The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo - European origin . Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian . Swedish is the native language of 5.3 % of the population ( Swedish - speaking Finns ) . The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts . Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000 -- 6,000 people , Finnish Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution . There are two sign languages : Finnish Sign Language , spoken natively by 4,000 -- 5,000 people , and Finland - Swedish Sign Language , spoken natively by about 150 people . Tatar language is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people who moved to Finland mainly during the Russian rule from the 1870s until the 1920s . The Sami language is an official language to the north , in Lapland or in northern Lapland , where are the Sami people , numbering around 7,000 and recognized as an indigenous people . About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue . The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami , Inari Sami , and Skolt Sami . The rights of minority groups ( in particular Sami , Swedish speakers , and Romani people ) are protected by the constitution . The largest immigrant languages are Russian ( 1.4 % ) , Estonian ( 0.9 % ) , Arabic ( 0.4 % ) , Somali ( 0.3 % ) and English ( 0.3 % ) . English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the third or fifth grade ( at 9 or 11 years of age respectively ) in the comprehensive school ( in some schools other languages can be chosen instead ) . German , French , and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the eighth grade ( at 14 years of age ; some schools may offer other options ) . Geography ( edit ) Detailed map of Finland . ( See also Atlas of Finland . ) Main article : Geography of Finland See also : List of cities and towns in Finland , List of lakes in Finland , List of national parks of Finland , and Environmental issues in Finland Lying approximately between latitudes 60 ° and 70 ° N , and longitudes 20 ° and 32 ° E , Finland is one of the world 's northernmost countries . Of world capitals , only Reykjavík lies more to the north than Helsinki . The distance from the southernmost point -- Hanko in Uusimaa -- to the northernmost -- Nuorgam in Lapland -- is 1,160 kilometres ( 720 mi ) . Finland has about 168,000 lakes ( of area larger than 500 m or 0.12 acres ) and 179,000 islands . Its largest lake , Saimaa , is the fourth largest in Europe . The Finnish Lakeland is the area with the most lakes in the country . The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest , in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of Åland . Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age . The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared with the rest of Europe . Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains . Its highest point , the Halti at 1,324 metres ( 4,344 ft ) , is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway . The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitšohkka at 1,316 m ( 4,318 ft ) , directly adjacent to Halti . The whooper swan , Finland 's national bird The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers . These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand , running northwest to southeast , where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay . Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland . Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers , terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound . The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia , where land steadily rises about 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) a year . As a result , the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land : the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres ( 2.7 sq mi ) annually . Relatively speaking , Finland is rising from the sea . The landscape is covered mostly by coniferous taiga forests and fens , with little cultivated land . Of the total area 10 % is lakes , rivers and ponds , and 78 % forest . The forest consists of pine , spruce , birch , and other species . Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world . The most common type of rock is granite . It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery , visible wherever there is no soil cover . Moraine or till is the most common type of soil , covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin . Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor . Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas . Biodiversity ( edit ) Main articles : Fauna of Finland and Wildlife of Finland Phytogeographically , Finland is shared between the Arctic , central European , and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . According to the WWF , the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions : the Scandinavian and Russian taiga , Sarmatic mixed forests , and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands . Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland . On the southwestern coast , south of the Helsinki - Rauma line , forests are characterized by mixed forests , that are more typical in the Baltic region . In the extreme north of Finland , near the tree line and Arctic Ocean , Montane Birch forests are common . The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is Finland 's national animal . Similarly , Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna . There are at least sixty native mammalian species , 248 breeding bird species , over 70 fish species , and 11 reptile and frog species present today , many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago . Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear ( the national animal ) , gray wolf , wolverine , and elk . Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan , a large European swan and the national bird of Finland ; the Western capercaillie , a large , black - plumaged member of the grouse family ; and the Eurasian eagle - owl . The latter is considered an indicator of old - growth forest connectivity , and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation . The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler , common chaffinch , and redwing . Of some seventy species of freshwater fish , the northern pike , perch , and others are plentiful . Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts . The endangered Saimaa ringed seal , one of only three lake seal species in the world , exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland , down to only 300 seals today . It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Finland Köppen climate classification types of Finland Koli National Park in North Karelia Repovesi National Park in southeastern Finland The main factor influencing Finland 's climate is the country 's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent 's coastal zone . In the Köppen climate classification , the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone , characterized by warm summers and freezing winters . Within the country , the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north , showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate . Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream . The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude , such as Alaska , Siberia , and southern Greenland . Winters in southern Finland ( when mean daily temperature remains below 0 ° C or 32 ° F ) are usually about 100 days long , and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April , and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki , snow often covers the land from late December to late March . Even in the south , the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) although on coastal areas like Helsinki , temperatures below − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) are very rare . Climatic summers ( when mean daily temperature remains above 10 ° C or 50 ° F ) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September , and in the inland , the warmest days of July can reach over 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Although most of Finland lies on the taiga belt , the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as hemiboreal . Pyhä - Luosto National Park , Lapland In northern Finland , particularly in Lapland , the winters are long and cold , while the summers are relatively warm but short . The most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall down to − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) . The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May . Summers in the north are quite short , only two to three months , but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) during heat waves . No part of Finland has Arctic tundra , but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland . The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions , while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels . At Finland 's northernmost point , the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer , and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter . Regions ( edit ) Main article : Regions of Finland Finland consists of 19 regions called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish . The regions are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a region . The main tasks of the regions are regional planning and development of enterprise and education . In addition , the public health services are usually organized on the basis of regions . Currently , the only region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu . Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils , each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population . In addition to inter-municipal cooperation , which is the responsibility of regional councils , each region has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour , agriculture , fisheries , forestry , and entrepreneurial affairs . The Finnish Defence Forces regional offices are responsible for the regional defence preparations and for the administration of conscription within the region . Regions represent dialectal , cultural , and economic variations better than the former provinces , which were purely administrative divisions of the central government . Historically , regions are divisions of historical provinces of Finland , areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately . Six Regional State Administrative Agencies were created by the state of Finland in 2010 , each of them responsible for one of the regions called alue in Finnish and region in Swedish ; in addition , Åland was designated a seventh region . These take over some of the tasks of the earlier Provinces of Finland ( the läänis ) , which were abolished . Lapland Northern Ostrobothnia Kainuu North Karelia Northern Savonia Southern Savonia Southern Ostrobothnia Ostrobothnia Pirkanmaa Satakunta Central Ostrobothnia Central Finland Southwest Finland South Karelia Päijänne Tavastia Tavastia Proper Uusimaa Kymenlaakso Åland Islands In English In Finnish In Swedish Capital Regional state administrative agency Lapland Lappi Lappland Rovaniemi Lapland Northern Ostrobothnia Pohjois - Pohjanmaa Norra Österbotten Oulu Northern Finland Kainuu Kainuu Kajanaland Kajaani Northern Finland North Karelia Pohjois - Karjala Norra Karelen Joensuu Eastern Finland Northern Savonia Pohjois - Savo Norra Savolax Kuopio Eastern Finland Southern Savonia Etelä - Savo Södra Savolax Mikkeli Eastern Finland Southern Ostrobothnia Etelä - Pohjanmaa Södra Österbotten Seinäjoki Western and Central Finland Central Ostrobothnia Keski - Pohjanmaa Mellersta Österbotten Kokkola Western and Central Finland Ostrobothnia Pohjanmaa Österbotten Vaasa Western and Central Finland Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa Birkaland Tampere Western and Central Finland Central Finland Keski - Suomi Mellersta Finland Jyväskylä Western and Central Finland Satakunta Satakunta Satakunta Pori South - Western Finland Southwest Finland Varsinais - Suomi Egentliga Finland Turku South - Western Finland South Karelia Etelä - Karjala Södra Karelen Lappeenranta Southern Finland Päijänne Tavastia Päijät - Häme Päijänne - Tavastland Lahti Southern Finland Tavastia Proper Kanta - Häme Egentliga Tavastland Hämeenlinna Southern Finland Uusimaa Uusimaa Nyland Helsinki Southern Finland Kymenlaakso Kymenlaakso Kymmenedalen Kouvola Southern Finland Åland Islands Ahvenanmaa Åland Mariehamn Åland The region of Eastern Uusimaa was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011 . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Administrative divisions of Finland , Regions of Finland , Sub-regions of Finland , Municipalities of Finland , and Historical provinces of Finland Further information : List of Finnish municipalities , List of Finnish municipalities by population , List of Finnish municipalities by area , and Former municipalities of Finland The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities , which may also call themselves towns or cities . They account for half of public spending . Spending is financed by municipal income tax , state subsidies , and other revenue . As of 2017 , there are 311 municipalities , and most have fewer than 6,000 residents . In addition to municipalities , two intermediate levels are defined . Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen regions . These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers . The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council . In the Kainuu region , there is a pilot project underway with regional elections . Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture . In the following chart , the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality ( kunta / kommun ) , not just in the built - up area . The land area is given in km2 , and the density in inhabitants per km2 ( land area ) . The figures are as of 31 August 2017 . The capital region -- comprising Helsinki , Vantaa , Espoo and Kauniainen -- forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1 million people . However , common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities , e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council . City Population Land area Density Regional map Population map Helsinki 642,045 213.75 3,003.72 Municipalities ( thin borders ) and regions ( thick borders ) of Finland ( 2009 ) . Population map of Finland Espoo 277,375 312.26 888.28 Tampere 230,537 525.03 439.09 Vantaa 221,821 238.37 930.57 Oulu 201,124 1,410.17 142.62 Turku 188,584 245.67 767.63 Jyväskylä 139,260 1,170.99 118.93 Lahti 119,395 135.05 884.08 Kuopio 117,842 1,597.39 73.77 Kouvola 84,548 2,558.24 33.05 Pori 84,779 834.06 101.65 Joensuu 75,652 2,381.76 31.76 Lappeenranta 72,685 1,433.36 50.71 Hämeenlinna 67,601 1,785.76 37.86 Vaasa 66,876 188.81 354.2 Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Finland See also : List of political parties in Finland and Human rights in Finland Constitution ( edit ) The Constitution of Finland defines the political system ; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy . The Prime Minister is the country 's most powerful person . The current version of the constitution was enacted on 1 March 2000 , and was amended on 1 March 2012 . Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary , municipal , presidential and European Union elections . President ( edit ) Main article : President of Finland The head of state of Finland is President of the Republic of Finland ( in Finnish : Suomen tasavallan presidentti ; in Swedish : Republiken Finlands president ) . Finland has had for most of its independence a semi-presidential system , but in the last few decades the powers of the President have been diminished . In constitution amendments , which came into effect in 1991 or 1992 and also with a new drafted constitution of 2000 , amended in 2012 , the President 's position has become primarily a ceremonial office . However , the President still leads the nation 's foreign politics together with the Council of State and is the chief - in - command of the Defence Forces . The position still does entail some powers , including responsibility for foreign policy ( excluding affairs related to the European Union ) in cooperation with the cabinet , being the head of the armed forces , some decree powers , and some appointive powers . Direct , one - or two - stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive terms . The current president is Sauli Niinistö ; he took office on 1 March 2012 . Former presidents were K.J. Ståhlberg ( 1919 -- 1925 ) , L.K. Relander ( 1925 -- 1931 ) , P.E. Svinhufvud ( 1931 -- 1937 ) , Kyösti Kallio ( 1937 -- 1940 ) , Risto Ryti ( 1940 -- 1944 ) , C.G.E. Mannerheim ( 1944 -- 1946 ) , J.K. Paasikivi ( 1946 -- 1956 ) , Urho Kekkonen ( 1956 -- 1982 ) , Mauno Koivisto ( 1982 -- 1994 ) , Martti Ahtisaari ( 1994 -- 2000 ) , and Tarja Halonen ( 2000 -- 2012 ) . The current president was elected from the ranks of the National Coalition Party for the first time since 1946 . The presidency between 1946 and the present was instead held by a member of the Social Democratic Party or the Centre Party . Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Finland The Parliament of Finland 's main building . The 200 - member unicameral Parliament of Finland ( Finnish : Eduskunta , Swedish : Riksdag ) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country . It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws , dismiss the cabinet , and override presidential vetoes . Its acts are not subject to judicial review ; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament 's constitutional law committee . The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through open list multi-member districts . Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation . The speaker of the parliament is Maria Lohela ( sin . ) . Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906 , the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party ( former Agrarian Union ) , the National Coalition Party , and the Social Democrats . These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support , and their combined vote has totalled about 65 -- 80 % of all votes . Their lowest common total of MPs , 121 , was reached in the 2011 elections . For a few decades after 1944 , the Communists were a strong fourth party . Due to the electoral system of proportional representation , and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties , the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another . However , there have been some long - term trends , such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War ; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberals and its predecessors from 1906 to 1980 ; and the rise of the Green League since 1983 . In the 2011 elections , the Finns Party achieved exceptional success , increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats , surpassing the Centre Party . The autonomous province of Åland , which forms a federacy with Finland , elects one member to the parliament , who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People 's Party of Finland . ( The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council , and in the 2011 elections , Åland Centre was the largest party . ) Republic of Finland This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Finland State ( show ) Constitution Declaration of Independence Human rights Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Sauli Niinistö Prime Minister ( list ) Juha Sipilä Cabinet Executive departments Legislative ( show ) 37th Parliament Speaker : Maria Lohela Judiciary ( show ) General Courts Supreme Court Courts of Appeal District Courts Administrative Courts Supreme Administrative Court Regional Administrative Courts Prosecutor General Matti Kuusimäki Chancellor of Justice Jaakko Jonkka Recent elections ( show ) Parliamentary : 2007 2011 2015 Presidential : 2000 2006 2012 European : 2004 2009 2014 Political parties ( show ) Centre Party ( KESK ) Christian Democrats ( KD ) Green League ( VIHR ) Finns Party ( PS ) Blue Reform ( SIN ) Left Alliance ( VAS ) National Coalition Party ( KOK ) Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) Swedish People 's Party ( RKP ) Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions ( Maakunnat , Landskap ) Sub-regions ( Seutukunnat , Ekonomiska regioner ) Municipalities ( Kunnat , Kommuner ) Foreign relations ( show ) Ambassadors Other countries Atlas The Parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the Prime Minister , endorsed by the President . This procedure has never been used , although the parliament was dissolved eight times under the pre-2000 constitution , when this action was the sole prerogative of the president . After the parliamentary elections on 19 April 2015 , the seats were divided among eight parties as follows : Party Seats Net gain / loss % of seats % of votes Centre Party 49 + 14 24.5 21.1 Finns Party 38 − 1 19.0 17.7 National Coalition Party 37 − 7 18.5 18.2 Social Democratic Party 34 − 8 17.0 16.5 Green League 15 + 5 7.5 8.5 Left Alliance 12 − 2 6.0 7.1 Swedish People 's Party 9 0 4.5 4.9 Christian Democrats 5 − 1 2.5 3.5 Others 1 0 0.5 0.6 Province of Åland 's representative . Cabinet ( edit ) After parliamentary elections , the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet ( the Finnish Government ) , which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament . The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence , although this rarely happens ( the last time in 1957 ) , as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament . The cabinet exercises most executive powers , and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on . It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland , and consists of him or her , of other ministers , and of the Chancellor of Justice . The current prime minister is Juha Sipilä ( Centre Party ) . Each minister heads his or her ministry , or , in some cases , has responsibility for a subset of a ministry 's policy . After the prime minister , the most powerful minister is the minister of finance . The incumbent Minister of Finance is Petteri Orpo . As no one party ever dominates the parliament , Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions . As a rule , the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest . Law ( edit ) Main articles : Law of Finland and Judicial system of Finland The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration . Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense , civil law or Roman law . The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts ( käräjäoikeus , tingsrätt ) , regional appellate courts ( hovioikeus , hovrätt ) , and the Supreme Court ( korkein oikeus , högsta domstolen ) . The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts ( hallinto - oikeus , förvaltningsdomstol ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( korkein hallinto - oikeus , högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) . In addition to the regular courts , there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration . There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high - ranking officeholders . Around 92 % of residents have confidence in Finland 's security institutions . The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context . Some crime types are above average , notably the highest homicide rate in Western Europe . A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding . Finland has successfully fought against government corruption , which was more common in the 1970s and 80s . For instance , economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished . Today , Finland has a very low number of corruption charges ; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe . In 2008 , Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance . According to GRECO in 2007 , corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better . A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008 . Nine Ministers of Government submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the members of parliament . The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Finland Martti Ahtisaari receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008 According to the 2012 constitution , the president ( currently Sauli Niinistö ) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government , except that the president has no role in EU affairs . In 2008 , president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Finland was considered a cooperative model state , and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy . This was reversed in the 2000s , when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland 's official policy to resist other EU members ' plans for common defence . Social security ( edit ) Main article : Social security in Finland Finland has one of the world 's most extensive welfare systems , one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents , Finns , and non-citizens . Since the 1980s the social security has been cut back , but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world . Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II , the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well - being of its citizens , but could intervene benevolently on their behalf . According to some social historians , the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing . Finland 's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries , but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development . Military ( edit ) Sisu Nasu NA - 110 tracked transport vehicle of the Finnish Army . Most conscripts receive training for warfare in winter , and transport vehicles such as this give mobility in heavy snow . Main articles : Finnish Defence Forces and Military history of Finland See also : List of wars involving Finland The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers ( mainly officers and technical personnel ) , currently serving conscripts , and a large reserve . The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform , of which 25 % are professional soldiers . A universal male conscription is in place , under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian ( non-armed ) service . Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular , and troops serve around the world in UN , NATO , and EU missions . Approximately 500 women choose voluntary military service every year . Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms including front - line infantry and special forces . The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units . The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor , instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier . Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union . The Finnish military doctrine is based on the concept of total defence . The term total means that all sectors of the government and economy are involved in the defence planning . The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence ( currently General Jarmo Lindberg ) , who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command . The branches of the military are the army , the navy , and the air force . The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness . Even while Finland has n't joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the country has joined the NATO Response Force , the EU Battlegroup , the NATO Partnership for Peace and in signed a NATO Memorandum of Understanding , thus forming a practical coalition . In 2015 , the Finland - NATO ties were strengthened with a host nation support agreement allowing assistance from NATO troops in emergency situations . Finland has been active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo . Recently Finland has been more eager to discuss about its current and planned roles in Syria , Iraq and war against ISIL . On 21 December 2012 Finnish military officer Atte Kaleva was reported to have been kidnapped and later released in Yemen for ransom . At first he was reported be a casual Arabic student , however only later it was published that his studies were about jihadists , terrorism , and that he was employed by the military . As response to French request for solidarity , Finnish defence minister commented in November that Finland could and is willing to offer intelligence support . In May 2015 , Finnish Military sent nearly one million letters to all relevant males in the country , informing them about their roles in the war effort . It was globally speculated that Finland was preparing for war -- however Finland claimed that this was a standard procedure , yet something never done before in Finnish history . Mr Hypponen however said that this is not an isolated case , but bound to the European security dilemma . The NATO Memorandum of Understanding signed earlier bestows an obligation e.g. to report on internal capabilities and the availability thereof to NATO . Economy ( edit ) Angry Birds , a mobile phone game developed in Finland , has become a commercial hit both domestically and internationally . Main article : Economy of Finland See also : List of companies of Finland and Helsinki Stock Exchange The economy of Finland has a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as those of France , Germany , Belgium , or the UK . The largest sector of the economy is the service sector at 66 % of GDP , followed by manufacturing and refining at 31 % . Primary production represents 2.9 % . With respect to foreign trade , the key economic sector is manufacturing . The largest industries in 2007 were electronics ( 22 % ) ; machinery , vehicles , and other engineered metal products ( 21.1 % ) ; forest industry ( 13 % ) ; and chemicals ( 11 % ) . The gross domestic product peaked in 2008 . As of 2015 , the country 's economy is at the 2006 level . Finland has significant timber , mineral ( iron , chromium , copper , nickel , and gold ) , and freshwater resources . Forestry , paper factories , and the agricultural sector ( on which taxpayers spend around 3 billion euros annually ) are important for rural residents so any policy changes affecting these sectors are politically sensitive for politicians dependent on rural votes . The Greater Helsinki area generates around one third of Finland 's GDP . In a 2004 OECD comparison , high - technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland . Knowledge - intensive services have also resulted in the smallest and slow - growth sectors -- especially agriculture and low - technology manufacturing -- being ranked the second largest after Ireland . The overall short - term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above that of many EU peers . Finland GDP growth from 2000 till 2013 Finland is highly integrated into the global economy , and international trade produces one third of GDP . Trade with the European Union makes up 60 % of Finland 's total trade . The largest trade flows are with Germany , Russia , Sweden , the United Kingdom , the United States , the Netherlands , and China . Trade policy is managed by the European Union , where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters , except for agricultural policy . Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone . Finland 's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge . The country lies between the latitudes 60 ° N and 70 ° N , and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost . However , because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate , Finland contains half of the world 's arable land north of 60 ° north latitude . Annual precipitation is usually sufficient , but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months , making summer droughts a constant threat . In response to the climate , farmers have relied on quick - ripening and frost - resistant varieties of crops , and they have cultivated south - facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts . Most farmland was originally either forest or swamp , and the soil has usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to improve fertility . Irrigation has generally not been necessary , but drainage systems are often needed to remove excess water . Finland 's agriculture has been efficient and productive -- at least when compared with farming in other European countries . Finland is part of the Eurozone , the Schengen Area , and the EU single market . Forests play a key role in the country 's economy , making it one of the world 's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood - processing industries . As in agriculture , the government has long played a leading role in forestry , regulating tree cutting , sponsoring technical improvements , and establishing long - term plans to ensure that the country 's forests continue to supply the wood - processing industries . To maintain the country 's comparative advantage in forest products , Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country 's ecological limits . In 1984 , the government published the Forest 2000 plan , drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3 % per year , while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses . Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million , out of which around a third with tertiary education . The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25.1 euros in 2004 . As of 2008 , average purchasing power - adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy , Sweden , Germany , and France . In 2006 , 62 % of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49 % of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth . The female employment rate is high . Gender segregation between male - dominated professions and female - dominated professions is higher than in the US . The proportion of part - time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999 . In 2013 , the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella , Nokia , OP - Pohjola , ISS , VR , Kesko , UPM - Kymmene , YIT , Metso , and Nordea . The unemployment rate was 9.4 % in 2015 , having risen from 8.7 % in 2014 . Youth unemployment rate rose from 16.5 % in 2007 to 20.5 % in 2014 . A fifth of residents are outside the job market at the age of 50 and less than a third are working at the age of 61 . As of today , nearly one million people are living with minimal wages or unemployed not enough to cover their costs of living . As of 2006 , 2.4 million households reside in Finland . The average size is 2.1 persons ; 40 % of households consist of a single person , 32 % two persons and 28 % three or more persons . Residential buildings total 1.2 million , and the average residential space is 38 square metres ( 410 sq ft ) per person . The average residential property without land costs 1,187 euro per sq metre and residential land 8.6 euro per sq metre. 74 % of households had a car . There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles . Around 92 % have a mobile phone and 83.5 % ( 2009 ) Internet connection at home . The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro , out of which housing consisted of about 5,500 euro , transport about 3,000 euro , food and beverages excluding alcoholic beverages at around 2,500 euro , and recreation and culture at around 2,000 euro . According to Invest in Finland , private consumption grew by 3 % in 2006 and consumer trends included durables , high quality products , and spending on well - being . Energy ( edit ) The two existing units of the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant . On the far left is a visualization of a third unit , which , when completed , will become Finland 's fifth commercial nuclear reactor . See also : Nordic energy market and Nuclear power in Finland Anyone can enter the free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges , which have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries . As of 2007 , Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU - 15 ( equal to France ) . In 2006 , the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter . This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year . Industry and construction consumed 51 % of total consumption , a relatively high figure reflecting Finland 's industries . Finland 's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood . About 10 -- 15 % of the electricity is produced by hydropower , which is low compared with more mountainous Sweden or Norway . In 2008 , renewable energy ( mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy ) was high at 31 % compared with the EU average of 10.3 % in final energy consumption . Supply and total consumption of electricity in Finland Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18 % of the country 's energy and one research reactor at the Otaniemi campus . The fifth AREVA - Siemens - built reactor -- the world 's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe 's nuclear industry -- has faced many delays and is currently scheduled to be operational by 2018 -- 2020 , a decade after the original planned opening . A varying amount ( 5 -- 17 % ) of electricity has been imported from Russia ( at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity ) , Sweden and Norway . Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production , as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Finland Icebreakers enable shipping even during severe winters . The state - owned VR Group operates a railway network serving all major cities . The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic . The annual state operated road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro . The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport with about 17 million passengers in 2016 . Oulu Airport is the second largest , whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services . The Helsinki Airport - based Finnair , Blue1 , and Nordic Regional Airlines , Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally . Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle ( i.e. the shortest and most efficient ) routes between Western Europe and the Far East . Despite low population density , the Government spends annually around 350 million euro in maintaining 5,865 kilometres ( 3,644 mi ) of railway tracks . Rail transport is handled by state owned VR Group , which has 5 % passenger market share ( out of which 80 % are urban trips in Greater Helsinki ) and 25 % cargo market share . Since 12 December 2010 , Karelian Trains , a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR ( Finnish Railways ) , has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high - speed services between Saint Petersburg 's Finlyandsky and Helsinki 's Central railway stations . These services are branded as `` Allegro '' trains . The journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours . The majority of international cargo utilizes ports . Port logistics prices are low . Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port after completion in 2008 and others include Kotka , Hamina , Hanko , Pori , Rauma , and Oulu . There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku , which have ferry connections to Tallinn , Mariehamn , and Stockholm . The Helsinki - Tallinn route , one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world , has also been served by a helicopter line . Industry ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Finland Former headquarters of electronics corporation Nokia in Espoo . Finnair Airbus A350 XWB . Finland was rapidly industrialized after World War II , achieving GDP per capita levels equal to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of the 1970s . Initially , most development was based on two broad groups of export - led industries , the `` metal industry '' ( metalliteollisuus ) and `` forest industry '' ( metsäteollisuus ) . The `` metal industry '' includes shipbuilding , metalworking , the car industry , engineered products such as motors and electronics , and production of metals ( steel , copper and chromium ) . The world 's biggest cruise ships are built in Finnish shipyards . The `` forest industry '' ( metsäteollisuus ) includes forestry , timber , pulp and paper , and is a logical development based on Finland 's extensive forest resources ( 77 % of the area is covered by forest , most of it in renewable use ) . In the pulp and paper industry , many of the largest companies are based in Finland ( Ahlstrom , Metsä Board , and UPM ) . However , the Finnish economy has diversified , with expansion into fields such as electronics ( e.g. Nokia ) , metrology ( Vaisala ) , transport fuels ( Neste ) , chemicals ( Kemira ) , engineering consulting ( Pöyry ) , and information technology ( e.g. Rovio Entertainment , known for Angry Birds ) , and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry . Likewise , the structure has changed , with the service sector growing , with manufacturing reducing in importance ; agriculture is only a minor part . Despite this , production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe , thus making Finland more vulnerable to global economic trends . In an Economist Intelligence Unit report released in September 2011 , Finland clinched the second place after the United States on Benchmarking IT Industry Competitiveness 2011 which scored on 6 key indicators : overall business environment , technology infrastructure , human capital , legal framework , public support for industry development , and research and development landscape . Public policy ( edit ) See also : Nordic model Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model . Nordics have been free - trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century , though in Finland immigration is relatively new . The level of protection in commodity trade has been low , except for agricultural products . Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas . Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe . While the manufacturing sector is thriving , the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements . The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive . The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive . In both indicators , Finland 's performance was next to Germany , and significantly higher than most European countries . In the Business competitiveness index 2007 -- 2008 Finland ranked third in the world . Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets . According to the OECD , only four EU - 15 countries have less regulated product markets ( UK , Ireland , Denmark and Sweden ) and only one has less regulated financial markets ( Denmark ) . Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy , postal , and other markets in Europe . The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries . Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured . Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index and 13th in the Ease of doing business index . This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading ( 5th ) , contract enforcement ( 7th ) , business closure ( 5th ) , tax payment ( 83rd ) , and low worker hardship ( 127th ) . Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level . The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50 % of the employees support it , in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union . The unionization rate is high ( 70 % ) , especially in the middle class ( AKAVA -- 80 % ) . A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception . Santa Claus village in Rovaniemi . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Finland This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eckerö Line Finlandia , one of the Baltic Sea cruiseferries In 2005 , Finnish tourism grossed over € 6.7 billion with a 5 % increase from the previous year . Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness . There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 8 million visitors in 2013 . The Finnish landscape is covered with thick pine forests and rolling hills , and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and inlets . Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 40 national parks from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland . Finland also has urbanised regions with many cultural events and activities . Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region , including Helsinki , Turku , Tallinn , Stockholm , and Travemünde , play a significant role in the local tourism industry . Finland is locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus , living in the northern Lapland region . Above the Arctic Circle , in midwinter , there is a polar night , a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks , or even months , and correspondingly , midnight sun in the summer , with no sunset even at midnight ( for up to 73 consecutive days , at the northernmost point ) . Lapland is so far north that the Aurora Borealis , fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind , is seen regularly in the fall , winter , and spring . Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing , golf , fishing , yachting , lake cruises , hiking , and kayaking , among many others . Wildlife is abundant in Finland . Bird - watching is popular for those fond of avifauna , however hunting is also popular . Elk and hare are common game in Finland . Olavinlinna in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Finland Population of Finland by age group and sex in 2013 The population of Finland is currently about 5.5 million inhabitants and is aging with the birth rate at 10.42 births per 1,000 population per year , or a fertility rate of 1.8 with a median age of 42.7 years . Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old . Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre . This is the third - lowest population density of any European country , behind those of Norway and Iceland , and the lowest population density in the EU . Finland 's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country , a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th - century urbanisation . The largest cities in Finland are those of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area -- Helsinki , Espoo , and Vantaa . Other cities with population over 100,000 are Tampere , Turku , Oulu , Jyväskylä , Kuopio , and Lahti . As of 2014 , there were 322,700 people with a foreign background living in Finland ( 5.9 % of the population ) , most of whom are from Russia , Estonia , Somalia , Iraq and Yugoslavia . The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship , as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship . If they are born in Finland and can not get citizenship of any other country , they become citizens . Additionally , certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union , retain the right of return , a right to establish permanent residency in the country , which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Finland http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/sq/9af9ca56-9eea-4969-9714-db194f6847e5 Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Helsinki Espoo Helsinki Uusimaa 635,591 11 Pori Satakunta 85,002 Tampere Vantaa Espoo Uusimaa 274,522 12 Joensuu North Karelia 75,881 Tampere Pirkanmaa 228,173 13 Lappeenranta South Karelia 72,773 Vantaa Uusimaa 219,196 14 Hämeenlinna Tavastia Proper 67,867 5 Oulu Northern Ostrobothnia 200,071 15 Vaasa Ostrobothnia 67,598 6 Turku Finland Proper 187,564 16 Rovaniemi Lapland 62,246 7 Jyväskylä Central Finland 138,780 17 Seinäjoki Southern Ostrobothnia 62,053 8 Lahti Päijänne Tavastia 119,377 18 Mikkeli Southern Savonia 54,494 9 Kuopio Northern Savonia 112,980 19 Kotka Kymenlaakso 54,160 10 Kouvola Kymenlaakso 85,231 20 Salo Finland Proper 53,556 Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Finland Religion in Finland year Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Finnish Orthodox Church Other No religious affiliation 1950 95.0 % 1.7 % 0.5 % 2.8 % 1980 90.3 % 1.1 % 0.7 % 7.8 % 87.8 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 10.2 % 2000 85.1 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 12.7 % 78.3 % 1.1 % 1.4 % 19.2 % 2014 73.9 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 23.5 % 2015 73.0 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 24.3 % 2016 72.0 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 25.3 % The Evangelical Lutheran Helsinki Cathedral With slightly under four million members , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland 's largest religious body ; at the end of 2016 , 71.9 % of Finns were members of the church . 7 out of 10 Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , which was disestablished in 1869 by the Church Act . It was the first state church to be disestablished in the Nordic countries , to be followed by the Church of Sweden in 2000 . The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland sees its share of the country 's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years . The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates . The second largest group , accounting for 25.3 % of the population in 2016 , has no religious affiliation . The irreligious group rose quickly from just below 13 % in the year 2000 . A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church ( 1.1 % ) . Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller , as are the Muslim , Jewish , and other non-Christian communities ( totalling 1.6 % ) . The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools . In 1869 , Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act . Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state , it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament . Finland 's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809 . As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809 -- 1917 , Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system , and a state church separate from Sweden , later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , was established . It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869 . After Finland had gained independence in 1917 , religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922 . Through this arrangement , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church , whose position however is not codified in the constitution . In 2016 , 69.3 % of Finnish children were baptized and 82.3 % were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15 , and over 90 % of the funerals are Christian . However , the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies , weddings , and funerals . The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8 % of its members attend church services weekly . The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two . According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll , 33 % of Finnish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a God '' ; 42 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' ; and 22 % that `` they do not believe there is any sort of spirit , God , or life force '' . According to ISSP survey data ( 2008 ) , 8 % consider themselves `` highly religious '' , and 31 % `` moderately religious '' . In the same survey , 28 % reported themselves as `` agnostic '' and 29 % as `` non-religious '' . Health ( edit ) Main article : Healthcare in Finland Life expectancy has increased from 71 years for men and 79 years for women in 1990 to 78 years for men and 84 years for women in 2012 . The under - five mortality rate has decreased from 51 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 3 per 1,000 live births in 2012 ranking Finland 's rate among the lowest in the world . The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born / per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969 . With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age , the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014 . There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century . Lifestyle - related diseases are on the rise . More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes , type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland . Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing , although the cancer prognosis has improved . Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland . One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders , in particular depression . There are 307 residents for each doctor . About 19 % of health care is funded directly by households and 77 % by taxation . A recent study by The Lancet medical journal found that Finland has the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries , including the UK , France , and New Zealand . In April 2012 , Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute . Education and science ( edit ) Auditorium in Aalto University 's main building , designed by Alvar Aalto . Pupils at the school of Torvinen in Sodankylä , Finland , in the 1920s Main article : Education in Finland See also : List of universities in Finland and List of schools in Finland Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level . Even though many or most schools were started as private schools , today only around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools ( mostly specialist language and international schools ) , much less than in Sweden and most other developed countries . Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7 . Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years . Most schools are managed by municipal officials . The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board . Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16 . After lower secondary school , graduates may either enter the workforce directly , or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums ( upper secondary schools ) . Trade schools offer a vocational education : approximately 40 % of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school . Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education . Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education . In tertiary education , two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found : the profession - oriented polytechnics and the research - oriented universities . Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits . There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country . The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010 . The World Economic Forum ranks Finland 's tertiary education No. 1 in the world . Around 33 % of residents have a tertiary degree , similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada ( 44 % ) , United States ( 38 % ) and Japan ( 37 % ) . The proportion of foreign students is 3 % of all tertiary enrollments , one of the lowest in OECD , while in advanced programs it is 7.3 % , still below OECD average 16.5 % . More than 30 % of tertiary graduates are in science - related fields . Forest improvement , materials research , environmental sciences , neural networks , low - temperature physics , brain research , biotechnology , genetic technology , and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact . Finland has a long tradition of adult education , and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year . Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons . Adult education appeared in a number of forms , such as secondary evening schools , civic and workers ' institutes , study centres , vocational course centres , and folk high schools . Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making , with educational and financial assistance provided by the state . Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution . Originating in Denmark in the nineteenth century , folk high schools became common throughout the region . Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics . Finland is highly productive in scientific research . In 2005 , Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries . In 2007 , 1,801 patents were filed in Finland . In addition , 38 percent of Finland 's population has a university or college degree , which is among the highest percentages in the world . In 2010 a new law was enacted considering the universities , which defined that there are 16 of them as they were excluded from the public sector to be autonomous legal and financial entities , however enjoying special status in the legislation . As result many former state institutions were driven to collect funding from private sector contributions and partnerships . The change caused deep rooted discussions among the academic circles . English language is important in Finnish education . There are a number of degree programs that are taught in English , which attracts thousands of degree and exchange students every year . Culture ( edit ) Mikael Agricola , a Lutheran Protestant reformer and the father of the Finnish written language . Main article : Culture of Finland Literature ( edit ) Main article : Finnish literature Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation , but few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement . This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the Kalevala , the Finnish national epic . The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish , notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino . Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish , such as the national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zachris Topelius . After Finland became independent , there was a rise of modernist writers , most famously the Finnish - speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish - speaking Edith Södergran . Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 . World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought , characterized by Väinö Linna . Besides Kalevala and Waltari , the Swedish - speaking Tove Jansson is the most translated Finnish writer . Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna , Ilkka Remes , Kari Hotakainen , Sofi Oksanen , and Jari Tervo , while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize . Akseli Gallen - Kallela , The Defense of the Sampo , 1896 , Turku Art Museum . Visual arts , design , and architecture ( edit ) See also : Architecture of Finland and Art in Finland The visual arts in Finland started to form their individual characteristics in the 19th century , when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland . The best known of Finnish painters , Akseli Gallen - Kallela , started painting in a naturalist style , but moved to national romanticism . Finland 's best - known sculptor of the twentieth century was Wäinö Aaltonen , remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures . Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design : among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva , Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara . Finnish architecture is famous around the world , and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally , such as Jugendstil ( or Art Nouveau ) , Nordic Classicism and Functionalism . Among the top twentieth - century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen . Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important twentieth - century designers in the world ; he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland , but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style . Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture , lamps , textiles and glassware , which were usually incorporated into his buildings . Music ( edit ) The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius ( 1865 -- 1957 ) , a significant figure in the history of classical music . Main articles : Music of Finland , Rock music in Finland , and Sami music Classical ( edit ) Much of Finland 's classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics , as comprised in the Kalevala . Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs , less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition . Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades , and has become a part of popular music . The people of northern Finland , Sweden , and Norway , the Sami , are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik . The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs , though this is technically incorrect . The first Finnish opera was written by the German - born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852 . Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme / Vårt land ( Our Country ) , Finland 's national anthem . In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread , and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo . He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician . In 1899 he composed Finlandia , which played its important role in Finland gaining independence . He remains one of Finland 's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation . Today , Finland has a very lively classical music scene and many of Finland 's important composers are still alive , such as Magnus Lindberg , Kaija Saariaho , Kalevi Aho , and Aulis Sallinen . The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such as Esa - Pekka Salonen , Osmo Vänskä , Jukka - Pekka Saraste , and Leif Segerstam . Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila , Soile Isokoski , Pekka Kuusisto , Olli Mustonen , and Linda Lampenius . Modern ( edit ) Perttu Kivilaakso of Apocalyptica . Iskelmä ( coined directly from the German word Schlager , meaning `` hit '' ) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song . Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music ; tango , a style of Argentine music , is also popular . The light music in Swedish - speaking areas has more influences from Sweden . Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands , jazz musicians , hip hop performers , dance music acts , etc . During the early 1960s , the first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged , playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows . Around 1964 , Beatlemania arrived in Finland , resulting in further development of the local rock scene . During the late 1960s and 1970s , Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish . During the decade , some progressive rock groups such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland . This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes . The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s . Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that inspired the American hard rock group Guns N ' Roses , among others . Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition . HIM and Nightwish are some of Finland 's most internationally known bands . HIM 's 2005 album Dark Light went gold in the United States . Apocalyptica are an internationally famous Finnish group who are most renowned for mixing strings - led classical music with classic heavy metal . Other well - known metal bands are Amorphis , Children of Bodom , Impaled Nazarene , Korpiklaani , Sentenced , Sonata Arctica , Stratovarius , Turisas , Finntroll , Ensiferum , Insomnium , Moonsorrow , Wintersun , Poets of the Fall , and Waltari . After Finnish hard rock / heavy metal band Lordi won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest , Finland hosted the competition in 2007 . Cinema and television ( edit ) Main articles : Cinema of Finland and Television in Finland See also : Lists of Finnish films In the film industry , notable directors include Aki Kaurismäki , Mauritz Stiller , Spede Pasanen , and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin . Around twelve feature films are made each year . Finland 's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series Madventures and the reality TV show The Dudesons , about four childhood friends who perform stunts and play pranks on each other ( in similar vein to the American TV show Jackass ) . Media and Communications ( edit ) Linus Torvalds , the Finnish software engineer best known for creating the popular open - source kernel Linux . See also : Telecommunications in Finland and List of newspapers in Finland Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights , Finland 's press has been rated the freest in the world . Today , there are around 200 newspapers , 320 popular magazines , 2,100 professional magazines , 67 commercial radio stations , three digital radio channels and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels . Each year , around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold . Sanoma publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat ( its circulation of 412,000 making it the largest ) , the tabloid Ilta - Sanomat , the commerce - oriented Taloussanomat and the television channel Nelonen . The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines , including the newspaper Aamulehti , tabloid Iltalehti and commerce - oriented Kauppalehti . Worldwide , Finns , along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese , spend the most time reading newspapers . Yle , the Finnish Broadcasting Company , operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages . Yle is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters . All TV channels are broadcast digitally , both terrestrially and on cable . The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting ( Bonnier and Proventus Industrier ) . In regards to telecommunication infrastructure , Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) -- an indicator for determining the development level of a country 's information and communication technologies . Finland ranked 1st overall in the 2014 NRI ranking , unchanged from the year before . This is shown in its penetration throughout the country 's population . Around 79 % of the population use the Internet . Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants . All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers and most residents have a mobile phone . Value - added services are rare . In October 2009 , Finland 's Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that every person in Finland would be able to access the Internet at a minimum speed of one megabit - per - second beginning July 2010 . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Finnish cuisine Karelian pasty ( karjalanpiirakka ) is a traditional Finnish dish made from a thin rye crust with a filling of rice . Butter , often mixed with boiled egg ( eggbutter or munavoi ) , is spread over the hot pastries before eating . Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary style cooking . Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country , while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms . Refugees from Karelia contributed to foods in eastern Finland . Finnish foods often use wholemeal products ( rye , barley , oats ) and berries ( such as bilberries , lingonberries , cloudberries , and sea buckthorn ) . Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food , drink , or in various recipes . Various turnips were common in traditional cooking , but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century . According to the statistics , red meat consumption has risen , but still Finns eat less beef than many other nations , and more fish and poultry . This is mainly because of the high cost of meat in Finland . Finland is the top world consumer of coffee per capita . Public holidays ( edit ) Main articles : Public holidays in Finland and Flag days in Finland All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament . Christian holidays include Christmas , New Year 's Day , Epiphany , Easter , Ascension Day , Pentecost , Midsummer Day ( St. John 's Day ) , and All Saints ' Day , while secular holidays include May Day , Independence Day , New Year 's Day , and Midsummer . Christmas is the most extensively celebrated , and at least 24 to 26 December is taken as a holiday . Sports ( edit ) Finland 's men 's national ice hockey team is ranked as one of the best in the world . The team has won two world championship titles ( in 1995 & 2011 ) and six Olympic medals . Main article : Sport in Finland Various sporting events are popular in Finland . Pesäpallo , resembling baseball , is the national sport of Finland , although the most popular sports in terms of spectators is ice hockey . Ice Hockey World Championships 2016 final Finland - Canada , 69 % Finnish people watched that game on TV . Other popular sports include athletics , cross-country skiing , ski jumping , football and basketball . While ice hockey is the most popular sports when it comes to attendance at games , association football is the most played team sport in terms of the amount of players in the country and is also the most appreciated sports in Finland . In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita , Finland is the best performing country in Olympic history . Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908 , while still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire . At the 1912 Summer Olympics , great pride was taken in the three gold medals won by the original `` Flying Finn '' Hannes Kolehmainen . Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II . At the 1924 Summer Olympics , Finland , a nation then of only 3.2 million people , came second in the medal count . In the 1920s and 1930s , Finnish long - distance runners dominated the Olympics , with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931 . Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time . For over 100 years , Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw . The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals , five world championships , five European championships , and 24 world records . In addition to Kolehmainen and Nurmi , some of Finland 's most internationally well - known and successful sportspeople are long - distance runners Ville Ritola and Lasse Virén ; ski - jumpers Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen ; cross-country skiers Veikko Hakulinen , Eero Mäntyranta , Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi and Mika Myllylä ; rower Pertti Karppinen ; gymnast Heikki Savolainen ; professional skateboarder Arto Saari ; ice hockey players Kimmo Timonen , Jari Kurri , Teemu Selänne , and Saku Koivu ; football players Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä ; basketball player Hanno Möttölä ; alpine skiers Kalle Palander and Tanja Poutiainen ; Formula One world champions Keke Rosberg , Mika Häkkinen and Kimi Räikkönen ; four - time World Rally champions Juha Kankkunen and Tommi Mäkinen ; and 13 - time World Enduro Champion Juha Salminen , seven - time champion Kari Tiainen , and the five - time champions Mika Ahola , biathlete Kaisa Mäkäräinen and Samuli Aro . Finland is also one of the most successful nations in bandy , being the only nation beside Russia and Sweden to win a Bandy World Championship . The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki . Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics . Finland also has a notable history in figure skating . Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating , and Finland is considered one of the best countries at the sport . Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball , Nordic walking , running , cycling , and skiing ( alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , and ski jumping ) . Floorball , in terms of registered players , occupies third place after football and ice hockey . According to the Finnish Floorball Federation , floorball is the most popular school , youth , club and workplace sport . As of 2016 , the total number of licensed players reaches 57,400 . Especially since the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , Finland 's national basketball team has received widespread public attention . More than 8,000 Finns travelled to Spain to support their team . Overall , they chartered more than 40 airplanes . International rankings ( edit ) The following list contains international comparisons of national performance . The list has a maximum of three years per survey . For a more comprehensive list , see International rankings of Finland . International rankings of Finland Organisation Survey Year Rank Out of ( countries ) Ref Notes A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index ( website ) 2007 18 72 2006 13 62 2005 10 62 Yale University / Columbia University Environmental Performance Index ( website ) 2008 149 2006 133 Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom ( website ) 2008 16 165 2007 16 165 2006 16 165 IMD International World Competitiveness Yearbook ( website ) 2008 15 55 * * economies ( countries and regions ) 2007 17 55 2006 10 61 NationMaster Technological Achievement 68 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) ( website ) 2006 → 57 rank 1 in science and ability to use scientific knowledge ; rank 2 in reading literacy ; rank 2 in mathematics 2003 → 41 rank 1 in science ( tied with Japan ) ; rank 1 in reading literacy ; rank 2 in problem solving ; rank 2 in mathematics 2000 → 43 rank 1 in reading performance Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index ( website ) ( ( dead link date = March 2011 ) ) 2008 173 tied with Estonia and Ireland 2007 5 169 tied with Belgium and Sweden 2006 168 tied with Iceland , Ireland and Netherlands Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers 7 43 Compared against 42 other developed countries 2003 5 117 117 developed and developing countries The Economist Intelligence Unit Global Peace Index ( website ) 2008 8 140 2007 6 121 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ( website ) 2008 5 180 tied with Switzerland 2007 179 tied with Denmark and New Zealand 2006 163 tied with Iceland and New Zealand United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) Human Development Index ( website ) 2007 -- 2008 11 177 2006 11 177 2005 13 177 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report ( website ) 2008 -- 2009 6 134 2007 -- 2008 6 131 2006 -- 2007 125 Networked Readiness Index ( Global Information Technology Report ) ( website ) 2012 142 2013 144 WorldAudit.org World Democracy Audit 2008 150 2006 150 See also ( edit ) Finland portal Arctic portal European Union portal List of Finland - related topics Outline of Finland Bibliography of Finland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The names for Finland in its Sami languages are : Suopma ( Northern Sami ) , Suomâ ( Inari Sami ) and Lää _́ ddjânnam ( Skolt Sami ) . See Geonames.de . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Formerly a semi-presidential republic , it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter , First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University . In his `` Scandinavian Politics Today '' ( Manchester University Press , revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538 ) , he quotes Nousiainen , Jaakko ( June 2001 ) . `` From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government : political and constitutional developments in Finland '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 24 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 109 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9477.00048 . as follows : `` There are hardly any grounds for the epithet ' semi-presidential ' . '' Arter 's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced : `` The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed - term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament ( Elgie 2004 : 317 ) '' . According to the Finnish Constitution , the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval , and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire . Finland is actually represented by its prime minister , and not by its president , in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union . The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the president even further . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's preliminary population figure 5,509,717 at the end of August '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's population was 5,503,297 at the turn of the year '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Finland '' , or `` Suomen tasavalta '' in Finnish , `` Republiken Finland '' in Swedish , and `` Northern Sami : Suoma dásseváldi '' in Sami , is the long protocol name , which is however not defined by law . Legislation recognises only the short name . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland in Figures : Population '' ( in Finnish ) . Population Register Centre . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kotisivu - Kuntaliiton Kunnat.net '' ( in Finnish ) . Suomen Kuntaliitto . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Georg Haggren , Petri Halinen , Mika Lavento , Sami Raninen and Anna Wessman ( 2015 ) . Muinaisuutemme jäljet . Helsinki : Gaudeamus . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 495 - 363 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Herkules.oulu.fi . People , material , culture and environment in the north . Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference , University of Oulu , 18 -- 23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa - Pekka Herva Gummerus Kirjapaino ^ Jump up to : Dr. Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities , ThisisFinland -- `` Prehistory : The ice recedes -- man arrives '' . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : History of Finland and the Finnish People from stone age to WWII . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Frank Horn of the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law University of Lappland writing for Virtual Finland on National Minorities of Finland . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Georg Haggren , Petri Halinen , Mika Lavento , Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman ( 2015 ) . Muinaisuutemme jäljet . Helsinki : Gaudeamus . p. 339 . ISBN 9789524953634 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Parliament of Finland . `` History of the Finnish Parliament '' . eduskunta.fi . Jump up ^ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all ( adult ) citizens full suffrage , in other words the right to vote and to run for office , in 1906 . New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all ( adult ) citizens the right to vote , in 1893 . But women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature , until 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Relations with Finland . NATO ( 13 January 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Finland '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ GDP growth ( annual % ) Data Graph . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finland : World Audit Democracy Profile '' . WorldAudit.org . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tertiary education graduation rates -- Education : Key Tables from OECD '' . OECD iLibrary. 14 June 2010 . doi : 10.1787 / 20755120 - table1 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Her er verdens mest konkurransedyktige land -- Makro og politikk '' . E24.no. 9 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index '' . Prosperity.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Capital Report 2015 '' . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fragile States Index 2016 '' . Fundforpeace.org . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gender Gap Report ( PDF ) . WEF . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2004 '' . U.S. Department of State . 15 September 2004 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives Service , Finland ( in English ) '' . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ SUOMI ( TTAVIA ETYMOLOGIOITA ) . kotikielenseura.fi Jump up ^ Salo , Unto ( 2004 ) . Suomen museo 2003 : `` The Origins of Finland and Häme '' . Helsinki : Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistys . p. 55 . ISBN 951 - 9057 - 55 - 2 . Jump up ^ Georg Haggren , Petri Halinen , Mika Lavento , Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman ( 2015 ) . Muinaisuutemme jäljet . Helsinki : Gaudeamus . p. 380 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tarkiainen , Kari ( 2010 ) . Ruotsin itämaa . Helsinki : Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Compiled by Martti Linna ( 1989 ) . Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä . Historian aitta . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Tarkiainen , Kari ( 2010 ) . Ruotsin itämaa . Helsinki : Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland . pp. 104 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Finland . `` History of Finland . Finland chronology '' . Europe-cities.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland and the Swedish Empire '' . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Byron J. ( 2000 ) . Scandinavia Since 1500 . Minneapolis , US : University of Minnesota Press . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2098 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nordstrom , Byron J. ( 2000 ) . Scandinavia Since 1500 . Minneapolis , US : University of Minnesota Press . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2098 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers in Karelia -- Pekka Halonen -- Google Arts & Culture '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth and Equity in Finland '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Jump up ^ Mickelsson , Rauli ( 2007 ) . Suomen puolueet -- Historia , muutos ja nykypäivä . Vastapaino . Jump up ^ The Finnish Civil War , Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Country Study : Finland -- The Finnish Civil War '' . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Finland 1917 -- 2007 ( 20 February 2007 ) . `` From slash - and - burn fields to post-industrial society -- 90 years of change in industrial structure '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Jones ( 2013 ) . `` Leningrad : State of Siege '' . Basic Books . p. 38 . ISBN 0786721774 Jump up ^ Hidden help from across the Atlantic Archived 29 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Helsingin Sanomat ^ Jump up to : Finland 1917 -- 2007 ( 5 December 2007 ) . `` Population development in independent Finland -- greying Baby Boomers '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Suurlähettiläs Jaakko Blomberg : Kylmän sodan päättyminen , Suomi ja Viro -- Ulkoasiainministeriö : Ajankohtaista . Formin.finland.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix table 2 . Population according to language 1980 -- 2015 '' . Official Statistics of Finland ( OSF ) : Population structure . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics Finland , Population Retrieved on 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken -- Teckenspråken i Finland '' ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Minorities of Finland , The Tatars '' . Forum.hunturk.net . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ According to the Finnish Population Registry Centre and the Finnish Sami parliament , the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003 . See Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003 ( in Finnish ) . Jump up ^ `` The population of Finland in 2006 '' . Statistics Finland . 31 December 2006 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Finland , 17 § and 121 § '' ( PDF ) . FINLEX Data Bank . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Finland , Environment and Natural Resources '' . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in sea level variability '' . Finnish Institute of Marine Research . 24 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Finland . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Euroopan metsäisin maa '' . Luke ( in Finnish ) . 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds : implications for hand - rearing and restocking '' . Oulu University Library ( 2000 ) . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BirdLife Finland '' . BirdLife International ( 2004 ) Birds in Europe : population estimates , trends and conservation status . Cambridge , UK . ( BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12 ) . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SOS : Save our seals '' . this is Finland ( Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland ) . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland 's climate '' . Finnish Meteorological Institute . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The climate in Finland ( finnish ) '' . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Havas , Paavo . `` Pohjoiset alueet / yleiskuvaus '' ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's Northern Conditions : Challenges and Opportunities for Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Finland . pp. 1 -- 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tervetuloa aluehallintoviraston verkkosivuille ! '' ( in Finnish ) . State Provincial Office . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The role that the regional councils serve on Mainland Finland are on the Åland Islands handled by the autonomous Government of Åland . Jump up ^ `` Valtioneuvosto päätti Uudenmaan ja Itä - Uudenmaan maakuntien yhdistämisestä '' ( in Finnish ) . Ministry of Finance . 22 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain , elokuu 2017 '' ( in Finnish ) . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population density by area 1.1. 2016 '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sivut -- Eduskunta valitsi puhemiehistön '' . Eduskunta . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The source for historical information on party support is the Finnish Wikipedia 's article on the parliament Jump up ^ `` Eduskuntavaalit 2015 -- tulospalvelu -- yle.fi '' . Yle . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Finnish Wikipedia 's article on Motion of no confidence Jump up ^ Policing corruption , International Perspectives . Jump up ^ `` The Burden of Crime in the EU . Research Report : A Comparative Analysis of the European Crime and Safety Survey ( EU ICS ) 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The History of Corruption in Central Government By Seppo Tiihonen , International Institute of Administrative Sciences Jump up ^ Vaalijohtaja : Vaalirahoituslain rikkominen melko yleistä YLE 15 May 2008 Jump up ^ Evaluation Report on Finland on Incriminations , Theme I , s . 21 , GRECO 3 -- 7.12. 2007 Jump up ^ Finnish constitution , Section 93 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 '' . The Nobel Foundation . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland 's foreign policy idea '' ( `` Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea '' ) , Risto E.J. Penttilä , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Text from PD source : US Library of Congress : A Country Study : Finland , Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 . A74 1990 . Jump up ^ Women 's voluntary service ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ Työvoimakustannukset puuttuvat puolustusmenoista , Statistics Finland ( in Finnish ) : Eurostat ranking is sixth , but the third when conscription is accounted . ^ Jump up to : MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ( MOU ) BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND HEADQUARTERS , SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER TRANSFORMATION . NATO Jump up ^ `` Sweden and Finland Forge Closer Ties With NATO '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Finnish soldiers involved in 20 - minute gunfight in Afghanistan Yle Uutiset . yle.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Finland 's participation in NATO - led crisis management operations . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Jump up ^ Finland 's participation in Mediterranean crisis management operation , Ukraine as well as Syria , Iraq and ISIL discussed by the President of the Republic and the Ministerial Committee on Foreign and Security Policy -- Article -- Valtioneuvoston kanslia . Vnk.fi ( 23 October 2015 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Yemen kidnappers free Finnish couple , Austrian . Reuters ( 9 May 2013 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tutkija Atte Kaleva : Jihadismi on tullut Suomeen jäädäkseen Yle Uutiset . yle.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Näin Ranskan avunpyyntö otettiin vastaan Suomessa -- kooste tiistain vaiheista Yle Uutiset . yle.fi ( 17 November 2015 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amid Russia Tensions , Finland Calls Up 18,000 Reservists For Military Training . Ibtimes.com . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finland in Figures -- National Accounts '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Finland in Figures -- Manufacturing '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's ' lost decade ' continues -- economy same size as in 2006 '' . yle.fi. 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's economy : In search of the sunny side '' . Financial Times . 11 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Finland Economy 2004 , OECD Jump up ^ Tehdyn työtunnin hinta 23 -- 27 euroa , Statistics Finland Jump up ^ `` Suomalaisten tulot Euroopan keskitasoa . Hyvinvointipalvelut eivät paranna sijoitusta '' . Tilastokeskus.fi. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Small enterprises grow faster than the big ones '' . Helsinkitimes.fi. 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The Nordic Model of Welfare : A Historical Reappraisal , by Niels Finn Christiansen Jump up ^ `` Sata suurinta työnantajaa : Nokia jäi kakkoseksi '' . Jump up ^ Finland in Figures ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` Statistics Finland : Labour Market '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . 6d.fi ( 19 January 2016 ) . Retrieved on 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OECD recommends Finland to do more to help older people stay in work '' . Oecd.org. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Suomessa on liki miljoona köyhää -- `` Heikoimmassa asemassa olevista on tullut muukalaisia '' Yle Uutiset . yle.fi ( 28 August 2014 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Finland in Figures . `` Statistics Finland : Transport and Tourism '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Households ' consumption ( 19 December 2007 ) . `` Own - account worker households ' consumption has grown most in 2001 -- 2006 '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retail growth best in Finland for five years '' . For updates , see the Invest in Finland website . Jump up ^ `` Olkiluoto3 delayed till 2016 '' . YLE. 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Electricity prices -- industrial users . Web.archive.org . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Energy consumption ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Statistics Finland '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Energy consumption ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Total energy consumption '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metsävastaa : Vattenkraft '' ( in Swedish ) . Metsavastaa.net . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Energy Portal '' . energy.eu . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finland Energy supply '' . Statistics Finland . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Consumption in 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Finland . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Paula Nikula ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Areva ajaa Olkiluodon työmaata alas '' ( in Finnish ) . Kauppalehti . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Airport operations '' ( PDF ) . Annual report 2008 . Vantaa : Finavia. 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Transport and communications ministry -- Rail . For year 2009 update : Finnish Railway Statistics 2010 . For subsequent years when available : Finnish Railway Statistics . liikennevirasto.fi Jump up ^ `` Singapore Tops IT Competitiveness in Asia Pacific , Ranks No. 3 Worldwide '' . 27 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Nordic Model Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . by Torben M. Andersen , Bengt Holmström , Seppo Honkapohja , Sixten Korkman , Hans Tson Söderström , Juhana Vartiainen ^ Jump up to : `` Finland economy '' . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kilpailuvirasto.fi '' . Kilpailuvirasto.fi. 17 October 2005 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 '' . Imd.ch . 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Jump up ^ Finland -- Constitution , Section 76 The Church Act , http://servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi00000_.html . Jump up ^ Lutheran church member statistics ( 2016 ) evl.fi Jump up ^ Church statistical yesrbook 2012 The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Jump up ^ Church Attendance Falls ; Religion Seen as Private 3 June 2012 YLE Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2004 '' . U.S. Department of State . 15 September 2004 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Special Eurobarometer Biotechnology '' ( PDF ) ( Fieldwork : January -- February 2010 ed . ) . October 2010 . p. 204 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimmo , Ketola et al. ( 2011 ) . Uskonto suomalaisten elämässä . Tampereen yliopistopaino Oy . ISBN 978 - 951 - 44 - 8483 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Child mortality '' . Gapminder . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Under - five mortality rankings '' ( PDF ) . Unicef . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics Finland -- Births 2014 . Stat.fi ( 14 April 2015 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Health care in Finland '' ( PDF ) . STM . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health ( 2004 ) '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stillbirths : Where ? When ? Why ? How to make the data count ? '' . The Lancet . 377 : 1448 -- 1463 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 10 ) 62187 - 3 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Happiness report '' . 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Summary sheets on education systems in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Eurydice.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ UNESCO - UNEVOC ( 18 November 2013 ) . `` Vocational Education in Finland '' . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top University Ranking of 2010 : University of Helsinki '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ World Economic Forum . `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . p. 36 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tilastokeskus.fi '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Education at Glance 2007 : Finland '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Jump up ^ Kari Sipilä . `` A country that innovates '' . Virtual Finland . Ministry for Foreign Affairs / Department for Communication and Culture / Unit for Promotion and Publications / Embassy and Consulates General of Finland in China . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific publication -- Finnish science and technology Information Service '' ( in Finnish ) . Research.fi. 15 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patents with numbers -- Finnish science and technology Information Service '' ( in Finnish ) . Research.fi. 8 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Sauter , Michael B. ( 24 September 2012 ) The Most Educated Countries in the World Archived 4 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Finance.yahoo.com . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ And the World 's Most Educated Country Is ... . Newsfeed.time.com ( 27 September 2012 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Yliopistolaki 558 / 2009 -- Säädökset alkuperäisinä -- FINLEX . Finlex.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Educational Schizophrenia in Finland Teivo Teivainen . Teivo.net ( 8 August 2013 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ James Stevens Curl , Dictionary of Architecture , Grange Books , Rochester , 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Sigfried Giedion , Space , Time and Architecture : The Growth of a New Tradition , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass. , 2nd edition , 1949 . Jump up ^ Shah , Neil ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses Can Agree on at Least One Thing : This Finnish Saxophonist Rocks '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Final Eurovision Song Contest '' . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media moves '' . ThisisFINLAND ( Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland ) . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ 2010 Freedom of the Press Survey Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( retrieved 4 May 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Circulation Statistics '' . The Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations ( Levikintarkastus Oy ) . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Press Trends : Newspapers Still Reach More Than Internet '' . World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NRI Overall Ranking 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007 '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Market Review 2 / 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority ( FICORA ) . 31 August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Information technology has become part of Finns ' everyday life ( Statistics Finland ) . Jump up ^ `` 1Mb Broadband Access Becomes Legal Right '' . YLE. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Google Fusion Tables '' . fusiontables.google.com . Jump up ^ `` Leijonien MM - finaalista historian katsotuin jääkiekko - ottelu Suomessa ! '' . mtv.fi. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Valta vaihtui urheilussa : Suomalaiset arvostavat nyt enemmän futista kuin jääkiekkoa Jalkapallo HS . Hs.fi ( 27 February 2014 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Jalkapallo nousi arvostetuimmaksi urheilulajiksi Yle Urheilu . yle.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Finnish ) Jalkapallolla eniten harrastajia -- se lyö lätkän , hiihto on alamäessä Länsiväylä . Lansivayla.fi ( 28 February 2016 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Medals per Capita '' . Jump up ^ Finland , Stuart Allt Web Design , Turku , . `` Finnish Sports : Try the sports Finns love ! '' . www.expat-finland.com . Jump up ^ IFF . `` IFF '' . www.floorball.org . Jump up ^ FIBA ( 31 August 2014 ) . `` Fan power ! Finn power ! The tournament `` begins '' on a winning note for Dettman 's team `` . FIBA.com . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Global Top 20 . Foreign Policy November / December 2006 , pp. 74 -- 81 Jump up ^ Measuring Globalisation . The Global Top 20 . Foreign Policy May / June 2005 , pp. 52 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` 2008 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE '' ( PDF ) . Yale University . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index . Yale University , Columbia University and World Economic Forum ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Index of Economic Freedom : Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity The Heritage Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Heritage.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Index of Economic Freedom : Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity The Heritage Foundation '' . Heritage.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : The World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2012 . www.imd.ch Jump up ^ IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook Scoreboard 2006 . www.imd.ch Jump up ^ `` Technological achievement statistics -- countries compared '' . NationMaster . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pisa 2006 . Science Competencies for Tomorrow 's World . Volume 1 : Analysis . Organisation for economic co-operation and development ( 2007 ) pisa.oecd.org Jump up ^ `` PISA 2003 -- Learning for Tomorrow 's World '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Messages From Pisa 2000 . Organisation for economic co-operation and development Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders '' . Rsf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders '' . Rsf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders '' . Rsf.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` State of the World 's Mothers -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` State of the World 's Mothers -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ 2008 Methodology , Results & Findings . Global Peace Index . Institute for Economics & Peace Jump up ^ Methodology , Results & Findings . Global Peace Index . Institute for Economics & Peace Jump up ^ Persistently high corruption in low - income countries amounts to an `` ongoing humanitarian disaster '' . Transparency International Jump up ^ Persistent corruption in low - income countries requires global action . Transparency International Jump up ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 . Transparency International Jump up ^ Human Development Report 2007 / 2008 . United Nations Development Programme ( 2007 ) Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 54704 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Finland . The Global Competitiveness Report 2008 -- 2009 . World Economic Forum . weforum.org Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report -- Finland '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Table 1 : Global Competitiveness Index rankings and 2005 comparisons . The Global Competitiveness Report 2006 . World Economic Forum . weforum.org Jump up ^ `` GITR 2012 - Data Platform '' . GITR 2012 - Data Platform - World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Global Information Technology Report 2013 '' . Global Information Technology Report 2013 - World Economic Forum . ^ Jump up to : `` World Audit Democracy '' . Worldaudit.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Chew , Allen F. The White Death : The Epic of the Soviet - Finnish Winter War ( ISBN 0 - 87013 - 167 - 2 ) . Engle , Eloise and Paananen , Pauri . The Winter War : The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939 -- 1940 ( ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2433 - 6 ) . Insight Guide : Finland ( ISBN 981 - 4120 - 39 - 1 ) . Jakobson , Max . Finland in the New Europe ( ISBN 0 - 275 - 96372 - 1 ) . Jutikkala , Eino ; Pirinen , Kauko . A History of Finland ( ISBN 0 - 88029 - 260 - 1 ) . Klinge , Matti . Let Us Be Finns : Essays on History ( ISBN 951 - 1 - 11180 - 9 ) . Lavery , Jason . The History of Finland , Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations , Greenwood Press , 2006 ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 32837 - 4 , ISSN 1096 - 2905 ) . Lewis , Richard D. Finland : Cultural Lone Wolf ( ISBN 1 - 931930 - 18 - X ) . Lonely Planet : Finland ( ISBN 1 - 74059 - 791 - 5 ) Mann , Chris . Hitler 's Arctic War : The German Campaigns in Norway , Finland , and the USSR 1940 -- 1945 ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 31100 - 1 ) . Rusama , Jaakko . Ecumenical Growth in Finland ( ISBN 951 - 693 - 239 - 8 ) . Singleton , Fred . A Short History of Finland ( ISBN 0 - 521 - 64701 - 0 ) . Subrenat , Jean - Jacques . Listen , there 's music from the forest ; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival ( ISBN 952 - 92 - 0564 - 3 ) . Swallow , Deborah . Culture Shock ! Finland : A Guide to Customs and Etiquette ( ISBN 1 - 55868 - 592 - 8 ) . Trotter , William R. A Frozen Hell : The Russo - Finnish Winter War of 1939 -- 1940 ( ISBN 1 - 56512 - 249 - 6 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFinlandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Finland '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Finland at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Finland profile from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures Population in Finland 1750 -- 2010 Appendix figure 2 . The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011 ( Statistics Finland ) Official statistical information about Finland from Findicator . 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Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden Coordinates : 64 ° N 26 ° E / 64 ° N 26 ° E / 64 ; 26 VIAF : 132440532 LCCN : n79065711 GND : 4017243 - 0 HDS : 3353 NDL : 00563226 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&oldid=816069090 '' Categories : Finland Finnish - speaking countries and territories Liberal democracies Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations Post -- Russian Empire states Republics States and territories established in 1917 Swedish - speaking countries and territories Hidden categories : Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Northern Sami - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Finnish - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лакку Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is finland located on a map of europe | [
"Finland (/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( listen); Finnish: Suomi [suo̯mi] ( listen); Swedish: Finland [ˈfɪnland]), officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta, Swedish: Republiken Finland),[7] is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. The country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. To the south is the Gulf of Finland with Estonia on the opposite side. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia."
] | [
"Northern Europe"
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4547962729229179139 | The Emperor of Ice-Cream | The Emperor of Ice - Cream - wikipedia The Emperor of Ice - Cream Jump to : navigation , search For the Brian Moore novel , see The Emperor of Ice - Cream ( novel ) . This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Emperor of Ice - Cream Call the roller of big cigars , The muscular one , and bid him whip In kitchen cups concupiscent curds . Let the wenches dawdle in such dress As they are used to wear , and let the boys Bring flowers in last month 's newspapers . Let be be finale of seem . The only emperor is the emperor of ice - cream . Take from the dresser of deal , Lacking the three glass knobs , that sheet On which she embroidered fantails once And spread it so as to cover her face . If her horny feet protrude , they come To show how cold she is , and dumb . Let the lamp affix its beam . The only emperor is the emperor of ice - cream . `` The Emperor of Ice - Cream '' is a celebrated poem from Wallace Stevens 's first collection of poetry , Harmonium . It was first published in 1922 , and is in the public domain . The poem `` wears a deliberately commonplace costume '' , he wrote in a letter , `` and yet seems to me to contain something of the essential gaudiness of poetry ; that is the reason why I like it '' . According to the critic Helen Vendler , quoted by Austin Allen , the ice - cream in the poem is being prepared for serving at a funeral wake . Contents ( hide ) 1 In popular culture 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composer Roger Reynolds wrote an avant garde , mixed - media dramatization of the poem for 8 vocal soloists , piano , percussion , and double bass in 1961 -- 62 . In 1985 , composer Gary Kulesha published a revision of his clarinet quartet named after the poem . `` Misha Chellam of the acoustic pop group Speechwriters LLC wrote a song entitled `` The Emperor of Ice Cream '' while in his high school folk - pop group Sid and Me . Ken Nordine , beat poet and innovator of a stylistic form known as `` word jazz , '' recorded a rendition of Stevens 's poem to the backing of eerily bubbly circus music on his 1994 album Upper Limbo . Alternative rock group They Might Be Giants used the phrase `` finale of seem '' in their 1988 song , `` Pencil Rain '' . Stephen King made several allusions to this poem in his novels Salem 's Lot and Insomnia and his collection of short stories Just After Sunset in the short story `` Harvey 's Dream '' , as well as his television miniseries , Kingdom Hospital . The poem was quoted in the film Pathology . Dean Koontz referenced this poem in his book The Good Guy . A soap made by the cosmetics company Lush is named `` The Emperor of Icecream '' after this poem . The song `` The King of Cream '' by The Love Kills Theory is a homage to this poem . The Emperor of Ice - Cream ( 1965 ) by Brian Moore is a coming - of - age novel set in Belfast . An Irish band called itself Emperor of Ice Cream , and released 2 EPs , Puerile and Skin Tight , in 1993 . The hero of Tom Perotta 's Joe College reflects on the poem throughout the novel , wondering what the ice cream symbolizes . The heroine of Laura McNeal 's National Book Award - nominated novel Dark Water reads the poem for a high school class and wonders about its meaning . Spenser , the hero of Robert B. Parker 's novel School Days quotes from the poem . Author Alan Moore was a member in a band named Emperors of Ice Cream which recorded two songs , `` March of the Sinister Ducks '' and `` Old Gangsters Never Die '' . Anthony Cappella published a novel The Empress of Ice - Cream in 2010 . The protagonist of Andrew Smith 's novel Grasshopper Jungle frequently cites `` The Emperor of Ice - Cream '' as his favorite poem . Ronald Shannon Jackson quotes the poem in various Last Exit performances . The Empire of Ice Cream is the title of a novelette and a short - story collection of the same name by American writer Jeffrey Ford . The character Amelia Davenport quotes a portion of the poem in the first episode of the television series Damnation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Buttel , p. 20 . See also the LibriVox site on the complete public domain poems of Wallace Stevens. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stevens , Wallace . Letter to William Rose Benét. 6 January 1933 . Jump up ^ Allen , Austin . `` Wallace Stevens : `` The Emperor of Ice - Cream '' : The chilly heart of a whimsical poem `` . Resources . Poetry Foundation . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sid and Me -- Misc -- SWLLC Digital Archive -- Speechwriters LLC Free MP3s '' . Fexum.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics : Pencil Rain -- TMBW : The They Might Be Giants Knowledge Base '' . TMBW . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Publication : The Empire of Ice Cream '' . www.isfdb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Bibliography ( edit ) Morse , Samuel French . `` Wallace Stevens : The Poems of Our Climate -- Harold Bloom 's Vast Accumulation '' . The Wallace Stevens Journal . Volume 1 , Numbers 3 & 4 ( Fall / Winter 1977 ) Stevens , Wallace . The Explicator . Vol VII ( November 1948 ) , unpaged . Vendler , Helen . Words Chosen Out of Desire. 1984 : University of Tennessee Press . The Emperor of Ice Cream : Analysis and Study Guide External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Emperor of Ice - Cream Explanations of the meaning of this poem by Helen Vendler and others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emperor_of_Ice-Cream&oldid=810929205 '' Categories : Poetry by Wallace Stevens 1922 poems Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 11 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | wallace stevens the emperor of ice cream pdf | [] | [] |
5792130894962574303 | Observable universe | Observable universe - wikipedia Observable universe Jump to : navigation , search Observable universe Visualization of the whole observable universe . The scale is such that the fine grains represent collections of large numbers of superclusters . The Virgo Supercluster -- home of Milky Way -- is marked at the center , but is too small to be seen . Diameter 7026880000000000000 ♠ 8.8 × 10 m ( 28.5 Gpc or 93 Gly ) Volume 7080400000000000000 ♠ 4 × 10 m Mass ( ordinary matter ) 10 kg Density 6973990000000000000 ♠ 9.9 × 10 g / cm ( equivalent to 6 protons per cubic meter of space ) Age 7010137990000000000 ♠ 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years Average temperature 2.72548 K Contents Ordinary ( baryonic ) matter ( 4.9 % ) Dark matter ( 26.8 % ) Dark energy ( 68.3 % ) The observable universe is a spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth at the present time , because electromagnetic radiation from these objects have had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion . There are at least 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe , containing more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth . Assuming the Universe is isotropic , the distance to the edge of the observable universe is roughly the same in every direction . That is , the observable universe is a spherical volume ( a ball ) centered on the observer . Every location in the Universe has its own observable universe , which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth . The word observable used in this sense does not refer to the capability of modern technology to detect light or other information from an object , or whether there is anything to be detected . It refers to the physical limit created by the speed of light itself . Because no signals can travel faster than light , any object further away from us than light could travel in the age of the universe ( estimated as of 2015 around 7010137990000000000 ♠ 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ) simply can not be detected , as they have not reached us yet . In practice , the limit on observation is not 13.799 billion light - years for two reasons . The first reason is that space itself is expanding , so we can actually detect light from objects that were once close , but are now up to around 45.7 billion light years away ( rather than up to 13.799 billion light years away as might be expected ) . The second reason is that before the recombination epoch , about 378,000 years after the Big Bang , the Universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to light , and photons were quickly re-absorbed by other particles , so we can not see objects from before that time using light or any other electromagnetic radiation . Gravitational waves and neutrino background would have been unaffected by this , and may be detectable from earlier times . The surface of last scattering is the collection of points in space at the exact distance that photons from the time of photon decoupling just reach us today . These are the photons we detect today as cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMBR ) . However , with future technology , it may be possible to observe the still older relic neutrino background , or even more distant events via gravitational waves ( which also should move at the speed of light ) . Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the visible universe , which includes only signals emitted since recombination -- and the observable universe , which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion ( the Big Bang in traditional physical cosmology , the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology ) . According to calculations , the comoving distance ( current proper distance ) to particles from which the CMBR was emitted , which represent the radius of the visible universe , is about 14.0 billion parsecs ( about 45.7 billion light years ) , while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs ( about 46.6 billion light years ) , about 2 % larger . The radius of the observable universe is therefore estimated to be about 46.5 billion light - years and its diameter about 28.5 gigaparsecs ( 93 billion light - years 8.8 × 10 kilometres or 5.5 × 10 miles ) . The total mass of ordinary matter in the universe can be calculated using the critical density and the diameter of the observable universe to be about 1.5 × 10 kg . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Universe versus the observable universe 2 Size 2.1 Misconceptions on its size 3 Large - scale structure 3.1 Walls , filaments , nodes , and voids 3.2 End of Greatness 3.3 Observations 3.4 Cosmography of our cosmic neighborhood 4 Mass of ordinary matter 4.1 Estimates based on critical density 5 Matter content -- number of atoms 6 Most distant objects 7 Horizons 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links The universe versus the observable universe ( edit ) Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( show ) Inflation Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave ( GWB ) Microwave ( CMB ) Neutrino ( CNB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Metric expansion of space FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components Structure ( hide ) Components Lambda - CDM model Dark energy Dark fluid Dark matter Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large - scale structure Reionization Structure formation Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich List of cosmologists Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Some parts of the Universe are too far away for the light emitted since the Big Bang to have had enough time to reach Earth , so these portions of the Universe lie outside the observable universe . In the future , light from distant galaxies will have had more time to travel , so additional regions will become observable . However , due to Hubble 's law , regions sufficiently distant from the Earth are expanding away from it faster than the speed of light ( special relativity prevents nearby objects in the same local region from moving faster than the speed of light with respect to each other , but there is no such constraint for distant objects when the space between them is expanding ; see uses of the proper distance for a discussion ) and furthermore the expansion rate appears to be accelerating due to dark energy . Assuming dark energy remains constant ( an unchanging cosmological constant ) , so that the expansion rate of the Universe continues to accelerate , there is a `` future visibility limit '' beyond which objects will never enter our observable universe at any time in the infinite future , because light emitted by objects outside that limit would never reach the Earth . ( A subtlety is that , because the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time , there can be cases where a galaxy that is receding from the Earth just a bit faster than light does emit a signal that reaches the Earth eventually ) . This future visibility limit is calculated at a comoving distance of 19 billion parsecs ( 62 billion light years ) , assuming the Universe will keep expanding forever , which implies the number of galaxies that we can ever theoretically observe in the infinite future ( leaving aside the issue that some may be impossible to observe in practice due to redshift , as discussed in the following paragraph ) is only larger than the number currently observable by a factor of 2.36 . Artist 's logarithmic scale conception of the observable universe with the Solar System at the center , inner and outer planets , Kuiper belt , Oort cloud , Alpha Centauri , Perseus Arm , Milky Way galaxy , Andromeda galaxy , nearby galaxies , Cosmic Web , Cosmic microwave radiation and the Big Bang 's invisible plasma on the edge . Though in principle more galaxies will become observable in the future , in practice an increasing number of galaxies will become extremely redshifted due to ongoing expansion , so much so that they will seem to disappear from view and become invisible . An additional subtlety is that a galaxy at a given comoving distance is defined to lie within the `` observable universe '' if we can receive signals emitted by the galaxy at any age in its past history ( say , a signal sent from the galaxy only 500 million years after the Big Bang ) , but because of the Universe 's expansion , there may be some later age at which a signal sent from the same galaxy can never reach the Earth at any point in the infinite future ( so for example we might never see what the galaxy looked like 10 billion years after the Big Bang ) , even though it remains at the same comoving distance ( comoving distance is defined to be constant with time -- unlike proper distance , which is used to define recession velocity due to the expansion of space ) , which is less than the comoving radius of the observable universe . This fact can be used to define a type of cosmic event horizon whose distance from the Earth changes over time . For example , the current distance to this horizon is about 16 billion light years , meaning that a signal from an event happening at present can eventually reach the Earth in the future if the event is less than 16 billion light years away , but the signal will never reach the Earth if the event is more than 16 billion light years away . Both popular and professional research articles in cosmology often use the term `` universe '' to mean `` observable universe '' . This can be justified on the grounds that we can never know anything by direct experimentation about any part of the Universe that is causally disconnected from the Earth , although many credible theories require a total universe much larger than the observable universe . No evidence exists to suggest that the boundary of the observable universe constitutes a boundary on the Universe as a whole , nor do any of the mainstream cosmological models propose that the Universe has any physical boundary in the first place , though some models propose it could be finite but unbounded , like a higher - dimensional analogue of the 2D surface of a sphere that is finite in area but has no edge . It is plausible that the galaxies within our observable universe represent only a minuscule fraction of the galaxies in the Universe . According to the theory of cosmic inflation initially introduced by its founder , Alan Guth ( and by D. Kazanas ) , if it is assumed that inflation began about 10 seconds after the Big Bang , then with the plausible assumption that the size of the Universe before the inflation occurred was approximately equal to the speed of light times its age , that would suggest that at present the entire universe 's size is at least 3x10 times the radius of the observable universe . There are also lower estimates claiming that the entire universe is in excess of 250 times larger than the observable universe and also higher estimates implying that the universe is at least 10 times larger than the observable universe . If the Universe is finite but unbounded , it is also possible that the Universe is smaller than the observable universe . In this case , what we take to be very distant galaxies may actually be duplicate images of nearby galaxies , formed by light that has circumnavigated the Universe . It is difficult to test this hypothesis experimentally because different images of a galaxy would show different eras in its history , and consequently might appear quite different . Bielewicz et al. claims to establish a lower bound of 27.9 gigaparsecs ( 91 billion light - years ) on the diameter of the last scattering surface ( since this is only a lower bound , the paper leaves open the possibility that the whole universe is much larger , even infinite ) . This value is based on matching - circle analysis of the WMAP 7 year data . This approach has been disputed . Size ( edit ) Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image of a region of the observable universe ( equivalent sky area size shown in bottom left corner ) , near the constellation Fornax . Each spot is a galaxy , consisting of billions of stars . The light from the smallest , most red - shifted galaxies originated nearly 14 billion years ago . The comoving distance from Earth to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.26 gigaparsecs ( 46.5 billion light years or 4.40 × 10 meters ) in any direction . The observable universe is thus a sphere with a diameter of about 28.5 gigaparsecs ( 93 Gly or 8.8 × 10 m ) . Assuming that space is roughly flat , this size corresponds to a comoving volume of about 7004122000000000000 ♠ 1.22 × 10 Gpc ( 7005422000000000000 ♠ 4.22 × 10 Gly or 7080357000000000000 ♠ 3.57 × 10 m ) . The figures quoted above are distances now ( in cosmological time ) , not distances at the time the light was emitted . For example , the cosmic microwave background radiation that we see right now was emitted at the time of photon decoupling , estimated to have occurred about 7005380000000000000 ♠ 380 000 years after the Big Bang , which occurred around 13.8 billion years ago . This radiation was emitted by matter that has , in the intervening time , mostly condensed into galaxies , and those galaxies are now calculated to be about 46 billion light - years from us . To estimate the distance to that matter at the time the light was emitted , we may first note that according to the Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker metric , which is used to model the expanding universe , if at the present time we receive light with a redshift of z , then the scale factor at the time the light was originally emitted is given by a ( t ) = 1 1 + z ( \ displaystyle \ ! a ( t ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 + z ) ) ) . WMAP nine - year results combined with other measurements give the redshift of photon decoupling as z = 7003109164000000000 ♠ 1091. 64 ± 0.47 , which implies that the scale factor at the time of photon decoupling would be ⁄ . So if the matter that originally emitted the oldest CMBR photons has a present distance of 46 billion light years , then at the time of decoupling when the photons were originally emitted , the distance would have been only about 42 million light - years . Misconceptions on its size ( edit ) An example of one of the most common misconceptions about the size of the observable universe . This plaque appears at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City . Many secondary sources have reported a wide variety of incorrect figures for the size of the visible universe . Some of these figures are listed below , with brief descriptions of possible reasons for misconceptions about them . 13.8 billion light - years The age of the universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years . While it is commonly understood that nothing can accelerate to velocities equal to or greater than that of light , it is a common misconception that the radius of the observable universe must therefore amount to only 13.8 billion light - years . This reasoning would only make sense if the flat , static Minkowski spacetime conception under special relativity were correct . In the real universe , spacetime is curved in a way that corresponds to the expansion of space , as evidenced by Hubble 's law . Distances obtained as the speed of light multiplied by a cosmological time interval have no direct physical significance . 15.8 billion light - years This is obtained in the same way as the 13.8 billion light year figure , but starting from an incorrect age of the universe that the popular press reported in mid-2006 . For an analysis of this claim and the paper that prompted it , see the following reference at the end of this article . 27.6 billion light - years This is a diameter obtained from the ( incorrect ) radius of 13.8 billion light - years . 78 billion light - years In 2003 , Cornish et al. found this lower bound for the diameter of the whole universe ( not just the observable part ) , if we postulate that the universe is finite in size due to its having a nontrivial topology , with this lower bound based on the estimated current distance between points that we can see on opposite sides of the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMBR ) . If the whole universe is smaller than this sphere , then light has had time to circumnavigate it since the Big Bang , producing multiple images of distant points in the CMBR , which would show up as patterns of repeating circles . Cornish et al. looked for such an effect at scales of up to 24 gigaparsecs ( 78 Gly or 7.4 × 10 m ) and failed to find it , and suggested that if they could extend their search to all possible orientations , they would then `` be able to exclude the possibility that we live in a universe smaller than 24 Gpc in diameter '' . The authors also estimated that with `` lower noise and higher resolution CMB maps ( from WMAP 's extended mission and from Planck ) , we will be able to search for smaller circles and extend the limit to ~ 28 Gpc . '' This estimate of the maximum lower bound that can be established by future observations corresponds to a radius of 14 gigaparsecs , or around 46 billion light years , about the same as the figure for the radius of the visible universe ( whose radius is defined by the CMBR sphere ) given in the opening section . A 2012 preprint by most of the same authors as the Cornish et al. paper has extended the current lower bound to a diameter of 98.5 % the diameter of the CMBR sphere , or about 26 Gpc . 156 billion light - years This figure was obtained by doubling 78 billion light - years on the assumption that it is a radius . Because 78 billion light - years is already a diameter ( the original paper by Cornish et al. says , `` By extending the search to all possible orientations , we will be able to exclude the possibility that we live in a universe smaller than 24 Gpc in diameter , '' and 24 Gpc is 78 billion light years ) , the doubled figure is incorrect . This figure was very widely reported . A press release from Montana State University -- Bozeman , where Cornish works as an astrophysicist , noted the error when discussing a story that had appeared in Discover magazine , saying `` Discover mistakenly reported that the universe was 156 billion light - years wide , thinking that 78 billion was the radius of the universe instead of its diameter . '' As noted above , 78 billion was also incorrect . 180 billion light - years This estimate combines the erroneous 156 - billion - light - year figure with evidence that the M33 Galaxy is actually fifteen percent farther away than previous estimates and that , therefore , the Hubble constant is fifteen percent smaller . The 180 - billion figure is obtained by adding 15 % to 156 billion light years . Large - scale structure ( edit ) Main article : Cosmic web Sky surveys and mappings of the various wavelength bands of electromagnetic radiation ( in particular 21 - cm emission ) have yielded much information on the content and character of the universe 's structure . The organization of structure appears to follow as a hierarchical model with organization up to the scale of superclusters and filaments . Larger than this ( at scales between 30 -- 200 megaparsecs ) , there seems to be no continued structure , a phenomenon that has been referred to as the End of Greatness . Walls , filaments , nodes , and voids ( edit ) DTFE reconstruction of the inner parts of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey The organization of structure arguably begins at the stellar level , though most cosmologists rarely address astrophysics on that scale . Stars are organized into galaxies , which in turn form galaxy groups , galaxy clusters , superclusters , sheets , walls and filaments , which are separated by immense voids , creating a vast foam - like structure sometimes called the `` cosmic web '' . Prior to 1989 , it was commonly assumed that virialized galaxy clusters were the largest structures in existence , and that they were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the Universe in every direction . However , since the early 1980s , more and more structures have been discovered . In 1983 , Adrian Webster identified the Webster LQG , a large quasar group consisting of 5 quasars . The discovery was the first identification of a large - scale structure , and has expanded the information about the known grouping of matter in the Universe . In 1987 , Robert Brent Tully identified the Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex , the galaxy filament in which the Milky Way resides . It is about 1 billion light years across . That same year , an unusually large region with no galaxies was discovered , the Giant Void , which measures 1.3 billion light years across . Based on redshift survey data , in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the `` Great Wall '' , a sheet of galaxies more than 500 million light - years long and 200 million light - years wide , but only 15 million light - years thick . The existence of this structure escaped notice for so long because it requires locating the position of galaxies in three dimensions , which involves combining location information about the galaxies with distance information from redshifts . Two years later , astronomers Roger G. Clowes and Luis E. Campusano discovered the Clowes -- Campusano LQG , a large quasar group measuring two billion light years at its widest point , and was the largest known structure in the Universe at the time of its announcement . In April 2003 , another large - scale structure was discovered , the Sloan Great Wall . In August 2007 , a possible supervoid was detected in the constellation Eridanus . It coincides with the ' CMB cold spot ' , a cold region in the microwave sky that is highly improbable under the currently favored cosmological model . This supervoid could cause the cold spot , but to do so it would have to be improbably big , possibly a billion light - years across , almost as big as the Giant Void mentioned above . Computer simulated image of an area of space more than 50 million light years across , presenting a possible large - scale distribution of light sources in the universe -- precise relative contributions of galaxies and quasars are unclear . Another large - scale structure is the Newfound Blob , a collection of galaxies and enormous gas bubbles that measures about 200 million light years across . In 2011 , a large quasar group was discovered , U1. 11 , measuring about 2.5 billion light years across . On January 11 , 2013 , another large quasar group , the Huge - LQG , was discovered , which was measured to be four billion light - years across , the largest known structure in the Universe at that time . In November 2013 , astronomers discovered the Hercules -- Corona Borealis Great Wall , an even bigger structure twice as large as the former . It was defined by the mapping of gamma - ray bursts . End of Greatness ( edit ) The End of Greatness is an observational scale discovered at roughly 100 Mpc ( roughly 300 million lightyears ) where the lumpiness seen in the large - scale structure of the universe is homogenized and isotropized in accordance with the Cosmological Principle . At this scale , no pseudo-random fractalness is apparent . The superclusters and filaments seen in smaller surveys are randomized to the extent that the smooth distribution of the Universe is visually apparent . It was not until the redshift surveys of the 1990s were completed that this scale could accurately be observed . Observations ( edit ) `` Panoramic view of the entire near - infrared sky reveals the distribution of galaxies beyond the Milky Way . The image is derived from the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog ( XSC ) -- more than 1.5 million galaxies , and the Point Source Catalog ( PSC ) -- nearly 0.5 billion Milky Way stars . The galaxies are color - coded by ' redshift ' obtained from the UGC , CfA , Tully NBGC , LCRS , 2dF , 6dFGS , and SDSS surveys ( and from various observations compiled by the NASA Extragalactic Database ) , or photo - metrically deduced from the K band ( 2.2 μm ) . Blue are the nearest sources ( z < 0.01 ) ; green are at moderate distances ( 0.01 < z < 0.04 ) and red are the most distant sources that 2MASS resolves ( 0.04 < z < 0.1 ) . The map is projected with an equal area Aitoff in the Galactic system ( Milky Way at center ) . '' Another indicator of large - scale structure is the ' Lyman - alpha forest ' . This is a collection of absorption lines that appear in the spectra of light from quasars , which are interpreted as indicating the existence of huge thin sheets of intergalactic ( mostly hydrogen ) gas . These sheets appear to be associated with the formation of new galaxies . Caution is required in describing structures on a cosmic scale because things are often different from how they appear . Gravitational lensing ( bending of light by gravitation ) can make an image appear to originate in a different direction from its real source . This is caused when foreground objects ( such as galaxies ) curve surrounding spacetime ( as predicted by general relativity ) , and deflect passing light rays . Rather usefully , strong gravitational lensing can sometimes magnify distant galaxies , making them easier to detect . Weak lensing ( gravitational shear ) by the intervening universe in general also subtly changes the observed large - scale structure . As of 2004 , measurements of this subtle shear showed considerable promise as a test of cosmological models . The large - scale structure of the Universe also looks different if one only uses redshift to measure distances to galaxies . For example , galaxies behind a galaxy cluster are attracted to it , and so fall towards it , and so are slightly blueshifted ( compared to how they would be if there were no cluster ) On the near side , things are slightly redshifted . Thus , the environment of the cluster looks a bit squashed if using redshifts to measure distance . An opposite effect works on the galaxies already within a cluster : the galaxies have some random motion around the cluster center , and when these random motions are converted to redshifts , the cluster appears elongated . This creates a `` finger of God '' -- the illusion of a long chain of galaxies pointed at the Earth . Cosmography of our cosmic neighborhood ( edit ) At the centre of the Hydra - Centaurus Supercluster , a gravitational anomaly called the Great Attractor affects the motion of galaxies over a region hundreds of millions of light - years across . These galaxies are all redshifted , in accordance with Hubble 's law . This indicates that they are receding from us and from each other , but the variations in their redshift are sufficient to reveal the existence of a concentration of mass equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies . The Great Attractor , discovered in 1986 , lies at a distance of between 150 million and 250 million light - years ( 250 million is the most recent estimate ) , in the direction of the Hydra and Centaurus constellations . In its vicinity there is a preponderance of large old galaxies , many of which are colliding with their neighbours , or radiating large amounts of radio waves . In 1987 , astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii 's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex , a structure one billion light years long and 150 million light years across in which , he claimed , the Local Supercluster was embedded . Mass of ordinary matter ( edit ) Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar / sbh ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline The mass of the observable Universe is often quoted as 10 tonnes or 10 kg . In this context , mass refers to ordinary matter and includes the interstellar medium ( ISM ) and the intergalactic medium ( IGM ) . However , it excludes dark matter and dark energy . This quoted value for the mass of ordinary matter in the Universe can be estimated based on critical density . The calculations are for the observable universe only as the volume of the whole is unknown and may be infinite . Estimates based on critical density ( edit ) Critical density is the energy density for which the universe is flat . If there is no dark energy , it is also the density for which the expansion of the Universe is poised between continued expansion and collapse . From the Friedmann equations , the value for ρ c ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( c ) ) critical density , is : ρ c = 3 H 0 2 8 π G ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( 3H_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 8 \ pi G ) ) ) where G is the gravitational constant and H is the present value of the Hubble constant . The current value for H , due to the European Space Agency 's Planck Telescope , is H = 67.15 kilometers per second per mega parsec . This gives a critical density of 6973850000000000000 ♠ 0.85 × 10 kg / m ( commonly quoted as about 5 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter ) . This density includes four significant types of energy / mass : ordinary matter ( 4.8 % ) , neutrinos ( 0.1 % ) , cold dark matter ( 26.8 % ) , and dark energy ( 68.3 % ) . Note that although neutrinos are defined as particles like electrons , they are listed separately because they are difficult to detect and so different from ordinary matter . The density of ordinary matter , as measured by Planck , is 4.8 % of the total critical density or 6972408000000000000 ♠ 4.08 × 10 kg / m . To convert this density to mass we must multiply by volume , a value based on the radius of the `` observable universe '' . Since the Universe has been expanding for 13.8 billion years , the comoving distance ( radius ) is now about 46.6 billion light years . Thus , volume ( 4 / 3πr ) equals 7080358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 × 10 m and the mass of ordinary matter equals density ( 6972408000000000000 ♠ 4.08 × 10 kg / m ) times volume ( 7080358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 × 10 m ) or 7053146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 × 10 kg . Matter content -- number of atoms ( edit ) Main article : Abundance of the chemical elements Assuming the mass of ordinary matter is about 7053144999999999999 ♠ 1.45 × 10 kg ( refer to previous section ) and assuming all atoms are hydrogen atoms ( which in reality make up about 74 % of all atoms in our galaxy by mass , see Abundance of the chemical elements ) , calculating the estimated total number of atoms in the observable Universe is straightforward . Divide the mass of ordinary matter by the mass of a hydrogen atom ( 7053144999999999999 ♠ 1.45 × 10 kg divided by 6973167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 × 10 kg ) . The result is approximately 10 hydrogen atoms . Most distant objects ( edit ) The most distant astronomical object yet announced as of January 2011 is a galaxy candidate classified UDFj - 39546284 . In 2009 , a gamma ray burst , GRB 090423 , was found to have a redshift of 8.2 , which indicates that the collapsing star that caused it exploded when the Universe was only 630 million years old . The burst happened approximately 13 billion years ago , so a distance of about 13 billion light years was widely quoted in the media ( or sometimes a more precise figure of 13.035 billion light years ) , though this would be the `` light travel distance '' ( see Distance measures ( cosmology ) ) rather than the `` proper distance '' used in both Hubble 's law and in defining the size of the observable universe ( cosmologist Ned Wright argues against the common use of light travel distance in astronomical press releases on this page , and at the bottom of the page offers online calculators that can be used to calculate the current proper distance to a distant object in a flat universe based on either the redshift z or the light travel time ) . The proper distance for a redshift of 8.2 would be about 9.2 Gpc , or about 30 billion light years . Another record - holder for most distant object is a galaxy observed through and located beyond Abell 2218 , also with a light travel distance of approximately 13 billion light years from Earth , with observations from the Hubble telescope indicating a redshift between 6.6 and 7.1 , and observations from Keck telescopes indicating a redshift towards the upper end of this range , around 7 . The galaxy 's light now observable on Earth would have begun to emanate from its source about 750 million years after the Big Bang . Horizons ( edit ) Main article : List of cosmological horizons The limit of observability in our universe is set by a set of cosmological horizons which limit -- based on various physical constraints -- the extent to which we can obtain information about various events in the Universe . The most famous horizon is the particle horizon which sets a limit on the precise distance that can be seen due to the finite age of the Universe . Additional horizons are associated with the possible future extent of observations ( larger than the particle horizon owing to the expansion of space ) , an `` optical horizon '' at the surface of last scattering , and associated horizons with the surface of last scattering for neutrinos and gravitational waves . A diagram of our location in the observable universe . ( Alternative image . ) See also ( edit ) Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation Causality ( physics ) Chronology of the universe Dark flow Hubble volume Illustris project Multiverse Orders of magnitude ( length ) Timeline of the Big Bang References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzhak Bars ; John Terning ( November 2009 ) . Extra Dimensions in Space and Time . Springer . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 77637 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ What is the Universe Made Of ? ^ Jump up to : Paul Davies ( 2006 ) . The Goldilocks Enigma . First Mariner Books . p. 43 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 59226 - 5 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html January 13 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Planck Collaboration ( 2015 ) . `` Planck 2015 results . XIII . Cosmological parameters ( See Table 4 on page 31 of pfd ) '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594 : A13 . arXiv : 1502.01589 . Bibcode : 2016A&A ... 594A ... 13P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201525830 . Jump up ^ Fixsen , D.J. ( December 2009 ) . `` The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 707 ( 2 ) : 916 -- 920 . arXiv : 0911.1955 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 707 ... 916F . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 707 / 2 / 916 . Jump up ^ Christopher J. Conselice ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 830 ( 2 ) : 83 . arXiv : 1607.03909 v2 . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 830 ... 83C . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 637X / 830 / 2 / 83 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Fountain , Henry ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Two Trillion Galaxies , at the Very Least '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackie , Glen ( 1 February 2002 ) . `` To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand '' . Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Star survey reaches 70 sextillion - Jul. 23 , 2003 '' . www.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Which Is Greater , The Number Of Sand Grains On Earth Or Stars In The Sky ? '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Tamara M. ; Charles H. Lineweaver ( 2004 ) . `` Expanding Confusion : common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . 21 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 109 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0310808 . Bibcode : 2004PASA ... 21 ... 97D . doi : 10.1071 / AS03040 . ^ Jump up to : Gott III , J. Richard ; Mario Jurić ; David Schlegel ; Fiona Hoyle ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` A Map of the Universe '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 624 ( 2 ) : 463 -- 484 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0310571 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 624 ... 463G . doi : 10.1086 / 428890 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions in Cosmology . Astro.ucla.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Lineweaver , Charles ; Tamara M. Davis ( 2005 ) . `` Misconceptions about the Big Bang '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ Itzhak Bars ; John Terning ( November 2009 ) . Extra Dimensions in Space and Time . Springer . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 77637 - 8 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ See the `` Mass of ordinary matter '' section in this article . Jump up ^ Is the universe expanding faster than the speed of light ? ( see the last two paragraphs ) Jump up ^ The comoving distance of the future visibility limit is calculated on p. 8 of Gott et al. 's A Map of the Universe to be 4.50 times the Hubble radius , given as 4.220 billion parsecs ( 13.76 billion light years ) , whereas the current comoving radius of the observable universe is calculated on p. 7 to be 3.38 times the Hubble radius . The number of galaxies in a sphere of a given comoving radius is proportional to the cube of the radius , so as shown on p. 8 the ratio between the number of galaxies observable in the future visibility limit to the number of galaxies observable today would be ( 4.50 / 3.38 ) = 2.36 . Jump up ^ Krauss , Lawrence M. ; Robert J. Scherrer ( 2007 ) . `` The Return of a Static Universe and the End of Cosmology '' . General Relativity and Gravitation. 39 ( 10 ) : 1545 -- 1550 . arXiv : 0704.0221 . Bibcode : 2007GReGr ... 39.1545 K . doi : 10.1007 / s10714 - 007 - 0472 - 9 . Jump up ^ Using Tiny Particles To Answer Giant Questions . Science Friday , 3 Apr 2009 . According to the transcript , Brian Greene makes the comment `` And actually , in the far future , everything we now see , except for our local galaxy and a region of galaxies will have disappeared . The entire universe will disappear before our very eyes , and it 's one of my arguments for actually funding cosmology . We 've got to do it while we have a chance . '' Jump up ^ See also Faster than light # Universal expansion and Future of an expanding universe # Galaxies outside the Local Supercluster are no longer detectable . Jump up ^ Loeb , Abraham ( 2002 ) . `` The Long - Term Future of Extragalactic Astronomy '' . Physical Review D. 65 ( 4 ) . arXiv : astro - ph / 0107568 . Bibcode : 2002PhRvD ... 65d7301L . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 65.047301 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamics of the Universe and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking '' Kazanas , D. , Ap. J. ( Lett . ) , 241 , L59 - L63 . Jump up ^ Alan H. Guth ( 17 March 1998 ) . The inflationary universe : the quest for a new theory of cosmic origins . Basic Books . pp. 186 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 32840 - 0 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Universe Could be 250 Times Bigger Than What is Observable -- by Vanessa D'Amico on February 8 , 2011 http://www.universetoday.com/83167/universe-could-be-250-times-bigger-than-what-is-observable/ Jump up ^ Susskind 's Challenge to the Hartle - Hawking No - Boundary Proposal and Possible Resolutions -- by Don N. page on December 15 , 2006 http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0610199v2.pdf Jump up ^ Bielewicz , P. ; Banday , A.J. ; Gorski , K.M. ( 2013 ) . `` Constraints on the Topology of the Universe '' . arXiv : 1303.4004 ( astro-ph.CO ) . Jump up ^ Mota ; Reboucas ; Tavakol ( 2010 ) . `` Observable circles - in - the - sky in flat universes '' . arXiv : 1007.3466 ( astro-ph.CO ) . Jump up ^ `` WolframAlpha '' . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WolframAlpha '' . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WolframAlpha '' . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seven - Year Wilson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Observations : Sky Maps , Systematic Errors , and Basic Results '' ( PDF ) . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . ( see p. 39 for a table of best estimates for various cosmological parameters ) Jump up ^ Abbott , Brian ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Microwave ( WMAP ) All - Sky Survey '' . Hayden Planetarium . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paul Davies ( 28 August 1992 ) . The new physics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 187 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43831 - 5 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ V.F. Mukhanov ( 2005 ) . Physical foundations of cosmology . Cambridge University Press . pp. 58 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56398 - 7 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , C.L. ; Larson , D. ; Weiland , J.L. ; Jarosik , N. ; et al. ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Nine - year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Observations : Final Maps and Results '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 208 ( 2 ) : 20 . arXiv : 1212.5225 . Bibcode : 2013ApJS ... 208 ... 20B . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 208 / 2 / 20 . Jump up ^ Ned Wright , `` Why the Light Travel Time Distance should not be used in Press Releases '' . Jump up ^ Universe Might be Bigger and Older than Expected . Space.com ( 2006 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Big bang pushed back two billion years -- space -- 04 August 2006 -- New Scientist . Space.newscientist.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Edward L. Wright , `` An Older but Larger Universe ? '' ^ Jump up to : Cornish ; Spergel ; Starkman ; Eiichiro Komatsu ( May 2004 ) ( October 2003 ( arXiv ) ) . `` Constraining the Topology of the Universe '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 ( 20 ) : 201302 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0310233 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvL ... 92t1302C . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 92.201302 . PMID 15169334 . 201302 . Jump up ^ Levin , Janna . `` In space , do all roads lead to home ? '' . plus.maths.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://cosmos.phy.tufts.edu/~zirbel/ast21/sciam/IsSpaceFinite.pdf Jump up ^ Bob Gardner 's `` Topology , Cosmology and Shape of Space '' Talk , Section 7 . Etsu.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Vaudrevange ; Starkmanl ; Cornish ; Spergel . `` Constraints on the Topology of the Universe : Extension to General Geometries '' . Physical Review D. 86 . arXiv : 1206.2939 . Bibcode : 2012PhRvD ... 86h3526V . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 86.083526 . ^ Jump up to : SPACE.com -- Universe Measured : We 're 156 Billion Light - years Wide ! Jump up ^ Roy , Robert . ( 2004 - 05 - 24 ) New study super-sizes the universe -- Technology & science -- Space -- Space.com -- msnbc.com . MSNBC . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Astronomers size up the Universe '' . BBC News . 2004 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` MSU researcher recognized for discoveries about universe '' . 2004 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Space.com -- Universe Might be Bigger and Older than Expected Jump up ^ Carroll , Bradley W. ; Ostlie , Dale A. ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics ( International ed . ) . Pearson . p. 1178 . ISBN 9781292022932 . ^ Jump up to : Robert P Kirshner ( 2002 ) . The Extravagant Universe : Exploding Stars , Dark Energy and the Accelerating Cosmos . Princeton University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05862 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Bradley W. ; Ostlie , Dale A. ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics ( International ed . ) . Pearson . pp. 1173 -- 1174 . ISBN 9781292022932 . Jump up ^ M.J. Geller ; J.P. Huchra ( 1989 ) . `` Mapping the universe '' . Science . 246 ( 4932 ) : 897 -- 903 . Bibcode : 1989Sci ... 246 ... 897G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 246.4932. 897 . PMID 17812575 . Jump up ^ Biggest void in space is 1 billion light years across -- space -- 24 August 2007 -- New Scientist . Space.newscientist.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Largest structure in universe discovered '' . Fox News . ^ Jump up to : Horváth , I ; Hakkila , Jon ; Bagoly , Z. ( 2014 ) . `` Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561 : L12 . arXiv : 1401.0533 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 561L ... 12H . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201323020 . Jump up ^ Horvath , I. ; Hakkila , J. ; Bagoly , Z. ( 2013 ) . `` The largest structure of the Universe , defined by Gamma - Ray Bursts '' . arXiv : 1311.1104 ( astro-ph.CO ) . Jump up ^ Klotz , Irene ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Universe 's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum '' . Discovery . Jump up ^ LiveScience.com , `` The Universe Is n't a Fractal , Study Finds '' , Natalie Wolchover , 22 August 2012 Jump up ^ 1Jarrett , T.H. ( 2004 ) . `` Large Scale Structure in the Local Universe : The 2MASS Galaxy Catalog '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . 21 ( 4 ) : 396 -- 403 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405069 . Bibcode : 2004PASA ... 21 ... 396J . doi : 10.1071 / AS04050 . Jump up ^ Massive Clusters of Galaxies Defy Concepts of the Universe N.Y. Times Tue . November 10 , 1987 : Jump up ^ Map of the Pisces - Cetus Supercluster Complex : Jump up ^ See Friedmann_equations # Density_parameter . Jump up ^ Michio Kaku ( 2005 ) . Parallel Worlds . Anchor Books . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3372 - 0 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard F. Schutz ( 2003 ) . Gravity from the ground up . Cambridge University Press . pp. 361 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45506 - 0 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Planck collaboration ( 2013 ) . `` Planck 2013 results . XVI . Cosmological parameters '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 571 : A16 . arXiv : 1303.5076 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 571A ... 16P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201321591 . ^ Jump up to : New Gamma - Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record -- NASA Science . Science.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ More Observations of GRB 090423 , the Most Distant Known Object in the Universe . Universetoday.com ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Meszaros , Attila ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Impact on cosmology of the celestial anisotropy of the short gamma - ray bursts '' . Baltic Astronomy . 18 : 293 -- 296 . arXiv : 1005.1558 . Bibcode : 2009BaltA ... 18 ... 293M . Jump up ^ Hubble and Keck team up to find farthest known galaxy in the Universe Press Releases ESA / Hubble . Spacetelescope.org ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ MSNBC : `` Galaxy ranks as most distant object in cosmos '' Further reading ( edit ) Vicent J. Martínez ; Jean - Luc Starck ; Enn Saar ; David L. Donoho ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Morphology Of The Galaxy Distribution From Wavelet Denoising '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 634 ( 2 ) : 744 -- 755 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508326 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 634 ... 744M . doi : 10.1086 / 497125 . Mureika , J.R. & Dyer , C.C. ( 2004 ) . `` Review : Multifractal Analysis of Packed Swiss Cheese Cosmologies '' . General Relativity and Gravitation. 36 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 184 . arXiv : gr - qc / 0505083 . Bibcode : 2004GReGr ... 36 ... 151M . doi : 10.1023 / B : GERG. 0000006699.45969. 49 . Gott , III , J.R. ; et al. ( May 2005 ) . `` A Map of the Universe '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 624 ( 2 ) : 463 -- 484 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0310571 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 624 ... 463G . doi : 10.1086 / 428890 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) F. Sylos Labini ; M. Montuori & L. Pietronero ( 1998 ) . `` Scale - invariance of galaxy clustering '' . Physics Reports . 293 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 226 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9711073 . Bibcode : 1998PhR ... 293 ... 61S . doi : 10.1016 / S0370 - 1573 ( 97 ) 00044 - 6 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Calculating the total mass of ordinary matter in the universe , what you always wanted to know `` Millennium Simulation '' of structure forming -- Max Planck Institute of Astrophysics , Garching , Germany Visualisations of large - scale structure : animated spins of groups , clusters , filaments and voids -- identified in SDSS data by MSPM ( Sydney Institute for Astronomy ) NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day : The Sloan Great Wall : Largest Known Structure ? ( 7 November 2007 ) Cosmology FAQ Forming Galaxies Captured In The Young Universe By Hubble , VLT & Spitzer NASA featured Images and Galleries Star Survey reaches 70 sextillion Animation of the cosmic light horizon Inflation and the Cosmic Microwave Background by Charles Lineweaver Logarithmic Maps of the Universe List of publications of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey The Universe Within 14 Billion Light Years -- NASA Atlas of the Universe -- Note , this map only gives a rough cosmographical estimate of the expected distribution of superclusters within the observable universe ; very little actual mapping has been done beyond a distance of one billion light years . Video : `` The Known Universe '' , from the American Museum of Natural History NASA / IPAC Extragalactic Database Cosmography of the Local Universe at irfu.cea.fr ( 17 : 35 ) ( arXiv ) Size and age of the Universe -- at Astronoo ( hide ) Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Space portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Observable_universe&oldid=814655437 '' Categories : Physical universe Physical cosmology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 03 : 15 . 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